NISTNCSTAR1-1E

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the

World Trade Center Disaster

Comparison of Codes, Standards,

and Practices in Use at the Time

of the Design and Construction of

World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7

Joseph C. Razza

Raymond A. Grill

National Institute of Standards and Technology Technology Adminisfrotion • U.S. Department of Commerce

NIST NCSTAR 1-1E

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the

World Trade Center Disaster

Comparison of Codes, Standards,

and Practices in Use at the Time

of the Design and Construction of

World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7

U.S. Department of Commerce

Carlos M. Gutierrez, Secretary

Technology Administration

Mictielle O'Neill, Acting Under Secretary for Technology

National Institute of Standards and Technology

William Jeffrey, Director

Joseph C. Razza

Raymond A. Grill Rolf Jensen & Associates, Inc.

September 2005
Disclaimer No. 1

Certain commercial entities, equipment, products, or materials are identified in this document in order to describe a procedure or concept adequately or to trace the history of the procedures and practices used. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation, endorsement, or implication that the entities, products, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Nor does such identification imply a finding of fault or negligence by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Disclaimer No. 2 The policy of NIST is to use the International System of Units (metric units) in all publications. In this document,

however, units are presented in metric units or the inch-pound system, whichever is prevalent in the discipline.

Disclaimer No. 3

Pursuant to section 7 of the National Construction Safety Team Act, the NIST Director has determined that certain evidence received by NIST in the course of this Investigation is "voluntarily provided safety-related information" that is "not directly related to the building failure being investigated" and that "disclosure of that information would inhibit the

voluntary provision of that type of information" (15 USC 7306c).

In addition, a substantial portion of the evidence collected by NIST in the course of the Investigation has been

provided to NIST under nondisclosure agreements.

Disclaimer No. 4 NIST takes no position as to whether the design or construction of a WTC building was compliant with any code

since, due to the destruction of the WTC buildings, NIST could not verify the actual (or as-built) construction, the

properties and condition of the materials used, or changes to the original construction made over the life of the

buildings. In addition, NIST could not verify the interpretations of codes used by applicable authorities in determining

compliance when implementing building codes. Where an Investigation report states whether a system was

designed or installed as required by a code provision, NIST has documentary or anecdotal evidence indicating

whether the requirement was met, or NIST has independently conducted tests or analyses indicating whether the requirement was met.

Use in Legal Proceedings

No part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a structural failure or from an investigation under the

National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281a; as amended by P.L. 107-231).

National Institute of Standards and Technology National Construction Safety Team Act Report 1-1

E

Natl. Inst. Stand. Techno!. Natl. Constr. Sfty. Tm. Act Rpt. 1-1E, 100 pages (September 2005)

CODEN: NSPUE2

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 2005

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office

Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov — Phone: (202) 512-1800 — Fax: (202) 512-2250

Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-0001
Abstract

This report was prepared to support the goals and objectives of the analysis of building and fire codes and

practices of the National Institute of Standards and Technology World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation.

The report provides a comparison and summary of significant differences between the 1968 Building

Code of the City of New York (determined to be the current building code at the time of construction of

WTC 1 and WTC 2), the provisions of the New York State Building Construction Code, and the City of

Chicago Building Code that were available at that time.

Keywords: Building code, emergency power, fire alarm, fire protection, fire suppression, interior finish, means of egress, reference standard, sprinklers, standpipe, World Trade Center.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation iii
Abstract

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iv NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Contents

Abstract iii

List of Figures vii

List of Tables ix

List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xi

Glossary xiii

Preface xv

Executive Summary xxv

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences , 3

2. 1 General Differences 3

2.2 Referenced Standards 3

2.3 Occupancy Separations 3

2.4 Construction 3

2.5 Fire and Smoke Dampers 4

2.6 Firestopping and Through Penetration Protection 4

2.7 Interior Finish and Smoke Development Ratings 4

2.8 Means of Egress 4

2.9 Fire Suppression Systems 5

2.10 Standpipes and Water Supply 5

2. 11 Fire Alarm, Detection, and Signaling Systems 5

2.12 Elevators and Escalators 5

2.13 Smoke and Heat Venting 5

Chapter 3 References 7

Appendix A

Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences 9

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation v
Table of Contents

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VI NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
List of Figures

Figure P-1 . The eight projects in the federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC

disaster xvii

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation vii
List of Figures

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viii NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
List of Tables

Table P-1. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC disaster xvi

Table P-2. Public meetings and briefings of the WTC Investigation xix

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation ix
List of Tables

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X NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

Acronyms

AS 1 M International

T~) BBC Basic Building Code

BCN YL Building Code oi the City oi New York (Local Law 76)

BOCA Building Oiiicials and Code Administrators

HVAL heating, ventilating, and air conditioning

X T T~"r» A NFPA XT a' 1 T~" T\ J. A.' A ' J.' National Fire Protection Association

NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology

NYC New York City

RS Reference Standard to the Building Code of the City of New York

WTC World Trade Center

WTC 1 World Trade Center 1 (North Tower)

WTC 2 World Trade Center 2 (South Tower)

WTC 7 World Trade Center 7

Abbreviations

cfm cubic feet per minute

ft feet

ft^ square feet

gpra gallons per minute

h hour

in. inch

min minute

psi pounds per square inch

V volt

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation xi
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

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Xll NiSTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Glossary

combustible - A material that is not determined to be noncombustible.

fire resistance rating - The time in hours that materials or their assemblies will withstand fire exposure

as determined by a standard fire test.

fireproofing - Materials or assemblies used to provide a fire resistance rating to a building component.

firestop - A solid or compact, tight closure to retard the spread of flames or hot gases within concealed

spaces.

noncombustible - A material that, in the form in which it is used in construction, will not ignite and bum

when subjected to fire. However, any material which liberates flammable gas when heated to any

temperature up to 1,380 "F for 5 min shall not be considered noncombustible.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation xiii
Glossary

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XIV NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Preface

Genesis of This Investigation

Immediately following the terrorist attack on the World Trade Center (WTC) on September 1 1

, 2001 , the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the American Society of Civil Engineers began

planning a building perfonnance study of the disaster. The week of October 7, as soon as the rescue and

search efforts ceased, the Building Perfomiance Study Team went to the site and began its assessment. This was to be a brief effort, as the study team consisted of experts who largely volunteered their time

away from their other professional commitments. The Building Performance Study Team issued its report in May 2002, fulfilling its goal "to determine probable failure mechanisms and to identify areas of

future investigation that could lead to practical measures for improving the damage resistance of buildings

against such unforeseen events."

On August 21, 2002, with funding from the U.S. Congress through FEMA, the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) announced its building and fire safety investigation of the WTC

disaster. On October 1, 2002, the National Construction Safety Team Act (Pubhc Law 107-231), was

signed into law. The NIST WTC Investigation was conducted under the authority of the National

Construction Safety Team Act.

The goals of the investigation of the WTC disaster were:

• To investigate the building construction, the materials used, and the technical conditions that contributed to the outcome of the WTC disaster.

• To serve as the basis for: - Improvements in the way buildings are designed, constructed, maintained, and used; - Improved tools and guidance for industry and safety officials; - Recommended revisions to current codes, standards, and practices; and - Improved public safety.

The specific objectives were:

1. Detennine why and how WTC 1 and WTC 2 collapsed following the initial impacts of the

aircraft and why and how WTC 7 collapsed;

2. Determine why the injuries and fatalities were so high or low depending on location,

including all technical aspects of fire protection, occupant behavior, evacuation, and

emergency response;

3. Determine what procedures and practices were used in the design, construction, operation,

and maintenance of WTC 1, 2, and 7; and

4. Identify, as specifically as possible, areas in current building and fire codes, standards, and

practices that warrant revision.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E. WTC Investigation XV
Preface

NIST is a nonregulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce's Technology Administration. The

purpose of NIST investigations is to improve the safety and structural integrity of buildings in the United

States, and the focus is on fact finding. NIST investigative teams are authorized to assess building

performance and emergency response and evacuation procedures in the wake of any building failure that has resulted in substantial loss of hfe or that posed significant potential of substantial loss of life. NIST

does not have the statutory authority to make findings of fault nor negligence by individuals or

organizations. Further, no part of any report resulting from a NIST investigation into a building failure or from an investigation under the National Construction Safety Team Act may be used in any suit or action

for damages arising out of any matter mentioned in such report (15 USC 281a, as amended by Public

Law 107-231).

Organization of the Investigation

The National Construction Safety Team for this Investigation, appointed by the then NIST Director, Dr. Arden L. Bement, Jr., was led by Dr. S. Shyam Sunder. Dr. William L. Grosshandler served as Associate Lead Investigator, Mr. Stephen A. Cauffman served as Program Manager for Administration,

and Mr. Harold E. Nelson served on the team as a private sector expert. The Investigation included eight

interdependent projects whose leaders comprised the remainder of the team. A detailed description of

each of these eight projects is available at http://wtc.nist.gov. The purpose of each project is summarized

in Table P-1, and the key interdependencies among the projects are illustrated in Fig. P-1.

Table P-1. Federal building and fire safety investigation of the WTC disaster.

Technical Area and Project Leader Project Purpose

Analysis of Building and Fire Codes and

Practices; Project Leaders: Dr. H. S. Lew

and Mr. Richard W. Bukowski

Document and analyze the code provisions, procedures, and

practices used in the design, construction, operation, and

maintenance of the structural, passive fire protection, and

emergency access and evacuation systems of WTC 1, 2. and 7. Baseline Structural Performance and

Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis; Project Leader: Dr. Fahim H. Sadek

Analyze the baseline performance of WTC 1 and WTC 2 under

design, service, and abnormal loads, and aircraft impact damage on

the structural, fire protection, and egress systems.

Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis of

Structural Steel; Project Leader: Dr. Frank

W. Gayle

Determine and analyze the mechanical and metallurgical properties

and quality of steel, weldments, and connections from steel recovered from WTC 1, 2, and 7. Investigation of Active Fire Protection Systems; Project Leader: Dr. David

D. Evans; Dr. William Grosshandler

Investigate the performance of the active fire protection systems in WTC 1, 2, and 7 and their role in fire control, emergency response, and fate of occupants and responders.

Reconstruction of Thermal and Tenability

Environment; Project Leader: Dr. Richard

G. Gann

Reconstruct the time-evolving temperature, thermal environment,

and smoke movement in WTC 1 , 2, and 7 for use in evaluating the

structural performance of the buildings and behavior and fate of

occupants and responders.

Structural Fire Response and Collapse

Analysis; Project Leaders: Dr. John

L. Gross and Dr. Therese P. McAllister

Analyze the response of the WTC towers to fires with and without

aircraft damage, the response of WTC 7 in fires, the performance

of composite steel-trussed floor systems, and determine the most

probable structural collapse sequence for WTC 1. 2, and 7. Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency

Communications; Project Leader: Mr. Jason

D. Averill

Analyze the behavior and fate of occupants and responders, both

those who survived and those who did not, and the performance of

the evacuation system.

Emergency Response Technologies and

Guidelines; Project Leader: Mr. J. Randall Lawson

Document the activities of the emergency responders from the time

of the terrorist attacks on WTC 1 and WTC 2 until the collapse of

WTC 7, including practices followed and technologies used.

xvi NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Preface

NIST WTC Investigation Projects

Figure P-1. The eight projects in the federal building and fire safety

investigation of the WTC disaster.

National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee

The NIST Director also established an advisory committee as mandated under the National Construction

Safety Team Act. The initial members of the committee were appointed following a public solicitation. These were:

• Paul Fitzgerald, Executive Vice President (retired) FM Global, National Construction Safety

Team Advisory Committee Chair

• John Barsom, President, Barsom Consulting, Ltd.

• John Bryan, Professor Emeritus, University of Maryland

• David Collins, President, The Preview Group, Inc.

• Glenn Corbett, Professor, John Jay College of Criminal Justice

• Philip DiNenno, President, Hughes Associates, Inc.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation xvn
Preface

• Robert Hanson, Professor Emeritus, University of Michigan

• Charles Thornton, Co-Chairman and Managing Principal, The Thomton-Tomasetti Group,

Inc.

• Kathleen Tiemey, Director, Natural Hazards Research and Applications Information Center,

University of Colorado at Boulder

• Forman Williams, Director, Center for Energy Research, University of California at San

Diego

This National Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee provided technical advice during the Investigation and commentary on drafts of the Investigation reports prior to their public release. NIST

has benefited from the work of many people in the preparation of these reports, including the National

Construction Safety Team Advisory Committee. The content of the reports and recommendations,

however, are solely the responsibihty of NIST. ^

Public Outreach

During the course of this Investigation, NIST held public briefings and meetings (listed in Table P-2) to

solicit input from the public, present preliminary findings, and obtain comments on the direction and

progress of the Investigation from the public and the Advisory Committee.

NIST maintained a publicly accessible Web site during this Investigation at http://wtc.nist.gov. The site contained extensive information on the background and progress of the Investigation.

NIST's WTC Public-Private Response Plan

The collapse of the WTC buildings has led to broad reexamination of how tall buildings are designed,

constructed, maintained, and used, especially with regard to major events such as fires, natural disasters,

and ten-orist attacks. Reflecting the enhanced interest in effecting necessary change, NIST, with support

from Congress and the Administration, has put in place a program, the goal of which is to develop and

implement the standards, technology, and practices needed for cost-effective improvements to the safety

and security of buildings and building occupants, including evacuation, emergency response procedures,

and threat mitigation.

The strategy to meet this goal is a three-part NIST-led public-private response program that includes:

• A federal building and fire safety investigation to study the most probable factors that contributed to post-aircraft impact collapse of the WTC towers and the 47-story WTC 7

building, and the associated evacuation and emergency response experience.

• A research and development (R&D) program to (a) facilitate the implementation of

recommendations resulting from the WTC Investigation, and (b) provide the technical basis

for cost-effective improvements to national building and fire codes, standards, and practices

that enhance the safety of buildings, their occupants, and emergency responders.

xviii NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Preface

Table P-2. Public meetings and briefings of the WTC Investigation.

Date Location Principal Aj^enda

June 24, 2002 New York City, NY Public meeting: Public comments on the Draft Plan for the pending WTC Investigation.

August 21, 2002 Gaithersburg, MD Media briefmg announcing the formal start of the Investigation.

December 9, 2002 Washington, DC Media briefmg on release of the Public Update and NIST request

for photographs and videos. April 8, 2003 New York City, NY Joint public forum with Columbia University on first-person interviews. April 29-30, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on plan for and progress on WTC Investigation with a public comment session. May 7, 2003 New York City, NY Media briefing on release of Mav 2003 Progress Report.

August 26-27, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status of the WTC

investigation with a public comment session. ^pntpmKf^r 17 0(\f\l, kjcpiciiiuci 1 /, ZUUJ TvJpw; 1\CW Vrirl- I orK Pit-v; ^liy, WVIn I ivieuid dnu puuiiL uneiing on iniiiaiion oi iirsi-person udid

collection projects.

December 2-3, 2003 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status and initial results and release of the Public Update with a public comment session. FCUiUaiy pphr\\^r\r M1-1, lOOA z.yjyj'-t Npw INCW YnrV 1 OIK CiUr ^^iiy, NYIN I rUUilC lllCCllllg, Oil piOj^IC^a dllU pi Clllllllldl y llllUIIl^d Willi pUUUL

comments on issues to be considered in formulating final recommendations.

June 18, 2004 New York City, NY Media/public briefing on release ofJune 2004 Progress Report. June Iiinf> 71—zj, 11 zuuh 9004 vjaiincrsDurg, ivil/ I /rUVISOiy OIilIIlIllcc IncclIIlg Oil IIIC ^IdlUd OI dllU preliminary findings from the WTC Investigation with a public

comment session. /\UgUSl ZH, ZUU't iNonnurooK, il Public viewing of standard fire resistance test of WTC floor system at Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. October 19-20,2004 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on status and near complete

Sci OI prcHrninary iinuings wun d puDiic LoniiTicni scSsiun. November 22, 2004 Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee discussion on draft annual report to v-UilglCaa, a pUUIiL COIIlIIlCIll oCoMOIi, allU a L10^>CU sCaolOIl lO discuss pre-draft recommendations for WTC Investigation.

A„_;i c TOO*; N<=«7 iNcw VnrV 1 orK CiUr ^^iiy, NVIN 1 ivicQia aiiQ puDiic Drieiing on reicdSc oi me prouduie Loudpse

sequence for the WTC towers and draft reports for the projects on

codes and practices, evacuation, and emergency response. lune ''3 ''OO^ New York Citv NY MpHin and nnhhr HripfiriQ on rplpasp ctf iill draft rpnnrt<\ finr thp

WTC towers and draft recommendations for public comment.

September 12-13,

2005

Gaithersburg, MD NCST Advisory Committee meeting on disposition of public

comments and update to draft reports for the WTC towers. September 13-15,

2005

Gaithersburg, MD WTC Technical Conference for stakeholders and technical community for dissemination of findings and recommendations

and opportunity for public to make technical comments.

• A dissemination and technical assistance program (DTAP) to (a) engage leaders of the construction and building community in ensuring timely adoption and widespread use of

proposed changes to practices, standards, and codes resulting from the WTC Investigation

and the R&D program, and (b) provide practical guidance and tools to better prepare facility owners, contractors, architects, engineers, emergency responders, and regulatory authorities

to respond to future disasters. The desired outcomes are to make buildings, occupants, and first responders safer in future disaster events.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation xix
Preface

National Construction Safety Team Reports on the WTC Investigation

A final report on the collapse of the WTC towers is being issued as NIST NCSTAR 1. A companion

report on the collapse of WTC 7 is being issued as NIST NCSTAR lA. The present report is one of a set that provides more detailed documentation of the Investigation findings and the means by which these

technical results were achieved. As such, it is part of the archival record of this Investigation. The titles of the full set of Investigation publications are:

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report on the Collapse ofthe World Trade

Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology). 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR lA. Gaithersburg, MD.

Lew, H. S., R. W. Bukowski, and N. J. Carino. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of

the World Trade Center Disaster: Design, Construction, and Maintenance ofStructural and Life Safety

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-1. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Fanella, D. A., A. T. Derecho, and S. K. Ghosh. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Design and Construction ofStructural Systems.

NIST NCSTAR 1-lA. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Ghosh, S. K., and X. Liang. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Comparison ofBuilding Code Structural Requirements. NIST

NCSTAR 1-lB. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Fanella, D. A., A. T. Derecho, and S. K. Ghosh. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Maintenance and Modifications to Structural

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-IC. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Protection and Life Safety Provisions Applied to the Design and

Construction of World Trade Center I, 2, and 7 and Post-Construction Provisions Applied after Occupancy. NIST NCSTAR 1 -ID. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Razza, J. C, and R. A. Grill. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Comparison ofCodes, Standards, and Practices in Use at the Time ofthe Design and Construction of World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-lE. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., D. A. Johnson, and D. A. Fanella. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Comparison ofthe 1968 and Current (2003) New

XX NIST NCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Preface

York City Building Code Provisions. NIST NCSTAR 1-lF. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Amendments to the Fire Protection and Life Safety Provisions ofthe New

York City Building Code by Local Laws Adopted While World Trade Center 1, 2, and 7 Were in Use. NIST NCSTAR 1-lG. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Modifications to Fire Protection and Life Safety Systems

of World Trade Center 1 and 2. NIST NCSTAR 1-lH. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Grill, R. A., D. A. Johnson, and D. A. Fanella. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation

ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Modifications to Fire Protection, Life

Safety, and Structural Systems of World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-1 1. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg. MD, September.

Grill, R. A., and D. A. Johnson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World

Trade Center Disaster: Design, Installation, and Operation ofFuel System for Emergency Power in World Trade Center 7. NIST NCSTAR 1-1 J. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Sadek, F. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster:

Baseline Structural Performance and Aircraft Impact Damage Analysis of the World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-2. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Faschan, W. J., and R. B. Garlock. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Reference Structural Models and Baseline Performance Analysis of

the World Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-2A. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Kirkpatrick, S. W., R. T. Bocchieri, F. Sadek, R. A. MacNeill, S. Holmes, B. D. Peterson, R. W. Cilke, C. Navarro. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety- Investigation of the World Trade

Center Disaster: Analysis ofAircraft Impacts into the World Trade Center Towers, NIST

NCSTAR 1-2B. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gayle, F. W., R. J. Fields, W. E. Luecke, S. W. Banovic, T. Foecke, C. N. McCowan, T. A. Siewert, and

J. D. McColskey. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Mechanical and Metallurgical Analysis ofStructural Steel. NIST NCSTAR 1-3. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Luecke, W. E., T. A. Siewert, and F. W. Gayle. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Contemporaneous Structural Steel

Specifications. NIST Special Publication 1-3 A. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

NIST NCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation XXI
Preface

Banovic, S. W. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Steel Inventoiy and Identification. NIST NCSTAR 1-3B. National Institute of Standards

and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Banovic, S. W., and T. Foecke. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Damage and Failure Modes ofStructural Steel Components. NIST

NCSTAR 1-3C. National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Luecke, W. E., J. D. McColskey, C. N. McCowan, S. W. Banovic, R. J. Fields, T. Foecke,

T. A. Siewert, and F. W. Gayle. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Mechanical Properties ofStructural Steels. NIST NCSTAR 1-3D.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Banovic, S. W., C. N. McCowan, and W. E. Luecke. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Physical Properties ofStructural Steels. NIST

NCSTAR 1-3E. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Evans, D. D., R. D. Peacock, E. D. Kuligowski, W. S. Dols, and W. L. Grosshandler. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Active Fire Protection

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1 -4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Kuligowski, E. D., D. D. Evans, and R. D. Peacock. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Post-Construction Fires Prior to September 11,

2001. NIST NCSTAR 1-4A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Hopkins, M., J. Schoenrock, and E. Budnick. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation

ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Suppression Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-4B. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Keough, R. J., and R. A. Grill. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Alarm Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1 -4C. National Institute of Standards

and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Ferreira, M. J., and S. M. Strege. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Smoke Management Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-4D. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gann, R. G., A. Hamins, K. B. McGrattan, G. W. Mulholland, H. E. Nelson, T. J. Ohlemiller,

W. M. Pitts, and K. R. Prasad. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Reconstruction of the Fires in the World Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-5. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Pitts, W. M., K. M. Butler, and V. Junker. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety^ Investigation of

the World Trade Center Disaster: Visual Evidence, Damage Estimates, and Timeline Analysis.

NIST NCSTAR 1-5 A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

xxii NIST NCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Preface

Hamins, A., A. Maranghides, K. B. McGrattan, E. Johnsson, T. J. Ohlemiller, M. Donnelly,

J. Yang, G. MulhoUand, K. R. Prasad, S. Kukuck, R. Anleitner and T. McAllister. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and

Modeling ofStructural Steel Elements Exposed to Fire. NIST NCSTAR 1-5B. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Ohlemiller, T. J., G. W. Mulholland, A. Maranghides, J. J. Filliben, and R. G. Gann. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Tests ofSingle

Office Workstations. NIST NCSTAR 1-5C. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gann, R. G., M. A. Riley, J. M. Repp, A. S. Whittaker, A. M. Reinhom, and P. A. Hough. 2005.

Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Reaction of

Ceiling Tile Systems to Shocks. NIST NCSTAR 1-5D. National Institute of Standards and

Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Hamins, A., A. Maranghides, K. B. McGrattan, T. J. Ohlemiller, and R. Anleitner. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety' Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Experiments and

Modeling ofMultiple Workstations Burning in a Compartment. NIST NCSTAR 1-5E. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

McGrattan, K. B., C. Bouldin, and G. Forney. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety

Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Computer Simulation ofthe Fires in the World

Trade Center Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-5F. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Prasad, K. R., and H. R. Baum. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Fire Structure Interface and Thermal Response of the World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-5G. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Gross, J. L., and T. McAllister. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safet\> Investigation of the World Trade

Center Disaster: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of the World Trade Center

Towers. NIST NCSTAR 1-6. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD,

September.

Carino, N. J., M. A. Stames, J. L. Gross, J. C. Yang, S. Kukuck, K. R. Prasad, and R. W. Bukowski.

2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Passive

Fire Protection. NIST NCSTAR 1-6A. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Gross, J., F. Hervey, M. Izydorek, J. Mammoser, and J. Treadway. 2005. Federal Building and

Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center Disaster: Fire Resistance Tests ofFloor Truss

Systems. NIST NCSTAR 1-6B. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg,

MD, September.

Zarghamee, M. S., S. Bolourchi, D. W. Eggers, O. O. Erbay, F. W. Kan, Y. Kitane, A. A. Liepins,

M. Mudlock, W. I. Naguib, R. P. Ojdrovic, A. T. Sarawit, P. R Barrett, J. L. Gross, and

NIST NCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation xxiii
Preface

T. P. McAllister. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Component, Connection, and Subsystem Structural Analysis. NISTNCSTAR 1-6C.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Zarghamee, M. S., Y. Kitane, O. O. Erbay, T. P. McAllister, and J. L. Gross. 2005. Federal

Building and Fire Safety Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster: Global Structural

Analysis ofthe Response ofthe World Trade Center Towers to Impact Damage and Fire. NIST

NCSTAR 1-6D. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

McAllister, T., R. W. Bukowski, R. G. Gann, J. L. Gross, K. B. McGrattan, H. E. Nelson, L. Phan,

W. M. Pitts, K. R. Prasad, F. Sadek. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safet}> Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: Structural Fire Response and Probable Collapse Sequence of World Trade

Center 7. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6E. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD.

Gilsanz, R., V. Arbitrio, C. Anders, D. Chlebus, K. Ezzeldin, W. Guo, P. Moloney, A. Montalva,

J. Oh, K. Rubenacker. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation ofthe World Trade

Center Disaster: Structural Analysis ofthe Response of World Trade Center 7 to Debris Damage

and Fire. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6F. National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Gaithersburg, MD.

Kim, W. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Analysis ofSeptember II, 2001, Seismogram Data. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR I-6G.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD.

Nelson, K. 2006. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: The Con Ed Substation in World Trade Center 7. (Provisional). NIST NCSTAR 1-6H.

National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD.

Averill, J. D., D. S. Mileti, R. D. Peacock, E. D. Kuligowski, N. Groner, G. Proulx, P. A. Reneke, and

H. E. Nelson. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster:

Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communication. NIST NCSTAR 1-7. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Fahy, R., and G. Proulx. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation of the World Trade

Center Disaster: Analysis ofPublished Accounts of the World Trade Center Evacuation. NIST

NCSTAR 1-7A. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Zmud, J. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safet}' Investigation ofthe World Trade Center

Disaster: Technical Documentation for Swvey Administration. NISTNCSTAR 1-7B. National

Institute of Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

Lawson, J. R., and R. L. Vettori. 2005. Federal Building and Fire Safety Investigation ofthe World

Trade Center Disaster: The Emergency Response Operations. NIST NCSTAR 1-8. National Institute of

Standards and Technology. Gaithersburg, MD, September.

xxiv NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Executive Summary

As part of the analysis of building and fire codes and practices of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (NIST) World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation, this report supports the effort by providing

a summary of the relevant provisions of the Building Code of the City of New York (BCNYC) that was in effect at the time of the design of the WTC. This report also documents the requirements of the 1956

New York State Building Code that was amended through December I, 1964; the 1966 edition of the Chicago Building Code; the 1965 edition of the Building Officials and Code Administration (BOCA)

Basic Building Code (BBC); and the 1966 edition of the Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings

and Structures (National Fire Protection Association [NFPA] 101). The purpose of this report is to provide a comparison of these codes vis-a-vis the relevant requirements and to identify significant differences.

It has been previously established that WTC 1 and WTC 2 were designed and constructed in accordance

with the BCNYC as enacted by Local Law 76 for the year 1968, effective December 6, 1968. The

Building Code is a part of the Administrative Code of the City of New York.

The code requirements identified and compared in this report focus fire protection and life safety related

issues. These include but are not limited to:

• Use and occupancy criteria.

• Height and area limitations and associated construction types.

• Fire resistance ratings for various building elements.

• Fire protection system requirements. (Project 1 focuses on the requirements for fire protection

systems in the WTC buildings reflecting requirements in codes, standards, and practices.

Project 4 focused on the design and perfonnance on September 11, 2001, of the various fire protection systems.)

• Means of egress requirements including occupant load determination and egress capacity and

travel distance limitations.

• Emergency lighting and power requirements.

• Elevator provisions in case of emergency.

It is important to note that NFPA 101 is focused in life safety and does not include general fire resistance

requirements for construction in most types of occupancies as would typically be found in a building

code. Fire resistance requirements in the 1966 edition of NFPA 101 are focused on maintaining egress and minimizing fire and smoke spread to allow for egress during fire emergencies.

Of the codes compared in this report, the then current BCNYC provided the most detailed and

comprehensive requirements vis-a-vis the requirements addressed in the report. The level of detail is

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation XXV
Executive Summary

apparent in the body of the code. The BCNYC also includes numerous reference standards that were

based on nationally recognized standards at the time such as ASTM International (ASTM) and NFPA

Standards. Some examples of detailed requirements found solely in the New York City Code were in the area of smoke and fire dampers and through penetration protection of fire rated assemblies.

While the requirements of the then current New York State Code were comparable to those of the New

York City Code, they were less detailed and did not address many of the specific issues addressed by the BCNYC. An example of this is in the area of through penetration protection. The then current New York

State Code had no specific requirements.

The then current Chicago Building Code is also not as detailed as the then current BCNYC. The one area

that the then current Chicago Building Code was more restrictive than both the then current New York

City and New York State Codes was in the area of fire resistance. Minimum fire resistance ratings for

structural elements, floors, and exterior walls (where ratings are required based on separation distances)

are required to be one hour higher by the Chicago Building Code. Columns under the then current Chicago Building Code would be required to be 4 h rated versus 3 h rated by the then current New York

City or New York State Code. • -

.

The 1965 edition of BOCA provided more performance oriented requirements versus the then current BCNYC. The then current BCNYC and the 1965 edition of the BOCA Code both include numerous

reference standards that were based on nationally recognized standards at the time such as ASTM and

NFPA Standards. Examples of more detailed requirements found in the then current BCNYC compared to BOCA and NFPA 101 can be found in the sections on firestopping, through penetration protection of fie rated assemblies, interior finish criteria, and fire fighter communications related to standpipe use.

xxvi NISTNCSTAR 1-1E. WTC Investigation
Chapter 1 Introduction

One of the goals of the World Trade Center (WTC) Investigation led by the National Institute of

Standards and Technology (NIST) is to recommend appropriate revisions to current codes, standards, and

practices used in the industry. Prior to recommending such changes, one of the objectives of the Investigation is to identify the codes and standards that were used during the design and construction of

the WTC complex, identify local and national codes and standards that were available at that time, and

identify areas in current building and fire codes, standards, and practices that warrant revision.

As part of the Investigation, it has been determined that WTC 1 and WTC 2 were constructed in accordance with the Building Code of the City of New York (BCNYC) that was enacted by Local Law 76

for the year 1968.

NIST reviewed and documented relevant provisions of the building codes for the WTC complex and

suimnarized significant differences. This report provides a comparison of the 1968 (then current)

BCNYC and other "local" and "national" building codes available at that time, including the New York

State Building Construction Code Applicable to General Building Construction, the City of Chicago

Building Code, the Building Officials and Code Administrators' Basic Building Code, and the National

Fire Protection Association 101 Code for Safety to Life from Fire in Buildings and Structures.

The comparison is in tabular foraiat and provides a comparison of the following fire protection and life safety related topics: building codes, reference standards, occupancies, construction, interior finish, means of egress, fire suppression systems, fire alarm, detection and signaling systems, elevators and

escalators, emergency electrical and standby power systems, and special features such as parking garages

and atria.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 1
Chapter 1

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2 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Chapter 2

Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

This chapter summarizes key differences between the codes compared in this report. The side-by-side

comparison of the requirements is provided in tabular format in Appendix A of this report.

2.1 general differences

The requirements of the 1965 edition of Building Officials and Code Administrators (BOCA) are more

performance oriented than prescriptive in many areas of the document. The then current Building Code

of the City of New York (BCNYC) is more prescriptive in its requirements. The requirements of

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 101, Code for the Safety to Life, is focused on maintaining

the integrity of egress elements and control of fire growth and spread to allow for occupant egress. Therefore, there are limited requirements for fire resistance of typical building elements as would be

found in a typical building code. NFPA 101 is not intended to be used as a building code.

2.2 REFERENCED STANDARDS

The then current BCNYC and BOCA Code reference numerous nationally recognized standards that were

available at the time, addressing areas of material testing, various building system installations, and

system design. These referenced standards were incorporated as part of the BCNYC. The then current New York State Building Code and Chicago Building Codes did not have referenced standards as part of

their codes. The State of New York published a Code Manual for the purpose of assisting with the application and enforcement of the State Building Code and they also published a list of "Generally

Accepted Standards."

2.3 OCCUPANCY SEPARATIONS

The then current BCNYC included detailed requirements for treating mixed occupancy buildings which were not found in the other codes compared in this report. The Chicago Building Code did contain a specific requirement for a 4 h separation between buildings and below-grade public space (i.e., subways).

There is no requirement of this nature in either the BCNYC or New York State Building Codes.

NFPA 101 pemiits the provision of fire sprinklers in lieu of 1 h fire rated construction for separations of

occupancies having different hazard levels.

2.4 construction

The then current BCNYC and New York State Building Codes allowed Type lA or Type IB construction

for the World Trade Center (WTC) buildings. The then current Chicago Building Code would have

required Type lA construction. The Chicago Building Code would require 4 h fire resistance ratings for

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 3
Chapter 2

structural elements such as columns and bearing walls versus 3 h fire resistance required by the BCNYC

or the New York State Building Code.

The BOCA Building Code allowed Type lA or Type IB construction for the World Trade Center

buildings. Fire resistance rating requirements in the BOCA Building Code are almost identical to the then

current New York City Building Code. One are of deviation is that the then current New York City

building Code required 1 h fire rated tenant separations versus Va h fire rated tenant separations in BOCA.

NFPA 101 does not contain construction requirements for the types of occupancies that were included in the WTC Buildings.

2.5 FIRE AND SMOKE DAMPERS

The then current BCNYC included comprehensive requirements for the use and installation of fire and

smoke dampers. Smoke dampers were required at the main supply and return ducts. The other codes

reviewed in this report did not have any requirements for fire and smoke dampers.

2.6 FIRESTOPPING AND THROUGH PENETRATION PROTECTION

The then current BCNYC included comprehensive requirements identifying when and where firestopping was required. The then current New York State Building Code addressed the issue in less detail and the Chicago Building Code had no requirements. NFPA 101 has limited requirements for firestopping

(exterior and interior partitions at floor levels and unoccupied attic spaces) and does allow a trade off in

this area for sprinklered concealed spaces.

2.7 INTERIOR FINISH AND SMOKE DEVELOPMENT RATINGS

The requirements for flame spread of interior finish are similar amongst the codes reviewed in this report.

The then current BCNYC is more detailed in specifying requirements based on use of spaces and is the only code of those reviewed in this report that included requirements for maximum smoke development

ratings for interior finish.

2.8 MEANS OF EGRESS

The then current BCNYC provided detailed requirements for the design of the various elements of the egress system. This includes detailed occupant loading criteria based on use, egress element widths,

continuity of egress path, and criteria for horizontal egress. The then current New York State Building

Code and Chicago Building Code did not have detailed requirements for the means of egress.

The then current BCNYC requirements for egress were consistent with the BOCA Building Code and

NFPA 101 with minimal differences in technical requirements. The travel distance requirement of the then cuiTent BCNYC (200 ft) is less restrictive than BOCA (150 ft) but consistent with the requirement of

NFPA 101.

Requirements for illumination of egress elements are most restrictive in the then current BCNYC (5 foot candle intensity) versus BOCA (3 foot candle intensity) and NFPA 101(1 foot candle intensity).

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

2.9 FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS

The fire sprinkler requirements of the then current BCNYC and New York State Building Codes were

driven by lack of means for exterior ventilation. The then current Chicago Building Code had no

requirements for fire sprinkler protection. BOCA and NFPA 101 sprinkler requirements arc driven by

occupancy and area of that occupancy. Office occupancies did not require sprinkler protection by BOCA

or NFPA 101. The then current BCNYC had specific design criteria within the code if a system was to be

provided.

2.10 STANDPIPES AND WATER SUPPLY

The then current BCNYC and BOCA required standpipes and had detailed design and installation criteria incorporated in the code. The New York State Building Code required standpipes, but did not include

design or installation criteria in the code. The then current Chicago Building Code was silent on the

subject. NFPA 101 would not have required standpipes.

2.1 1 FIRE ALARM, DETECTION, AND SIGNALING SYSTEMS

Of the codes reviewed in this report, the then current New York State Building Code, BOCA and

NFPA 101 required a fire alann system in high rise office buildings. The BOCA requirement was

triggered by height (75 ft) and the NFPA 101 requirement was driven by occupant load (greater than

200 people). The then current BCNYC and NFPA 101 had comprehensive requirements for installation of

smoke detectors in heating, ventilating, and air conditioning equipment. The then current BCNYC also had requirements for a firefighter communication system with permanent telephones to provide

communication between pump rooms, building entrance floor, gravity tank rooms, and at each floor near

the main standpipe.

2.12 ELEVATORS AND ESCALATORS

The then current BCNYC contained the most comprehensive requirements for elevators among the codes

reviewed in this report. Requirements also included application of elevators if areas of refuge were

provided in buildings. Areas of refuge above the 1 1th floor were required to be served by at least one

elevator. Emergency controls for fire department use were also required.

2.13 SMOKE AND HEAT VENTING

The then current BCNYC was the only code of the codes reviewed in this report that required smoke and

heat venting of elevator, dumbwaiter, and other closed shafts including staii-way enclosures. NFPA 101 required automatic smoke and heat venting for underground structures with occupant loads exceeding

1,000 people.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 5
Chapter 2

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6 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Chapter 3

References

City of Chicago Building Code. 1966.

City Publishing Center Department of General Services. 1968. The City of New York Building Code.

New York, NY, December 6.

New York State Building Construction Code Applicable to General Building Construction. Effective

May 1, 1956; amended April 1, 1961 and December 1, 1964.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E. WTC Investigation 7
Chapter 3

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8 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Appendix A

Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant

Differences

The side-by-side comparison of the requirements from the different codes is provided in this appendix.

NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 9
Appendix A

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10 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

^ to b

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14 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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E g" 5 IT d: NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 15
Appendix A

is £

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16 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 17
Appendix A

Summary

of

Significant

Differences

No

comparable

requirement

in

the

Chicago

Building

Code.

1

Chicago

- 4

h

-

Chicago

- 3

Then

Current

NFPA

101

Life

Safety

Code

2

h

shafts

required

for

noncombustible

buildings

4

or

more

stories

in

height

(6-1113)

Then

Current

BOCA

Building

Code

CM cn CO

Separation

of

above

and

below

grade

portions

in

common

enclosures

Hoist

ways

and

shafts

Columns, girders,

trusses

(other

than

roof

trusses)

and

framing.

Supporting

one

floor.

Supporting

more

than

one

floor.

structural members supporting

walls. Floor

Construction,

including beams

Then

Current

Chicago

Building

Code

Hoistways

2

h

62-3.3

Shafts

1

h

62-3.4

Columns

-

Exterior

4h

-

Interior

supporting

floor

4h

-

Interior

supporting

roof

only 3

h

Beams,

girders,

trusses

Supporting

roof

only 2

h

Supporting

floor

3h

Floor

construction

3h

Then

Current

NY

State

Building

Code

1

or 2

h

(based

on

exposure)

(C212-6(e),C402-4.6(g))

CM CM CO CM

Then

Current

NYC

Building

Code CM CM CO CO CM

Separation

of

above

and

below

grade

portions

in

common

enclosures

(C26-602.4)

Hoistways

and

shafts

(C26-504.6,

C26-1

800.6).

Columns,

girders,

trusses

(other

than

roof

trusses)

and

framing.

Supporting

one

floor.

Supporting

more

than

one

floor.

structural

members

supporting

walls.

Floor

Construction,

including

beams.

18 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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20 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation 21
Appendix A

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22 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E. WTC Investigation 23
Appendix A

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24 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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32 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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36 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E. WTC Investigation 37
Appendix A

m " c i = S! c <= O) ^ to b

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38 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NiSTNCSTAR 1-1 E. WTC Investigation 39
Appendix A

SI

3

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40 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation 41
Appendix A

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42 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E. WTC Investigation 43
Appendix A

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44 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 45
Appendix A

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46 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation 47
Appendix A

° c Q>

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Appendix A

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50 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

s; u c

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54 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 57
Appendix A

° c a> >> (0 o

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation 59
Appendix A

in c a> o ra o

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Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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62 NISTNCSTAR 1-1E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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Appendix A

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64 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
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Appendix A

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66 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation 69
Appendix A

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70 NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation
Table of Code Comparison and Summary of Significant Differences

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NISTNCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation 71
Appendix A

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72 NIST NCSTAR 1-1 E, WTC Investigation