NBSIR 75-920

Distribution of Water Through a

Vertical Plane From Automatic

Sprinkler Heads

Richard L P. Custer and Klaus Wahle

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

NBSIR 75-920

DISTRIBUTION OF WATER THROUGH A

VERTICAL PLANE FROM AUTOMATIC

SPRINKLER HEADS

Richard L. P. Custer and Klaus Wahle

Center for Fire Research

Institute for Applied Technology

National Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C. 20234

December 1975

Interim Report

Prepared for Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research

Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D. C. 20410

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Rogers C.B. Morton, Secretary

James A. Baker, III, Under Secretary

Dr. Betsy Ancker-Johnson. Assistant Secretary for Science arid Technology

NATIOIMAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Acting Director

CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF FIGURES . . . .

' iv

LIST OF TABLES V

SI CONVERSION UNITS vi

Abstract 1

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. PURPOSE 2

3. TEST FACILITIES AND APPARATUS 3

3.1. Corridor and Doorway 3

3.2. Sprinkler System and Piping 3

3.3. Sprinkler Heads 3

3.4. Instrumentation 4

4 . TEST METHOD 4

5. RESULTS 4

5.1. Tests for Repeatability 4

5.2. Average Density Through Doorway . 5

5.2.1. Pendent Sprinklers 5

5.2.2. Sidewall Sprinklers 7

5.3. Maximum Average Density 8

5.3.1. Pendent Sprinklers 8

5.3.2. Sidewall Sprinklers 9

5.4. Location of Maximum Average Density 10

5.4.1. Pendent Sprinklers 10

5.4.2. Sidewall Sprinklers 11

6. CONCLUSIONS 11

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 12

8. REFERENCES 12

iii
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Figure 1. Water Discharge Test Assembly Showing

Sprinkler Locations A through F 13

Figure 2. Elevation of Doorway Showing Water Collector

and Sprinkler Locations A, B, and C. . . 14

Figure 3. Side View of Water Collector 15

Figure 4. Sectional View of Test Assembly Showing

Piping Arrangement Along Centerline of

Doorway 16

Figure 5. Variations in Average Density as a Function

of Manufacturer for 1/2-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers in Position A 17

Figure 6. Variations in Average Density as a Function

of Manufacturers for 1/2-Inch Upright

Sidewalls in Position D 18

Figure 7. Row of Maximum Density as a Function of

Discharge from 1/2-Inch Sprinklers in

Position A 19

A.i iv
LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers, Position A 20

Table 2. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers, Position B 22

Table 3. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers, Position C 24

Table 4. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Sidewall

Sprinklers, Position D 26

Table 5. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Sidewall

Sprinklers, Position E 28

Table 6. Distribution Summary - 1/2-Inch Sidewall

Sprinklers, Position F 30

Table 7. Distribution Summary - Small Orifice

Pendent Sprinklers, Position A 32

Position B 33

Table 8. Results of Repeatability Tests - 1/2-Inch

Pendent Sprinkler at Position A Flowing

20 Gallons-per-Minute 34

Table 9. Results of Repeatability Tests - 1/2-Inch

Pendent Sprinkler at Position B, 30 Gallonsper-Minute 35

Table 10. Range of Average Density - 1/2-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers 36

Table 11. Range of Average Density - 3/8-Inch Pendent

Sprinklers 37

Table 12. Range of Average Density - 1/2-Inch Upright

Sidewall Sprinklers 38

Table 13. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of

Compartments - 1/2-Inch Pendent Sprinklers 39

Table 14. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of

Compartments - 3/8-Inch Pendent Sprinklers 4 0

Table 15. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of

Compartments - 1/2-Inch Sidewall Sprinklers 41

V
SI CONVERSION UNITS

In view of present accepted practice in this technological area, U.S. customary units of measurement have been used

throughout this report. It should be noted that the U.S. is

a signatory to the General Conference on Weights and Measures

which gave official status to the metric SI system of units

in 1960. Readers interested in making use of the coherent

system of SI units will find conversion factors in ASTM

Standard Metric Practice Guide, ASTM Designation E 380-72

(available from American Society for Testing and Materials,

1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103) . Conversion

factors for units used in this paper are:

Length

1 in = 0.0254 meter

1 ft = 0.3048 meter

Area

1 in2 = 6.4516 x lO""* meter^

1 ft^ = 9.2903 X 10~^ meter^

Pressure

1 psi = 6895 pascal

Volume

1 gal = 3.785 dm^

Density of Water Application

1 gal/min/ft^ = 40.746 mm/min

vi
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER THROUGH A VERTICAL

PLANE FROM AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER HEADS

Richard L. P. Custer and Klaus Wahle

Abstract

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the

distribution of water through a vertical plane from

automatic sprinkler heads as a function of water discharge rate and sprinkler spacing. Tests were conducted to simulate discharging an automatic sprinkler head in a corridor to determine the effectiveness of the sprinkler head in covering a doorway

with water spray when positioned at various locations. Major differences in distribution characteristics between sprinkler heads produced by different

manufacturers were observed. It was determined that

only sprinklers installed on the centerline of the

doorway and discharging water at a flow rate of 20

gallons-per-minute or more would cover the top of

the doorway.

Key words: Automatic sprinklers; corridor sprinkler

systems; discharge patterns; spray distribution;

water distribution; water spray.

1. INTRODUCTION

In October 1973, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban

Development (HUD) issued changes to fire protection requirements in the Minimum Property Standards (MPS) for Multi-family

[1]-'- and Care Type [2] Housing. These changes pertained to

the installation of automatic sprinklers in these occupancy

types. Of particular interest was the requirement for installation of automatic sprinklers in corridors, service and

utility areas, and public spaces in all multi-family structures four stories or more in height and in care-type housing

of fire resistive or noncombustible construction regardless of

height. The only criteria presently available for design of

the corridor sprinkler systems for these occupancies are found

in National Fire Protection Association No. 13, Standard for

Installation of Automatic Sprinklers [3] . These criteria

require a minimum water application density of 0.01 gallonsper-minute-per-square-foot (gpm/ft^) on the floor and a maximum spacing of 15 feet between sprinklers.

Numbers in brackets refer to the references listed at the

end of this paper.

1
In March 1974, a research project, sponsored by the Office

of Policy Development and Research of HUD, was initiated at

the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to evaluate the current

criteria and improve design in terms of spacing requirements,

materials, and water discharge rates for corridor sprinkler

systems as outlined in the MPS's cited above. This report

contains the results of water distribution tests conducted

prior to full-scale fire testing and describes the water distribution characteristics for a variety of sprinkler heads at

various flow rates and spacings with respect to door opening.

2. PURPOSE

The ultimate design criteria suggested for corridor

sprinkler protection will be based upon full-scale fire tests

of sprinkler heads installed in various positions with respect

to a doorway in a corridor. As a preliminary study in this

program it was decided to determine the discharge characteristics (water distribution) of various types of sprinkler

heads through the vertical plane of a doorway opening since

this information is not available. Although nationally recognized testing laboratories, such as Underwriters' Laboratories

(UL) [4] and Factory Mutual (FM) [5] , conduct distribution

tests on all listed and approved sprinklers, these tests are

conducted to obtain discharge characteristics in the horizontal plane only.

The study was designed to obtain the following information :

1. The amount of water discharged into a doorway

expressed as a percentage of total sprinkler discharge, location of maximum discharge in the door

opening, total flow in gallons-per-minute (gpm)

,

average density in gallons-per-minute-per-square-foot

(gpm/ft^) over the entire opening and the maximum

density (gpm/ft^) attained in any one collection

area of the door.

2. ' The possible significant trends in discharge patterns

in the plane of the doorway, such as, the concentration of water at any particular elevation in the

doorway.

3. Effect of horizontal distance of the sprinkler from

the door opening on the coverage of the opening by

the water spray. This was studied by varying the

location of the sprinkler with respect to the

center line of the doorway.

2
These data were to be obtained for sprinklers of different types using various sprinkler locations and flow rates.

3. TEST FACILITIES AND APPARATUS

3.1. Corridor and Doorway

A full-scale corridor, 8 ft wide, 12 ft long, and 8 ft

high was constructed of exterior grade plywood, supported by

a frame of nominal 2 by 4 lumber (see fig. 1) . The corridor

contained a doorway 3 ft wide and 7 ft - 6 in high. The doorway was partitioned into twenty-one 1-square foot slanted compartments, each provided with a drain to the rear. The water

discharged into each compartment was collected in individual

containers (see figs. 2 and 3). Water levels in the containers

were converted to gallons using a calibrated dip stick.

A supply system of 1-inch-diameter PVC Schedule 80 pipe

was installed to permit testing of pendent, vertical sidewall and horizontal sidewall sprinklers in various positions

relative to the door opening (see fig. 4) . A flow meter,

gate valve and ball-type shut-off valve were provided to control the flow of water at the inlet of the sprinkler system

(see fig. 1)

.

The sprinkler heads selected for testing were intended

to represent a cross section of the various pendent and sidewall heads presently produced by the sprinkler industry. The

pendent sprinklers included 1/4-, 5/16-, 3/8-, 7/16- and 1/2-

inch-diameter orifice heads. The sidewall heads tested were

limited to the 1/2-inch-diameter variety, since the latter

represents the vast majority of sidewall heads being installed.

The sidewall heads were of the vertical sidewall version

(orifice discharges in the vertical plane) , with the exception

of one horizontal sidewall head (orifice discharges in the

horizontal plane)

.

Automatic sprinkler heads, obtained from nine different

manufacturers, were utilized in this series of tests. One

"old-style" head, incorporating a characteristic deflector

different from current designs, and intended for installation

in either the pendent or the upright position, was included

for purposes of comparison. All heads are currently listed by

UL for compliance with the Standard for Automatic Sprinklers

for Fire Protection Service, UL 199-1969. [4]

3.2. Sprinkler System and Piping

3.3. Sprinkler Heads

3
3.4. Instrumentation

Flow of water through the test sprinklers was monitored

using two direct-reading flow meters calibrated over the

ranges of 0-15 and 0-40 gallons-per-minute , respectively.

Pressure required to obtain the desired test flow was measured

using a digital display and a pressure transducer calibrated

over range of 0 to 500 pounds-per-square-inch.

4. TEST METHOD

For each distribution test, a selected sprinkler head was

successively installed in one of three locations for each type

of head: positions A, B and C for pendent, and D, E and F for

sidewall heads (see fig. 1) . All other sprinkler outlets were

capped. A predetermined flow through the test head was established by adjusting the flow rate using a gate valve in the

supply piping. When the desired flow rate was reached, the

flow was terminated by closing a ball-type quick-opening

valve

.

Actuation of the quick-opening valve signaled the start

of the test run and coincided with the start of a stop watch

to record the period of water discharge. The test was terminated at the end of a 10 minute discharge, or until any one

of the collection containers was filled, whichever occurred

first. The amount of water collected in each container was

measured, and the length of the test run was recorded. The

initial test flow for each sprinkler head was set at 10

gallons-per-minute, and increased for subsequent tests by 5

gallons-per-minute until 35 gallons-per-minute was reached.

The total amount and percentage of discharge through

the doorway were calculated, and the average discharge

density through the doorway was determined. These data are

contained in tables 1 through 7.

It should be noted that in each test only one sprinkler

head was used. It was assumed that for sprinkler heads located

at positions other than on the centerline of the doorway, the

cumulative effect of sprinklers installed symmetrically with

respect to the door could be approximated by summing individual compartments.

5. RESULTS

5.1. Tests for Repeatability

' In order to determine the reliability of the data collected using the water distribution test apparatus, a series

4
of tests was conducted using the same sprinkler and flow rate

for 5 repetitions in 2 different positions. The results are

shown in table 8 for a pendent sprinkler flowing 20 gallonsper-minute in position A and in table 9 for a pendent sprinkler flowing 30 gallons-per-minute in position B.

In position A, the standard deviation for each row

expressed as the percent of the mean, ranged from 1.5 to 25.5.

The upper rows (1-3) as measured from the top of the door

opening, only varied to a maximum of 3.4 percent while the

worst variation, 25.5 percent was found in row 7 (bottom of

the door opening) . Deviation in total water collected over

the entire opening was 4.2 percent of the mean.

The results of the tests in position B showed less variation than in position A. This was due at least in part to

the higher flow rate which resulted in a more stable spray

envelope. The lowest standard deviation was, as in the position A tests, in row 1 with a deviation of only 0.7 percent

compared with 1.5 percent in position A. The highest deviation was found to be 19.1 percent in row 6. Deviation in

total water collected was only 0.9 percent of the mean.

In both test series, the deviation within row measurements was lowest in the top rows; rows 1 through 3 in position

A and rows 1 through 4 in position B. Position C was not

evaluated as most sprinklers tested did not reach the doorway

except at flow rates of 30-35 gallons-per-minute.

The average density through the doorway (gallons-perminute-per-square-foot) was obtained by dividing the total

flow rate through the door by the total opening area of the

collection compartments (see tables 1-7)

.

In position A all 1/2-inch pendent sprinklers showed an

increase in average density with increasing flow rate. The

actual average density achieved for each flow rate evaluated

varied considerably among sprinklers of different manufacturers (see fig. 5) . The range of variation is shown in

table 10.

The range, expressed as percent difference between the

highest and lowest average densities recorded.

5.2. Average Density Through Doorway

5.2.1. Pendent Sprinklers

D - D

(range = max mm

X 100) D

max

5
varied from 78.0 percent for sprinklers A and B at 10 gallonsper-minute to 27.3 percent for sprinklers C and B at 30

gallons-per-minute. In this position, the percent difference

decreased substantially as the flow rate increased.

In position B, the range of average density varied from

88.9 percent for sprinklers D and F at 10 gallons-per-minute

to 56.1 percent for sprinklers (B)os and B and I at 20

gallons-per-minute. Contrary to the results obtained in

position A, the percent difference at 35 gallons-per-minute

(84.2) is nearly as high as that at 10 gallons-per-minute.

The actual values of average density in position A vary

from 0.022 gallons-per-minute-per-square-foot (gpm/ft^) for

sprinkler A at 10 gpm to 0.270 gpm/ft^ for sprinkler (B)os at

35 gpm. In position B, the range of total density is from

0.0007 gpm/ft^ for sprinkler D at 10 gpm to 0.114 for sprinkler A at 35 gpm. These deviations are due to changes in the

shape of the spray envelope resulting from differences in

deflector designs among manufacturers.

In position B, 50% of the sprinklers tested showed an

increase in average density proportional to flow rate. The

remaining sprinklers showed either a temporary decrease at

20 gpm (sprinkler F) and 30 gpm (sprinklers B and E) or a

continuing decrease in density at 25 gpm and above (sprinklers

D and G)

.

Small-orifice sprinklers (1/4-inch, 5/16-inch, 3/8-inch

and 7/16-inch only) were also evaluated for average density

(see table 7). With the exception of sprinkler I (7/16-inch

which showed a decrease at 20 gpm and 1/4-inch showing a decrease at 15 gpm in positions A and B) , all small-orifice

sprinklers showed an increase in average density proportional

to flow rate. Due to a lack of samples from a variety of

manufacturers in the 1/4- , 5/16- and 7/16-inch sizes a comparison of the range of average densities could not be made.

A comparison of data from two manufacturers of 3/8-inch

sprinklers, however, is shown in table 11. In both positions

A and B, the percent difference between the two samples is

greater at the higher flow rates than at low flow rates.

This is again due to variations in deflector designs. At the

high pressures necessary for development of 20 gpm flow rates

many more small droplets are generated. The small droplets

have a higher drag coefficient and thus, reach terminal

velocity sooner. This is shown by the decrease in average

density from 0.018 gpm/ft^ at 10 gpm to 0.017 gpm/ft^ at 15

gpm for sprinkler I in position B. The increase to an average

density of 0.023 gpm/ft^ at 20 gpm is most likely due to

increased flow rate. The end result is a decrease in the

volume of the spray envelope. This effect can also be noted

in the data for the 1/4- and 7/16-inch orifice sprinklers

(see table 7 )

.

6
The range in average density for the 3/8-inch sprinkler

in position A is from 0.043 gpm/ft^ at 15 gpm to 0.105 gpm/

ft^ at 20 gpm. The range of average density in position B

varies from 0.017 to 0.069 gpm/ft^.

5.2.2. Sidewall Sprinklers

Seven sidewall sprinklers were tested in positions D, E

and F. Six were upright and one was of the recently developed

horizontal type. The results of these tests are shown in

tables 4 through 6.

Three of the upright sidewalls tested in position D had

increasing average density proportional to flow (B, D and G)

while the other three showed fluctuations in average density

as flow increased. Sprinkler A decreased from 0.313 to 0.169

0.169 gpm/ft^ from 10 to 15 gpm then increased to a maximum

of 0.317 gpm/ft^ at 35 gpm. A similar pattern was evidenced

with sprinkler B while sprinkler E dropped at 20 gpm, increased

at 25, dropped at 30 and increased again at 35 gpm.

In position E, only 2 of the upright sidewalls exhibited

downward variations in average density. Sprinkler A decreased

from 0.139 to 0.056 gpm/ft^ between 30 and 35 gpm. This was

due to a collapse of the spray envelope as discussed above.

Although this collapse is evident visually in position D, it

is not indicated in the data until the sprinkler is off-set

from the centerline of the door (position E)

.

The distribution performance for the upright sidewalls

was generally poor in position F. Sprinkler C did not discharge any measurable water through the door until a flow of

30 gpm was reached. At this point, the average density was

only 0.012 gpm/ft^ as compared to 0.044 at position E and

0.079 at position D. Sprinkler A showed the same envelope

collapse at 35 gpm as evidenced in position E.

The range of average density variation between manufacturers for upright sidewalls is very great (see fig. 6) . The

range of variation is shown in table 12. In position D the

range varies from 87.6 percent at 15 gpm to 77.8 percent at

25 gpm. With the exception of 25 gpm, all flows yield

differences greater than 80 percent. In position E, the

range is very similar with the notable exception that the

smallest percent difference occurs at 35 gpm. The total

range of average densities recorded varies from 0.021 gpm/ft^

for sprinkler B at 15 gpm to 0.317 gpm/ft^ for sprinkler A at

35 gpm in position D. The range for position E varies from

0.004 gpm/ft^ for sprinkler E at 10 gpm to 0.139 gpm/ft^ for

sprinkler A at 30 gpm.

7
Only one sample of a horizontal sidewall sprinkler was

available. The data for this sample are shown in tables 4

through 6. In position D, the average density increases by

a factor of 3.6 from 10 to 15 gpm and by a factor of 2.3

from 15 to 35 gpm. This represents the greatest rate of

change of all the sidewalls tested. This results from the

fact that the water strikes the deflector in the same plane

as the resultant spray. This eliminates the 90 degree

change in direction associated with upright sidewalls and

imparts greater momentum to the droplets developed.

5.3. Maximum Average Density

The maximum average density was obtained by averaging

the water collected in all 3 bins for each row and choosing

the value for the row with the maximum average density. This

number represents the greatest density which can be obtained

for a given flow rate across a 1-foot high, 3-foot wide segment of the door opening.

5.3.1. Pendent Sprinklers

As was the case with average density, the maximum average

density varies greatly with both the manufacturer, the position of the sprinkler with respect to the door opening, and

the operating flow rate. The data for positions A, B and C

are contained in tables 1 through 3.

In position A, the maximum average density increased

proportionally with flow rate with a few exceptions. Sprinkler C, for example, had a decrease from 0.310 to 0.252 gpm/

ft^ between 25 and 30 gpm. The same phenomenon was observed

for sprinkler F which dropped from 0.703 to 0.642 gpm/ft^

over the same flow rates.

In position B, all sprinklers except one showed substantial increases in maximum average density with flow rate.

Sprinkler A and D showed a continuous increase within experimental error with flow rate. Sprinklers B(os) and G showed

decreases between 30 and 35 gpm of 56.9 and 79.9 percent,

respectively. The remaining 6 sprinklers showed a decrease

when the flow changed from 25 to 30 gpm. The percent decrease

ranged from 11.7 for sprinkler B to 47.1 for sprinkler F.

This indicates that there exists, for each sprinkler, a flow

rate at which a significant decrease in the density of application occurs. This flow rate is most easily determined by

evaluating the maximum average density in a position other

than on the centerline of the door opening.

8
The range of maximum average density as a function of

manufacturer for 1/2-inch pendent sprinklers in positions A

and B is shown in table 13. In position A the range is from

61.7 percent at 30 gpm to 84.8 percent at 10 gpm. The range

in position B varied from 94.9 percent at 35 gpm to 78.6 percent at 20 gpm. The same phenomenon of a large percent difference at 35 gpm versus that at 20 gpm was noted in position

B as occurred with the total density (see table 10) . This is

due to collapse of the spray envelope as discussed in 5.2.1.

above

.

The maximum average density data for small-orifice sprinklers are shown in table 7. In position A, the 1/4-inch sprinkler tested showed a 77.8 percent drop from 10 to 15 gpm due

to the generation of a very fine spray and envelope collapse

at the pressures required to attain the higher discharge rate.

The 5/16- and 3/8-inch orifice sprinklers showed an increase

in maximum average density with flow rate while the 7/16-inch

sprinkler showed a 27.8 percent drop between 25 and 28 gpm

(the highest flow rate obtainable at the pressures used) . In

position B, the 3/8-inch sprinkler (A) showed a 71.6 percent

decrease between 20 and 24 gpm, and the 7/16-inch sprinkler

(I) a 3 8.1 percent decrease between 2 9 and 35 gpm.

The range of maximum average density for 3/8-inch pendent

sprinklers is shown in table 14. In position A the smallest

difference was 49.7 percent at 15 gpm and the largest difference, 6 6.4 percent was found at 20 gpm. In position B, the

range was 30.2 percent at 10 gpm to 86.6 percent at 20 gpm.

5.3.2. Sidewall Sprinklers

The maximum average density data for the sidewall sprinklers tested are contained in tables 4 through 6. In position

A, three sprinklers (C, D and G) showed continuous increase in

maximum average density with flow rate. Sprinklers B and E

showed a decrease between 10 and 15 gpm, and A showed a

decrease between 20 and 25 gpm followed by an increase up to

35 gpm. In position B, only sprinkler D had a continuous

increase in maximum average density. Sprinkler A showed a

50 percent drop between 30 and 35 gpm, while C showed a 10

percent decrease between 25 and 30 gpm and G dropped 4 0 percent between 15 and 2 0 gpm. Although maximum average densities obtained in position B were less than those in position

A the other sidewall sprinklers showed the same shift patterns

as in position A.

The horizontal sidewall tested showed changes in maximum

average density with flow rate which reflected the changes in

total density discussed in 5.2.2. above with the exception

that a decrease in maximum average density occurred between 2 0

9
and 25 gpm while no decrease was noted in total density at

these flow rates. This is due to a shift in the distribution

of water within the spray envelope as indicated by the fact

that the row of maximum density shifted from row 2 to row 1 as

the flow rate increased.

The range of maximum average densities recorded for the

sidewall sprinklers tested is shown in table 15. In position

A, the percent difference in all cases was greater than 90.2

percent. In position B, the results were not much better.

The range varied from 73.9 to 85.5 percent.

5.4. Location of Maximum Average Density

To use automatic sprinklers as a barrier to heat flow

through a door opening, the distribution characteristic of

primary importance is the degree of coverage obtained in the

upper portion of the doorway opening. It is in this area that

the temperatures and mass flow rates of the hot gases will be

greatest. In order to study this characteristic, data regarding the vertical position of the maximum average density was

collected for each sprinkler and flow rate tested. The results

are shown in tables 1 through 7 with specific comments regarding dry or only slightly wetted areas included. The location

of maximum density is described in terms of feet below the

bottom of the lintel of the doorway or row number in which the

maximum average density was achieved. This location depends

primarily on flow rate for any given position of the sprinkler

with respect to the doorway opening.

5.4.1. Pendent Sprinklers

The location of maximum density in position A for 1/2-

inch pendent sprinklers is related to the discharge rate and

varies with the manufacturer's design (see fig. 7). Sprinkler

A, for example, shows no water on the top 2 rows at 10 gpm

with row 7 as the location of maximum density. At 20 gpm,

row 1 gets 50 percent of the total flow through the door.

Sprinkler D, by contrast, has its maximum density in row 4

up to 20 gpm. Between 20 and 30 gpm row 3 has the highest

density and at 3 0 gpm the maximum density drops to row 4

again as the spray envelope collapses. With the exception

of sprinkler D, all 1/2-inch pendent sprinklers tested

completely covered the upper portions of the door opening.

The variation in density among sprinklers of different manufacturer's design, however, was considerable (see table 13).

This statement also applies to position B. It should be

noted, however, that the densities achieved in position B

are often much lower than in position A. An example of this

is sprinkler F (see table 13)

.

10
The percent reduction between the two positions varies from 50

percent at 10 gpm to 9 percent at 15 gpm and 60 percent at 25

gpm. This is true, in general, for small-orifice sprinklers

as well (see table 7) . With the exception of sprinkler A at

15 gpm, no water reaches the top row in position C.

5.4.2. Sidewall Sprinklers

For the sidewall sprinklers tested in position D, only 1

(sprinkler A) continuously discharges through row 1 at all

flow rates. Sprinkler C, by contrast, only discharges a trace

of water to the top row. With the exception of sprinkler C,

all sidewall sprinklers wet the top row at 25 gpm and above.

In position E, the same situation is true with the exception

that the densities decrease up to 74 percent between position

D and E (see table 15) . Without exception, no water reaches

row 1 in position F at the highest flow rate tested.

6. CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of the water distribution study the

following conclusions have been reached:

1. The test apparatus used to study the distribution

of water from automatic sprinklers through a

vertical opening produces repeatable data and has

potential for becoming a future test method.

2. Sprinklers located in positions other than A and D

will leave portions of the upper part of the door

opening without water coverage even when two sprinklers are located symmetrically about the centerline

of the door. In positions C and F (7.5 feet from

the centerline of the door) none of the sprinklers

tested discharged significant water through the

doorway opening. Obviously, for all sprinklers

studied, position A and D (on the centerline of

the door opening) provide the highest total coverage

of the opening. This is important if the sprinklers

are to provide protection from hot gases issuing

from a doorway.

3. A flow rate of 20 gpm or higher in positions A and

D is necessary if the top of the door opening is to

be covered. The flow rate for the final design

criteria will require fire testing with the

spray exposed to an actual thermal load.

11
4. Although average density and maximum average density

generally increase with increasing flow rate, some

sprinklers tested showed decreases in these parameters at high flow rates. Most of the variations

were found above 25 gpm. This is most likely due

to momentum and drag effects resulting from variations

in drop size due to deflector design. More detailed

study of this phenomenon could lead to a method for

prediction of these variations.

5. Major differences exist among various sprinkler

manufacturers with regard to all the distribution

parameters studied. For this reason, interim design

criteria for corridor sprinkler protection, as

defined in the MPS', will have to be based on the

position and flow rate, as determined in fire tests,

which will provide adequate protection with all

available sprinklers pending the development and

acceptance of an appropriate performance-based test

procedure

.

7 . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to express particular thanks to Messrs.

Henry Wheelock and Richard Zile of the Program for Fire

Detection and Control Systems for their assistance in the

construction of the test apparatus and collection of the

discharge data.

8. REFERENCE

[1] Minimum Property Standards for Multi-family Housing,

HUD 4910.1, Department of Housing and Urban Development,

Washington, D.C., 1973 Edition.

[2] Minimum Property Standards for Care-Type Housing, HUD

4 920.1, Department of Housing and Urban Development,

Washington, D.C., 1973 Edition.

[3] Installation of Automatic Sprinkler Systems, NFPA No.

13, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass.,

1975 Revision.

[4] Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire Protection

Service, Underwriters' Laboratories 199, Underwriters'

Laboratories, Inc., Northbrook, II.

[5] Distribution and Fire Test Performance of Standard Sprinklers, Factory Mutual Approval Standard, Class No. 5-2001,

2002, 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017, Factory Mutual Research

Corporation, Norwood, Mass.

12
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35
Table 10. Range of Average Density - I/2-Inch Pendent Sprinklers

Sprinkler

Flow Rate

(gpm)

Manufacturer

Max. Average

Density

(gpm/ft^)

Percent Difference

(gpm/ft^)

Position A

10 (A)

(B)

0.022

0.100

78.0 0.088

15 (A)

(B)

0.040

0.130

69.2 0.090

20 (G)

(B)

0.087

0.170

48.0 0.083

25 (F)

(B)os

0.101

0.186

45.7 0.087

30 (C)

(B)

0.119

0.249

27.3 0.130

35 (C)

(B)os

0.146

0.270

Position B

48.1

•

0.124

10 (D)

(F)

0.007

0.063

88.9 0.056

15 (D)

(F)

0.020

0.078

74.4

r 0.058

20 (B)os

(B,I)

0.025 ; 0.057

56.1 0.032

25 (B)os

(A)

0.029

0.076

61.8 0.047

30 (I)

(A,F)

0.034

0.097

64.9 0.063

35 (B)os

(A)

0.018

0.114

84.2 0.096
Table 11. Range of Average Density - 3/8-Inch Pendent Sprinklers

X IdA • c\. V c JL a. & c Flow Rate Manufac- Density Percent Difference

(gpm) turers (gpm/ft^) (gpm/ft^)

Position A

0 047 6 0

(A) 0.050

15 (A) 0.043 29.5 0.018

(I) 0.061

20 (I) 0,103 1.9 0.002

fA^ 0. 105

Position B

10 (1) 0. 018 30.

8

0.008

(A) 0.026

15 (I) 0.017 57.5 0.023

(A) 0.040

20 (I) 0.023 66.7 0.046

(A) 0.069

37
Table 12. Range of Average Density - 1/2-Inch Upright Sidewall Sprinklers

Sprinkler Max. Average

r low Kate Manufac- Density Percent Difference

\ or/ turers (gpra/f t^) (epm/f t^)

Position D

10 (A) 0.131 80.05 0.105

(B) 0.026

15 (A) 0.169 87.6 0.148

(B) 0.021

20 (A) 0.203 85.7 0.174

(B) 0.029

25 (A) 0.203 77.8 0.158

(B) 0.045

30 (A) 0.265 83.0 0. 220

(G) 0.045

35 (A) 0.317 81.4 0.258

(B) . 0.059

Position E

10 (A) 0.055 92. 7 0.051

(E) 0.004

15 (A) 0.075 76.0 0.057

(B) 0.018

20 (A) 0.088 77.3 0.068

(B) 0.020

25 (A) 0.119 76.5 0.091

(B) 0.028

30 (A) 0.139 70.5 0.099

(B) 0.041

35 (D) 0.119 57.1 0.68

(C) 0.051

38
Table 13. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of Compartments

- 1/2-Inch Pendent Sprinklers

Sprinkler Max. Average

rlow Kate Manufac- Density Percent Difference

(gpm) turers (gpm/ft^) (gpm/f t^)

Position A

10 (A) 0.061 84.8 0.339

(F) 0.400

15 (A) 0.088 76.7 0.290

(F) 0.378

20 (D) 0.153 77.1 0.514

(F) 0.667

25 (D) 0.214 69.6 0.489

(F) 0.703

30 (D) 0.246 61.7 0.396

(F) 0.642

35 (D) 0.311 71.0 0.762

(F) 1.073

Position B

10 (D) 0.018 91.1 0.184

(F) 0.202

15 (D) 0.030 91.3 0.314

(F) 0. 344

20 (B)os 0.039 78.6 0.143

(F) 0.182

25 (B)os 0.050 81.8 0.225

(F) 0.275

30 (B)os 0.065 86.0 0.400

(F) 0.465

35 (B)os 0.028 94.9 0.520

(F) 0.548

39
Table 14. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of Compartments - 3/8-Inch Pendent Sprinklers

Sprinkler Max. Average

Flow Rate Manufac- Density Percent Difference

(gpii^) 1" 1 1 1" *i T" C ( priTTi / f ^ ^ "i ( cir\tr\ / -f

JTUo-LLXULl t\

10 (I) 0.065 56.4 0.084

(A) 0.149

i5 (I) • 0.089 49. 7 0.088

(A) 0.177

20 (I) 0.149 66.4 0. 299

(A) 0.448

10 (I) 0.042 30.2 0.021

(A) 0.063

15 (I) 0.024 67.1 0.049

(A) 0.073

20 (I) 0.031 86.6 0.201

(A) 0.232

40
Table 15. Range of Maximum Average Density per Row of Compartments - 1/2-Inch Sidewall Sprinklers

Sprinkler

Flow Rate

(gpm)

Manufacturers

Max. Average

Density

(gpm/ft^)

Percent Difference

(gpm/ft2)

Position D

10 (A)

(C) , 0.447

0.044

90.2 0.403

15 (A)

(B)

0.580

0.039

93.3 0.541

20 (A)

(B)

0.795

0.066

92.5 0.729

25 (A)

(B)

0.774

0,084

89.2 0.690

30 (A)

(B)

1.060

0.104

90.2 0.956

35 (A)

(C)

1.080

0.116

Position E

89.3 0.964

10 (G)

(C)

0.182

0.040

78.0 0.142

15 (A)

(B)

0.206

0.036

85.5 0.170

20 (A)

(B)

0.200

0.035

85.5 0.165

25 (A)

(B)

0.257

V 0.067

73.9 0.190

30 (A)

(C)

0.290

0.073

74.3 0.217

35 (D)

(C)

0.371

0.093

74.9 0.278

41
NBS-n4A (REV. 7-73)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO. NBSIR 75-920

2. Gov't Accession

No.

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

nT^TRTBUTION OF WATER THROUGH A VERTICAL PLANE

FROM AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER HEADS

5. Publication Date December 1975

6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

Richard L. P. Custer and Klaus Wahle

8. Performing Organ. Report No.

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4928416

1 !• Contrac t /Gran t No. IAA-H-37-32

12. Sponsoring Organization Name and Complete Address (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Division of Energy, Building Technology and Standards

Office of Policy Development and Research ^ Department of Housing and Urban Development

Washington, D.C. 20410

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

Tnt"PTiTn RpnnTi"

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most si^ificant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.) .

An investigation was conducted to evaluate the distribution of water

through a vertical plane from automatic sprinkler heads as a function of

water discharge rate and sprinkler spacing. Tests were conducted to simulate discharging an automatic sprinkler head in a corridor to determine

the effectiveness of the sprinkler head in covering a doorway with water

spray when positioned at various locations. Major differences in distribution characteristics between sprinkler heads produced by different manufacturers were observed. It was determined that only sprinklers installed

on the centerline of the doorway and discharging water at a flow rate of 20

gallons-per-minute or more would cover the top of the doorway.

17. KEY WORDS (six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the first letter of the first key word unless a proper name; separated by semicolons) Automatic Sprinkler; corridor sprinkler systems; discharge

patterns; spray distribution; water distribution; water spray.

18. AVAILABILITY [x^ Unlimited

I

' For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

I

' Order From Sup. of Doc, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402, SD Cat. No. C13

I ! Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS)

Springfield, Virginia 22151

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

UNCLASSIFIED

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

21. NO. OF PAGES

41

22. Price

USCOMM-DC 29042-P74