NBSIR 73-124 (A)

Evaluation of Currency and

Stamp Papers

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Product Evaluation Technology Division

Institute for Applied Technology

January 30, 1973

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 ~ December 31, 1972

Prepared for Bureau of Engraving and Printing U. S. Department of the Treasury

Washington, D. C. 20401

NBSIR 73-124

EVALUATION OF CURRENCY AND

STAMP PAPERS

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

Paper Evaluation Section

Product Evaluation Technology Division

Institute for Applied Technology

January 30, 1973

Progress Report covering the period

July 1 - December 31, 1972

The results contained and the conclusions reached in this progress report are preliminary. Final results and conclusions will be presented in the final report.

Note

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Frederick B. Dent. Secretary

IMATIOIVIAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Richard W. Roberts. Director

CONTENTS

Page

1. SUMMARY . 1

2. EDGE TEAR OF REDEEMED CURRENCY 3

3. MODIFICATION OF PAPER BY TREATMENT WITH

ACRYLIC LATEXES 5

3.1 Beater Addition of Acrylic Polymers 5

A. Experimental Details 5

B. Results and Discussion 6

3.2 Paper Saturation with Acrylic Latexes .... 8

A. Experimental Details 8

B. Results and Discussion 9

4. PREPARATION OF THE NIAGARA BEATER 11

5. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK 12

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY 13

1 . SUMMARY

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the disparity in the edge tear* of flexed currency paper and redeemed

currency and the possibility of improving the stiffness retention of paper by treatment with acrylic resins was studied.

The edge tear of currency increases substantially as the

condition of a note deteriorates during circulation. Conversely, the edge tear of currency paper increases only

slightly at first then decreases during laboratory flexing.

An investigation was conducted to determine if this disparity

in edge tear behavior was due to significant differences in

the structural changes of currency paper occurring during

flexing and circulation or whether the disparity was due to

the sampling procedure used to test redeemed currency and

flexed currency paper. An investigation also was conducted

to determine whether modification of paper with acrylic latexes

could improve the stiffness retention of paper and whether

the method of modification affected the results.

In determining the edge tear of redeemed currency, the

actual edges of notes are tested. In determining the edge

tear of flexed currency paper, the edges of the flexed paper

are purposely avoided. The edge tear specimens of redeemed

currency were retested on the edge opposite to the first test.

Thi«5 simulated sampling for edge tear testing of laboratory

flexed paper since the edge used in the retest came from the

interior of the note.

The edge tear of redeemed currency in the interior of

a note is significantly lower than on the actual edge of the

note and is essentially the same as it is for moderately

flexed currency paper. Apparently, the increase in edge tear

of currency during circulation is caused by edge wear and is

not due to the flexing a note receives during circulation.

These results further indicate that there is good agreement

in the changes that occur in the properties of currency paper

during currency circulation and laboratory flexing.

*Edge tear is the resistance offered by paper to the onset

of tearing at the edge of a sheet.
2

Handsheets were modified with acrylic polymers by beater

addition and paper saturation techniques. The effect of

polymer concentration on the extent of change in paper properties was also investigated. The handsheets were prepared

from a kraft wood pulp beaten in a PFI laboratory mill.

The investigation of acrylic latexes demonstrated that

modification of paper with acrylics can result in marked

improvement in stiffness retention with flexing and that the

best results are obtained when the modification is produced

by paper saturation. There is a possibility that wood pulp

paper, modified with polymer latexes, could be superior to

currency paper manufactured from rag pulps

The effect of acrylic polymer modification of paper on

the retention of cantilever stiffness during flexing will be

continued during the next reporting period.
3

2. EDGE TEAR OF REDEEMED CURRENCY

The edge tear of redeemed currency is appreciably higher

than that of uncirculated currency [1] . The edge tear of

printed currency paper increases during the early stages of

flexing but then decreases as flexing continues [1] . In any

event, the average edge tear of flexed printed currency paper

is never as high as the edge tear of redeemed currency. The

difference in edge tear between flexed currency paper and

redeemed currency may be due to significant differences in

the structural changes of paper occurring during flexing and

currency circulation.

In determining the edge tear of currency, care was taken

in cutting the specimens to include the actual edge of the

redeemed note [2]. In obtaining specimens for testing from

flexed currency paper, care is taken not to include the

actual edge of the flexed sample so as to avoid edge effects

in testing. Therefore, the disparity in edge tear between

redeemed currency and flexed currency paper could also be

due to sampling procedures.

In determining the edge tear of redeemed currency or

flexed currency paper, only one edge is tested per specimen

and not both edges as suggested in TAPPI Method T 470 os-66.

Photographs of the edge tear device used at NBS are shown in

Figure 3.

The same specimens used in determining the edge tear of

redeemed currency [2] were tested a second time but on the

opposite edge. This edge came from the interior of the note

and would be free of edge effects. The second edge tear determination was made in the area directly opposite the first

determination as shown in Figure 1. The results are given

in Table 1.

The edge tear of redeemed currency is significantly

lower in the interior of the note than on the actual edge of

the note. However, it could be argued that the edge tear

should be lower by virtue of the specimens being subjected

to tensile forces during the first edge tear test. Therefore,

the remainder of the untested portion of each redeemed bill

was cut (as shown in Figure 1) into two specimens for additional edge tear testing. The previously untested specimens

were tested on the side adjacent to the outer specimens and

in approximately the same area (see Figure 1) . The results

are given in Table 1 under the column heading, Top and/or

Bottom Control.
4

The average edge tear for the control specimens was the

same as the average for the original specimens tested on the

side from the interior of the note. This indicates that the

first edge tear test had no effect on the edge tear of the

opposite side of the specimen.

The average edge tear of the interior of redeemed

currency is essentially the same as it is for uncirculated

currency. The higher edge tear for the actual edge of

redeemed currency is apparently due to the wear such as

abrasion, etc. , received during circulation and not due to

the flexing it receives. The edge tear data from the interior

of redeemed currency are also in good agreement with the edge

tear data obtained from flexed, printed currency paper, giving

further indication that laboratory flexing is an excellent

method for evaluating the durability of paper.
5

3. MODIFICATION OF PAPER BY TREATMENT

WITH ACRYLIC LATEXES

There are two methods for modifying paper with polymer

latexes. One is the so-called beater addition which actually

does not take place in a beater but in a mixing chest where

the beaten pulp can be agitated gently in the presence of a latex. The second method is called paper saturation which

involves saturating dry paper with a latex, squeezing out the

excess, followed by drying. In beater addition, the fibers

are completely coated with polymer prior to sheet formation.

In paper saturation, the polymer is deposited only on the

exposed portion of the fibers. It is apparent that the effect

of polymer on the physical properties of paper will be dependent on the method of polymer application to the paper. The

object of this investigation was to determine the effect of

acrylic polymers on the retention of stiffness when aoplied

to paper by beater addition and paper saturation.

Four acrylic latexes (designated E-631, P-339, E-610,

and AC-61) were chosen for this investigation. The polymer

stiffness was estimated by the manufacturer from the torsional

modulus of an air-dried film. E-631 was the softest polym^er,

P-339 and E-610 were intermediate, and AC-61 was the stiff est

of the four polymers evaluated.

3 . 1 Beater Addition of Acrylic Polymers

A. Experimental Details

A bleached kraft wood pulp was beaten in a PFI laboratory

mill at a 10 percent consistency with no clearance between

bedplate and roll for 5,000 revolutions at 3.4 kilograms

force and a relative velocity of roll to bedplate of 6 m/sec.

The beating was done in distilled water. Aliquots of this

pulp, sufficient to make a 12" x 12" handsheet of 70 g/m^

basis weight, were diluted with 1.5 liters of distilled water

and disintegrated for 7,500 revolutions in a British disintegrator. The pH is adjusted to pH 9 withlNNaOH. A retention

aid is added to the pulp slurry in the amount of 2 percent

based on latex solids to be deposited on the fibers. The

retention aid is added from a sufficient quantity of a 1 percent solution, diluted with 50 cm-^ of distilled water. Only

two-thirds of the retention aid was added at the start. The

mixture of pulp suspension and retention aid was stirred

5 minutes prior to latex addition to exhaust the retention

aid from solution. The pH of the mixture was then decreased

to 4.0 with 0.5 N H2SO4.
6

The acrylic emulsion was diluted with approximately

50 cm3 distilled water and added to the pulp suspension in

three equal portions with moderate stirring. Five minutes

was allowed between each addition to exhaust the acrylic

latex. Only moderate stirring was used in order not to

remove any adsorbed polymer by shearing. After all of the

latex was added, the remainder of retention aid was added

and the mixture stirred for an additional 5 minutes. Handsheets were then prepared by placing the mixture in the

deckle box of the handsheet machine and forming the sheet in

the usual way using tap water. The sheets were dried at

95 °C for approximately 3 minutes on a drum dryer.

The effect of the acrylics on the retention of cantilever

stiffness was evaluated by determining the decline in cantilever stiffness after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8" rollers

on the NBS paper flexer. All of the tensile properties and

other physical properties were determined in addition to the

cantilever stiffness. The results are given in Tables 2-5

and the standard deviation of the results are given in

Tables 6-9.

B . Results and Discussion

The extensional stiffness of the handsheets decreased

as the amount of polymer deposited on the fibers increased.

The decrease in extensional stiffness was greatest with E-631,

the softest acrylic evaluated, and least with AC-61, the

stiffest of -the four acrylics. Breaking strength was affected

most by the stiffest polymer (AC-61) , while improvement in

elongation to break was greatest with P-339, an acrylic with

moderate stiffness. The effect of acrylic polymer on the

energy to break, yield load, and elongation to break was not

very great. Plastic stiffness decreased extensively with

handsheets containing E-631, while the remaining three polymers

had somewhat less effect on this property.

None of the acrylic polymers evaluated appeared to have

any great effect on the initial cantilever stiffness of paper.

Their effect on folding endurance ranged from a significant

decrease with E-631 (two sided t-test at 95 percent confidence

interval) to a significant increase with P-339 and E-610. With

the exception of AC-61, each of the acrylic latexes caused the

air permeability to increase with increasing amounts of polymer

treatment
7

Of the tensile properties, only initial stiffness and

elongation to yield are affected substantially after 1,000

flexes. There is a large decrease in the initial stiffness

and a large increase in elongation to yield. Small but

significant increases in elongation to break occurred with

all handsheets investigated. The remaining tensile properties

exhibited little or no change after 1,000 flexes.

Cantilever stiffness declined extensively after 1,000

flexes. The only real significant improvement in stiffness

retention over the controls occurred with handsheets containing 5 and 10 percent AC-61. However, the improvement

in stiffness retention was not as great as observed in handsheets treated with wet strength resin.

It is apparent from the above results that none of the

acrylics evaluated when deposited in paper by beater addition

improve stiffness retention of papers adequately.
8

3 . 2 Paper Saturation with Acrylic Latexes

A. Experimental Details

The same wood pulp was used in this investigation as

was used in the beater addition investigation^ and the

beating was done as described in section 3.1A, A total of

600 g pulp was beaten in 15 separate charges then combined

in a large stainless steel container. The pulp was diluted

with sufficient distilled water to make a 1 percent suspension

and was stirred vigorously for 1 hour prior to handsheet

preparation. Aliquots of the 1 percent suspension were

treated in the British disintegrator for 7,500 revolutions,

transferred to the deckle box of the handsheet mold, and

sheets were made in the usual way. Each sheet was weighed

after drying and only those sheets whose basis weight was

70 g/m^ + 5 percent were retained. The sheets were then

separated into ten groups of six sheets each by a random

selection

The paper saturation was performed as follows: The

felts which are used in wet pressing of handsheets were

saturated with either a 5 or 10 percent emulsion of the

acrylic. A handsheet was placed in the felt and passed

through the calender rolls on the sheet machine. As the

felt passed through the calendar rolls, the excess latex

was squeezed out, saturating the paper with latex. As the

felt and paper proceeded through the rolls, the excess latex

in the paper was squeezed out. The wet sheet saturated with

acrylic was lifted from the felt and dried on the drying

drum at 95° C for approximately 3 minutes. The weight of the

sheet was determined after drying and by difference, the

percent of polymer in the sheet was determined.

The effect of acrylic on the retention of physical properties was evaluated by determining the decline in physical

properties after 1,000 double flexes over 1/8 inch rollers

on the NBS paper f lexer. The results are given in Tables

10-13, and the standard deviation of the results are given

in Tables 14-17.
9

B. Results and Discussion

It is quite apparent from the results that more and

greater changes occurred in tensile properties when the

handsheets were modified with acrylics by saturation than

by beater addition. Extensional stiffness, breaking strength,

elongation to break, energy to break, and plastic stiffness

all exhibited significant increases (two sided t-test) over

the controls for all of the latexes except E-631. Overall,

the greatest increase in tensile properties occurred with

sheets modified with AC-61.

With the exception of sheets modified with E-631,

Elmendorf tear decreased as a result of saturation with

acrylic latexes. Fold endurance either remained essentially

unchanged or increased, and in practically every case, air

permeability decreased after modification. Cantilever stiffness decreased in all instances except for sheets containing

AC-61.

The decline in extensional stiffness with flexing is

less with the handsheets modified by the saturation technique

than with those treated by beater addition, while the increase

in elongation to yield is lower for the saturated sheets.

The only other tensile property exhibiting a significant

change after flexing is the increase in elongation to break.

All other tensile properties were virtually unchanged after

1,000 flexes.

Of greatest importance is the retention of stiffness of

the sheets modified by saturation. Stiffness retention for

all the modified handsheets was greater than the controls as

shown in Figure 2. There is no doubt about the superiority

of paper saturation over beater addition with respect to

stiffness retention. In fact, stiffness retention was greater

for handsheets modified with 8.5 percent AC-61 than for any

paper evaluated to date, which includes currency paper. This

is significant, as the pulp used in this evaluation was a wood pulp and not a rag pulp. Rag pulp is considerably more

expensive and considered to be superior to wood pulp.

These investigations indicate that paper can be modified with acrylic resins resulting in a significant improvement in cantilever stiffness retention. The magnitude of

the improvement in stiffness retention apparently depends to
10

a degree on the rheology of the polymer as indicated by the

results and quite probably on paper structure and pulp fiber

rheology. The great improvement in stiffness retention of

a wood pulp paper might result in a superior currency paper

which is less expensive than currency paper made from rag

pulps
11

4. PREPARATION OF THE NIAGARA BEATER

The Niagara beater closely resembles the type of beater

generally used in rag paper manufacture. It enables rag pulp

to be fibrillated extensively without reduction of fiber

length which up to now has been an important requirement

for currency paper and for durable papers in general.

A newly acquired Niagara beater must first be "ground

in" (a time-consuming operation) before reproducible results

can be obtained. During this reporting period, the beater

was "ground in," and it is anticipated that a schedule for

beating cotton and linen will be worked out during the next

reporting period.
12

5. PLANS FOR FUTURE WORK

Continue the investigation on the improvement of stiffness retention by paper saturation of polymeric latexes.

Develop beater schedules for rag pulps on the Niagara

beater for producing a currency type paper in the laboratory »

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Graminski, E. L. and Toth, E. E., NBS Report 10 090,

Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers.

Graminski, E. L. and Forshee, B. W. , NBS Report 9597,

Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers, July 31, 1967

Wilson, W. K. and Forshee, B. W. , NBS Report 7198,

Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers, July 15, 1961.
Table 1. Edge tear of redeemed currency at various

positions in a note.

Serial No.

of Note

C13322220A

E48965305B

L70573237B

F03214779A

B44442898A

C12248091A

E54593181B

F87500623B

A51449725A

I01112392A

B45657992A

E30313683A

E27910176A

B53207398B

E49645561B

H62119580A

F62862627A

J21513136A

L11257762B

B21823744A

Average

Std. Dev.

95% confidence interval for

true mean

Top

Top

Interior

Edge

1.43 0.95

0. 85 1.09

0. 80 0.36

1.04 0.72

0.56 0.58

1. 34 0.90

1.92 0.68

0. 89 0.89

0.60 0.66

1.93 1.01

1. 34 0.56

1.81 0.46

1.62 1.49

1.19 0. 83

0.92 0.92

0.90 0.68

1.22 0 .73

0.76 0.39

0.77 0.58

2. 00 0.47

1.19 0.75

0.46 0.27

1.19+.22 0.75+.13

Top Bottom

Control Edge

force > kilograms

0,52 0.93

1.15 2.03

0. 84 1.16

0.56 1.10

0.58 0.71

1.46 1.40

0.60 1. 36

0.59 1.12

0.46 0.92

0.81 0. 80

0.84 0,52

0.65 1.18

0.79 0.68

0.73 0.60

0.66 0 . 54

0.57 1. 05

0.92 1,48

0.65 0.85

0.69 1.58

0.85 0 . 84

0.75 1.04

0.23 0. 39

0.75+.11 1.04+.18

Bottom

Interior Bottom

/~\ +~ V~ /-~\ 1

0 .68 0.50

0 . 74 0. 33

0.62 0. 81

0.69 0.43

0.68 0 . 82

0 . 87 0.50

0 . 65 0 .58

0.53 1.01

0.66 0.93

1.14 0.69

0.38 0.66

0.66 0. 85

1.05 1. 36

0.62 0.53

0.61 0 .97

0 . 34 0 .61

1 . 12 0.92

0. 89 0 . 36

1.82 0.78

0 .66 0.95

0.77 0.71

0.33 0. 25

0.77+.15 0 . 71+. 12
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FORM NBS-114A (1-71) 2. Gov t Accession No.

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET

1. PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

NBSIR 73-124

3. Recipient's Accession No.

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5, Publication Date Evaluation of Currency and Stamp Papers 6. Performing Organization Code

7. AUTHOR(S)

E. L. Graminski and E. E. Toth

8. Performing Or;?an i nation

10. Project/Task/Work Unit No. 4110443

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

11. Contract/Grant No.

12, Sponsoring Organization Name and Address

Bureau of Engraving and Printing

Washington, D.C. 20401

13. Type of Report & Period

Covered Progress

Report, 7/1-12/31/72

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

NBSIR 73-124

15, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

16. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here.)

As part of a continuing study for the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing of the U.S. Department of Treasury, the disparity in the

edge tear of flexed currency paper and redeemed currency and the

possibility of improving the stiffness retention of paper by

treatment with acrylic resins was studied. It was shown that the

increase in edge tear of currency during circulation is caused by

wear and is not due to the flexing a note receives during circulation. Also, paper can be modified with acrylic latexes by a p=aper

saturation technique with the result that the paper has a marked

improvement in stiffness retention with flexing.

17. KEY WORDS (Alphabetical order, separated by semicolons)

Acrylic latexes; edge tear; paper; paper durability; stiffness

retention

18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

«

19. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS REPORT)

21. NO. OF PAGES

1 1 UNLIMITED.

UNCLASSIFIED

^FOR OFFICIAL DISTRIBUTION. DO NOT RELEASE

TO NTIS.

20. SECURITY CLASS

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

22. Price
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( NBS identificotion

NBS Technical Note NBS-TNNBS Monograph NBS-MNNBS Handbook NBS-HBNBS Special Publication NBS-SPNBS Applied Mathematics Series NBS-AMSNBS National Standard Reference Data Series NBS-NSRDSNBS Building Science Series NBS-BSS

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tor, OTIP will add that designator to the appropriate Journal designator shown in the above

right-hand column to obtain the entry for item 1. " USCOMM-DC 66244-p