L
Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1965

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 270
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards is a principal focal point in the Federal Government for assuring

maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. Its responsibilities include development and maintenance of the national

standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements consistent with

those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials; development of

methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices

for incorporation in codes and specifications; advisory service to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development

of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the collection and

dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the Bureau's

activities is suggested in the following listing of its four Institutes and their organizational units. Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics.

Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Physics.

Radio Standards Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering. Office of Standard Reference Data.

Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorganic

Materials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.* Materials Evaluation Laboratory. Office of

Standard Reference Materials.

Institute for Applied Technology. Building Research. Information Technology. Performance Test Development. Electronic Instrumentation. Textile and Apparel Technology Center. Technical Analysis. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineering Standards. Office of Invention and Innovation. Office of Technical Resources. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information.**

Central Radio Propagation Laboratory.* Ionospheric Telecommunications. Tropospheric

Telecommunications. Space Environment Forecasting. Aeronomy.

*Located at Boulder, Colorado 80301. **Located at 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22171.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • John T. Connor, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1965

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 270

Issued July 22, 1965

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.25
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 34-3323
FOREWORD

The Information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories In the United States and

Canada. The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness of this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of

the coverage of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention. Projects are numbered and the number once assigned is repeated for identi- fication purposes until a project is completed. The numbers 5258 and above

refer to projects reported for the first time. All projects are in active

state, unless otherwise noted under (f )

.

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed Information regarding the research projects reported by other organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its work will be willing to supply Information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research," compiled and published by the International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on hydraulic research being conducted In foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Frofessor H. J. Schoemaker, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $7.50 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director

ill
Page Foreword Ill List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 219

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(bj Project conducted for ff ) Present status

(c) Correspondent (g) Results

(d) Nature of project (h) Publications

lv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

ARIZONA, UNIVERSITY OP 1 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Tucson, Ariz., 85721

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Head

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 6 Agricultural Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Ark. 72701 Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept

.

ARKANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 6 Civil Engrg. Dept., Fayetteville, Ark. 72701

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN, INC. 6 50 Moulton Street, Cambridge, Mass. 02138

Dr. Leo. L. Beranek, Pres. BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 7 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engrg. CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 7 Engineering Division, Pasadena 4, Calif.

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 7 W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources, Pasadena, Calif. 91109

Dr. Vito A. Vanonl, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 9 College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Prof. Robert H. Burgy, Acting Chairman Department of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11 College of Engineering, Berkeley, Calif. 94720

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineering

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF, BERKELEY 14 Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley, Calif. 94720

Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Dept. Chairman

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 102 Inst, of Ind. Cooperation, Dept. of Engrg.

Los Angeles, Calif. 90024

Prof. Philip F. O'Brien, Vice-Chalrman-Research

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA, THE 15 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Wash., D. C. 20017 Prof. Frank A. Blber stein, Head

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER (see U. S. Government

)

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY 15 Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engrg. Section, Fort Collins, Colo. 80521

Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief

COLORADO, UNIVERSITY OF 102 Engineering Experiment Sta., Boulder, Colo. 80304

Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus, Director

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 103 School of Engineering, Storrs, Conn. Prof. C. J. Posey

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC. 22 Applied Mechanics Department

P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, M . Y. 14221

Dr. Irving C. Statler, Dept. Head

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 23 School of Civil Engineering, Dept. of Hydraulics and Hydraulic Engrg.,

Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

Dr. J. A. Liggett

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 22 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering

Ithaca, New York 14850

Prof. 0. C. French, Head

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 24 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Newark, Del. 19711

Dr. D. L. Dean, Chairman

DELAWARE, UNIVERSITY OF 25 Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Newark, Del. 19711

Dr. James P. Hartnett, Chairman

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 25 Engineering and Industrial Exp. Station

Coastal Engineering Lab., Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Bruun, Head

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 26 Engineering Experiment Sta., Atlanta, Ga . 30332

Mr. R. E. Stiemke, Director

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 28 Engrg. Experiment Sta., Moscow, Idaho 83843 Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

IIT RESEARCH INSTITUE 30 10 West 35th St., Chicago, 111. 60616

Mr. R. R. Whymark,

Director of Fluid Dynamic Research

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 30 Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802

Mr. William C. Ackermann, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 34 Dept. of Public Works and Building

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111. 62706

Mr. John C. Gulllou, Chief Waterway Engr. ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 34 Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 36 Civil Engineering Dept., Urbana, 111. 61803

Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof. Hydraulic Engineering

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 38 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

214 Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH 40 University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 38 Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Ames, Iowa

Dr. Clarence Bockhop, Head

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY 39 Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa 50010

Prof. Don Klrkham

IOWA UNIVERSITY

Iowa City, Iowa (see Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research) JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 43 Applied Physics Lab., Silver Spring, Md. 20910

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 43 School of Engineering, Baltimore 18, Md.

Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman

Dept. of Sanitary Engrg. and Water Resources

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 44 Dept. of Engrg. Mechanics and Aerospace Engrg. Lawrence, Kansas 66045

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 45 Department of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Lab., Bethlehem, Pa. 18015

Prof. W. J. Eney, Head of Dept. and Laboratory

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE 4 7 Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Baton Rouge 3, La. Mr. Harold T. Barr, Head

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge, Mass. 02139

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head,

Hydrodynamics Lab.

47

v
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

Cambridge, Mass. 02139

Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, In Charge Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF

School of Engineering, Amherst, Mass. 01003

Prof. E. E. Lindsey, Acting Dean MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engrg., East Lansing, Mich.

Mr. C. E. Cutts, Chairman

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering

320 W. Engrg. Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Dr. E. F. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine

Engineering, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104

Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Minneapolis, Minn. (see St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory).

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Dr. Landis L. Boyd

52 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Hydraulics Lab., Dept. of Civil Engineering

Corvallls, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

53 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Hydraulics Laboratory

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

Prof. Sam Shullts, Head

56

55

55

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Columbia, Mo. Dr. Adrian Pauw, Dept. Chairman

65201

MISSOURI, UNIVERSITY OF AT ROLLA

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. 65401

Prof. E. W. Carlton, Chairman

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE Agricultural Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Mont. 59715

Mr. Charles C. Bowman, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

NEBRASKA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics

Lincoln 8, Nebraska

Dr. T. Sarpkaya

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Lewis Van Carpenter Sanitary Engrg. Research Lab., New York, New York 10453

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Chemical Engrg., Bronx, N. Y. 10453

Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

Dept. of Meteorology and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF

NORTH CAROLINA

Dept. of Engrg. Research, Raleigh, N. C. Prof. N. W. Connor, Director, Engrg. Research

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger , Chairman

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co

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60 58103

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY

The Technological Inst., Evanston, 111. 60201 Dean Harold B. Gotaas OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Wooster, Ohio 43210

Mr. R. E. Stewart, Chairman

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

Dept. of Agronomy, Wooster, Ohio 43210

Mr. G. W. Volk, Chairman

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY

Agricultural Engrg. Dept., Stillwater, Okla. 74075 Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

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PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY

Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pa. 16801

Dr. John C. Johnson, Director PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Applied Science

Princeton, New Jersey

Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr. PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg.

Lafeyette, Ind. 47907

Dr. G. W. Isaacs, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Agronomy, Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. J. P. Peterson, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Civil Engrg. Dept., Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Electrical Engrg.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. T. F. Jones, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

Jet Propulsion Center, Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY

School of Mech. Engrg., Automatic Control Lab.

W. Lafayette, Ind. 47907

Dr. Rufus Oldenburger, Head

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

Allenspark, Colo.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Director

(Winter address: Box U-37, Univ. of Conn. Storrs, Conn. 06268)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY University of Minnesota

Miss. River at Third Ave., S. E. Minneapolis, Minn. 55455

Prof. Edward Sllberman, Acting Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF

Civil Engrg. Dept., Columbia, S. Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

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76 29208

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Dallas, Texas 75222

Prof. I. W. Santry, Acting Chairman SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Dept. of Mechanical Sciences

San Antonio, Texas 78206

Dr. H. Norman Abramson, Director

STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Stanford, Calif. 94305

Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Exec. Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Davidson Laboratory

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Dr. J. P. Breslin, Director

TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY 83 Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Willis E. Pequegnat, Acting Head

TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY 83 Water Resources Institute, College Station, Texas

Dr. Ernest T. Smerdon, Director

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TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC. 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca, N. Y. Dr. A. Ritter, President

84

87

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Utah Water Research Lab., Logan,

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

Utah 84321

VIDYA DIVISION, Itek Corp.

Applied Mechanics Department

1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

Mr. S. B. Spangler, Mgr. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Blacksburg, Va . 24061

Dr. H. M. Morris, Head. VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE

Dept. of Mech. Engrg., Blacksburg, Va. 24061

Dr. J. B. Jones, Head

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab.,

Pullman, Wash. 99163

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Seattle, Wash. 98105

Prof. Charles H. Norris, Chairman

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF

Fisheries Research Inst., Seattle, Wash. 98105

Dr. William F. Royce, Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT

STATION (see U. S. Government) WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE

Crescent Beach Road Glen Cove, L. I., New York 11542

Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Asst. to the Pres. WESTERN COMPANY OF NORTH AMERICA, RESEARCH DIV. 1171 Empire Center

Dallas, Texas 75247

Dr. W. E. Brown, Manager

WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulics and Sanitary Engrg. Laboratories

Dept. of Civil Engrg., Madison, Wis. 53706

Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE Alden Hydraulic Laboratory

Worcester, Mass. 01609

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

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U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

SOUTHERN BRANCH 113 Univ. of Georgia, Athens, Ga . 30601

Dr. A. R. Bertrand, Branch Chief SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH 125 Bushland, Tex. 79012

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief SOUTHWEST BRANCH 131 3730 Elizabeth St., Box 2326,

Riverside, Calif. 92506

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Chief FOREST SERVICE CENTRAL STATES FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 133 111 Old Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio 43215

Mr. R. D. Lane, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STATION 139 Forest Service Bldg., Ogden, Utah

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

LAKE STATES FOREST EXPT. STATION 142 St. Paul Campus, Univ. of Minn.

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Dr. Murlyn B. Dickerman, Director NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 143 102 Motors Avenue, Upper Darby, Penn. 19082

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director NORTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 144 210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801

Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA . 145 P. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon 97208

Mr. Philip A. Brieglab, Director PACIFIC SOUTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 146

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley, Calif. 94701

Mr. John R. McGuire, Director ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPT. STA. 149 221 Forestry Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo. 80521

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 153

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. 28802

Dr. Thos. F. McLintock, Director

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION 154 T-10210 Federal Bldg., 701 Loyola Ave., New Orleans, La. 70113

Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

COASTAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH CENTER 155 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W. Washington, D. C. 20016 The Director

U. 3. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND 158 628 Pittock Block, Portland, Oregon S7205 The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL 160 1217 U. S. Fost Office and Customhouse

St. Paul, Minn. 55101 The District Engineer

COR?: BELT BRANCH

108 Soils Bldg., Univ. of Minn.,

St. Paul, Minn. 55101

Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch Chief NORTHEAST BRANCH Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH

323 South College Ave., P. 0. Box 758 Fort Collins, Colorado 80522

Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief NORTHWEST BRANCH

F. 0. Box 1096, Boise, Idaho 83702

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief

20705

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U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPT. STATION

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181 The Director DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS Structures and Applied Mechanics Div. Washington, D. C. 20235

Mr. C. F. Scheffey, Chief

187

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS Hydraulics Section, Wash., D. Dr. G. Kulln, Chief

20234

WEATHER BUREAU Hydrologic Services Div., Wash., D. C. 20235

Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief

ia

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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 164 Water Resources Div., Wash., D. C. 20242

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF MINES 169 Morgantown Coal Research Center, P. 0. Box 880 Collins Ferry Road, Morgantown, W. Va

.

Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director BUREAU OF RECLAMATION 169 Division of Engineering Laboratories

Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225

Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Chief Engr. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN 176 Washington, D. C. 20007 The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 18] Naval Base, Philadelphia, Pa. 19112 The Director

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY 181 White Oak, Silver Spring, Md. 20910

The Commander

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 182 3203 E. Foothill Boulevard

Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 184 Fluid Dynamics Branch, Wash., D. C. 20360

Mr. Ralph D. Cooper, Head

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 184 Engineering Laboratory, Box 37, Norris, Tenn.

Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 186 Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902

Mr. James W. Beverage, Chief CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. 203 Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. 0. M. Erickson, Head, Hydraulic Dept. ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF 2 IS Dept. of Civil Engrg., Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF 203 Hydraulic Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. W. D. Finn, Head

Dept. of Civil Engineering

ECOLE POLYTECHNIOUE 203 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher,

Div. of Hydraulic Engineering

GUELPH, UNIVERSITY OF 209 Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. E. G. Downing, Head

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO 211 620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 212 0250 St. Patrick Street LaSalle, P. Q. , Canada

Mr. E. Pariset, Vice-Pres. McGILL UNIVERSITY 214 Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied

Montreal 2, P. Q., Canada

Dr. A. J. Reynolds NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL 214 Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY 215 Dept. of Civil Engrg., Kingston, Ontario, Canada

Dr. A. Brebner, Chairman

TORONTO, UNIVERSITY OF 216 Dept. of Mechanical Engrg., Toronto 5, Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA.

(4620)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4521)

(o)

(h)

(4622)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(8)

EFFECT OF CROP COVER ON EFFICIENCY OF

SPRINKLER IRRIGATION UNDER VARYING CLIMATIC AND OPERATING CONDITIONS. Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona 85721. Laboratory for theory and design.

Precise water balance of growing crops under

sprinkler application of irrigation water. Crops are grown in a tank of soil 12 feet

in diameter and 2 feet deep. Instrumentation permits measurement of loss or gain

of 0.005 inches of water on the area of the

tank. Measurements permit evaluation of loss or gain of water from dew, rain,

irrigation, evaporation, and transpiration

on crops at any stage of growth and as functions of ambient atmospheric conditions. Evapotranspiration during sprinkling is approximately equal to that during non- sprinkling periods since evaporation from

wet foliage replaces normal transpiration.

Daily evapotranspiration ranges from 6-8 times the one-hour evapotranspiration at the period of peak rates. Cloud cover reduces evapotranspiration by

one-third from that at full-run under the

same vapor pressure deficit.

"Factors Affecting Evapotranspiration Losses

During Sprinkling," by K. R. Frost. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 282-

283 and 287, 1963. SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF CITRUS UNDER SOUTH- WESTERN CONDITIONS. Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Kenneth R. Frost, Department of Agri- cultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tuscon, Arizona 85721. Field investigation for design data. Investigation of the use of sprinkler

application of Irrigation water in pro- duction of Arizona crops. Irrigation ef- ficiencies under sprinkling as compared to efficiencies under surface applications.

Irrigation scheduling and system design for

sprinkler application of water. Crop yields

per unit of land and per unit of water as functions of method of water application,

soil type, irrigation schedules, and crop species and variety. Field tests of sprinkler irrigation on citrus. On coarse textured soils water

savings of 50=? have been achieved by

sprinkling.

"Sprinklers versus Flood Irrigation of Citrus," by K. R. Frost. American Society

of Agricultural Engineers, Paper No. 64-204, 1964. GROUND WATER SUPPLIES. Agricultural Experiment Station, The Univ.

of Arizona; City of Tucson; and the Pima

County.

Prof. Harold C. Schwalen, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721. Detailed continuing groundwater inventory

of selected basins in Arizona including at present the Santa Cruz from Nogales to Red

Rock, Avra, Altar, Little Chino, Reddington

Area of the San Pedro. Groundwater contour

maps are prepared annually. Specific

yields storage coefficients and transmisslbilities are determined from well tests. An electric analog of the Tucson groundwater

basin is being developed. Groundwater elevation data has been developed

for all areas studied. Volumetric un- watering estimates have been prepared. Water balance estimates have been prepared

for the Tucson Metropolitan, sahuarita

Districts, and Cortaro Districts. Open

files are maintained from which current ground water level data is available for any location in the area studied,

(h) Irrigated Areas of Arizona, State Map.

Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station and Agricultural Extension Service Folder No.

100, 1963. Irrigated Areas of Arizona, Sectional Map,

ibid. Folder No. 101, 1963.

(4624) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A GROUNDWATER

BASIN.

(b) City of Tucson and Pima County through a cooperative agreement with the Agricultural

Engineering Department, Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. John Ferris, Department of Geology,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Analytical, laboratory, and field investi- gations for development, operation, design

and theory, for Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Attempts are being made to determine the hydrologic characteristics - specific yield

and/or storage coefficient and transmis- sibillty -- of the groundwater basin in the Santa Cruz Valley near Tucson, Arizona. Well tests are being made at sites where observation wells are available. VJater budget analyses are being used in connection with mathematical models. A passive element

electric analog model is being developed.

(g) Well tests made during the past two years

indicate that realistic values of specific

yield and/or storage coefficient are not obtained from such tests in the Santa Cruz

Valley. Values of transmissibillty are more consistent and reasonable.

(4625) CRITICAL TRACTIVE FORCE OF UNIFORM SANDS.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona

85721.

(d) Analytical and laboratory investigation

related to theory.

(e) Analytic and experimental attempts to relate the average boundary shear to the incipient movement of sediment particles

composing the boundary.

(g) The experimental data plot on a Shield's

diagram as two parallel lines for the laminar and turbulent cases. Both cases extend over

the range usually considered the transition

between a laminar sub-layer and fully rough turbulent flow. An approximate analysis

lends credibility to the experimental re- sults.

(h) "A Continuation of the Study of Critical Tractive Force", by Robert B. Conklin,

Thesis for Master of Science in the Dept.

of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Arizona,

May 1964.

(4626) SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz.

85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation related to theory

and design.

(e) To find the effect of sediment size and velocity of flow on the limiting depths of clear-water scour in simple relief -bridge

geometries. First, the case of the long

contraction will be studied, then the case

of the long gradually-contracting channel

.

The last case to be studied will involve various simple abrupt contractions. Throughout the experiments, examination of the assumptions of the analysis of Dr. E. M. Laursen will be made and also of the time

1
dependency of depth of scour insofar as feasible.

(g) Equipment has been constructed and the experimental program has been started.

(4627) A STUDY OF PARTIALLY SATURATED PLOW IN SAND- EPOXY RESIN COLUMNS.

(bj Departmental.

(c) Professor Richard L. Sloane; Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

Id) Laboratory Investigation related to theory.

(e) The flow of water through soils often takes

place under conditions of partially saturated

flow. The prediction of fluid distribution

and pressure under conditions of partially

saturated flow is important to those inter- ested in the problem of recharge to the ground water table from water applied to the surface of the earth. This study of partially saturated flow will

make use of vertical columns made of sand grains cemented together with epoxy resin. The use of this type of sand columns will result in a model for which properties such

as void ratio and particle arrangement will remain constant during a series of tests.

(4628) RADIOCARBON AS A TRACER IN WATER SUPPLY

PROBLEMS.

(b) Research Corporation unrestricted venture

grant and Geochronology Dept. funds.

(c) Dr. Paul E. Damon, project leader; Geo- chronology Laboratories, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory and field research; doctoral

thesis

.

(e) The study of ground water movement through

aquifers has been limited by the slow rate

of movement of the subsurface waters. Thus,

If a tracer is introduced, only limited information is obtainable between the times

of spiking and observation. However, radio- carbon (C-14) has been naturally introduced

into ground water reservoirs continuously

throughout geologic time and, consequently, movement which has taken place during the last 45,000 years may be studied. In addition nuclear technology is now producing

radiocarbon at a greater rate than nature and so this artificially produced radiocarbon may also be used to trace recent water movements. Furthermore, it represents a potential hazard to health and therefore it is essential to monitor the increment for the safety of the community. We propose to monitor the present carbon-14

content of surface water and organic matter

in the Southwest and to measure the radio- carbon content of subsurface waters. The source of the carbon In water will be de- termined by cl'Vc 1 ^ measurements. This data will be related to ground water hydrologic

problems such as the rate of laminar flow

through aquifers, their permeability, the source and rate of recharge, paleoclimatology,

radioactive contamination in water supplies, and the waste disposal problem,

(g) Incomplete.

(4630) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC MODELS ANALOGOUS

TO SUBSURFACE GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR

STUDYING AND DEMONSTRATING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER MOVEMENT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. John W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation, design, development and operation.

(e) The purpose of the project is to clarify

the characteristics of laminar flow in groundwater movement in a manner which will

enable a visual flow net analysis. Hydraulic

models are being developed which consist of consolidated media simulating sedimentary

rock, enclosed in a water-tight case with a transparent side. Basic geologic structures

and lithologies can be synthesized and colored inks can be inserted into the flow

system of the model, forming visible flow

lines. These flow lines can then be ob- served and analyzed In order to better under- stand the pattern of laminar groundwater

flow as controlled by geologic factors. A few of the empirical model experiments which

are being carried out include: 1) Refraction of flow bands across lithologic interfaces. 2) Continuity of flow around and through highly permeable and impermeable

lenses of different lithologies. 3) Flow

net systems caused by a single pumping well.

4) Flow-net system of mutual interference of depression cones caused by pumping multiple

wells. 5) Artesian aquifer systems. 6) Infiltration phenomenon. Models are being developed for use in edu- cation in science and hydrology at the college and university level.

(f) Completed.

(g) Models consisting of plexiglass cases con- taining artificially consolidated porous media which can be arranged in a nearly

infinite variety of geologic structures

and hydrologic situations have been developed. A wide variety of these models

have been constructed and through their use it has become possible for the college

student to obtain a clear description

and understanding of previously conceived

groundwater theories.

(4631) GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY OF THE WESTERN

DESERT, U.A.R.

(b) In cooperation with General Desert Develop- ment Authority, Cairo, U.A.R.

(c) Moh. H. I. Salem, Univ. of Ariz., Tucson,

Ariz. 85721.

(d) Analytical study of field data; operation

and development; for doctoral dissertation.

(e) An electric analog model of the subsurface geologic and hydrologic conditions of the western desert of the U.A.R., Lybia, Sudan

and Tehad is being constructed. Presently

the area of recharge is in the high regions

of Tehad and of Darfur in the Sudan. Ground water is discharged Into the Nile and into

the Qattera Depression. The distribution of the fundamental differential equations in the system will be determined taking Into consideration the boundary conditions. It

is hoped that the equations can be solved with the use of the electric analog model. The effects on the Ground Water system due to changed boundary conditions such as the completion of the Aswan High Dam (The Nile

is expected to recharge water to the aquifer

after the dam is completed) or the initiation of the Qattera depression project, will

be included in the general analysis of the western desert.

(4632) ENERGY BALANCE OF DESERT REGIONS.

(b) Departmental project.

(c) Dr. William D. Sellers, Inst, of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Field investigation for testing of new equipment

.

(e) Project is to accurately measure all components of the energy balance over various types of desert surfaces. Emphasis

is placed on measuring the heat used for evaporation

.

(g) Evaporation rates measured in the dry

stream channel of Walnut Gulch in S.E. Arizona over an 18-day period In October

1961 were high enough to indicate that natural recharge of the water table is negligible when the watertable is 48 to 90 cm below the surface. For dry soils evapo- ration rates appear to decrease with in- creasing wind speed; the reverse is true

for wet soils. Practically all the radiative energy incident on short grass is used for evaporation.

2
(4633) PHYSICS OF CONVECTIVE CLOUDS AND CLOUD

MODIFICATION.

(b) National Science Foundation. Also, some assistance by U. S. Weather Bureau and U. S. Forest Service.

(c) Dr. Louis J. Battan, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Field investigations of the physics of convective clouds and the effects of cloud

seeding with silver iodide.

(e) The program involves detailed observations

of convective clouds during the summer by means of radar, a pair of high resolution

cameras. A network of recording rain gages

is employed to measure rainfall. Cloud

seeding is conducted with airborne silver- iodide generators. A carefully controlled randomization scheme Is employed to decide

on which days to seed. The results are analyzed statistically. In addition a physical evaluation is made to uncover in- formation about the fundamental nature of cloud and precipitation formation.

(g) To date the experiments have failed to show

that cloud seeding with silver iodide can increase rainfall from the convective clouds commonly observed in the summer in the vicinity of Tucson. The analyses suggest

that the quantity of rainfall does not

depend on the ice nuclei properties of the

air. This result leads to the inference

that seeding with ice nuclei (such as silver

iodide particles) is not likely to be successful in increasing rainfall from convective clouds.

(h) "Some Observations of Vertical Velocities

and Precipitation Sizes in a Thunderstorm",

by Louis J. Battan, Journal of Applied

Meteorology, Vol. 3, Aug. 1S64, PP. 415-420. "Relationship Between Cloud Base and Initial Radar Echo", L. J. Battan, Journal Applied

Meteorology, 2, June 1963, pp. 333-336.

"Some Doppler Radar Observations of a Decaying Thunderstorm", L. J. Battan, J. B. Theiss and A. R. Kassander. Proceedings

of the 1964 World Conference on Radio

Meteorology, Sept. 1964. American

Meteorological Society.

(4634) REDUCTION OF EVAPORATION LOSSES BY USING MONOMOLECULAR FILMS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Procter and Gamble Co. and Institute.

(c) C. Brent Cluff, Institute of Water Utilization,

Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation, development

and theory.

(e) For the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation the project has the following objectives:

(1) To determine at one or more field sites

the advisability of using the long-chain

alchols n-elcosanol and n-docosanol for the supression of evaporation from small reser- voirs in arid regions.

(2) To determine the optimum concentrations

of long-chain normal alcohols and emulsifiers

in emulsions, the optimum concentration of long-chain normal alcohols in solutions and

the relative merits of each.

(3) To determine the optimum spacing of dis- pensing tubes and rate of dispensing of emulsions and solutions through gravity flow

and pressure-type dispensers as functions of wind velocities and reservoir area for reser- voirs up to ten acres in size.

(4) To determine the suitability of commercial humidity transducers as means of estimating

evaporation savings at small reservoirs. For the Procter and Gamble Co. tests are being conducted in an effort to obtain a commercially acceptable scheme for reduction

of evaporation on stock ponds and small reservoirs using tallow and longer chain alcohols

.

(g) Results to date indicate that the most promising method of maximizing evaporation

savings on small reservoirs Is the wind- activated dispensing of n-eicosanol and n-docosanol In the form of an emulsion. Savings of 22 per cent over a one-month

period were attained on a small test pond

using this method In the summer with savings

increasing to 40 per cent In the winter. Savings up to 10 per cent in the summer

and 20 per cent in the winter were attained during the same period simply by treating,

once a day, an identical pond with powdered

material

.

(4635) INVESTIGATION OF SITES, METHODS, ACUIFER

DETERIORATION CONTROL, AND EFFECTS OF

ARTIFICIAL GROUND WATER RECHARGE OF ALLUVIAL

BASINS TYPICAL OF THE ARID SOUTHWEST UNITED

STATES.

b) Institute.

c) Dr. L. G. Wilson, Institute of Water

Utilization, University of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory and field; operation and development . (e) (1) To evaluate various methods of artificial ground water recharge under arid land condit tions.

(2) To evaluate in laboratory and field various types of flocculants and grassland

filters for removal of suspended and colloidal material from recharge water and for relative costs.

(3) To determine the effect on the aquifer

and ground water of recharging sediment laden flood water.

(4) To evaluate the status of ground water

recharge practices in a water conservation

and disposal program using saline industrial

effluent.

(5) To evaluate the effect of quality of

industrial effluent on the quality of native groundwater subsequent to recharge.

(6) To evaluate the efficiency of grassland

filters for post treatment of reclaimed

sewage effluent in a program to conserve

and expand the uses of such effluent.

(7) To evaluate the moderating influence on the neutron scattering method of soil moisture evaluation of various packing materials

around access tubing during installation in coarse geologic material.

(8) To evaluate the effects produced by

organic matter additions to surface soil on soil properties influencing recharge rates; and to determine the nature of the by prod- ucts of microbial metabolism producing

such effects.

(g) Experiments were conducted to determine the factors involved in the utilization of grass

filters for sediment reduction in flood

water. All tests were conducted using

cosastal and common bermuda grasses. It was found that flow rate, infiltration rate, length of grass plots, initial turbidity, and height and stage of development of grass were all Interrelated factors in removal of sediment.

(4637) EFFECT OF FIRE AND RESIDUAL ASH ON VEGETA- TION-SOIL-WATER RELATIONS IN SELECTED

PONDEROSA PINE STANDS.

(b) Dept. of Watershed Management in cooperation

with U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, White

Mt . Apache Tribe.

(c) Dr. A. L. McComb, Prof. A. R. Croft, and Mr. Malcolm J. Zwolinskl, Dept. of Watershed

Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

85721.

(d) Analytical, laboratory and field Investigation; basic and applied. For doctoral

di ssertation.

(e) The study will include a series of laboratory

and field experiments to evaluate the in- fluences of wild fire and controlled burning

on the chemical and physical properties of a forest soil as these may affect the basic processes of surface and soil water movements.

3
Laboratory studies will be carried on to determine changes in the structure, pore

space, and chemical characteristics of the

soil due to burning of the ground cover. Field studies employing North Fork type

inf iltrometers, soil and soil moisture

sampling will be carried on to supplement

and extend the results of the laboratory

studies

.

(g) Preliminary studies and literature review

indicate conflicting and inconclusive evidence

of the effects of fire and ash residue on water-soil relations. Early results of Infiltration runs show that decreased water

intake due to burning could be short-lived.

(5152) DISPOSITION OF SUMMER RAINFALL IN PON DEROSA

PINE STANDS AS INFLUENCED BY VEGETATION DENSITY AND RELATED PHYSIOGRAPHIC FACTORS.

(b) Departmental in cooperation with U. S. Bureau

of Indian Affairs, White Mt. Apache Tribe.

(c) Dr. A. L. McComb, Prof. A. R. Croft, and Mr. Howard G. Halverson, Dept. of Watershed

Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.

85721.

(d) Analytical, field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied. For doctoral dissertation.

(e) Study aimed at evaluating effects of density

of vegetation stocking on the disposition of summer rainfall In Ponderosa pine stands, and at developing methods of predicting

effects of regulated stocking (stand management) on water yield. Three 0.6 plots are used In the study; one with the dense 40-45 year old pine stand undisturbed; one with a similar pine stand with 80% of basal area

thinned; and one with the deep rooted woody

and forb vegetation completely removed. Measurements Include complete soil- vegetation inventories, and those of climate, soil moisture, evapotranspiratlon, vegetation and allied factors needed in evaluating effects

of the treatments studied In the processes Influencing soil-water relations, tree growth

and water yield.

(g) Analyses being undertaken.

(5153) ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATION PUMPING EFFICIENCIES AND COSTS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Arizona and Bureau of Reclamation, Phoenix

Development Office, Region 3.

(c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Field Investigation for the design, operation

and development.

(e) Fifty- four wells located in Central Arizona

were measured for lift, discharge, and power

input. Fixed and variable costs were also collected. This data is being used to determine the costs and efficiencies of pumping irrigation water so that current practice may be assessed and future practices

estimated

.

(g) Deep-well pumping plant costs and efficiency

in Pinal and Maricopa Counties of Arizona.

(5154) EVALUATION OF SUB-SURFACE IRRIGATION WITH PLASTIC PIPE.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations.

(e) Investigation of the nature of moisture

movement and crop response to irrigation

supplied by buried perforated plastic pipe. Plots with sub-surface irrigation and sprinkler irrigation have been instrumented

for metered water delivery and irrigation by

soil moisture stress. Bermuda grass is the Indicator crop. The experiment compares the two irrigation systems on a basis of water use. Model work Is planned to describe moisture

movement

.

(g) Subsurface application of irrigation water

to turf has resulted in the same water use and turf condition as sprinkler application.

(5155) STORM FLOW IN A STREET NETWORK.

b) Departmental

c) Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

d) Analytical investigation for design.

e) Development of a simple methodology to compute approximate backwater curves for

storm flows In a street network.

(5156) ELECTRIC ANALOG OF THE GROUND WATER SYSTEM ]N CHAJ DOAH, PAKISTAN.

(b) Departmental In cooperation with the water

and soils investigation division of West Pakistan

.

(c) Maqsod All Shah Gllanl, c/o U . S.G. S./G.W .

,

P. 0. Box 4070, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A.

(d) Laboratory investigations correlated to field studies; for Master's Thesis.

(e) Since the start of canal Investigation in West Pakistan, the ground water levels have

been rising. This has produced water- logging and excessive soil salinity in much

of the arid and semi-arid areas. Millions

of acres of land have thus been forced out

of cultivation. To reclaim the affected

land and to check the further deterioration

of irrigated lands, Investigations were started by government of West Pakistan.

Field data obtained in one of the affected

areas, known as ChaJ Doah, comprising of about 5,000 square miles is being used to construct an electric analog model for the purpose of studying the cause and effect relationships

.

(f) Completed.

(5157) THE IDEAL FLOW FIELD IN A SMALL WATERSHED AND ITS RELATION TO THE DRAINAGE NETWORK.

b) Departmental.

c) Mr. John J. Hlckey, Box 9, Dept. of Geology,

University of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

d) Experimental, for Master's thesis.

e) Assuming that the surface of a basin ag any particular time may be described by, V 0 = 0, it is proposed to determine if the areal position of tributaries in a small "homogeneous" watershed can be shown to be

a function of the flow field In the watershed at any particular time in its history.

(f) Completed.

(5158) A TRANSPARENT MATRIX SYSTEM FOR THREE DIMENSIONAL HYDRAULIC FLOW MODELS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Jerome J. Wright, Dept. of Geology, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory Investigation, design, develop- ment and operation.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop a transparent porous media system capable of demonstrating the laminar flow of ground water movement. When a colorless porous media is saturated by a colorless liquid

with the same index of refraction, in a closed system of optimum size, a high degree

of transparency will be attained. In order

to produce flow in the system a hydraulic

gradient will be imposed upon it. Colored

dyes will be introduced so that the fluid movement may be visually observed. Experimentation with various immersion

liquids, porous media, light source and dyes will be a necessary part of the project.

Once developed, this system could be used In the construction of hydraulic flow models

where the characteristics of three dimensional laminar flow analogous to ground- water movement, may be studied.

(5159) EFFECTS OF PHREATOPHYTE REMOVAL ON STREAMFLOW AND TOTAL WATER YIELD.

4
(b) Departmental and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

with cooperative assistance of the U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, San Carlos

Apache Tribe; U. S. Geology Survey; and

U. S. Forest Service.

(c) Dr. A. L. McComb, Prof. A. R. Croft, Mr. Arnett C. Mace, Jr. and John M. Tromble,

Dept. of Watershed Management, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Analytical, field and laboratory investigations; basic and applied.

(e) Study designed to evaluate effects of phreatophytes, phreatophyte removal and replacement vegetation in relation to physiographic factors on consumptive

use of capillary and ground water. Two

study sites are located along the Gila River near Coolidge Dam on the San Carlos

Indian Reservation. One site, Salt Creek,

a tributary to the Gila River, is typical

of many of the phreatophyte zones found

along the smaller and intermittent streams

of the state. The second site on the Gila River is located 5 miles downstream

from Salt Creek and is typical of the phreatophyte zones found along the major

streams in the southwest. Three channel

cross sections 700 to 900 feet long and

600 feet wide have been selected on Salt Creek and will be used for specific studies of the influence of phreatophytes

and revegetation on consumptive use of water. Two sections extending from free water to a bench along the canyon bottom

of the Gila River have been selected for

study similar to Salt Creek. Replacement vegetation, mainly grasses, will be evaluated by analysis of emergence,

survival, establishment, percentage ground

cover, forage production, and reinfestation

of phreatophytes. Each species will be replicated three times. Evapotranspiration of phreatophytes, and replacement vegetation will be determined

by the aerial tent method. Instrumentation

effects of this method will be evaluated

by studying enclosure effects on the plant

and comparing the energy budget inside and

outside of the tent. Soil moisture will be determined by the neutron scattering technique

and water table fluctuation by ground water

wells in all areas. Detailed soil, vegetation,

and climatic variables are being measured to aid in interpretation of the effect of phreatophyte and replacement vegetation on consumptive use of water in relation to physiographic factors.

(5348) OPEN CHANNEL TRANSITIONS.

(h) Departmental.

(c) Dr. Thomas Carmody, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation for development.

(e) Both contractions and expansions in canal sections will be studied looking toward improvements in design methods. EFFECT OF SILT LADEN WATER ON INFILTRATION

IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS. Departmental

.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721. Laboratory and field investigation.

In arid regions a large part of the natural

recharge is through the bed of intermittent

streams. A better understanding of the effect of silt content is needed to predict

natural recharge and to evaluate works to promote recharge.

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

EXPANSION. Departmental

.

Dr. Thomas Carmody, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz. 85721.

(d) Laboratory investigation.

(e) The first of a series of general studies

of separated flow in finite boundaries.

(5349)

(o)

[5350)

(5351) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Field evaluation of application of theory

applied research.

(e) Part of a regional research activity. Flow theories developed in laboratories elsewhere

in the region will be field tested.

(5352) SPRINKLER IRRIGATION OF COTTON WITH HIGH

SALT CONTENT WATER.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. C. D. Busch, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Experimental investigation, applied research.

(e) Crop response and salt balance in soil when

cotton is sprinkled with water in the range

of 4.2 to 4.6 millimohos/cm

.

(5353) SEEPAGE REDUCTION INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Procter and Gamble Co. and the Institute of Water Utilization.

(c) Mr. C. Brent Cluff, Institute of Water

Utilization, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Field; operation and development.

(e) To field test various seepage control agents

in specially designed double wall seepage pits to determine their relative effectiveness

in the prevention of seepage.

(g) Results to date indicate that the materials

tested are less effective in the prevention

of seepage in field installations than in the laboratory. Additional tests are being made

to determine the cause for this difference.

(5354) PREDICTION OF WATER MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED

SOILS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. D. D. Evans, Dept. of Agricultural

Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) The project is theoretical and experimental

and would be classified as basic.

(e) To develop and validate theory for the simultaneous flow of energy and water in soils, particularly to regions of evaporation

of water.

(5355) DEEP-WELL WATER VELOCITY LOGGER.

(b) Departmental and U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. J. W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. 85721.

(d) Laboratory and developmental.

(e) The purpose of the project is to attempt to adapt the electromagnetic flow meters

developed for the medical field to the measurement of low rates of vertical flow in well bores In order to obtain data which can

be interpreted in terms of the composition

of the aquifer and its contributions to the well flow from each strata.

(5356) TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON FLOW INDUCED MOVEMENT OF HEXADECANOL IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

(b) Departmental.

(c) Dr. D. D. Evans, Dept. of Agricultural

Chemistry and Soils, Univ. of Arizona,

Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Laboratory research.

(e) An apparatus has been developed to permit

the study of the effect of temperature upon

the flow induced movement of hexadecanol

in unsaturated sandy soil. An attempt will

be made to follow the day-to-day movement of the Ci4-tagged hexadecanol through the soil by means of autoradiographs . Measurements

5
of flow volume versus time will also be made,

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(5357) GROUNDWATER MOVEMENT IN THE TUCSON BASIN AS RELATED TO THE STRUCTURE AND STRATIGRAPHY.

b) Departmental.

c) Dr. J. W. Harshbarger, Dept. of Geology,

Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721.

(d) Field investigation, using surface and sub- surface information. Applied research for master's thesis.

(e) Groundwater movement in the Tucson Basin Is controlled by the stratigraphic variants and

the structural elements within the basin.

A detailed study of these variants (using subsurface well information) and elements

(using surface, subsurface and geophysical

information) can provide an approach to the understanding and prediction of water movement as man's withdrawal of groundwater

combines with these geological controls. The projected magnitudes and rates of de- watering in the basin are being studied to determine the anticipated lateral and vertical movement of the groundwater.

(5358) AN APPROACH TO STREAM GAUGING BY USE OF

CONTINUOUS INJECTION OF TRACER ELEMENTS.

(b) Departmental.

(c) Dr. Eugene Simpson, Hydrology Dept., College

of Mines, Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona

85721.

(d) Field investigation, to fulfill requirements

for Master of Science Degree.

(e) Instantaneous injection of tracer elements

for stream gauging has been established and

is a well proven process. The thesis will evaluate the feasibility of a continuous injection of tracer elements as a means of stream gauging. Value of such a study lies

in the future automation of the procedure

as a means of gauging intermittent stream

flow In the southwest.

The first test of gauging stream flow by

continuous Injection of tracer elements

will be conducted under optimum control conditions in which steady flow exists and

the volume of flow will be determined by

Price current meter measurements and/or

a weir. Further testing of the method will be con- ducted under natural field conditions of the Gila River utilizing gauging stations

of the U. S. Geological Survey, Gila River Phreatophyte Project. If possible a final

test will be run on a tributary under flash flood conditions,

(h) Bureau of Reclamation, 1961, Report on field

demonstration—use of isotopes in hydrographic

measurements, Gila Project - Arizona: Bur. Reclamation, open-file report (mimeographed)

in collaboration with: Lynch Radiation

Services and University of California, P. 1-36.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station

.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The straight 26-inch sand-packed recharge

well has been tested for one year an re- sults have not proved completely satis- factory. Main difficulties encountered

arise in duplicating test condition under

field situations. The sand packed well seemed to filter out plugging material but redevelopment proved more difficult than in

the gravel packed well. Separan AP-30 was tried but proved unsatisfactory for con- ditions as encountered in this test. A slow gravel filter has been constructed

and will be tested as a means of clarifying

recharge water during the winter and spring

of 1960-61.

f) Discontinued.

h) U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Papers

available from the Office of the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402: "Artificial Recharge of Ground Water—Grand Prairie Region, Arkansas," Kyle Engler,

F. H. Bayley 3rd, and R. T. Snlegocki,

1615-A, 1963, 32 pp. "Hydrogeology of a Part of the Grand Prairie Region, Arkansas", R. T. Snlegocki

1615-B, 1964, 71 pp.

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(4068) TURBULENT FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service, Div. of Water

Supply and Pollution Control.

(c) Prof. John C. Ward, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701.

(d) The project Is experimental and theoretical

and Is classified as basic research with definite practical applications.

(e) The purpose for which the work Is being done

is to describe the effects of stratification

on the permeability of an unconsolidated

porous medium in quantitative terms.

(g) In this work It was demonstrated that the slffi distribution of commercially available Ion exchange resins, sands, gravels, anthracite

coal, and granular activated carbon appear

to be well represented by a geometrically

normal frequency distribution. This dis- tribution Is completely definable in terms of the geometric mean and the geometric standard deviation, both of which can be calculated

from the results of a conventional sieve analysis

.

In addition an equation was developed that relates the permeability of an unconsolidated porous medium to the geometric mean and geometric standard deviation of its size distribution by weight. The equation appears

to give reasonably accurate values of the permeability for all the previously mentioned porous media and glass beads.

(h) "Turbulent Flow In Porous Media," by J. C. Ward, Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

ASCE, Vol. 90, No. HY 5, Proc. Paper 4019,

Pages 1-12, Sept., 1964.

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN INC.

(5190) SOUND RADIATED FROM A TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYER.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. J. E. Ffowcs Williams, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge,

Mass. 02138.

d) Basic theoretical research.

e) The research is aimed at clarifying the exact role of a solid surface in determining

the mechanism by which sound generated in a turbulent boundary layer Is radiated. It is known that if the surface is very large, it merely acts like a passive reflector, and

If it is small, it constitutes an additional

dipole field. The Intermediate size situation remains obscure and it is on this problem

that the work Is concentrated.

(g) The role of a responsive homogeneous surface

of Infinite extent has been studied. The main result of the analysis is that no fundamentally more efficient source of
sound is introduced by the surface motion. The radiation remains quadrupole in character.

The surface merely accounts for a reflection

of the turbulence generated sound, with the reflection coefficient being identical to that for plane acoustic waves,

(h) Quarterly Progress Reports. Obtainable from David Taylor Model Basin.

(5191) INTERACTION OF DISTRIBUTED SURFACE VIBRATIONS

WITH AN ADJACENT BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW.

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program Administered by the David

Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. Francis J. Jackson, Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc., 50 Moulton St., Cambridge,

Mass. 02138.

d) Basic theoretical and experimental.

e) The program is aimed at studying the stability

of a flow in contact with a non-rigid

(responsive) wall. The effect of the wall response on the properties of the adjacent

boundary layer flow are of special interest. Particular attention is being paid to the effects of actuating the wall motion by

external means.

(g) An analysis of the Reynolds stress very close

to the wall indicates that the direction of energy flux between the mean flow and the boundary layer disturbances (which may give rise to instability) depends upon the properties of the wall, and its response

to the pressure fluctuations produced by

the disturbance field.

(h) Quarterly Progress Reports. BBN Technical

Report No. 1138, "Reynolds Stress Near a Flexible Surface Responding to Unsteady Air

Flow," 3 June 1S64. Obtainable from David

Taylor Model Basin.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN .

(5359) SCOUR TESTS OF NEW JERSEY DAM NUMBER 3.

b) Hackensack Water Co.

c) Dr. Chilton A. Wright, Polytechnic Inst, of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St., Brooklyn, New York 11201.

d) Performance of a given design of the dam.

e) The dam is about 15 ft. high and will be built on a sand foundation. There is a movable gate on the crest. The model is made to a scale of 1 to 35 and

set in a wooden flume 20 inches wide with a sand bed downstream. The purpose is to study performance of the model and to scour under various flows.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Division of Engineering and Applied Science.

(1548) PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS .

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation bubbles; theoretical studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "A General Analysis of the Stability of Superposed Fluids," by M. S. Plesset and Din-Yu Hsieh, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 8, Aug. 1964, pp. 1099 - 1108. "Radiation Due to the Radial Motion of a Conducting Sphere in a Magnetic Field," by

Giulio Venezlan, Div. of Eng. and Applied

Science, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-24, March 1963. "Temperature Effects in Cavitation Damage,"

by Robert E. Devine and Milton S. Plesset,

Div. of Eng. and Applied Science, Calif.

Inst, of Tech. Report No. 85-27, April 1964. "Effects of Thermal Conduction in Sonoluminescence," by Robert Hickling, Jour, of the

Acous. Soc . of Amer. Vol. 35, No. 7, pp.

967 - 974, July 1963. "Bubble Dynamics" Cavitation in Real Fluids,

by M. S. Plesset, Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam (1964).

"Collapse and Rebound of a Spherical Bubble

in Water," by Robert Hickling and M. S. Plesset, Physics of Fluids, Vol. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1964, pp. 7 - 14. "Stability of Helium II Flow Down an Inclined Plane," Din-Yu Hsieh, Physics of Fluids

(in press)

.

"Stability of a Conducting Fluid Flowing

Down an Inclined Plane in a Magnetic Field,"

Din-Yu Hsieh, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Div. of Eng. and Applied Science (in press).

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, W. M. Keck Laboratory of Hydraulics and Water Resources.

(3670) TURBULENCE AND PARTICLE ENTRA INMENT IN SETTLING TANKS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Frof . Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California 91109.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Flow in a settling tank is simulated by

Introducing water with a low turbulence

level and uniform velocity into a flume

15 feet long with the bed covered by a thin layer of sediment. As the flow pro- ceeds into the flume, a boundary layer de- velops and becomes progressively thicker. The entrainment of particles is observed visually and the corresponding shear stress

is deduced from measured velocity profiles.

(f) Completed.

(g) Data on critical shear stress for en- training fine sand particles of diameters

of 0.1 mm and smaller have been observed.

(h) "Measurements of Critical Shear Stress for Entraining Fine Sediments in a Boundary

Layer", by Vito A. Vanoni, w. M. Keck Lab. of Hyd. and Water Resources, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. KH-R-7, May 1964.

(3671) EVALUATION OF FORMULAS FOR THE TRANSPORT

RATE OF SEDIMENT BY ALLUVIAL STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Analytical research using published data.

e) The sediment discharge calculated by

several well-known formulas is compared

with actual measured sediment discharges

in natural streams. The results are pre- sented as graphs of sediment discharge

against water discharge.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4075) MECHANICS OF FLOW IN SAND-BED CHANNELS AT

VERY LOW RATES OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. V. A. Vanoni or N. H. Brooks, Calif.

Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, California 91109.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Studies are made (1) of the development of dunes with time on a sand bed with flows which produce low rates of sediment transport and of the resulting changes in flow resistance as the dunes grow and (2) on

the mechanism of entrainment of sediment by

flowing water and (3) of relations of geometric parameters of dunes and the frictional resistance to flow produced by the dunes with a view to predicting re- sistance from dune dimensions.

(f) Project is continuing.

(4076) PRECISION TILTING FLUME.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

California 91109.

7
d) Development of facilities.

e) The flume which is 40 meters long, 110 centimeters wide, and 50 centimeters deep

is mounted on a rigid supporting structure carried on jacks. Water is circulated by- pumps with variable speed drives for con- trolling the flow rate. The slope of the flume can be adjusted continuously without

interrupting an experiment, up to a maximum

of 2 per cent. The flume system can produce

programmed unsteady flow and will be equipped

with convenient recording equipment for ob- serving such flows. It is designed as a general purpose facility for studies of open channel flow problems such as sediment trans- portation, boundary layers, and wave prop- agation in shear flow.

f) Completed.

g) Flume has been completed and is being used

in several research projects.

(4561) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED RESERVOIRS.

b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant)

.

c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

e) (1) In reservoirs having density variation

with depth, the pattern of flow toward an outlet may be quite different from the flow

in a homogeneous reservoir. The withdrawal

pattern has been studied experimentally in

a laboratory tank of water having a linear density profile induced either by dissolved

salt or heat. Application will ultimately

be in management of water quality in rivers by selective withdrawal from reservoirs.

(2) A theoretical stability analysis has also been made for viscous uniform two-layer flow down an inclined plane, a problem related to density underflows in reservoirs.

(g) (1) At very low Reynolds numbers there is a distinct "withdrawal layer" extending up- stream at the level of the outlet. Fluid

above and below this layer is not with- drawn through the outlet. Results of two-dimensional experiments agree with a theoretical analysis based on the laminar boundary layer equations and the diffusion

equation for the substance causing density

variation. A theoretical analysis has also been made of axlsymmetrlc flow to a point sink.

(2) Report (see below) includes curves of critical Reynolds number as function of depth ratio and density ratio, and also curves for relative amplitude of surface and interfacial waves.

(h) "Viscous Stratified Flow Towards a Line

Sink," R. C. Y. Koh, W. M. Keck Lab. Report

No. KH-R-6, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Jan. 1964. "Stability of Two-Layer Stratified Flow

Down an Inclined Plane," T. W. Kao, W. M. Keck Lab. Report No. KH-R-8, Calif. Inst.

of Tech., August 1964.

"A Free-Streamline Solution of Stratified

Flow into a Line Sink", by T. W. Kao, Journal of Fluid Mechanics (in press). "Viscous Stratified Flow Towards a Sink",

R. C. Y. Koh, manuscript submitted for publication (Journal of Fluid Mechanics),

Nov. 1964. "Hidden Flow Patterns in Reservoirs," Norman H. Brooks Engineering and Science Magazine (Calif. Inst, of Tech.), April,

1964, pp 12-13.

(5013) DYNAMICS OF DENSITY-STRATIFIED GROUND-WATER

FLOW .

(b) U. S. Public Health Service (research grant).

(c) Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

(d) Basic theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Slight density variations often affect ground- water flow patterns. Water which is re- charged artificially may not mix readily with

native waters but develops density strati- fication in the aquifer. Studies include problems such as overturning of unstably

layered systems, flow due to sources of buoyancy and effects of density difference

on fluid dispersion in flow through porous

media

.

(5014) WAVE INDUCED OSCILLATIONS OF SMALL MOORED

VESSELS

.

b) Dept. of the Army, Corps of Engineers.

c) Prof. Fredric Raichlen and Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif. 91109.

dj Experimental and theoretical research,

e) Serious ship and dock damage can be caused by wave induced oscillations of moored vessels. The ship and its mooring system constitute

a dynamic .system capable of resonant oscilla- tions. The objective of this research is to investigate the motion of small boats moored to fixed or floating platforms in

a standing wave environment. The study

is directed toward an understanding of the problems of mooring small craft In marinas and to providing information that will assist in planning and operation of marinas

.

(g) A wave basin with wave generator and measuring and recording equipment have

been assembled and the research is proceeding actively.

(5360) MECHANICS OF SLUG FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

b) Los Angeles County Flood Control District.

c) Prof. Vito A. Vanoni and Mr. Richard Brock,

Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena, Calif. 911C8

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Detailed laboratory observations are being

made of slug flows (also called roll waves) with a view to checking the many theoretical

studies of this problem and to evaluating

problems arising from slug flows In the many high-velocity flood channels in Los Angeles County.

(5361) EXPERIMENTS ON TURBIDITY CURRENTS.

b) Petroleum Research Fund.

c) Dr. Gerard V. Middleton, McMaster Univ., Research Fellow in Geology, 1964-1965,

Calif. Inst, of Tech.

d) Experimental research.

e) Comparative studies will be made on the behavior of density underflows composed

of salt solutions, clay suspensions, and coarse sediment suspensions. Particular

attention will be devoted to the movement

of the head of the current, and to de- position of sediment from the current.

(f) Preliminary experiments have been com- pleted and an apparatus is under con- struction.

(g) A report on the preliminary experiments

is available on request.

(h) "Density Currents Experiments" (abstract).

Program, Soc . Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Mew Orleans, April 1965.

(5362) ANALYSIS OF STEADY FIELD DRAINAGE THROUGH

A SYSTEM OF UNDERGROUND PIPES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. E. John List, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif. 91109.

d) Theoretical and numerical analysis.

e) A common procedure for drainage of agri- cultural lands Is installation of parallel

underground drain tiles. Design parameters

include flow, permeability, and drain

spacing, depth, and diameter. List's theoretical solution includes all of these parameters for the first time (Journal

Geoph. Res., 69 (1964), 16, 3371-3382).

f) Completed.

g) Because of the complexity of the theoretical

solution, it was not directly useful. There- fore, with aid of a high-speed computer,

graphical solutions were prepared to show

the relationship of all design parameters for an optimum drainage system.

8
(h) "Steady Flow to Tile Drains Above an Impervious Layer--A Theoretical Study"

by E. John List, W. M. Keck Lab. Report

No. KH-R-9, Calif. Inst, of Tech., 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA

.

(b) University of California.

(c) Prof. R. H. Burgy and Mr. D. C. Lewis, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Hydrologic Investigations of mountain watersheds are being conducted on pilot watersheds

in three areas of the state. Measurements

are being made of rainfall, surface runoff,

erosion, and groundwater storage and outflow. The hydrologic effect of vegetative con- versions on the watersheds is under long- range study. Radioactive tracers are used

to study groundwater movement and depth of rooting of trees. A neutron moisture meter

Is used to measure moisture content in the

soil and rock above the water table. Micro- meteorological techniques and equipment are being tested to provide an independent

evaluation of evapotranspiration from the study watersheds,

(h) "Water Use by Native Vegetation and Hydrologic Studies", by D. C. Lewis and R. H. Burgy, Annual Report No. 5, 1963-64, Dept.

of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis,

Calif.

(181S) DRAINAGE IK RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. J. N. Luthin and Mr. R. V. V.'orstell, University of California, Davis, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The drainage of sloping land has been studied. An equation has been developed in cooperation

with Dr. P. Schmid of the Swiss Forest Research Station for the shape of the water

table that is In equilibrium with the rainfall. A paper has been published in the Journal of Geophysical Research. Computer

programs have been written in cooperation

with Dr. George Taylor of the Ohio State University on the shape of the water table

In equilibrium with. rainfall on sloping land. The computer solutions take into account the flow in the capillary fringe. The seepage surface emerges as part of the solution.

(h) "The Drainage of Sloping Lands", by Paul Schmid and J. N. Luthin, Jour. Geophys. Res. 69:1525-1529, 1964.

(4085) MI3CIBLE AND IMMISCIBLE FLUID DISPLACEMENTS

IK RELATION TO SOLUTE MOVEMENT IN SOIL AMD

OTHER POROUS MATERIAL.

b) University of California

c) Drs. J. W. Biggar and D. R. Nielsen, Dept. of Irrigation University of California,

Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The simultaneous transport of fluids and solutes through porous media is under investigation. The mixing and spreading of the fluids in the medium, the Interaction of the fluids with each other and the medium have been studied. The work will help define the nature of the porous structure of materials, and the coupling between velocity and dif- fusion in the dispersion process. Leaching phenomena, disposal of industrial

and radioactive wastes, and the movement of pesticides in soil water depend upon the dispersion process.

(g) Mathematical models of dispersion previously

reported have been compared with experimental

data obtained from studies on soil, glass

beads, sandstone and sand columns. More recently the effects of the density and viscosity of the fluids on the mixing has been studied using CI and glass bead

medium. Leaching phenomenon, disposal of industrial and radioactive wastes and the movement of pesticides in soil water involve dispersion processes,

(h) "CI 56 Diffusion During Stable and Unstable

Flow Through Glass Beads," J. W. Biggar and

D. R. Nielsen. Soil Sci . Soc . Amer. Proc .

,

Sept. -Oct. 1964.

"Soil Profile Studies Aid Water Management

for Salinity Control," D. R. Nielsen, J. w. Biggar and R. J. Miller. California Agric.

18, 1964.

(4088) IRROTATIONAL FLOW OVER A VERTICAL, SHARP- CRESTED WEIR.

(b) University of California.

(c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation

University of California, Davis, Calif.

(dj Theoretical, basic research.

(e) A digital computer is used to carry out the approximate numerical solution of an exact integral equation, derived by conformal map- ping and singularity distribution, and describing the two-dimensional flow over weirs ranging in height from zero to infinity

Project being extended to other geometries

and to flows with given degree of rotationality.

(h) "Solution of Highly Curvilinear Gravity

Flows," by Theodor S. Strelkoff. Proc. Paper 3950, Jour, of Engin. Mechanics

Div., Proc. Amer. Soc. Civil Engineers,

No. EM3, June 1964.

(4857) USE OF WELLS IN AREA DEVELOPMENT.

bl University of California.

c) Dr. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and field research including

doctoral thesis research.

(e) Three studies are in progress: (1) Con- sideration of the influence of a decreasing

discharge rate in solution for unsteady

flow to wells; (2) the Influence of mutual interference of multiple well systems; and

(3) the use of down wells in multiple

aquifers as a means of controlling the water

table and disposing of poor quality water.

(g) A general analytical solution has been devel- oped for unsteady flow of groundwater to a well having a decreasing discharge rate. A graphical solution has been proposed to determine the aquifer characteristics from pumping test data. The graphical solution requires the numerical computation and tabulation of a mathematical function called

the "variable well function". Values of this function have been determined.

(h) "Tables of the Function f(A,B)=Q exp(Ay-f) revised, by G. Aron, M. A. Abu-ZIed, ana y

V. H. Scott. WS & E Series No. 2001, 17 pp., July 1964.

(5142) VARIABLE FLOW UNDER A VERTICAL GATE.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation

Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research,

for Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) Time-dependent flows under sluice gate moving

vertically in its own plane are being studied

in a laboratory flume. A numerical, quasisteady, potential-flow analysis is being

developed to complement the experimental

Investigation

.

(5143) PROFILE OF A WETTING FRONT ADVANCING IN AN IRRIGATION BORDER.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation. Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

9
(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research

for M. S. and M. E. theses.

(e) This is a special case of surge on a dry bed. Vegetation is simulated in a laboratory

flume by an array of uniformly distributed

vertical rods set into the bottom. Flow is introduced at the head end, and the passage

of the wave through the rods is measured

by electrical depth gauges. A theoretical

expression describing an established such flow is being tested. Area of interest is being extended to include zone of establishment and influence of infiltration,

(h) "Profile of a Shallow Water Front Advancing

Through Artificial Vegetation," by Wessel

P. Wessels. M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Calif.,

1964.

(5144) UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) University of California.

(c) Dr. Theodor S. Strelkoff, Dept. of Irrigation,

Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) A computer-implemented numerical solution is being developed for the one-dimensional con- tinuity, momentum, and energy equations of unsteady flow in canals of arbitrary cross- sectional form. A method is sought which

will permit automatic tracking of spontaneously formed shock-discontinuities in the profile. Under investigation is a method

of "smearing" the shocks by introducing

into every positive wave of the continuous

solution an energy loss equivalent to that occurring in a discontinuity of comparable

geometry.

(g) An effective computer program has been developed for gradually variable flow with

surface profile discontinuities only at checks, siphons and pumping plants. Arbitrary

initial and boundary conditions of depth,

velocity and discharge are easily introduced.

(5145) NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS

.

b) University of California.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of Calif., Davis, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) (1) Studies on the mathematical theory of nonlinear systems with lumped and with

distributed parameters. (2) Characterization

of time- and space-variable rainfall dis- tributions. (3) Development of methods for

the establishment of nonlinear inflow-outflow

relationships for natural catchments.

(4) Laboratory and field application of (3) above

.

(g) Experiments completed to date on laboratory

catchments under simulated rain reveal large

departures from the conditions of linearity

and invariance implicit in the "unit hydrograph" concept, and suggest that similar behavior can be expected in natural watersheds. A new approach in the analysis

suggested and approximate procedures

applicable to floods due to uniformly

distributed storms have been developed. Further development of mathematical theory

of nonlinear systems is under way. Statistical procedures for the mathematical

characterization of storms from data on California watersheds are being tested.

(h) "A Critique of Current Methods in Hydrologic

Systems Investigation." J. Amorocho and

W. E. Hart. Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union

45(2) :307-321, 1964. "Use of Laboratory Catchments in the Study of Hydrologic Systems". J. Amorocho and W. E. Ha^t. ASCE Jour. Hydr. Div., in press.

(5146) THE EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) University of California.

(c) Dr. J. Amorocho, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ.

of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

applied research.

(e) Development of analytical criteria for the efficiency of energy dissipating structures

in terms of the characteristics of the flow

stream delivered and the shear stresses over

the boundary of the receiving channels. Experimental evaluation of efficiencies

from hydraulic model data.

(g) "Energy efficiency" and "shear efficiency" criteria have been developed as means of evaluating: (1) The effectiveness of a structure in dissipating energy; and (2) the scouring potential of the outflowing water. Experiments with a vortex-type energy dissipator illustrate the application of these criteria for designs based on hydraulic model investigations.

(5462) FLOW CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY OF TRANSITIONS AND CHECK STRUCTURES IN A TRAPEZOIDAL

CHANNEL.

b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, A. F. Babb, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Investigation of the flow conveyance efficiency of transitions and check struc- tures in the California Aqueduct. A detailed study of energy conversion effects

is being performed on a 1:16 scale model

of structures including warped and cylinder

quadrant inlet transition, elevated rec- tangular gate sections with piers, and warped outlet transitions.

(g) The results obtained so far indicate that losses are substantially smaller than those computed by conventional design techniques.

Analysis and theoretical work is proceeding.

(h) "Flow Conveyance Efficiency of Transitions

and Check Structures in a Trapezoidal

Channel" (California Aqueduct), Progress

Report No. 1, Water Science and Engineering

Papers No. 1004, Department of Irrigation,

Univ. of California, Davis, August 1964.

(5463) SACRAMENTO-SAN JOAOUIN DELTA FISH COLLECTION

FACILITIES.

b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, A. F. Babb, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Model studies.

e) (1) Investigation of velocity approach

patterns to the Primary Fish Collection

Facilities which will be constructed upstrean

of the inlet to the Delta Pumping Plant.

The structure consists of a large rectangular channel subdivided by vertical walls into smaller channels, each containing a system

of louvers which will deflect the fish into bypass pipes leading to a secondary louver

system. The uniformity of the approach

velocity patterns is being studied as a function of the relative positions of the louvers, the trashracks, and the noses of

the vertical partition walls. (2) Investi- gation of the expanding closed conduit transitions leading to the secondary louver

system for evidence of separation and sub- sequent return flow.

(5464) HYDRAULIC MODEL PERFORMANCE OF THE NORTH SAN JOAOUIN TERMINAL STRUCTURE.

b) Dept. of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, A. F. Babb, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Hydraulic model investigation for design

development

.

(e) Investigation of the performance of "The North San Joaquin Terminal Structure", a gated control located at the terminus of the North San Joaquin Division of the California

Aqueduct, as an energy dissipating device for certain conditions of differential head

acrt _3 the gates.

(f) Completed.

(g) The structure operates satisfactorily under conditions of equal gate openings. Unequal

10
gate openings lead to highly asymmetrical flow patterns downstream of the structure and sub- sequent high velocities,

(h) "Hydraulic Model Performance of the North San Joaquin Terminal Structure", Progress Report

No. 1, Water Science and Engineering Papers

No. 1003, Department of Irrigation, Univ. of California, Davis, August 1964.

(5465) HYDRAULIC PERFORMANCE OP THE THERMALITO FOVER

PLANT.

b) Department of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, A. F. Babb, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Model studies for design development,

e; Studies on the approach conditions to the penstocks and bypass spillway are being

made, including the effects of the struc- tural shape and bed geometry upon the formation of vortices at the inlets to these structures. Investigations of the flow configurations in the tailwater area will be made, particularly in the vicinity

of the draft tubes and the bypass stilling

basin.

(5466) DEL VALLE DAM AND SPILLWAY.

b) Department of Water Resources, State of Calif.

c) Dr. J. Amorocho, A. F. Babb, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif., Davis, Calif.

d) Model studies for design development.

e) The study of a non-gated ogee-crested chute spillway including the effect of upstream

geometry upon the flow configurations with

the chute. Shock wave patterns in the spill- way were studied in some detail. This configuration includes an auxiliary flood control outlet tunnel discharging through

a large opening in the spillway floor which

was tested for various combinations of flood control and spillway discharges.

(g) Shock wave patterns occurring in the open chute were compared with predicted patterns

computed on the basis of conventional theory,

and analysis is proceeding on the effects of velocity non-uniformity on the wave forms. The effect of bottom boundary geometry is also being studied.

(h) "Investigations on the Regimen of Flow of Spillway Chutes" (Del Valle Dam), by J. Amorocho and A. F. Babb. Progress Report

No. 1, Water Science and Engineering Fapers

No. 1005, Dept. of Irrigation, Univ. of Calif.,

Davis, August 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1554) SEA WATER CONVERSION RESEARCH.

b) State of California.

c) Frof. Everett D. Howe, Coordinator, Saline Water Conversion Research, University of Calif., 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond, California.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover

whether there is available any method for the large-scale, low-cost demineralization

of sea water. The project includes a number

of investigations, of which the following

have been active during 1963-64: (1) Multiple effect rotating evaporator; (2) evapo- ration by Immiscible fluid heat transfer;

(3) vacuum flash distillation (low temperature difference method); (4) solar distillation; (5) electrodlalysis tests; (6) freeze-separation; (7) ion exchange; (8) biological studies; (9) capillary control of vapor transfer gaps; (10) reverse osmosis pilot plant; (11) thermodynamic and economic

analysis; (12) experimental heat transfer

studies; (13) transport phenomena near a liquid-vapor Interface; and (14) fundamental

studies of corrosion processes. Investi- gations are being carried on at the Berkeley,

Los Angeles and San Diego Campuses.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports and publications listed under (h) below. This project has been

active since 1951-52 and previous summaries

have listed all reports prior to July 1963.

(h) The following reports and publications have

been issued during the period since July

1963 and summarize the work to date: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES :* "Electrochemical and Surface Studies of Zn

and InSb Single Crystals," D. Chance and K. Nobe, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-49,

79 pp., Sept. 1963.

"The Use of Thin, Capillarity Controlled, Gaseous Diffusion Gaps in Saline Water

Demineralization," Thomas Thorsen, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 63-50, 105 pp., October 1963. "Preliminary Economic Study U.C.L.A. Reverse Osmosis Process for Bracklish Water De- salination," J. W. McCutchan, S. Loeb, P. A. Buckingham, A. W. Ayers, Dept. of Engineering

Report No. 53-62, 60 pp., Dec. 1963.

"A Study of Criteria for the Semipermeability

of Cellulose Acetate Membranes to Aqueous

Solutions," Rodney Blunk, Dept. of Engineering Report No. 64-28, June 1964. UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY**

"1963 Progress Report, Berkeley and San Diego Campuses," by E. D. Howe et al, Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report No. 64-1,

55 pp., Feb. 1964. "Electrodialytlc Treatment of Irrigation

Drainage Water—Preliminary Study, " by

W. K. Baker, S. A. Weiner and E. D. Howe,

Sea Water Conversion Laboratory Report

No. 64-2, 34 pp., June 1964. "Condensing Heat Transfer in Stream-Air

Mixtures in Turbulent Flow," by P. B. Stewart, I&EC Process Design & Development, Vol. 3, p. 48, Jan. 1964. "Folarization Characteristics of Electrodialytlc Demineralization," by S. A. Weiner,

I&EC Process Design & Development, Vol.

3, p. 126, April 1964. "Direct Contact Heat Transfer for Sea Water Evaporation," by C. R. Wilke, Chemical Engineering Progress, Vol. 59, No. 12, pp. 60-75, Dec. 1963. "The Desalting of Sea Water," by E. D. Howe, SPAN, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 94-95, 1964. "Solar Distillation on the Pacific Atolls", by E. D. Howe, South Pacific

Bulletin, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 57-59,

April 1964. Requests for copies should be directed to: Institute of Industrial Cooperation, Dept.

of Engineering, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Calif. Requests for copies should be directed to: Sea Water Conversion Laboratory, Univ. of California, 1301 South 46th Street, Richmond,

California

.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS

.

(b) National Science Foundation; laboratory

project

.

(c) Prof. A. D. K. Laird, 109 Mechanics Bldg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research

e) Measurement and prediction of drag coef- ficients and flow configurations about cyl- inders during accelerated motion in fluids

as related to wave forces as cylinders

Including effects of support flexibility.

(h) "Wave Forces on Piling" by A. D. K. Laird,

Inst. Eng. Res. Report HPS-64-1, June 1964, for U. S. Naval Civil Engrg. Lab., Port Hueneme, California.

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM CHANNELS

.

b) University project.

c) Frof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

11
(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as ex- pressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to de- velop criteria for stability.

(f) Concluded.

(g) It was found empirically that it is pratically impossible to create the characteristic alternate bars based on reversing secondary currents in laboratory

flumes with smooth vertical banks. Under the same average flow and sediment conditions in the same flumes the alternate bars appear if rough sloping

banks are substituted. The bank friction is used to explain the creation

of the bars.

(h) "A Study on Meandering in Straight

Alluvial Channels," by H . A. Einstein and

H. W. Shen (submitted for publication).

(3675) CLAY TRANSPORT.

(b) National Science Foundation and California

State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley,

Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Determination of the friction factor

of flocculated clay deposits using mud

from San Francisco Bay.

(f) Continued.

(g) The 1000-ft channel is used to measure

the friction characteristics of mud de- posited in flowing salt water. The past

experiments indicate the surface of the deposit to be rather smooth and to show

a roughness factor independent of the flow velocity for steady flow. In un- steady flow it has the tendency of becoming rougher.

(3677) ANNULAR NOZZLE GROUND EFFECT MACHINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California 94720.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Airborne vehicles supported by annular Jets have a lift considerably in excess of that

due to the jet momentum when operating in

a region close to the ground. The dynamic

lift, bending moment, wave resistance, base pressures, and intake pressures are being measured for such a vehicle operating over

both calm water and water with surface gravity waves present.

(f) Completed.

(3678) OCEAN SEWER OUTFALLS.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Basic research.

(e) This study is concerned with the various phenomena involved in the diffusion of sewage at the discharge end of an ocean

sewer outfall.

(f) Completed.

(g) Recent work has been done on the mixing of warm water Jets being discharged horizontally

at the surface of a body of water.

(h) "surface Discharge of Horizontal Warm Water

Jet" by Yuan Jen, R. L. Wiegel and Ismail Mobarek, IER, Tech. Rept. HEL 3-3, 40 pp.,

Dec. 1964.

(4077) NEARSHORE SEDIMENT MOVEMENT.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental (laboratory and field).

(e) The objective of this investigation is to determine the overall sand balance for selected localities and to explain changes

quantitatively. Special consideration is given to sediment conditions at the mouths

of large sediment-carrying rivers, subma- rine canyon heads, and major headlands.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Sand Movement along a Portion of the Northern California Coast," by John Cherry,

Univ. of Calif. Hyd. Engrg. Laboratory

Report No. HEL-4-4, 1964.

(4078) BEACH BACKGROUND RADIOACTIVITY.

81

(e)

(h)

(4081)

(f (4082

(t

(f (4562

(b

(4565

(b

(4568

Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. Field observations and theoretical con- siderations . Purpose of project is to measure variations

in background radioactivity of beaches along

the California Coast with the object of de- termining the normal background, its seasonal variations and variation in radioactivity

from place to place at any one time. Completed

.

The dilution In concentration of naturally

radioactive sediments away from a source has proved of value In establishing the pre- dominant direction of littoral drift. "Radiometric Determination of Thorium in Coastal Sands for Tracing Littoral Movement" by Zaven Tashjian, John Cherry, George

Gordon, and Moshe Gabllnger, Univ. of Calif. Hyd. Engrg. Lab. Report No. HEL-5-3, Aug.

1964. RECHARGE OF WASTES IN UNDERGROUND

FORMATIONS. Llvermore Radiation Lab., Livermore, Calif. Experimental; basic and applied research. This study is designed to evaluate the hydraulics of fluid flow from a surface basin into underlying aquifers. Results are expected to assist in field studies of dis- posal of Industrial wastes, brines, and radioactive materials.

Completed. CAVITATION IN A VENTURI

.

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. W. Iversen, Dept. of Mech. Engrg.,

University of Calif., Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Experimental and theoretical basic re- search . Macroscopic nature of cavitation formation

and collapse with Inter-relationships of head losses on collapse and with liquids of different vaporization properties.

Suspended

.

ANALYSIS CF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. S4720. Theoretical; basic research. Given a sufficiently long record of the input and output of a stationary system that may

include nonlinearities, the purpose is to develop a predictor for arbitrary inputs.

Computer program is written that has enabled

close prediction of the output of an experi- mental nonlinear system to a sine wave having an amplitude and frequency well within the limits of the random input used to de- velop the predictor. MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLOOD ROUTING.

U. S. Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

Office.

Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berke..,y, Calif. S4720. Theoretical; basic research. Various models are being fitted to experi- mental floods Induced by spillway releases

from reservoirs on the Missouri River. Principal limitation has been found to be accuracy of channel data. SIGNIFICANCE OF VORTICITY IN TURBULENT FLUID

FLOWS. University project; thesis. Prof. H A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

,

12
(h)

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720. Theoretical

.

A basic attempt to define turbulence. Terminated

.

A function was introduced which may be described as the "curvature" of the velocity

field. This function is able to describe

the energy dissipation of the flow while vorticity alone cannot do it. "The Significance of Vorticity, Vortex Motion

and Dissipation in Turbulent Fluid Flow,"

Ph.D. thesis by Lyle F. Mockros, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, June 1S62.

(4929) AOUIFER ANALYSIS BY SLUG TESTS OF WELLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study of the limitations, procedural problems,

and validity under various field conditions

of the slug test method of evaluating aquifer constants

.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Determination of Aquifer Permeability by

Slug Tests of Wells," by K. Ho and D. K. Todd, Hydraulic Laboratory, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, Water Resources Center Contribution

No. 93, 41 pp., August 1964.

(4930) COASTAL SAND MOVEMENT.

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the transportation of sand by both wind and waves

.

(h) "Sand Movement by Wind" by P. Y. 3elly,

U. S. Army Coastal Engin. Res. Center,

Tech. Memo. No. 1, Wash., D. C, Jan. 1964. "Transportation of Bed Material due to Wave Action," by George Kalkanis, U. S. Army Coastal Engin. Res. Center, Tech. Memo No. 2, Wash., D. C, Feb. 1964. "Calculation Procedure for Sand Transport

by Wind on Natural Beaches" by A. L. Kadib,

U. S. Army Coastal Engin. Res. Center, Misc. Paper No. 2-64, Wash., D. C, April 1964. "Sediment Transport by Waves and Currents" by M. M. Abou-Seida, Univ. of Calif. Hyd.

Engin. Lab. Report No. 2-7, May 1964. "Study of Sand Movement by Wind" by R. Kawamura

(A Translation), Univ. of Calif. Hyd. Engin.

Lab. Report No. HEL-2-8, June 1964. "Suspension of Cohesive Sediment by Wind- Generated Waves" by M. R. Alishahi and R. B. Krone, Univ. of Calif. Hyd. Engin. Lab. Report

No. HEL-2-9, August 1964.

"The Erosional and Depositional History of

a Portion of the Coast of Northern California" by Claude R. Klnard, Jr., Univ. of Calif. Hyd. Engin. Lab. Report No. KEL-2-10,

Sept. 1964.

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Washington,

D. C.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif. S4720.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination by model tests the diffraction

and refraction characteristics of wind

waves. Also, model studies of the "Machstem" equivalent of water waves.

(g) IBM 7090 program developed for computing

wave diffraction coefficients at semi- infinite breakwater. Work finished on computing two dimensional wave spectra in model basin.

(h) "Water Wave Equivalent of Mach-Re "lection,

"

by R. L. Wiegel, IER Tech. Rept . HEL 1-4,

27 pp., August 1964.

(5435) SEAWALL OVERTOPPING BY WIND WAVES.

(4532) GROUND WATER BASIN MANAGEMENT.

(h) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) Study of the physical conditions within a basin so that ground water levels at any

point can be predicted for any future time for given recharge and discharge conditions. Subsequently, study of alternate methods

for operating the basin to obtain an eco- nomically optimal system.

(4533) HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS ANALYSIS.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Prof. J. A. Harder, Hesse Hall, Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Analog model and digital computer methods

are being used to predict salinity, tidal amplitudes, tidal elevations, and fresh water flows in the Sacramento-San Joaquin

Delta Region.

(4934) WAVE DIFFRACTION AND REFRACTION.

[5437)

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The intensity of overtopping of a seawall by wind waves was investigated for various water depths in front of the seawall.

(f) Completed.

(5436) BAR RESISTANCE IN DEGRADING CHANNELS.

(t) laboratory research, supported by California

State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An equilibrium flow is established and measured. Then the same flow is repeated

with reduced sediment feed and the effect

on the flow is observed.

(g) Only miner deviations have been observed,

indicating that slowly degrading flows may

be caluclated like equilibrium flows. Only

few sediment conditions have been tested to date

.

DEPOSIT OF SILT IN A GRAVEL BED BY WATER

FLOWING OVER THE BED.

(b) U. 3. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of California, Berkeley, Calif. 34720.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) It is proposed to determine the rate at which fine sediment is deposited in arti- ficial spawning grounds for salmon and other fish. It is proposed to determine

the extent of maintenance for such works.

The sediment carrying flow is recirculated

over gravel beds in laboratory flumes.

(5438) SHAPE OF CROSS SECTIONS IN RIVER BENDS.

(b) laboratory research, supported by the California State Water Resources Center.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ of California, Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(i) Experimental with statistical analysis,

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A circular flume has been constructed in which various flows are established and cross sections established. The cross

sections are statistically described by a minimum of parameters and the change of these parameters established in terms of the flow and sediment parameters. River sections are equally analyzed.

(5439) WAVE FORCES.

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, Wash., D. C.

(c) Prof. R. L. Wiegel, Univ. of California,

Berkeley, Calif. 94720.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

.

(e) Determine by model tests the forces exerted by waves on coastal structures. Theoretical

studies of statistical properties of wave

forces.

13
(h) "Wave Forces on a Dock," by Osman A. ElGhamry, IER Tech. Rept . HEL 9-1, 201 pp., October 1963.

"Wave Forces on Square Piling," by Michael

D. Astin, IER Tech. Rept. HEL 9-2, 28 pp., June 1964. "The Statistical Distribution of Ocean Wave Forces on Vertical Piling," by Leon

E. Borgman, IER Tech. Rept. 9-3, 39 pp., May 1964.

"Wave Force Program," by Ralph H. Cross, IER Tech. Rept. HEL 9-4, 26 pp., Sept.

1964.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA , BERKLEY, Dept. of Naval Architecture.

(3026) SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A FUNCTION WAVE STEEFNESS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif. Berkeley, California 94720.

d) Experimental.

e) Experiments were performed to study the resistance of ships in uniform waves. Motions as well as resistances were measured in more than 2,500 individual

tests. The transfer functions necessary

to predict the added resistance in irregular seaways were calculated from

the experimental results.

f) Completed.

g) The results indicate that the added re- sistance depends upon the block coefficient,

the speed of the shiv and the steepness of the waves. It has a maximum in the vicinity

of the maximum motions and decreases again

for the higher speeds. The added re- sistance is higher per unit displacement

for smaller block coefficients.

(h) "Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves" by 0.

J. Sibul, Univ. of Calif., Institute of

Eng. Research Report No. NA-64-1, Jan.

1964.

(4083) DYNAMIC INTERACTION BETWEEN SHIPS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy

.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. 94720

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) The linearized equations of motion for two ships operating on parallel courses are formulated. Coefficients appearing in these equations are being evaluated by

captive model techniques. Analog and

digital means of solving the equations are being studied.

(g) Sinusoidal motion generator was used to e- valuate velocity and acceleration derivatives

for each of the individual models of the ship without the other model being present.

Experiments are under way in which inter- action forces and moments between two models

are measured.

(4084) SHIPS OF MINIMUM RESISTANCE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. V. Wehausen, Room 221, Bldg. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, California. 94720

d) Theoretical applied research.

e) The general aim of this work is to find com- puter designed ships of minimum "total" re- sistance, subject to various restraining

conditions. Here "total" resistance means

the Michell wave resistance plus the equivalent flat-plate frictional resistance.

(g) Two cases have been studied up to now. In one the afterbody was given and an optimum

forebody was found. In the other, the volumetric coefficient and draft/length

ratio were fixed and the optimum, necessarily

symmetric, ship found. The computations

were carried out on an IBM 7094 and the lines themselves were also drawn with computer control. Froude numbers varied

from 0.224 to 0.5. Resistance measure- ments have been carried out on the hull

from each family corresponding to Froude number 0.316. Further computations and experiments are under way.

(h) "Experiment Data for Two Ships of 'Minimum' Resistance" by Lin, \! . C; Pauling J. R.; Wehausen, J. V., Univ. of Calif., Institute

of Eng. Research Report No. NA-64-8, August

1964.

(4 570) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SEMI-SUBMERGED OSCILLATING BODIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. J. R. Paulling, Room 224, Bldg. T-3,

University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) To determine the response of a floating body

in a seaway, it is necessary to know the magnitudes and phases of hydrodynamic forces

and moments acting on this body. In the linearized analysis the total pressure at any point takes the form of two terms: (a) exciting pressure dependent upon the waves

only: (b) pressure dependent upon the geo- metry and motion of the body and independent

of the waves. These two terms are being measured on: (1) A prolate spheroid; (2) A ship-like form. First the models are attached rigidly to the dynamometers, towed in waves and the pressure distribution, total forctj and moments

measured. Then the models are oscillated

sinusoidally in still water and again the pressure distribution, total force and moment measured. The results will be com- pared with theoretical calculations.

(g) Both the models have been tested in still water as well as in waves. The results

indicate that the wave forces and moments

follow the general trend as predicted by

Krylov's Theory. For the oscillating

models in still water, the longitudinal

distribution of virtual mass and damping

have been determined experimentally.

(h) "Heaving Forces and Pitching Moments on a Semi-Submerged and Restrained Prolate Spheroid Proceeding in Regular Head Waves" by Lee, C. M., Univ. of Calif., Institute of Eng. Research Report No. NA-64-2, Jan. 1964. Another report in preparation.

(4971) SKIP RESISTANCE IN IRREGULAR WAVES.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Room 224, Bldg. T-3, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, California. 94720

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The previous resistance measurements of ship models in uniform waves will be used to predict the total added resistance in Irregular waves of known spectral content. The predictions will be compared with experiments in irregular waves of various

spectral contents and severity, combined with

a number of model speeds.

(g) Resistance was measured in waves having 2 components only. The resistance in each of the component wave was determined in separate experiments. The measurements indicate that

the total resistance in the combined wave is somewhat higher than the linear addition predicts

.

(h) In preparation.

(4972) STUDY OF A SPAR SHIP.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bid. T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

d) Experimental; theoretical, applied research.

e) To study the hydrodynamic characteristics of

a spar ship a cylindrical mode± with a cross

14
section made up by two circular arcs was tested in still water as well as in waves. The length-draft ratio of the model was 0.25 and the beam-draft ratio 0.05. The model was tested: (1) for resistance in still water as well as in waves; (2) wave

forces and moments on restricted modelj

(3) motions for the free model in uniform

waves; (4) model was oscillated in still water and the virtual mass and damping

calculated. An attempt was made to calculate

the still-water resistance theoretically.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Laboratory Investigation of a Spar Ship"

by Karhan, K., Univ. of Calif., Institute

of Eng. Research Report No. NA-64-7, June 1954.

(5301) SHIP SLAMMING.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Maritime Administration.

(c) Prof. H. A. Schade, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the project is to investigate

the impact loads (pressures) caused by

slamming and the response of the ship struc- ture to these loads. The capacity of the testing equipment is as follows: (a) 1/4

scale models; (b) total model weights up to 40,000 lbs; (c) drop height up to 10 ft. above the still water surface.

(g) Preliminary results for an extra stiff flat model indicate that: (a) For lower drop

heights the peak pressure varies nearly as the sa.uare of the impact velocity; (b) the pressure is proportional to the deceleration

(for the range 10 to 30 g)

.

(h) Report in preparation.

THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY CF AMERICA, Department of Civil Engineering.

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE

MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engrg., The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017.

d) Basic research.

e) Research is based on long range flow and meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation

data on U.S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order to obtain river regime characteristics.

f) Completed.

g) Classified discharges for long range gauging

stations are calculated. Characteristic

parameters for river classification of the area are obtained, water-balance in the basin

is calculated; average, maximum and minimum

run-off for the period of available obser- vations is analysed.

(h) "Seasonal Variations of Flow and Classification of Rivers in the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Basin" . proceedings of the 7th Conference on Great Lakes Research, Ann

Arbor, March 1954. "Donnees Fondamentales sur l'Hydrologie des Rivieres dans le Bassin du Saint-Lauren",

Pi-. 448. Dissertation of the "Doctorat d'Etat es Science" at the University of Grenoble. The book is available from the author

.

(5258) ANALYTICAL METHODS OF CALCULATION OF THE UPLIFT ACTING ON GRAVITY DAMS BUILT ON PERVIOUS BASES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. B. 5. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engineering. The Catholic University

of America, Wash., D. C. 20017.

d) Theoretical.

e) Mathematical solution from recent foreign

literature is collected, summarized

and presented primarily for dam designers.

f) Completed.

h) "Nouvelle Methode d'Application de Quelques

Fonctions de la Variable Complexe aux Calculs

des Sous-Pressions Agissant sous les Ouvrages

de Retenue". Manuscript.

(b) Experimental part was supported by the National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. B. S. Browzin, Professor of Civil Engrg.,

The Catholic University of America, Wash.,

D. C. 20017.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced by

a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number of models with geometric boundaries

representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives

crossed by open channels. Experimental part concerning earth dams and earth massives on impervious foundations

completed. The theoretical part of the research completed for the case of rapid

drawdown in homogeneous dams. The theo- retical research of cases of gradual drawdown, of non-homogeneous dams, of tailwater

condition, and the drawdown in canals is intended to be continued this year.

(g) An approximate function, relating by

dimensionless parameters, the shape and

the position of free surface of flow through the earth dam, following rapid

reservoir drawdown, to the geometry of the

dam, was obtained theoretically and confirmed

by experiments.

(h) "Nichtstationare Sickerstromungen In homogenen Erddammen und Erdkorpern," pp. 280 Doctoral dissertation at the Rheinisch- Westfaelische Technlsche Hochschule Aachen,

1961. The book is available at the library

of the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa 2, Ontario.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDROLOGIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering

Section

.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agric.

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Jack N. V.'ashichek, Snow Survey Supervisor, Agricultural Engineering Section.

d) Field investigations; applied research.

e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow are being made at high ele- vations in Colorado and New Mexico mountain

areas for the purpose of forecasting the runoff of the principal rivers in the interest of irrigation, power, domestic

supplies, and other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is being tested to determine a factor of soil moisture deficiency for water supply fore- cast purposes. Most of the major basins now have two or more soil moisture stations in- stalled. Correlation of soil moisture and runoff is now being developed with the hope

that this information can be used as a factor in forecasting.

(g) Forecasts are now being issued at forty-four

gaging stations in Colorado and New Mexico.

As forecast procedures improve, additional

streams will be forecasted and other areas

of potential power and irrigation develop- ment will be investigated on the Colorado, San Juan, Animas and Arkansas Rivers.

(h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers Nos. 780, 781, 782, and 783 covering monthly snow reports for

all of Colorado and New Mexico. Nine small basin reports and one two-state

15
bulletin covering the South Platte River

watershed; Arkansas River watershed; Rio Grande watershed in Colorado; Rio Grande watershed in New Mexico; Dolores River watershed; San Juan and Animas River watershed; Gunnison River watershed; Colorado River

watershed; Yampa, White and North Platte

River watershed; Lower South Platte River watershed. Supplemental reports are issued January 1, May 15, and June 1. A summary of all back data was issued this

fall

.

A bulletin entitled "Snow Surveys in Colorado" will be ready for distribution

in December. This is co-authored by Norman A. Evans, Homer J. Stockwell and Jack N. Washlchek.

(821) GROUND WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELATION

TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. M. Skinner, Assistant Civil Engineer.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Semi-annual measurements of the depth to the water table in approximately 610 observation wells are presently being obtained. The Ground Water Branch of the U. S. Geological

Survey, Denver, Colorado are cooperating

in furnishing measurements for about 130 wells. The observation wells are primarily

existing irrigation wells in the South

Platte and Arkansas River Basins, the High

Plains area of eastern Colorado and the San Luis Valley. Electrical Power and Natural

Gas Consumption data are compiled and estimates of groundwater pumpage made. The purpose of the project is to detect areas

of ground-water depletion, to develop

relationships between gross pumpage and respective ground-water reservoir storage volume changes, and acquire basic data for ground-water studies in the various areas

of Colorado.

(g) Ground-water levels of the spring of 1964

are generally down as compared to the spring

of 1963 In the South Platte and Arkansas

River Basins and the San Luis Valley. Con- siderable ground-water pumpage is continuing

in the High Plains area of eastern Colorado

with some increase in pumping lifts resulting.

Reported electrical power consumption by electrical pumping during 1963 in Colorado amounted to approximately 190,000,000

kilowatt hours for 9295 pumping units.

(h) "Artificial Ground-Water Recharge in the Prospect Valley Area, Colorado," Agricultural Experiment Station, General Series

792, M. M. Skinner, Nov. 1963. "Colorado Ground-Water Levels - Spring 1964,"

CER64MMS9, May 1964, by M. M. Skinner.

(27 70) TURBULENCE STUDIES IN LIOUID USING ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENON.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The primary objective of the study is to determine the interaction between velocity

fluctuations produced by turbulence in the liquid flow and electrokinetic potential

fluctuations generated at a liquid-solid

Interface. Knowledge gained by this study will be applied to developing techniques

for measuring turbulence characteristics in luquids

.

(g) Probes constructed with electrode pairs have

been used to measure the distribution of turbulence intensities (three components)

and the turbulent shear stress across a diameter of a circular pipe. The distri- bution measured in water agree with those obtained by Laufer in air using a hot-wire

anemometer.

(h) "Electrokinetlc-Potential Fluctuations Generated by Jet Impingement", by L. Duckstein and J. E. Cermak. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, pp. 159-167,

] £64.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEASURING

DEVICES.

(b) Northern Plains Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, ARS, USDA

.

c) E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer.

d) Experimental, laboratory investigation;

applied research, operation and development.

(e) New and Improved devices and techniques for measurement of irrigation water are being

developed. Specific objectives are

(1) Design, evaluation and calibration of trapezoidal measuring flumes, (2) Design and evaluation devices for combined water measure- ment and control, and (3) Development of a probe using the drag on a suspended wire to indicate total flows, velocity distributions

and forces on sediment particles.

(g) The development of trapezoidal measuring

flumes is cor. ;;.nuing. Flumes with cross- sections corresponding to common slipform concrete ditches have been designed and calibrated. Two shapes of broadcrested weirs were evaluated with respect to their ability to measure flows accurately under high

degrees of submergence.

(3398) TURBULENT DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOW.

(b) National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service, U. S. Dept. of Health, Education

and Welfare, Washington, D. C. (c) Dr. J. E. Cermak.

(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral thesis.

(e) The objective of this project is to de- termine the Influence of geometrical factors

(land surface roughness, topography,

structures), and thermal and aerodynamical

factors (turbulence intensity and scale) upon atmospheric diffusion of heat and mass.

"Laws of modeling" or "similitude parameters',1 are sought by obtaining detailed data under

various conditions in the wind tunnel and by comparing them with similar data now existing for the atmospheric prototype.

(g) Application of a hypothesis of Lagrangian

similarity to particle motions in a turbulent shear flow near a solid boundary has yielded similarity parameters and relationships between them which correlate the windtunnel diffusion data and available diffusion

data obtained in the atmospheric surface layer

.

(h) "Wind Tunnel Modelling of Atmospheric

Diffusion," by R. C. Malhotra and J. E. Cermak, Journal of Geophysical Research,

Vol. 68, No. 8, April 1963. "Study of Diffusion from a Line Source in

a Turbulent Boundary Layer," by M. Foreh

and J. E. Cermak; International Journal

of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, 1964,

pp. 1083-1095.

"Mass Diffusion in Neutural and Unstably

Stratified Boundary-Layer Flows," by

R. C. Malhotra and J. E. Cermak; Inter- national Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 7, pp. 169-186, 1964. "Lagrangian Similarity Hypothesis Applied

to Diffusion in Turbulent Shear Flow,"

J. E. Cermak; Journal of Fluid Mechanics,

Vol. 15, pp. 49-64, 1963. "Characteristics of Diffusion Plumes

from a Point Source within a Turbulent Boundary Layer," by K. S. Davar, and

J. E. Cermak; International Journal of Air and Water Pollution, Vol. 8, pp. 339-

354, Dec. 1963.

(3400) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOW IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Norman A. Evans, Head, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering.

(d) Theoretical, laboratory experiment.

(e) Both laboratory and field studies have been

conducted. A tilting flume was used in the
j.auora"cory> and a portable truss to carry

a measuring carriage was used in the field. The purpose is to relate roughness in small channels to flow resistance.

(g) Resistance to flow in small channels does not follow the same relationships established for large channels. The standard deviation

of peak to valley heights was found to be a significant parameter, and a spectral density

description of roughness is being tested.

(h) "Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation," by Norman A. Evans, 1S62. See project No.

4296, page 112; Agricultural Research

Service

.

(3704) DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF COLORADO

BENTONITE IN SEALING IRRIGATION

CANALS AMD RESERVOIRS.

(b) State of Colorado.

(c) R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., project Leader

(d) Field investigation; applied research and development

.

(e) The work consists of three stages: (1) Inventory of clay deposits in Colorado with emphasis on those potentially usable in sealing canals and reservoirs. (2) Lab- oratory evaluation of clays from (1) above.

(3) Field trials in canals and reservoirs

with best clays found in (1) and (2) and evaluation of sealing results (initial and with time)

.

(g) Inventory and Testing — A total of 321 samples of Colorado clays were collected

and tested in the laboratory.

Development of Deposits and Field Trials —

Eight deposits have been developed com- mercially. Clays from these deposits were used in 132 trials in canals and ponds

during the three year project.

(h) A final report of the three-year project was prepared: "Evaluation of Colorado Clays

for Sealing Purposes," by R. D. Dirmeyer

and M. M. Skinner, CSU Tech. Bull. 83, Hay 1S64.

(3708) INVESTIGATIONS TO DEVELOP V/IHD TUNNEL

TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING ATMOSPHERIC GASEOUS

DIFFUSION IN MODEL VEGETATIVE SURFACES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering; and Mr.

E. J. Plate, Associate Professor.

(d) Laboratory research; basic research, applied research for thesis (doctoral)

.

(e) Diffusion of a gas (ammonia) into and out of

a model vegetated plane area of a wind

tunnel test section floor is to be studied. Using a test section 80 ft long and 6 x 5 ft in cross-section the turbulent boundary

layer in which diffusion occurs will be several times thicker than the vegetation

height. Using the basic equations of fluid

mechanics, an attempt will be made to establish criterion for application of the model data to prototype conditions. The criterion developed will be checked using

field data being obtained at Cornell University by the Agricultural Research

Service

.

(f) Completed.

(g) A study of diffusion from a line source into

a boundary layer over a flat, smooth plate has been completed. Results show that the diffusion pattern can be separated into different zones, according to distances

from the source in which different similarity laws are valid for the diffusion process.

(h) "Study of Diffusion from a Line Source in a Turbulent Boundary Layer"; International

Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 7, pp. 1083-1035, 1964, by M. Poreh and J. E. Cermak.

(4099) WAKE CHARACTERISTICS FOR BODIES OF REVOLUTION

WITH MOMENTUM ADDITION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Acting Dean of Engineering.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research,

(e; Turbulent and mean flow characteristics of wakes formed behind axlsymmetric and eliptical bodies have been studied experimentally in a wind tunnel using hot-wire

anemometers. Theoretical studies have

lead to explanations of all observed phe- nomena . (h) "Comments on Three Dimensional Effects in Viscous Wakes", Y. H. Kuo and L. V. Baldwin,

AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 6, pp. 1163-64

(June 1964).

"Decay of Turbulence in Axisymmetrlc Wakes",

N. H. C. Hwang and L. V. Baldwin, Paper

accepted for publication in ASME Trans- actions (early 1965).

(4100) ANALYSIS OF RIVER FLOW AND PRECIPITATION

SEQUENCES

.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) The study of fluctuations of river flow and precipitation has been contined.

(g) Fluctuations of flow and precipitation on an annual basis is a stochastic process with water carryover as the main factor of time dependence

.

(h) "Theoretical Frequency Functions of Best Fit to Distributions of Annual Precipitations

and Mean Annual River Flows, " by R. Markovic.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads and U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor of Civil Engineering.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

.

(e) A 825-ft long, 36-in. diameter conduit, movable on 43 supports on a hillside, is used as the main experimental facility to simulate and record free surface waves in pipes. The same waves are computed by using

a digital computer and then a comparison

is made. The ultimate purpose is a development of a set of routing methods to suit the desired accuracy and the quality of the initial and boundary data. The experimental part of the hydraulic study has progressed sufficiently during 1964 so that the analysis of data is underway,

(g) The analytical study for directing the research is being completed.

(4106) GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT.

b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Mr. R. A. Longenbaugh, Junior Civil Engineer

and M. W. Bittinger, Associate Civil Engineer.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) It is the purpose to study the operating

characteristics of ground water reservoirs

in Colorado. Specific studies include (1) natural recharge from ephemeral streams,

(2) electric analog study of High Plains

aquifer, (3) evaluation of natural recharge

to High Plains aquifer, and (4) comprehensive

analysis of well growth including quantities

of water pumped.

(g) (1) Kiowa Creek data analysis reveals in- fluence of ephemeral stream flow on irriga- tion wells. (2) Pumped water constitutes

large portion of irrigation supply in Arkansas and South Platte River valleys.

(3) Mathematical models have shown im- portance of priority of rights, aquifer

characteristics, ground water pumping

and consumptive demand on management of an integrated surface-ground water system.

(4108) WATERSHED HYDROLOGY.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

17
(c)

(d)

(':)

mo)

(f)

(4112) w

(c)

(d)

Dr. V. M. Yevdjevich, Prof, of Civil Engineering.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research. The research is concerned with floods from

small watersheds. It is being pursued in three phases: (l) Assembly of research data from actual floods on small watersheds, (2) physical experimental studies on a large

rainfall-runoff simulation area, and

(3) theoret cal studies of the relation

between flood hydrographs and the rainfall and catchment factors that affect them. Phase one is active, data collection having

progressed well; Phase Two is active in the planning stages, and Phase Three is active in the Initial stage.

"The Problem of Integrating Ground Water

and Surface Water Use," by Morton V/. Eittinger, Oct. 2, 1963. "Ground and Surface Water Relationships

Studied by Statistical Techniques,"

Robert A. Longenbaugh and Morton V,'. Bittinger,

Dec. 1953.. "Natural Ground Water Recharge fron; Creek, 1962 Progress Report," by R. Longenbaugh, Feb. 1963.

oy

Kiowa

A.

TURBULENT AIR MOTION IN THE HIGH ROCKIES

IN RELATION TO THE WATER YIELD OF UPPER

WATERSHEDS. Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. Herbert Riehl, professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

Field, basic and applied.

The structure of the turbulent wind eddies,

which produce the exchange of momentum

between atmosphere and ground in the high

mountains, is unknown. Yet these have sufficient force for the most part to blow

the snow away from the mountain slopes above timberline. This snow in part drifts Into high-altitude basins where it accumulates in depth augmenting the summer water supply; in part it drifts on slopes where it readily

evaporates. Much interest has been shown in the possibility of channeling the drift so that a substantially higher fraction goes

into the basins. Technologically this appears to be feasible. E X any construction

is dependent on knowledge of the turbulence

spectrum, especially on the first day following snowfall. In order to determine this

spectrum, a first installation containing

electronic wind and temperature measuring

instruments have been established above timberline in the Central Colorado Rockies. Field experiments starting in winter of 1963-64.

THE DISCHARGE OF MAJOR WESTERN RIVERS IN RELATION TO THE GENERAL CIRCULATION 0? THE ATMOSPHERE

.

Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Herbert Riehl, Professor of Atmospheric

Science

.

Basic research,

(e) The discharge of major western rivers

(Colorado, Columbia, Sacramento, Rio Grande) has fluctuations with the order of magnitude

of the mean annual discharge itself. These fluctuations are brought about mainly by

variations in precipitation yield and by variable evaporation. Heavy precipi- tation may result from seasonal conditions

favorable for the recurrence of cyclones

over headwater areas. High evaporation,

requiring weeks of abnormally dry and warm conditions, must be a manifestation of general circulation anomalies of longer

duration. The objective of the study is

(1) to separate the "systematic" and "random" components of the precipitation, and (2) to determine the controls for the systematic

anomalies of precipitation and evaporation.

(4114) GRAVEL FILTER FOR TILE DRAINS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Norman A. Evans, Agricultural Engineer.

(d) Applied; experimental.

(e) Gravels classed as "pit-run" meeting the criteria for sand filters previously

established were used in cylinders simu- lating mole drains to determine the flow capacity of such drains.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tortuosity Is a significant geometric

property of filter gravels as regards to their permeability.

(h) "Gravel Fill for Mole Drains," by G. D. Blnfield. M.S. Thesis, Colorado State University Library, 1964.

(4606) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN TURBULENT SHEAR

FLOW.

(b) Department of the Army.

(c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engineering

Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Mr.

E. J. Plate, Assoc. Professor, and Mr.

V. A. Sandborn, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental research; basic research, doctoral theses.

(e) The effects of surface roughness and surface heating or cooling upon the structure of turbulence in boundary layer flow will be determined. The flows investigated will be those existing on the heated or cooled floor

of a wind-tunnel test section 6 x 6 ft in cross section and 80 ft long. Space-time

correlations, joint probability densities,

spectra and intensities of the turbulent velocities and temperatures will be ob- tained by hot-wire techniques and special

analog computers employing magnetic tape

input

.

Efforts are being made to determine the diffusion characteristics for instantaneous

point and line sources of heat and mass located within the turbulent boundary layer. This work is another way in which the effect

of vertical temperature gradients and the turbulent boundary layer effect the turbulence structure.

(g) A 2.5 x 10" 5 inch diameter, 90$ platinum-10$

rhodium wire was evaluated as a resistance

thermometer. From steady state evaluation

of the wire physical properties the transient response of the wire was predicted. The predictions agree well with measured time constants for the wire. The bare wire with

a detection current of 0.1 milllamps will have a sensitivity of approximately .07 millivolts per 0 F. The frequency response of the wire in still air is 3200 cycles per second and this increased to approximately

6000 cycles In a moving air stream of 100 feet per second. The recent measurements of spectra within the neutral turbulent boundary layer over the roughened floor of the wind tunnel show very close agreement with turbulent spectra

reported for water flow In an ocean tidal channel and for air flow of the sea surface.

(h) "Local Isotropy in Wind Tunnel Turbulence",

by V. A. Sandborn and R. D. Marshall, 1964.

(4608) TURBULENCE DATA ANALYSIS SYSTEM.

(b) Department of the Army and National Center

for Atmospheric Research.

(c) V. A. Sandborn, Associate Professor.

(d) Laboratory development.

(e) The system employing magnetic tape input

is designed to yield the following information: (1) spectra (10 -3 to 104 cycles/

second), (2) joint probability densities,

(3) root-mean-squares, and (4) space-time

correlation

.

(4611) PERMEABILITY AND CAPILLARY PRESSURE RELATED

TO MEDIA PROPERTIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering.

18
(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) The study involves an investigation of a tentative theory describing how the functional relationship between relative permeability and relative capillary pressure

is related to measurable properties of porous media.

(f) Completed.

(g) A theory describing the interrelation between capillary pressure, liquid and gas permeability, and liquid saturation has been developed and verified experimentally. The results have been used to develop criteria

for similitude in models for studying flow

in partially saturated soils.

(h) "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media and Their Relation to Drainage Design," by R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, Transactions ASAE,

Vol. 7, No. 1, 1964. "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media," by

R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, CSU Hydrology

Paper No. 3, March 1964.

(4612) TRANSPORT OF PARTICLES THROUGH UNSATURATED

SOILS.

(b) Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Bureau of State Service.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Prof, of Agricultural

Engineering.

(d) Applied; experimental.

(e) The objective of this research is to de- termine to what extent the transport of solid particles by water flowing through

soil may be affected by the degree of saturation of soil. The term "soil" is Interpreted broadly as Including sands and gravels as well as agricultural soils. The

solid particles to be considered in this study will be of sizes and shapes corres- ponding to that of viruses.

(f) Active, continuing.

(g) A considerable amount of data has been accumulated which show that soils (and even

sand) have a considerable capacity to adsorb virus-like particles. If, however,

a continuous supply of these particles are supplied over a period of time, sand will eventually lose Its capacity to retain additional particles. Under the latter

conditions virus-like particles may be transmitted for considerable distances

through sands (even fine sands)

.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR.

(b) Department of Commerce, Bureau of Public

Roads, Hydraulic Research Division.

(c) Mr. S. S. Karaki, Associate Frofessor and

Dr. H. W. Shen, Assoc. Professor.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A theoretical study of the mechanics of local scour is under way to develop basic equations for determining local scour. Basic experiments will be undertaken

simultaneously to assist theoretical de- velopment . (h) "Mechanics of Local Scour, Part II, Bibliography," S. 3. Karaki and Haynie,

Annual Report prepared for U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State University,

CER633Sk46, Nov. 1963.

(5161) CHANGE IN DUALITY OF DRAINAGE EFFLUENT FROM IRRIGATION PROJECTS USING A VISCOUS FLOW ANALOGY MODEL.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Assoc. Civil Engineer,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The study is designed to determine quality

change (with time) of tile drainage effluent under various aquifer and geometry

conditions

.

(g) Results - Dimensionless curves have been prepared relating quality of effluent to time, permeability, porosity, tile spacing, and distance above impermeable layer,

and recharge rate for uniform aquifers.

Additional studies are being conducted on layered aquifers,

(h) "Quality of Effluent from Drains in an Aquifer Containing Saline Water," D. E. L. Maasland and M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State Univ.,

CER64DELM-MWB17, May 1964.

(5164) FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, Civil Engineering Section and Northern

Plains Soil and Water Conservation Re- search Division, ARS, USDA

.

(c) Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief, Civil Engineering Research Section, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental laboratory and basic research which involves staff and graduate student participation leading to M.S. and Ph.D. degrees.

(e) This project has the general objective of developing and Improving devices and techniques for the measurement of irri- gation water. The present activity Includes:

(1) The further development of the semi- conductor strain gage method of measuring

velocity in pipes and open channels and its utilization to measure the velocity

distribution above and very close to both

smooth and rough boundaries in open channels, and (2) continued studies of the trapezoidal

measuring flumes, control structures for alluvial channels and other metering devices.

(g) A suspension wire probe involving use of semiconductor strain gages has been developed

to measure average velocity in pipes and essentially point velocities in open channels. The probe is being further modified

to measure velocity very close to boundaries.

Also, a pipe insert flow meter is being

developed

.

(h) "A Flume Study of Velocity Distribution

with the Suspension Wire Probe," by

James Bruce Bole, May 1964. "Pipe Insert Flow Meter," by M. S. Abdallah and D. B. Simons, June 1964.

(5165) HYDRAULICS.

(c)

(g)

(h)

Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Civil Engineering Section.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Acting Chief, Civil Engineering Research Section, Colo. State

Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Basic hydraulic research. This research Is in hydraulics oriented

toward agriculture and Irrigation. The principal areas under study include, fall velocity, sediment transport, resistance to flow in alluvial channels with limited re- search on rigid boundary hydraulics

Including loss In bends and the mechanics

of flow In alluvial channels.

A study has been completed on the fall velocity of gravel size particles. Reports

are In preparation on resistance to flow

In open channels, bed material transport

In open channels, and design of stable channels

.

"Terminal Fall Velocity of Particles of Irregular shape as Affected by Surface

Area," by George R. Alger, July 1964. "Design of Stable Channels In Alluvial

Material," by Richard M. Haynie, May

1964. "Sedimentary Structures Generated by

Flow in Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons,

E. V. Richardson and C. F. Nordin, May

1964.

"A Study of Variables Affecting Flow Characteristics and Sediment Transport

in Alluvial Channels," by D. B. Simons and

E. V. Richardson, 1964.

(5393) MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESERVOIRS

FACE WATER SUPPLIES.

SUR-

(b) Colorado Water Conservation Board.

19
c) M. W. Bittinger, Associate Professor,

dj Theoretical and experimental; and applied

research

.

(e) A study of operation and management of ground

water reservoirs which are in hydraulic

connection with appropriated stream flow.

It is the purpose of this study to develop

practical conjunctive-use plans so as to alleviate water right conflicts, Increase beneficial use and stablize water supplies

for junior appropriators

.

(g) Systems analysis studies have been completed

on simple hypothetical stream-aquifer systems.

(h) "The Problem of Integrating Ground Water

and Surface Water Use," by Morton W. Bittinger. Issue of Ground Water, Vol. 2, No. 3, July 1964. "Stream-Aquifer System Analysis for Con- junctive-Use Operations," by All Eshett and Morton W. Bittinger. CER64AE-MWB29

.

(5394) ECONOMICS OF WATER TRANSFER: AN INSTI- TUTIONAL APPRAISAL.

(b) State of Colorado Experiment Station - Western

Regional Project W-81.

(c) L. M. Hartman, D. A. Seastone and R. L. Anderson

.

(d) Theoretical, field investigation, basic re- search and applied research.

(e) The study was set up to investigate and com- pare various organizations and procedures,

which control the use of water in terms of their respective acheivement of allocative

efficiency. Also, to Investigate and esti- mate demand functions for water in various uses and investigate complimentary and com- petatlve relationships between uses, with emphasis on the implications of these re- lationships for organizational arrangements.

(g) The project has just been initiated and present accomplishments include a rather comprehensive study f the organization of the Northern Colorado Conservancy District.

(5395) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AFFECTING WATER SUPFLIES ON IRRIGATION PROJECTS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) R. E. Dlls and J. R. Meiman.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to evaluate the use of dye solutions as a method of determining water yields from watershed subdivisions, (2) to test snow surface additives for the suppression of evaporation and control of snow melt and

(3) to study such additional watershed management measures as are suggested by the work and which offer promise of successful application to Bureau projects.

(5396) EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE STUDY- ARICKAREE RIVER.

(b) Colorado Ground Water Commission.

(c) Mr. Robert A. Longenbaugh, Instructor.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the feasibility and practicality of arti- ficial ground water recharge with Eastern Colorado ephemeral- stream flood flows using

temporary low-cost structures. The project

will include the design and evaluation of several different types of recharge structures. • (g) Recharge sites have been selected and the design of the low cost spreading structures

is now in progres . Construction Is planned

for January 1, 1965, thus allowing for collection and recharge of spring and

summer runoffs. Recharge data is dependent upon runoff flows.

(5397) PUMPING PLANT EFFICIENCY STUDIES.

(b) KC, Highline and YW Rural Electric Associations, Kansas-Nebraska and Plateau Natural

Gas Companies, and Colorado Farm Power

Council

.

(c) Mr. R. A. Longenbaugh, Instructor, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

d) Field investigation and operation.

e) This Is a part of an Interdepartmental

study that is being conducted to determine

the pumping costs for the deep well turbine irrigation pumps in Eastern Colorado. Both

Natural Gas and Electric pumping plants will

be evaluated. Efficiency data will also be used to calculate the total quantity of water pumped from the aquifer.

(g) Efficiency data have been collected from

68 deep well turbine pumps and the analysis

of pumping costs Is underway. For most of the pumping plants it was observed that the pumps were pumping less water and from a greater depth than the farmer expected.

(h) Progress report planned for Jan. 1, 1965.

( 5398) ELECTROKINETIC-POTENTIAL- FLUCTUATION METHOD FOR INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT

FLOW.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics in charge of Fluid Mechanics

Program, Civil Engineering Section,

Foothills Campus, CSU.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) A systematic study is being made of the response of electrode probes to electro- kinetic fluctuations produced by turbulence

in flowing water. An effort is being made

to determine directional sensitivity of the probes and to optimize their design for use

In measuring turbulence characteristics in water. Work in the effect of dissolved

salts and different electrode materials on response of the probes Is underway.

(5399) TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF GASES.

(b) U. S. Army Electronics Material Agency.

(c) J. E. Cermak, Prof, of Engrg. Mech. in charge of Fluid Mechanics Program, Civil Engineering Sec, Foothills Campus, CSU.

(d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) Turbulent diffusion of tracer gas in the turbulent boundary layer is being studied. Two main problems are being studied; (1) turbulent diffusion downstream from a 2- dimensional "hill" and (2) diffusion over and in a simulated vegetated region. In both cases the boundary layer is stratified by either heating or cooling.

(5400) CHEMICAL SEALING OF WATER CONVEYANCES.

(b) State of Colorado.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr.

(dj Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and development.

(e) The purpose of this project is to develop

practical, fast and low-cost design pro- cedures for utilizing chemicals, such as NaCl and NagC03, for pond sealing purposes.

The work is including laboratory evalu- ations and field trials.

(g) A new project initiated July 1963. As of November 1964 1 field trial has been in- stalled. Laboratory evaluations to be completed prior to 5 additional field trials are nearing completion.

(5401) DIFFUSION IN SHEAR FLOWS.

b) Health, Education and Welfare, State services.

c) Dr. J. E. Cermak, Professor of Engineering

Mechanics and In-Charge of Fluid Mechanics

Program, and Dr. L. V. Baldwin, Acting

Dean, College of Engineering.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A study of turbulent diffusion in turbulent boundary layers with varying degrees of thermal stability is being conducted in the micrometeorological wind tunnel. One specific goal is to determine the effect of molecular diffuslvity of a diffusing gas upon the overall diffusion rate.

20
(5402) RESEARCH INITIATION - MEANDERING IN STRAIGHT ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) H. W. Shen, Associate Professor.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) This is to study the generation of secondary- currents between the smooth and rough

boundaries in an open channel. The develop- ment of secondary currents in the flow is the cause of forming alternating scour holes

(commonly known as meander pattern) on the alluvial channel bed.

(5403) SLOT JET INVESTIGATION.

(b) Kalium Chemical Limited.

(c) V. M. Yevdjevich, Professor,

id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The diffusion of submerged circular and two- dimensional jets have been well studied. This Investigation refers to slot jet

deflection, with various width-length ratio

of slots. The time-average velocity dis- tributions, as well as flow rate, momentum

and energy changes with distance from the orifice are investigated.

(g) The distribution of velocities as function

of length-width ratio of slot jets have been

determined.

(5404) REMOTE SNOW MEASURING DEVICE.

(b) Jointly with Soil Conservation Service, Forest Service and U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

c) Jack N. Wahichek, Supervisor, USDA and SCS.

d) Field Investigation; operation and develop- ment . (e) This device is a 12-foot diameter pillow

filled with antifreeze which indicates water

content of the snow at the site. This is achieved by the use of a manometer in- dicating pressure on the pillow. This data can be recorded on standard A-35 or F Recorder or telemetered to any area for

reception. Purpose is to develop some instrument to gather continuous data relating

to snow pack In the mountainous areas. It will also Indicate duration, and intensity

of each snow storm. This equipment could be installed in unaccessible areas.

(5405) GROUND WATER IN HIGH PLAINS OF COLORADO.

b) Plateau Natural Gas Company.

c) M. W. Bittinger, Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Section.

d) Thesis.

e) A study of ground water management problems

and needs In the High Plains of Colorado.

f) Completed.

g) Natural ground water recharge is negligible

to potential development and sound management

is needed, based on physical, legal and economic considerations.

(h) "Some Aspects of Ground Water Development in the Northern Portion of the Colorado High

Plains," by E. B. Jones. Ph.D Dissertation, Colorado State University, June 1964.

(5406) EVALUATING STREAM FOLLUTION IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER NEAR DENVER, COLORADO USING

AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

(b) Civil Engineering Section, Engineering Re- search Center, Colorado State University,

Ft. Collins, Colorado.

(c) M. M. Skinner.

(d) Field investigation and applied research.

(e) Four film types (black and white, black and white infra-red, color and color infra-red) have been used to photograph a stretch of the South Platte River in the vicinity of Denver, Colorado. The purpose of the study

Is to (1) Detect the location of outfalls;

(2) observe the photographic impression of pollution in the stream; (3) determine film types most suitable for detecting stream

pollution; and (4) develop photo interpretive

techniques applicable to stream pollution

studies in general.

(5407) WATERSHED ENVIRONMENT AND MICROBIAL DYNAMICS.

(b) Public Health Service, Water Pollution.

(c) S. M. Morrison.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) A study of the effects of physical and biological environmental factors upon the microbial dynamics of mountain water sources with emphasis upon improved laboratory and field methods. To gain information on the subject of surface water pollution by com- prehensive study of the physical, chemical,

and biological factors which affect the growth, survival, and distribution of bacterial organisms that are potential

enteric pathogens or that are potential

indicators of water pollution. Study

area in field is the Cache LaPoudre River at elevation 6000/9000 ft. Lab- oratory studies include refrigerator

water-bath similator of the microbial

environment

.

(g) An improved membrane f ilter--enrichment

medium technique developed for detecting

enteric bacteria.

(h) First year report and publications in preparation

.

(5408) GEOLOGIC FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DEVELOPMENT AND HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MOUNTAIN BOGS AND MEADOWS.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(c) B. C. Goodell.

(dj Field investigation and thesis.

(e) The basic objectives of this study are:

(1) To map bedrock of study area(s):

(2) to log the overlying regolith(s);

(3) interpret the information obtained

in terms of geologic history and current characteristics of water recharge,

storage, and discharge; and (4) to conduct limited tests of these inter- pretations with tracer techniques.

(5409) FHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS-SEDIMENT YIELDS, AND STORM HYDROLOGY OF TOO SMALL COLORADO

FRONT RANGE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Colorado Game, Fish, and Parks Dept.

(cj E. E. Farmer.

Id) Field Investigation and Thesis.

(e) The major objectives of this study are

to: (1) Determine present watershed

use and conditions contributing to sediment production and movement and depressed water quality; (2) determine

stream bank, channel, and stream dis- charge conditions contributing to sediment production and movement and depressed water quality; and (3) deter- mine present water quality as related

to flow regime. These studies are being

conducted on selected tributaries of the North Fork of the Cache LaPoudre watershed

.

(5410) WATER UTILIZATION STUDY - ARKANSAS RIVER

BASIN-COLORADO.

(b) State of Colorado.

(c) M. M. Skinner, Asst. Civil Engineer,

Civil Engineering Section Foothills

Campus, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Field investigation and applied re- search . (e) A water resource inventory (ground water and surface water) and water utilization study for a 15-county area

In South Eastern Colorado. Summary

of potential water users to benefit

from a new trans-mountain water diversion

project and alternate plans for use.

21
Summary of future water needs. Compilation

to be used for planning new developments In the area.

(5411) FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FLOW OF SUBSOIL WATER IN THE IMMEDIATE PROXIMITY OF AND

INTO DRAINAGE FACILITIES.

(X>) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) The work underway in Colorado is for the purpose of perfecting techniques of porous media modeling. When these techniques have

been perfected sufficiently a laboratory

model of a large field installation will be constructed in the Hydraulics Laboratory. Work to date has established what soil parameters need to be taken into account when a model media is selected. More work needs

to be done to determine how to create a satis- factory model medium to satisfy the specific

requirements of a model of a particular

drainage facility. Work presently

underway is intended to accomplish the latter

objective

.

(g) If the problems relating to the construction

of valid porous media models can be overcome,

it will be possible to solve many problems

associated with flow into drains that are much

too complex for analytical solutions. It is hoped that construction of a laboratory model

can begin during the coming year.

(h) "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media," R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey, Colorado State University Hydrology Paper Mo. 3, March

1964. "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media and Their Relation to Drainage Design," by

R. H. Brooks, and A. T. Corey. Transactions

of the ASAE, Vol. u, No. 1, 1S64.

(5412) HYDRCMETEOROLOGY OF WESTERN RIVER BASINS.

(b) Office of Naval Research.

(c) H. Riehl and J. Rasmussen.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to find relationships between the large-scale

circulation features of the atmosphere

as they affect precipitation over large western watersheds. The study covers daily precipitation and longer period

precipitation extending to months and seasons. Computations of daily precipitation minus evaporation from moisture

flux computations are being computed with

the purpose of obtaining estimates of the evaporation over the basin. The watersheds studied are the Colorado River Basin and the Sacramento River Basin.

(g) The precipitation regimes of the Colorado

river basin have been determined and some circulation features associated with wet and dry periods have been found and the results published in reports listed below.

(h) "Some Aspects of Colorado River Precipitation, Part I, Precipitation Regimes

over the Upper Colorado River," William

Marlatt and Herbert Riehl, J. Geoph. Res.,

68, 6447-6458, 1963. "Part II. Precipitation Episodes in the Upper Colorado

River Basin," Herbert Riehl and R. L. Elsberry, Geofisica pura e Applicata,

57, 213-220, 1964. "Some Aspects of the Monthly Atmospheric

Circulation Affecting Monthly Precipitation

over the Colorado River Basin," J. Rasmussen, Technical Paper No. 46, Dec. 1963.

(5413) IMPACT OF LAND USE ON WATER QUALITY WITHIN

A FORESTED MOUNTAIN WATERSHED.

(b) Experiment Station, Mclntyre-Stenni s

.

(c) James R. Melman.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) The objectives of this study are to assess present water quality characteristics within a forested mountain watershed

•at varying natural flow regimes under land

use conditions of limited development to non- use, and to measure the effects of multiple

land use management —including road construction, logging, recreational developments,

and grazlng--on water quality.

CORNELL AERONAUTICAL LABORATORY, INC.

(5193) THEORETICAL STUDY OF HYDROFOIL FLUTTER

CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221.

d) Applied research (theoretical).

e) The purpose of this investigation is to formulate the two-degree-of -freedom flutter determinant of a two-dimensional

hydrofoil near the free surface and, then,

to compute flutter boundaries for various values of system parameters.

(5194) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF FORCES AND

MOMENTS ON AN OSCILLATING HYDROFOIL WITH AN OSCILLATING FLAP.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221.

d) Applied research (theoretical).

e) The objective of this study is to compute the lift, total moment and hinge moment for a fully-wetted oscillating hydrofoil with an oscillating flap from the exact, linearized,

two-dimensional potential solution. The solution to be used takes full account of the surface waves caused by the hydrofoil.

(5363) UNSTEADY FORCES AND MOMENTS ON A TWO- DIMENSIONAL FULLY CA VITATED HYDROFOIL.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Irving C. Statler, Head, Applied

Mechanics Dept., Cornell Aeronautical

Laboratory, Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, New York 14221.

(d) Applied research (theoretical).

(e) The purpose of the project is to determine

the steady and unsteady forces and moments

on a fully cavitated hydrofoil operating

near a free surface. The approach being

taken to this general problem is to use linearized flow theory to examine the forces

and moments on a fully cavitating flat plate

executing either steady or harmonic motion

near a free surface. Full account is taken

of the gravity waves generated by the motion

of the foil-cavity system and cavitation

numbers greater than or equal to zero are considered

.

(5364) RADAR INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMICS OF WATER

PARTICLE MOTION IN WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. James W. Ford, Head, Applied Physics

Dept., Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory,

Inc., P. 0. Box 235, Buffalo, N. Y. 14221.

d) Applied research (experimental).

e) This project is an experimental investigation

of the interaction between water waves and electromagnetic radiation in the microwave

region. Of particular importance will be to determine the relation between the motion of water waves and the statistical properties

of the backscattered microwaves. The results will indicate the usefulness of radar to make remote measurements of velocity

characteristics of the sea surface.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

!

' 2
Engineering.

(5285) SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGRAPHS AND WATER SURFACE PROFILES FOR UNSTEADY OPEN CHANNEL FLOW WITH LATERAL INFLOWS.

(b) Ph.D. thesis research, supported by U.S.D.A.- A.R.S.-Soil and Water Conservation Research

Division, Cooperative Agreement No. 12-14-100-2433(41)

.

(c) Asst. Frof. R. D. Black, 118 Riley-Robb

Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Experimental and theoretical approach to flood routing for application in streams with

significant lateral inflow. This is applied research and a Ph.D. thesis study.

(e) This study is a numerical analysis of the complete differential equations for open channel flow. Experimental data for channel roughness and stage discharge relationships

were used to route a flood through a reach

of channel with lateral inflows added along

the length of the routing reach. The numerical solutions were carefully compared

with flood wave movements through a 72 foot long experimental channel. The purpose

of this work was to develop a method for flood routing in streams where lateral in- flow within the routing reach is significant.

f) Completed.

g) The numerical analysis of flood wave movements was in very good agreement with the experimental flood wave movements predicting

stages and discharges within This method should be adaptable in the field if a high speed computer is available to those wishing to use the method. Certain field

data necessary for this solution may not be readily attainable but may be deduced

from previous hydrographs and in a fashion

similar to that used by many present methods.

(h) This thesis will be produced as a Cornell University Water Resources paper and will

be available by March, 1965, from the Cornell Water Resources Center.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(4531) SECONDARY CURRENTS IN NON-CIRCULAR CONDUITS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, New York.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Those secondary currents caused by Reynold's

stresses in straight, non-circular conduits

are being studied. A triangular open channel

is being used. Measurements are to be taken by the hot-film anemometer.

(g) A quantitative theory has been developed and

is being tested.

(5039) PRESSURES DUE TO SUDDEN DRAWDOWN IN EARTH EMBANKMENTS

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. A. Liggett, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Theoretical and experimental} basic and applied

research.

(e) The equations for unsteady flow in porous media

are being solved to find the pressures and

free surface shape resulting from sudden draw- down in a porous media. Both analytical and numerical techniques are being used. Experimental work is conducted on a Hele-Shaw model.

(h) "Pore-Water Pressures Developed in a Homogeneous Earth Embankment During Sudden Drawdown",

J. A. Liggett and M. I. Esrig, Cornell Water

Resources Center Report WRC-64-1, 1964.

(5040) FRICTIONAL EFFECTS IN RIVERS AND WATERWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Under study are different American, English,

Indian, Swiss and Austrian rivers and waterways. The data investigated are fur- nished by the different governmental offices.

(g) Report to be published soon.

(5041) VARIATION OF KARMAN'S K-VALUE IN FIPES CARRYING SUSPENSIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y.

d) Theoretical.

e) A study of the Karman "K" value, as it appears in the logarithmic velocity dis- tribution equation in an open channel shows considerable variation of its value de- pendent on the concentration. Under investi- gation in this research project is a closed

pipe with varied concentration of sediment pumped through. Data are already obtained.

(5302) SETTLING VELOCITIES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS IN A TURBULENT ENVIRONMENT

.

b) U. S. Public Health Service.

c) Dr. J. A. Liggett or Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The research concerns the effect of turbulence

on suspended solids and the rate of settle- ment of suspended solids.

(5303) RECESSION HYDROGRAFHS OF IDEALIZED UNCON- FINED AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. V.'. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A Hele-Shaw model has been constructed to study the different parameters affecting

drainage from large unconfined geological

formations into stream channels. The ob- tained ground water recession hydrographs

are compared with those derived from previous

theoretical, but approximate, solutions. New theoretical analyses are being developed.

(5304) INVESTIGATIONS ON TWO-FHASE FLOW PROBLEMS.

b) College of Engineering, Cornell University.

c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell Univ,

Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

d) Experimental and theoretical research.

e) Various problems encountered in solid- liquid mixture transport are under investigation. Measuring devices for water solid mixtures will be developed.

(5305) THE PHYSICAL PHENOMENA INVOLVED IN FAN EVAPORATION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

d) Theoretical and experimental.

e) Evaporation is being measured from a number

of insulated shallow pans of different

sizes and colors. These experimental re- sults and simultaneous climatological data will be used to check and extend some theoretical models of the hydrodynamics--

and also of the energy budget aspects of pan evaporation and evaporation in general.

(5306) THE HYDRAULICS OF POROUS MEDIA

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. 14850

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) An analysis is being made of moisture

characteristic curves of porous media to describe the pore size distribution by

mathematical equations. These distributions

are used to calculate hydraulic properties

of the media.

23
(h) "On Pore Size Distribution and Relative

Permeabilities of Porous Mediums," Wilfried

Brutsaert, Jour. Geoph. Res., Vol. 68, No.

8, pp 2233-2235, 1963.

(5307) MECHANICS OP INFILTRATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. H. Brutsaert, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

d) Theoretical.

e) The micro hydrological equations of un- saturated flow in porous media are being

investigated and solved for different boundary conditions. The results of the mathematical analysis are extended to develop Infiltration equations for larger

areas or for an entire watershed.

(5308) END- DEPTH STUDIES IN CHANNELS WITH MILD

SLOPE

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. H. Graf, Hollister Hall, Cornell

Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. 14850.

(d) Applied research.

(e) The ultimate scope Is to find end-depth

relationship for channels with different

geometries.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

Section, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(4123) STUDIES ON MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW

.

b) Laboratory and U.D.R.F. project.

c) Department of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. H. Frey, Professor, Univ. of Delaware, Newark,

Del. 19711.

(d) Experimental; basic, applied research; educational aid.

(e) New tests to verify the method of flow control by cusps designs based on potential vortex motion theory: (a) The recent review

of the theory considered stability criteria

for flow control and suggested specific

shapes for two dimensional models. Our objective was to test such models in water

and air flow at a large range of velocities.

The cusps were 16 and 32 inches wide (span) and 3 and 6 inches deep. Studies in water

comprised free surface flow as well as fully submerged objects with and without

end plates. (b) In addition, a three dimensional plexiglass cusp diffuser model has been constructed for extension of previous tests: inlet diameter is 6 Inches,

enlarged section is 12 inches diameter;

the model approximately 10 ft. long is under study in water and air flow.

(g) None of the tests verified the applicability

of the known theory for flow control in water and air flow. Test results encourage further studies of the phenomena.

(h) Previous progress report presented as paper: "Tests on Flow Development in Diffusers,"

K. P. H. Frey and N . C. Vasuki, Symposium

on Fully Separated Flows, pp. 40 to 47, ASME Fluids Engineering Division Conference,

Philadelphia, Pa., May 18-20, 1964. Unpublished results of the new tests (stimulated by the paper "Discussion of Problems Associated VJith Standing Vortices

and Their Applications", F. 0. Ringleb,

same reference, pp. 33-39) have been shown

at that conference by K. P. H. Frey and

N. C. Vasuki.

(5049) TURBULENT FLOW OF NON -NEWTONIAN SUSPENSIONS.

b) UDRF project

.

c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. Iraj Zandl,

Asst. Professor, Univ. of Delaware, Newark,

Del. 19711.

d) Analytical and experimental.

e) Development of analytical technique for prediction of head loss in a closed conduit

due to transport of suspension. The study

is based on the boundary-layer theory in a turbulent flow with the consideration of the fact that the flow becomes non-Newtonian

as the concentration of the solid in sus- pension increases. The equation will predict head losses in a pipe from only basic Theo- logical properties of the field,

(g) The differential equations of motion for laminar, buffer and turbulent zones are developed for flo', of non-Newtonian sus- pensions in pipes. Velocity profile data for non-Newtonian fluids which behave according to the power model are taken from literature and compared with the model developed (with the aid of the computer). Excellent results are obtained for the turbulent and laminar regions. More study

is needed to establish the validity of the model in the case of buffer zone.

(5050) URBAN HYDROLOGIC STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project and ^artly Storm Drainage

Project of The Johns Hopkins University.

(c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. Iraj Zandi,

Asst. Professor, Univ. of Delaware, Newark,

Del. 10711.

d) Applied research.

e) Hydrologic study of the effect of urbanization upon relationship between rainfall

and runoff. Two completely defined areas

are gaged and precipitation and runoff is continuously recorded. These two areas consist of two adjacent sections of East Cleveland Avenue in Newark, Delaware. Rainfall measurements are obtained by the use of two tipping bucket rain gages, one being Installed on each area. East Cleveland Avenue is a bituminous paved street 44 feet wide having concrete curb as gutter sections. The physical characteristics of areas are indicated below: Area (1) 0.636 Acres; 1C0^ impervious; with average slope of 3.35^. Area (2) .355 acres; ICO,"? impervious; with average slope of 0.58fS. The runoff is measured by a S-and a 12-Inch parshall flume,

(g) Collection of data is continued during 1S54

season and a partial analysis of data is undertaken

.

(5365) 5LIF VELOCITY IN TWO-PHASE FLOW (SOLID- Liruil ,

.

ib) Laboratory project.

(c) Dept of Civil Engineering, Dr. Iraj Zandi, Asst. Prof., Univ. of Delaware, Newark,

Del. 19711.

(d) Analytical and experimental research for M.S. thesis.

(e) In study of suspension flow in pipes a major

factor to be considered is slip velocity

(difference of velocity between solid particles and fluid). There seems to be a direct relationship between slip velocity and dif- ferential head loss (difference of head loss between suspension flow and clear water flow

for the same mean velocity) . The purpose of this study is to determine the slip velocity.

(g) The experimental set up is completed and is ready for test. A reference book on diverse

flow phenomena comprising approximately 240 flow pattern photographs is expected to be completed in 1965 by K. P. H. Frey in collaboration with N. C. Vasuki. Most recent results will be included in this work.

(5366) OPEN LOOP WIND TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dept. of Civil Engineering, Dr. K. P. H. Frqr, Univ. of Delaware, Newark, Del. 19711.

(d) Design, operation, development.

(e) The previous closed loop wind tunnel (10 H.P, test section 18 x 18 x 48 Inches) is now

24
operated with an open loop. Test section 12

ft. long. Nozzle contraction ratio increased

from 2 to 10.8. Purpose: Improvement at low costs.

(f) Active, completed for certain operations in November 1964.

(g) Reduced turbulence, vibrations, heat generation; Increased velocity; greater flexi- bility of work.

UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE, Department of Mechanical

Engrg.

(4556) DRAG REDUCTION BY BOUNDARY LAYER GAS INJECTION, (INCLUDING STABILITY CONSIDERATIONS).

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. B. Seldel, Prof. J. P. Harnett, Prof. R. Frey, (Civil Engineering) Univ. of Delaware,

Newark, Delaware.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; master's and doctoral thesis.

(e) The possibility of reducing the skin-friction

drag of a body moving through a liquid by

ejecting air from the body is being investigated. Measurements of the drag on a flat plate are being obtained. The stability of the gas film is being analyzed.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Dr. Per Bruun, Head, Coastal Engineering Laboratory,

University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.

(3413) INLET STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Study of the stability of coastal inlets.

(4127) FLUORESCENT TRACING OF SEDIMENT IN COASTAL

AREAS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search . (e) Tracing of sediment drift on beach and offshore bottoms by means of injected fluorescent material.

(g) Statistical sampling methods, rapid measurement fluorescent tracer concentration by

electronic scanners, a new longshore current theory and a statistical approach to littoral transport mechanism are being developed at the laboratory.

(h) "Cuantitative Tracing of Littoral Drift," paper presented at the IXth International Conference on Coastal Engineering, Lisbon

1S64.

(4128) FLUX OF WAVE ENERGY PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION OF WAVE PROPAGATION.

(b) National Science Foundation,

(dj Basic research.

(e) Experiments to determine flux of wave energy perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation,

f) Discontinued.

h) Report submitted to National Science Foundation .

(4129) INFLUENCE OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON EROSION.

(b) State Government,

(dj Basic field research.

(e) To determine the influence of short-term

as well as long-term fluctuation of sea level

on erosion and shoreline movements.

(g) Tracer experiment being undertaken on transversal drift.

(4474) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT SOUTH LAKE WORTH

INLET, FLORIDA.

(b) South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission.

(c) South Lake Worth Inlet District Commission,

c/o K. C. Mock and Associates, 2930 Okeechobee

Road, West Palm Beach, Florida.

(d) Experimental field and applied research.

(e) To study distribution of inlet currents, im- provement of entrance jetties, and navigation channels and measures against beach erosion. Also study the effect of proposed landfills

in the bay.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4475) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT HILLSBORO INLET, FLORIDA

.

(b) Hlllsboro Inlet Improvement and Maintenance

District, City of Pompano Beach and Trustees

of the Internal Improvement Fund.

(c) Director, Trustees, Internal Improvement Fund, Capitol Bldg., Tallahassee, Florida.

dj Experimental, field and applied research,

e) To study methods for inlet stabilization,

navigation Improvement, and sand bypassing

across the inlet.

(447 7) COOPERATIVE STUDY OF SHORE PROTECTION STRUC- TURES IN FLORIDA (in cooperation with U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Jacksonville

District) .

(b) State and Federal Government.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study effectiveness and structrual dur- ability of various types of shore protection

structures existing along Florida coastline by making repetitive surveys of selected

shore segments.

(f) Suspended.

(4479) REVIEW OF BEACH EROSION AND STORM TIDE SITUATION IN FLORIDA.

(b) Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta., University of Florida,

dj Field investigation; applied research,

e) Photographic review of the erosion situation

in Florida and preliminary suggestions for remedial measures,

(f) Research continued.

(4481) INVESTIGATION OF STABILITY AND MOVABLE BED MODEL LAWS OF INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Basic and applied research.

(e) With a new basic approach to similitude laws

In sediment transport by currents, investi- gations are underway in the stability analysis of inlets by means of model studies of suitable inlets. A theoretical study of model laws for movable bed models initiated

as introductory to inlet study.

(h) "Similarity of Bed Load Transport by Currents^1 by J. A. Battjes, under preparation.

(4482) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING AT CAPE HATTERAS NATIONAL SEASHORE

AREA .

(b) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Park Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

(c) Cape Hatteras National Seashore, National

Parks Service, Manteo, North Carolina.

d) Experimental and field research.

e) Study of mechanics of dune building by

various types of sand fences and other sand catchment devices under controlled conditions

is underv/ay in a laboratory wind tunnel to be later correlated with field tests.

(4895) SAND TRANSPORT BY WIND & MECHANICS OF DUNE BUILDING

.

(b) National Science Foundation, Washington, D. C.

(dj Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To study the basic mechanics of sand transport by wind under dry and humid conditions, with and without vegetation, uniform and gusty winds and with and without solid and permeable vertical fences.

25
(4896) HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS FOR SUCTION WELL DESIGN

FOR MIAMI RIVER WELL TREATMENT PLANT, DAYTON,

OHIO.

(b) F.M.C. Corporation, Hydrodynamic Division, Peerless Pump, Indianapolis, Indiana.

(d) Experimental & applied research.

(e) To determine the most optimum compatible

location and design of suction well baffling

for the field treatment plant.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(4897) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF SEBASTIAN INLET, FLORIDA.

(b) Sebastian Inlet, District, Melbourne, Florida.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) To conduct field survey and model study of the Inlet for least shore erosion and best navigable inlet conditions.

(4898) BASIC RESEARCH ON LITTORAL DRIFT BY WAVE AND CURRENT ACTION.

(b) National Science Foundation, Wash., D. C. (d) Experimental and basic research.

(e) A laboratory basic research project on friction coefficients and sediment transport by currents and waves running with or against each other and running perpendicular

to each other.

(4899) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF BURNS WATERWAY

HARBOR, INDIANA.

(b) Indiana Port Commission, State of Indiana,

Indianapolis, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) Laboratory model study of the effects of diffraction, siltation, and harbor surging

on the proposed harbor.

(5281) TRACING OF LITTORAL DRIFT AT CAPE KENNEDY.

(b) Field project.

(c) Atomic Energy Commission.

(d) Basic applied research.

(e) Special tracer project on transversal drift

in bottom and beach profile.

(5282) PROTECTION FOR DREDGE OPERATION IN NEW YORK

BAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Gahagan Dredging Co., Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf Dredging Co.

(d) Applied.

(e) To arrange proper protection for dredging

operation at Staten Island, N. Y.

(5283) SCRAPER OPERATION, JUPITER ISLAND.

(b) Field project.

(c) Coastal Engineering Research Center and Coastal Engineering Laboratory Cooperative

project

.

(d) Applied and basic.

(e) To check on operation of offshore scraper dragging sand in from 800 ft. from shore at 12-15 ft. depth.

(5284) SAND FENCES. Laboratory project. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Wash.,

D. C. Applied

.

To test various sand fences.

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Experiment Station.

(3725) SECONDARY MOTION IN ENCLOSED CONDUITS AND

OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c)

(d)

(e)

4574)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(4576) M

(oj

(d)

(e)

Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332. Theoretical and experimental; research for

Ph.D. thesis.

A fundamental study of secondary motion in turbulent flows. Secondary motions are often superimposed upon flows in enclosed

conduits and open channels. The mode of origin, development and decay is being

studied to delineate the Influence on the general motion pattern in straight, non- circular conduits and channels. The present

phase concerns turbulent flow in a non- circular enclosed conduit. Completed

.

"Turbulent Flow in a Three-Dimensional Channel," Ph.D thesis, H. J. Tracy, Oct. 1963. THE ROLE OF A TRAN3F0RT. PERMEABLE BED IN SEDIMENT

Laboratory project; partly sponsored by Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Dr. C. S. Martin, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta,

Georgia 30332. Analytical and theoretical; fundamental re- search . The effect of a permeable bed on Incipient

sediment motion is investigated for oscillatory waves over a porous sea bed and for seepage out of an unllned canal. Conclusions

are reached as regards the effect of the seepage on the flow characteristics In the vicinity of the bed as well as the magnitude

of the seepage force and its effect on incipient motion. Completed.

It was found that the effect of a permeable

bed on incipient motion is not usually

significant inasmuch as the seepage force

is essentially offset by the altering of the boundary shear stress by the seepage. A thorough discussion is presented.

"The Role of a Fermeable Bed in Incipient

Sediment Motion," C. S. Martin, Ph.D thesis, 150 pages, June 1S64. FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL

ORIFICE PLACED UN SYMMETRICALLY IN THE APFROACH CHANNEL. Laboratory project at Georgia Institute of Technology and at SEATO Graduate School of Engineering, Bangkok, Thailand.

Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Ga . Inst, of Tech., Atlanta,

Georgia 30332. Experimental and theoretical; research for

M.S. theses.

The flow characteristics, coefficient of contraction and angle of jet deflection,

were to be determined both analytically and theoretically.

(f) Continuing.

(g) Experimental results have been obtained for opening width-approach channel width ratios

of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, for a range of opening eccentricities. Theoretical results have been evaluated for symmetrical jet and

for maximum eccentricity. Numerical inte- gration is being done for intermediate

eccentricities

.

(4579) WHIRLPOOL FORMATION AND VORTEX STRETCHING.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by the Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Asymmetric approach condition to the suction bells of centrifugal pumps led to severe whirlpool formation, prerotatlon, and air entrainment. A model study was conducted

to alleviate existing conditions in a con- denser-water circulating system. A rotating

2<
pot apparatus was built subsequently to study free vortex motion and vortex

stretching under controlled conditions.

(f) Suspended; Dr. Mayer is in England on leave

of absence.

(g) Laboratory measurements and photographic

analysis of vortices permitted a comparison

with results predicted by hydrodynamic

relationships

.

(4580) ISOTROPIC-TURBULENCE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored partly by U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) In order to establish response characteristics of turbulence probes, a known field

of turbulence is necessary. Isotropic turbulence can be created behind square-mesh

grids and results of the decay of isotropic turbulence have been known from wind tunnel

studies. The experimental flow system consists of a head tank, a contraction cone, an 8-inch diameter test section and a tail- water bay. The turbulence-generating grid was built into the throat of the contraction

cone

.

(f ) Suspended; Dr. Mayer is in England on leave

of absence.

(4581) INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESSES ON FLOW ESTAB- LISHMENT AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. P. G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

d) Experimental; research for M. S. thesis.

e) Vorticity and secondary motions are created

at channel transitions. The longevity of these vortices is to be investigated in a 80-foot-long variable-slope channel. The velocity profiles of the developing flows

are to be compared with one another for various channel conditions. The deformation

and recovery of velocity profiles downstream

from disturbances are to be investigated.

(f) Suspended; Dr. Mayer is in England on leave

of absence.

(4582) INVESTIGATION OF THE ENERGY SFECTRUM OF TURBULENCE IN A CLOSED RECTANGULAR CONDUIT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. M. Slaughter, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral dissertation.

(e) Energy spectra are being Investigated in a wind tunnel study. A hot wire anemometer

and a wave analyzer are being used to measure spectral components in the stream- wise direction. Various physical changes

at the entrance to the wind tunnel create different turbulence conditions in order to shed light on the mechanism of turbulence- energy transfer.

f) Completed.

g) It was found that for each spectrum investigated, a wave number exists beyond which the spectrum is universal in shape and character. Conversely, the shape and character of the spectrum in the low-wave-number range is very much dependent upon the manner in which

the turbulence is produced or generated.

(h) "Investigation of the Energy Spectrum of Turbulence in a Closed Rectangular Conduit,"

George M. Slaughter, Ph.D thesis, 170 pp, 1965.

(4584) VISCOUS FLUID FLOW UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF A RESONANT ACOUSTIC FIELD.

(b) Aerospace Research Laboratories, Office

of Aerospace Research, United States Air

Force

.

(c) Frof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta, Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the effects of resonant acoustic vibrations on the fluid flow and heat transfer in a 4-inch horizontal tube heated by steam. Air was used as the fluid, resonant frequencies were

220 and 356 cps, and sound pressure levels up to 164 decibels were obtained.

(g) The existence of standing vortices in t! e tube were confirmed experimentally by a visualization study of the flow. Periodic

variations in the heat transfer coefficient

were obtained and the period of the variation

is a half wave-length of the resonant

frequency. The resonant vibrations tended

to increase the overall heat transfer for laminar flow and decrease it for turbulent

flow conditions. Analytical solutions for

the channel and tube configurations have been obtained for the momentum and continuity

equations

.

(h) "Viscous Fluid Flow Under the Influence of a Resonant Acoustic Field," Ph.D thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, K. R. Furdy, 1S53. "Laminar Forced Convection Under the Influence of a Resonant Acoustic Field," Ph.D

thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering,

H. G. Keith, 1SS5.

(4585) THE VISCOSITY OF HIGH PRESSURE STEAM.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. T. W. Jackson, School of Mechanical

Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta, Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; research for master's and doctor's theses.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the viscosity of steam to 10,000 psi and 1200 degrees F. (g) Experimental data have been obtained for the viscosity cf steam using an annulus type

transpiration viscosimeter . A unique method of measuring small pressure drops at very high static pressures was developed.

Experimental and theoretical work are con- tinuing on the project.

(h) "A Comparison of the Available Viscosity

Data of High Pressure and High Temperature

Steam with a Modified Reinganum's Equation

for Viscosity," M.S. thesis, School of Mechanical Engineering, H. H. Y. Yen, 1964. "The Viscosity of Steam to 10,000 psia,"

Thermophysical Prop. Sym . , Purdue Univ., March 1965, T. W. Jackson, B. Latto, C. E. Willbanks, J. Hodgson, and H. H. Y. Yen.

(4588) MASS TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE LENGTH OF A FIFE - LAMINAR FLOW.

b) Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctor's thesis.

(e) Flow conditions are being extended and unusual natural convection effects are being investigated.

(4589) VARIABLE PROFERTY HEAT TRANSFER IN THE ENTRANCE OF A TUBE.

b) Departmental research.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Georgia

30332.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's

thesis

.

(e) Numerical solutions for the momentum, energy, and continuity equations are being developed

for a variable property fluid flowing

laminarly in the entrance of a vertical tube.

27
(5027) CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF SAND FILTRATION.

b) U. S. Public Health Service.

c) Dr. C. R. O'Melia, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga. 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search for master's thesis.

(e) A study designed to demonstrate chemical effects in the removal of flocculent materials from aqueous suspension and filtration and to investigate the causes

of these effects.

(f) Continuing.

(5028) EFFICACY OF A FRESH -WATER CANAL FOR THE ALLEVIATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SALT-WATER

INTRUSION AT A DELTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga . 30332.

(d) Theoretical; research for doctoral thesis.

(e) Solutions are being obtained for seepage flow out of a fresh-water canal located at the Junction of delta and the sea. Partic- ular interest is centered upon the lowering

of the salt-water, fresh-water interface

in the delta. Numerical solutions are being obtained for various canal locations, water levels in the canal, and drain locations

.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Effectiveness of an Artificial Fresh-Water Barrier in the Alleviation of the Effects of Salt-Water Intrusion," S. Charmonman, Ph.D

thesis, 161 pp., June 1964.

(5029) UNSTEADY FLOW IN A PIPE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga . 30332.

(d) Experimental; design and development of equipment and basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) A device for the study of unsteady flow in

a pipe has been designed, fabricated, and tested. Liquid is moved harmonically in the test pipe. Velocity and acceleration

are independent variables with the measured

pressure gradient being dependent. The basic research is primarily directed to the determination of boundary-shear stress for turbulent flow in a smooth pipe.

f) Completed.

h) Report available upon request.

(5151) MULTICOMPONENT CONDENSATION IN THE ENTRANCE

LENGTH OF A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Departmental research.

(c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga . 30332.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for doctor's

thesis

.

(e) The boundary layer equations are being used

to describe the liquid and gas phases in the entrance length of a vertical tube to deter- mine possible effects of the entrance length

on condensation. Fractionation is being

considered

.

(5367) MASS TRANSFER AND/OR CHEMICAL REACTION IN POWER LAW NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

.

b) Departmental project.

c) Prof. H. C. Ward, School of Chemical Engrg.,

Georgia Inst, of Tech., Atlanta, Ga . 30332.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctor's

thesis.

(e) Numerical solutions are being developed for

the continuity, momentum, diffusion and energy equations for a variable property

power law fluid reacting and/or diffusing

In laminar flow in a vertical tube. The constant property entrance problem is also considered.

(5545) AN ANALYTICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF BED

RIPPLES UNDER WATER WAVES.

(b) Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, Coastal Engineering Research Center, 5201 Little

Falls Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20016.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for sponsor.

(e) Experimental measurements of rate of ripple

propagation, ripple geometry, and energy dissipation of bed ripples generated over a plane erodlble bed. Experiments are being

conducted in the Georgia Tech U-tube water

tunnel in which water is oscillated with simple-harmonic motion over a stationary

sediment bed. Independent variables are amplitude of water motion, frequency of oscillation, size of disturbance element

from which the ripples originate, and characteristics of the bed material. Results

are to be compared with theoretical model.

(h) Quarterly progress reports.

(5546) CROSS- CHANNEL DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg , Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, research for Ph.D thesis.

(e) A study of shear flows as characterized by lateral transfer of linear momentum. This

lateral transport of linear momentum can be accomplished by molecular diffusion, by turbulent diffusion, or by secondary currents superposed on the mean flow. In open channel flow, the existence of all modes of linear momentum transfer is likely

especially if the stream section consists

of a main channel section and an overbank

section. In this study air Is being used

in conjunction with an enclosed conduit consisting of a rectangular main channel with rectangular overbank section projecting

from the center of one wall of the main

channel. Geometric variations will be con- fined to this overall shape. Flow analyses

are being made using detailed velocity measurements throughout a cross-section, Preston-tube measurements along the wall of

a cross-section, and piezometric head measurements along the axis of the conduit.

In this initial study direct measurement of turbulence characteristics will not be attempted. Instead linear-momentum transport will be computed from the mean-flow measurements listed above.

(f) Analytical and experimental work now in progress

.

(g) Velocity profiles and boundary- shear dis- tribution have been determined for one channel section.

(5547) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT FUNCTIONS WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON LOCALIZED SCOUR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engrg.,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta,

Georgia 30332.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral dissertation

.

(e) Experimental measurement of rate of sediment transport from an idealized scour hole and from a plane bed. Steady state conditions

were obtained by feeding sediment to the scour area at a known rate. 100 to 1 vari- ation in supply rate. Sediment specific

weight varied from 1.16 to 8.75. Diameters

from 0.111 mm to 0.57 mm.

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1859, 3056, 3057,

3416, 5167 and 5168 should be addressed to prof.

C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, and for Projects Nos. 1862 and 2786, should be addressed

28
to Prof. G. L. Corey, Dept. of Agricultural Engrg.,

Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(185S) INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF CONTROLLING AND EVALUATING CANAL SEEPAGE.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

and operational with master's thesis.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered, especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from both lined and unlined canals,

(g) New sealants are being investigated in experimental sections of irrigation canals. Techniques for measuring seepage are being

compared in simultaneous testing in by-pass

sections of canal,

(hj "Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity

Using Piezometer Tubes", J. A. Ross, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho, 1964.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project; being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the hydrological factors affecting

the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applied

to the total water use in the area.

(g) Measurement data on a small watershed is continuing to be collected.

(2786) FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with the Bureau of Reclamation under the Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

(e) To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on Irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops.

(f) Completed.

(g) Basic field data have been collected for five years. Final results are being prepared

for publication.

(h) "Water Use Evaluation on New Irrigation

Projects", C. L. Tyler, G. L. Corey and

L. R. Swarner. Univ. of Idaho, Agr. Exp.

Station Research Bulletin 62. (3055) TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more hydrologic data is being studied and basic parameters of snow melt are being

studied for conversion into time delay

circuits for transmission by radio.

(g) Frototype unit is being tested on Moscow

Mountain; elements of measurement trans- ducers are being studied both in the field

and In the laboratory. License for station has been approved.

(h) "Telemetering Hydrologic Data from Mountain

Locations", E. E. Gray, K. E. Waltz, J. D. Logan, D. L. Duncan and J. M. Shearer.

Univ. of Idaho, Engr. Exp. Station. Summary and Progress Report No. 6. (3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with Bureau of Land Management and ranchers.

(d) Field Investigation; applied operational

research.

(e) Experimental stock watering ponds in desert

areas will be lined and evaporation control measures supplied to see if extension of such water supply can be developed economically.

(h

(3417

(g) Several ponds lined and unlined are being

studied and enonomolecular films are being

experimented with to find net water savings. The hydrology of small ponds Is also being

Investigated

.

(h) progress report to be issued early in 1965.

(3416) STUDY OF METHODS FOR AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENT

OF SNOW WATER CONTENT.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture

.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

A study is being made of basic methods of measuring snow water content for use in telemetering data from remote mountain

locations

.

Three methods appear to offer good possibilities. "Measurement of Sncw Water Equivalent with Pressure Pillow and Neutron Moisture Probe Techniques," V. E. Penton, M. S. Thesis,

Univ. of Idaho, 1964. INFILTRATION AS AFFECTED BY FURROW PARAMETERS AND SOIL VARIABILITY. Laboratory project; under investigation in Agricultural Experiment Station. Assistant Prof. D. V. Fitzsimmons, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 838-13. Theoretical; basic research.

To determine the effect of various furrow geometric parameters and soil conditions on infiltration patterns by analogy methods. Completed

.

Dimensional analysis along with electrical analog techniques was used to group the variables affecting furrow discharge into

a given soil for given soil-moisture con- ditions into dimensionless terms. Curves

were obtained showing that the hydraulic

depth of a furrow can be used as a parameter

for describing the effect of furrow geometry

on furrow discharge. These curves also show

the effects of two other geometry parameters, furrow spacing and the top width of the water surface in furrows, on furrow discharge,

(h) "Effects of the Geometry of a Airrow _ Flow- System on Infiltration," D. V,

1 . Fitz9i frtfions and G. L. Corey. In process of publication.

[4535) CROP COEFFICIENTS FOR CONSUMPTIVE USE IN IDAHO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Department of Agricultural Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Field investigation; applied research for master's thesis.

(e) To determine crop coefficients, using the Blaney-Criddle formula, for such crops as potatoes, beans, and corn for southern Idaho

areas. The variation of the crop coeffi- cients for (1) light, medium and heavy

applications of water, (2) each month of growing or irrigation season, and (3) the stage of growth of each crop. These coeffi- cients will be compared with the coefficients developed by Blaney-Criddle and other investigators for other areas.

(f) Completed.

Data were obtained on consumptive use for various crops in Idaho. "Consumptive Use Estimates for Potatoes,

Beans, and Field Corn in Idaho", G. L. Corey, D. R. Kohntopp, and Galen McMaster.

In process of publication. TOTAL HYDROELECTRIC RESOURCES IN IDAHO AND

DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS ON IDAHO STREAMS.

fbl Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, applied research for master's

thesis

.

(e) A study of streamflow data is being made to determine full water resource capability.

The study is designed to develop estimating

(g)

(h)

(5167)

29
constants whicn may give a 90 percent accuracy. New ideas for stream-to- stream diversion will

be investigated,

(h) "A Study of Hydro Peaking in Idaho", R. R. Goranson, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Idaho 1964.

"A Study of the Restraints Imposed Upon Water Resource Forecasting By the Critical- Year Concept", H. A. Stingle, M. S. Thesis,

Univ. of Idaho 1964.

(5168) INVESTIGATION OF RADIOISOTOPE SNOW GAGE COMPONENTS AND TECHNICUES.

(b) Laboratory project: Cooperative with Walla

Walla District, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) Problems of monitoring water equivalent of a snow pack using a scintillation detection

system to measure attenuation of snow and water of gamma radiation are being studied. Calibration methods and variation of electronic components both under controlled laboratory

conditions and remote mountain winter condi- tions are being considered.

(f) Completed.

(g) An improved system has been developed for use

in a telemetering system of the Corps of Engineers in the Clearwater River drainage.

Differences of attenuation by water and snow appear to be a problem the magnitude of which

is yet to be determined.

(h) "Data Conversion Systems for a Radio Isotope

Snow Gage", D. L. Duncan, M. S. Thesis, Univ.

of Idaho 1964.

(5169) EFFECTS OF CONTROLLED TURBULENCE ON MASS

TRANSFER.

b) Under NSF Grant G-17908.

c) Dr. Godfrey Martin, Chem. Engr. Dept.,

University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Experimental, basic research for masters

thesi s

.

(e) The purpose of this work is to measure the effects of the relative intensity and integral scale of turbulence (measured

previously using hot film anemometer

techniques) on local mass transfer co- efficients from solid cylinders involving

water.

(g) Experimental equipment has been constructed

and 8 preliminary runs have been made.

(h) "Effect of Cylinder Diameter on Local Sherwood Numbers Under Conditions of Controlled Turbulence", H. F. Litchfield, M. S. Thesis, Univ.

of Idaho 1964.

(5170) CORRELATION FOR THE DISPERSION OF LIQUIDS

FLOWING THROUGH PACKED BEDS USING MODIFIED

RANDOM WALK MODELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Godfrey Martin, Chem. Engr. Dept., Univ. of Moscow, Moscow, Idaho 83843.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic re- search for doctor thesis.

(e) Using an analogy to the diffusion of material

fluids in turbulent flow, the relative intensity and integral scale will be obtained

from experimental observation of the flow

of fluids through packed beds. These

parameters, normalized by dividing by the superficial velocity and packing size respectively, will be reported for different

packing. The data should enable field engineers to predict the dispersion of liquids through packed beds. An attempt

will be made to explain deviations from

a strict random walk distribution by using

other modified random walk models.

(5368) GROUND WATER MOVEMENT IN HIGHWAY LANDSLIDES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Idaho

Dept. of Highways and Idaho Bureau of Mines

and Geology.

(c) Associate Professor of Civil Engrg., J. J. Peebles, College of Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83845.

(d) Experimental and field Investigation; applied research and development with master's thesis

(e) To study the flow characteristics of ground water movement in landslides and to ascertain sources of the water. Tracing techniques are being studied using dyes and isotopes as well as other pressure measuring devices. This is an attempt to predict and identify slide behavior in places where slides are apt to occur

.

(g) Various dyes have been experimented with in several locations in Northern Idaho.

IIT RESEARCH INSTITUTE.

(5196) TURBULENT FLOW TRANSITION NEAR SOLID AND

FLEXIBLE BOUNDARIES.

(b) BuShips Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program administered by David Taylor Model

Basin.

(c) Mr, Henry B. Karplus, Research Physicist, 10 West 35th St., Chicago, 111. 60616.

d) Experimental basic research. ef Transition to turbulence is investigated in a water channel having walls with adjustable

rigidity. It is intended to obtain a better understanding of the effect of resilience

and damping of the walls on the build up of turbulence in boundary layers. The ultimate

objective is the reduction of drag of vessels and the reduction of boundary layer noise in hydrophone domes.

(g) Transition to turbulence is affected by wall resilience. Flexible walls may delay

turbulence onset over limited flow rate regions

.

(h) Interim Technical Report No. IITRI 1205-4.

(5538) STUDY OF VIBRATIONS INDUCED IN THIN-WALLED

PIPES BY FLUID FLOW.

b) NASA Marshall S.F.C. Huntsville, Alabama.

c) Mr. Dennis V.'. Prosser, IIT Research Inst.,

10 W . 35th St., Chicago, 111. 60616.

d) Theoretical and experimental basic study.

e) To develop methods for predicting local vibrations induced in straight thin wall pipes due to fluid flow.

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION

.

A list of publications is available upon request; write to Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation in lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conser- vation practices are made.

(g) Results show correlation between rate of sedimentation and land use on watershed; results show six factors in explaining

sediment deposition: age of lake, capacityinflow ratio, watershed gross erosion, a watershed shape factor, the density of non-incised channels, and a watershed slope factor

.

(h) "Sediment Movement and Deposition Patterns

in Illinois Impounding Reservoirs," John

B. Stall, State Water Survey Reprint Series

No. 42, from Journal American Water Works

Association, V. 65, June 1964.

(555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

30
(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A 16-year record of pan evaporation data for five Illinois stations closely corre- lates with evaporation data computed on basis of four meteorological parameters used in Kohler's equation. Maps of lake evaporation based on 52-year records

of computed evaporation are being prepared

for a report on Illinois evaporation.

(f) Continuing.

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. 61802.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Model studies of different pit types and variations in relationship between ground- water gradients and artificial recharge.

(r) Inactive.

(g) Pilot plant pit operation by Water Survey

relinquished; laboratory analysis in progress.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Continuing evaluation of ground water

resources of the district. Ground water

levels and temperatures are monitored in wells in key locations. Effects of artificial recharge are evaluated. Analyses for changes In composition of ground

water used to trace movement of ground water and to observe for possible introduction

and movement of contaminants as a result of artificial recharge.

(g) Ground-water conditions substantially

improved in past ten years and consistently

since the use of four recharge pits was initiated in 1956. One pit in North Field

Is operated the year-round with nearly

complete recovery of the recharged water. Second pit in North Field inoperative in 1962. Recharge in Central Field arbitrarily

limited to cool surface water seasons. Central Field recharge has been reduced

because of improved ground water conditions.

(h) "Thirteenth Annual Report on Operation

of the Cedar Street Recharge Pits," Donald

Schnepper, Peoria Assoc. of Commerce,

Peoria, 111., 1954.

(561) GROUND-WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Evaluation of potential yield of the

sand and gravel deposits beneath the American Bottoms (East St. Louis area). Ground water levels are measured in more

than 200 observation wells, 9 of which are equipped with recording gages. Ground water pumpage, Mississippi River stages,

rainfall, and quality of ground water data

are continuously collected. Maps have been prepared showing the distribution and

areal extent of the hydraulic properties,

the thickness of the aquifer, and watertable contours. The amount of recharge from precipitation and from induced infiltration

of river water, and the amount of sub- surface flow from valley walls into the American Bottoms were computed by flow-net analysis of water-table maps. An electric analog model consisting of a regular array

of 2800 resistors and 1350 capacitors was

constructed to simulate the complex aquifer

system. The accuracy and reliability of the analog model were assessed by comparing

past records of water-level change and values of water-level change computed with the analog model. Excitation-response equipment, i.e., wave form generator, pulse

generator and oscilloscope, was used to force electrical energy in the proper time phase into the analog model and to measure energy levels within the resistor-capacitor

network. The analog model was used to estimate the practical sustained yields of existing pumping centers and to predict the potential yield of the aquifer with a selected scheme of development,

(h) "Ground-Water Development in East St. Louis

area, Illinois," R. J. Schicht, State Water Survey Report of Investigation 51, in press

1965.

[1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Illinois State Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Study of variations of natural resources. Investigation of artesian well field with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep, locally

heavily pumped. Study of ground water level recession, interferences, transmissibilities, effect of additional demands.

(g) Results show the ground water resources in Chicago region are developed from four water-yielding units: glacial drift aquifers, shallow dolomite aquifers, CambrianOrdovician Aquifer, and Mt . Simon Aquifer.

The Cambrian-Ordovician has been the most" highly developed source of large ground- water supplies. Future ground-water supplies should be taken from the shallow aquifers wherever possible.

(h) Ground Water Supplies of Northeastern Illinois, Joint Discussion: "Ouality Problems in Well

Waters," by T. E. Larson; "Potential Yield of Aquifers and Ground Water Pumpage," by W.

C. Walton, State Water Survey Reprint

Series No. 38, from Journal American Water Works Association, V. 56 (2): 169-188,

February 1964. "Ground-Water Pumpage in Northeastern Illinois through 1962," R. T. Sasman, State Water

Survey Report of Investigation 50, in press

1965.

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conser- vation Service, and Illinois Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-inlet spillway structures

that have unique flow characteristics and

to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide

the necessary information on flow relations

and discharge coefficients so that these structures may be economically designed. Initial phases of study concerned with hydraulics of square risers with free dis- charge. Effect of lip or crest shape and antl-vortex devices being studied. Second

phase to include the complete spillway.

Experimental apparatus constructed and tests

are being conducted on the complete spillway.

Information Is being obtained on discharges, vortex effect on discharge, pressures, a flat plate anti-vortex device, and flow conditions

.

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible

in square risers are well defined as well

as some of the effect of non-square crest

31
shape. Model tests were performed on a drop-inlet spillway to determine whether

or not a metal grating deck placed above the inlet can control vortices. The results

of the tests show that gratings do not prevent or control strong vortices.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Monomolecular chemical films to retard evaporation from water supply lakes and ponds in Illinois.

(f) Additional tests planned.

(g) 1963-64 results with soluble packets were

favorable. Cooperation with lake owners to be continued in 1965.

(2534) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from three rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in 400 square miles,

97 gages in 1220 square miles, and 20 gages

in 10 square miles. Studies include: (1) Rainfall variability, (2) frequency of point

and areal mean rainfall, (3) area-depth

relations, (4) variation of point rainfall

with distance, (5) areal representativeness

of point rainfall, and (6) reliability of areal mean rainfall estimates.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. 61802.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Small, coarse media (1/4 - to 3/4-inch) filters are operated at rates comparable

to those achieved in field practice.

Purpose is to study the effects of coarse media on physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of recharged water and

to evaluate the function of coarse media

in protecting aquifer materials.

(g) Results of former field tests of various

sizes of materials are reported in State Water Survey Bulletin 48. Program of specially controlled laboratory test runs Initiated in 1962 under grant from U. S. Public Health Service.

(2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution of such storms and for calculation of probable

maximum rainfall.

(g) Continuing project; analysis of storm area- depth relations, orientation of storms, seasonal and geographic distribution, synoptic weather types, topographic influences. De- velopment of area-depth frequency relations

underway.

(3056) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE RAINSTORMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111.61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses based upon

radar, synoptic weather, and field survey data

(3059)

(h)

(3421)

(3420)

(b)

(g)

(h)

(3731)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(g)

and include area-depth-duration relations, antecedent rainfall evaluation, isohyetal mg for peak periods of storm. Suspended, for lack of qualifying storms. Analyses completed on 16 storms since 1951. State Water Survey Reports of Investigation

Nos. 14, 24, 27, 35, and 42. THERMAL LOADINGS SURFACE WATERS. AND CHARACTERISTICS OF

Laboratory project.

Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. 61802. Field investigation; applied research.

A study of heat loads applied to fresh water

bodies in Illinois to determine relationships between temperature and/or heat loadings, water usage, stream assets, and stream re- covery capabilities.

"Temperatures of Surface Waters in Illinois," Robert H. Harmeson and Virginia M. Schnepper, State Water Survey Report of Investigation

49, 1965, in press. PILOT DRAINAGE BASIN STUDIES IN NAPERVILLE

AREA. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water Surusy, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Field investigation; applied research.

All factors of the hydrologic cycle (especially

precipitation, temperature, stream flow, soil moisture, changes in surface and subsurface

storage, and evaporation) to be measured and examined to obtain quantitative knowledge of the movement and storage of ground water under natural conditions in the 22- square mile basin. The annual rate of recharge to, and evapo- transpiration from, the ground-water reser- voir to be determined. Stream discharge

hydrograph to be separated into its two components, surface runoff and ground-water

runoff. Gravity yields of glacial deposits

and underlying dolomite aquifer to be estimated. FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF LOW FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Mr. John B. Stall, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Theoretical; applied research. Analysis of the severity, frequency, and duration of low flows in Illinois streams as they affect impounding reservoir yields.

Methodology devised to determine gross and

net yield of an impounding reservoir during

various recurrence-interval droughts. A non- sequential mass curve analysis gives gross

yield. Net lake evaporation is processed on

a frequency basis; applied to the reservoir;

and net yield is determined. Risks associ- ated with an impounding reservoir have been determined and clarified to allow better understanding of reservoir design and recurrence of events.

"Low Flows of Illinois Streams for Impounding

Reservoir Design," John B. Stall, State Water Survey Bulletin 51, 1964. HYDROLOGY OF DOLOMITE AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project, In cooperation with 111. State Geological Survey.

Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Field investigation; applied research. Evaluation of water yielding potential of dolomite aquifer in Illinois from pumping

test and specific capacity data is in progress. Statistical analysis of well pro- duction data Is being made to determine geological controls on aquifer productivity.

Frequency graphs were used to determine the role of individual units of dolomite aquifers In northern Illinois, as con- tributors of ground water. Statistical

32
(h)

analysis of specific-capacity data provided

a basis for determining whether or not significant relationships exist between

the yields of wells and geohydrologic

controls. Probable ranges in yields of shallow dolomite wells in undeveloped areas

in northern Illinois were estimated from specific-capacity frequency graphs, aquifer

thickness and areal geology maps, and waterlevel data. The practical sustained yield

of the dolomite aquifer in DuPage County

was estimated based largely on case histories

of heavy ground-water development.

"Yields of Shallow Dolomite Wells in Northern Illinois," Sandor Csallany and

W. C. Walton, State Water Survey Report of Investigation 46, 1963.

(f

(4135

[t

(4137

(b

(3732) TRANSPIRATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation.

(e) Monomolecular film-forming fatty alcohols are introduced to soils and roots of plants

causing a reduction in evapotranspiration.

(g} Field tests being analyzed.

(h) "Can Fatty Alcohols Reduce Water Losses?"

J. F. Vavra and W. J. Roberts, Crops and

Soils, June-July 1964.

(3733) EVALUATING WELLS AND AQUIFERS WITH ANALYTICAL

METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Case histories of ground-water development

are being studied to determine if it is possible to evaluate wells and aquifers with

analytical expressions by devising approximate methods of analysis based on idealized models

of aquifer situations. Geohydrologic boundaries are assumed to be straight-line demar- cations and are given mathematical expression

by means of the image-well theory. The hy- draulic properties of the aquifer and overlying

confining beds are considered mathematically

by using ground-water formulas. Records of past pumpage and water levels and a digital

computer are used to establish the validity

of this mechanism to describe the response of aquifers to pumping.

(g) Case histories of ground-water development

have been used to evaluate the practical sus- tained yields of aquifers in the Chicago

region, the Havana Lowlands region, the Embarras River Basin, and in the areas of Areola, Taylorville, Tallula, Assumption,

Pekln, Joliet, Woodstock, Libertyville,

Chicago Heights and LaGrange.

(h) "Ground-water Development in Several Areas

of Northeastern Illinois," T. A. Prickett,

L. R. Hoover, VI. H. Baker, R. T. Sasman, State V.'ater Survey Report of Investigation

47, 1964. "Preliminary Report on Ground-Water Resources

of the Havana Region in V/est-Central Illinois,"

v.'. Walker, R. E. Bergstrom, and V!. C. V/alton, State V.'ater Survey and Geological

Survey Cooperative Ground-Viater Report 3, 1965. "Fotential Yield of Aquifers in Embarras

River Basin, Illinois," VI. 7. V/alton and Sandor Csallany, State Vlater Survey Report

of Investigation in preparation.

(3734) INDUSTRIAL V.'ATER USE IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ralph L. Evans, Peoria Laboratory, Illinois State V.'ater Survey, Box 717, Peoria, Illinois. 61802.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine withdrawal of water by industries

ir. Illinois, with delineation according to kinds of industry, location by area, and

sources of supply.

(f (4138

(4139

(b

(f (4536

(g)

(h)

Project reactivated. CORROSION PREVENTION BY CaC03

.

Laboratory project.

Mr. T. E. Larson or H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802 Experimental

.

To determine chemical requirements and veloc- ity requirements to provide protective coat- ing in water pipes. DIURNAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION AND RELATED WEATHER ELEMENTS. Laboratory project.

Mr. S. A. Changnon, Jr., Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Applied research. Investigation of the diurnal distribution of various weather elements on a monthly, seasonal, annual, and geographic basis. Elements under study include rainfall, sleet, hall,

tornadoes, thunderstorms, freezing rain, and

fog.

Suspended

.

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN ILLINOIS. Laboratory project.

Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Applied research. Evaluation of methods for calculating evapo- transpiration and assessment of evapotranspi- ration in Illinois. PRECIPITATION PATTERNS OVER AND AROUND LOWER

LAKE MICHIGAN. Laboratory project.

Mr'. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Applied research. Radar film records are being studied to de- termine the influence of Lake Michigan on precipitation processes.

Suspended. GEOHYDROLOGIC SYSTEM ANALYSIS WITH AN ELECTRIC ANALOG COMPUTER. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802. Experimental; applied research. Purpose of project is to apply electric anaJxg computers to ground-water resource evaluation problems in Illinois. Ground-water develop- ment schemes are being tested and the relati\e

merits of alternate choices of development

are being appraised. The consequences of the utilization of aquifers are being forecast.

The electric analog computer in use consists of an analog model and excitation- response apparatus, i.e., waveform generator, pulse generator, and oscilloscope.

The analog model is a regular array of resis- tors and capacitors and Is a scaled-down version of an aquifer.

Analog models have been constructed for

three idealized aquifer situations to study

the accuracy and reliability of the analog

computer. Close agreement between analog

computer and exact analytical solutions for

the three selected aquifer situations has been obtained. A comparison of the analog

computer and simplified analytical solutions

for a selected complex aquifer situation in- dicates that resource evaluations based on incomplete data and analog or idealized math- ematical models can be meaningful and useful. Analog models for sand and gravel aquifers

in the East St. Louis and Champaign-Urbana

areas have been constructed. Past records

of pumpage and water levels have been used

to establish the validity of the analog model for the East St. Louis area. "Hydrogeologic Electric Analog Computers,"

W. C. Walton and T. A. Prickett, Journal of

33
the Hydraulics Division, ASCE, V. 89, (Hy 6) 67-91, November 1963.

(4537) HYDROMETEOROLOGY OP SPECIFIC ILLINOIS BASINS. [gj

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, (5322) Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

(d) Applied research. (b)

(e) Development of relations defining the distri- (c) bution of precipitation extremes in major

basins. Included are studies of the frequency (d) distribution of excessive point and areal mean (e) rainfall in various regions of basins, the frequency distribution of drought, average

slope of area-depth curves, actual depthduration-area relations in the heaviest storms

on record, area-depth frequency relations based

upon all major storms of record, seasonal dis- tribution of heavy storms, and the shape (g) characteristics of major storms,

(h) "Hydrometeorology of the Kaskaskia Basin,"

F. A. Huff, Report of Investigation in prep- aration .

(5051) GROUND-WATER RECHARGE AND RUNOFF IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. J. Schicht, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

id) Field investigation; applied research,

(e) Purpose of project is to describe recharge

conditions throughout the state and to determine the relation between ground-water (b) contribution to streams and basin character- (c) istics.

(g) Recharge- rates for several aquifers in Illinois have been estimated based on flownet analyses of piezometric surface maps. (d) Recharge rates vary with vertical hydraulic (e) gradients and are not constant but vary In space and time . Annual ground-water runoff

from 109 drainage basins scattered throughout Illinois was estimated with streamflow hydrograph separation methods and flow- duration curves. The relations between ground-water runoffs during years of near, below, and above normal precipitation and basin characteristics such as geologic (g) environment, topography, and land use were determined by statistical methods. Studies (5548) Indicate that no simple relation exists between ground-water runoff and the potential (b) or practical sustained yields of aquifers. (c) (h) "Estimating the Infiltration Rate of a Stream- bed by Aquifer-Test Analysis," VJ. C. V/alton, State Water Survey Reprint Series No. 37, extract of Publication 63, I.A.S.H., pp. (d) 409-420, Berkeley 1963. (e) "Ground-water Recharge and Runoff in Illinois," W. C. Walton, State Water Survey

Report of Investigation 48, in press 1965.

(5052) COMPARATIVE RAINGAGE STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project. (5549)

(c) Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802 (b)

(d) Applied research. (c)

(e) Field comparision of shielded and unshielded

recording and nonrecording precipitation

gages including the WMO International

Reference Precipitation Gage. (d)

(h) Report on three years of data prior to (e) Installation of WMO gage in preparation.

(5053) CLIMA TOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE WINTER

STORMS.

orientations, duration, and individual maps

for each storm. Continuing project.

Analysis partially completed on all storms

in 1900-1957 period. SURFACE WATER STORAGE POTENTIAL. Laboratory project.

Mr. J. H. Dawes, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois 61802. Field investigation; applied research.

A statewide study of surface water storage

potential, from interrelated projects In- cluding evaluations of hydrologic, geologic,

and physical characteristics. Results will

furnish an evaluation of potential Increases

in useable water supplies by storage of excess water during floods or rainy periods. State has been divided into five parts for

this study. The 16 southern counties were included in an earlier study. (Report of Investigation 31, 1957); a report for the 29 counties in south-central Illinois in prep- aration .

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILLINOIS SHORE OF LAKE MICHIGAN.

State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Field investigation; applied research.

To obtain and correlate basic data on the several forces and factors involved in erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future efforts toward the prevention of erosion might be founded upon a more definite and factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intend purposes. No significant results since last report. SOLDIER CREEK CHANNEL MODEL. State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Experimental applied research.

A hydraulic model study is being conducted to determine the practicability of increasing

the channel capacity of Soldier Creek thru Kankakee by enlarging, realining and concrete lining the rock channel in order to reduce damaging flood stages. ILLINOIS RIVER. State of Illinois.

Mr. John C. Guillou, Chief Waterway Engr.,

Div. of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works

and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois 62706. Experimental applied research.

A hydraulic model study is being conducted to determine the effects, on the Upper Illinois

River, of various flood relief measures

proposed for the Illinois Waterway and Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Stanlev A. Changnon, Jr.. Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, 111. 61802.

d) Applied researcn.

e) Detailed analyses of severe winter season

snowstorms, sleet and ice storms. Analyses

based primarily on U. S. Weather Bureau

original station records for Illinois during

the 1900-1962 period. Temporal and areal frequencies, storm movement, shapes,

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

Engineering Lab., Department of Agricultural Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN

34
00

(d)

(e)

(2789)

[e)

00

(3424) 00

(d)

00

(4366)

(4987)

ILLINOIS. Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Experimental and field investigation; basic

research. To determine frequencies of peak: rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to deter- mine maximum rates of runoff from agri- cultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare runoff from agricultural watersheds under ac- cepted soil conservation practices with watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of 45.5, 63,

82, and 390 acres near Monticello, Illinois

are covered with a rain gage network, and runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Maximum stage recorders are installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermillion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from 45 to 1,400

acres. Model studies and field calibrations

are made on the field structures. LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES. Laboratory project.

Experimental investigation in the laboratory;

applied and basic research.

To Investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of hydraulic model studies, to study water flow patterns into surface drains and to determine

the cause of failures and remedial measures

of certain conservation structures under

flood conditions. "Tractive-Force Distribution in Sewers and Channels," J. A. Replogle, Ph.D. thesis 1964. Available in University Library.

"Tractive-Force Distribution in Open Channels, 1 J. A. ifeplogle and V. T. Chow. Manuscript

submitted for publication in Proc. ASCE, Journ. of the Hydraulics Division. Discussion of "Natural Roughness Effects in Rigid Open Channels," R. N. Fenzl and J. R. Davis. Proc. ASCE 90:HY3;, 351-359, 1964. "Hydraulics Resistance Relationships for Surface Flows in Vegetated Channels," R. N. Fenzl and J. R. Davis. Trans. ASAE 7:1 46-

57, 55. 1964.

A STUDY OF RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION. Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

Experimental; basic research. Natural rainstorms are . hotographed with a raindrop camera so that the number of raindrops, their size and size distribution, and

the kinetic energy of a rainstorm may be calculated. Physical measurements will be made of the soil to determine the effect of the kinetic energy of the rainstorm on soil loss. The nature and properties of rainstorms that occur in this area of Illinois

will also be studied.

"The Erosion-Control Effectiveness of Rotation Meadows," J. V. Manning, L. C. Johnson, L. D. Meyer and B. A. Jones. Journ. Soil and Water Conserv. 19-3: 91-95, 1954. WATER INFILTRATION RATE METHODS AND DETER- MINATIONS ON SOILS. Laboratory project. Field investigation, basic research. To field test practical methods for deter- mining and predicting relative infiltration

rates of soils during irrigation and during

rains. To determine infiltration rates for

specific soil types under various management

practices.

THE EFFECT OF GYPSUM AND DRAINAGE ON SOLCNETZIC SOILS (SLICK-SPOTS) IN ILLINOIS.

00

(5369)

Laboratory project in cooperation with Dept.

of Agronomy.

Experimental field Investigation.

To test the feasibility of replacing and removing excess sodium from solonetzic sells under field conditions with (a) different methods and rates of applying gypsum (calci- um sulphate), (b) different degrees of disturbing the subsoil, and (c) different

spacings of tile drains. Twenty plots were established in a random pattern to compare 3 positions for the application of gypsum and 3 spacings of tile drains with check plots. The tile effluent is measured by recording equipment

to determine the rate and volume of flow. Also samples will be taken to determine the amount of sodium in the leachate. HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL WATERSHEDS,

A laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical; basic research. The objective is to select a method for integrating the partial differential equatics

which will form a part of the mathematical

model for watersheds. Solutions for the following continuity and momentum equations for unsteady, spatially

varied flow in a wide channel were obtained by numerical Integration using the IBM 7094 computer:

(1)

(2)

dy , 5y du

dt dx J dx du , du , dy St

+ u

5x- + s d£ in which

= depth of flow, varying with time and position along the channel

u = average velocity associated with the depth y

g = gravitational constant

SG = channel slope

R = rate of inflow per unit channel area

Sf = energy gradient of the flow

x = distance along the channel

t = time The initial condition for the problems solved was a dry bed (no flow) . The boundary con- ditions were no inflow at the head of the

channel, and a free overfall at the lower

end with subcritlcal flow upstream. Results

were obtained for each of three finite difference approximations of equations 1 and

2 essentially as originally proposed by

Isaacson, Stoker, and Troesch. The space and time increments, ax and At, used in representing the derivatives were subject to the Interrelationship imposed by the method

of characteristics. Although the laboratory model to be used for checking the numerical results has not been

completed, an independent method of calcu- lation was used to determine the equilibrium

depth profile for given boundary conditions. The transient profiles approached the equilibrium profile satisfactorily over the upper two-thirds of the channel. All three methods proved to be unstable, however, in the region of greatly accelerated flow near

the discontinuity at the free overfall. Reduction of the magnitude of the space increment, ax, would improve the evaluation

of the terms for du/dx and dy/dx, possibly

improving the results immediately upstream

from the overfall at the expense of a required reduction in the magnitude of At. The application of least square polynomial

smoothing to each generated profile prior to calculation of the succeeding profile effec- tively damped the oscillations of the solutions, but also had a cumulative effect which gradually distorted the shape of the calcu- lated water surface profiles.

35
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Hydraulics and Water

Resources Laboratory, Department of Civil Engrg.

Inquiries concerning all projects should be addressed

to Dr. V. T. Chow, Prof, of Hydraulic Engineering,

University of Illinois, Urbana, 111., 61803, unless

otherwise indicated.

(4537) BOX CULVERT ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of 111., Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; applied research; NSF

undergraduate research grant problem, and

M. S. Thesis.

(e) To analyze all classes of energy dissipators

which may be suitable for culverts, and development of new devices for optimum overall hydraulic performance are the ultimate

goals of this study.

(g) An analysis and experimental investigation

of the U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Basin VI energy dissipator used in conjunction with a box culvert has been completed. Criteria

for classification and evaluation of energy dissipators for culverts have been established.

(h) "Energy Dissipators for Spillways and Outlet

Works," by M. B. McPherson et al. Proceedings ASCE, Journal of the Hydraulics Div., 90:HY1 (1964), pp. 121-147.

(4538) WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS-ANALYSIS CRITERIA.

b) N. I. H. Research Grant.

c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Numerical; development.

e) Exploitation of previously developed

generalized relations describing network head losses in a concise analytical form makes possible comprehensive system analyses,

balancing pump-network- storage characteristics

for optimization of a composite system design.

(g) The feasibility and comparative cost of various operating options have been de- termined. Using a computer, system parameter

combinations for given demand schedules have

been studied, and results have been succinctly

defined in simple representations. Simple

analogous demand schedules, such as sine distributions, are being studied so that results can be completely generalized. More complex hydraulic cases will also be investigated. Mathematical proofs and practical limitations of basic network and system parameters are being developed.

Using statistical techniques, the possibility

of simulating future demand schedules for general use in analysis, design, and operation

will be studied.

(h) Communication on "Distribution Analysis by

Electronic Computer," by M. B. McPherson, Journal of Institution of Water Engineers

(London), 17:2 (1963), pp. 130-134.

(4539) NON-UNIFORM SUPPLY OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project; support from University

of Illinois Research Board.

(c) Prof. M. B. McPherson, Dept. of Civil Eng.,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

e) The dimensionless overland flow hydrograph

given by Izzard, including recession characteristics, has been investigated for uniform

rainfall excess intensities. The suitability

of Izzard' s procedures for estimating

hydrographs for nonuniform intensities has been studied, as well as other numerical

procedures. Data were obtained from laboratory measurements, using both a smooth

and uniformly rough surface

.

(4541) VARIATION OF TRACTIVE FORCE IN SEWERS AND

DRAINS.

(b) Laboratory project for J. A. Replogle's

doctoral thesis directed by V. T. Chow.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) To study the distribution of boundary shearing stress, or tractive force in a circular

conduit flowing partially full and to de- termine the relationship between the shearlrg- stress distribution and the velocity distri- bution . (g) The solution of the problem Is based on the assumption that a turbulent flow in the channel has a uniform velocity distribution

modified by boundary effects and turbulent

mixing. The boundary effects are further considered to consist of two additive components, namely, viscous effects and the secondary effects caused by the restraint of the tur- bulent fluctuations at the walls and the surface. The velocity of flow normal to the channel cross section is therefore expressed as the weighted sum of two functions of the Poisson equation type. The relative influence of the two functions of the total flow is de- fined experimentally for the relationship of the weighted coefficient to channel geometry

and roughness.

The experimental determination of the co- efficient is accomplished by using a smooth copper pipe and a rough steel pipe. The tractive force distribution is determined by a "law-of-the-wall" method and with the Prestcn technique using Pilot tubes calibrated in place. The equations are solved by the finite- differences method using the digital computer to evaluate the weight cc-j.T icient in the Poisson equations for both smooth and rough pipes. The relations developed from this investi- gation compare favorably with some published

velocity distributions including those ob- tained by Bazin.

(h) "Tractive Force Distribution in Sewers and Channels," by J. A. Replogle, Ph.D. thesis

directed by V. T. Chow, Dec. 1963.

(4543) WATER RESOURCES SYSTEM ANALYSIS.

(b) Laboratory project supported by the University' s Center for Advanced Study.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(ej To use the operations research techniques

to optimize water resources system for the planning and development of water projects,

by utilizing mathematical models and simu- lation. Optimization is made by deter- ministic and stochastic linear programming

and dynamic programming, considering various

types of constraints including economic efficiency and budget limitations. For mathematical simulation, both random sam- pling and systematic sampling are considered, and additional hydrologic data are generated

sequentially by means of Monte Carlo methods

and Markov chain models. Study of the reservoir design is also made by using

queuing theory through the use of the sequentially generated stochastic imput flow information.

(h) "Water-Resources System Design by Oper- ations Research", by V. T. Chow, Section

26-11 in "Handbook of Applied Hydrology,"

edited by V. T. Chow, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,

N. Y., 1964.

(4905) WATER WAVE AND STRUCTURE INTERACTION.

(b) Laboratory project supported by the NSF

undergraduate research grant and University

of Illinois Research Board.

(c) Prof. J. P. Murtha, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the time variation of forces pro- duced by gravity waves on coastal and off- shore structures and to evaluate the sub- sequent structural motion. The effort in- volves laboratory studies of wave-structure interaction as well as analytical investigations.

(g) During the past year, laboratory equipment

for small-scale investigations has been

constructed, and experimental data relating

36
to type of disturbance and subsequent wave characteristics have been obtained.

(4906) BASIC INVESTIGATION ON WATERSHED HYDRAULICS.

(b) National Science Foundation research project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. (g)

(e) To investigate the basic laws governing the flow of surface water over drainage basins

by controlled experiments on geometric

basins. By controlling the various factors involved in the mechanics of flow, the experimental data so obtained can be more

amenable to theoretical analyses for the determination of the basic laws. In addition

to the shape of the geometric basin, other (4909) characteristics including slope, size, surface roughness, channel storage, channel density,

etc., will be studied. The input rainfall (b) excess is to be simulated by electronically

controlled sprinkling systems composed of a large number of modules so that different fd) patterns of rainfall supply and even the (e) effect of the movement of rain-making

clouds can be produced artifically. The (g) output discharge from the basin Is to be measured by electronic sensing devices which can automatically be digitized for

the computer to construct the hydrographs of

outflow.

(g) During the year, effort has been made to design the rainfall simulator system which

is composed of 100 modules. Each module is a box of 4 feet by 4 feet in size with numerous holes on the bottom. By controlling the inside pressure of the box, artiflcal raindrops

are produced. The whole system is supported

by a metal frame of 40 feet by 40 feet in size

.

(4907) A BASIC STUDY OF THE LINEARITY OF THE

RAIN FALL- RUN OFF PROCESS IN WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project for M. H. Diskln's

doctoral thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the nonlinearity of the hydrograph theory by studying the properties

of the kernal function in the Duhamel convolution integral via the properties of (h) its Laplace transform. The Laplace transform

of the kernal function is the transfer function of the drainage basin system.

(g) To facilitate the comparison of transfer functions and to accentuate the differences (4910) between transfer functions obtained from various storms and basins, a special form transfer function Is developed, which is dimenslonless and eliminates the location of (b) the centroid of the kernal function. By

means of this complex mathematical transformation, various conceptual models for fd) rainfall and runoff process in drainage (e) basins can be easily compared, and the nonlinearity of the actual basin process can

be evaluated. The method developed from the proposed theory Is tested with 31 storm records of rainfall and runoff for 14 drainage

basins with areas ranging from 30 to 1,420

square miles. The result Indicates that the (g) Instantaneous unit hydrograph varies systematically but nonllnearly with the

storms, but there is also a random component

superimposing on the process.

(h) "A Basic Study of the Linearity of the Rainfall Runoff Process in Watersheds," by M. H. Diskln,

Ph.D. thesis directed by V. T. Chow, Jan. 1964.

(4908) THE FORCES CAUSED BY WAVES BREAKING AGAINST VERTICAL IMPERVIOUS RIGID WALLS.

(b) Laboratory project for a doctoral thesis by

J. Garcia, Jr., under the direction of Prof. V. T. Chow cooperative with U. S. Army Engineers Waterways Experiment Station.

Id) Experimental and analytical; basic research,

(e) To formulate relations which will enable one

to determine pressures on impervious rigid

walls due to breaking waves with sufficient accuracy to afford an economical and safe design for sea walls and breakwaters; also

to Investigate the variation of pressure

on the wall with respect to time and

spacial distribution. During the year five different wave con- ditions were Investigated. The wave characteristics and pressure distribution

on the face of the model wall for each of the wave conditions were measured. With

the cooperation of the U. S. Army Engineers,

the experimental work Is being conducted at the U. S. Army Waterways Experiment Station.

A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BASIN STORAGE ON SURFACE RUNOFF HYDROGRAPHS. Laboratory project for V. C. Kulandaiswamy '

s

doctoral thesis under the direction of Prof.

V. T. Chow. Theoretical; basic research.

To study the drainage basin taken as a lumped

hydrologic system.

Assuming a general nonlinear equation for the basin storage and combining it with the equation of continuity, a differential equa- tion for the system is formulated. The equa- tion is quasi-linearized by assuming that the coefficients are functions of the average in- flow and outflow of the sytem. Solution of the resulting equation produces four possible

conceptual system models depending on the nature of the roots of the equation. Storms

and the corresponding outflow hydrographs

over six natural drainage basins varying

from 7.16 to 1,141 square miles are analyzed

by the proposed equation and theory. From

the results of the analysis it is seen that three coefficients of the proposed equation vary with the outflow, thus indicating non- linearity, while the remaining two co- efficients do not change much and can be assumed constant. A study of the variation

of the three coefficients seems to indicate

that they decrease exponentially with the peak runoff. The storage equation derived

in this study is shown for use in flood routing and it is proposed also for use in infiltration analysis.

"A Basic Study of the Rainfall Excess-Surface

Runoff Relationship in a Basin System," by

V. C. Kulandaiswamy, Ph.D. thesis directed by V. T. Chow, March 1964. PROBABILITY AND SYNTHETIC HYDROLOGY APPROACH

TO THE ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL-RUNOFF FREQUENCY

RELATIONSHIP. Laboratory project for S. Ramaseshan's

doctoral thesis directed by Prof. V. T. Chow. Theoretical; basic research.

To treat the inflow into a basin as a stochastic input, the basin as a linear

system, and the outflow as the response

of the basin to the input and to in- vestigate the stochastic behavior of the system by sequential generation and simulation techniques.

The 28-year records of annual storm and flood from the French Broad River at Bent

Creek, North Carolina, covering a drainage area of 676 sq. mi. are mainly used in the analysis. First, statistical Markov

models using shifting technique for the precipitation process in the annual storms

are formulated and tested, and their parameters are evaluated. Using Monte

Carlo method, 1,000 years of sequentially

generated storms are produced. The effective storm rainfalls are routed through

a conceptual mathematical model consisting

of a series of linear reservoirs. By

considering the rainfall abstractions to consist of a deterministic component

and a random component, a good agreement

is obtained between the historical flood

frequencies. Finally, stochastic flood duration curves are developed and

37
recommended for water resources design purposes

.

(h) "A Stochastic Analysis of Rainfall and Runoff Characteristics by Sequential

Generation and Simulation," by S. Ramaseshan, Ph.D. thesis directed by

V. T. Chow, April, 1964.

(5289) STOCHASTIC HYDRODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF

OCEAN WAVE ACTIONS ON MOORED PLATFORM

FOR UNDERWATER MISSILE LAUNCHING.

(b) Laboratory project for a doctoral thesis by B. J. Muga, under the direction of Prof. V. T. Chow cooperative with U. S. Navy Civil Engineering

Laboratory.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic and applied research.

(e) To analyze the motions and forces induced

by irregular waves on a construction

type platform as moored in the open Pacific

Ocean.

(g) Prototype and model tests are conducted

on the platform, named "Fishook," which

is of the catamaran design, having a displacement of 850 tons. It is spread- moored by four 2 1/2-lnch stud link

chains in 165 feet of water. Water

level fluctuations, ship rotations and accelerations, mooring forces, and wind

speed and directions are measured. Both prototype and model tests data are analyzed in the form of amplitude re- sponse operations by the spectrum and cross-correlation analyses of the com- plex time series histories. The results

are compared with the linear theory of ship's motion. Equations of motion of the system for sinusoidal waves are formulated on the basis of the slender body theory for 6 degrees of freedom,

taking into account both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic effects. The excitation

functions and the various coefficients

in the equations are obtained for surges, heaves, pitches, sways, rolls, and yaws. Solutions are also given to the forces

in the mooring cables and the horizontal

force components and the yawing moment

induced by the mooring system on the platform.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Project No. 2083 should be ad- dressed to W. M. Lansford, 219 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, and for Frojects Nos. 2536, 3427, 4142, 4558 to Professor J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, Univ. of Illinois,

Urbana, Illinois.

(2083)

(b) Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program.

d) Basic research; experimental.

e) Information on mean-flow and turbulence

structure near roughnesses being studied in an 8-inch "natural roughness" pipe and in 3-inch sand-roughened pipe. Basic question

is how roughness produces turbulence.

(h) Report In preparation.

(4142) TURBULENT BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOW TOWARDS A NORMAL STEP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) An analytical and experimental study is being made of upstream separation, i.e., the real fluid behavior (separation, mixing, reattachment) in front of a normal step projecting inward from a plate along which fluid is flowing with a turbulent boundary layer. Air is fluid medium being used.

(f) Investigation in process.

(g) First phase of study completed; in one case rather good agreement was found between

theoretical solution and experimental

observation of separation streamline.

(h) "Separation of Turbulent Shear Flow Ahead

of a Normal Step", by D. B. Taulbee, PhD

Thesis, Univ. of Illinois, 1964.

(4143) HEMODYNAMICS SIMILITUDE STUDY OF AN ARTERIAL

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

(b) Public Health Service, National Institutes

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-02.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Basic research; experimental.

e) The flow of blood in the Circle of Willis--

the arterial distribution system for the brain--is to be studied utilizing largesized models. Present goal Is to fabricate

a model which will simulate in as many ways

as possible the prototype and its flow.

f) Investigation in process.

g) Fabrication and model-prototype verification

of first-stage model essentially complete.

Studies being initiated in the pulsatile

flow aspects.

(4558) EFFECT OF TURBULENT NORMAL STRESS ON DRAG EVALUATION BY WAKE MOMENTUM METHOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Basic research.

(e) Conventionally the evaluation of the drag of bodies from wake transverses ignores normal stresses in wake. Experimental measurements

one half a chord length behind a finenessratio 3.5 strut indicates a contribution of

some 2 percent. Further studies including

finer bodies are planned.

(f) Investigation in process. VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL (4559) FLOW STABILITY AND HEAD LOSS IN BRANCHED

HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS-SECTION. TUBES.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Basic research.

(ej Data being obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(f) Investigation reactivated, additional data being taken with new improved Instruments,

one of which is a hot wire probe.

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) Laboratory project, formerly National Science

Foundation.

d) Basic research.

e) The nature of turbulence (its production and dissipation) is being studied in the simplest

possible shear flow-plane Couette flow where the shear Is constant and the turbulence homogeneous but not Isotropic. Mean-flow

studies essentially complete.

(f) Reactivated.

f 34-27} -STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE NEAR ROUGH SURFACES.

(b) Public Health Service, National Institute

of Health, Research Grant No. HE08330-02.

(c) Prof. M. E. Clark, 123 Talbot Laboratory,

Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.

d) Basic research; experimental.

e) In conjunction with a model study of the Circle of Willis—the arterial distribution

system for the brain--a need was felt for a better understanding of the stability of viscous flows through certain types of Junctions as well as the amount of head loss which occurs. A series of bifurcations and fusions of rigid, circular tubes are being

studied to gain this understanding.

(f) Investigation in process.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural

Engineering

.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be

38
addressed to Dr. H. P. Johnson, Department of Agri- cultural Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames,

Iowa

.

(2330)

111

(e)

(g)

DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE DRAINS. Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis

.

Analytical and experimental approach Is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of tiled drains by analyzing soil character- istics and geometry of systems. Work is cooperative with Dr. Klrkham, Soil Physics

Department of Agronomy. Studies of the relationship of hydrologic and applied

hydraulic problems of field tile systems

being made

.

Studies of models and mathematical theory of unsteady flow through porous media are being conducted in the Department of Agronomy under the direction of Dr. Kirkham. A field

study of flow through the spacing between

Individual tile for saturated conditions

has been completed. A study relating the needed tile depth and spacing to con- ditions described by the water balance for

given conditions is being conducted in

the Agricultural Engineering Department.

"The Falling Water Table Between Open Ditch

Drains," by J. T. Ligon, Don Klrkham and

H. ?. Johnson, Soil Science, 97:113-118.

1954. "Solving Tile Drainage Problems by Using

Model Data", by B. L. Grover and Don

Klrkham. Research Bulletin 523, Agri- cultural and Home Economics Experiment

Station, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.

(2331) SURFACE RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(h)

151

(e)

(2333)

Laboratory project. Theoretical; applied research; master's

thesis

.

A study relating volumes and rates of runoff from gaged watersheds to volumes

and rates of runoff obtained by synthetic methods is in progress. IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE BLIND INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Field study is being continued to determine

the effect of different tile backfill material on the flow of water into the tile

drains.

(f) Completed.

(2334) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research;

design.

(e) Measurements of rainfall, surface runoff,

soil moisture, water table levels, and evaporation being made on six small agricultural watersheds under a single cover crop. Five additional agricultural watersheds are being gaged for rainfall and surface runoff.

(4150) COMPARISON OF SYNTHETIC UNIT GRAPH METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Three synthetic unit graph methods developed

for application to small watersheds "were compared with actual unit graphs from given watersheds.

(f) Completed.

(g) The study Indicated that large errors in predicted peak discharge for given storms may result from use of synthetic unit

graphs.

(4S13) QUANTITATIVE EVALUATION OF GULLY EROSION.

.(h)

(5370)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research. Multiple regression has been used to relate gully growth to a series of Independent

variables. Initial equation was developed

from 20 year history on one watershed. Study has expanded to include two watersheds with continuing measurement of gully growth, rainfall, runoff, and sedi- ment production.

"Factors in Gully Growth In the Deep Loess Area of Western Iowa", by C. E. Beer and

H. P. Johnson. Transactions of ASAE, 6:237-

240. 1963. RELATIONSHIP OF WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO RUNOFF. Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis

.

Available field data from several sources

are being used to relate such characteristics

as rainfall, watershed cover, soil, and watershed geometry to water yields and

storm runoff characteristics.

"Regional Flood Frequency Determination in Iowa", by R. E. Hermanson. M.S. Thesis

submitted to Iowa State University Library,

: ; e-i

.

IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOILS,

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Don Kirkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State University. 50010

(d) Theoretical and applied research; Doctor'

s

thesis.

(e) Theoretical work done on the movement of ground water in soil, particularly in the saturated phase continues. Mr. John C. Corey is continuing isotope work on water

movement in the unsaturated state (miscible

displacement) in cooperation with the Iowa State University Institute for Atomic

Research

.

(h) "Some Physical Processes Causing Movement of Ions and Other Matter Through Soil," Don

Kirkham. Mededelign Van De Landbouwhoge school En De Opzoekingsstations Van De Staat Gent. DEEL XXIX Nv. 1 pp. 21-43, 1964. "The Streamline Function for Axially Symetric Ground Water Movement," Dan Zaslavsky and

Don Kirkham. Soil Scl. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28:150-164. 1964. "Miscible Displacement of Tagged Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Material," John C. Corey. Progress report

for AEC, Contract AT(11-1 ) -1269, Feb. 1964. Available from the Dept. of Agronomy, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.

(4592) MOVEMENT OF WATER FROM WASTE RECHARGE INSTALLATIONS.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National

Institute of Health.

(c) Dr. Don Kirkham, Department of Agronomy,

Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa 50010.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis.

(e) The purpose of this project is to discover

laws which predict, from the geometry of the waste recharge Installation, and from

the physical properties of the soil about it, how fast, and how far at certain times, water will move from the installation. This will

be accomplished by (l) obtaining empirical

laws governing seepage of water from an idealized scaled model (2) testing by fullscale field experiments to see if the empirical laws found in (1) above need to be

39
modified when applied to field conditions, and (3) formulating rational relations between

the water movement, the geometry of the system and the soil conditions, by setting

up and solving the appropriate seepage dif- ferential equations and checking the result against the experimental data from (1) and

(2) above.

(h) "Theory of Soil Water Seepage Near Tile Drains for a Curved Water Table," Arthur

W. Warrick. Thesis for the degree of Master of Science, Iowa State Univ.

Library, Ames, Iowa 1964. "Physical Artifices and Formulas for Approximating Water Table Fall in Tile-Drained

Land," Don Kirkham. Soil Sci. Soc. Proc.

(in press) 1964.

''Exact Theory for the Shape of the Free Water Surface About a Well in a Semi- Confined Aquifer," Don Kirkham. J. Geophysical Res. 69: 2537-2549, 1964.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, University of

Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with the Agricultural Research Service and the U.S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and

M. S. theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Dis- charge from a 3-square-mlle area measured

by U. S. G. S.; rainfall records at five automatic recording stations collected by

Agricultural Research Service. Continuous

records since 1924 of precipitation, runoff,

groundwater levels, and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination at Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924 available in files at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33-year

record published as Bulletin 16 of the Iowa Highway Research Board in 1961; available upon request from Iowa Highway Commission,

Ames, Iowa.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS IN IOWA .

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) District Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic stream-flow data.

(e) Stream-flow and sediment measuring stations maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis. Records collected by standard methods of U. S. G. S. (g) Records of stream-flow and sediment discharge

computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

c) District Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Study being made of relation between rainfall

and runoff over a small area. Discharge from

a 25-square-mile area measured and flood

runoff on main subbasins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall records at four automatic recording stations collected by

U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records

since 1941 of precipitation, runoff, and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in Weather Bureau

Climatological Bulletins and surface runoff

a-nd ground-water levels published in Geological

Survey Water-supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and ap- plied research.

(e) Instruments, primarily electrical In operation, are being developed to measure the character- istics of turbulent flow over a wide range of laboratory and field conditions. Both

sensing and computing elements are Involved.

(g) Investigation of the salinity factor has

shown that the theoretical heat dissipation

(Kramer's Law) is encountered for mineral

oil, distilled water, and salinity up to that of tap water (approx. 3 x 10" 4 ohm-cm).

Increasing salinity reduces the heat transfer, so that at a conductivity of 11.1 x 10~$ ohm-cm the heat transfer is only 60^ of the theoretical value. Suspended solids down to the wire diameter (18 microns) must be re- moved for stable operation.

(h) "Heat Transfer from Fine Wires in Flowing

Liquids" Kuo, A. Y.-S., M.S. Thesis, Univ.

of Iowa, Jan. 1965. (Available on loan).

(79) CAVITATION

.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate theses.

(e) Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Studies of cavitation in abrupt conduit expansions are now being pursued.

(1875) CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, partially supported by Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy and U. S. Army Research Office (Durham).

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

dl Experimental and analytical; basic research,

e) Distributions of velocity, pressure, and turbulence are being investigated throughout

the vicinity of separation zones produced by

abrupt changes In flow section, to the end

of establishing the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry.

(g) Studies are being conducted on flow in the wakes of conical after-bodies. Analytical

evaluations are also being carried out for a two-dimensional and an axi symmetric boundary

expansion

.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) To determine the laws governing the forces, moments, and motions of ships. Work is under way on the following problems:

(1) Development of procedure for computing

potential flow about ship forms. (2) Deter- mination of hydrodynamlc images, forces, and moments for a spheroid In an arbitrary

potential flow. (3) Effect of tank size

on ship-model resistance. (4) Resolution of viscous and wave drag by means of wake and surface-profile measurements. (5) Effect

of a free surface on separation. (6) Vi- bration of ships.

(h) "Force on a Prolate Spheroid in an Axi- symmetric Potential Flow," by L. Landweber

and M. Macagno, Journal of Ship Research,

vol. 8, No. 1, June 1964. "Added Masses of Vibrating Elastic Bodies,"

by R. G. Warnock, IIHR Report, Feb. 1964.

40
"Vibration of a Flexible Cylinder in a Fluid," by L. Landweber, IIHR Report,

August 1964. "Drag of an Oscillating Plate in a Stream,"

by M. Tseng, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa,

Jan. 1965. (Available on loan).

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey, Office of Naval Research, and Waterways

Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) Apparatus for measuring drag on individual

roughness elements and element groups is now in use.

(h) "Some Roughness-Concentration Effects on Boundary Resistance" by E. M. O'Loughlin and E. G. Macdonald, submitted to La Houille Blanche.

"A Critical Analysis of Open-Channel Re- sistance" by Hunter Rouse, submitted to ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Division.

(2541) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The purpose is to Improve the analysis of turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations,

especially where long-period fluctuations are significant

.

(g) An improved analog-to-frequency type of integrator has been completed and is in use

for regular laboratory research. An inter- mittency circuit sensitive to instantaneous

amplitude is under development, and spectrum measurements are being given consideration.

The use of silicon semiconductors for non- linear applications is under active investigation.

(3074) WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Mean flow and turbulence characteristics are being measured and the energy transformation

is being analyzed in the field of flow past

a bluff, axisymmetric body with a centrally located Jet for the particular condition of

zero momentum flux.

(g) Radial distributions of mean-flow and tur- bulence characteristics exhibit a more com- plex form of self-preservation than is common

to free-turbulence flows. The axial vari- ation of flow characteristics is described by

a logarithmic rather than by a power law. An analogous replacement of power laws by

one logarithmic relationship proves successful also for decaying homogeneous turbulence.

(h) "Flow in the Wake of a Self-Propelled Body

and Related Sources of Turbulence," by E. Naudascher, Iowa Inst, of Hydraulic Research

Report, Nov. 1964. (To be submitted to the Journal of Fluid Mechanics).

(3428) MECHANICS OF BANK SEEPAGE IN NATURAL STREAMS DURING FLOOD FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; basic research for

Ph. D. thesis.

(e) Observations taken on transverse profile of ground-water levels during rise and recession

of hydrographs. Sections on Missouri,

Des Moines, Boone, Iowa, and English Rivers,

Clear Creek and Rapid Creek. Permeability

tests made by pumping wells.

f) Continuing.

g) Early results indicate substantial flow into banks during period of rise, thus showing

a negative groundwater contribution to the flow In this period.

(3432) ACCELERATED MOTION OF A SPHERE FALLING IN AN OSCILLATING FLUID.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

and Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine accelerated motion of a sphere

falling in an oscillating fluid.

f) Completed.

h) "Accelerated Motion of a Sphere in a Viscous

Fluid," by Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Han-Wong

Ho, and Ben-Chie Yen, ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Division, vol. 90, No. HY 1, Jan. 1964.

(3738) SEDIMENT DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory project partially supported by a grant from Gulf Research and Development Co.

(c) Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; Ph. D. dissertation.

(e) To determine the sediment-diffusion character- istics for small concentrations of particles

In a submerged Jet of water.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Diffusion of Sediment in a Submerged Jet," by Surya Rao Singamsetti, Ph.D. Dissertation,

Univ. of Iowa, Feb. 1965. (Available on

loan)

.

(3739) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON THE MECHANICS OF FLUIDS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City Iowa.

(e) Six 20-minute sound films In color are planned to cover following material: (1) An Introduction to the subject, stressing its great breadth of coverage, the necessarily

close tie between theory and experiment, the role of the scale model in engineering

analysis and design, and methods of flow measurement in laboratory and field. (2) The source and significance of the funda- mental principles of continuity, momentum,

and energy, and their application to typical

problems in many professional fields. (3) Gravitational phenomena, including Jets, nappes, channel transitions, waves, surges, and effects of density stratification. (4) Effects of viscosity, examples of laminar

flow, characteristics of fluid turbulence, and problems of surface resistance. (5) Form drag and lift, and their application

to propulsion and fluid machinery. (6) Com- pressibility effects - water hammer, subma- rine signaling, gravity-wave and sound-wave

analogies, and supersonic drag.

(g) First four films of series, "Introduction to the Study of Fluid Motion," "Fundamental Principles of Flow," "Flow in a Gravitational

Field," and "Characteristics of Laminar

and Turbulent Flow" now available from Audiovisual Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Fifth film "Form Drag,

Lift, and Propulsion" in preparation.

(3740) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLUIDS UNDER CONDITIONS OF RAPID ACCELERATION.

(b) Rock Island Arsenal, U. S. Army.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

(ej Analytical techniques which are applicable

to systems involving rapid acceleration of fluids through constructions or of solids through fluids. Results will be expressed

as lumped-constant parameters similar to

41
(g)

(4145)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4148)

IS!

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4149)

( b

)

those used for steady-flow phenomena. Field tests have shown that errors are re- duced by an order of magnitude If the volume changes due to compressibility are considered. As shown by analysis of simplified model, pressure waves may also require consideration in the presence of extremely short impulses. INTERFACIAL EFFECTS IN FLUID FLOW WITH DENSITY STRATIFICATION. Cooperative with U. S. Army Research Office

(Durham)

.

Dr. Enzo 0. Macagno, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research and graduate

theses

.

Instability and mixing of two fluid layers of different densities flowing in the same direction. Effect of stratification on turbulent mixing of two fluid layers.

Experiments with an agitation unit to de- termine intereffects of turbulence and stratification continue. A small unit has been set up and Is being used for exploratory studies of effects of curvi- linearity on stratified flow. An elec- trical probe for direct measuring and recording of saline concentration has been developed and is now being tested under variable conditions of density

stratification

.

"The Stability of Stratified Flow on Nearly

Vertical Slopes," by W. M. Sangster, Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. of Iowa, June 1964. (Available on loan).

Estuarine Salt Wedges," by J. B. Hinwood,

The Dock and Harbour Authority, Vol. 45,

n. 525, p. 79-83, July 1964. "Instabilite dans la zone d 1 etablissement

d'un courant avec stratification de densite,"

by E. 0. Macagno and J. B. Hinwood, 8emes Journees de 1 'Hydraulique, Ouestion I, Rapport I, Lille 1964. (English version

available on request).

Discussion, by J. B. Hinwood, of "Sediment Transportation Mechanics: Density Currents"

by the Task Committee on Preparation of Sedimentation Manual, ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Division, Vol. 90, No. 4, July

1964. MEAN-FLOW AND TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF RIVER BENDS. Supported by the National Science Foundation.

Mr. E. M. O'Loughlin, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. dis- sertation and M.S. thesis. To determine the mean-flow and turbulence characteristics of flow in a model river bend. The loss coefficient has been determined as

a function of the Froude number and width- depth ratio for the channel being studied. Flow dissimilarities between air and water models have been observed. Longitudinal and transverse velocity, bed shear, turbulent

shear, and surface elevation have been measured for a trapezoidal channel at various

Froude numbers and width-depth ratios. "Air-Tunnel Study of a Meander Model," by

H. Tieleman, M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa,

Feb. 1964. (Available on loan).

"The Variation of Loss Coefficient with

Froude Number in an Open-Channel Bend" by SIkandar Hayat, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Jan. 1965. (Available on loan). DRAG OF SUPERCAVITATING BODIES OF REVOLUTION

.

Bureau of Ships, Office of Naval Research.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical; applied research. An approximate method of computing pressure distributions on supercavitating bodies of revolution has been developed. Equipment for measuring drag of nose forms with air- simulated supercavitating flow in a towing

(

'

1

4973

(4974

(b

(c

IS

(h

(4975

(b

.4976)

(b)

(h)

5319)

(b)

tank has been constructed and experiments

are under way.

"A Preliminary Study of the Effect of the Free Surface on the Drag of a Truncated

2:1 Ellipsoid," by A. D. Newsham, IIHR

Report, Aug. 1964. EFFECT OF RADIUS OF CURVATURE ON LOSS IN 90- DEGREE TRAPEZOIDAL BEND. Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mech. & Hydr.,

Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; for M.S. thesis. Observation of series of bends with varying

ratios of radius to width. Completed

.

Loss due to bend is a minimum at r/w ratio

of 4. However, if one considers the total loss between fixed points on the tangents,

the largest radius gives the least loss. "Effect of Radius of Curvature Upon Loss in

a Trapezoidal Equiradial 90° Open Channel Bend at Constant Slope," by Sie Ling Chiang,

M. S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Jan. 1964. (Available on loan). TURBULENCE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WAKE OF A BODY OF REVOLUTION. Cooperative with David Taylor Model Basin,

Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental basic research. Measurements are being made of the turbulence near the stern of an ellipsoid mounted in an air tunnel. Specially designed instruments

are used to respond correctly to the low- frequency, high-intensity components.

Data on the pressure, velocity, and components

of turbulence are at hand for a zero angle of attack.

"An Experimental Study of the Turbulence in the Wake of a Body of Revolution" by P . J. L. Gear, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Jan. 1965. (Available on loan). EFFECT OF GATE SLOTS UPON DOWNPULL. Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The pressure distribution on the lip of a high-head gate is being measured for various gate-slot geometries. A parameter is to be evaluated for the effect of the gate slot on the hydraulic downpull.

Completed

.

"Effect of Gate Slots upon the Hydrodynamlc

Forces Acting on High-Head Gates," by N. Gillissen, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Iowa, Jan. 1965. (Available on loan).

Discussion by N. Gillissen and C. Quevedo

of "Hydrodynamlc Analysis for High-Head

Leaf Gates," by E. Naudascher, H. E. Kobus,

and R. P. R. Rao, ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics Div., Vol. 90, No. HY 3, May

1964. EFFECT OF LIFTING BEAMS ON GATE VIBRATION. Cooperative with Tennessee Valley Authority.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The effect of the lifting-beam geometry

upon the fluctuating hydrodynamlc force acting on a multiple-leaf gate during over- flow and underflow is being investigated.

Discussion by E. Naudascher and C. Farell of "Form-Induced Hydrodynamlc Forces on Three- Leaf Intake Gates," by R. A. Elder and T. M. Garrison, ASCE Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, Vol. 90, HY 3, May 1964. HEAD LOSS IN TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL BENDS HAVING VARIOUS DEFLECTION ANGLES. Laboratory project.

42
(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental j for M.S. Thesis.

(e) Evaluation of loss coefficient in equiradial

trapezoidal bends having various deflection

angles

.

(5320) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS OF SKEWED PIPE ORIFICES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and Hydraulics, Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; for M.S. Thesis.

(e) Effect of inclination of orifice plate to pipe centerllne for orifices of the same projected diameter.

(5321) PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AT GATES OUTLET WORKS. Cooperative with U. S. Army Corps of Engrs.

Dr. Eduard Naudascher, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental, basic research. Effects of shear-layer instability on the spectral distribution and the intensity of pressure fluctuations that may induce gate

vibrations are being investigated for various

gate and conduit geometries.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics Lab.

(2335) APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

151

(e)

(g)

(h)

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design.

Study the dynamic qualities of an acceler- ation switching hydraulic servomechanism

while operating in a closed loop under the presence of various loads and environmental

conditions on the transfer valve, actuator

and feedback transducer.

The operation of a broad bandpass servo- mechanism driving a low resonant frequency

linkage has resulted in radial design compro- mises to prevent instability. Extension of acceleration switching techniques without any mechanical modifications has permitted

closed loop operation with bandpasses equal

to or exceeding the linkage characteristics.

"Design of a Hydraulic Servo with Improved

Bandpass Characteristics When Driving a Resonant Mechanical Load," APL/JHU CM-962,

by W. Seamone.

13436) ADAPTIVE ELECTRO HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHAHISMS.

(g)

Bureau of Weapons, Department of the Navy.

Theoretical and experimental.

Techniques have been developed for designing

linear servomechanisms with a limit cycle

instability about a relay type non-linearity.

The closed loop characteristics of this servomechanism becomes invariant to any pure gain changes occurring in the linear elements. This servomechanism, categorized as a self- oscillating control servomechanism, ap- peared to be an evolutionary improvement over

the acceleration switching hydraulic servo- mechanism . A self-oscillating rate servomechanism has been operated with the loop closed around

the valve spool position. Predictable self- oscillation frequency was achieved and dynamic performance bandpass was Independent

of hydraulic supply pressure between 500 and 20C0 psi . The bandpass of both servo- mechanisms exceeded 60 cycles per second with the latter operating a complex me- chanical load system.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Department of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, School of Engrg.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. John C. Geyer, Chairman, Dept.

of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN

AREAS.

(b) Baltimore City, Baltimore County, Maryland

State Roads Commission, and the U. S. Bureau

of Public Roads.

(d) Field investigation; basic research and design.

(e) Study of rainfall and runoff relationships

as affected by various drainage area parameters. At present, runoff from 6 urban

areas ranging in size from 10 to 150 acres

are gaged, 5 by stage Instruments and 3 by Parshall Flumes. Three recording systems

which simultaneously record rainfall and runoff from 12 inlet areas provide good

opportunity for detailed study. About 10 years of rainfall records now exist for a network of 12 recording gages covering an area of 50 square miles.

(g) The Rational Method of storm drainage design has been studied to see If the method could

be verified or Improvements in its use

suggested. An attempt was made to study the assumption, implicit in the method, that

the frequency of occurrence of the computed

design peak runoff rate is the same as the frequency of occurrence of the selected' rainfall intensity. The results suggest that constant values of the "C-Factor" and "time

of concentration" can be selected for small urban areas such that this assumption is approximately correct for the range of rainfall intensities commonly considered In design practice In the Baltimore area.

(h) Technical Report No. 1, John C. Schaake, Jr., Dept . of Sanitary Engineering and Water

Resources, The Johns Hopkins University,

Baltimore, Maryland, 21218.

(3437) RESIDENTIAL WATER USE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration and 16 participating Water Utilities.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) This project is directed toward obtaining

data on maximum hourly demands and water use patterns in residential areas having varying

populations and located in various climatic regions throughout the country. It also is directed toward obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and other large water uses on maximum demands. The purpose

of the project is to obtain a rational design criteria for water distribution systems, to provide a basis for evaluating water rate structures and a basis for improving system

operation

.

(g) Forty areas of subdivision size were selected

so that water is supplied to each area throigh

a single main with a compound meter-punched

tape recorder. Areas were selected to represent major climatic regions of the country; and to represent varying economic

levels, lot sizes, water rate structures,

and other factors that influence water use. Some comments can be made about data collected during the summer of 1963. The magnitude of peak hourly demands in the west are about the same as those in the east for metered

residential areas similar in character. Peak demands in metered areas are apparently

correlated more with lot size than with

climatic location. The ratios of peak to average use are lower

in the west than in the east because average

annual use is higher in the west where the sprinkling season is longer. Peak demands for unmetered areas are almost

double those for metered areas. During the non- sprinkling season when all water is used

for domestic purposes, variation from metered areas to unmetered areas is small.

43
Population density appears to be the factor

with the greatest Influence on domestic use. Weather conditions, proportion of consumers

metered, and lot size appear to be the factors with the greatest influence on sprinkling use.

(h) "Progress Report on the Residential Water

Use Research Project," by F. P. Linaweaver,

Jr., John C. Geyer, and Jerome B. Wolff, Journal American Water Works Association, Volume 56:1121 (Sept., 1964).

"Report I on Phase Two of the Residential Water Use Research Project," P. P. Linaweaver,

Jr., and Jerome B. Wolff, Dept. of Sanitary

Engineering and Water Resources, The Johns Hopkins Univ., 30 pages, (May, 1964). A limited number of copies are available upon

request

.

(3438) RESIDENTIAL SEWERAGE RESEARCH PROJECT.

(b) Federal Housing Administration.

(d) Field investigation ; operation and design.

(e) Examination of adequacy and utility of resi- dential sewerage system design criteria. Determination of the effects of parameters

of design, construction, loading, and natural phenomena on operation of sewerage

systems. Research includes analysis and study of representative sewerage systems

throughout the country.

(f) Completed.

(g) General problems facing sewer designers

have been studied using field data collected

in four U. S. communities. Analysis of these data indicates that basic causes of maintenance difficulties are tree roots, accumulations of debris in the absence of roots, other causes, and in areas having

cohesionless sub-soil, sewer cave-ins. Proportionately fewer blockages occur when grades are moderate, and pr portionately

more occur at the upper terminals of the sewers. In eight-inch pipe, manhole spacing

has little effect on the labor costs of stoppage relief. Emphasis is placed on statistical techniques for estimating domestic

sewage flow. Flow of rainwater and groundwater

was at times found to be excessive in all systems studied. limited data on costs of operating and maintaining sewage pumping

stations are reported and evaluated.

(h) "An Evaluation cf the Problems of Sanitary- Sewer System Design," by John C. Geyer and John J. Lentz, Federal Housing Adminstration,

Technical Studies Publication FHA No. 564, Washington, D. C, 20411, Sept., 1964.

(5171) GROUND WATER STORAGE PROJECT.

(b) National Institutes of Health Research Grant,

(dj Field investigation, applied research,

(ej Application of gravity meter to study of change of storage of ground water in water budget of 38 acre drainage basin,

(g) Commencing collection of data.

(3745) BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AN OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Dept. of the Army.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Data from experiments made by the Los Angeles District, Corps of Engineers, on the controlled surface runoff due to rainfall on

an impervious plane slope are analyzed. The objective is to provide an Improved method

for estimating overland flow in the drainage

of airfield and expressways.

(f) Completed.

(g) The analysis was extended to runoff on an Impervious surface due to rainfall of step function. The anomalour increase in dis- charge which often followed the cessation of rain is shown as a consequence of turbulent

flow becoming laminar when the battering

of the rain ceases.

(h) "Runoff from Impervious Surfaces," by Y. S. Yu and John S. McNown, IAHR, Journal of Hydraulic Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1964.

(4151) SEPARATION OF FLOW AT INTERIOR CORNERS. Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wis. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. The separation of laminar flow at interior

corners is studied to determine experimentally and mathematically the flow pattern and the geometry of the zone of separation.

"The Study of Separation of Flow at Interior

Corners —Progress Report," by D. W. Appel and

Y. S. Yu, 1964.

(h)

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Dept. space Engineering.

of Mechanics and AeroInquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Y. S. Yu, Dept of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Univ. of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045.

(3743) STUDY OF THE MECHANICS OF DIVIDED FLOW. National Science Foundation. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A study of the instability of flow at branches of a manifold and of flow into a slot in a plane wall of a semi-Infinite flow. Completed.

"Free Streamline Analysis of Flow from Nozzles, Flow Through Side Inlets, and

Flow Past Corners," by David W. Appel and

Y. S. Yu, Studies in Engineering Mechanics,

Report No. 17, 1963. (Available upon

request .

)

(4641) HYDRODYNAMIC STABILITY OF FLOW BETWEEN TWO CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for M. S. thesis.

(e) Mathematical solution of Taylor's problem for finite radii of the concentric cylinders is sought

.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Stability of A Viscous Flow Between Two Rotating Coaxial Cylinders," by Y. S. Yu

and Tah-Chen Sun, Journal of the Franklin

Institute, Vol. 277, No. 2 February 1964.

(4643) MECHANICS OF BLOOD FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project financed by the NASA grant to the University of Kansas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of flow problems pertaining to blood circulating in a vascular system.

(g) An experimental study of the oscillating

motion of air in a rigid, circular tube was performed to determine the velocity profiles

for the laminar flow and to study the in- stability of the flow. Velocity profiles

were measured with a constant-temperature hot- wire anemometer for various frequencies of oscillation with and without mean flow through the tube. Experiments were also performed

to observe visually the stability of the flow. The measured velocity profiles were compared with known analytical results. The instability of the flow was also dis- cussed.

"An Experimental Investigation of Oscillating

Flow in a Tube," by Charles C. Dailey, M. S. Thesis, 1964. (Available on loan at the Engineering Library, The University of Kansas .

)

SOLUTION OF POTENTIAL FLOW WITH FREE STREAM- LINES BY INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD.

(b) University research grant.

(d) Theoretical; M.S. thesis.

(e) To develop a method to solve free- streamline problems with curved walls and without

gravity and flows with straight walls with

gravity.

(g) A method has been developed for calculating

the pressure distribution and free-surface

profile of a steady, two-dimensional, potential flov; past a spillway bucket or a toe- curve without gravity. The method has been

(h)

(4944)

44
(h)

applied to compute the pressure distributions

on two spillway buckets of the Hartwell Dam with a 30-ft radius and lip angles of 20 degrees and 40 degrees, respectively. The computed results agree well with measurements

made by Waterways Experiment Station.

"Pressure Distributions on Spillway Flip

Buckets," by Tio-Chun Chen and Y. S. Yu (to appear in ASCE Journal of Hydraulics Divsion)

.

(4S45) SECONDARY MOTIONS IN A "DRAIN-HOLE" VORTEX.

1!)

(e)

(5290)

II!

(e)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental basic research

for doctoral thesis. The secondary motions in a steady "drain-hole" vortex flow are being studied to determine the mechanics of its formation and the effects

of rotational speed of the tank and the water depth on the secondary motions.

A STUDY OF PRESSURE PULSATIONS DUE TO CAVI- TATION IN FLOW THROUGH ABRUPT EXPANSIONS. Tennessee Valley Authority.

Experimental and theoretical study for doctoral dissertation.

The main purpose of this study is to in- vestigate the formation of cavitation

pockets and the associated pressure fluctu- ations downstream from an abrupt expansion. Pressure pulsations will be measured for different flow rates, expansion ratios, and expansion geometry.

(3085)

[3086)

(b)

(d)

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects and re- quests for reprints and technical reports should be addressed to Dr. J. B. Herbich, Associate Professor,

Chairman, Hydraulics DIv., Fritz Engineering Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015.

(2543) STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(dj Experimental: M. S. Thesis.

(f) General pressure-distribution study com- pleted.

(g) Tests of square and circular conduit with

free- jet, horizontal apron, and three dif- ferent wall flares, have been completed.

(3084) STUDY OK IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Marine Division, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers

.

(d) Applied and Basic Research.

(e) The immediate purpose of the study is to improve design of a hopper dredge centrigugal pump for pumping silt-clay water mixtures.

The long-term objective is to determine the effect of Bingham Body-type of fluid on pumping characteristics. The project has been divided into four phases: (l) Model

test of existing dredge pump; (2) recom- mendations for design changes of the dredge

pump; (3) model investigation of the modi- fied design of the dredge pump; and (4) analysis of the investigation and final recommendations. Phase 1 involved instal- lation in the hydraulic laboratory of a 1:8 scale model of the dredge pump now used on the U.S. Corps of Engineers dredge ESSAYONS.

V.'ater as well as sllt-clay-water mixtures

(Bingham Body-type of fluid) were pumped and complete characteristics of the pump ob- tained for capacity of 0 to 1200 gallons per

minute, speed of 1150 to 1900 revolutions

per minute, and liquid concentrations of 1000 and 1380 grams per liter. Phases 2 and

3 involve modifications in the shape of vane

and changes in the exit vane angle of the

(f)

(g)

(3441)

(h)

[3442)

(b)

Ci

(f)

[3746)

(b)

impeller. Experimental tests indicate con- siderable improvement in pump efficiency.

Analysis of the experimental data resulted

in recommendations for changes in pump design.

1, 2, 3 and 4 completed.

Considerable improvement in pump efficiency

has been achieved. STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS. Laboratory project. Graduate students' project.

A 1:100 scale two-dimensional model built

of Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures compared with the data obtained

on the model. Completed.

Very good correlation obtained between the model and prototype. INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

DIKES. Modjeski and Masters, Consulting Engineers,

Harrisburg, Pa., Lehigh University Inst, of Research. Analytical and experimental.

The project has been divided into four phases:

(a) Literature survey; (b) analytical study;

(c) experimental study in a fixed-bed model

to determine the desired lengths and shapes

of spur dikes to provide uniform velocity

distribution In the waterway between bridge

abutments; (d) experimental study in a movable-bed model to verify findings in part c. A spur dike has been defined as a projection extending upstream from the bridge abutments. Phases (a), (b) and (c) completed; phase (d) active

.

Preliminary investigation Indicates that a properly designed spur dike can produce a fairly uniform velocity distribution between

the abutments.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND

PROTOTYPE 270 DEGREE BENDS FOR FLOW OF

SILT-CLAY-WATER MIXTURES. Laboratory project.

M. S. Thesis.

Four-, six-, and eight-inch diameter 90 degree elbows assembled to form 270 degree

bends. Head loss measurements obtained for various flows and concentrations of silt- clay-water mixtures. Prediction equations

have been Investigated.

Completed. No evidence of appreciable scale effect observed

.

"Scale Effect on 270° Pipe Bends For Bingham Body Fluid," by P . L. Brach and

J. B. Herbich, Fritz Engineering Laboratory

Report No. 277-M-10, 1960. SUGGESTED DESIGN CHANGES FOR A CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP IMPELLER HANDLING DREDGED MUD. Research report requirement of master's

degree

.

Theoretical

.

Design changes in centrifugal pump impeller

for handling mud are suggested on basis of past research and theoretical considerations. Completed. ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERN IN VOLUTE OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP. Research report requirement of master's

degree. District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Marine Division, Phila. Corps of Engineers.

Experimental

High-speed movies of flow taken through a transparent plexiglas volute casing were analyzed. Velocity distribution as well as

45
distribution of the exit angle between the impeller vanes as fluid leaves the impeller

were determined,

(f) Completed.

(3747) FRICTION HEAD LOSSES IN CIRCULAR PIPES FOR A BINGHAM-BODY FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The object of the study is the determination

of the pipe flow characteristics of slurries

of various concentrations. The slurries do not behave as fluids of constant viscosity

so that it is not possible to use conventional methods for prediction of head losses in pipes conveying them. Tests are being con- ducted in 6-inch, 3-inch, and 2-inch pipelines

with velocities from less than 1 fps to over

30 fps.

(f) Suspended.

(4154) DREDGE PUMP DESIGN.

(b) National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(d) Experimental.

(e) The objective of the investigation is to obtain the efficiency and head-capacity

curves, to check the effect of the reduced

vane exit angle, and to determine the ef- ficiency of a model dredge pump while pumping silt-clay-water mixture of specific

gravity equal to 1.17. The experimental

tests were carried out on a 1/8 model pump

of the National Bulk Carriers Hopper Dredge,

S. S. Zulia.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4155) WAVE RUN-UP ON COMPOSITE BEACHES.

(d) Graduate students' project. Experimental,

applied research for design.

(e) The main object of the study is to verify

existing equations for determining the height of wave run-up and obtain the limits

of application of the equation for long beach berms.

The study is conducted in a 67 ft. long, 2 ft. wide and 2 ft. deep wave channel equipped with

pendulum-type wave generator and efficient absorbers

.

(h) "Effect of Berm on Wave Run-Up on Composite

Beaches," by J. B. Herbich, R. M. Sorensen,

J. H. Willenbrock, Transactions ASCE, Vol.

129, 1964.

(4156) MULTIPLE DREDGE PUMP SYSTEMS.

(bj National Bulk Carriers, Inc.

(5 Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The study is conducted to determine the ef- fect on total production of dredge pumps with separate discharges and a combined

discharge. The investigation is divided

into two parts: (a) One pair of pumps is handling a mixture of water and solids, the other is pumping only water. It Is required

to determine what percentage of its normal

output will the dredge pump passing the mixture attain. (b) If one of a pair of dredge pumps, both handling v:ater-sclids mixtures, is revolving slower than the other

one, how does the total discharge compare

to the total if the discharges were not combined?

(f) Completed.

(4544) STUDY CF THE GRAVITY WAVE REFLECTIONS FROM FLOATING RECTANGULAR BODIES.

(t) Research report requirement of master's

degree

.

d) Experimental.

e) The object of the study is to determine the magnitude of wave reflections from rectangular floating bodies. Tests are being con- ducted in a 67-ft. long, 2 ft. -wide and

2 ft. -deep wave channel equipped with

pendulum-type wave generator and efficient absorbers

.

(f) Completed.

(4645) EFFECT OF LENGTH AND SPACING OF SPUR DIKES.

fb) Laboratory report.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; M.S. Thes_.r,. (e) The object of the study is to determine the effect of length and spacing of spur dikes

on the magnitude of scour in uniform flow. The experiments are conducted in a 10-ft. wide, 35-ft. long open channel with movable

sand bed. Scour patterns are observed and analyzed

.

(5172) MEASUREMENT OF SLURRY FLOW BY USE OF 90° ELBOW METER.

(b) National Bulk Carrier Inc., New York, New

York.

(d) Applied and Basic Research.

(e) A four-inch 90° elbow meter was calibrated

against a magnetic flow meter. A flow

range of from 0-1100 gpm was effected in the calibration. Water and fine concentrations

of silt-clay-water mixtures are included in the calibration tests. The basic theory

of the "elbow meter" is discussed and an emperical mathematical relation between

liquid concentration, differential head, and pipe velocity is presented and discussed. The feasibility of use of the elbow meter

for flow measurement of slurry type flow is highly possible, but calibration of meter in place is recommended. Also, the viscous properties of the material metered are believed to play an important role in the meter's performance.

(5173) SUCTION DREDGING LITERATURE SURVEY.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corp., Baltimore, Maryland.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e) This report is a brief review and summary of selected literature pertaining to equipment

and methods associated with dredging

practice and laboratory studies of dredge

pumps. It consists of four parts: (1) Sum- mary and discussion section. (2) Selected

abstracts. (3) Annotated bibliography.

(4) Bibliography.

The discussion section consists of two parts. Part 1 discusses dredging equipment and dredging in general. Part 2 discusses

dredge pumps.

(5174) PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A 1:6 MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corporation, Baltimore, Md.

(d) Applied and basic research.

(e) Performance tests were made on five 1:6 scale model impellers. Each impeller was tested

at four constant speeds over a wide range of heads and discharges. Water and two con- centrations of a typical dredging mud were tested with each impeller at all four speeds.

Various graphs and design application curves were developed for making similarity studies

and designs in the homologous series of pumps

.

(5550) CAVITATION STUDIES ON A MODEL, DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Ellicott Machine Corp., Baltimore, Md.

id) Applied and basic research.

(e) Effect of various pump design parameters on cavitation is being investigated. Water

and two concentrations of a typical dredging mud are being used as dredging material in the laboratory. Other variables, in addition to geometric characteristics of the pump, include pump speed and rate of flow.

(h) "Modification in a Dredge Pump Affect High

Speed and Cavitation Characteristics," by

W. P. Isaacs and J. B. Herbich, Fritz Laboratory Report No. 301.3, Lehigh Univ.,

1964.

t6
(5551) EFFECT OF LIQUID VISCOSITY ON CAVITATION OF

A MODEL DREDGE PUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Research requirement of Master's degree.

(f ) Completed.

(g) Cavitation tests were performed on three impellers in a model dredge pump. It was found that the impeller with the highest

efficiency rating demonstrated the best cavitation performance. Tests of the impellers in sllt-clay-water mixtures of various densities indicated that the vis- cosity of the liquid had a negligible

effect on cavitation Inception. The impeller ratative speed appeared to have

no effect on the discharge at which cavi- tation began for constant head conditions.

(h) "Cavitation Characteristics of a Model Dredge

Pump," by V. R. Marlani, Fritz Laboratory

Report No. 422, Lehigh University, 1963.

(5552) SCOUR OF FLAT SAND BEACHES DUE TO WAVE ACTION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

lej Research requirement of Master's degree.

(g) Stability of a horizontal sand bed de- posited in shallow water in front of an impervious, smooth seawall under conditions

in which the waves have not yet begun to break was Investigated. Experimental studies have been performed in a two-dimensional

wave channel in an effort to determine the rate, extent, and ultimate amount of scour

of the flat sand bed for different condi- tions of water depth, wave height and length,

and slope of sea wall.

(h) "Scour of Flat Sand Beaches Due to Wave

Action," by H. D. Murphy, Fritz Engineering

Report No. 293.2, Lehigh Univ., 1964.

LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY AND A AND M COLLEGE,

Agricultural Engineering Department.

(5030) A GROUND-WATER PRESSURE TRANSDUCER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Jackie W. D. Robbins, L.S.U. Agricultural Engineering Department, Baton Rouge,

La.

d) Field investigation, development.

e) A study is being made to determine the applicability of an electrical gaging

instrument for measuring ground-water

pressure. Essentially, the instrument

consists of a strain gage attached to a diaphragm. Hydrostatic pressure of ground- water acting against the diaphragm will

cause the transducer to produce a measurable

electrical signal and thus indirectly measure the magnitude of the ground-water

pressure

.

(g) A pressure transducer has been devised which

has characteristics suitable for field

installation.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

Requests for reprints and Technical Reports should

be addressed to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Professor of Civil Engineering, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(307) MECHANICS OF STRATIFIED FLOW.

bi Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harlernan, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) General studies on the characteristics of

stratified flows. Present studies are concerned with the problems of Jet mixing

in a stratified fluid and with selective withdrawal of a stratified fluid in porous

media. Small density changes may be due to changes in fluid temperature, sediment in suspension, or changes in concentration of dissolved solids,

(g) Experimental studies are under way on (1) the penetration of a vertical Jet of liquid

discharging upward into a more dense liquid

having a vertical density gradient, and (2) the selective withdrawal from a two-layer

system in porous media

.

(1609) STUDY OF BEACH PROCESSES IN THE INSHORE AND

FORESHORE ZONES.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(S.M. thesis, Ph.D. thesis).

(e) Study of the surface profile and internal kinematics of a shoaling oscillatory wave

up to and beyond the breaker.

(g) The theoretical phase Is seeking an analytical

description of the shoaling of finite amplitude waves which yields mass transport and is valid up to breaking. Preliminary results

Indicate that an exact lrrotational solution may not exist. The experimental phase in- volves measurement of orbital velocities,

static pressures and wave profile. Appropriate instrumentation is being developed.

(h) "Experimental Study of Longshore Currents on

a Plane Beach," by C. J. Galvin and P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No.

63, May, 1964. "Uniform Longshore Currents on a Plane BeachJJ by P. S. Eaglescn, Proc. Latin American. Congress on Hydraulics of the IAHR, Porto Alegre, Brazil, August, 1964.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH SUBMERGED AND

FLOATING BODIES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The purpose of the study is to determine

the wave reflecting and transmitting char- acteristics of different types of structures. Applications are made to floating or moored

breakwaters and to wave transformation in variable geometry channels.

(g) Two problems are currently under investigation: (1) Tubular Breakwater. Experiments

on a tubular breakwater covered a series of tests on various lengths and number of tubes

for a wide range of wave lengths and wave steepness

.

The effects of these variables on the transmission and reflection coefficients and

on the wave power loss and on the forces on the breakwater are thus defined. (2) Effect

of a Gradual Change of Depth and Width on Wave Transformation. A theory has been de- veloped which is applicable to long waves encountering a gradual change in depth. These investigations are made in connection

with a more general study on the transformation of long waves in the presence of sub- marine obstructions. A systematic investi- gation is now conducted to extend this work analytically and experimentally to the following phases: (a) Reflection and trans- mission characteristics for gradual changes

in depth. (b) Reflection and transmission

characteristics for gradual changes in width. (c) Combinations of a and b.

(h) "Wave Reflection and Transmission in Chan- nels of Gradually Varying Depth," by A. T. Ippen, A. M. Z. Alam, and E. L. Bourodimos,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 72, July,

1964. "Breakwater Characteristics of Open-Tube

47
Systems," by A . T. Ippen and E. L. Bourodimos,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 73, July, 1964.

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Professor P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(S.M. thesis).

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry and flow-induced body vibration

on spanwise correlations of instantaneous

wake structure for flat plates.

(g) Spanwise spatial correlations of total head fluctuations as obtained from cross power

spectrum indicate the feedback from vibratory

motion to forcing moment to result primarily

from increasing spanwise wake coherence.

(h) "Spanwise Correlation of Instantaneous Wake

Structure for Flat Plates: The Effect of Transverse Body Vibration," by J. J. Turner

and R. L. Warters, S.M. and Naval Eng.

Thesis, M.I.T., Course XII-A, June, 1964.

(3443) COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE COMPLETE TRANSIENT PROBLEM IN A HYDRO-POWER PLANT.

(b) U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River

Division.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Professor P. S. Eagleson.

(d) Theoretical, field tests; applied research.

(e) Development of a digital computer program

of general utility and proven validity for performing design analyses involving the response of hydro-power plant systems to load fluctuation.

(g) Digital computer programs have been written

which for a wide range of hydraulic geometries

will yield the time variation of the important

hydraulic and mechanical variables for an arbitrary time variation in electrical laod under the assumption of an isolated system. The results of these programs compare well with field test measurements. Final reports

and a user's manual are being prepared.

(h) "Hydro-Power Plant Transients Part II: Response to Load Rejection," by F. E. Perkins,

A. Tedrow, P. s. Eagleson, and A. T. Ippen,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 71, July, 1964. "Hydro-Power Plant Transients Part III: Response to Variable Load," by F. E. Perkins,

A. Tedrow, P. S. Eagleson, and A. T. Ippen,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 79, Jan., 1965.

(3444) EFFECTS OF BASIN GEOMETRY AND VISCOUS

DAMPING ON THE AMPLITUDE OF RESONANT OSCILLATIONS IN HARBORS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Investigation of the response of a harbor

to waves incident on the harbor opening,

with open ocean conditions simulated in a basin of finite size.

(g) The response of a rectangular harbor connected

to the open sea was studied both analytically

and experimentally. Solutions were obtained

for the harbor response to wave incident

from the ocean. Experiments were conducted

on fully-open as well as partially-open

harbors of different geometrical properties. Wave filters and absorbers were used to simu- late the conditions of an open sea in a finite basin. It was found that the theo- retical solutions accurately predict the resonant periods of the harbor. Good understanding was also reached regarding the "harbor paradox." Investigations revealed

its relation to viscous damping and to the response of a harbor to waves of a continuous power spectrum.

(h) "Wave Induced Oscillations in Harbors: The Effect of the Variation of Geometric Parameters

on the Response of Rectangular Harbors," by

A. T. Ippen and 0. N. Fattah, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory TR No. 70, June, 1964.

(3748) DISPERSION IN POROUS MEDIAN AND WASTE WATER

RECHARGE.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control.

(c) Professor D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) A numerical analysis to determine the amount

of dispersion between miscible fluids of differing quality In radial, confined flow through a porous medium has been completed.

An investigation of dispersion arising

from the injection of a contaminant through

a recharge well and the withdrawal of fresh water through a pumping well, both pumping

at the same rate, in an Infinite, confined aquifer is being carried out currently. Results will be Important to engineering

projects in the recharging of aquifers with reclaimed waste water.

(g) A general correlation has been made of known measurements of the longitudinal and lateral dispersion coefficients, using the correct dimensionless representation. Measurements

have been made of the amount of dispersion

(mixing) that occurs when a single well,

pumping at a steady rate, discharges re- claimed waste water into an infinite,

homogeneous, Isotropic aquifer. A numerical

solution of the governing differential equa- tion has been obtained. This solution Is compared with several approximate methods of solution to the differential equation and to some known field and experimental results.

In the final phase, the problem of two- dimensional dispersion, arising from the steady injection of a contaminant through a recharge well and the steady withdrawal of fresh water by a pumping well (both pumping

at the same rate), is being investigated

experimentally and numerically. A sand model of this two-well flow problem has

been constructed.

(h) "Intruded Salt-Water Wedge in Porous Media,"

by R. R. Rumer, Jr. and D. R. F. Harleman,

Proc. ASCE, Vol. 89, No. HY6, Nov., 1963. "Longitudinal Dispersion in Non-Uniform

Porous Media," by K. Mohtadullah, S. M. Thesis, June, 1964.

(3749) RESISTANCE OF ENCLOSED ROTATING DISKS.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept.

of the Army.

(c) Professor J. W. Daily, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

'd) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Effect of superposed throughflows on boundary layers, secondary motions and

surface resistance of enclosed rotating

disks.

f) Completed.

g) Quantitative measurements of torque, fluid velocity and pressure distributions and unsteady periodicities were made using smooth disks in an enclosure with variable axial clearance. The case of separate boundary

layers with a rotating core between disk and stationary walls was modelled mathe- matically and checked against experiment

using digital computations.

(h) "Enclosed Rotating Disks with Superposed

Throughflow: Mean Steady and Periodic,"

by J. W. Daily, W. D. Ernst, V. V. Asbedian,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 64, April,

1964.

(37 50) WAVE FORCES ON STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Massachusetts

Institute of Tech., Cambridge, Massachusetts

02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search (S. M. Thesis).

(e) The objective Is the development of design

18
information for wave forces on Immersed

objects.

(g) Analytical procedures have been developed to determine the variation with time of the lateral forces developed on a vertical cylinder due to eddy shedding. Experiments

are being run to determine the magnitude of the lateral forces as a function of cylinder

diameter and wave characteristics. The phasing of the vortex shedding forces is being correlated with the wave motion.

(h) "Transverse Forces on Cylinders Due to Vortex Shedding in Waves," by K. Chang,

S.M. thesis, January, 1964.

(4159) INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM FOR THE ANALYSIS OF

COMPLEX WAVE FORMS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. S. Eagle son.

id) Basic research facility.

(e) Selection and assembly of an analog computer for the calculation and plotting of corre- lation and spectrum functions. Design and construction of a mechanical time delay

mechanism.

(g) Data are acquired on a portable, multichannel

FM tape transport. A second transport

permits frequency multiplication through re- recording and provides a 120-foot tape loop

capability for the repetitive analysis of short records. Matched filters allow the determination of cross power spectral

densities as well as the power spectral

density of a single signal. The tape loop

transport is being fitted with a mechanical

time delay mechanism for the determination

of correlation functions. Output of all operational modes is through an x-y plotter.

(4160) MOTION OF SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW A FREE

SURFACE.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(S.M. thesis).

(e) An investigation of the turbulent wakes generated by two- and three-dimensional

bodies moving beneath the free surface. The effects of density stratification are included in the study.

(g) Velocity distributions have been measured

at various distances behind a two-dimensional

body moving at different depths of sub- mergence in a homogeneous fluid, and at the Interface of a two-layered density- stratified

fluid. The turbulent mixing between the two layers has been measured by measuring concen- tration profiles of the tracer, initially

present in only the lower, heavier layer,

at various distances behind the body. The vertical-diffusion coefficient has been found

to decrease significantly with increasing

density difference between the two fluid

layers. The density stratification also causes the wake width to decrease with increasing distance behind the body after attaining a maximum value at a moderate

distance behind the body. The velocity

profiles in the stratified fluid are of the exponential, similar type, but cannot be predicted using the methods developed for homogeneous fluids, because of the collapse

of the wake width.

(h) "Two-dimensional Turbulent Momentum Wakes in Density Stratified Fluids," by F. A. Froebel,

S.M. thesis, June 1964. "Two-dimensional Turbulent Wakes in DensityStratified Liquids," by J. F. Kennedy and

R. A. Froebel, Paper Mo. 64-WA/UNT-ll , A3ME Winter Annual Meeting, December, 1964.

(4648) MECHANICS OF AERATION AND DISPERSION IN RIVER AND ESTUARY POLLUTION.

(b) Public Health Service, Division of Water

Supply and Pollution Control.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

(e) (1) A basic study of estuary dispersion in an oscillating flow with throughflow super- imposed. Extension of Taylor analysis of longitudinal mixing in estuary type flows. Study of similitude of distorted estuary models in regard to distribution of pollutants in fresh water region of the estuary.

(2) A study of the basic mechanism of oxygen transfer from the atmosphere Into turbulent

water.

(g) (1) Experimental and analytical investigations

are underway on mixing in a pipe line with oscillating plus throughflow. Results

Indicate that incorrect longitudinal con- centration distributions may be obtained

from tests in estuary models if one-to-one

ratio is assumed for concentrations in model

and prototype.

(2) Turbulence is produced with oscillating

screens in a shallow tank of initially

deaerated water, and the dissolved oxygen

is measured as a function of time and depth

by means of an electro-chemical probe. One

of the objectives is to separate the effects

of turbulence on oxygen transfer across the surface from the effects of turbulent dif- fusion within the body of the fluid.

(h) "Dispersion of Pollutants in Estuary-Type

Flows," by E. R. Holley, Jr., Sc.D. Thesis,

September, 1964. "The Significance of Longitudinal Dispersion

in the Analysis of Pollution in Estuaries,"

by D. R. F. Harleman, Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Water Pollution Research, Tokyo, Sec. I, paper No. 13, Pergamon Press, Inc., August,

1964.

(4649) TURBULENT TRANSFER MECHANICS OF FLUID SUSPENSIONS OF SOLID PARTICLES.

(b) Pioneering Research Program, Institute of Paper Chemistry.

(c) Professor J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental; basic research (Master's

and Doctor's thesis).

(e) Basic investigation of turbulent transfer mechanics of liquid flows with suspended

particles

.

(g) Velocity profiles and friction factors were measured for concentrated suspensions of plastic particles in water flowing in a circular two-inch tube in a special flow facility. Measurements were made for both

spherical and non-spherical particles.

Special experiments are being conducted to determine the mean velocities of the water

and of the particles. Total-head probes are being calibrated in a special contraction

nozzle to obtain precise data on the effect

of the suspended particles on the velocity

measurements. Instrumentation is being

assembled to measure the turbulence In the flowing suspensions.

(h) "Rigid Particle Suspensions in Turbulent

Shear Flow: Measurement of Total Head,

Velocity, and Turbulence with Impact Tubes,"

by J. W. Daily and R. L. Hardison, Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 67, April, 1964. "Rigid Particle Suspensions in Turbulent

Shear Flow: An Improved Flow Facility and Measurements with 0.025S" Spheres," by J. W. Daily and C. C. Shen, Hydrodynamics Labora- tory TR No. 68, May, 1964. "Rigid Particle Suspensions in Turbulent

Shear Flow: Size Effects with Spherical

Particles," by J. W. Daily and C. P. R. Roberts, Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR No. 69, June 1964. "Fine Rigid Particles in Flowing Suspensions^

by C.P.R. Roberts, S.M. Thesis, June, 1964.

(4650) HURRICANE BARRIER STUDIES.

49
(b) U. S. Army Engineer Division, New England,

Corps of Engineers.

(c) Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Analytical; applied research.

e) Determination by digital computation of waves produced by storms in the vicinity of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and selection

of design wave for hurricane barriers at the entrance to the bay. Determination of optimum geometry for the barriers.

f) Completed.

h) "Study of Hurricane Barrier for Lower Narragansett Bay," by R. T. McLaughlin and

M. A. Anton, Hydrodynamics Laboratory TR

No. 66, February, 1964.

(4654) A NEW METHOD FOR THE SYSTEMATIC INVESTI- GATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. P. A. Drinker,

Prof. L. W. Gelhar, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

.

(e) A research program to develop the general

characteristics of the flow of fluid- sediment mixtures and of the interaction of fluid flow with movable boundaries.

(g) A study of sediment transport by shear flow

in the annulus between two rotating drums rather than by flow in a channel has been

initiated. A new experimental apparatus

which replaces the commonly employed

longitudinal channel by an annular channel between two rotating drums has been designed

and built. The normal gravitational field

is replaced by a centrifugal force field. With the cylindrical drums rotating at different relative speeds a large variety

of flow conditions can be established in the "endless" annular channel, covering a wide range of tractive forces on the sediment deposited on the wall of the outer drum under various modes of relative motion. The difficult recirculation of sediment and liquid necessary in conventional flumes is thus avoided

.

(5114) ROUTING UNSTEADY FLOWS FROM HYDROELECTRIC

PLANTS FOR OPTIMIZATION OF NAVIGATION AND

PEAK POWER PRODUCTION.

b) Tennessee Valley Authority.

c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Analytical; applied research.

e) Theoretical analysis of rapid changes of discharge In open-channels and the use of mathematical models of such flows in digital

and analog computers.

(g) A method of characteristics especially

suitable for large and rapid changes of discharge is being applied to a channel having quite general geometry.

(h) "A Digital Computer Simulation of Unsteady

Flow in Rectangular Non-Prismatic Channels,"

by J. E. Dailey, S.M. Thesis, June, 1964.

(5115) SYSTEMS METHODOLOGY FOR WATER-RESOURCE

PLANNING IN A REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and analytical; basic research.

e) Research on the use of mathematical models

and systems analysis in planning for comprehensive development of water resources

in river basins or other hydrologic units.

The relationship of such developments to the social and economic activity of the region In which the unit is located is also being considered.

(g) An existing mathematical model for simulating

a single multi-purpose reservoir is being modified for more sophisticated handling of

operating decisions during the simulation. Simplified mathematical models are being

investigated for possible use in obtaining

approximate answers in the early stages of

a planning study. The results of the simplified models are being checked against results of simulation,

(h) "A Dynamic Programming Model for Reservoir

Simulation," by R. M. Males, S.M. thesis,

September, 1964.

(5116) DEFINITION OF WATER-RESOURCE PROBLEMS IN LATIN AMERICA.

(b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engineering.

(c) Prof. R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Area survey; for problem identification.

e) General study of water-resource problems

of Latin America to define specific and significant problems that seem to be areas of fruitful research.

ff) Completed.

(g) Preparation of final report in process.

(h) "Problems of Community Water Supply in Relation to Water Resource Development in Latin America," by J. W. Bulkley, S.M. thesis, September, 1963.

(5117) ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS.

b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(doctoral and S.M. Thesis).

(e) Development of Improved analytical techniques for the prediction of the time variation in stream flow at some point In a drainage

basin due to a given temporal and areal distribution of precipitation. Development

of the means for synthesizing these pre- dictors in the absence of long term hydrologic records.

(g) The similarity relationships governing

surface runoff have been derived and from these the useful range of operation of model catchments has been determined. Instrumentation for a model catchment has been designed and is being built.

(5118) MECHANICS OF SEDIMENT RIPPLES AND DUNES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Theoretical; basic research (Master's and Doctor's thesis).

(e) The formation of sediment ripples and dunes by uniform free- surface flow, uniform

infinite flow, and oscillating flow are being investigated as a stability problem by

using potential flow solutions for fluid motion over a small-amplitude wavy bed and

a sediment transport law in which the transport rate at any point is proportional

to a power of the velocity near the bed

at some distance upstream. The kinematics

of the resulting sediment motion are used

to determine the conditions for which the bed waves will grow, and the behaviour of

the resulting bed features.

(g) Formulas for the wave length, velocity of movement, and amplitude of ripples and dunes have been developed, and the condi- tions for formation bed waves have been delineated. The investigation is now being directed toward development of a method for predicting the friction factor

of uniform flows over sand beds in alluvial

channels

.

(h) "The Formation of Sediment Ripples in Closed Rectangular Conduits, and In the Desert," by J. F. Kennedy, Journal of Geophysical Research, 69, April 8, 1964.

"The Formation of Wave-Generated sedimented

Ripples," by J. F. Kennedy and M. Falcon- Ascanio, Proc. 1st Latin-American Congress,

50
Porto Alegre, Brazil, August, 1964.

(5119) TIDAL, SALINITY AND SEDIMENTATION PROBLEMS

IN LAKE MARACAIBO CHANNEL, VENEZUELA.

b) M.I.T. Inter-American Program in Civil Engrg.

c) Prof. A. T. Ippen, Prof. E. Parthoniades,

and Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The primary purpose of this project is to investigate the laws governing tide propagation

and salt water intrusion in estuarlal channels,

and erosion, transport, and deposition of fine material in estuaries. The long range goals

of these studies are: (a) To make possible

a theoretical or an experimental prediction

of salinity and current velocity changes

caused by certain engineering operations in estuarlal areas; (b) to provide enough in- formation for a reasonable theoretical or experimental evaluation of fine sediment transport and deposition particularly in estuarlal navigation channels; (c) to establish rational criteria for the stability of channels with cohesive bed and banks and their pro- tection against objectionable erosion.

(g) An annular rotating "endless" channel has been

constructed. An annular plate within the annular channel rotates in opposite direction

to the channel, Inducing shear stresses within

the fluid. The shear stress on the annular

plate is measured by means of calibrated

strain gages. This setup will be used for

an investigation to determine what factors

are important in the erosion and deposition

of cohesive soils. Extensive field research was conducted during

the summer of 1964 within the Maracaibo

estuary to determine the sediment motion,

salinity variations, and the major source or sources of sediment. An interesting

sediment and salinity distribution pattern

was disclosed, which eliminated certain

sources of sediment and contributed significantly to the understanding of the general

picture. Preparations for determination of internal currents within the Maracaibo

estuary using Rhodomine B as a water tracer

are under way. Some flume experiments

were carried on at the University of Zulia,

Maracaibo on deposition rates of estuarlal

sediment

.

(h) "A Summary of the Present Knowledge of the Behavior of Fine Sediments in Estuaries," by

E. Fartheniades, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

TN No. 8, June, 1964.

(5120) THE FEASIBILITY OF ROTATING MODELS IN THE STUDY OF CIRCULATION PATTERNS IN LARGE LAKES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) A study of the feasibility of small scale models in which similitude with respect to gravity and Coriolls forces is obtained. Velocity and time scales are obtained from Frondlan conditions for a distorted model. Model is rotated to obtain effect of Coriolis

acceleration.

(g) Surface current patterns on a small model

of Lake Michigan have been obtained for a constant wind field both with and without

rotation of the model. The effect of a vertical density stratification on current patterns has been studied. The production

of a thermocline by infrared heating of the model surface has also been investigated. Results indicate that rotation of the model produces marked differences in circulation

patterns when compared to non-rotating model having the same wind pattern over the surface. A small model of Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela) has been constructed for the purpose of studying the peculiar pattern of salinity

distribution which exists in the lake. Results indicate that pattern is produced by

interaction of wind generated currents and Coriolis effect,

(h) "A Study of Circulation and Thermocline

Development in a Small Scale Rotating

Lake Model," by R. M. Bunker and J. B. Hall, S.M. thesis, January, 1964. "Circulation and Thermocline Development

in a Rotating Lake Model," by D. R. F. Harleman, R. M. Bunker, and J. M. Hall,

Proc. 7th Conf . on Great Lakes Research,

Pub. No. 11, Great Lakes Research Div.,

University of Michigan, 1964.

"A Study of the Salinity Stratification of

a Distorted Rotating Lake Model," by P. J. Stockhausen, S.B. thesis, June, 1964.

(5539) FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER THE WAVY BED.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. J. F. Kennedy, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

(Master's thesis).

(e) An Investigation of a free surface flow of a real fluid over a small-amplitude sinusoidal bed in a rectangular-cross-section channel.

(g) Velocity profilas upward from the bed and outward from the vertical side walls have

been measured at various locations along a sinusoidial-shaped wavy bed, and along an isolated slnusoidial hump in the channel

bottom. It has been found that the dis- placement thickness of the straight vertical walls varies periodically along the length

of the channel with the same period as the wavy bottom. This undulation in the dis- placement thickness generates diagonal free-surface waves which criss-cross the flume, a new wave being generated by each

wave on the channel bottom. Pressure and velocity measurements indicate that the perturbation in the displacement thickness

is caused by secondary currents resulting

from the interaction of the boundary layers

of the vertical side walls and the distortion

of the vertical and lateral pressure gradients caused by the curvature of the bed. The orientation of the diagonal wave is in good agreement with that predicted using

small-amplitude wave theory.

(5540) MINIMUM-COST DESIGN OF PIPE NETWORKS.

b) Unsponsored laboratory project.

c) Professor R. T. McLaughlin, Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Analytical, design (Master's thesis).

(e) Marginal analysis by means of a digital

computer is used to find the pipe network

that delivers prescribed amounts of water

at fixed points with a minimum cost of net- work and pumping.

(5541) HYDROLOGIC SYSTEMS INVESTIGATIONS.

b) M.I.T. -Sloan Basic Research Grant.

c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Theoretical; basic research.

e) Study of the applicability of communication

theory to the analysis of hydrologic systems.

(g) Theoretical criteria have been developed for

the design of precipitation and streamflow instruments

.

(5542) CAVITATION NEAR SURFACES OF DISTRIBUTED

ROUGHNESS.

(b) U.S. Army Research Office - Durham.

(c) Prof. Z. Kronfeld, Prof. P. S. Eagleson,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical (Master's

thesis)

.

(e) The influence of various types of artificially

roughened surface on the inception of cavi- tation and the reciprocal effect of col- lapsing cavities upon those surfaces.

(5543) DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS IN HETEROGENEOUS

51
AND ANISOTROPIC AQUIFERS.

(b) Public Health Service, Div. of Water Supply

and Pollution Control.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Analytical and experimental (Doctoral thesis).

e) Study of the dispersion and mixing in miscible

fluid displacement in heterogeneous and anisotropic porous media. Initial phase of the study is concerned with longitudinal

dispersion in a non-homogeneous aquifer

consisting of alternating layers of uniform

sand of two different sizes.

(5544) TECHNIQUES OF MODELLING THE SOLAR POND IN THE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(dj Experimental and analytical (Doctoral thesis)

.

(e) The solar pond is used to store solar energy

by absorption of radiation in a dense layer

at the bottom of a pond. The object of the research is to (1) find an analytic pre- diction for the temperature distribution

in a pond with and without a black body absorber at the bottom for a specified

radiation at the surface, (2) investigate

the effect of wind and terrestlal rotation,

(3) find suitable ways of withdrawing hot water and replenishing the pond with cool water.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Mechanical Engineering.

(4490) COOLING OF HIGH-PERFORMANCE ELECTROMAGNETS.

b) M.I.T. National Magnet Laboratory.

c) Prof. Arthur Bergles, M.I.T., Cambridge,

Mass. 02139.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; bachelor's, master's,

and doctor's theses.

(e) This project has been concerned with the prediction of heat transfer and pressure

droo under conditions simulating those encountered in high-performance electromagnets. Nonboiling and boiling heat transfer with water are being studied. Techniques of augmenting heat transfer

are being considered.

(g) Data have been taken and correlations pro- posed for the prediction of heat transfer, pressure drop, and burnout for forced- convection surface boiling. The conditions

for stability in parallel-channel systems have been defined. Augmentative techniques

were surveyed and investigations of fluid vibrations and additives have been performed.

(h) "Pressure Drop with Surface Boiling in Tubes

of Small Diameter," T. Dormer, Jr. and A. E. Bergles, M.I.T. Engineering Projects Laboratory Technical Report No. 8767-31, Sept.

1964. "The Influence of Flow Vibrations on Forced- Convection Heat Transfer," A. E. Bergles, Journal of Heat Transfer, Trans. ASME, Vol.

86, pp. 559-560, 1964. "Survey and Evaluation of Techniques to Augment Convective Heat Transfer," A. E. Bergles and H. L. Morton, M.I.T. Engineering

Projects Laboratory Technical Report No. 5382-34, January 1965.

(4498) USE OF ELECTROCHEMILUMINESCENCE IN BOUNDARY

LAYER STUDIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. George S. Springer, Room 3-264, Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Applied research.

e) The technique of electrochemiluminescence is used to measure mass transfer rates and to visualize separation and transition in bound- ary layers.

(g) Experimental results were obtained showing

that the light generated on a given surface

Is proportional to the mass transfer of the chemilumlnescence substance to the surface.

(h) "Electrochemiluminescence, A Method of Flow Visualization with Applications to Heat

Transfer," B. S. Thesis, M. Potash, M.I.T.,

1963.

"An Apparatus for Applying the Technique of Electrochemiluminescence to Boundary Layer

Studies," Th. Schiller, M. S. Thesis, M.I.T., 1964. "Use of Electrochemiluminescence in the Measurement of Mass Transfer Rates," The

Rev. Sci. Instruments, 35, 1277-1280 (1964).

(497 9) MULTIPLE CHANNEL NATURAL CIRCULATION

SYSTEMS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Basic research; experimental and theoretical . (e) An Investigation of the occurrence of various flow configurations in multiple channel, natural circulation systems with various

fluids under conditions of nonuniform heat

input ratio. The parameters governing such phenomena as reverse flows, multi-directional

flows in a single channel, developing

entrance flows, and transition to turbulence

are examined.

(h) "Flow and Stability Problems in MultipleChannel Natural Convection Systems," J. C. Chato. Trans. Am. Nuclear Soc, 5 No. 1, 147, (1962). "Natural Convection Flows in Parallel- Channel Systems," J. C. Chato, ASME Paper

No. 62-WA-169, to be published in the Trans. ASME J. of Heat Transfer.

(4980) FLOW OF CONDUCTING FLUIDS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD.

b) Mass. Inst, of Technology.

c) Mr. William H. Heiser, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Analysis and experiment.

e) The flow pattern from a vertical, cylindrical tank which is emptying through a hole In the bottom can be severely altered by a vertical magnetic field if the fluid is a conductor. This project demonstrates this effect experimentally and provides the means for determining the size of this

effect.

(f ) Analysis and experiment completed for a simple form of this type of flow. The more difficult forms are being treated.

(g) Encouraging agreement between analysis and experiment indicates that the general

problem can be solved.

(4982) FUNDAMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HEAT TRANSFER AND

FLUID FLOW INSIDE A HORIZONTAL TUBE EVAPORATOR.

(b) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating

and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

(c) Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr. Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

d) Basic research; experimental and theoretical.

e) To conduct a visual and quantitative study

of the fluid mechanics of a horizontal tube evaporator in order to clarify the confusion

which presently exists in the interpretation

of experimental results as concerns heat transfer mechanisms.

(h) "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Inside a Horizontal Tube Evaporator Phase I", S. William Gouse, Jr., Karl G. Couman, M.I.T.

Eng. Proj. Lab. Report DSR 9649-1, June,

1964, Mechanical Eng. Dept.

(4983) DETERMINATION OF THE STATE OF THE ART IN TWO- PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW PHENOMENA.

52
(b) Office of Naval Research (Nonr-1841(73)

.

(c) Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) Literature search and review.

(e) Conduct a world wide search of the literature

on various aspects of two-phase gas-liquid flow index the literature and review the state of

the art in various problem areas.

(h) "Void Fraction Measurement," S. W. Gouse, Jr., M.I.T., Mechanical Engineering Dept., Eng.

Projects Lab. Report DSR 8734-2, AD 600 574, April 1964.

"An Introduction to Two-Phase Gas-Liquid

Flow,", M.I.T., Mechanical Engineering Dept.,

Eng. Projects Lab., Report DSR 8734-3, June

1964.

"An Index to the Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Literature, Part II," S. W. Gouse, Jr., M.I.T., Mechanical Engineering Dept., DSR

8734-4, September 1964. "Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Oscillations: Preliminary Survey," M.I.T., Mechanical

Engineering Department, Eng. Projects Lab. Report DSR 8734-5, July 1964. HYDRAULIC JUMP IN SWIRLING FLOW. Laboratory project.

Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Mech. Eng. Dept.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Master's thesis. To observe and predict the change of the free surface radius caused by a hydraulic

Jump in a swirling flow. TWO-PHASE DIFFUSER FLOW STUDIES.

M.I.T. Solar Energy Fund. Prof. S. William Gouse, Jr., Asst. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Basic research; experimental and theoretical.

To conduct an experimental and analytical

study of the decelleration of two-phase gas- liquid flows in a diverging channel. PULSATING FLOW IN FLEXIBLE TUBES. Massachusetts Heart Association, National

Institutes of Health.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research; master's and doctoral theses. The project alms at an understanding of the larger vessels of the vascular system. The

current studies involve the dynamics of the pulsing flow of liquid through a flexible

tube

.

Experimental equipment in operation. Nonlinear theory under development.

FISH PROPULSION.

Shell Oil Co. Prof. E. F. Kurtz, Jr., Mass. Inst, of Tech., MIT Room 3-356, Cambridge, Mass. 02139. Theoretical, basic research, Master's Thesis.

Fish are modelled as Infinitely long flexible

cylinders. The flexing motion consists of waves propagating the axis. The velocity

field, thrust, and propulsive efficiency

have been determined.

In preparation. MOMENTUM FLUXES IN TWO PHASE FLOW.

U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. Peter Griffith, Room 7-046, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 02139.

(d) To measure momentum fluxes in two phase gas liquid flow.

(e) A two phase glow Is turned through 90° and

the force on the turning T is measured.

(f ) Experimental equipment operating.

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS, School of Engineering.

(2561) HYDROLOGY STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service, U. S. Geological Survey, and Mass.

, Water Resources Commission.

(c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Research Institute, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental-field and laboratory; for design of watershed yield, flood peak reduction and general information.

(e) Mass curve and Duration curve studies for reservoir and water-shed yield have been dore for nearly all the gaged streams In Massachusetts. The purpose of the study is to determine general information for optimum

use of water resources of the state. Par- ticular emphasis on recreational aspects

and low flow characteristics is presently

being considered,

(h) Progress reports were submitted to the University Research Council in 1959 and 1960. Reports for the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission were submitted in 1963 and 1964.

(4166) AGITATION CHARACTERISTICS IN LIQUID-LIQUID

SYSTEMS.

(b) National Science Foundation; University of Massachusetts Research Council.

(c) Associate Dean E. E. Lindsey, Engineering

Research Institute, University of Mass., Amherst, Massachusetts 01003.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Two Immiscible or partly miscible liquids

are used. Dispersions are produced In a dynamometer agitator and particle sizes of

the sampled dispersion are measured by a light scattering technique. One thesis was concerned with developing the technique and study in geometrically similar, baffled

tanks, another thesis with transient change

in drop sizes at the start of agitation. Current project is to study variations in geometry. Work is continuing on development

of light-scattering probe to measure particle

size directly in the mixing tank.

(g) Primary peaks in the drop size distribution

occurred at 1 to 3 microns, secondary peaks

at about 30 microns. Drop size distribution is essentially Identical in geometrically similar vessels of different size of equal power/volume. There is a slight de- crease in size with increased agitator speed.

Comparison of two liquid systems Indicates

drop size decreases with increasing vis- cosity. Steady state drop size distribution

occurred in 30 to 60 minutes.

(4167) PRESSURE DROP ACROSS FITTINGS. Laboratory project.

Dr. Kenneth D. Cashln, Prof, of Chemical

Engineering, Dept. of Chemical Engineering,

Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003. Experimental; Senior Work Scholarship

project; basic research. Pressure drop is measured for a number of different pipe fittings placed in series and

at different spacings; to determine effect

on pressure drop of closely spaced fittings

as compared with those widely separated.

Two (or more) similar fittings when very closely spaced (1 to 4") give less pressure

drop than the same two (or more) fittings

when widely spaced (10" or more). The difference between the two different pressure drops decreases with increasing

Reynold ' s number

.

(d)

(e)

(g)

(4656) THE EFFECT OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID INJECTION

ON THE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER OF A FLAT

PLATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

53
(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A number of non-Newtbnian additives, in- cluding two types of guar gum, CMC, and a polyoxlde mixed with water, are injected

in the laminar boundary layer near the leading edge of a flat lucite plate at zero incidence through a transverse slot

in the plate. The flat plate is installed

in a small water tunnel through which clear water flows with a free stream velocity UQ

. A lead zirconate pressure transducer is installed flush with the plate a few inches downstream of the injection slot such that

the overlying boundary layer is turbulent.

It is found that no detectable decrease in turbulent intensity occurs with injection

as opposed to no injection, for all addi- tives employed. Concentrations of additive

varied from 0.1255? to 5%.

if) Completed.

(h) Master's thesis by A. Amatangelo in preparation.

(4657) THE RESPONSE OF A DENSITY CURRENT TO A SINUSOIDAL PRESSURE PULSE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental j basic research.

(e) A system of oscillatory waves is imposed on the upper layer of a two-layered system con- sisting of clear and saline water. The response of the interface is observed in terms of the frequency and amplitude of the Imposed waves at the free surface. The amplitude of the interfacial wave is seen

to Increase In accordance with an lnviscid theory of Stokes,

(h) Master's thesis by Chao-ho Sung completed.

(4658) THE EFFECT OF HEADER GEOMETRY UPON FLUID

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Joseph M. O'Byrne, Engineering Research

Institute, University of Massachusetts,

Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the relationships between such variables as core and tube diameter, tube lattice and spacing, header height, etc., upon the individual flow per tube for a pressure vessel in which fluid is introduced

through a single radial line placed at the base of the header.

(f) Inactive.

(h) "The Effects of Geometry on Fluid Flow Characteristics in Nuclear Reactors," by

David Creamer, Master's thesis, 1960. BOILING OF WATER ON A HORIZONTAL SURFACE WITH

A VARIABLE POWER INPUT.

(b) Laboratory project supported by Research

Council, Univ. of Mass.

(c) Prof. Joseph M. O'Byrne, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The purpose is to determine if, by appropriate intermittent power pulses applied to a resistance ribbon, boiling heat fluxes in excess of those for steady state can be maintained. Previous tests have shown that this "overshoot" can be induced momentarily

with a single step of continuous power, and

this project will extend the results to account for the effect of pulses.

(4915) BASE FLOW STUDIES FOR MASSACHUSETTS STREAMS.

(4914)

Faculty Research Grant for Research Council.

Assoc. Prof. G. R. Higgins, Univ. of Mass.,

Engineering Building, Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

(e) This project is intended to correlate and apply data concerning minimum stream flow in Massachusetts streams to provide indices whereby base flow may be more easily pre- dicted at sites where water resource facilities may be of public or private

benefit. Runoff records of the U. S. Geo- logical Survey, soil maps of the U. S. Soil Conservation Service, University Forestry

Department cover maps, topographic maps, and any other data deemed pertinent will be used. Statistical and probability methods

will be applied to these data with computer

application where possible.

(g) Studies to date indicate very little, if any, correlation between any single factor and base flow.

(h) Results to date are Included in a report to the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission

in September, 1963.

(5371) A PHOTOMICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATION OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLOWS AT LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., Prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A non-Newtonian fluid carrying a number of neutrally buoyant spheres about 0.5 micron

in diameter Is viewed through a lucite or glass conduit with a microscope capable of focusing within a few microns of the boundary. The motion of the particles is observed at very low Reynolds numbers. It is planned to extend the experiments to turbulent flow with the objective of arriving at a mechanism to explain the drag- reducing characteristics of non-Newtonian additives

.

(5372) INTERFACIAL TENSIONS BETWEEN MOLTEN POLYMERS.

(b) M.S. Research.

(c) Mr. D. C. Chappelear, Visiting Lecturer,

Dept. of Chemical Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental determination of a fundamental parameter by flow measurement (MS Thesis).

(e) It is proposed to use Tomotika's theory of capillary breakup to determine interfacial tension between two molten polymers.

(h) See Chappelear, American Chemical Society,

Polymer Preprints, Vol. 5 #2, p. 363

(Sept. 1964) for earlier work.

(5373) EFFICIENCY OF SPRAY AERATION.

(b) National Institutes of Health, U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Dr. Charles E. Carver, Jr., prof, of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Overall ox--gen transfer coefficients are measured from deaerated water droplets

falling through the atmosphere as a function

of drop size and drop distance. The experi- ments are repeated with a synthetic detergent added to the water. Transfer coefficients

are also measured from fully aerated water

droplets falling through a pure nitrogen

atmosphere. The investigation will conclude with the measurement of oxygen transfer

efficiency from a variety of types of spray nozzles.

(5374) NON-NEWTONIAN BEHAVIOR IN SUSPENSIONS OF DEFORMABLE SPHERES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. D. C. Chappelear, Visiting Lecturer,

Dept. of Chemical Engrg., Univ. .,f Mass., Amherst, Mass. 01003.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research

(MS Thesis)

.

(e) A simultaneous optical and rheological study

of suspensions of deformable spheres is

54
(h)

proposed in order to relate the orientation

and deformation of the suspended particles

to the non-Newtonian behavior of fluid.

See Chappelear and Nicholls, Ch. E. Progress

60 45 (1964) for a review of work leading

to this project.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Department of Civil Engrg. WATER HAMMER: RESONANCE IN TRIPLEX PUMP SUCTION AND DISCHARGE LINES. Union Pump Company.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Theoretical determination of resonance-free

suction lines and experimental study of actual transients. PULSATILE PLOW THROUGH ARTERIES. National Institutes of Health.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research. Computer simulation of portions of the arterial tree; experimental studies of energy dissipation in pulsatile flow through distensible tubes. "Energy Dissipation in pulsatile Flow Through

Distensible Tapered Vessels," V. L. Streeter,

Chapter 8 of Pulsatile Blood Flow, E. 0. Attlnger, Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1964. "Pulsatile Flow in Cylindrical and Tapered

Rubber Tubing," D. C. Wlggert and W. F. Keitzer, ASME Annual Meeting Paper 64 WA/

HUP-1, 1964. WATER HAMMER: FAILURE OF PUMPS. National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

University of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical

.

Study of water hammer in suction and discharge

lines of large pumping stations with multiple

pumps when one or more lose their power. Dimensionless, homologous complete charac- teristics used with computer program for water hammer based on methods of characteristics. Completed

.

"Waterhammer Analysis of Pipelines," V. L. Streeter, Proc. ASCE, J. Hyd. Div. PaDer

3974, HY4, July 1964. WATER HAMMER, ITS EFFECT ON MINOR LOSSES. National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for doctoral thesis. Investigation of effect of minor losses on water hammer pulses, the losses being devel- oped from a series of closely-spaced

orifices. Transmission and reflection coefficients obtained by theory; then programmed into a water hammer solution for

the experimental set-up.

Completed.

Transmission and reflection due to a minor

loss of K V

z/2g each equal to K/2 V2/2g.

"The Reflection of Waterhammer Pressure Waves from Minor Losses," D. N. Contractor,

Winter Annual Meeting ASME Paper No. 64, WA/FE-16, 1964. WATER HAMMER, LIQUID COLUMN SEPARATION. National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

(d)

(e)

(f)

(4946)

(b)

(c)

(5558) w

(o)

(g) (5559)

B)

(d)

(e)

(h)

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research for doctoral thesis. Study of shape of separated liquid free surface in a horizontal pipe.

Experimental work completed. RESONANCE IN PIPELINES. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies, The University of Michigan, Ford Foundation,

National Science Foundation.

Prof. V. L. Streeter, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., College of Engrg.,

Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical

.

Study of geometry of pipelines and the frequencies for which resonance could occur. Effect of friction in damping resonance.

THE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON THE RUNOFF

PROCESS. Laboratory project supported by the Horace

H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies.

Dr. E. F. Brater, Prof, of Hydraulic

Engineering, D^pt . of Civil Engineering, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Analysis of field data, basic research. Rainfall and runoff data from six watersheds

are being analyzed. Some watersheds are

rural, others are urbanized and others are

in the process of urbanization. The ultimate goal of the research is the prediction of storm runoff on watersheds in various stages of urbanization.

Research is in preliminary stage. RESONANCE IN PRESSURIZED PIPING SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Dr. E. B. Wylie, Civil Engineering Dept., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis

.

Investigation presents a method for deter- mining the resonant characteristics of practical fluid piping systems.

Completed

.

Concept of hydraulic impedance is used to determine the frequency response of a number of different types of systems. Two types of excitation are discussed, one being a forced oscillation and the second being a selfinduced oscillation. Experimental verification is obtained from an analysis of data from an actual condition

of resonance at a hydro-electric plant.

"Resonance in Pressurized Piping Systems,"

E. B. Wylie, Ph.D. dissertation, Univ. of Michigan, December 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab.

(5375) LARGE BULBOUS BOWS ON FULL SHIP FORMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. Experimental; applied research. Investigation of the effects on resistance

and on flow of large bulbous bows on a full ship hull model. Variables are size,

shape and position of bulb as well as displacement and trim of the model. Significant reductions in form and wave resistances are possible with proper

combination of bulb, displacement and trim. Internal only.

(g)

(h)

(5376) SCALE EFFECT ON RESISTANCE AND SELF- PROPULSION FACTORS OF MERCHANT SHIP FORMS. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Ship Hydrodynamics Lab., Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104.

35
(h)

(5377)

(g)

(5378)

(g) (5379)

(b)

(•:) w

(e)

(g)

Experimental j basic research.

Ship models of Series 60 forms and vari- ations and corresponding propeller models

of varying size are being tested for re- sistance and propulsion characteristics to investigate effects of scaling. More accurate full scale predictions are sought. Interim report

.

BLOCKAGE CORRECTION IN A SHIP MODEL TOWING

TANK. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. P. C. Michelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

The restricted channel effect is being in- vestigated both theoretically and experimentally, the latter by geosim series towing

tests of models in The University of Michigan

tank and by comparison with tests from other

tanks

.

A semi-empirical formula has been developed

for normal merchant ship forms and is being

refined

.

DETERMINATION OF VISCOUS DRAG OF SHIP MODELS BY WAKE SURVEY. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. F. C. Michelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A five-hole spherical pitot tube is used to determine the wake velocity field. Momentum considerations allow calculation of the vis- cous drag taking into account the free sur- face . Tests under preparation. DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-RESISTANCE, HIGH DIS- PLACEMENT-LENGTH RATIO MERCHANT HULL FORM. Maritime Administration, Dept. of Commerce.

Prof. F. C. Michelsen, Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search . To develop a minimum wave resistance hull

form of higher than generally designed dis- placement-length ratio from theoretical con- siderations and model tests. Basic model under construction.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

(5380) DISPERSION IN FLOW THROUGH ANISOTROPIC POROUS

MEDIA.

(b)

(o) w

(e)

Michigan State Univ. Institute of Water Re- search . Mr. J. R. Adams, Assistant Instructor, Dept.

of Civil Engrg., Michigan State Univ., East

Lansing, Michigan.

Experimental, basic research, for doctoral dissertation.

The dispersion of tracer spots is being measured in two dimensional flow through

a porous bed with anisotropic permeability.

The study Is an attempt to determine the macroscopic nature of dispersion in porous media

.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station

.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES. Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 72.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND - DESIGN

(h)

(2576)

(d)

(e)

(5467)

(d)

(e)

(f)

CRITERIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. Curtis L. Larson, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minnesota 55101. Field Investigation; applied research. Continuous measurement of tile flow rates

are made, mainly to determine frequency of maximum dally flows for both mineral and organic soils. "Tile Flow and Power Use Data for Several Pump Drainage Systems," by C. L. Larson and

D. M. Manbeck. Transactions of the ASAE,

Vol. 5, No. 2, 1962. CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF

SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION. Field project.

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept. of Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Minn., St. Paul 1, Minn.

Field investigation; applied research and development

.

The objectives of the project are: (1) To study and develop inexpensive methods

for construction of shallow irrigation

wells, (2) determine hydraulic permeability

and characteristics of various aquifers, and (3) to survey and determine extent and availability of shallow ground water sources for irrigation in Minnesota. HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL WATERSHEDS. North Central Regional Project, NC-66.

Dr. Curtis L. Larson, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul,

Minnesota 55101. Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

.

Mathematical model techniques will be applied to runoff data from small watersheds. Active - recently initiated.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5259) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY GRATE

INLETS.

(g)

(5260)

(b)

(c)

(5261)

Rowland Engineering Co.

Dr. John J. Cassidy, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65201. Experimental; applied.

Several commonly used geometric types of grate inlets are being investigated In order to generalize the hydraulic characteristics of the grates, and hence provide a rational means of comparison of individual ef ficiencis. For a given combination of gutter slope,

cross-slope, and geometric configuration of the grate, the efficiency has been shown to

be a function of the Froude number of the approaching flow, and the dimensioriless depth of flow in the gutter. IRROTATIONAL FLOW THROUGH A SPILLWAY BUCKET

OF GIVEN SHAPE IN A GRAVITY FIELD.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterways

Experiment Station.

Dr. John J. Cassidy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65201. Analytical; basic research. An analytical method is being devised for

the determination of free-surface profiles, pressure distributions, and velocity dis- tributions for irrotational flow through a curved spillway of given shape in a gravity

field.

THE CELERITY OF SOLITARY WAVES OF CONSTANT

FORM.

56
b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles Lenau, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65201.

d) Analytical; basic.

e) The celerity of solitary waves with large

amplitudes is being investigated through numerical solution of a nonlinear integral

equation under the assumption that the flow

is potential. The wave of maximum amplitude

is of particular interest.

(5262) FREE -STREAMLINE FLOW UNDER A SLUICE GATE IN

A GRAVITATIONAL FIELD.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Charles Lenau, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, Mo. 65201.

d) Analytical; basic.

e) This project was primarily concerned with

the numerical difficulties usually en- countered in solving a problem involving

a free streamline extending to infinity under the action of gravity.

f) Completed.

g) Convergence of the numerical solution was improved greatly after the singularity at infinity was subtracted from the integral

equation used to solve for the free- surface profile.

(h) "A Few Comments Concerning the Flow of Fluid Under a Sluice Gate in a Gravitational Field," being published as an En- gineering Experiment Station Bulletin at the University of Missouri.

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT ROLLA, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engrg. Dept.,

University of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla,

Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master'

s

thesis.

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and critical depth of an imaginary open channel having same dimensions as the weir opening.

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function. Re- lationship between the M function, and the critical depth is logarithmic. This greatly simplifies determination of critical

flow where the critical depth is known or vice versa. A relationship exists between

M function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The velocity of ap- proach does not affect the relationship

between physical depth and crest depth.

(3775) VERTICAL WATER JET IMPACTING UPON A STILLING

BASIN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Civil Engineering

Department, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Tests being conducted on the terminal

effect of a 3/8 inch water jet on a cy- lindrical stilling basin to determine side and bottom pressures, velocities and energy dissipated.

(4169) INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL INTERNAL

SPILLWAYS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla,

Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) A scale model rockflll dam containing a

vertical internal spillway was studied to determine factors affecting stage-discharge

relationships

.

(g) A correlation was found to exist between

discharge through the dam and height of spillway, rock size, and head.

(h) "Investigation of Vertical Internal Spillways," by Paul R. Munger, Master's Thesis,

Missouri School of Mines, 1961. (Available

on loan)

.

(4661) A COMPUTER STUDY OF BACKWATER COMPUTATIONS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) The effect of some approximations used in backwater calculations on the resulting

surface profile were studied by use of a digital computer. Also, several methods of backwater computations were compared.

(g) The results of this study indicated that the use of approximations is feasible for curves above critical depth but are de- pendent on flow regime.

(h) "A Comparison of Backwater Profile Com- putations," by A. C. H. Young, Master's

Thesis, Missouri School of Mines, 1962. (Available on loan)

.

(4662) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL MISSOURI WATERSHEDS,

bj Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. D. Muir, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) This study was for the purpose of correlating basin characteristics and mean annual flood for Missouri watersheds having a drainage

area of less than ten square miles.

f) Suspended.

g) It was found that mean annual floods could

be predicted and correlated to known data from forty-five Missouri watersheds by use

of a shape factor (AL2 ) and basin index

(AL2S V2).

(h) "A Study of Small Watersheds Within the State of Missouri," by Terrence E. Harbaugh,

Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines,

1962. (Available on loan).

(4663) FLOW THROUGH A ROCKFILL DAM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. P. R. Munger, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Model studies are being conducted on a rockflll dam with a sloping internal spill- way to determine the characteristics of flow through such dams.

(g) Preliminary results indicate a relation

exists between flow rate, head, core height

and rock size.

(h) "Investigation of Flow Rates Through a Rockfill Dam," by J. R. Bayless, Master's thesis, Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy,

1962.

(5468) INVESTIGATION OF HIGH VELOCITY JETS ON HYDRAULIC JUMP.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Paul R. Munger, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Rolla, Missouri

65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Investigation of tailwater depth, length, and wave formation properties of hydraulic

jump due to introduction of high velocity

jets from apron.

57
(5469) VELOCITY AND KINETIC ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OF A SUBMERGED JET.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. A. C. Gevecker, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Missouri at Rolla, Holla, Mo. 65401.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master'

s

thesis.

(e) Tests conducted to determine the effect on velocity and kinetic energy by submerging a jet below the surface of a stilling basin.

(g) The entraining effect of the submerged jet

Is of an order of ten or more times the discharge of the Jet itself at the section

of the Jet opening. The major energy dis- sipation effects occur in the region of the jet itself. The kinetic energy

decreases not linearly but exponentially

with depth of penetration.

(h) "Velocity and Kinetic Energy Distribution

of a Submerged Jet", by Patrick S. Couch, Master's thesis, Missouri School of Mines

and Metallurgy, 1964. (Available on loan).

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(4664) EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER

BY SURFACE FLOODING METHODS.

(!)

(d)

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. C. Bowman, Head, Agricultural

Engineering Dept. Montana State College, Bozeman, Montana 59715. This is a study to develop design criteria

for more efficient application of irrigation water by flooding method. This is basic research at the present time, but will

be applied research Immediately upon com- pletion of the first phase. "Dimensional Analysis Leading to More Efficient Application of Irrigation Water",

C. C. Bowman, presented at 1963 Winter Meeting of ASAE.

UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, Hydrodynamics Laboratory,

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics.

(3776) VORTEX FORMATION AND DRAG IN UNSTEADY FLOW PAST BLUFF BODIES.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Bancroft Hall 219, University

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study of drag

and inertia In unsteady flow. Basic re- search for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Primary objects of the research are: To determine the growth and motion of vortices behind two dimensional bluff bodies subjectedto unidirectional unsteady flow; to determine

the various components of corresponding

resistance; and to correlate a particular

vortex configuration with the instantaneous

resistance

.

(g) The forces predicted on the basis of the moving

and growing vortices are comparable in magnitude to forces which are observed. Resistance

to unsteady flow is not to be thought of as a mere juxtaposition of resistances to steady flow augmented by an inertial force.

(3780) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE GENERATION IN PULSATING VISCOUS FLOW.

(b) Office of Ordnance Research, U. S. Dept of

the Army, (Durham).

(c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research

for master's and Ph.D. thesis.

(e) To understand the mechanism of turbulence generation in pulsating viscous flow superposed

on a steady and initially laminar flow and to evaluate the resistance to fluid motion.

(g) The evolution in time of artificially gen- erated turbulent plugs was monitored sim- ultaneously at several locations along the conduit by means of differential transducers.

It was found that In oscillating loiseuille

flow the transition Reynolds number Is determined uniquely by the parameters ka (frequency parameter) and (the ratio of the amplitude of the periodic component of the cross-sectional mean velocity to the steady component of the cross-sectional mean

velocity), and that for the same mean pressure gradient the pulsating flow is more

stable than the corresponding steady Poiseuilte

flow. It was further found that the transi- tion Reynolds number decreases with increas- ing values of the frequency parameter ka.

(h) "Mechanism of Turbulence Generation in Pulsating Viscous Flow", by T. Sarpkaya,

Technical Report No. 012-TS. AROD No. 3202E, DDC, Cameron Station, Alexandria, Va. 22314.

(3782) INDUCED MASS OF CONFINED FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, University of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Theoretical basic research; for master';

thesis.

(e) When a confined fluid is suddenly accelerated through an opening, initial average ac- celeration is determined by the induced mass

of the fluid system. Since the equation of the elastic wave propagagion cannot be solved for the boundary conditions imposed, solution

of Laplace's equation is joined to that ob- tained from the wave equation through the application of the Schwartz-Christof f el transformation and electrical analogy.

(g) The effect of induced mass is most pronounced

particularly for short conduits. Average

times necessary for the reflection of an elastic wave from a given reservoir Is deter- mined .

(4170) VIRTUAL MASS OF PARTLY SUBMERGED BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ.

of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebr.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Study of the added mass of various objects

partly submerged in a liquid.

(4893) COUNTER VORTEX OSCILLATOR.

(b) Diamond Ordnance Fuze Laboratories, Wash., D.C. (c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and experimental and for master's thesis

.

(e) To determine the intensity of pressure fluc- tuations and frequency of the instability

created by two vortices rotating in opposite

directions In two vortex chambers connected

by a circular tube.

(g) Frequency and intensity of pressure fluc- tuations are determined as a function of fluid properties and the geometry of the system. The counter vortex oscillator unit

', proved to be usable together with a pneumatic

amplifier in controlling the momentum of the power jet.

(h) Internal Report No. 1 to Diamond Ordnance

Fuze Laboratories, August 1963, IR-No. 2, August, 1964. "Characteristics of a Counter Vortex Oscillator", by T. Sarpkaya, Proceedings of the Fluid Amplification Symposium, HDL, Vol. II, May, 1964.

(4894) BISTABLE VORTEX OSCILLATOR.

(b) Laboratory project partly supported by DOFL.

(c) Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and experimental for master's

thesis

.

(e) To use the vortex shedding behind a circular

cylinder placed between two parallel walls

58
(g)

(5263)

SI

18

(g)

(5264) w

(c)

IS)

(g)

(5265)

to activate a high frequency oscillator.

The units built have variable frequency and push-pull characteristics. Vortex shedding behind circular cylinders appears to be a powerfull means of switching

"on" or "off" the load of a pneumatic amplifier.

(g)

VORTEX-RATE SENSOR. Harry Diamond Laboratories.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska.

Theoretical and experimental for M. S. thesis. To use the vortex- sink flow to provide a signal proportional to rate of rotation. Boundary layer development in vortex-sink

flow has been analyzed theoretically. The units built provide sufficiently large

signals for very low rates of rotation. SEPARATED FLOW ABOUT LIFTING BODIES. Laboratory project partly supported by NSF

and ONR.

Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. Experimental and theoretical. Cross-flow drag and normal-force coefficients

are determined for slender bodies at high

angles of attack within subsonic to moderately

supersonic range

.

Cross-flow drag coefficient is about 25^ larger near the point of separation than that for steady flow at the same Reynolds number

past a circular cylinder. Results indicate

that Schwabe's data for cylinders set in motion impulsively from rest may be in error. DYNAMICS OF A BISTABLE FLUID AMPLIFIER WITH

A LATCHING VORTEX. Harry Diamond Laboratories, Washington, D. C. Dr. T. Sarpkaya, Bancroft Hall 219, Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln 8, Nebraska. Theoretical and experimental, M. S. thesis. To determine the response of a bistable fluid amplifier with a latching vortex to various

types of input.

Latching vortex increases the power and pressure-recovery factors but it also increases the noise level of the amplifier.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engrg.

(5560) THEORETICAL STUDY OF SUSPENSION VISCOSITY: BY MEANS OF A MODEL OF THE SLOW MOTION OF

SPHERES AND A VISCOUS FLUID THROUGH A CYLINDER.

(g)

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. Happel, Dept. of Chem. Engr., New

York Univ., Univ. Heights, Bronx, N. Y. 10453. Theoretical; basic research for doctoral thesis. The slow translational and rotational mo- tion of particles moving through a viscous

fluid subjected to the influence of cylin- drical boundaries is being studied. This will ultimately enable a theoretical

prediction of the frictional drag, rotational moment, permanent pressure drop caused by

the presence of these particles in the origi- nal Poiseuillian field of flow, and suspension viscosity. The method of reflections technique for solv- ing boundary value problems is applied to the slow translational and rotational motion of a particle subjected to the Influence of cylindrical boundaries. Expressions were obtained

for the frictional drag, rotational moment, permanent pressure drop and suspension

viscosity.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH ATMOSPHERE INTER- ACTION AND WAVE PROJECT.

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Prof, of Oceanography

and Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of Oceanography, New York University, New York

53, New York.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Study of wave generation and propagation in deep water; nonlinear properties of capillary and gravity waves in both Eulerian

and Lagrangian form. Observations of temperature, humidity, and wind over the sea surface. Albedo measurements. Wind stress over the water surface. The prediction of large scale oceanic circulations. Theoretical and observational studies of turbulence In water. Diffusion studies.

(g) Models of random seas in Lagrangian form have been developed that look promising.

Field work has been expanded by the acquisition of a T-boat and additional

scientific equipment. Dye studies in Long

Island Sound and adjacent waters. Studies

of the circulation of western boundary

currents. A thesis on the stratification

and circulation of the Brazil Current has been completed. The Equatorial Undercurrent

in the Atlantic Ocean and the stratification

of water masses in the tropical Atlantic.

(h) "Notes on the Theory of the Thermocline,

"

by R. Blandford, J. Mar. Res. "Inertlal Flow in the Gulf Stream," by

R. Blandford. Tellus.

"The Use of Rayleigh-Ritz Method for Calcu- lating the Eddy Viscosity," by A . D. Klrwan.

Proc . of the Conference at Lamont Observatory

"Oceanography of the Tropical Atlantic," by

G. Neumann. Annals of the Symposium on the Oceanography of the Western South Atlantic

"Observations of the Equatorial Undercurrent

in the Atlantic at 15° W during Equalant I," by G. Neumann and R. G. Williams. J. Geophys

Res. "Third Order Steady State Solutions for Inter secting Trains of Gravity Waves," by W. J. Pierson. Tech. Rept. GSL 64-3, Dept. of Meteor, and Ocean., New York University.

"Known and Unknown Properties of the Two- Dlmensional Wave Spectrum and Attempts to Forecast the Two-Dimensional Wave Spectrum

for the North Atlantic Ocean," by W. J. Pierson. Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Sept. 10 through 12, 1964. "Problem Areas in Ship Motion Research," by

W. J. Pierson. Proc. Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Sept. 10 through 12, 1964. "Near Surface Oceanic Diffusion From a Con- tinuous Point Source," by R. Reinert. J. Oceanographical Society of Japan.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and Oceanography.

(5470) WAVE HINDCASTING PROJECT.

(b) U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office.

(c) Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Prof, of Oceanography, and Dr. Leo J. Tick, New York Univ., Bronx 53, N. Y. (d) Experimental and theoretical, basic and

applied.

(e) To forecast the directional spectrum of waves over the North Atlantic Ocean by means of a computer.

(g) New results on the spectra of wind seas and

on forecasting waves have been obtained and will be reported during the next year.

(h) "Wave Spectra Estimated from Wave Records Obtained by the OWS Weather Explorer and the OWS Weather Reporter," (I) and (II), by L. Moskowitz, W. J. Pierson, and E. Mehr. "Estimates of the Power Spectrums for Fully

Developed Seas for Wind Speeds of 20 to 40 Knots," by L. Moskowitz. J. Geophys. Res.,

Dec. 1964.

"A Proposed Spectral Form for Fully Developed

Wind Seas Based on the Similarity Theory of

59
S. A. Kitaigorodskii, " by W. J. Pierson and

L. Moskowitz. J. Geophys. Res., Dec. 1964. "The Interpretation of Wave Spectrums in

Terras of the Wind Profile Instead of the Wind Measured at a Constant Height," by

W. J. Pierson. J. Geophys. Res., Deo. 1964.

(e)

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Science, Department of Civil Engineering.

(4968)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

MECHANISM OF GAS ABSORPTION BY TURBULENT

LIQUIDS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. William E. Dobbins, Prof, of Civil Engineering, New York University, School of Engineering and Science, University Heights,

Bronx, New York 10453. Theoretical and experimental; basic research

(doctoral thesis).

A study of the mechanism by which gases are transferred across a turbulent gas-liquid

interface, with particuar emphasis on the process as it occurs in natural streams.

A mathematical model for the transfer process

has been developed. Experimental work using

several gases of varying diffusivities

indicates an acceptability of the mathematical model. The present phase Is concerned with the effect of impurities in the liquid. "Mechanism of Gas Absorption by Turbulent

Liquids," by Willijm E. Dobbins, Advances

in Water Pollution Research, Volume 2, Pergamon Press, 1964, p. 61. Reprint

available upon request.

"BOD and Oxygen Relationships in Streams,"

Proc. A.S.C.E., SA3, p. 53, June, 1964.

A semi-circular center-fed model basin was built with a transparent back for visual examination of the flow pattern. A uranine

dye tracer was used to determine flow through waves for the basin. Stability was measured by the reproducibility of the time- effluent dye concentration waves. In an attempt to stabilize the flow radial baffles

were placed in the basin to reduce the angle

of divergence and to provide solid boundaries in the divergent flow. Completed.

The baffles had no detectable effect. The flow pattern was characterized by a short- circuit along the tank bottom and a back- flow in the upper portion of the tank.

NORTH DAKOTA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept.

(3121)

(f) (g)

(3475)

(b)

NORTH CAROLINA STATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH

CAROLINA, Department of Engineering Research.

(4667) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. M. Ameln, Department of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, N. C.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search . (e) An experimental investigation on translatory

motions with irregular profiles, on bore formations and on the propagation of un- steady motions through non-uniform flows is made in a glass-walled channel. The channel

is 14 ft. long, 2 ft. wide with adjustable

variable slope. The experimental results

are analyzed by the nonlinear shallow water

theory. The objective of the project is to seek Improvements to the prevalent tech- niques for the computation of unsteady

flows and to provide experimental data for further theoretical investigations.

(4668) STUDY OF VORTEX MOTION IN WAKE FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Paul Harrawood, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina

(d) Experimental and theoretical; doctoral

thesi s

.

(e) An investigation of the eddy motions present

in the wakes of bluff bodies in a streaming

fluid, with particular attention given to the periodicity of eddy motions and to vortex strength.

(4669) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY OF FLOW

IN CIRCULAR SEDIMENTATION BASINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Charles Smallwood, Jr., Dept. of Civil Engrg., North Carolina State of the Univ. of No. Carolina, Raleigh, North Carolina.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(4175) w

(c)

(d)

(e)

(h)

(5471)

(d)

PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental; applied research. Seepage tests were made on buried 6 mil and

10 mil black polyethylene linings that have been in place for a period of 4 years. Completed

.

Black polyethylene linings burled under a soil cover remained in excellent con- dition after 4 years of service. SURFACE DRAINAGE. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Field investigation; applied research.

A small amount of work on ditch maintenance

was performed in 1964. WATER INTAKE RATES AND PHYSIOCHEMICAL

PROPERTIES OF IRRIGABLE SOILS. Joint laboratory project between Department

of Agricultural Engineering and Department

of Soils.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State University, Fargo, N. Dak. Experimental, basic research, and Master's

thesis. Infiltration tests were made in the field comparing large (up to 38 inches) infiltration rings with smaller rings (up to 22 inches in diameter) . Infiltration rates on land seeded to barley was compared with infiltration on summerf allow. Infiltration rates obtained using the large

rings were significantly greater than rates obtained using the smaller rings. In- filtration rates were higher on the barley

than on the summerfallow land. Antecedent

moisture conditions accounted for most of the difference

.

"Infiltration of Water into Potentially

Irrigable Soils", H. Holmen, J. M. Schaack,

and R. I. Strand. North Dakota Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 16-19, May-June 1964. "Soil Structure Stability Under Irrigation",

G. E. Wilkinson, and F. Schroer. North

Dakota Farm Research, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 19-21, May-June 1964.

CONCRETE' DITCH LINING AND PIPE FOR IRRI- GATION SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Prof. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., North Dakota State Univ., Fargo, t! . Dak. Experimental; applied research and Master's

thesis

.

SO
(e)

(g)

Six hundred feet of arm distribution ditch

was lined with concrete applied with a slip- form machine. Nearly 1800 feet of 12 inch low pressure concrete pipe with 6 inch risers was installed to replace another farm ditch. These installations will be used to study

the economic features of lined and closed

conduit distribution systems; and to study

the potential life of the installation,

especially with regard to frost action and damage from farm machinery traffic.

The installation was made in September of 1964 and various initial measurements have been taken.

experimentally and agree closely with those predicted by the magnetohydrodynamic theory,

(h) "Viscoelectric Magnetohydrodynamic Analogy",

T. P. Anderson, Amu-ANL Conference on Direct Energy Conversion, Argonne National Laboratory

Report ANL-6802, Dec. 1963, pp. 37-39.

(5032) WAVE ENERGY DISSIPATION.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological Institute.

(3476) FLOOD WAVE ROUTING.

(b) Northwestern Technological Institute.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern University, Evanston, 111. 60201

(d) Theoretical and analytical for doctoral and masters theses.

(e) The purpose is to calculate the movement of flood waves in prismatic and natural

channels. Finite difference equations based

on (a) method of characteristics and (b) basic equations of momentum and continuity

are to be programmed separately for solution

on a digital computer.

(g) A backward difference method of handling

the basic equations was unstable. A marching

procedure using the method of characteristics

gives promise. Errors in the computer

program have not yet been eliminated.

(3799) FORCES ON SUBMERGED BODIES IN UNSTEADY

MOTION

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Lyle F. Mockros, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Northwestern University,

Evanston, Illinois 60201.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, basic research,

M. S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Investigation of the forces on solid spheres

accelerating along a rectilinear path through

incompressible viscous fluids. The investi- gation includes (1) experiments that will be compared with a numerical evaluation of theoretical linear solutions, (2) experiments

on the general case of large motions, and

(3) a study of the effect of the velocity

pattern on added mass.

(g) The complex theoretical solution for the creeping motion case has been put into graphical form. Experiments on large motion

oscillations have been performed and the data correlated in terms of velocity (drag),

acceleration (added mass) and history co- efficients.

(h) "Forces on a Sphere Accelerating in a Viscous

Fluid", F. Odar and W. S. Hamilton, Journal

of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 18, pp. 302-314,

1964.

4671) VISCOELECTRIC MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC FLOW ANALOG.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Thomas P. Anderson, Assoc. Prof., Dept.

of Mech. Engineering and Astronautical

Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 6C2C1.

(d) Thesis research relating to the flow of viscoelectric fluids.

(e) The analogy between magnetohydrodynamic Hartmann flow and the flow of a viscoelectric

fluid between parallel plates is being

investigated. The Winslow effect provides a variable viscosity under the influence of an applied electric field and these Winslow

forces may be tailored to create a force field equivalent to the Lorentz force field in a magnetohydrodynamic flow.

(g) Velocity profiles and pressure drops in the viscoelectric flow have been measured

(S)

(h)

(5472)

(d)

(e)

(5473

(b

(o

(d

(e

(5474

(5475

(°

Northwestern Technological Institute.

Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201. Theoretical and experimental for theses. The purpose is to obtain useful expressions

for the velocity profiles and shear profiles

In the boundary layer next to a wall along

which deep-water oscillatory waves are progressing, to obtain a criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent motion, and to measure the velocity profiles near

the wall. The work involving laminar boundary layers has been reviewed and expanded. The equations

of motion have been integrated for an assumed form of the Reynolds stress. Coefficients In the result need to be evaluated experimentally.

"Boundary Layers Caused by Water Waves in a Rectangular Channel", Ph.D. Thesis, A. Santiago, June 1964. WIND-DRIVEN CIRCULATION IN LAKE MICHIGAN. National Science Foundation.

Asst. Professor G. E. Birchfield, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, 111. 60201. Two year grant, theoretical study; funds

for research assistant, undergraduate

assistant; primarily basic research. Develop mathematical methods for pre- dicting response of lake to varying wind

conditions. Study forces which generate

lake currents, effect of shore lines

on currents. Together with recent ob- servational studies, construct better

picture of general circulation in lake, than at present.

Initiated October 15, 1964. Preliminary results are available for

some simple analytical models of wind- driven circulations. DYNAMIC FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF VENTRICLE

PUMPS. Bio-Medical Engineering Center, North- western Technological Institute.

Prof. Lyle F. Mockros, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201. Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research, M.S. Thesis. Investigation of the dynamics of pumping

fluid out of a flexible chamber by

pneumatically squeezing the chamber. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF EXTRACORPOREAL

CIRCULATION. Bio-Medical Engineering Center, North- western Technological Institute.

Prof. Lyle F. Mockros, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201. Experimental; basic and applied research,

Ph.D. thesis. Investigation of the geometry and fluid dynamics favorable to the circulation of blood outside the animal body, purpose

is to obtain design criteria for heart

lung machines. NOISE SPECTRA. GENERATED BY FLOW OF A LIQUID THROUGH VARIOUS ORIFICES. Bio-Medical Engineering Center, North- western Technological Institute.

Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Dept. of Civil

61
Engrg., Northwestern Univ., Evanston, Illinois 60201.

d) Experimental; applied research, thesis.

e) Purpose is to Identify characteristic

flow generated noise In an abnormal

heart. The noise spectra generated by

steady and pulsating flow through rigid and flexible orifices is being investi- gated . (g) The noise spectra for steady flow through

orifices as reported in the literature

has been verified for water flows.

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Department

of Agricultural Engineering

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

(b) Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research Service

.

(c) Mr. G. 0. Schwab, 2073 Neil Ave., The Ohio

State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Tile flow, surface runoff, water table

levels, and crop yields are measured to evaluate various types of drainage systems

and to develop improved engineering design

criteria

.

(g) Fourteen years of tile flow data, partial

analysis completed; corn yields measured

for three years from various methods of drainage

.

(h) "Spacing Tile Drains", G. 0. Schwab. Ohio

Farm and Home Research 43:6-7, 11, Jan.-

Feb. 1964.

(5293) FLOW OF COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS IN POROUS

MEDIA .

(b) Laboratory project with partial support by

National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. R. Bruce Curry, Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio Agricultural

Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio 44691.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) To investigate the fundamental principles

underlying the flow of colloidal suspensions

into or through porous media.

The scope of this study will Include the use

of several granular materials and suspensions

of colloidal materials. Initially, carborundum will be used as the porous media and Wyoming bentonite as the suspended material in order that there will be continuity between

the present work and past studies. Materials

to be used later will Include chemically active materials such as zeolite, natural occurring

materials, such as soils and filter sands. The natural occurring materials will be used

to tie this basic study to practical applications in the field. Both the porous media and the suspended

materials will be characterized completely by

determination of various physical and chemical

properties.

The granular material will be placed in a permeameter for testing. The actual test procedure will involve three phases: (1) Initial flow of de-aired; de-ionized water

through the porous media in the permeameter;

(2) followed by the introduction of the suspension into the permeameter; (3) finally

the de-aired, de-ionized water will be reintroduced into the permeameter in order

to determine the effect of the suspension

flow on the system,

(h) "Effect of Viscosity and Zeta Potential of Bentonite Suspensions on Flow Through Porous

Media," D. L. Rausch and R. B. Curry, Trans.

ASAE, Vol. 5, p. 167-9, 1963 (reprints

available from junior author)

.

"The Interrelationships of Physical and Chemical Properties Involved In the Flow of Colloidal Suspensions in Porous Media," by

R. B. Curry, G. L. Barker and Z. Strach.

1964 ASAE Paper No. 64-217 (available from

ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan). "Scandium as a Tracer of the Movement of Clay Suspensions in Columns of Porous Media,"

by R. Bruce Curry, 1964, ASAE Paper No. 64-822 (available from ASAE, St. Joseph, Michigan).

(5294) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SMALL WATERSHEDS .

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. Bruce Curry, Assoc. Prof. Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ohio Agricultural

Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio 44691.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To investigate the use of mathematical,

electrical, and hydraulic models to study

hydrologlc phenomena of watersheds.

(a) To investigate statistical models as a means of identifying and evaluating the pertinent variables in the runoff process.

(b) To use these variables together with a mathematical model to predict behavior of a small watershed.

The behavior of small watersheds will be in- vestigated to identify the pertinent variables using the statistical theory. These vari- ables will be combined with the underlying

physical and biological phenomena to develop

a mathematical model which will permit state- ments to be made about probable watershed

behavior. Data from existing watersheds and runoff plots will be used to test the validity

of the model.

OHIO AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, Department of Agronomy

.

(5176) SOIL CHARACTERISTICS AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

b) Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

c) Prof. George S. Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy, Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio 43210.

d) Experimental Investigation, applied research.

e) Numerical analysis solutions of soil moisture flow problems in subsurface drainage are mace with digital computers. Steady-state and transient analyses are studied for various parameters of size, depth, and spacing of tile and ditch drains and of soil hydraulic

conductivity. Hillside seepage problems are also evaluated. The principal objective is

to interrelate the above factors in rational design of subsurface drainage systems.

(g) Characteristics of water flow into tile drains have been studied for layered soils. An analysis of hillside seepage into open ditches was made. Agreement between analyt- ical and numerical analysis techniques was established.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department. '

(2365) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Okla. State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater, Okla. 74075.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologlc data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

in north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts,

modified by the addition of weir sills, are being used as runoff measuring devices.

(g) Thirteen year record of rainfall and runoff

record is available. Frequency distributions

of runoff rates and amounts have been

determined. An analysis of the effect

of stock water ponds on total water yield

of small watersheds has been completed.

62
(h) "Determining the Effects of Farm Ponds

on Runoff From Small Watersheds" by

F. R. Crow and VI. 0. Ree . Bulletin

B-629, October, 1964.

(2828) TOE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station,

cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering,

Stillwater, Oklahoma 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two paired plastic lined ponds, designed

for evaporation research, are being used to study various aspects of evaporation re- duction by monomolecular films. Apparatus

has been developed for automatic application

of hexaoctadecanol slurry. Present research

is on the effects of wind on monolayers and development and testing of methods of alleviating adverse effects of wind.

(g) Evaporation reductions of 25 to 40<? have been obtained in long duration tests using

slurry method of applying films. Curves

have been developed relating wind speed and required film application rate. In current research a system of floating barriers is used to confine the monolayer to reduce frequency of application. Various height/

spacing ratios have been tested. The ef- fect of the barriers, with and without

monolayer, on evaporation is being studied.

(h) "Wind-Effects on Chemicals for Reducing

Evaporation From Small Reservoirs/ by

F. R. Crow. Processed Series P-477, May

1S64.

(3804) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION CHANNELS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in cooperation with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Agr. Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div. Southern Plains Branch, Stillwater, Okla. 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Vegetation lined waterways of the kind used

to convey short duration flood flows from

small watersheds are constructed full size on the grounds of an outdoor hydraulic

laboratory. Flow tests are made on these experimental channels to determine the protective ability of various grasses

and to evaluate the flov; friction factors under different conditions of growth.

Perennial and annual grasses for the temporary

protection of newly constructed earth water- ways are both considered in these studies. Temporary liners of various fibers Including

Jute, paper and glass are also tested,

(g) Manning's n values have been determined for various grass species. The physical

characteristics of the vegetation and the flow character both influence the flow retardance factor so special design diagrams have been prepared to aid in solving flow problems under these conditions.

(4676) THE HYDRAULICS OF OVERLAND FLOW.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. J. E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ., Dept.

of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater,

Okla. 74075.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study of the basic relationships involved

in the hydraulics of overland flow. Test

channels 96 ft. long, 3 ft. wide, and 5 percent slope are subjected to simulated rainfall of various intensities and droplet

sizes. Water surface profiles are studied for transient and equilibrium states for

concrete lined channels with three con- ditions of roughness.

(h)

[5177)

(Si W

(e)

(g)

(h)

(5476)

[d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

"Overland Flow Over Steep Rough Surfaces",

M. S. Thesis, Oklahoma State Univ., May,

1964. "Runoff From Impervious Surfaces Under Con- ditions of Simulated Rainfall" by A. F. Robertson, A. K. Turner, F. R. Crow, and

W. 0. Ree. Paper No. 64-222 presented at 1964 Annual Meeting of the ASAE, Ft. Collins, Colorado. AUTOMATION OF CUT-BACK FURROW IRRIGATION. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. James E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater( Okla. 74075. Experimental and field investigation; applied research and design for thesis. The development of a system of cut-back

furrow irrigation using level furrow outlet tubes with hooded inlets. The system will irrigate through the furrows at a design

initial flow, cut-back to a design cut-back

flow, and shut off by the simple removal of sheet-metal check dams. The purpose of the method is to improve the uniformity of furrow irrigation and 1^0 drastically reduce the higa labor requirement. An experimental system has been installed. Automatic gates have been developed. Solenoid operated latches have been designed. A timer which will actuate the gates In sequence has been developed. The components have been hooked together with underground

cable. The system has reduced the labor for irrigating the 15 acre field to closing 5 gates and pulling out the tabs on a time

clock. "Automation of Cut-back Furrow Irrigation," James E. Garton, R. P. Beasley and A. D. Barefoot, Agricultural Engineering, 45:6,

pp. 328, 329, June 1964. SPATIALLY VARIED FLOW IN AN IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION DITCH. Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

Dr. James E. Garton, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engrg., Stillwater,

Okla. 74075. Theoretical, applied research.

A digital computer study of spatially

varied flow in level distribution bays of slip form lined concrete ditches. The purpose of the study is to develop design methods for distribution ditches which

improve the uniformity of furrow irrigation.

A computer analysis of spatially varied flow

in a common size of slip form ditch has been completed. Design nomographs which allow

the selection of the depth of flow which results in the same water surface elevation

at each end of the level bays have been

developed. Hydraulic tests are planned.

"Spatially Varied Flow in an Irrigation

Distribution Ditch" by James E. Garton and Albert L. Mink. Paper No. 64-732,

presented to the 1964 Winter Meeting of the ASAE, New Orleans, Louisiana.

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of Fublic

Roads

.

(c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

(e) Wave effects resulting from the junction

of two supercritical, open channel flows

are being studied to determine the magnitude

and the location of the wave pile up on the channel walls.

(g) The prediction of wall pile-up.

63
(5300) HYDRAULIC INVESTIGATION OF BAFFLED, PIPE

TYPE FISH LADDERS.

b) State of Oregon Fish Commission.

c) Prof. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, Oregon.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) High energy dissipation, enclosed fish ladders are being studied. Purpose is to develop relatively short, inexpensive fish ladders for small streams. Prototypes will

be constructed and tested with adult salmon by the sponsoring agency.

(g) Baffles have been developed which can be placed In pipes to yield large energy

dissipation. In a 36-inch pipe, with a fish passage area of 15" by 15", the head

loss is 0.55 ft. per foot of pipe, with a mean velocity of 4.5 ft/sec through the fish passage area.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects, should

be addressed to Prof. Sam Shulits, Head, Hydraulics

Laboratory, 212 Sackett Building, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(5181) ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS OF COBBLE-STREWN

STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; applied research; doctoral

thesi s

.

(e) Purpose: To provide a quantitative means of determining Manning's "n" or the coefficient

K in V=KR2/ 3 S

1 '^ in cobble- strewn streams, particularly for use in the slope-area method of computing flood discharge. In a tilting flume, 5.5 ft wide, 1 ft deep and

53 ft long, roughness patterns are created with large and small concrete blocks. Maximum

discharge 5 cfs, corresponding to a small stream

.

(g) Previous work revealed systematic relationships

among the roughness coefficient, Reynolds and

Froude numbers, and a special quantitative

parameter of the roughness pattern. See "Large-Scale Roughness in Open-Channel

Flow" by J. B. Herbich and S. Shulits,

Journal, ASCE Hydraulics Dlv., Vol. 90, No. HY6, Proc. Paper 4145, Nov. 1964. Whereas the latter dealt with cubical roughness

elements In transverse rows and low flows,

the current research treats two extensions:

(a) High flows in which the height of the roughness elements (concrete blocks) is a small fraction of the water depth and (b) the condition in cobble-strewn streams of cobbles on a rough rock bottom with slight

protrusions

.

(5182) TRANSITIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLOW.

(b) Pennsylvania Department of Forests and Waters

.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) See Abstract in (g). (g) Transitions of three different shapes were tested for Froude numbers varying from 1.2

to 3.0, representing test flows of 0.56 to 5.27 cfs. Each transition connected an upstream trapezoidal channel with a downstream rectangular channel, all three parts lying

on one straight center line and having

constant and continuous invert slopes. One transition type had warped walls. The other two effected the transition with

plane walls: one with a vertical surface above a sloping one, and the other with a sloping surface above a vertical one. The experiments with each of the three shapes covered combinations of five transition

lengths with three depths in the trapezoidal

approach channel. Twenty-eight different transitions were investigated. Tables and charts summarize the variation of the water

surface caused by the wave patterns due to supercritical flow, along the channel

wall and the center line. Not only do these tables and charts give a picture of the complex wave patterns, but they are a basis for the design of transitions of the three tested shapes. A guide is offered for

the application of the extensive data to actual design,

(h) "Open-Channel Transitions In Supercritical

Flow-Part A-" by F. L. Blue, Jr., and S. Shulits, Hydraulics Laboratory Bulletin, December 1964. Also a silent film, "Some Wave Phenomena in Transitions in Supercritical Flow."

(5183) EXNER EQUATIONS OF RIVER FORM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Felix Exner's simple erosion postulates of

the 1920 's result in equations which produce rather closely dune, bed and bank forms of real rivers. The accuracy of his equations

and charts of river forms are being verified

so that the concept embodied in the postulates can be extended and applied to the prediction of river development.

(g) Two equations have been verified, one is in doubt

.

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Institute for Science and Engineering, Ordnance Research Laboratory,

(Dr. John C. Johnson, Director), and Department of Aeronautical Engineering, (Dr. George F. Wislicenus,

Department Head). V.'ork done under Dr. George F. Wislicenus, Director of the Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel and Head, Department of Aeronautical Engineering.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER

TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Mr. George B. Gurney, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) The problem concerns the measurement of forces on models In a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 feet per second, pressure ranges of 3 to 60 pounds per square inch absolute.

(g) Two four component (lift, axial force,

pitching and rolling moment) balances for use in water tunnels utilizing strain gaged

pre-tensioned flexure beams as the force sensing devices have been in successful operation for four years. A Planar Motion

Mechanism capable of imparting pitching and heaving motions to models Is now under con- struction and should be In operation in March of 1963. The balance assoicated with

this mechanism will measure all the hydrodynamic stability coefficients required in the equations of motion for a submerged

body with four (4) degrees of freedom. These equations include the static, damping

and acceleration derivatives. A balance which will measure unsteady forces on pro- pulsors has been developed and successfully

tested

.

(3143) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

(b) Joint program of investigation with the General Electric Company, the United States Rubber Company and the Northrop Corporation

sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Dr. Thomas E. Peirce and

Mr. John McMahon, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Experimental, basic research; theoretical

and applied research.

(e) Investigations into the application of boundary layer control through suction and compliant surfaces for underwater bodies.

(g) Several axlsymmetric models employing

64
discrete slots have been experimentally

investigated, both in the field and in the laboratory. Experimental measurements of boundary layer transition and thickness aft

of the transition have been made for a number

of flat plates, which were covered with a compliant surface.

(3486) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. John Lumley, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania. 16802.

d) Experimental.

e) Using a constant temperature probe, some turbulent flows at high Reynolds numbers will

be Investigated with particular attention to homogeneous grid-produced turbulence and turbulent dispersion in a shear flow.

(g) Measurements have been taken in a small water tunnel settling section determining

the effect of various screens and honeycombs

on turbulence.

(h) "The Constant Temperature Hot-Thermistor

Anemometer," by J. L. Lumley, Proceedings

of ASME Symposium on Measurement in Unsteady

Flow, May 21-23, 1962, pp. 75-82.

(3807) INVESTIGATION OF THE CAVITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A FEW SIMPLE LIQUIDS.

b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Lab., University Park, Pennsylvania. 16802

d) Experimental, analytical; basic research.

e) To investigate experimentally the cavitation

characteristics of a few simple (as regards

to vapor pressure and handling) liquids under conditions occurring in space and aircraft pumping machinery, and analyze

the results so that a reliable basis for theory applicable to these conditions can

be formulated.

A small high speed water tunnel having test section velocities of 370 feet per second, pressures to 1000 pounds per square inch,

temperatures to 300 degrees Fahrenheit, has been constructed and has been in operation

since April of 1962.

(g) Investigations of deslnent cavitation at very high velocities on 1/4 inch diameter

ogive noses Indicates that the deslnent cavitation number approaches the minimum

pressure coefficient. Studies of cavitation

hysteresis on ogive noses show that the cavitation delay time is a random function

and is of significant duration e.g. 3 to 4 minutes

.

(h) "Cavitation Hysteresis, " by Allen L. Treaster,

M.S. Dissertation, Department of Aeronautical

Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., June 1964.

(4180) UNSTEADY FLOW INVESTIGATIONS AROUND AN ELLIPSOID OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A study of unsteady forces acting on an ellipsoid of revolution over a range of Reynolds numbers and body attack angles.

(fl Completed.

(g) A theoretical and experimental investigation

of the lift and moment on an 8/1 ellipsoid of revolution performing small oscillations in a direction normal to the free stream has been carried out. The maximum circulatory lift coefficient is about half that obtained in steady flow. A phase lag of 20 degrees In build-up of lift was observed. The maximum

pitching moment is reduced by 16 percent from

that predicted by potential theory.

(h) "The Lift on an Oscillating Body of Revolution," by Mr. M. S. Sevik, Ph.D. Thesis,

Department of Engineering Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, May 1963.

(4181) DETERMINATION OF EFFECT OF TUNNEL BOUNDARIES

ON THE FORCES ACTING ON A MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Thomas Peirce, Ordnance Research Lab.,

University Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of the errors introduced by

the physical boundaries of tunnel walls

on the measured forces on large models.

The investigation covers both the axially

symmetric case and when the models are at low angles of attack. Establishing the means for correcting these errors is also

a part of this investigation.

(g) A method has been developed for the pre- diction of errors in drag caused by watertunnel wall deviations. It Is shown that small deviations in contour can cause a significant error in model drag measurements. Tunnel wall interference effects on model pitching moment have been investigated and a correction procedure established for models

of low attack angle and diameters up to 1/3 tunnel diameter.

(h) "Tunnel Wall Interference Effects on the Drag and Pitching Moment of an Axisymmetrlc Body,"

by Mr. Thomas E. Peirce, Ph.D. Thesis, Dept.

of Engineering Mechanics, December 1963.

(4677) THE INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL UNSTEADY CAVITY FLOWS ABOUT FIXED SYMMETRIC BLUFF BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, University Fark, Penna. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) An investigation of the wake region

behind supercavltating, two-dimensional

wedges at zero degrees angle of attack is in progress with the purpose of determining

the wake characteristics, in particular the Strouhal number as a function of Reynolds

number, cavitation number and wedge apex

angle

.

(4678) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHAN ISM FOR AN UNDERWATER

MISSILE.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and conducted under Mr.

C. L. Key, Asst. Director, Ordnance Research

Laboratory.

(c) Messrs. H. M. Jensen and R. E. Kershaw, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pennsylvania 16802.

d) Experimental, applied development and design.

e) A high-performance hydraulic servomechanism

for control of rudders and elevators In an underwater missile system. Specific design

problems were instability caused by a resonant linkage and high-frequency oscillation

of the servovalve.

(g) Stability was achieved by increasing the resonant frequency of the linkage, providing

hydraulic damping with a bypass orifice, and lag-lead phase compensation in the servo amplifier. The high-frequency oscillation

was eliminated by Increasing the diameter of activator ports.

(5106) INVESTIGATION OF TENSIONS IN LIQUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

(c) Dr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) Investigation of liquid tensions for a variety of liquids under a range of con- ditions employing a non-flow apparatus. Results will be compared to those obtained

in a flowing system.

(5107) INVESTIGATION OF THE KUTTA CONDITION IN UN- STEADY FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by Bureau of

65
Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. Maurice Sevik, Ordnance Research Labo- ratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) The validity of the Kutta-Joukowski criterion

is being investigated for the prediction of control surface hinge moments in steady flow,

or instantaneous forces on rapidly oscillating

air and hydrofoils.

(5108) JET INSTABILITY IN MERCURY.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by National Sci- ence Foundation.

(c) Dr. David P. Hoult, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna. 16802.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The study involves the stability of a jet of mercury into mercury in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic field acts to stabilize the jet and thus control the rate

of amplification of unstable oscillation.

The experimental findings are then to be compared with appropriate small disturbance

theory in an effort to further understand

the instability of jets.

(h) "The Laminar Round Jet in an Axial Magnetic

Field," by Dr. David P. Hoult. Paper given

at the American Physical Society Meeting,

Pasadena, California. November 22-24, 1964. Also submitted to the Physics of Fluids.

"The Effect of an Axial Magnetic Field on the Stability of an Axial-Symmetric Jet or Wake," by Dr. David P. Hoult; submitted to the Physics of Fluids.

(5590) INVESTIGATION OF SHED WING VORTICES AND THEIR

DECAY.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Army

Research Office, Durham, North Carolina.

(c) Dr. Barnes W. McCormick, Jr., Ordnance

Research Laboratory, University Park, Penna.

16802.

d) Experimental; analytical; basic research.

e) The vortex sheet shed by a wind tunnel mounted, semi-span lifting wing has been

investigated at various angles of attack

and free-stream velocities. The vortex

core has been studied by mapping the down- stream flow field at distances up to 20 chord lengths. Tangential velocities of vortices have been determined by integrating

the vortlcity through the vortex core. The local vortlcity is measured by a pitchless,

cruciform vane which rotates in rotational

flow. Rotational speeds of 40,000 rpm have

been measured. Similar investigations will

be conducted by mounting the vortex probe behind the wing of a full-scale flight test airplane. Qualitative characters of shed vortices have been studied by flying an airplane adjacent to a large tuft grid and photographing the motion of the tufts as

the vortex moves across the grid.

(g) It is believed that after completion of the investigations it will be possible to predict

the vortex geometry of an arbitrary air- craft as a function of the airplane con- figuration and distances downstream.

(55S1) BOILING BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau of Naval Weapons.

(c) Dr. David P. Hoult, Department of Aeronautical

Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ.,

University Park, Pa. 16e02.

d) Theoretical.

e) Theoretical investigation of the boiling

boundary layer on a flat plate.

(5592) EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SECONDARY FLOW

IN AXIAL FLOW INDUCERS.

b) Laboratory project sponsored by NASA.

c) Dr. George F. '.,'lslicenus and Dr. B. Lakshrninarayana, Dept. of Aeronautical

Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ.,

University Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) A three-foot diameter model of an axial flow inducer for a pump was built and will

be tested with air, using smoke for direct observation of secondary motions in long

and narrow vane passages. In addition,

approximate measurements of the velocity

distribution at inlet and discharge ^ill be made to obtain at least a qualitative

picture of the fluid motions under the predominant influence of viscous fluid

friction.

(5593) INVESTIGATION OF LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER AND TRANSITION IN THE VICINITY AND BETWEEN

SUCTION SLOTS.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval Research

.

(c) Dr. Thomas E. Peirce and Mr. Charles F. Holt, Ordnance Research Laboratory, University

Park, Pa. 16802.

d) Experimental and theoretical.

e) This project will examine the characteristics

of the flow at the entrance to suction slots and determine the effect the suction slots have on the laminar boundary layer flowing

into each slot. This investigation will

be limited to plane radial slots and the effect that variations in slot shape have

on the laminar boundary layer.

(5594) GRID TURBULENCE IN DILUTE POLYMER SOLUTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Andrew G. Fabula,

Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park,

Pa. 16802.

(d) Experimental and basic research for Ph.D. thesis

.

(e) Turbulent velocity measurements will be made behind a grid in a 48-foot towing tank filled with dilute polymer solution. Experimental

spectra and correlation functions will be compared with previous measurements in Newtonian fluids and with theory, in order

to investigate possible explanations of the Toms effect (the friction reduction in turbulent flow produced by extremely low concentrations of very high molecular

weight polymers).

(5595) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN THE VISCOUS

SUBLAYER.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons and the Office of Naval Research.

(c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Henry Bakewell, Ordnance Research Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University, P. 0. Box 30, State

College, Pa. 16801.

(d) Experimental, basic research for Ph.D. thesis

.

(e) u-u space-time correlations will be taken

in the viscous sublayer under a turbulent boundary layer in glycerin. The sublayer

thickness is such that a y

+ = 5 corresponds

to 0.25 inches. It is hoped that these measurements will shed light on the dynamics

of the sublayer, in particular on the translation velocities of disturbances there.

(5596) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENCE

FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN MEDIA.

b) Office of Naval Research.

c) Dr. John L. Lumley and Mr. Kirtan Singh,

Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University

Park, Pa. 16802.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D.

thesis.

(e) Machine calculations will be made of the initial effect on the energy budget re- sulting from a sudden change in the constitutive relation (from Newtonian to any of several non-Newtonian types) of a

66
rluid in Isotropic, homogeneous turbulent

motion. It is hoped that the investigation

will provide insight into the mechanism by

which low concentrations of high molecular

weight additives markedly change the skin friction In turbulent shear flows (the Toms

effect)

.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY, School of Engineering and Applied Science.

(5184) FALL OF A SPHERE IN A HORIZONTALLY OSCIL- LATING FLUID.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Departments of Civil and Geological Engineering, Princeton

University, Princeton, N. J.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) The purpose of this research is to predict

the temporal mean fall velocity of a spherical particle falling in a horizontally

oscillating fluid. An analytical solution was derived for particles with a small (0.1) Reynolds number. A numerical solution is possible for large Reynolds numbers. Experi- mental verification of the appropriate

equations is the purpose of the study. The results will be applicable to problems

Involving turbulent diffusion of sediment.

(5185) DYNAMIC STORAGE OF GROUNDWATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. R. J. Dewiest, Assoc. Prof, of Geological

Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.

(d) Analytical and experimental, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) Purpose of the research is to investigate the dynamic behavior of a groundwater basin Intersected by streams and from which water

is withdrawn at a time dependent rate. An electric analog model (R-C) will be constructed.

(h) Preliminary steady state study was published

in the Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Nov. 1963. "Replenishment of Aquifers Intersected by

Streams," pp. 165-191, available from the American Society of Civil Engineers.

(5186) MEASUREMENT OF UNSTEADY PRESSURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. P. Klttredge, Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Princeton University,

Princeton, I!. J. d) Theoretical and experimental, M.S. thesis.

e) The differential equations of motion for a simple manometer system with non-linear

damping have been programmed for an IBM 70S4

data processing system. An experimental

program to check the computation is planned.

(5480) INERTIA! EFFECTS IN TURBULENT SUSPENSIONS.

(b) National Institute of Health, Public Health

Service

.

(c) Prof. Lucien M. Brush, Jr., Departments

of Civil and Geological Engineering,

Princeton, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The purpose of this research is to examine

the inertial lag between particle motion

and fluid motion in a turbulent suspension.

A turbulence tank consisting of an oscil- lating three-dimensional grid will be used

for the experiment

.

Measurements are to be made of the energy contribution to the system as a result of collisions between particles and the grid.

By varying the frequency of oscillation, grid

spacing and size, and particle density, an attempt will be made to describe the detailed particle motion and the sediment diffusion coefficient.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agricultural Engineering.

(2596) THE USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT STUDIES.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Dlv.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University. (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4276).

(c) Dr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural

Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The rainfall simulator is used on runoff

plots for comparison of treatments which

effect erosion and infiltration. Research

includes studies of tillage methods, crop residue management, slope, soil type, crop

rotations, and intensity histograms.

(h) "Crop Residues and Surface Mulches for Controlling Erosion on Sloping Land Under Intensive Cropping", by L. D. Meyer and

J. V. Mannerlng, Trans. ASAE 6, 1963. "Erosion-Control Effectiveness of Rotation

Meadows", by J. V. Mannering, L. C. Johnson, L. D. Meyer, and B. A. Jones,

Jour. Soil and Water Cons. 19: 91-95, June 1964.

"The Effect of Minimum Tillage for Corn

on Infiltration and Erosion", by J . V. Mannering, L. D. Meyer, and C. B. Johnson,

Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc . of Agron.,

1964.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC USE

ON THE FARM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Field investigation; applied and basic research

.

(e) The treatment of pond water by use of slow

sand and diatomaceous earth filters is being

evaluated. Improved designs are under

investigation. The effects of algae growth

and coagulation-sedimentation methods on filtration processes are being studied. Equipment for a study of electrophoretic

control of slow sand filtration is currently under construction.

(g) Diatomaceous earth filtration provides a safe and effective treatment process for pond water. With equipment available, excessive supervision of the filtration

operation is needed. A small, automated

diatomite filter system designed for

single family operation is being evaluated.

(h) "An Experimental Diatomite Filter Water

Treatment System for Family Use", by E . J. Monke, K. J. Albrecht, H. R. Wilke, and

G. G. Fassnacht, Research Progress Report

56, Agr. Exp. Sta . , Purdue Univ., 1963. "Water Use Goes Up at the Southern Indiana

Forage Farm", by E. J. Monke and K. J. Albrecht, Research Progress Report 117, Agr. Exp. Sta., Purdue Univ., 1964.

(3490) INVESTIGATION OF FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN DRAIN TILE AND THE RELATIONSHIP OF THESE

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS TO SEDIMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. L. F. Huggins, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana

47907 . d) Experimental; basic research.

e) A 60 - foot model drain capable of re- circulating sediment-laden flow has been

constructed. Drain slopes at which

incipient deposition occurs are being

67
(c)

Investigated

.

(g) Five different flow regimes were observed

to occur during the transition from part

full to full flow in a circular drain. (4183) Implications with regard to tile drain

"breathers for the relief of below atmospheric (b) pressures were shown. (c)

(h) "Point of Impending Sediment Deposition for Open Channel Flow in a Circular Conduit",

by C. T. Haan, M.S. Thesis, Purdue Univ., (d) 1964. (e)

(3808) DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF METHODS FOR ESTIMATING FIELD RUNOFF AND SOIL LOSS.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agri. Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project (4681) No. 4274).

Mr. Walter H. Wischmeler, ARS-SWC, Agric.

Engineering Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, (b) Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) The relationships of numerous rainstorm

characteristics, topographic features, soil (c) characteristics and surface conditions to field runoff and soil erosion are being evaluated from plot data obtained under (d) natural and/or simulated rainfall. Basic (e) plot and small watershed data on an indi- vidual storm basis have been assembled in an ARS central runoff and soil-loss data lab.

at Purdue Univ., from 24 states. The data represent results of cooperative research

studies over the past 32 years at 47 (f) locations. (g)

(g) In studies at 47 locations, average annual runoff from cropped plots ranged from 3 to 36 percent of rainfall. Amount of runoff was influenced by soil properties, slopes,

cropping systems, productivity levels, residue

management, tillage methods, and intercrops.

On silt loams and silty clay loams, it (h) decreased significantly with increases in percent organic matter. For other soils,

percentages of sand and clay were influential. (5481) Runoff per unit area increased with percent

slope; with corn the relationship was curvilinear at all crop stages, with small (b) grain or meadow cover it was linear. (c)

(h) "Relation of Field-Plot Runoff to Management and Physical Factors", by W. H. Id) Wischmeler. Agronomy Abstracts, Am. Soc . (e) of Agron. , 1964.

(4182) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY RAINFALL AND

RUNOFF.

(b) Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

Agricultural Research Service, USDA and Purdue University, (See Agricultural

Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4275.) fb) (c) Dr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS-SWC, Agricultural (c) Engineering Department, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana 47307. (d) (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The influence of slope inclination, slope (e) length, particle size, particle shape, and wind velocity on the resulting splash and runoff erosion are being investigated in the laboratory. Methods for simulating rainfall, slope length, soil and wind have been

developed. This study is providing an understanding of the mechanics of the process (g) involved in erosion and the basic relationships of the above variables,

(h) "Mechanics of Soil Erosion by Rainfall and Runoff as Influenced by Slope Length, Slope

Steepness, and Particle Size", by L. D. Meyer, Ph.D. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1 9 64

.

"The Effect of Particle Size and Shape on Runoff Erosion", by G. D. Bubenzer, M.D. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1954. "Splash Erosion as Affected by the Angle of Incidence of Raindrop Impact", by W. M. van Heerden, Ph.D. thesis, Purdue Univ., 1964. "Mechanics of Soil Erosion by Rainfall and Overland Flow as Influenced by Slope, Runoff Rate, and Particle Size", by L. D.

Meyer and E. 1964.

J. Monke, ASAE Paper No. 64-215,

SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE OF BLOUNT SILT LOAM. Laboratory project.

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana 47907. Field investigation; applied research. Various spacings between parallel subsurface drains are under Investigation to determine

their effectiveness In water removal and

crop response. Continuous records of tile discharge are being made and crop yields are determined at harvest time. EVALUATION OF PLASTIC-LINED MOLE DRAINS AND

INSTALLATION EQUIPMENT IN MUCK SOILS. Soil and Water Conservation Research Div.,

USDA, and Purdue University. (See Agri. Research Service, Corn Belt Branch, Project

No. 4271).

Dr. E. J. Monke, Agricultural Engineering

Department, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana 47907. Field investigation; applied research.

The primary purpose of this investigation Is to determine the stability with time of various cross-sectional types of plasticlined mole drains In muck soil. Secondary

objectives are concerned with the improvement of the installation equipment.

Completed

.

Failures were noted with all of the cross- sectional types of plastic-lined mole drains. The drain with Interlocking edges stood up

best. The causes of failure were due to a shallow Installation depth, vertical misalignment, and the fluidity of the soil in the upper profile.

"Plastic-Lined Mole Drains", by J. L. Fouss, Agricultural Handbook Series Publication. EVALUATION OF THE PARALLEL DITCH SYSTEM FOR SURFACE DRAINAGE ON CLERMONT SOIL. Laboratory project.

Mr. D. R. Sisson, Agricultural Engineering

Dept., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907 Field investigation; applied research.

A parallel ditch system of surface drainage is being compared to the conventional

drainage practices on Clermont silt loam.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Department of Agronomy.

(4679) FLOW LAWS FOR THE MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL. Laboratory project.

Dr. Dale Swartzendruber , Department of Agronomy, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana. Experimental and theoretical; basic for

Ph.D. thesis. The validity of basic equations for water relationships in soil, such as Darcy's

proportionality and Buckingham's capillary

potential function, is being tested under various circumstances. Revised equations

and mathematical solutions for deviating

behavior are also being sought. An attempt was made to use the pressureplate outflow method for measuring water

diffuslvity, specific water capacity, and capillary conductivity as a function of water content. Measurements were made on two nonswelling porous materials over a pressure range of 100 to 900 mb., but with pressure steps ranging from 25 to 400 mb. The experimental outflow curves did not conform to theoretical predictions, thus making it difficult to compute a meaningful

diffuslvity value. Also, for sufficiently

small pressure steps, the specific water

capacity was a fluctuating function of water content, rather than changing

monotonically . Since the capillary

68
conductivity is the product of the water

diffusivity and the specific water capacity,

a meaningful conductivity value is made quite difficult to determine. It is concluded

that present mathematical solutions for the pressure-plate outflow method are inadequate

.

In a second study, involving water movement

into initially air-dry, horizontal columns

of soil, moisture distributions at various

times were found not to reduce to a single curve when adjusted by the square-root-oftime factor as required mathematically by

the solution of the nonlinear diffusion

equation. The discrepancies found in this second study may be due to the same factors as are causing the deviations in the pressure-plate outflow method.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

d) Experimental; for master theses.

e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of waterways under arch bridges, to provide a criterion for determining the proper clear

span of arch bridges so as to compensate for

the loss of efficiency at high flows, to provide a method for computing the backwater

upstream of arch bridges and to provide a method of indirect flood discharge measurement

from high water marks observations.

f) Completed.

g) A method for the determination of backwater

and energy loss has been obtained for arch bridge constrictions. The effects of various

constriction geometries have been considered.

The following factors were investigated:

The effect of the amount of contraction, of the length of the contraction, of wingwalls,

of skew and of eccentricity. Dual bridges,

two span bridges, and arch segment bridges were also investigated. The effect of bridge

submergence was studied.

(h) Discussion on "Roughness Spacing in Rigid

Open Channels" by P . F. Biery and J. V/. Delleur, Transactions ASCE Vol. 128 (1963)

p. 372. "Hydraulics of Single Span Arch Bridge Con- strictions" by P. F. Biery and J. V.'. Delleur, Journal Hydraulics Division, ASCE, Vol. 82, HY5, March 1962. "Hydraulics of River Flow Under Arch Bridges,'' Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue Univ.,

Rept. Mo. 11, June 1964, (2 Volumes).

(2840) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE PLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation and National

Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. V.'. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes,

Hydromechanics Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

d) Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis.

e) Experimental and theoretical studies of:

(a) Boundary layer development in free surface flow with applications to channel conveyance, air-entrainment and flow measuring structures;

(b) Secondary flow development in free surface flow with applications to channel conveyance, polutant dispersion and sedimentation problems.

Studies based on mean velocity and turbulent velocity component data.

(g) Improvements and evaluation of hot-wire anemometer equipment for liquids. Original

turbulence data and their analysis for the flow establishment reach in an open channel

of moderate aspect ratio.

(h) "Mechanism of Turbulence in Free Surface Flow",

by J. W. Delleur, and G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory, Purdue Univ., Technical

Report No. 9 (Final Report NSF-G) August '64. "Les echanges thermlques de l'anemometre a fil chaud place obliquement dans un ecoulement,"

by J. Delleur, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 259, p. 712, July 27, 1964. "L'emploi de l'anemometre a fil chaud comme cllnometre de precision," J. Delleur, Comptes

Rendus, Acad. Sc. Paris, Vol. 259, p. 985, August 3, 1964.

(2841) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL WATERSHEDS IN INDIANA.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Indiana State Flood Control and Water Resources Commission.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Analysis and field investigation for Ph.D. thesis

.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study the hydrology of watersheds less than 200 square miles throughout the State of Indiana to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from these watersheds.

(g) Peak discharges were analyzed statistically and

a correlation was obtained between the 25 year peak discharge and geomorphological characteristics of the watersheds. Peak discharges for other frequencies may also be obtained. A synthetic design hydrograph was developed on the basis of the instantaneous hydrograph

theory. The hydrograph Is determined by two parameters which have been related statistically

to geomorphological characteristics of the watershed. The theory of overland flow has been investigated from a hydrodynamics stand- point . (h) "Determination of Peak Discharge and Design

Hydrographs for Small Watersheds in Indiana,"

by I. P. Wu, J. W. Delleur, M. H. Diskin,

published by Indiana Flood Control and Water

Resources Commission, Indiana State Highway

Commission, and Purdue University (Oct. 1964); available from Joint Highway Research Project, Purdue University.

(4191) MEANDER FLOOD PLAIN MODEL.

(b) Engineering Experiment Station; Purdue

Research Foundation; Agricultural Research

Service

.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ. Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Analytical and experimental research for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A 5- x 30-foot styrofoam meander-flood plain

model has been built with adjustable slope,

side walls and channel dimensions. Flow visualization equipment and a directional

Prandtl tube have been used to study the internal flow field characteristics.

(g) First stage of investigation is completed. Several experimental stage-discharge relations

are available. Internal characteristics of flow field have been determined for a number

of cases. Implications of findings to basic facets of the meander problem, to flood routing and to river improvements studies have been considered.

(5110) HOT-WIRE PHYSICS IN LIQUIDS.

b) Purdue Research Foundation.

c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

d) Theoretical and experimental for Ph.D. thesis.

e) The purpose of this research is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of hot wires in liquids, to determine their sensitivity to fluctuations of velocity,

temperature and flow direction, and to arrive

at an understanding of the physical causes

of their limitations.

(g) System response equations have been formulated

and determination of necessary empirical constants is in progress. Equipment is

69
operative and data are being collected.

(5111) HYDROELASTIC STRUCTURING OF SEPARATED FLOW AND WAKE TURBULENCE.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) Analytic and experimental study aimed at correlating the hydroelastic loading of structural components and the turbulent

structure of the generated wake and separating

boundary layers.

(g) Force, displacement and wake turbulence measurements are being made for variety of cylindrical components and plate-like structures. Reduction of data by means of spectrum

analysis equipment.

(h) "Flow Induced Excitation of Structural Vibrations," by G. H. Toebes, presented at ASCE Annual Convention, New York (October

1964)

.

(5112) TURBULENCE MEASUREMENTS IN LIQUIDS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Lab., School

of Civil Engrg., Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses.

(e) Analytic and experimental Investigations aimed

at optimization of turbulence measurements in liquids using hot-wire anemometer equipment

and to compare performance characteristics of hot-wire equipment with hot-film thermistor,

electro-magnetic and pressure transducers.

(g) Collecting of liquid anemometry data is in progress. Special calibration and test equip- ment has been built. Spectrum analysis

equipment has been adapted for above studies. Special recirculation equipment for laboratory water supply is being installed.

(5482) URBAN HYDROLOGY FOR SELECTED SITES IN INDIANA

.

(b) Indiana Flood Control and Water Resources

Commission.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) For M.S. Thesis.

(e) Rainfall-runoff relationships are studied

for three selected sites in Indiana in order to test scientific methods of estimating the surface runoff and to obtain design criteria that can be used

by practicing engineers.

(g) An urban watershed is being Instrumented

in West Lafayette, Indiana.

(5483) PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF LARGE SCALE HYDROMECHANICS LABORATORY EQUIPMENT.

(b) Purdue University, NSF (Fellowship).

(c) Dr. G. H. Toebes, Hydromechanics Laboratory,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Design, theoretical, experimental; for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Under design are a 35' x 1.5' x 3' and a 90' x 6' x 3' tilting glass-lined flumes. The largest flume will accommodate sediment recirculation. A number of design problems

is being studied which will be verified upon completion of the equipment. The main

problems are: uniformity of inflow from headbox; residual turbulence in inflow; the boundary layer development in free surface

flow and the length of flow establishment.

(g) The smaller flume is completed and measurements are being started using pressure transducers and hot-wire equipment.

(5484) DESIGN OF INSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT FOR LABORATORY DEMONSTRATIONS IN FLUID MECHANICS.

'b) Engineering Experiment Station, National

(o)

(d)

(g)

(5485)

(d)

(e)

5486

(g)

Science Foundation, Purdue University.

Dr. J. W. Delleur and Dr. G. H. Toebes,

Hydromechanics Laboratory School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Ind. 47907. Developmental, M.S. Theses. Evaluation of the various means of con- ducting an undergraduate laboratory course

in Hydromechanics; evaluation of the subject matter to be investigated, and design of specific equipment.

The design of the following apparatuses have been completed: rotating cylinder apparatus, radial flow apparatus, small wind tunnel,

unsteady flow apparatus, cavitation apparatus pressure measurement apparatus, viscous flow apparatus

.

"The Function and Form of the Undergraduate

Laboratory in Fluid Mechanics" by V. T. Ricca, M.S. Thesis, June 1964. TURBULENT DIFFUSION OF CONTAMINA ITS IN SHEAR

FLOWS

.

Laboratory project.

Dr. V. W. Goldschmidt, Hydromechanics Labora- tory, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue

Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907. Theoretical and experimental for M.S. and

Ph.D. Theses. Insight into the turbulent and convective

dispersion of contaminants in the atmosphere and oceans is sought. At present a wind

tunnel is being designed to study the relationship of contaminant size to turbulent diffusivity and the effect of temperature

gradients on the overall mass transfer co- efficient . TIME RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF INFILTRATION OF

SURFACE VJATERS INTO INCLINED STRATA. School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.

Dr. M. E. Harr, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907. Experimental and theoretical for Ph.D. Thesis.

The study is aimed at the development of a rational method of determining the locus of the free surface for flow due to rainfall of varying intensity into inclined strata. Methods of solution will be developed whereby

one can predict with some degree of reliability

at any time the location of the wetted front and the quantity of seepage.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Electrical Engineering.

(4499) AN INVESTIGATION OF PULSE WIDTH MODULATED HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(d)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Dr. J. E. Gibson, Dir., Control and Infor- mation Systems Lab., School of Elec. Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907. Experimental and analytical investigation;

basic research for doctoral thesis. An analytical model for a pulse width modulated hydraulic servo is developed.

A theoretical investigation of the closed

loop system is performed. The results of this analysis are checked with the simu- lated model and with the actual system. The theoretical closed loop investigation

has been completed. It is capable of predicting subharmonic oscillations and

of predicting the equivalent d.c. transfer characteristic of the pulse width modulator.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(2374) MASS TRANSFER IN ANNULAR, TWO-PHASE FLOW IN

A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana 47 907.
(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Master's and Ph.D degrees.

(e) This problem is concerned with the analy- tical and experimental study of the mass transfer from an annular liquid film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube to

a co-current gas flow in the core of the tube. Systematic experiments have been conducted for determining the effect of the rates of flow

of air and liquid, the length of the tube, and the temperature difference between air

and liquid upon the rate of mass transfer

from the liquid film. Characteristics of the liquid film and the gas-liquid interface

will be Investigated and correlated with the aforementioned mass transfer measurements,

(h) "First Annual Status Report for Mass Transfer

in Annular, Two-Phase Flow,". G. Ft. Schneiter, Interim Report No. 1-63-10, Jet Pro- pulsion Center, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,

Indiana, December 20, 1963 (available

from Purdue )

.

(5487) LIQUID FILM COOLING IN ROCKET MOTORS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Power Branch.

c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Indiana 47907.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research for Master's and Ph.D. degrees.

(e) This program is part of a continuing analytical and experimental study of liquid film cooling in rocket motors. The current phase

is concerned with the fundamental mechanisms

of heat and mass transfer related to the liquid film in strictly controlled experi- ments in a wind tunnel. A liquid film is established on a polished flat plate. Air

in both cold flow and at 1000R at a total pressure from 100 psia to 750 psi is passed over the liquid film. Negative

pressure gradients of various values are inducted by contoured sections. The tem- perature distribution in the test plate and

the profiles of velocity, temperature and concentration will be determined for various different combinations of flow parameters.

Film stability and film thickness will also

be investigated.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Automatic Control Laboratory,

School of Mechanical Engineering.

(4197) FLUID LINE DYNAMICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. Rufus Oldenburger, School of Mech. Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind. 47907.

(d) Theoretical and experimental project; Master's and Doctor's Thesis Research.

(e) Mathematical models in use for systems with

significant fluid lines are generally so complicated as to make design with such models impractical. In this investigation models are sought which are as simple as possible but which still adequately describe

the response of the system to the class of disturbances of interest. Using Infinite product expansions of transcendental functions satisfactory results have been obtained for single conduits terminating in lumped

elements. Viscosity, boundary effects and

line vibration are being considered in the analytical work. Frequency response runs to verify the theory are being made to determine

the range for which solutions obtained are applicable. The theoretical and experimental

approaches are being extended to systems

with two or more lines. Rational approximations to the transfer functions of such systems are sought where the accuracy of the approximation can be seen directly from the approximation, as is the case where infinite products have been applied. Studies so far have been restricted to medium and large diameter lines. They are being extended to very small lines in the capillary class.

The rate of dispersion of a pressure wave in

a single line of constant cross section is also under study and the reinforcement of such a wave traveling back and forth in a conduit closed at both ends.

(g) Theory and tests show that for a wide range

of operation encountered in practice flow

through bends may be treated as flow through

straight conduits. Mathematical models

developed for straight fluid lines describe their response to high frequency. However,

if resonance effects are to be included a certain complication of the model is necessary, beyond which further simplifi- cation is not possible.

(h) "Simplification of Hydraulic Line Dynamics

by Use of Infinite Products," R. Oldenburger

and R. E. Goodson. Trans, of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 86, Series D, No. 1, March 1964, pp. 1-10. "Experimental Dynamic Response of Fluid

Lines," by William J. Roberts, M. S. Thesis, Purdue University, January 1963. Available

from Automatic Control Center.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(5488) RELIABILITY OF RELEASE OF BURIED FLOATS TO DETERMINE DEPTH OF SCOUR.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain

Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colorado

80510.

d) Experimental; master's thesis.

e) Scour model studies were conducted to deter- mine the reliability of release of floats which were either burled or placed through

casing jetted to desired depths.

f) Completed.

g) Except for the shallower-placed jetted floats breaking loose as soon as their tops were

exposed, all floats remained in place until more than half uncovered, regardless of relative buoyancy, lack of soil cohesion, and vibration to which the nearby pier was

subjected

.

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA. Inquiries concerning Projects 2144, 2603, 3153,

3502, 3824, 4199, 4200, 4201, 4209, 4691, 4693,

4696, 4697, 4699, 4700, 5187, 5188, and 5493 to 5507, inclusive, should be addressed to Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi

River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Projects 111, 1168, 1929, and

2386, which are conducted in cooperation with the Agri- cultural Research Service, should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural

Research Service, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.,

Mississippi River at Third Avenue S. E., Minneapolis,

Minnesota, 55414. Inquiries concerning Project No. 194, which is conducted in cooperation with the Corps of Engineers

and the U. S. Geological Survey, should be addressed

to Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon Colby, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi River at Third Avenue, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55414.

(Ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt . Station and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) A two-sided drop inlet having a width equal

71
to the pipe diameter and a variable length

is currently being tested to determine the effect of orifices in a drop inlet on the spillway performance. The tests on the drop

inlet without orifice and having a flat bottom have been completed; tests of a drop

inlet having a semi-circular bottom are planned. The anti-vortex device consists of a horizontal plate supported above the crest of the drop inlet by end piers. The characteristics, performance, losses, and pressures in

the drop inlet and on the anti-vortex plate

are being determined for various combinations

of drop inlet length, and height and overhang

of the anti-vortex plate. Water is used as the model fluid to determine the performance

characteristics, and head-discharge re- lationships during flows of water-air

mixtures. For full flow, air is used as the model fluid to determine the various energy

loss coefficients and the pressure coef- ficients.

A square drop inlet having a hood barrel

entrance is being tested to determine entrance

loss coefficients for various drop inlet

sizes and heights and various barrel slopes.

Previous tests have evaluated the performance

of this type of inlet. The effect of low-level orifices on the performance of the two-way drop inlet spill- way has been studied,

(g) The theory of closed conduit spillways has been developed, verified, and published. Results of tests on many forms of the closed

conduit spillway entrance have been

published. Pipe culverts laid on steep

slopes may flow completely full even though

the outlet discharges freely. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting of the results have been developed. The use of air as the model fluid has been verified by

comparing test results with those obtained

using water as the model fluid. The drop inlet with the horizontal anti-vortex

device causes the spillway to act as a self- regulating siphon when the headpool level approximates the anti-vortex plate elevation.

The height of the anti-vortex plate above the drop inlet crest and the overhang of the anti-vortex plate determine the effectiveness

of the plate as an anti-vortex device. For one form of the inlet, tests have been made

to determine the crest loss coefficient, the barrel entrance loss coefficient, the pressures on the plate and the drop inlet,

the general performance of the inlet,

minimum and maximum permissible plate heights,

and the head-discharge relationship for plate

control. Variables have been the length of

the drop inlet, the barrel slope, the height and overhang of the anti-vortex plate, and the sidewall thickness. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown

that the hood barrel entrance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop

inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti- vortex devices have been determined.

Tests of low-stage orifices in the two-way

drop inlet have shown that improper location

and improper proportioning of the orifices

can prevent priming of the spillway. The proper location and size of the orifices have been determined.

(1168) A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Expt . Station and

the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design.

(e) Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively for the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

(f) Preliminary planning and study.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

(b) Minnesota Agricultural Expt. Station in cooperation with the Agricultural Research

Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture and the

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(c) Prof. Philip W. Manson, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., University of Minnesota, St. Paul

Campus, St. Paul, Minn. 55101.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research for design.

(e) The Junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different sizes at various angles. The laterals enter the main

at the centerline. Additional tests have

been made with the crowns (or inverts) of both main- and lateral In the same plane.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge Junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree Increments from 15 degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral

and the main are completely full. The tests

cover all possible combinations of discharge

in the lateral and In the main. Laterals having areas 1/1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/7, and 1/16

that of the main have been tested. A color motion picture film entitled "Energy Losses

at Converging Pipe Junctions" has been completed and Is available. The 16 mm film

is 800 feet long.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition

and to determine the rules for Its design. The transition will be used to change the flow cross section from circular to rectangular when the velocities are super- critical . (f) Suspended.

(2144) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF

HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy

.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

e) Investigation of the unsteady flow character- istics of ventilated hydrofoils of finite

span in the vicinity of a free surface.

(g) Unsteady flow characteristics were investi- gated for a ventilated foil experiencing

either a sudden change in angle of attack, a sudden reduction in air-injection rate to the cavity, or a sinusoidal heaving motion. With forced-ventilated foils, considerable

unsteadiness effects were observed for the first two types of unsteady motion. The experimental tests with the heaving foil are not yet completed.

(h) "Further Studies of Ventilated Cavities on Submerged Bodies," by F. R. Schiebe and J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report No. 72, (in preparation).

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research.

(e) Establishment of procedures for accoustically measuring the size and number of small gas bubbles existing in water.

(f) Completed.

(g) Studies have validated the use of acoustic attenuation as a measure of the size and concentration of free air bubble nuclei in the range believed to exist in water tunnel cavitation tests.

(h) "A Water Tunnel Air Content Meter," by John

M. Kill en and John F. Ripken, St. Anthony

72
Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report

No. 70, 41 pages, Feb. 1954.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) A flat plate and a cambered hydrofoil are tested in a free-Jet tunnel under super- cavltating conditions. The unsteady flow due

to the oscillation of a trailing flap as influenced by one or two free surfaces is being studied.

(h) "Measurements of the Unsteady Force on Cavitating Hydrofoils in a Free Jet," by

C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 49, Series

B, 56 pages, June 1954.

(3502) MANGLA SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Binnie

and Partners, London; Government of Pakistan.

d) Experimental; design and operation.

e) A 1:300 scale section model consisting of half the control structure and basin and a 1:150 scale comprehensive model for study

of all important hydraulic features. A 1:216 scale section model consisting of two control structure gates for study of pressures and gate calibration. A 1:300

scale comprehensive approach model for study

of flow conditions in approach. Two 1:150

scale section models, one a detailed study

of pressures and forces on baffle blocks, one

a detailed study of waves on the basin side walls. Typical dimensions of earth fill dam spillway include a drop in water level

of 330 ft, and a design discharge of 900,000 cfs through a two-stage stilling

basin energy dissipator.

(3824) SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF AIR ENTRAINED

FLOW IN STEEP CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Analytical and experimental investigation of the air concentration, velocity distribution,

and surface roughness of water flow in steep open channels, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Experimental investigation was carried out on the SAF high velocity channel for slopes up to 53 degrees. Velocities were measured

by means of a pitot tube and high speed

photography. Air concentration was measured by the SAF concentration meter. The surface elevation was measured by a device which measures the average time the surface is above a given elevation.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(4i:3) GEOMETRY OF AIR CAVITIES Hi A BOUNDARY LAYER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Mavy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experiments performed to observe the geometry of the air cavity formed downstream

of wedges mounted on channel wall when air

is introduced through parts on downstream

face of the wedge. Geometry of cavity and air demand will be observed in relation to wedge length and thickness for case of single wedge and for a series of wedges at various longitudinal spacings. The ultimate

objective is to study drag reduction due to presence of air in boundary layer.

(g) Cavity geometry and air demand obtained for

single wedges from 2.5° to 90° ssmi-angle. Influence of blockage ratio and free surface

on cavity formation has been studied.

(h) "Cavity Formation and Associated Drag in a Supercavitating Flow Over V.'edges In a Boundary Layer," by H . G. Stefan and A. G. Anderson, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Project Report No. 69, 83 pages, April 1964.

(42CC) INVESTIGATION OF THE FORCES AND INTERFERENCE

EFFECT OF TANDEM FLAT HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

id) Experimental basic research.

(e) Investigation of the lift and drag forces

on the aft foil of a tandem hydrofoil con- figuration employing ventilated hydrofoils.

(g) Measurements of the tandem, interference

effect were made for two configurations:

single foils forward and aft, and two foils

forward and a single foil aft. Considerable

interference was found for the former con- figuration, and very little Interference was found for the latter configuration, even for

small lateral separations of the forward

foils. The downwash angle behind a venti- lated foil was also measured for various

lift coefficients and cavitation numbers.

The downwash angle decreased monotonically

with distance behind the foil.

(h) "Tandem Interference Effects for Non- Cavitating and Supercavitating Hydrofoils,

"

by J. M. Wetzel, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 50, Series B, (in preparation).

(4201) GURI HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Corp. Venezolano de Guayana

.

d) Experimental, design and operation.

e) Preliminary study for the design of the Guri Hydroelectric development on the Caroni

River, Venezuela using a 1:394 comprehensive

spillway model, 1:197 spillway section

model, and a 1:197 comprehensive model. Studies include spillway design, channel

closure, and cofferdam studies.

(h) "Guri Project River Diversion Scheme,"

by Lorenz G. Straub, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Jan. 1963.

(4209) THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA ON THE HYDRAULIC AND ELECTR003M0TIC PERMEABILITY OF UNIFORM VERY FINE SANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Accurately sized, narrow range, angular

quartz particles and spherical glass beads

were tightly placed in a permeameter with

reversible silver-silver chloride electrodes

at the ends of the test section. Streaming

potential, streaming current, electrical resistivity of low conductivity liquid, and filter velocity were precisely measured. Studies Include: (1) Flow retardation from return electroosmosis; (2) analysis of electroosmotic permeability factors with

respect to particle characteristics and hydraulic permeability, and (3) comparisons

of streaming current and filter velocity at varying Reynolds numbers.

(g) It has been found that the streaming current- potential varies linearly with hydraulic

gradient to a slightly higher Reynolds number than the filter velocity. Lack of complete deaeration causes a larger re- duction in the filter velocity than the streaming. When "boiling" action takes place anomalous relations between the filter ve- locity and streaming current occur.

(h) Thesis in preparation.

(4691) A STUDY OF DRAG REDUCTION BY THE USE OF NON -NEWTONIAN BOUNDARY LAYER ADDITIVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(ej A study of boundary layer mechanics and re- sulting shear forces for high velocity pipe flow of dilute water solutions possessing

non-Newtonian characteristics

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Wide range tests of dilute solutions of a variety of long-chain polymers show re- markable friction reductions at high shear rates as a near-laminar type of flow.

(h) "Non-Newtonian Pipe Friction Studies with

73
Various Dilute Polymer Water Solutions,"

by John F. Ripken and Meir Pilch, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project

Report No. 71, 55 pages, June 1964.

(4693) JET FLAPS ON SUPERCAVITA TING HYDROFOILS

FOR LIFT CONTROL.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy,

(dl Experimental; basic research,

(e) Experimental research has been conducted in the free-jet water tunnel on supercavitating

flat plate hydrofoils for the purpose of finding the effect of jet flaps on such foils.

f) Completed.

g) As in the non- supercavitating case, lift increment appears to be proportional to the

sine of the jet-flap angle and to the square

root of the jet momentum coefficient; however,

the proportionality constant is materially

less. There is no utility in jet flaps for ventilated supercavitated foils.

(h) Discussion by Edward Silberman of "The Linearized Theory of a Supercavitating

Hydrofoil with a Jet Flap," by Hung-Ta Ho, Paper No. 64--FE-7, Journal of Basic

Engineering, American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, December 1964.

(4696) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL

UNSTEADY, SUPERCAVITATED HYDROFOIL FLOWS WITH FREE- SURFACE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy,

fd) Theoretical, basic research,

(e) The purpose of this research is to find the effect of free-surface on the unsteady force acting on an oscillating flat plate with a trailing cavity. Both the finite cavity case

and the infinite cavity case are considered.

The effect of the gravitation is also to be estimated.

f) Completed.

g) The force coefficient is found to consist of steady term, added mass term, and the circulatory force term. The effect of cavitation number appears linearly, but the effect of submergence appears non-linearly . The result agrees with the existing theory when the submergence is infinitely large. The force coefficient for the zero submergence case

is found to be exactly one-half of that of fully wetted infinite fluid case.

(h) "Two-Dimensional Supercavitating Plate Cscillating Under A Free-Surface," by

C. S. Song, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Faper Ho. 47, series

B, 53 pages, Dec. 1963.

(4637) KARHAFULI PROJECT.

(b) Agency for International Development, Dept.

of State.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Experimental review of flow conditions

leading to partial failure of Karnafuli

Spillway.

f) Completed.

g) Two models of the spillway have been con- structed, one a 1:132 scale comprehensive

model and the other a 1:60 scale section

model. Measurements have been obtained of both steady and fluctuating pressure acting

on the chute and stilling basin. Data were

also obtained on impact forces produced by model logs in the stilling basin and fullscale logs dropped cn concrete test slabs.

(h) "Hydraulic Studies of Spillway for Karnafuli

Hydroel3ctric Project, East Pakistan," by Charles E. Eowers, Frank Y. Tsai and Roy

Kuha, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Project Report No. 73, Sept. 1964. (Hot available for distribution).

(4699) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CA VITA TING 30DY

IK A COMPRESSIBLE LIQUID MIXTURE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Investigation of the force characteristics

of a cavitating body in a flowing air-water

mixture

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental measurements were made of the drag of cavitating axisymmetric bodies in

a stream of a compressible air-water mixture. As the compressibility of the mixture was increased, the drag also increased. Good agreement was obtained between the measured

drag coefficient and that calculated from a modification of Gothert 1 s rule. Some characteristics of the flow of an air- water mixture in a converging-diverging

nozzle were also obtained. Choked flow

and supersonic flow with weak shock waves

were observed In the throat and diffuser,

respectively.

(h) "Studies of the Flow Characteristics of a Compressible, Bubbly Mixture About Supercavitating Bodies in a ConvergingDiverging Nozzle," by F. R. Schiebe, J. M. Wetzel and K. Foerster, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Technical Paper No. 48, Series B, (in preparation).

(4700) OSCILLATORY LIFT AND DRAG FORCES ON VENTILATED HYDROFOILS IN REGULAR WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Investigation of the force characteristics

of a restrained, naturally ventilated

hydrofoil moving through regular waves.

(g) An Investigation was made of the oscillatory

force characteristics of several restrained,

naturally ventilated hydrofoils of finite

span moving through a regular wave train. Both head and following seas were of interest. The maximum reduced frequency, based on semi- chord, was about 0.6. In general, fair agreement was obtained between quasi-steady

theory and experimental data.

(h) "Force Characteristics of a Restrained,

Naturally Ventilated Hydrofoil In Regular

Waves," by J. M. Wetzel and L. T. Boyer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Project Report No. 68, (in preparation).

(5187) VORTEX MOTION IN AN EMPTYING CONTAINER,

b) Laboratory project.

d) The project is for a master's thesis, classi- fied as basic research, with theoretical and experimental aspects.

(e) The project deals with the relationship

between vortex formation at the outlet of an emptying container in relation to the vortici- ty in the container. The purpose is to study

the formation of vortices at outlet works.

(f) Completed.

(g) The generation of a vortex at the outlet of an emptying container is related to the head

on the outlet and the intensity of residual vorticlty in the container. The head at which a vortex forms decreases logarithmically

with time for given initial conditions.

(h) "A Study of Vortex Motion In an Emptying

Container," by A. Ramanchandra Rao, M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, March 1964. (Available on Inter- Library Loan from the University of Minnesota Library.)

(5188) SEDIMENT RIPPLE CHARACTERISTICS IN LOW FR0UD2 NUMBER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Analytical, Ph.D. thesis.

(e) An analytical attempt to predict the length,

height and shape of sediment ripples under a flow of fluid as a function of the mean

parameters of the flow and of the sediment particles

.

f) Completed.

g) A first approximation to wave shape has been determined as well as a relationship between

74
wave height, length, and celerity for given flow and particle parameter,

(h) "Characteristics of Sediment Ripples in Low

Froude Number Plow," by A. G. Mercer, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, June 1964. (Available on microfilm from University

Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.)

(5493) BIG SIOUX CROSSING RIVER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY.

(b) Iowa State Highway Commission and South Dakota State Highway Dept

.

(e) Model studies to simulate condition of failure of highway bridge due to scour and

to determine method of protection and to establish procedure for prevention of scour

and bank subsidence. Experiments carried

out on 1:75 movable bed model.

(5494) THERMAL POLLUTION STUDIES OF ST. CROIX RIVER.

(b) Northern States Power Company.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Thermal density currents created by the dis- charge of heated condenser water from a steam power plant are to be studied in a model to assist in calculating the isotherm

surfaces in the river. In the model, cold water is represented by salt water and warm water by fresh water. Of ultimate concern

are the maximum temperatures during low water flows in summer and the extent of the ice-free region in winter. The model

a.ualitative and highly distorted— 1/500

horizontal and 1/30 vertical.

(f) Model study underway.

(5495) A STUDY OF IMPACT CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

d) Experimental applied research.

e) Development and tests of a cavitation damage

facility utilizing repeated single liquid

drop impacts on a target moving at high

speed in a vacuum.

(54S6) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE OF NON-NEWTONIAN

FLOWS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The experiment consists of the measurements

of Taylor vortices in a non-Newtonian fluid Placed between two concentric cylinders when the inner cylinder is rotating.

(5497) A STUDY OF FLOW NOISE IN A NON-NEWTONIAN

FLUID.

(t>) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Id) Experimental.

(e) An experimental Investigation of the influence

of a non-Newtonian additive on the flow noise

in the boundary layer of a rotating cylinder

Is proposed.

(f) Preliminary assembly of experimental equip- ment .

(5498) A STUDY OF SURFACE SEALANTS TO REDUCE CAVI- TATION DAMAGE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

id) Experimental applied research.

(e) A determination of materials or techniques

which will serve to seal cavitating surfaces

to either reduce the amount of caviation or

the damage resulting therefrom.

(5499) INFLUENCE OF MICRO BUBBLES ON FLOW NOISE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental.

(e) An experimental investigation of the flow noise intensity and spectra in the boundary

layer of a rotating cylinder with the addi- tion of free gas bubble is contemplated.

(f) Preliminary assembly of experimental

equipment

.

(5500) HYDRODYNAMIC FLUTTER OF SUPERCAVITATING

HYDROFOILS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Flat-plate hydrofoils are tested in a freeJet water tunnel at supercavitating con- ditions to determine the critical velocity

as a function of the mass density ratio and other variables. The main purpose is to check the existing theories.

(5501) AN ELECTROMAGNETIC VELOCITY PROBE.

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(dl Experimental; M.S. thesis.

(e) The study involves the construction, cali- bration and demonstration of an electro- magnetic velocity probe designed for use in the study of turbulent velocity components In water flow. The magnetic field is provided

by permanent magnets placed outside the flow

system, which is a 3/4" ID lucite pipe. The probes are constructed of .010" platinum wire with electrode gaps of .050" and .025". A total head tube is used in conjunction with

the electromagnetic probe in order to obtain mean velocities. At this time the study is in Its initial stages.

(5502) A STUDY OF BOUNDARY WALL PIEZOMETER TAP ERRORS.

b) A laboratory thesis study.

d) Analytical and experimental applied research; M.S. thesis.

(e) A determination of the relation between the piezometer tap shape characteristics, flow boundary layer characteristics and the pressure measuring errors.

(5503) AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE TRANSITION FROM FULL FLOW TO OPEN CHANNEL FLOW IN A RECTANGULAR CONDUIT.

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(d) Experimental; M.S. thesis.

(e) Joints or discontinuities in the upper boundary of closed conduits may under certain flow conditions prevent the conduit from flow- ing completely full. In this study a smooth rectangular conduit was used with a single

discontinuity in the top fixed at a given

location. Full conduit flow occurred upstream from the discontinuity and open channel flow downstream from it. Water surface profiles, velocity profiles upstream and downstream from the discontinuity, and pressures were measured for various discharges

and conduit slopes.

(f) Completed.

(g) The shape of the free water surface emerging

from the discontinuity was one of two types; parallel to the upper boundary near the dis- continuity and becoming convex upward as the flow spilled over the end of the conduit, or concave downward near the discontinuity

and then changing to convex upward near the

end. In the first case the flow was "super- critical" upstream and continued to be super- critical downstream. In the second case, the upstream flow was " subcritical" and became supercritical downstream.

(h) "An Experimental Study of the Transition

from Full Flow to Open Channel Flow in a Rectangular Conduit," by George G. Hebaus,

M. 3. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Dec. 1964. (Available on Inter-Library Loan from the University of Minnesota Library)

.

(5504) BUBBLE AERATION STUDIES,

(b) A laboratory thesis study.

(d) Analytical and experimental applied research; M.S. thesis.

(e) A determination of the oxygen transferred to undersaturated water by rising clouds of submerged bubbles. Studies include variation

7 5
of bubble size, bubble concentration, water

depth and oxygen deficiency.

(5505) A STUDY OF THE WAVE ATTENUATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER- FILLED SPHERICAL BAGS EMPLOYED AS A FLOATING BREAKWATER.

b) A laboratory thesis study.

dj Analytical and experimental applied research;

M.S. thesis,

(e) A determination of the attenuation of gravity waves by rafts of water-filled

spherical elastic bags floating at a free surface

.

(5506) TWO-DIMENSIONAL, INCOMPRESSIBLE, ROTATIONAL

FLOW OVER A WEDGE ON THE BOTTOM OP A CHANNEL UNDER FREE SURFACE.

(bj A laboratory thesis study.

(dj Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) To Investigate the rotational effect on the cavity and drag characteristics of the above flow over a wedge. The flow is assumed to be rotational with constant

vorticity. The method is to solve the mixed boundary value problem on the upper

half of the semi-infinite plane using

complex variable technique.

(5507) LINEARIZED, TWO-DIMENSIONAL, HYDRODYNAMIC THEORY FOR THE LIFT AND MOMENT ON A NON- CAVTTATING HYDROFIL WITH AN OSCILLATING FLAP

IN A CHANNEL OF LIMITED DEPTH.

(b) A laboratory thesis study,

(dj Theoretical; Ph.D. thesis,

(e) The mathematical model for the hydrofoil

and its wake consists of an initially un- known vortex distribution and its reflec- tions in the free surface and the channel

bottom. The velocity potential for the multiple image system is obtained from thin airfoil theory and the boundary con- ditions are applied to obtain a correction

potential. The unknown vortex distribution

is represented by a Glauert Trigonometric

Series whose first four coefficients deter- mine the lift and moment. An integral

equation resulting from one of the bound- ary conditions is expanded in Fourier's

Series and the coefficients of like terms equated, leading to an infinite

set of linear inhomogeneous algebraic

equations which are solved for the first four Glauert coefficients using a digital

computer. The theoretical solutions are compared with experimental measurements

and with the theoretical solutions for airfoils with oscillating flaps,

fj Completed.

g) The comparison with experimental data leads tc the inference that separation effects invalidate the assumed flow model

for small flap chord to foil chord ratios

and that the application of the Kutta- Joukowski condition at the trailing edge

is not proper. The comparison with airfoil theory shows that the quarter-chord moment coefficients may be adequately predicted

from tabulated coefficients for airfoils with oscillating flaps and that the presence of the free surface reduces the lift substantiall

The theory indicates that the influence of

the channel bottom leads to a slight

increase in the lift but that this increase

is negligible for channel depths in excess

of twenty foil semi-chords when the reduced frequency is high. The corresponding in- fluence on phases and quarter-chord moments

is found to be small for all channel depths

considered.

(h) "Linearized, Two-Dimensional , Hydrodynarnic

Theory for the Lift and Moment on a Non- cavitating Hydrofoil with an Oscillating

Flap in a Channel of Limited Depth," by

William H. C. Maxwell, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ.

of Minnesota, Aug. 1964. (Available on microfilm from University Microfilms, Ann

Arbor, Michigan.)

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources, Personnel of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the

U. S. Geological Survey are actively engaged

on the project.

(c) Engineer in Charge, Mr. Byrnon C. Colby, Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation Project,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

Mississippi River at Third Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minnesota. 55414.

(d) Experimental; applied research and development . (e) Drawings and specifications are available to facilitate the manufacture of suspended- sediment and bed-material samplers, particlesize analyzers, and associated laboratory

equipment. Approved designs for the measure- ment of suspended sediment include a singlestage sampler, 4-, 22-, and 62- pound depthIntegrating samplers, and electrically

operated point-integrating samplers weighing

100, 200, and 300 pounds. Samplers for the measurement of bed material Include a piston-type hand-operated sampler, a 30- pound band-line sampler, and a 100-pound

sampler for cable suspension. Additional

items are a sediment sample splitter, a bottom-withdrawal sedimentation tube for

size analysis, and visual-accumulation

sedimentation tubes with recording

equipment for particle size analyses of sands. The primary objective of the current program is the development of an Instru- ment to automatically record suspended- sediment concentrations in flowing streams.

(g) Field and laboratory tests have been con- tinued on intermittent pumping-type

samplers, turbidimeters and on electronic,

ultrasonic and nuclear sensing devices. Field testing of the nuclear density

probe was continued in 1964. An Improved

sedimentation chamber was installed in the ultrasonic device, and the turbidity meter

was modified to use either transmitted or reflected light to measure the concentration

of particles suspended in a fluid. Progress

reports entitled "Electronic Sensing of Sediment" and the "Turbidity Method for Suspended Sediment Analysis" are in prepara

(h) "Determination of Fluvial Sediment Discharge^'

Report No. 14, 151 pages, 1963. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402 - price 70 cents per copy.

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, College of Engineering,

Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engrg.

Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical, experimental, and field research

.

(e) Research on the theories of surface wave origin and growth, on measurements in the laboratory and In nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement. Equipment has been assembled for telemetering and recording wave height, period, and direction

.

(g) A lake shore receiving and recording station

is under construction.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

76
(d) General theoretical, experimental, and field research.

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in the laboratory and in nature

.

(g) Eight-directional wave tank has been completed

.

(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

13)

(e)

(S)

Laboratory project. General theoretical, experimental, and field research. Rolling and pitching period and metacentric

height relationships are studied for

stationary and moving ships, in still water

and under wave action. Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report.

(4701) THE EFFECT OF TIDES ON HARBORS, BAYS, AND

ESTUARIES.

151

(e)

Laboratory project. General theoretical, experimental, and field

research.

A study of the scouring or shoaling effect

of tidal currents in South Carolina harbors

and estuaries.

SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(5518) DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND APPLICATION OF A SEEPAGE MODEL. Laboratory project. Assoc. Prof. Cecil H. Smith, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas 75222. Experimental; design, operation.

The design of a seepage model tank and all appurtenances. Experimental verification

of the theory of seepage vs. penetration

of a sheet pile wall. Completed

.

The project developed and refined equipment necessary for accurate investigation of seepage in a porous media. An experimental

study was performed to check the theory of seepage quantities through and the tendency

to quicksand in a homogeneous medium

partially penetrated by a sheet pile cut-off

wall. Results show fair agreement to seepage theory, but quick conditions are not produced where theory would indicate.

SOUOHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Department of Mechanical

Sciences.

(3828) STUDIES IN HYDROELASTICITY.

(b) 3ureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 782C5.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Present work Includes the design, con- struction, and testing of flexible hydrofoil models to obtain data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of operating conditions.

(f) Completed.

(4216) STUDIES 0? FUEL SLOSHING.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Admin., Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies of forces and moments in missile

fuel tanks resulting from sloshing motions

of fuel.

(h) "Some Measurements of the Effects of Ring Baffles in Cylindrical Tanks", by H . N. Abramson and L. R. Garza, AIAA Journal

of Spacecraft and Rockets, in press.

"Some Measurements of Liquid Frequencies

and Damping in Compartmented Cylindrical

Tanks", by H. N. Abramson and L. R. Garza. AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, in press

.

(4217) LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET TANKS.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C. (c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Inst., 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Current interest is concerned with non- linear aspects of lateral sloshing.

(4702) HYDRODYNAMICS OF SHIP ANTI-ROLL TANKS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Mr. John F. Dalzell, Senior Research Engineer, Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra

Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

(e) Studies of forces and damping effects in passive anti-roll stabilization tanks for

ships

.

(h) One Southwest Research Institute technical

report

.

(4704) VIBRATION OF HYDROFOIL STRUCTURES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB technical supervision).

(c) Mr. Jack T. Irick, Senior Research Engineer,

Department of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

(e) Study of the vibration characteristics of hydrofoil-type structures.

(4926) LIQUID FREE SURFACE NEAR ZERO G.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Analysis of liquid free surface shape for very small values of gravity.

(f) Completed.

(h) "An Analysis of the Quasi-Steady Liquid-Gas

Interface in an Axi symmetric Tank During

Low Gravity Transfer", by Wen-Hwa-Chu.

Final Report, Contract NAS 6-5468.

14927) LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN TANKS UNDER AXIAL

OSCILLATION.

(b) National Aeronautics and Space Administration

,

Marshall Space Flight Center.

(c) Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

.

(e) Studies of nonlinear liquid motions in rigid and elastic tanks undergoing axial oscillations

.

(h) Four Southwest Research Institute technical

reports.

(4928) FLUTTER ANALYSIS OF HYDROFOILS.

77
(h)

(5266)

(d)

(e)

(5267)

(b)

(c)

U. S. Navy, Bureau of Ships.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical; applied research. Calculations of flutter speed for a hydrofoil flutter model by several different techniques

.

Two Southwest Research Institute technical reports

.

HYDROELASTIC STUDIES OF SUPERCAVITATING

HYDROFOILS. Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept. of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio, Texas 78206. Theoretical and experimental; applied research

.

Design, construction, and testing of dynamic

supercavitating hydrofoil models to obtain

data on unsteady hydrodynamic lift and moment for a variety of operating conditions. MONOGRAPH ON LIQUID DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR IN ROCKET FROPELLANT TANKS. National Aeronautic and Space Administration,

Washington, D. C. Dr. H. N. Abramson, Director, Dept of Mechanical Sciences, Southwest Research

Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio,

Texas 78206. Theoretical; applied research. Preparation of a monograph on stated subject.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

(1S46) HYDROLOGIC SYNTHESIS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Prof. Ray K. Linsley and N. H. Crawford,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical and field research.

(e) Detailed digital computer synthesis models

are used to investigate the interaction of physical variables in the hydrologic cycle.

(g) A simplified mathematical treatment of non- equilibrium overland flow has been developed.

Digital computer programs to simulate non- equilibrium overland and channel flow in rivers and streams have been developed. A statistical analysis of soil-moisture

frequency has been completed. Synthesis models which calculate continuous streamflow

from rainfall, temperature, and potential

evapotranspiration data have been developed

and application of these models to ungaged

areas is being studied together with related applications for engineering design.

(h) "A Conceptual Model of the Hydrologic Cycle,"

by N. H. Crawford and R. K. Linsley, pub- lication No. 53, Int. Assn. of Scientific

Hydrology, Symposium on Surface Waters, p..

.

573-587

.

"The Synthesis of Continuous Snowmelt Runoff Hydrographs on a Digital Computer," E. A. Anderson and N . H. Crawford, Technical Report

No. 36, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford

University, June 1964.

(2151) MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. S4305.

(d) Experimental; engineer thesis.

(e) Comparison of spillway performance and design predictions.

Di scontlnued

.

(f)

(2614) PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. John K. Vennard, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

Calif. 94305.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental work completed and analyzed.

(h) Report now available.

(3507) STUDY OF INFILTRATION.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzlnl, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,

California 94305.

(d) Theoretical investigation; laboratory and field studies; basic research; Ph.D. theses.

(e) An attempt is being made to develop relations between soil parameters and infiltration

capacities. Investigation is being extended

to unsteady unsaturated flow through soils

as experienced in capillary rise, drainage,

and infiltration situations.

(g) An analytic approach to the solution of unsteady unsaturated flow in soils has been

developed. If the initial moisture condi- tion and the hydraulic and capillary

characteristics of the soil are known, the method permits prediction of the future disposition of soil moisture. Experiments

using a gamma source for moisture content have been conducted.

(h) "A Method of Analyzing Unsteady, Unsaturated

Flow in Soils," by F. C. Wang, N. A. Hassan,

and J. B. Franzini, Jnl . of Geophysical

Research, Vol. 69, pp. 2569-257/, June 1964.

"The Infuluence of Capillarity on the Flow of Air and Water in a Porous Medium," by Donald

Dean Adrian, Technical Report No. 38, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Stanford University,

1964.

(4219) SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOIL THEORY.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Navy Department.

(c) Frofessors R. L. Street and B. Perry, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford,

Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for Ph.D. theses and post-doctoral research.

(e) Examination is being made of forces acting

on fully cavitating bodies. Effects of free surfaces, gravity, angle of attack, rotation,

etc. are being studied. Linearized, non- linearized and finite-difference numerical

analyses are conducted.

(g) Rotation, gravity, free surface and tandem interference effects between bodies have been shown to have important roles In fully cavi- tating flows.

(h) "A Note on Gravity Effects in Supercavitating

Flows," by R. L. Street, Stanford U. Civil Engineering Dept. Tech. Rep. No. 32, Mar. 1964.

"A Nonlinear Theory for Symmetric, Supercavitating Flow in a Gravity Field," by C. W. Lenau and R. L. Street, to appear J. Fluid

Mech., 1964.

(4705) HYDRAULICS OF OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. Joseph B. Franzini Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical Investigation and experimental

program; Ph.D. theses.

(e) Several aspects of open-channel flow are under investigation including (1) velocity

and shear distribution in open channels having different cross-sectional shapes,

(2) characteristics of flow in a channel

that simulates the cross-section of a river.

In particular, the case where supercritical

flow in the main channel section changes to subcritical flow in the overbank-stage

section is beine investigated.

7 6
(f) Analytic approacn to (1) and (2) are underway.

(4706) INVESTIGATION OF THIN-FILM LIQUID FLOW OVER SOLID BODIES OF DIFFERENT SHAPE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Frof . Joseph B. Franzlni, Stanford Univ.,

Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation;

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The characteristics of thin-film liquid

flow over solid bodies (spheres, ellipsoids,

cones, cylinders, and composites) are being

investigated. In later stages of the research it is anticipated that the results

from flow over single bodies will be applied

to packings so that the research can be extended to the hydraulics of trickling

filters.

(f ) Preliminary analysis for thin-film liquid flow over spheres and ellipsoids has been completed.

(h) "Hydraulics of Thin Film Flow," by J. B. Franzini and N. A. Hassan, Jnl . of Hydraulics

Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, HY 2, pp. 23-36, March 1964. "Film Flow Along a Vertical Cylinder," by

N. A. Hassan and J. B. Franzini, Jnl. of Engineering Mechanics, American Society of Civil Engineers, EM 4, pp. 23-35, Aug. 1964.

(4707) FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER SPILLWAYS.

t>) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engr., Stanford Univ. Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) Analytic methods are being developed to determine the shape of the free surface on and up-stream of spillway. Small experi- mental program to be carried on to verify

analytic results.

f) Completed.

g) Complex variable analysis has produced method for predicting free surface shape, flow velocities and pressures for varying bottom configurations.

(h) "Two-Dimensional Flow Over Sills in Open

Channels," by G. Z. Watters and R. L. Street, J. Hydr. Division, Proc . A3CE, V. 90, No. HY4, July 1964.

(4915) DISPERSION OF POLLUTANTS III FLOW T." ROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg, Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

94305.

(d) Basic experimental and theoretical research for Fh.D. thesis.

(e) Study of hydrodynamic dispersion in porous

media. Complex variable analysis of flow fields is combined with a convective dispersion equation to define time-space

history of pollutant concentrations. Effects

of channel boundary shapes and free streamlines on dispersion are to be studied also.

(g) Theoretical and experimental analyses in progress

.

(4917) MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN WIND-GENERATED WAVES.

(b) Fluid Mechanics Branch, Hath. Sci. Div., Office of Naval Research.

(c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu and R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif.

94305.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research

for doctoral theses.

(e) Examination, experimental verification, and extension of available theory are the purpose

of this project. A steady flow model of the wind-wave problem is being constructed in the laboratory.

(5453) STUDIES OF LARGE WAVES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. R. L. Street, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305.

(d) Experimental investigation; master' s and

Ph.D. project.

(e) Study of and verification of theory regarding

characteristics of large waves-breaking,

shoaling, and run-up. Wave- shore interaction. Facility under construction.

(5454) STUDIES ON WIND-WAVE INTERACTIONS.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Prof. E. Y. Hsu, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Stanford Univ., Stanford, Calif. 94305.

d) Experimental; Ph.D. theses.

e) Basically experimental program to study the interface and particle motion in air and water at boundary between water waves and blowing wind. Development of appropriate

flow parameters and experimental veri- fication of their significance in wind- wave generation process and growth

prediction. Facility under construction.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Davidson Laboratory.

(2154) INVESTIGATION OF HIGH SPEED SHIP FORMS.

(b) ONR and BuShips, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation of hydrodynamic and motion

characteristics of high speed ship forms for supercritical operation in search of considerable improvement of seakeeplng

qualities and powering requirements.

(f) Completed.

(g) A study of the feasibility, design, and experimentally determined performance of an unusual shallow running, high speed sub- mersible incorporating a surface piercing

dihedral hydrofoil system was investigated. Above 35 knots the ship is found superior

to the conventional destroyer and other

unusual ship forms regarding horsepower

requirement and response to wave systems.

(h) "Study of the Design and Behavior of a Hydrofoil Semi-Submarine," by E. M. Uram, Report 1023, August 1964. "Behavior of Unusual Ship Forms," by E. M. Uram and E. Numata. Presented at ONR Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Sept. 1964.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEADINGS TO WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. E. Numata, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point Station,

Hoboken, N. J. d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To investigate wave exciting forces and moments acting on a restrained ship model running at oblique headings to regular waves.

f) Completed.

g) Oscillatory components and steady mean com- ponents of sway force, yaw moment, heave

force, and pitch moment were measured on a Series 60, C^ = 0.60 ship model running at three forward speeds and five headings to regular waves of five lengths. Forces and moments varied only slightly with forward

speed; mean components of pitch and yaw moments were about 15$ of corresponding

oscillatory components. Good agreement was shown between strip theory calculations

and experimental yaw moment and sway force measurements.

(h) "Experimental Determination of v;ave Excited

Forces and Moments Acting on a Ship Model Running in Oblique Regular Waves," Y. Chey, Davidson Laboratory Report 1046.

79
(3516) INVESTIGATION OF HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES OF EXTREME STEEPNESS.

b) Ship Structure Committee.

c) Mr. Edward Numata, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

dj Experimental; applied research,

e) Model tests were carried out to determine

vertical hull bending moments in very steep waves using a model of a Mariner cargo ship

cut transversely at five equally spaced sections within the midship half-length; two longitudinal weight distributions were tested in head and following seas.

(g) Wave bending moment at each section is gen- erally porportional to wave height up to a wave height/wave length ratio of 1/9. Maximum moments occur within the midship

quarter length.

(h) "Investigation of Bending Moments V.'ithin the Midship Half-Length of a Mariner Model in Extreme Waves," N. M. Maniar, SSC Report 163.

(4226) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE-PIERCING FULLY VENTILATED DIHEDRAL HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. P. Ward Brown, Chief of High Speed Craft

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens

Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, New Jersey.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) A continuing investigation aimed at providing basic design information on three-dimensional hydrofoils operating near

a water surface, under conditions of either

fully wetted or fully ventilated flow. To date the forces and moments on a series of surface piercing dihedral hydrofoils have been measured and the dynamics of systems employing such foils has been studied, including the problem

of a hydrofoil impacting on the water

surface and the stability of hydrofoil

craft, and their response in waves.

(g) Analytical expressions for the forces and moments on surface piercing fully wetted

and fully ventilated dihedral hydrofoils,

including the effect of flaps, have been obtained and confirmed experimentally. Un- steady problems including those of stability,

impact and ventilation of such foils have

also been dealt with. The conventional

linearized supercavitating foil theory has been extended to cover the entire angle of attack range with simplicity and precision.

The response of surface piercing hydrofoil

systems in irregular waves has been analyzed

and techniques developed and proved experimentally for making predictions of the time history of motion response in irregular waves.

(h) "Deterministic Predictions of the Motions of

a Hydrofoil Craft in Irregular Seas," R. P. Bernicker, DL Report 1003, Jan. 1964. "The Force, Moment, and Hinge-Moment Characteristics of Surface-Piercing Dihedral Hydrofoils," R. P. Bernicker and P. W. Brown, DL Report 964, May 1964. "Effect of Flaps on the Lift and Drag of a Surface-Piercing, Fully Ventilated Dihedral

Hydrofoil," Gerard Fridsma, DL Report 978, November 1964.

(4227) SMOOTH WATER BEHAVIOR OF SURFACE-PIERCING HYDROFOIL VESSEL.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Fluid Dynamics

Branch, Navy Dept.

(c) Dr. A. Strumpf, Head Underwater Weapons

Div., Davidson Lab., Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study is being made of the smooth water operation of

a 110-ton craft supported by a tandem set

of surface-piercing hydrofoils. The aim

of the study is to develop equations of motion and obtain the hydrodynamic data necessary to permit the behavior of the boat to be predicted in the case of coupled

six degrees of freedom motions. Previous work has been restricted mainly to the study

of the pure pitching and heaving motions. Solution of the motion equations developed

In the theoretical part of this report re- quired that the hydrodynamic damping force and moment rate coefficients (YA, Ni and

Kp) be evaluated. These quantities could

not be determined from the experiments, so

a set of formulae based upon available theory were developed for this purpose.

In addition, formulae were also developed

for predicting the static force and moment

rate coefficients (Y^. and N ' ) . These rates were used to substantiate the values determined experimentally and to lend assurance to the methods used for pre- diction. Solutions to a linearized set of the original motion equations were obtained

via the use of a digital computer. The

three part program written for the UNIVAC

1105 computer establishes the pitch

plane equilibrium conditions, calculates

the zeroes of the decoupled yaw and pitch

plane equations, and calculates a running

trajectory for the craft. At the present

time, these calculations are being com- pleted and the results analyzed.

(g) The experimental results show that the lift developed by the rear foil is reduced appreciably by the presence of the forward foil. The rear foil also ventilates under

design conditions. For the first time a number of hydrodynamic derivatives with

respect to turning angular velocity were obtained from the experimental test results.

(h) Progress Reports may be obtained through

Correspondent

.

(4228) FLUTTER OF HYDROFOILS ON FLEXIBLE STRUCTURES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Since hydrofoil flutter appears to be possible and since a flutter accident may be dangerous,

a thorough investigation of this phenomenon

is needed involving the use of a realistic theoretical model. A first step in this direction is the study of the hydroelastic

instability of a hull-appendage configu- ration by means of the assumed modes or Rayleigh-Ritz method of vibration analysis.

(f) Completed.

(g) Equations of motion were derived for the free vibrations of an elastic beam with a foil- shaped appendage. Unsteady hydrodynamic

effects on the foil have been taken into account by two-dimensional unsteady flow

theory, applied in a stripwise fashion, whereas the hydrodynamic loads on the hull were reduced to the added mass effect. Com- puter programs were developed to predict

the decay rate and frequency of this system

in up to six degrees of freedom.

(h) "Hydroelastic Study of Elastic Beams with a Foil-Shaped Appendage," C. J. Henry and M. R. All, DL Report 1022, July 1964.

(4229) THE BOUNDARY LAYER UNDER PROGRESSIVE AND

STANDING WAVES.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. 3. J. Lukasik, Chief, Fluid Fhysics

Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigations; basic research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to study energy

loss processes in shallow water waves.

80
Theoretically, this is of interest because unsteady viscous flows have received rela- tively little attention, particularly the case of an oscillatory flow with no mean

flow. Analytical and numerical solutions

of the non-linear Navier-Stokes equations

are under investigation. Laboratory measure- ments in the Stevens shallow water wave channel have been made of the wave attenu- ation coefficient of a progressive wave, the bottom shear stress under a progressive wave, and the time decay of standing waves. Field measurements of the bottom pressure and bottom velocity in 40 foot depths have been made off Block Island, R.I. These field measurements provide the possibility of determining the applicability of the labora- tory measurements and the theoretical

studies to the geophysical problem of the energy loss by ocean waves in shallow coastal waters.

(g) Direct measurement of the wave attenuation

coefficient both at Stevens and MIT indicated

that the energy dissipation in a shallow water gravity wave exceeded that which would be expected from a linearized laminar

solution of the Navier-Stokes equation valid

in the bottom boundary layer. Several hypotheses have been examined in order to reconcile the discrepancy. It appears that

the cause of the excess attenuation lies in

the fact that the finite amplitude nature of

the wave potential flow must be considered when formulating the boundary layer problem.

For small deviations from infinitesimal

amplitude theory, the Stokes approximation

is valid. The attenuation theory, when

revised to include the effect of the first

two harmonics as well as the fundamental

frequency, is then in much better agreement

with the laboratory measurements of the attenuation. Oceanographic studies to relate

the theory and laboratory work on the attenuation of gravity waves to the case of ocean swell are continuing.

(h) "Wave Eoundary Layers - Theory," C. E. Grosch.

"Wave Boundary Layers - Experiments," S. J. Lukasik. Papers presented at the Symposium on Dye

Diffusion in Oceans and Fresh Waters, Lamont Geological Observatory, 31 August - 2 September 1964. Proceedings to be published by Oceanographic Society of Japan.

(4711) STUDY OF THE PROPELLER SINGING PHENOMENON.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval

Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Jumpei Shioiri, Vistlng Scientist from Tokyo Univ., and Dr. 3. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Division, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, New Jersey.

d) Theoretical; applied research.

e) To study the propeller singing phenomenon

as a self-excited vibration system composed

of the Karman vortex- shedding mechanism and

the propeller blade.

f) Completed, final report in preparation.

g) A model for the propeller singing phe- nomenon based upon the self-excited version

was presented to Interpret the step and

Jump characteristics in the singing fre- quency versus flow velocity diagram. The different elements of the "closed loop" of

the self-excited vibrational system are presented and discussed. Stability

criteria derived for the synchronized run

of the shedding mechanism, together with

the positive work criteria imposed upon the phase relation between the blade vibration

and hydrodynamic reaction of the shed vortices give a reasonable interpretation

for the step and jump characteristics.

(5057) UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY FOR A MARINE PROPELLER OF LOW PITCH ANGLE WITH CHORDWISE LOADING DISTRIBUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and W. R. Jacobs, Senior Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

fe) The purpose is to solve the surface integral

equation for a mathematical model with

chordwise loading based on the first term

of Birnbaum's distribution and to apply the results to the problems of vibratory thrust and torque of a marine propeller and far- field pressure signal from the propeller

when it is moving in non-uniform inflow.

(f) Completed.

(g) The integral equation is solved for a mathematical model where the chordwise

loading is taken as the first term of Birnbaum's lift distribution (flat plate)

in conjunction with Glauert's lift operator.

It is shown that this model is an improve- ment over the modified Weissinger model used previously in this series because it contains as a nucleus the exact two- dimensional solution and thus it provides a sounder basis for determining the three- dimensional effects. The blade loading is determined for a propeller operating in flow disturbances induced by the presence of a hull, blade camber and incidence angle.

Calculations are made for the propeller

vibratory thrust and torque and conclusions

are drawn on the dependence of loading on the important parameters--blade-area ratio,

aspect ratio and propeller pitch.

(h) Tsakonas, S. and Jacobs, W. R. , "Unsteady

Lifting Surface Theory for a Marine Fro- peller of Low Pitch Angle with Chordwise

Loading Distribution," Davidson Laboratory

Report 994, January 1954, Accepted for publication in the Journal of Ship Research.

(5058) UNSTEADY LOADS ON TEED HYDROFOILS IN OBLIOUE

SEAS.

b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Div., and Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N . J.

dl Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

e) To Investigate the forces and moments acting

on hydrofoil struts and foils while operating

in oblique regular waves.

(5059) THREE DIMENSIONAL GUST PROBLEM IN THE PRESEtCfc OF A FREE SURFACE.

(b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head Flv.id Dynamics Div., and Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

d) Theoretical, basic research.

e) The kernel function is derived which relates

the normal velocity to the load distribution

on a thin oscillating wing of arbitrary

configuration moving near a free surface in three dimensional flow. This kernel function

is developed in such a way that the resulting

integral equation is amenable to numerical

solution.

f) Completed.

g) The kernel function of the surface integral

equation, which relates the unknown loading

with the known downwash distribution on a hydrofoil of arbitrary orientation moving

near the free surface, is derived. Limiting

forms of the kernel at high and low Froude numbers are expressed in analytical forms. The two-dimensional counterpart of the kernel for the finite Froude number case agrees with the results previously obtained by other in- vestigators. Solution of the integral

equation for the case of a flat plate of finite aspect ratio moving near the free sur- face at high Froude number is discussed.

ei
(5060) UNSTEADY LIFTING SURFACE THEORY FOR A MARINE PROPELLER OF AN ARBITRARY PITCH ANGLE WITH CHORDWISE LOADING DISTRIBUTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept of the Navy.

(c) Dr. S. Tsakonas, Head of Fluid Dynamics Dlv., and C. Y. Chen, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

fd) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To solve the surface Integral equation re- lating the unknown loading distribution on the propeller blade lying on a helicoidal

surface of an arbitrary pitch with the known velocity distribution Induced by the presence of a hull, without resorting to any mathematical simplification.

(5062) EFFECT OF PLAN FORM VARIATIONS ON HYDROFOIL

FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Charles J. Henry, Research Engineer,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Measurements of flutter speed were obtained

for a two degree of freedom system including

the effects of sweep, taper and aspect ratio.

The results were compared with predictions

using two-dimensional stripwise theory and

will be compared with three-dimensional

lifting surface theory.

(g) Two-dimensional strip theory prediction of flutter speed did not agree with measured

values for a 15° swept foil nor for two tapered foils with taper ratios of 2/3 and

1/3. The asymptotic behavior of flutter

speed at low density ratio remains in the

two degree of freedom system even with

sweep and/or taper and is not accurately

predicted by two-dimensional strip theory. The measured flutter speed on a foil with rectangular planform increased with de- creasing aspect ratio.

(5064) INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) U. S. Naval Training Devices Center, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Earl M. Uram, Staff Scientist,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst, of Tech.,

711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Development of equations of motion of ships

in very low speed maneuvering condition to be applied to a simulator for training.

(g) Analysis of general linearized motion

equations including terms of importance at very low speeds. Experimental model and full scale program to determine static and dynamic derivatives of importance for inclusion in computer programs for calculating responses to bridge commands.

(5065) A STUDY OF SHIP FORMS AT HIGH FROUDE NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Hajime Maruo, visiting scientist from Univ. of Yokohama, and Mr. King Eng, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Inst,

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To evolve, develop and evaluate new concepts

and modifications for surface and near

surface ship forms for the attainment of high speeds and good seakeeping qualities in calm and rough water.

(f) Completed.

(gj Using the slender body theory as a guide, a ship of DD692 Destroyer class was designed

and tested in the Davidson Laboratory.

Compared to the results of the DD692 De- stroyer, it has excellent seakeeping qual- ities for all wave lengths investigated.

However, the calm water resistance is higher

at low speed, but lower at high speed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5309) ESTIMATION OF STABILITY DERIVATIVES AND

INDICES OF VARIOUS SHIP FORMS, AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Miss Winnifred R. Jacobs, Research Engr.,

Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken,

N. J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) An analytical method is devised for esti- mating stability derivatives which com- bines Albring's empirical modifications

of simplified flow theory with aerodynamic

wing theory. The method is then checked by

comparing calculated derivatives with those computed from experimental data obtained

in rotating-arm tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) Comparison with experimental results in 35 cases, including two families of hulls of

8 members each, show that the stability

derivatives and indices determined by the analytical method are of the right order of magnitude and indicate correct trends. The method can predict relative effects of changes in ship form geometry and effects

of changes in skeg and rudder area.

(h) "Estimation of Stability Derivatives and Indices of Various Ship Forms and Com- parison with Experimental Results," W. R. Jacobs, Davidson Laboratory Report 1035,

September 1964.

(5310) ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES OF BUBBLES IN PRESSURE

FIELDS.

fb) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships.

(c) Prof. E. M. Uram, Staff Scientist, and J. W. Hollenberg, Research Engineer, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

(e) Study of the sound produced by a single gas bubble in the presence of boundaries gene- rating a varying pressure field in the flow

direction. Also to be included is the effect of bubble interference on radiated sound.

(5311) STRUCTURE OF TURBULENT WAKES WITH ASYMMETRIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships.

(c) Prof. E. M. Uram, Staff Scientist, Davidson

Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology,

Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of turbulent structure of wakes very near bodies of revolution with systematically varied asymmetries. Particular at- tention to distortion imposed by asymmetries

and circumferential eddy structure.

(5312) INVESTIGATE GAIN IN WATER SPEED OBTAINED BY

COUPLING AMPHIBIOUS CRAFT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Assistant Chief, Vehicle

Research Division, or Mr. Robert L. Van Dyke, Research Engineer, Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point Station, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the gain in water speed that can be obtained

by coupling several amphibious vehicles end- to-end. Towing tank tests are being per- formed with six wooden scale models of the LVTP5 tracked amphibian to establish the drag

characteristics per vehicle while increasing

the number of units. Operation of both individual and coupled vehicles in waves of reasonable size ranging from head to quarter

to following seas is also being studied.

(g) No major results have yet been obtained.

(5313) HYDRODYNAMIC TRACK PROPULSION,

(b) Office of Naval Research.

82
(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Assistant Chief, Vehicle

Research Div., Davidson Laboratory, Stevens- Institute of Technology, Castle Point Station,

Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigations;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the mechanism by which floating land vehicles

propel themselves through water by use of their tracks only. Towing tank tests are being conducted using a non-operating track

section. A theoretical performance analysis

of the test configuration is also being made for comparison with the experiments. The results of this initial program are intended

to provide data for the optimum design of an operating track model to be built and tested

in a subsequent study.

(g) No major results have yet been obtained.

(5314) HYDRODYNAMIC WHEEL PROPULSION OP FLOATING LAND VEHICLES.

(b) U. S. Army Tank Automotive Center.

(c) Mr. Howard Dugoff, Assistant Chief, or H. M. Parekh, Research Engineer, Vehicle Research

Div., Davidson Laboratory, Stevens Institute

of Technology, Castle Point Station, Hoboken,

N. J.

(d) Experimental investigation; applied research.

(e) The fluid dynamic mechanism by which a float- ing land vehicle can propel Itself through water by spinning its fully submerged wheels

is being investigated. Studies are being con- ducted on two related yet essentially dis- tinct aspects of the problem: Phase 1 Hydrodynamic Studies of Spinning Disk. Tests are being conducted to determine the thrust force which acts on a disk rotating

about an axis parallel to a plane boundary.

The experiments are being performed for com- parison with a proposed theoretical solution,

reported on in last year 1 s issue (reference number 5067), intended to provide an insight

into the basic elements of the wheel pro- pulsion phenomenon. Phase 2 Tests on Scale Model of Floating

Cargo Truck. Towing tank tests of self- propelled scale model of a five ton army

cargo truck are being conducted for investi- gation of its wheel propulsion characteristics. The tests closely parallel experi- ments performed previously at another laboratory. However, because of the paramount

importance of viscous effects in the wheel propulsion phenomenon, they are based on a Reynolds number scaling law rather than the Froude number law used in the previous tests,

(g) Phase 1. The experimental results follow

the trends predicted by the theory. In general, however, the measured values of thrust are lower than the theoretical pre- dictions. It is felt that this may be due primarily to deficiencies Inherent in the available apparatus and in the test setup

employed. Thus additional tests with an improved setup are planned. Phase 2. No major results have yet been ob- tained.

TEXAS A AND M UNIVERSITY, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(4866) MODIFICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL LONG WAVES OVER VARIABLE BOTTOM TOPOGRAPHY.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, DA- 49-055-CIV-ENG-63-9.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reld, Texas A and M Univ.,

College Station, Texas.

(d) Theoretical applied research.

(e) The objective is to investigate the modi- fication of free gravity waves in variable

depth, Including reflection and transmission

aspects, with particular attention being

given to the interaction of tsunamis with

islands. The analysis employs numerical

methods.

(g) Modified long wave equations have been devel- oped for taking vertical acceleration and dispersive character of waves into account.

A system of development of an orthogonal

coordinate system for an island of general

configuration is being investigated which

will facilitate numerical analysis of the wave field. In this system, the island contour represents a given value of one of the coordinates, while in the far field the coordinates reduce to a simple polar or cartesian form (depending upon the method of analysis)

.

(h) "Variation Formulation for Long Waves in Variable Depth," by R. 0. Reid and A. C. Vastano. Presented at national meeting of

the American Geophysical Union, April 1963.

TEXAS A & M UNIVERSITY, Water Resources Institute. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ernest T. Smerdon, Director, Water Resources Institute, Texas A and M University,

College Station, Texas.

(5477) THE MECHANICS OF EROSION BY FLOWING WATER.

(b) Texas A & M University.

(dj Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The study is to determine relationships between water erosion of soils and the hydraulic characteristics of the flowing

water, to develop quantitative relationships between specific soil properties and

an acceptable erosion index, and to develop

design data by which the erosion hazard

can be adequately consiiered in the design

of water control and management systems.

(g) Laboratory research has been carried out in the research flume on channel erosion and

sediment transport with shallow flow, both

with and without simulated rainfall. The effects of soil compaction on soil erosion have been studied in the flume. Chemical

and mineralogical data are available on the

soils. In addition, a rotating shear ap- paratus has been constructed and tests performed to measure the erosion character

of soils in this laboratory device under carefully controlled conditions. The

effect on erosion resistance of changing

the cations on the clay are being studied

in this apparatus.

(h) "Erosion of Soils Under Shallow Flow With

and Without Simulated Rainfall," by W . L. Bathke. M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M University,

May 1963.

"The Effect of Void Ratio on Critical

Tractive Force in Cohesive Soils," by W.

M. Lyle. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University,

January 1964. "Relation of Compaction and Other Soil Properties on Erosion Resistance of Soils,"

by W. M. Lyle and E. T. Smerdon. Trans. American Society of Agricultural Engineers,

(in press)

.

"Study of the Effect of Sediment Transport

on Stability of Open Channels," by K. M. A. Rahman. M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M University,

January 1963. "Critical Shear Stresses in Cohesive Soils,"

by R. J. Rektorik. M. S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, January 1964. "Critical Tractive Forces in Cohesive Soils

from a Rotating Shear Apparatus," by R. J. Rektorik and E. T. Smerdon. Paper No. 64-

212, American Society of Agricultural

Engineers Annual Meeting, Fort Collins,

Colorado, June 21-24, 1964. "Effect of Rainfall on Critical Tractive

Forces in Cohesive Soils," by E. T. Smerdon. Trans., American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp 287-290, 1964. "Flume Studies of Erosion Resistance of Soils," by E. T. Smerdon. Paper presented

at Texas Section of the American Society of Civil Engineers, College Station, Texas,

83
April 17, 1964. "Effect of Water Layer Thickness on Impact

Force of Water Droplets on a Soil Surface,"

by M. R. Biswas and E. T. Smerdon, Dept.

Technical Report No. 1, Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University, August

1964.

(5478) WATER POLLUTION PROM ERODED SEDIMENTS.

(b) Texas A&M University.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) The laboratory study Is designed to obtain

data on the initial transport of eroded sediments from the point of detachment to streams of appreciable size. This transport

path considered, which may be only a few hundred feet to a few miles, is that portion

of the flow path which is sufficiently

shallow to be significantly affected by the existence of rainfall energy on the flow. This stream size limit is unknown but will

be determined and related to rainfall energy and other factors affecting the flow and sediment transport capability of the

flow.

(f) Initiated September 1, 1964.

(5479) EFFECT OF SURFACE IRRIGATION HYDRAULICS ON EFFICIENT APPLICATION OF WATER.

(b) Texas A&M University.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation.

(e) The objectives are to determine the effect

of irrigation stream size, slope and shape

of irrigated surface, hydraulic roughness of Irrigated surface, and water intake characteristics of soil on irrigation

system design for most efficient application

of water by surface irrigation methods; and to correlate results into design procedures,

using hydraulic factors of surface irrigation

as criteria for design.

(g) The results indicate that it may be possible

to integrate the differential equation for

the advance and recession curves by single

graphical means (rather than by lengthy and cumbersome numerical calculations or using

computers). This will make specific design

practical for individual farms and soil conditions instead of so-called "rule-ofthumb" designs so often used now.

(h) "Irrigation Efficiencies" by E. T. Smerdon. Paper presented at the Trans-Pecos Cotton Production Conference, Pecos, Texas, February 15, 1963. "Subsurface Water Distribution in Surface Irrigation," by E. T. Smerdon. Journal

of the Irrigation and Drainage Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.

89, pp. 1-15, March 1963. "Surface Irrigation Water Distribution

Efficiency Related to Soil Infiltration,"

by E. T. Smerdon and L. J. Glass. Trans., American Society of Agricultural Engineers

(in press)

.

"Relationship Between the Rate of Advance

and Intake Rate in Furrow Irrigation," by

E. T. Smerdon and C. M. Hohn. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Misc. Pub. 509, April 1961. "Water Distribution Along Surface Irrigation

Runs," by E. T. Smerdon, C. M. Hohn, J. S. Newman and E. L. Thaxton, Jr. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Prog. Rpt. 2275,

May 1963. "Solution of the Irrigation Advance Problem,"

by Otto Wilke and E. T. Smerdon, paper

presented at ASCE Irrigation and Drainage

Specialty Conference, El Paso, Texas, Dec. 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2162, 2397, 3524,

4234, 4235, 4715, 5456 and 5457 should be addressed

to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(2161) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Assoc. Prof, of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

d) Experimental.

e) Experimental determinations were made of the flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile were deter- mined throughout the length of the Jump for various relative changes in bottom

elevation. The longitudinal location of the jump in relation to the change in bottom

elevation was varied over a broad range

in contrast with previous related investi- gations in which relative location of the Jump was held constant.

(2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

4 square mile and a 2 square mile portion of the Waller Creek watershed are being made to provide basic information for estimating

runoff from small urban watersheds in the Southwest area. Two stream flow stations

and a rain gage net are in operation. Studies of the correlation between runoff,

rainfall, and the characteristics of the drainage basin are being made by various proposed methods to serve as a base for comparison with the data as it is collected

from the stream,

(g) The records are now long enough to begin

comparing with peak discharge estimates pre- viously given at least for short recurrence

intervals. A start is being made on this analysis.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Field investigation (thesis)

.

(e) For selected watersheds rainfall runoff relations are being developed on a storm by storm basis. Multiple correlation

diagrams, based on data before changes In

the watershed, have been developed and used

to compute runoff for later periods.

Comparison of these computed runoff values with measured values is taken as an index

of the effect of watershed development.

(g) The first results were not conclusive because of random error in the computed

values. Further studies are being made on another watershed with an improved method

which better accounts for the spacial

variation of rainfall.

(2874) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE

OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

b) The University of Texas Research Institute.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

(e) Exploratory tests have been made with two different schemes, one with radially

outward flow between a circular disc and

the soil sample, and one with a submerged

vertical circular jet impinging on a horizontal soil surface. With the first

scheme it was not possible to obtain the necessary precision of measurement at low

scour rates, but with the second scheme satisfactory measurements were obtained.

A correlation based on dimensional analysis

gave consistent results in evaluating the relative scour resistance of several materials. Apparatus has been fabricated

for a new test which permits direct evalua- tion of the shear stress at the soil

> 1
surface. In this test a cylindrical soil sample is submerged in a transparent

concentric cylinder which can be rotated

at a controlled speed to generate a shear

stress on the soil surface. Attempts are being made to relate the scour resistance

to other measurable soil properties, and finally to interpret the results in re- lation to field observations,

(g) The apparatus to determine shear stress at the soil surface has been constructed and

calibrated, a test procedure has been

developed, and tests have been conducted

on soil samples.

(3522) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Analytical and field study.

e) Values of runoff from selected drainage areas in the lower Mississippi River Basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values for each stream were considered and these trends compared with solar variations.

The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were correlated with the mean annual runoff. Further correlations are being made with different "lag" periods between solar activity and surface runoff.

(g) The gradual shifting of the centers of runoff excess and deficiency is consistent rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern.

It appears that the locations of the centers

of runoff deficiency are following roughly

the same path that they did some 22 to 24 years previously. Correlation coefficients

of plus 0.2 to plus 0.5 are obtained for

selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia, and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double

sunspot cycle in which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

(3524) GROUND WATER FLOW AND SEEFAGE IN NON- HOMOGENEOUS, NON-ISOTROPIC SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, basic.

(e) A relaxation solution for the Laplace

equation has been developed which is applicable across a boundary between two regions of different permeabilities. It is believed that the method can be expanded

to apply to any specified non-homogeneous

and non-isotropic condition. It is Intended

that the solution be set up for computation

on an electronic computer and that selected numerical solutions be checked against those

from an electrolytic tank.

(4234) EVAPORATION REDUCTION BY CONTROL OF ADVECTED ENERGY.

(b) Partial sponsorship by the Lower Colorado

River Authority of Texas.

(d) A Master's thesis involving theoretical and field investigation.

(e) Measurements have been made to determine the temperature field in Lake Travis for the 1962-53 season. A method was developed to estimate the effect of withdrawing water

from near the lake surface. Monthly esti- mates of the resulting temperature field

and reduction in evaporation were made.

(4235) TOO-PHASE PLOW IN CONDUITS.

b) Laboratory project,

d) Experimental master's thesis.

(e) It is apparent that for a two-phase flow

system with a liquid and gas, many dif- ferent types of flow are possible. This investigation explored the use of sound measurements to detect the type of flow present, in a metal pipe. Various types of flow were ' established in a thin-walled

aluminum pipe, 1.66 I.D., with a transparent

plastic section at each end. Records of the sound pattern were made with different pick-ups and correlated with the visual ob- servation of the flow type. Magnetic tape records of the sound were also made.

(g) Study of the recorded sound patterns re- vealed some identifiable characteristics

related to the type of two-phase flow in the line. Additional work is needed to refine techniques and try other sound pick-up and recording methods.

(4716) DRAG FORCES IN VELOCITY GRADIENT FIELDS.

b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore, Department of Civil Engineering, The Univ.

of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) The investigation is being conducted to determine the effect of a velocity gradient

on the local and conventional drag coeffi- cients for cylinders of varying L/D ratio

and at different Reynolds Numbers. The study will be extended to other shapes.

(g) Preliminary studies have demonstrated that

the velocity gradient along a cylinder af- fects the drag coefficient. The local drag

coefficient decreases along the cylinder in the direction toward the end of the cylinder where the velocity is high The reduction

in drag coefficient is related to a dimensionless measure of the velocity

gradient along the cylinder.

(h) "Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient Fields", Charles Dalton and Frank D. Masch, Hydraulic

Engineering Laboratory Technical Report No. HYD 04-6401, The University of Texas, March

1964. "Separation in a Non-Uniform Shear Flow", Charles Dalton and Frank D. Masch, Hydraulic

Engineering Laboratory Technical Report No. HYD 04-5402, The University of Texas, Sept.

1954.

(4717) TWO-FLUID FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas.

(c) Dr. L. R. Mack, Department of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for masters

thesis

.

(e) The velocity distribution within and the

shape of the interface between two im- miscible fluids of different densities flowing through a uniform isotropic porous medium toward a well is sought. This problem is of interest in both petroleum

engineering and ground-water hydrology.

(g) A method has been devised for satisfying the governing equations, including the non- linear boundary conditions at the interface. This method which is also applicable to axisymetric flow, is now being applied to the two-dimensional case.

(4990) WAVE CHARACTERISTICS IN SHOALING WATER.

(b) Coastal Engineering Research Center, Corps cf Engineers

.

(c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg., The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) This study is to develop a workable method

for computing water wave characteristics in shoaling water using cnoidal wave theory. The method involves evaluating the power

transmission for a wave train in shallow water from cnoidal theory and using the

5 5
concept of constant power Detween orthogonal s on a refraction diagram.

(g) Integrals of the cnoldal functions have

been evaluated in terms of elliptic

integrals and computer programs have been developed to solve the resulting equations.

(h) "Application of Cnoldal Wave Theory to the Transformation of Long Waves," Prank D. Masch. Hydraulic Engineering Laboratory

Technical Report No. HYD 05-6401, The Univ.

of Texas, Jan. 1964.

(4991) LOCAL SCOUR IN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Frank D. Masch and Dr. Walter L. Moore,

Dept. of Civil Engrg., The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) This project is designed to investigate the characteristics of the three dimensional

flow patterns at channel obstructions and to study the extent to which these flows affect local scour. It is believed that a more thorough understanding of the funda- mentals of the flow at an obstruction would

provide the basis to devise methods for controlling scour. The nature of scour at culverts is also under consideration with

efforts being devoted to develop methods

for dissipating energy and reducing local scours

.

(5455) HYDROLOGY OF SMALL URBAN WATERSHEDS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Texas V.'ater Commission.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, and Dr. Frank D. Masch,

Dept. of Civil Engineering, The Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, basic research.

(e) Data from selected watersheds have been

collected. These are being studied to evaluate the effects of urbanization on the hydrologic characteristics of the watersheds

.

(g) For the Waller Creek Watersheds, Austin, Texas preliminary results indicate that because of approximately twice as high

percent of impervious cover in the lower

part it produced yields per unit area approaching twice that of the upper area.

(5456) MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR RELATING RUNOFF TO RAINFALL.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Doctoral thesis based on computer analysis of field data.

(e) The study is presently aimed at determining

the runoff hydrograph from the rainfall data for individual storms. A computer solution

to a multiple correlation method is used to obtain the amount of runoff for successive

time Intervals for individual sub areas of the watershed, and a modified unit hydrograph

approach is used to obtain the runoff hydrograph at the lower end of the watershed. Preliminary results Indicate that the method

will be useful to estimate storm hydrographs

where rainfall data are available for a long

time, and flow records are available for only a short period. It is hoped that additional correlations can be developed

for base flow making It possible to build

up continuous runoff hydrographs based on rainfall records.

(g) Preliminary results indicate good success

in predicting runoff hydrographs for individual storms.

(5457) A NEW TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR FOR CULVERT

OUTLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

fdj Experimental and theoretical doctoral thesis.

(e) A study is being made of a culvert energy dissipator based on the use of a sector

of a circular hydraulic Jump. Apparent

advantages of the device are the stability

of the Jump over a range of discharge and tailwater conditions and the opportunity

to spread the culvert discharge back to the original stream width. Problems of practical

geometry need to be explored to see what compromises can be made and still achieve satisfactory energy dissipation performance.

(5458) SEDIMENTATION IN GALVESTON-TRINITY BAYS.

(b) Texas Parks and Wildlife Commission and Department

.

(c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Experimental, field; applied research.

e) Field Investigation to determine the currents, sources of sediment, and sedi- ment movement in Galveston and Trinity

Bays, and to determine the effect they may have on the dredging of mudshell,

oysters and oyster production.

(5459) FINITE-AMPLITUDE GRAVITY WAVES,

b) Laboratory project.

cj Dr. L. R. Mack, Dept. of Engineering

Mechanics, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas

.

(d) Theoretical, basic research for master's

thesis and doctoral dissertation.

(e) In order to obtain better quantitative

agreement with the experimental frequency

determinations of Fultz and of Edge, the analytical solutions for both two- dimensional standing waves and axi- symmetric standing waves are being carried

to the fifth order in amplitude. Velocity

distribution, free-surface configuration,

and frequency of oscillation are being

obtained.

(5460) WIND WAVE OVERTOPPING OF SHORELINE STRUCTURES.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(c) Dr. Frank D. Masch, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

d) Experimental, thesis.

e) This study is designed to compare over- topping from wind waves with that pre- dicted from criteria based on uniform

wave trains. Overtopping is being measured under varying wind and wave conditions. Particular study is being

given to beach geometry immediately in the front of the structure and its effect on overtopping rates.

(g) Results obtained to date show that the greater the depth of water at the wall,

the greater the overtopping rates.

The offshore beach profiles appear to have little or no effect on overtopping

from wind generated waves.

(5461) ANALYSIS OF UNIT HYDROGRAPHS FOR SMALL

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

The Univ. of Texas, Austin, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, thesis.

(e) Characteristic, two-hour unit hydrographs

were determined for each of three selected watersheds. The derived dimensionless

hydrograph shapes were compared with two widely-used empirical hydrographs. Tech- niques were studied for using the S-curve hydrograph as an aid in estimating the correct duration of rainfall excess by

selecting that duration which caused the least fluctuation in the S-curve.

(g) The dimensionless 2 hour unit hydrographs

developed in this study indicate that the falling limbs of the Commons and Mockus hydrograph shapes may need revision in order to be applied to watersheds of less than 100 square miles in area. However,

these differences are only minor

86
suggesting that an average dimensionless

graph and reliable estimates of only two parameters, period of rise and peak dis- charge may be sufficient to define the shape of the unit hydrograph. Results

Indicate the S-curve can be used to estimate by trial and error the rainfall excess duration if rainfall data is not available

.

(h) "Analysis of Unit Hydrographs for Small Watersheds in Texas," Wilbur L. Meier Jr., M.S. Thesis, The University of Texas, August 1964.

THERM ADVANCED RESEARCH, INC.

(5197) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN FLUID DYNAMICS.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. A. Rltter, President, Therm Advanced

Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle, Ithaca,

N. Y.

d) Theoretical basic research.

e) This is a continuing project of analytical

studies which to date have consisted of:

(1) The Hydrodynamics of Free-Surface

Crossings, concerned with predicting the hydrodynamic forces acting on bodies In vertical motion crossing an air-water interface, and includes examination of the accuracy of the standard assumptions of infinite Froude number and small disturbancesj

and (2) The Jet-Flap Hydrofoil Near a Free Surface, a study which will provide expressions

for the forces and moments acting on a two- dimensional Jet-flap hydrofoil in close proximity to a free surface as well as determining the depth of submergence at which free-surface effects may be neglected.

f) (e) 1. Completed, 2. Active.

g) A second-order, small-perturbation theory for

the water-exit and -entry of slender symmetric

bodies, including Froude number and air- density effects, has been developed.

(h) "Image Solution for Vertical Motion of a Point Source Towards a Free Surface," by John P. Moran, Journal of Fluid Mechanics,

Vol. 18, Fart 2, pp. 315-320, 1964. "Addendum: The Vertical Water-Exit and -Entry

of Slender Symmetric Bodies," by John P. Moran, AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 8, pp. 1480-1482, August 1964.

"On the Hydrodynamic Theory of Water-Exit and

-Entry," by John P. Moran, Therm Advanced

Research, Inc. Technical Report, (in prep.)

(5198) THE LOW-ASPECT-RATIO JET- FLAP HYDROFOIL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Gary R. Hough, Staff Scientist, Therm Advanced Research, Inc., 100 Hudson Circle,

Ithaca, N . Y.

d) Theoretical basic research.

e) The objective of this project Is to develop

a theory which will predict satisfactorily

the forces and moments acting on a fully

wetted, low-aspect-ratio Jet-flap hydrofoil.

f) Terminated.

g) The conventional Jones low-aspect-ratio

approximation has been applied to the governing lifting- surface equation for a Jet-flap hydrofoil and a solution obtained. Deficiencies are apparent, especially for

a deflected jet (singular blowing) and a rectangular platform. As a result, the improved low-aspect-ratio approximation

of Lawrence is investigated, the governing equation derived for this case, and

a tentative procedure for solution advanced

and discussed.

(h) "On the Theory of the Low-Aspect-Ratio JetFlap Hydrofoil," by J. C. Erlckson, jr. and G. R. Hough, Therm Advanced Research,

Inc., TAR-TR 6405, October 1964.

TAH STATE UNIVERSITY, College of Engineering.

3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory and field project; Rocky Mt. Exp.

Sta.; U. S. Forest Service; Nat'l Sci . Found.

(c) Dr. Dean F. Peterson, Dean of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation; basic research for doctoral theses.

(e) A basic study of relationships involved in flow in steep, rough channels where the roughness is relatively an appreciable part

of the depth, and where channels are sufficiently steep or steeper than a slope

such that supercritical flow can occur in connection with contractions caused by the roughness. The work is basic, however,

It will have application to steep mountain

streams and to hydraulic structures.

The objective of the work is to relate descriptive parameters describing the size and configuration of the bed roughness to slope, depth and discharge of channels of this class. Studies began using simple bar and cube elements and have progressed througi the use of beds formed by gluing natural gravel elements of various size, gradation

and Intensity to the bed. Nineteen field

sites have been Installed in streams, principally in northern Utah in the Wasatch

Mountains, but also in New Mexico and Colorado. Plezometric type stilling wells

have been installed at several sites and discharge and depth measured. Bed element distribution and size have been studied at all sites. A laboratory model study of scouring and paving of high-gradient streams under a constant discharge was completed.

Flume studies are continuing using naturalgravel elements glued to the beds in order

to attempt to delineate Reynold's numbers

effects and to study velocity distribution.

(g) For the bed paving studies, a bed of graded

sand and gravel was placed in the flume at a preselected slope and allowed to scour under

constant discharge until scouring equilibrium occurred. This was repeated for several dis- charges and three sizes of sand and gravel. Cross sections and slope were accurately measured and samples were taken of the elements in the paved bed. The final size

of the bed elements was related to the dis- charge and the final slope size correlates

well with data for similar non-cohesive materials from canals using tractive force

equations, even though discharges and slopes

differ by orders of magnitude. The relation- ship f (Q/d50V,S)O, in which dqg is the final mean bed size, V is the Kinematic viscosity,

and S the slope is proposed. The correlations

of the forms W = a0°, D = cQf , and V - pCm where W is water surface width, D is mean

depth, and V is mean velocity, 0 is discharge, and a, b, c, f, p, m are constants as pro- posed by Leopold and Mattock were consistent

with field data of others.

It was not possible to maintain stable beds

for F = V/ y'gD> 1 Increasing the slope of the flume increased scour and the formation

of combination bed elements sometimes in the shape of transverse bars prevented

further increase in Froude 1 s number. It is suggested that this condition would be one of minimum energy density per unit weight of water. As stable slope in- creased W/D decreased and bed-element size increased

.

(h) "Relation Between the Bed Pavement and the Hydraulic Characteristics of High Gradient

Channels in Noncohesive Sediments," by Davoud Hariri. ph.D dissertation, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah, 1964, 109 p.

"A Study of Bed Characteristics in Relation

to Flow in Rough, High-Gradient, Natural

Channels," by Harl E. Judd. Ph.D Dis- sertation, Utah State University, Logan,

Utah, 1563, 182 p.

6 7
(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

b) Public Health Service.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah. 84321.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; basic research; Doctoral dissertation.

(e) Hydrodynamic and field study of movement of water over a porous surface when intake varies with time. The free surface and the rates of advance are defined.

(g) Differential equations have been developed

which define the free surface and rates of advance. High speed computers have been used to obtain typical solutions which have been compared with field measurement of the rate of advance. The results are within ten percent of field observations. A dimensionless plot has been constructed which will predict the advance for any given set of known soil conditions. A companion study is based upon utilizing empirical relationships

as a foundation for subsequent development

of rate of advance functions. The results

compare well with measured values.

(h) "The Theory and Characteristics of Overland

Flow," by Cheng-lung Chen and Vaughn E. Hansen. Publication pending ASAE 1964.

(3528) THE EFFECT OF SEDIMENT PROPERTIES ON THE ATTENUATION OF AN ULTRASONIC PLANE WAVE.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Department, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

e) Some theoretical and experimental work has been performed on the attenuation of an ultrasonic plane wave passing through a sediment suspension. However, experimental work Is still very limited in scope, particularly over certain loss regions.

This study uses a standard pulse technique

to investigate a wide range of natural and manufactured sediments over the various loss

ranges. Of primary concern is the effect of

the various sediment properties on the attenuation

.

(g) Natural sediments have been completed and an MS thesis has been prepared giving the results. Manufactured sediments of known properties have been tested, and a PhD

dissertation has been completed and is available at the Utah State University

Library.

(h) "The Effect of Sediment Properties on the Attenuation of an Ultrasonic Plane Wave," by Norman E. Stauffer, Jr. PhD dissertation, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1964.

(3530) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARSHLANDS.

b) Utah State Fish and Game Dept.

c) Prof. Jerald E. Christiansen, Professor of

. Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah. 84321.

(d) Field investigations; applied research, Master's theses.

(e) Large areas of marshy lands adjacent to Great Salt Lake have been developed and improved by the State Fish and Game Dept., and the Federal Wildlife Service, as Migratory Bird Refuges. Available stream flow from several of the major streams flowing into these areas where the water is impounded behind dikes to create habitat

suitable for nesting, feeding and resting of water fowl. Millions of ducks and geese utilize this area each year during their

migratory flights.

(f) Field work completed, final report under

preparation

.

(g) The basic purpose of the study is to determine the quantities of water necessary

for marshlands In order to maintain them in

a productive state.

(h) Eight progress reports have been written. Three MS theses and one PhD dissertation

have been completed.

(3845) WATERSHED MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Master's

and Doctoral theses.

(e) The purpose is to establish techniques and model-prototype laws so that watersheds can

be intensively studied in a laboratory.

A small watershed has been modeled. A rainfall simulator has been constructed for which design or actual rainfall events can be programmed to occur automatically over the model. The dominant factors Influencing the characteristic shape of the run-off hydrography are being studied. Initial efforts

have been aimed at determining effect on modeling relationships resulting from changes in the physical properties of water-chemical

mixtures used in the rainfall simulator. Test runs are being made using a physical model with an Impervious surface. Subsequent tests will incorporate the relationship between infiltration and run-off by providing for permeability changes in the model,

(g) Satisfactory mechanical performance and electronic control has been achieved. Verification tests to date are highly

encouraging. Experimental tests are con- tinuing.

(4236) METHODS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL WATER

YIELDS IN UTAH.

(b) Utah Water and Power Board.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept., Utah State University,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This work was undertaken to develop methods

of obtaining economical and reasonably

accurate determinations of watershed yield

where stream gaging records are not available. Certain relatively easily obtained

parameters characterizing the physical and climatic factors have been correlated with water yield for a number of watersheds having

good records of stream flow.

(f) Completed.

(g) Regression equations have been developed for estimating water yield from physical charac- teristics of basins In various regions of Utah. Based on the developments of this

study, a water yield map for the entire

state of Utah is being prepared. The map, equations and graphs should aid materially

in broadening the coverage of hydrologic

information needed for first stage planning

of a long range state-wide nature.

(h) "Water Yields in Utah," by J. M. Bagley, R. W. Jeppson, and C. H. Mllligan. Special

Report No. 18, Utah State University and Utah Water and Power Board, September 1964.

(4719) FREE SURFACE FLOW AROUND A HEMISPHERICAL

ROUGHNESS ELEMENT.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Associate Professor,

Civil and Irrigation Engineering Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward

a Master's thesis.

(e) This study was made to gain further infor- mation on flow characteristics (primarily

drag) around a hemispherical roughness ele- ment where the element size is of the order

of the depth of the free surface flow. To accomplish this, water surface data, ve- locity profile data and primarily drag data was taken for a range of Froude numbers. The thesis attempts to answer certain questions concerning the effects on a single large hemispherical roughness ele- ment in open channel flow. Of particular

interest is the flow condition where the element has an effect on the fluid surface configuration

.

08
An M.S. thesis has been prepared on this project. This work, however, is considered1 to be only preliminary to a continued

study of much wider proportions.

(g) The results of this investigation may be summarized as follows: (1) The drag force

on the hemisphere is due primarily to wave

drag in the Proude number range 0.35 to 2.50 and for submergence Intervals y/k up

to 1.2. (2) At a given submergence lnterva

the coefficient of drag decreases as the Froude number of 1 . 5 for all submergence

intervals. This constant value is approximately 0.2. (3) The drag coefficient

increases with an increase in submergence

in the Froude number range up to 1.5.

(4) The relationship between the coefficient

of drag and the Froude number tends to become linear as the submergence increases.

(5129) CALIBRATION OF IRRIGATION HEADGATES BY MODEI ANALYSIS.

b) D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies, Delta, Utah.

c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies have approximately 600 of these headgates in their

distribution system and would like to use

the headgate as a measuring device. Standards for the installation of such a headgate will

be developed along with flow rate curves and

tables.

f) Completed.

g) A general method of analysis was developed

for rating submerged gates. The coefficient

of discharge of the system was markedly

affected by the degree of relative sub- mergence. Also, the location of the gate

guide angles, whether facing upstream or

downstream, affected the coefficient of discharge by 12 percent.

(h) "Calibration of Irrigation Headgates by

Model Analysis," by Gaylord V. Skogerboe

and Vaughn E. Hansen. Report PR-EC50-1,

Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, March 1964. "Rating Submerged Gates for Flow Measurement

in Open Channels," by Gaylord V. Skogerboe,

American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

(Publication pending; available upon request.)

(5130) FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Library research.

(e) A compilation of the material pertaining to

the design of small irrigation structures

that would be found on a farm. Will also determine gaps in Information which will require additional research.

(5131) A STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE AND EDDY DIFFUSIVITY OF TURBULENT SHEAR FLOWS IN ROUGH OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Civil Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for Ph.D. Thesis.

(e) To describe the structure of the turbulence

in turbulent shear flows in rough open channels; to see If local isotropy exists in the turbulence under study; and to investigate

the relationship of the structure of the turbulence to the process of diffusion in the flow. The necessary instrumentation has

been developed and the experimental and analytical work is proceeding.

(5132) TECHNIQUES OF AERIAL APPLICATION OF EVAP- ORATION-REDUCING MATERIALS TO LARGE LAKES AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Development of equipment and techniques for

the aerial application of monolayer-forming

materials

.

(g) The performance of the equipment has been

very satisfactory. Techniques have been developed for the use of alcohols In molten

form and the use of powdered alcohols. Further research and development will be concerned only with powdered alcohols.

(h) "Aerial Application of Evaporation Re- tardants to Water Surfaces," by Vaughn E. Hansen and Gaylord V. Skogerboe. Agri- cultural Aviation 6(4): 113-120, 1964. "Equipment and Techniques for Aerial Application of Evaporation-Reducing, MonolayerForming Materials to Lakes and Reservoirs,"

by Vaughn E. Hansen and Gaylord V. Skogerboe. Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 1964. (Available upon request.)

(5133) UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY STILLING BASIN FOR PIPE TO OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof. Civil

and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental research has been completed for

one Master's thesis and is being performed

for a second thesis.

(e) The objective of this study is to find an economical and effective means of energy dissipation at the transition of pipe flow

to open channel flow.

(g) An effective design has been found involving

a short dissipator pipe placed on the opposite wall of the stilling basin from the inflow pipe. The best ratios have been fourd

for: the dissipator pipe diameter to inflow

pipe diameter, length of dissipator pipe to inflow pipe diameter, slit width to inflow

pipe diameter, and center line offset to the inflow pipe diameter. The second MS thesis

is studying the effect of changing the inlet pipe diameter and the inlet pipe

velocity on the most efficient design

described above.

(h) An MS thesis has been completed and research toward the second MS thesis

is being actively pursued. The results

of these two theses will be prepared

for publication in a professional journal.

(5134) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE WAVE CAUSED BY VARIOUS SUBMERGED OBJECTS IN OPEN CHANNEL

FLOW AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO THE DRAG ON THE OBJECT.

(b) Laboratory Project (An NSF grant has been applied for)

.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof, of Civil

and Irrigation Engineering Dept., Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical and experimental work leading

toward a doctoral dissertation.

(e) The characteristics of the surface waves

caused by various shapes of submerged

objects in open channel flow will be studied. The relative submergence, Froude number,

the approach velocity profile, etc. will be varied. A surface wave characteristic will

be studied and related to the drag on the respective objects.

(5135) LIFT FORCES ON ISOLATED REGULAR OBJECTS ATTACHED TO A BOUNDARY.

(b) Laboratory project (NSF grant has been applied for)

.

(c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof., Civil and Irrigation Engrg. Dept., Utah State Univ,

Logan. Utah 84321.

6 0
(d) Experimental and theoretical research leading

to a doctoral dissertation.

(e) Lift forces on Isolated regular objects attached to a boundary will be studied for

the following conditions: (1) A three- dimensional, seml-lnf inlte , flow field where viscous forces and approach velocity profile

are Important. (2) A three-dimensional,

finite, flow field where viscous forces,

velocity profile, and relative submergence

are important. (3) A three-dimensional,

finite, flow field, with free surface effects, where viscous forces, velocity profile,

relative submergence and gravity forces are important

.

(5136) VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN ACCELERATED CURVILINEAR FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof., Civil and Irrigation Engrg. Dept., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) This project is primarily theoretical in nature, however, for verification it uses

experimental results by others along with theoretical results obtained from classical hydrodynamics. The research is of a basic nature and is the result of a Doctoral research program.

(e) The basic objectives of this study may be summarized as: (1) To derive the basic dynamic equations governing laminar flow for a curvilinear coordinate system.

(2) To obtain new equations giving the direction and magnitude of the local velocity vector for curvilinear flow of an ideal fluid. Convergence of the streamlines will

be considered in contrast to existing

relations. (3) To find a more precise

relation between velocity profile and streamline curvature or potential line curvature

for potential theory. (4) To find a direct solution for the new relation. This solution

will give the magnitude and direction of a velocity vector anywhere in the flow field.

(5) To verify this relation analytically and experimentally and to compare its accuracy

with previous techniques. (6) To apply the new technique in the determination of the velocity function in any curvilinear flow field with symmetrical boundaries such as convergent, divergent, passages. (7) To find a solution for the problem of laminar

flow between two concentric boundaries with

no temperature gradient effect.

(f) This project will be completed by Jan. 1, 1965.

(gj The objectives stated in Item (e) have been

realized

.

(h) A doctoral dissertation is presently being

prepared and should be completed by Jan. 1, 1965. It should be published and available

sometime during the year 1965.

(5137) DRAG ON A HEMISPHERE IN A THREE DIMENSIONAL

FINITE FLOW FIELD WITH FREE SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project (NSF grant has been applied

for) . (c) Dr. Gordon H. Flammer, Assoc. Prof, of Civil and Irrigation Engr. Dept., Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research toward

a PhD dissertation. This study is basic

in nature.

(e) The objectives are to study and compare drag

on a hemisphere attached to a boundary for:

(1) A three-dimensional, semi-infinite, flow velocity profile are important. (2) A three- dimensional, finite, flow field where viscous forces, velocity profile, and relative submergence are important. (3) A three- dimensional, finite, flow field with free

surface effects where viscous forces,

velocity profile, relative submergence, and gravity forces are important.

(g) Since this program has Just begun no results

are available at present.

(5138) STATE WATER PLAN INVESTIGATIONS.

b) Utah Water and Power Board.

c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil Engrg. Dept., Utah

State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Field investigation.

e) Water supply and use determinations and projections. Frequency analyses of various kinds of hydrologic data.

(g) Hydrologic inventories of major study area

of state completed.

(5139) HYDROLOGY OF THE GREAT SALT LAKE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Civil and Irrigation

Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Attempting to develop an adequate description

of the sources, amounts and regimen of water

inflow into the lake from precipitation,

surface flows, and subsurface flows. This

will provide the basis on which to predict

the effect of future development so that alternative resource use patterns for the lake and its tributary system can be evaluated

.

(g) Tributary areas have been mapped and categorized according to water use. Climatological, hydrological, and geo- physical Information are being incorporated

into water balance relation of Great Salt Lake

.

(5140) ELECTRONIC ANALOG MODEL STUDIES OF RIVER

BASINS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, U.S.D.A., and Utah Water & Power Board.

(c) Dr. Jay M. Bagley, Assoc. Prof., Civil Engineering Dept. and Prof. D. L. Chadwick,

Asst. Prof. Electrical Engineering Dept., Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Experimental.

e) An electronic analog model of a river basin

is being constructed. The basic hydrologic processes of precipitation, snowmelt, sur- face and subsurface runoff, groundwater

storage and movement, evapotranspiration,

streamf low, etc . have been modeled

electronically. Model will be used to predict performance of various parts of hydrologic system resulting from proposed water management and development changes.

(g) Model essentially completed.

(5440) EVALUATION OF EVAPORATION RETA RDANTS FOR AERIAL APPLICATION.

b) The Proctor and Gamble Company.

c) Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah 84321.

d) Applied research and field investigations.

e) Evaluate various chemical compositions and particle size gradations of evaporation

retardants to determine their suitability for aerial application techniques. Particular emphasis will be given to the longer chain

fatty alcohols, C20 and c 22" (5441) NEW CONCEPTS OF HYDROLOGIC INSTRUMENTATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah

84321.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) The aerial measurement of evaporation,

evapotranspiration, and sublimation is being attempted by the application of new electronic, sonic, and optical techniques.

(5442) EVAPORATION AND CLIMATIC STUDIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah

84321.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

90
Evaporation from lana, snow, and water sur- faces constitutes the principal losses of water to the United States. The investi- gation of factors which affect the quantity,

quality, and timing of these losses from a climatic standpoint are being investigated

in order to assist in the more precise

formulation of plans of water utilization. (h) On the basis of dendroclimatic records, it appears that many of Utah's irrigation

projects have been designed on the basis of

a short, wet cycle. MICROCLIMATIC HYDROLOGY.

5447

Laboratory project.

Mr. Joel E. Fletcher, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah

64321. Experimental and field Investigation; applied

research. Methods for evaluating and measuring the microclimatic factors associated with water

supply and use are being investigated.

DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OP A SUBMERGED REC- TANGULAR FLUME. D.M.A.D. Irrigation Companies, Delta, Utah.

Mr. Gaylord V. Skogerboe, Asst. Research

Engineer, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Design; applied research.

A rectangular flume was designed to operate under submerged flow conditions throughout

the entire range of discharges between 20 and 500 cfs. The flume is to be calibrated

in place.

The flume has been constructed and field calibration data obtained. The data are presently being analyzed.

Publication will be issued during the early

part of 1965. TRAPEZOIDAL MEASURING FLUMES. Laboratory project.

Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Professor of Civil

and Irrigation Engineering, Utah Water

Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Design; applied research.

A proposed trapezoidal measuring flume with

a design discharge of 300 cfs has been modeled

in the laboratory. The purpose of this investigation is to arrive at a proper design

and also to determine the feasibility of using this type of flume with both critical

depth and submerged flow. Testing program has been completed. Results

to date look very promising regarding the use of this type of flume for discharge measurement under submerged flow conditions. Publication will be issued prior to June

1965. THEORY OF INFILTRATION AND FLUID MOVEMENT IN UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA. Laboratory project.

Dr. Yu-Si Fok, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State Univ., Logan, Utah 84321. Theoretical, experimental; basic research,

applied research.

To develop mathematical relationships ex- (g) pressing the phenomena of infiltration. Primary Interest is the infiltration of water

into the soil. Further development is to extend the developed theory to other fluid

and media.

To develop mathematical relationships ex- pressing the fluid movement in unsaturated

porous media. Primary Interest is the move- ment of water in unsaturated soil. To evaluate the validity and applicability

of the relationships developed from the mathematical analysis by field and laboratory

tests

.

Equations expressing the infiltration rate

as a function of the flow time as well as

(5448)

w

(e)

the hydraulic conductivity, the total potential heads, and initial and final moisture

content, and the porosity of the soil for different time periods have been developed.

Equations expressing the water movement in unsaturated soils as a function of the flow

time have been developed.

"An Infiltration Theory Derived from Potential Gradients," by Yu-Sl Fok and Vaughn E. Hansen, (publication pending)

"Theory of One Dimensional Infiltration under

a Variable Head," by Yu-Si Fok and Vaughn

E. Hansen. (publication pending)

"One Dimension Infiltration into Layered

Soil," by Yu-Sl Fok and Vaughn E. Hansen,

(publication pending) EFFECT OF MINERALIZED SPRINGS ON UTAH'S WATER RESOURCES. Utah Water & Power Board.

Dr. J. M. Bagley, Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Utah Water Research

Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Field investigation, applied research.

In many areas of Utah, water quality

problems are aggravated by contribution

from highly mineralized springs which feed

into regular water supplies. This investi- gation is to assess the nature and magnitude

of these problems and outline possibilities

for management to minimize their effect. Completed.

A statewide inventory of mineralized springs has provided Information about mineral

constituents, quantities of flow, and geographic and geologic characteristics. Interpretation and evaluation of this in- formation has permitted appraisal of current

and potential effects of these springs on important water supply sources. Possibilities for control and management are being

studied

.

EFFECT OF VARIOUS IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES ON SOIL AERATION, SOIL STRUCTURE, AND CROP

RESPONSE. Laboratory project.

Prof. Jack Keller, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, Utah

State University, Logan, Utah 84321. Laboratory experimental project dealing with

an applied research problem.

Laboratory studies utilizing a water appli- cator capable of uniformly applying water

at any rate between .01" and 6.0"/hour to the tops of 15 cm diameter soil columns were conducted. The soil columns were fitted

with special soil depth, air permeability,

and drainage apparatus. Water application

rates of .04, .08, .16, .32, .64, 1.3, 2.6, and 5.2"/hour were applied to samples of a silty clay loam soil having various initial moisture contents and salinity levels. Three salinity levels giving an EC

Q of 8, 12, and

16 M MOS were produced by adding calcium chloride to the soil. Various salinity, soil moisture, density, permeability, and drainage measurements were recorded prior to, during,

and following the application of a sufficient quantity of water to completely leach the salt from each sample. For each soil there is an application rate below which no change in apparent specific

gravity or settlement takes place during the initial watering (the critical rate was approximately 0.2 inches per hour for the soils tested.) The percent saturation

during watering follows the relationship of: %S = CIn , where I is the application rate and C and n are constants for a given

soil and soil compaction.

Determination of certain new relationships

between water application rate, the inital

salinity, density, and soil moisture content, and leaching efficiency. The findings

of the research to date are useful in irrigation system design and land reclamation

91
activities. Relationship between water appli- cation and leaching are Important for salinity

control and drainage investigations,

(h) "The Effect of Water Application Rate on Soil Structure," by Jack Keller. Paper

No. 63-733, printed and presented at the 1963 winter meeting of the American

Society of Agricultural Engineers.

(Accepted for publication in Agricultural

Engineering.

)

"Less Soil Compaction with Low Application

Rate Sprinkling," by Jack Keller. Utah

Agr. Exp. Sta. Form Paper 399. Presented

to the 1964 open technical meeting of The Sprinkler Irrigation Assn. and con- tained in the printed proceedings, pp. 45-50. "Sprinkler Application Rates on Soil Structure," by Jack Keller. Irrigation

Engineering and Maintenance, June-July

1964, pp. 17-18, 25.

(5449) HYDRAULICS AND EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION

APPLICATION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. A. Alvln Bishop, Dept. of Civil and Irrigation Engineering, or Dr. Yu-Si

Fok, Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical with field investigation;

applied research.

(e) To develop basic mathematical relationships expressing the hydraulics of surface irrigation.

To evaluate the validity and reliability

of the relationships which have been developed from mathematical analysis by

field and laboratory tests.

To develop the nomographs for use with equations developed.

To develop the relationships for application efficiency and distribution

efficiency with regard to the intake

rate, advance rate, and the ratio of the required irrigation time to the required water advance time to cover the whole

length of a field.

(g) Equations of the advance of water during

irrigation for a furrow or a border in terms of irrigation time, inflow rate, width of the flow channel, slope and roughness of the flow channel and the intake rate have been developed.

Rational equations for the water surface profile on the soil surface and the water distribution profile in the soil during

irrigation have been developed.

A rational equation for the water dis- tribution profile in the soil after

irrigation has been developed.

Equations for application and distribution

efficiencies with regard to the intake

rate, the advance rate, and the ratio of the required irrigation time to the required water advance time to cover the whole length

of a field have been developed. Field test data show good agreement with

the equations developed.

(h) "Analysis of the Advance of Water in Surface Irrigation," by Yu-Si Fok and A. Alvin Bishop. Accepted for publication

by Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage

Division, American Society of Civil Engineers

.

(5450) ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL IN SOIL CAPILLARIES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Calvin G. Clyde, Civil Engineering

Department, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for PhD dissertation.

(e) To investigate the relationships between

the streaming potential developed In a porous medium through which flow is taking place

to the soil parameters, the fluid parameters,

and the quantity of flow. Necessary equipment

and instrumentation are being developed.

(5451) SEEPAGE FLOW THROUGH DUNES IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Gary Z. Watters, Assistant Professor

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experiments are being conducted to determine the permeability of the un- disturbed dune structures occurring in alluvial channels. These results will be used to compute seepages through dunes, both in the direction of flow along the channel and vertically downward. This is done to determine the effect of dune move- ment on the permeability and seepage char- acteristics of the bed materials.

(g) Preliminary investigations show measurable differences in permeability in the horizontal and vertical directions. These values in turn differ considerably from the permeability

of disturbed samples of bed material.

(5452) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FREE SURFACE FLOW OVER

HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Gary Z. Watters, Assistant Professor

of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84321.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, theoretical

and applied.

(e) Flow configurations over various types of hydraulic structures such as weirs and sills are determined theoretically through the use

of complex variables and conformal mapping.

The results are to be compared with physical flows produced in the laboratory to establish

the usefulness of the theory in describing

the actual flow.

VIDYA DIVISION, Itek Corp.

(5199) THE EFFECT OF FLOW SEPARATION FROM THE HULL

ON THE STABILITY OF A HIGH SPEED SUBMARINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin (Jointly) under the BuShips

Fundamental Hydromechanics Program.

(c) Mr. S. B. Spangler, Vidya Division, 1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The lift distribution on the fairwater and fairwater planes at angles of attack and sideslip is characterized by a potential vortex system, whose vortex filaments

trail aft over the hull and control sur- faces at the stern. A vortex interference

force distribution is computed on the hull,

stern planes, and rudders. The purpose of the work is to predict theoretically the static stability characteristics of high

speed submarines with interference and hull flow separation.

(g) Results for low angles of attack and sideslip with no hull flow separation indicate that vortex interference effects

are appreciable only for the case of high

fairwater plane deflection angles at very

small hull angles of attack and sideslip

and the case of sideslip, where the fairwater becomes loaded.

(h) "Theoretical Prediction of Vortex Inter- ference Effects on the Static Stability of

a High Speed Submarine," S. B. Spangler,

and J. A. Burnell. Vidya Rept. No. 157, December 1964.

(5200) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN A HULL AND A STERN- MOUNTED DUCTED PROPELLER.

(b) Dept. of the Navy, Bureau of Ships Funda- mental Hydrodynamics Research Program.

(c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Staff Engineer, Vidya

Division of Itek Corp., 1450 Page Mill

Road Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

(d) Theoretical investigation; applied research.

92
(e) The hydrodynamlc interference i'orces are predicted for an underwater hull with a ducted propeller mounted near the stern. The purpose is to determine the effect of duct shape, size, and location upon the interference forces for a specified hull

shape and for steady axlally symmetric flow. Existing potential flow theory is used to represent the ducted actuator disk and concentrated singularities are used to represent the hull and its wake.

(g) The computed results indicate that certain highly cambered ducts produce no inter- ference drag on the hull and no leading

edge suction on the duct even when the duct carries more thrust than the propeller.

The effect of the duct boundary layer will

be included in future analysis.

(h) "Interference Between a Hull and a Stern - Mounted Ducted Propeller," A. R. Kriebel,

Vidya Report 161, Sept. 30, 1964.

(5201) THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF DYNAMIC STABILITY DERIVATIVES OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Dr. A. R. Kriebel, Staff Engineer, Vidya

Dlv. of Itek Corp., 1450 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, Calif. 94304.

dl Theoretical investigation; applied research,

ej The force and moment coefficients at angle

of attack and their dynamic pitching derivatives are predicted by potential flow analysis for an isolated ducted propeller. A first- order analysis is made of the interference between a pair of ducted propellers in a freestream at angle of attack.

(g) Predictions based upon actuator disk repre- sentation of the propeller compare favorably

with experimental data. The effect of non- uniformity of disk loading upon the predicted

results will be investigated. Extension

will be made of the analysis of interference

which indicates that a large pitching moment

is generated on a tandem pair of ducted propellers at angle of attack.

(h) "Theoretical Stability Derivatives for a Ducted Propeller," A. R. Kriebel, AIAA Jour,

of Aircraft, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 203-210,

July-Aug. 1964. "Theoretical Investigation of Dynamic

Stability Derivatives of Ducted Propellers,"

A. R. Kriebel, Vidya Rept. 112, March 31, 1964.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

(5533) USE OF LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC ENERGY DISSIPATION.

(b) Virginia Council of Highway Investigation and Research and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Va. 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental, supplemented by

field studies; basic and applied research.

(e) Studies are being made to develop general

design criteria for flow regimes and energy

dissipation in steep channels with large

roughness elements. The characteristics of

the "tumbling-flow" regime are of special interest. Design applications for chutes,

culverts, and other highway drainage structures

are in view.

(g) First annual progress report has been Issued,

discussing detailed hydraulics of the tumbling-flow regime in steep, rough channels.

(h) "Flow Regimes in a Steep, Rough Channel" by

A. N. Al-Khafaji, Dean F. Peterson, and Henry M. Morris, completed and submitted for publication in A.S.C.E. Hydraulics Journal.

(5534) HYDRAULIC EFFECTS OF BOUNDARY ROUGHNESS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. M. Morris, Professor and Head, Dept.

of Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Institute, Blacksburg, Va. 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research,

for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Systematic studies are being made to delineate the various regimes of turbulent flow

in rough pipes in terms of each dimension of the boundary roughness geometry, with the aim of attaining comprehensive quantitative

criteria for all regimes.

(g) Equipment has been constructed and tests

are now in progress.

(5535) SEPARATION OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS AT FLOW TRANSITION BOUNDARIES.

b) National Science Foundation.

c) Dr. H. R. Bungay, Prof, of Civil Engineering,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,

Va. 24061.

d) Analytical and experimental; basic research.

e) A study was made of the hydraulic characteristics of "clear zones" (zones of clear

liquid appearing in suspensions) as pro- duced in vessels filled with a fluid suspension set in motion by stirring action

and in flow of the fluid suspensions around obstacles in a channel.

(f) Investigation has been completed, with recommendations for further studies.

(g) Characteristics of the clear zones have

been studied and a suggested theoretical analysis has been developed, based on the migration of particles across laminar flow streamlines induced by unequal Bernoulli pressures. Applications to sediment transport, flow of blood corpuscles, flow of disease bacteria, and the handling of fibers

as in papermaking seem to be Indicated.

(h) "Migration of Particles in Laminar Velocity

Fields," by H. R. Bungay and J. M. Wiggert, abstract in Virginia Journal of Science,

Vol. 15, September 1964, p. 316.

(5536) HYDRAULIC DISRUPTION AND RE-ENTRAINMENT OF

FROTH

.

(b) Division of Water Supply and Pollution Control,

U. S. Public Health Service, and Virginia

Engineering Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. A. Parsons, Prof, of Civil Engineering,

Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,

Va. 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic and applied research; Ph.D. Thesis . (e) Studies are being made to develop methods

to disrupt froth generated in aerobic fermentation processes; hydraulic methods

are desired in order to avoid use of bioresistant chemical antifoams which would

retard oxygen transfer.

(g) Experimental measurements have been com- pleted.

(h) "Hydraulic Disruption and Re-entrainment of Froth," by W. A. Parsons, D. F. Alt, and

H. R. Bungay; abstract In Virginia Journal

of Science, Vol. 14, September 1963, p. 234.

VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering

.

(5537) FLUID JET CONTROL.

b) National Science Foundation (Grant GK 34).

c) Dr. Robert A. Comparin, Assoc. Prof, of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.

(d) Analytical and experimental study in part

for Master's thesis.

(e) This project is a study of jet reattachment

phenomena at low Reynolds numbers. The

study will include both parallel and in- clined walls and the effects of aspect

ratio, offset, and wall angle.

WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY, The R. L. Albrook

93
Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head, The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Dlv. of Industrial Research,

Washington State Univ., Pullman, Washington 99163.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Personnel responsible for the design and/or

operation of water and gas distribution

systems

.

(d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

(e) Flow distributions have been made with the Mcllroy Analyzer for over 50 cities, several

gas systems, an air system, a generator

cooling system, and several other unique

systems. Losses throughout the system are obtained. Engineers use the analogue to design system pumps, tanks, and piping

additions or revisions.

(3848) CALIBRATION OF FLOW METERING FLUMES.

IS!

(e)

(g)

(h)

Agricultural Research Service, Boise, Idaho. Experimental ; design, development, master's

thesis

.

Flumes for three specific measuring sites

in a watershed of southern Idaho have been

developed. Adequate provisions for sedi- ment exclusion are Included. Field per- formance has verified hydraulic model

results. Universal application of the design is presently being studied. Preliminary tests indicate that a standard design can be adapted for use at any site

as long as topographic and streamflow conditions are within limits thus far Investigated. Rating curves can be accurately

predicted for the standard design without

pre-calibration . Special tests showed

that the sediment exclusion features operate

so that even large sediment discharge does not affect the discharge rating.

"Hydraulic Laboratory Development of Stream Gaging Stations for Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed," Howard D. Copp, Manuel

Th. Arce' and E. Roy Tinney. Washington

State Inst, of Tech. Research Report 64/9-

103, October 1964. "Effect of Sediment Discharge on the Perfor- mance of the V-Type Measuring Flume," Kannson Tsun-Hsien Liu. Thesis prepared

as partial fulfillment of requirements for Master of Science Degree in Agricultural

Engineering, Univ. of Idaho, June 1964. MODEL CALIBRATION OF ROCK ISLAND SPILLWAY. Public Utility District of Grant Co., Washington.

Experimental; analytical.

A 1:50 scale model of the west section of the Rock Island Dam spillway was constructed. Tests were made to determine the discharge

coefficients for each bay as they may be influenced by adjacent and nearby bays,

tailwater and apron elevations, and dis- tribution of flow approaching the spillway

discharges. Accurate discharge ratings

were required in connection with power

losses due to tailwater encroachment at Rock Island by the Wanapum pool.

Complete

.

A technique was developed to compute dis- charge through the western section of the spillway. Effects of upstream topography, tailwater elevation, and spillway gate

opening are noteworthy.

"Hydraulic Model Studies for the Cali- bration of the Rock Island Spillway,"

Claud C. Lomax. Bulletin 282, Washington

State Inst, of Tech., Pullman, Washington,

June 1964.

(4724) WELLS COMPREHENSIVE MODEL.

(b) Bechtel Corporation.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:78 model of the Wells Hydrocombine has been constructed to study potential erosion,

(4721)

(b)

(!)

[h]

wave action, passage of migratory fish,

spillway capacity, and construction

sequences. Since the power house and spill- way are combined into one structure, several unique problems in design and operation

must be investigated. The model is 44 feet wide and 66 feet long and will pass the equivalent of 1,300,000 cfs.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests on project layout and operation pro- vided a sound basis for modifying original

plans. Additional stream channel protection

was required to prevent undue erosion. A rather unusual fish attraction system in- cluding several stratigically placed, highvelocity jet streams was developed. Downstream geologic formations will permit the spillway flow to scour its own escape channel thereby reducing costly machine

excavation.

(h) "Wells Hydroelectric Project - Vol. I Comprehensive Model Studies," John S. Gladwell, Howard D. Copp and E. Roy Tinney.

Bulletin 289, Washington State Inst, of Tech., Pullman, Washington. In press.

(5043) THE PLACE OF PUMPED STORAGE IN THE POWER

ECONOMY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, field investigation.

(e) Review of principles and practices of pumped storage projects in Europe and United States.

(g) Pumped storage will play an increasing

role in large power systems.

(h) "Pumped Storage for More Effective Uses of Hydro Resources", R. A. Sutherland. Proc. - 4th Biennial WSU Hydraulics Conference, WSU, November 1963.

(5519) SOUND SUPPRESSOR-HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS.

(b) George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, NASA.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) Development of a vane system to create uniform flow around a clover- shaped weir is re- quired. Investigation of Initial surge pro- duced by rocket blast and surge suppression

is also being undertaken.

(5520) TRANSIENT SIPHONIC FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Theoretical, experimental, basic research.

e) Mathematical analyses are being developed

utilizing Navler-Stokes equations to find

the time of establishment of siphonic flow. Experimental tests with fluids of various viscosities are planned.

(5521) HELLS CANYON HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. Idaho Power Company.

Experimental; applied research. Hydraulic model studies on several features

of design have been completed. A 1:45 scale flume model of the spillway and low level outlets was employed to investigate energy dissipation characteristics and appurtenances.

A 1:60 scale comprehensive model was utilized to study downstream erosion

patterns, bank wash, wave generation, fish transportation facilities and diversion

schemes during construction.

Special nappe deflector application provided

adequate energy dissipation at reduced con- struction costs. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Hells Canyon

Hydroelectric Project," R. A. Sutherland

and E. Roy Tinney. Bulletin 284, Washington

State Inst, of Tech., Pullman, Washington,

June 1964.

[5522) FLOW AROUND SHARP BENDS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical, experimental, applied research.

(e) Project Is being conducted to determine the optimun geometry of channel bends to minimize flow losses. Hydrodynamlc theory Is being

(g)

(h)

94
(5523)

(5524)

00

(<0

13

GO

(5525)

(d)

(f)

(g) GO

(5526)

GO

Si

(f)

(g)

(h)

(5527)

developed to consider flow near the Inside (5528) curve

.

MECHANISMS OP MASS DISPERSION AND ENERGY (b) DISSIPATION IN FREE LAMINAR AND TURBULENT LIQUID SHEETS. I A) Laboratory project.

Theoretical, experimental, basic research. Two laminar or turbulent Jets, colliding from opposite directions, form a thin expanding

sheet or water-bell. G. I. Taylor's equation for the shape of a water-bell has been extended to include gravitational force. (f) Possible mechanisms for mass dispersion and energy dissipation in these sheets are being (g) Investigated. HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES FOR THE ROCK ISLAND

FISH ATTRACTION FACILITIES. (h) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Washington.

Experimental

.

The purposes of the model study were, (a) to develop a gate opening and closing sequence

to facilitate the Dassage of anadromous fish through the center and right bank fishladders, (5 529) and (b), to document flow patterns and vel- ocities in the tailrace region under en- croachment conditions caused by the con- struction of Wanapum Dam. (b) Complete except for report. The gate operating sequence appears to be adequate under field conditions.

Report in preparation. TRANSIENT EFFECTS IN TIEN ' S NUCLEATE BOILING HEAT TRANSFER MODEL. State of Washington and Mechanical Engineering Department.

Basic research. Attempt is made to account for transient heat convection effects near active nucleatlon sites in Tien's steady convec- tion model for nucleate boiling.

Complete up to presentation at ASME Winter

Annual Meeting.

Inclusion of transient effects, modifies the form of the resulting Yamagata equation. "Transient Effects in Tien's Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Model," R. F. Boehm and John H. Lienhard, ASME Paper 64-H-134.

ON CORRELATING THE PEAK AND MINIMUM BOILING HEAT FLUXES, PRESSURE AND HEATER CONFIGURATION

.

State of Washington and Mechanical Engineering

Department. (b) Basic research. The peak (or burnout) nucleate boiling heat flux and the minimum film boiling heat flux

are shown to be correlatable with geometric

scale and pressure. Complete, up to presentation at Annual (c) AIChE-ASME Heat Transfer Meeting (Los Angeles,

Aug. 1965). About 350 original data and conclusions (d) about the separability of the pressure and geometry effects.

"On Correlating the Peak and Minimum Boiling

Heat Fluxes Pressure and Heater Configuration," (e) John H. Lienhard and K. Watanabe. ASME Paper

No. 64-H-165.

A STUDY OF CAVITATION AND FLASHING IN FREE AND SUBMERGED JETS. State of Washington.

Basic research. Cavitation numbers have been obtained for various submerged water Jets over large

temperature ranges. Flashing behavior of free water Jets has been observed and correlated. Free Jets have been found to sustain up to 100°F. superheat.

Final write-up.

Discussion of paper 64 by Starkman, Schrock,

et al, Jour. Basic Engr., June 1964.

(d)

(e)

til

GO

SEISMIC INVESTIGATIONS IN THE REYNOLDS

CREEK EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service. Applied research in a field investigation.

Refraction seismic studies are being

directed toward the solution of complex

structural and stratigraphic problems which

control the movement of ground waters in

the watershed. Much valuable information

on the physical characteristics of the numerous rock units is being derived. Project is being conducted as funds permit. Further work is anticipated.

Reports covering studies during the past

two summers have been completed. Seismic techniques appear to provide much infor- mation not otherwise available. "Preliminary Reynolds Creek Seismic Studies,"

R. E. Cavin, Washington State Inst, of Tech., Research Report No. 63/9-152, 1963. "Seismic Investigations in the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed," James W. Crosby, III. Washington State Inst, of Tech., Research Report 64/9-111, 1964. EVALUATION OF THE PULLMAN-MOSCOW GROUND WATER SITUATION BY TRITIUM AND CARBON -14 DATING TECHNIQUES.

City of Pullman, City of Moscow, Washington

Department of Conservation, Washington State University, University of Idaho.

A field and laboratory study Involving both applied and basic research. Ground-water samples are being collected

from specific aquifers throughout the Pullman-Moscow basin. These samples are being analyzed for their tritium and carbon-14 contents in the attempt to de- termine recharge conditions and localities

of natural recharge.

Project is continuing. Current information indicates that ground

waters have been in storage for thousands

of years and that recharge is minor.

"A Comprehensive Approach to a Local Ground Water Problem," J. W. Crosby III. Proceedings N.S.F. Water Resources Conference, New Mexico State Univ., 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Fisheries Research Inst.

(3535) EFFECTS OF LOGGING ON PRODUCTIVITY OF PINK

SALMON STREAMS IN ALASKA. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Juneau, Alaska, is contracting agency. Co-operating agencies

are Northern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, and Alaska

Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska.

Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Associate Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105. Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's and doctoral thesis

research.

To identify environmental factors causing

mortality of pink salmon embryos; (2) to gain a more complete understanding of inter- relationships among spawning behavior,

physical and biological attributes of the stream and spawning bed, and mortality of embryos; (3) to determine how the quality

of the spawning bed environment as it pertains to growth, development, and mortality of embryos is affected by logging; and (4) to determine criteria for increasing

production of fry, the improvement of natural spawning areas and construction of artificial spawning areas. Included among

active routine studies are hydrological

conditions, intragravel water quality,

gravel composition, streambed freezing,

gravel shift, spawner counts, and embryo

95
mortality. Gravel sampling equipment and techniques are being tested and Improved upon

.

(g) Methods have been developed for routine field measurements of intra-gravel water quality,

gravel composition, and mortality of salmon

embryos. The major causes of egg and larval mortality have been found to be: (1) redd superlmDosition, (2) streambed freezing,

(3) Inadequate supplies of good quality

lntragravel water, and (4) gravel shift due

to floods. Stream environmental changes

due to logging have been found to be mainly

the result of the addition of logging debris

or increased sedimentation. A theoretical model of factors controlling interchange between stream and lntragravel water has been proposed and tested qualitatively.

(h) A limited number of reprints of the following

publications are available from Fisheries Research Institute, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle, Washington 98105. The theses are available on Interlibrary Loan from the University of Washington Library, Seattle. "Variations in the Dissolved Oxygen Content

of lntragravel Water in Four Spawning Streams

of Southeastern Alaska," by William J. McNeil.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special

Scientific Report —Fisheries No. 4U2, 15

p, 1962. "Interchange of Stream and lntragravel Water

in a Salmon Spawning Riffle," by Walter G. Vaux. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special

Scientific Report —Fisheries No. 405, 11 p., 1962. "Waterflow Through a Salmon Spawning Riffle in Southeastern Alaska," by William L. Sheridan.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special

Scientific Report —Fisheries No. 407, 20 p., 1962. "Variability in Pink Salmon Escapements Esti- mated From Surveys on Foot," by William L. Sheridan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific Report—Fisheries No. 408,

7 p., 1962. "Relation of Stream Temperatures to Timing of Pink Salmon Escapements in Southeast Alaska,"

by William L. Sheridan. H. R. MacMillan

Lectures in Fisheries, 1960. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, p. 87- 102, 1962.

"An Experiment to Improve an Alaskan Salmon Spawning Area," by Donald E. Bevan. Science

in Alaska, 1962, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Alaskan Science Conference, Juneau, Alaska,

August 22-26, 1962. 1963. (Abstract only.) "Success of Pink Salmon Spawning Relative to Size of Spawning Bed Materials," by William

J. McNeil and Warren H. Ahnell. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Special Scientific

Report—Fisheries No. 469, 15 p., 1964. "New Methods for Sampling Bottom Fauna and Periphyton in Salmon Spawning Gravels," by Warren H. Ahnell. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, 83 p., 1961. "Fluid Flow in the Open-Surfaced Porous Bed,"

by Walter G. Vaux. M.S. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 85 p., plus appendixes,

1961. "Mortality of Pink and Chum Salmon Eggs and Larvae in Southeast Alaska Streams," by

William J. McNeil. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, 271 p., 1962.

(4247) IMPROVEMENT OF SALMON SPAWNING AREAS IN INDIAN CREEK, ALASKA.

(b) U.S. Forest Service, Juneau, Alaska, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Alaska,

and Department of Fish and Game, Juneau, Alaska

.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Associate Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation basic and applied research,

including thesis research.

(e) Artificial spawning areas have been con- structed on Indian Creek on Prince of Wales

Island within the Tongass National Forest,

Alaska. The project is to test the general

hydraulic considerations associated with

the design of improved pink salmon spawning

areas in natural streams. Objectives of the research program are to test the design

of artificial improvements to salmon spawning

grounds. The problem is to determine If we

can provide, at reasonable cost, small areas of stable permeable gravel in which

low water flow of stream will be concentrated. The evaluation of artificially constructed

channels will provide information of the detailed requirements of spawning fish as well as the requirements of eggs and larvae. Further information will be obtained on movement of bed material as no stream flow regulation is provided,

(g) Flooding in the fall of 1961 and the winter

of 1962-63 caused considerable gravel shift and streambed erosion in the artificial

spawning channel, altering the orlglnial

design and necessitating reconstruction.

The 1961 floods apparently caused no significant embryo mortality, while the 1962-63 floods did. For artificial

spawning channels to be successfully

maintained at reasonable cost in most

southeastern Alaska streams, flow control must be provided.

(4730) DETERMINING CHANGES IN SIZE COMPOSITION IN STREAMBED MATERIAL IN LOGGED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Institute of Forest Products, Univ. of Washington.

(c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Associate Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, Univ. of Wash.,

Seattle, Wash. 98105.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; applied research for M.S. thesis.

(e) The research is to evaluate ecological

changes in salmon streams caused by de- forestation. Soil erosion, subsequent

logging operations in a watershed, may

cause large quantities of fine particles to be deposited In the beds of the streams adjacent to logging areas. The presence of fine materials reduces the permeability of the stream and gravel thereby reducing the rates of waterflow in the streambed and the rate of exchange of Intergravel water. The rate of exchange between the inter- gravel and stream water limits the quality

of the Intergravel environment of the habitat for salmon eggs and larvae. The results of the proposed investigation will

assist in determining if logging will affect salmon production. The objectives of the study are: (1) To evaluate the present

gravel sampling procedures and index of streambed quality for salmon; (2) to deter- mine the physical factors controlling the

size of the particles within the stream bed;

(3) determine if streambed composition can be used to measure effects of logging on salmon

.

(g) Data currently being analyzed.

(5019) THE ECOLOGY OF BOISE CREEK.

b) The Weyerhaeuser Company.

c) Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Assoc. Prof., Fisheries Research Institute, Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; basic and applied research,

including master's thesis research.

(e) Sewage effluents from industrial, agricultural and domestic sources have been regularly

discharged into Boise Creek for many years.

It is the purpose of the study to gather

ecological, hydrographic , and chemical data

in several strata of stream use to determine

the suitability of Boise Creek as a spawning and rearing stream for salmonid fishes.

(g) Data currently being analyzed.

(5034) EVALUATION OF STREAM CARRYING CAPACITY OF

FINE MATERIALS AS RELATED TO GRAVEL PERME- ABILITY.

96
81

(d)

(e)

Institute or Forest Products.

Prof. Donald E. Bevan, Associate Professor, Fisheries Research Institute, Univ. of Wash.,

Seattle, Washington 98105. Experimental, theoretical, and field

investigation; applied research for M.S. thesis. This research is to aid in evaluating the changes in salmon streams caused by logging. Soil erosion caused by logging at times increases the amount of fine particles within

the flowing stream. Depending upon the hydraulic conditions within the stream and

the water turbidity, the streambed perme- ability will be lowered. Reduced perme- ability lowers the water interchange between

the gravel and bed. The amount of intra- gravel flow is vital to the survival of salmon eggs and larvae. The investigation

will attempt to define the hydraulic

conditions and define concentration for a particular permeability. The objectives of the study are: (1) Determine experimentally

the amount of deposition of fines in gravel;

(2) for given hydraulic conditions, streambed composition and turbidity a theoretical

prediction of the streambed permeability;

(3) measurement of stream hydraulic

conditions, turbidity, bottom composition

and permeability; and (4) analysis of data

and previous permeability data available to determine limitations of turbidity on salmon

stream.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Harris

Hydraulics Laboratory.

14725) SALT WATER ENTRAPMENT FOR DILUTION IN SEWER

OUTFALLS

.

(b) U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare-Public Health Service.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,

98105.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The mechanism of the entrainment of a fluid

from an infinite still reservoir through

discrete ports into a conduit flowing full

is to be studied experimentally and analytically.

(g) Data have been obtained for a range of single

circular ports of varying sizes for zero and

small density differentials between conduit and entrained fluids; some multi-port data have been obtained for the zero density

difference case.

(h) Two M. S. Thesis completed (available on

loan)

.

(4726) A STUDY OF VELOCITY BARRIER DEVICE FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRANT BYPASS.

(b) Columbia Fisheries Program Office, U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Portland,

Oregon.

(c) Prof. H. S. Strausser, 317 Hydraulics Lab.,

University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.,

98105.

(d) Experimental Investigation; developmental

research.

(e) The problem requires a structure which will

guide downstream migrant fish into a col- lection facility with a minimum obstruction

to flow. The methods under study utilize velocity changes which would attract or repel the fish, thereby steering them into

a desired location.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) Results inconclusive.

(5113) MODEL STUDY OF THE MOSSYROCK DAM AND SPILLWAY.

(b) Harza Engineering Company and the City of Tacoma, Major Projects Division.

(c) Professors E. P. Rlchey and H. S. Strausser,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105.

Si

(5530)

Experimental and applied research. The study will be concerned especially with

erosion resulting from spillway flows as well as the usual problems of a dam and spillway

model

.

Completed

.

Report submitted to sponsoring agency.

A STUDY OF INFILTRATION BENEATH A FOREST

FLOOR.

(b) Office of Engineering Research; Univ. of Washington.

(c) Prof. Thomas H. Campbell, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Washington, Seattle,

Washington 98105.

(d) Field laboratory investigation; theoretical.

(e) Instrumentation permits accurate, continuous recording of flow of moisture past points

in unsaturated soil. Flow data obtained

at various plan locations and at various

depths are recorded on tape, transformed by

computer to hydrograph display. This information will be correlated with an analytical model.

(5531) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW OVER AN INCLINED, POROUS

PLATE. Laboratory project.

Prof. E. P. Rlchey, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105. Experimental; basic research.

Flow distribution, surface profile deter- mined as depending upon bed slope and porosity.

;5532)

(g)

(h)

BED SHEAR AS AN INDEX OF HYDRAULIC JUMP EFFICACY. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. E. Nece, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98105. Experimental; basic research. Boundary shear stresses are used as an index of determining energy dissipation

efficiencies of hydraulic Jump in rectangular

stilling basins; the procedure provides another description of the effective

length of the jump as that within which the bed shear is reduced to safe limits.

Data have been obtained for jumps on a horizontal floor and for Jumps with approach

slopes of 1 in 5, 1 in 3, and 1 in 1.5. One M.S. thesis completed (available on

loan)

.

WEBB INSTITUTE OF NAVAL ARCHITECTURE.

(5202) DETERMINATION OF SHIP WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence W. Ward, Prof, of Engineering, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, Glen

Cove, Long Island, New York 11542.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of means for direct experi- mental determination of ship wave resistance

from measurements of the wave pattern during

a model test. Purpose includes Improvement

in scaling model test results to full size

as well as basic understanding of nature of ship resistance.

(g) Method utilizing forces exerted by the wave pattern on a long vertical cylinder has

been developed and tests run. Results are encouraging and in agreement with other

Investigators. Experimental wave resistance

when added to estimated skin friction is less than measured total resistance. New

method utilizing wave slope records being

investigated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5203) ASSESSMENT OF SEAKEEP ING CHARACTERISTICS OF

SHIPS.

37
(b) Society of Naval Architects & Marine En- gineers, Panel H-7 of Hydrodynamic Committee.

(c) Prof. Edward V. Lewis, Research Prof, of Naval Architecture, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, Glen Cove, L. I., N. Y. 11542.

(d) Theoretical application of available experi- mental results and confirmation by model

tests; applied research.

(e) Application of available knowledge of ship model behavior in regular waves to the prediction of trends of ship performance in realistic irregular wave patterns. Experi- mental confirmation by means of model tests

in waves. Purpose is to provide the ship

designer with guidance in the selection of hull characteristics.

f) Theoretical work is completed.

g) The advantage of a high length/draft ratio

in permitting higher speeds before shipping water forward is clearly shown. A corresponding disadvantage in terms of likelihood of slamming is found, requiring a balance to

be made in selecting optimum ship characteristics.

(h) "Applying Results of Seakeeplng Research,"

E. V. Lewis, Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Bergen, Norway, September,

1964. (To be published by Office of Naval

Research, Washington 25, D.C.)

THE WESTERN COMPANY, Research Division.

(5291) EFFECT OF MOLECULAR SIZE AND SHAPE ON DRAG REDUCTION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program.

(c) Dr. H. R. Crawford, The Research Div.

of The Western Company of North America,

1171 Empire Central, Dallas, Texas 75247.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The laminar and turbulent friction loss

of dilute water solutions of various polymers are being determined in order

to relate the friction reduction ob- tained with the molecular dimensions of the polymer.

(5292) OPTIMUM CONCENTRATION OF FRICTION RE- DUCING ADDITIVES FOR PIPE FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. R. Crawford, The Research Div. of The Western Company of North America,

1171 Empire Central, Dallas, Texas 75247.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Turbulent friction loss data were taken

and in laboratory size tubing with water

containing a friction reducing additive. These data were fitted to an empirical

equation which was used to obtain an optimum additive concentration.

f) Completed.

g) Field results verified the empirical

correlation. This empirical equation

indicates that the turbulent friction

loss data cannot be correlated by the use of a Reynolds number only.

(h) "A Method to Minimize Cost of Pumping

Fluids Containing Friction Reducing

Additives," G. T. Pruitt, C. M. Simmons,

G. H. Neill, and H. R. Crawford, pre- pared for Society of Petroleum Engineers

Meeting, Houston, October 1964.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, Hydraulics and Sanitary

Laboratories

.

(956) ENERGY LOSS IN LIQUID FLOW IN PIPES AND

FITTINGS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ladish Company, Cudahy, Wisconsin, and the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research and design for B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Energy loss measurements in straight pipes

and fittings have been completed on sizes

1/4 inch to 2 inches. Pressure range 0-2500 psi, temperature range 60 to 120 degrees F. Reynolds number range 50 to 150,000.

(f) Completed.

(g) If viscosity, density, and temperature

relations are known, the standard pipe

friction theory applies at high pressures. The fitting loss constants for laminar flow

are about 3 times those for turbulent flow when N R

= 2000. The loss gradually reduces

to zero at NR

= 150.

(h) "Effect of Pressure and Temperature on the Viscosity of Petroleum Oils", V. N. Gunaji, and J. R, Vlllemonte, Proceedings of the 3rd Midwestern Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Univ. of Minnesota, 1953. "Pipe Friction Loss at High Pressures", J. G. Slater, J. R. Vlllemonte, H. J. Day, Proceedings of ASCE Hydraulics Division,

February, 1957.

(1181) VORTEX FLOW FROM HORIZONTAL THIN-PLATE

ORIFICES.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The effects of vorticity on orifice dis- charge are being studied over a wide range of vorticity, head, orifice size, and fluid

viscosity.

(g) A new parameter, the vortex number, was developed as the ratio of inertial and centrifugal forces. A general correlation

procedure was also developed for estimating

discharge rates through orifices with varying degrees of vorticity.

(3539) DISTURBED LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW.

b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation.

c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research

for M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) The equation of motion has been applied to several situations of disturbed laminar and turbulent flow and compared with experimental results. Flows are disturbed using orifices

and screens. Turbulence is measured by a newly developed magnetohydrodynamic probe in conjunction with analog and digital computers

to give the turbulence energy spectra.

(g) New equations have been developed for estimating losses due to combined and divided flow as well as losses due to other disturbances. Turbulence energy

spectra have been developed for a wide variety of boundary configurations. The new probe permits the observation of the distribution of turbulent energy across

the section of flow.

(h) "Disturbed Turbulent Flow", H. J. Day, Ph.D. Thesis, 1963, Univ. of Wisconsin, Paper

for publication is in preparation.

(3540) MODEL STUDIES OF PUMP INLET STRUCTURES.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation in cooperation with the Government of West

Bengal, India.

(c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, University

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. 53706.

d) Experimental; design for M.S. thesis.

e) A 1/16-scale model of the inlet structure for one of four axial flow pumps at the Uttarbhag Pumping Station (Sonarpur, India) has been made. Studies of inlet flow

96
patterns and pressure coefficients for a wide variety of flow situations are being

made for the purpose of reducing the cavitation threshold.

(f) Completed.

(g) Pressure coefficients were computed at 37 points on the model over a wide range of flows.

(h) "Model Study of Fump Inlet Conditions at Uttarbhag, India", C. K. Sarkar, J. R. Vlllemonte, and S. Kar, Indian journal

of Power and River Valley Development,

Univ. of Wisconsin Engineering Experiment

Station Reprint No. 666.

(3541) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS 0? GRAVITY SEPARATION BASINS.

(b) National Institutes of Health, Washington,

D. C. (c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte and Dr. G. A. Rohlich,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

M.S. and Ph.D. theses.

(e) Hydraulic characteristics of two model circular basins and one model rectangular

basin are being studied using a wide range

of flow and types of Inlet and outlet design,

using the flourescent tracer technique and

the automatic recording of dimensionless

di spersion curve s

.

Field tests on actual basins are also being undertaken where dispersion curves and

removal efficiencies are being observed

simultaneously, so that correlations can be

studied. Tne principles of similitude which apply to gravitation separation basins are also being studied in the laboratory and in the

field.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics have been deter- mined for a wide range of overflow rates and basin types both in the laboratory and field

using newly developed criteria. Comparison of actual removal efficiencies

and these derived from a new rational approach has been made several laboratory

and field basins.

(h) In addition to several M.S. and Ph.D. theses, the following papers have been completed:

"A Review of Principles Affecting Sedi- mentation", K. L. Murphy and G. A. Rohlich, Purdue Industrial Waste Conference, 1S63. "Hydraulic Characteristics of Gravity

Separation Basins", J. R. Vlllemonte and

G. A. Rohlich presented at Annual ASCE Water Resources Conference, Milwaukee,

Wisconsin, 1953.

(3354) REACTION JET INLET FOR OIL-WATER SEPARATORS.

(b) Ihe American Petroleum Inst.

(c) Prof. G. A. Rohlich and Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706.

(d) Experimental; basic research and design for

master's and doctoral theses.

(e) Studies were conducted in a transparent basin

5 feet wide, 10 feet long and 3 feet deep.

Investigations were made using various sizes and spacings of a reaction Jet at the entrance

to the basin to determine the effects of

Jet inflow on the hydraulic characteristics.

(f) Completed.

(g) Hydraulic characteristics for rectangular

basins with Reaction Jet inlet devices were observed using a wide range of flows.

(4251) CHANNEL DYNAMICS ABOVE GULLY CONTROL

STRUCTURES.

(b) U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

(c) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin,

1513 University Aveue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706

(d) Theoretical study and field investigation of basic research in channel dynamics for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Data from field surveys of 44 gully control structures In Southwestern Wisconsin have been analyzed to develop procedures for estimating quantitatively the dynamic

changes in channel profiles which occur when a gully control or sediment detention

structure is built.

(f) Completed.

(g) An equation has been developed for the ratio of the average deposition slope to the original channel slope as a function of past and present hydraulic and sediment parameters.

(4252) FLOW OF A DENSITY STRATIFIED FLUID.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wise. 53706.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Dynamic characteristics of compressible and incompressible density - stratified fluids,

are being investigated. Both steady and unsteady flow problems relating to internal gravity waves are Included in the study.

(g) Linearized equations for steady, inviscid,

compressible flow in atmospheres with various density distribution have been developed

and solved for simple boundary configurations . (h) A paper is in preparation.

(4732) UNIT HYDROGRAFH VARIATION WITH STORM HY- DROGRAPH SHAPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(e) Dr. Arno T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, 1513 University Avenue,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical study and field Investigation

of the unit hydrograph. Basic research for

Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A general one-hour dimensionless unit hydrograph derived from 16 Illinois basins was used successfully to derive 92 one-hour unit hydrographs for four mldwestern basins of 22 to 7 7 square miles in area for storms of 1 to 13 hours duration. Computations were made using IBM 1620 and CDC 1604 computers.

(f) Ph.D. thesis by Dr. Donald L. Bender com- pleted.

(g) Unit hydrographs needed to reproduce singlepeak storm hydrographs varied with peak discharge, shape, and volume of the storm hydrographs. Shapes ean be described by a dimensionless parameter the ratio of the hydrograph peak to the flow in a rectangular

hydrograph of equal runoff volume and unit

time base.

(h) Paper for A.G.U. in preparation.

(4733) THE TRANSFORMATION OF RAINFALL ON THREE BASINS IN NORTH CENTRAL WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(e) Dr. A. T. Lenz, Chairman, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental and theoretical with field

investigation; basic research for Ph.D. thesis

.

(e) This study Is to determine the relationships

existing between rainfall, stream runoff,

infiltration, groundwater, and evapo- transpiration with respect to three drainage

basins in North Central Wisconsin which have

both similar and dissimilar soil types and aquifers, based on published data.

(h) Ph.D. Thesis by Dr. John F. Orsborn com- pleted. Paper in preparation.

(4734) FLOW BETWEEN CONCENTRIC ROTATING CYLINDERS.

(b) Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation and

Fairbanks Morse Co.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) This study is concerned with the characteristics

99
of turbulent flow in an annulus, with

rotating Inner cylinder. Theoretical

prediction and experimental confirmation of shearing stresses, torque, pressure gradients, and frlctional resistance are being

sought

.

(g) A theory has been developed to predict the frlctional resistance to turbulent flow In

a rotating annulus. Experimental confirmation

has been obtained over a limited range of flow conditions.

(h) Ph.D. Thesis by Dr. L. Gelhar is completed.

(4735) MODEL STUDY OP A PROPOSED BARRAGE AT

MUSCODA, ON THE WISCONSIN RIVER.

(b) Muscoda Development Corporation, Muscoda, Wisconsin.

(c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte and Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer,

Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratorj es, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design for M.S. thesis.

(e) A comprehensive study is under way to determine the possible effects of con- structing a barrage, at Muscoda, on the Wisconsin River. The study includes con- struction of two models to determine scour patterns downstream of the dam, as well as stability of the dam itself. Backwater

effects are also being studied.

(g) Scour and stability data have been predicted

from the results of two model studies. Pre- dictions of upstream backwater levels have been made using the digital computer.

(h) Three unpublished theses and project reports

have been prepared

,

gravity waves are under study.

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

(4737) EXPERIMENTAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF ROTATING

LIQUIDS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Alan Ibbetson, WHOI, Woods Hole, Mass.

(dj Experimental and theoretical; basic research,

(e) Hydrodynamics of rotating liquid systems,

including blocking action by topographic features and generation of Rossby waves in an annulus of liquid.

(g) Previous results on occurence of blocking

action.

(h) Ph.D. Thesis, Nov. 1964, Physics Dept.,

Univ. of Newcastle on Tyne, England.

(4738) SYNOPTIC OCEANOGRAPHY - SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Raymond G. Stevens, Woods Hole

Oceanographlc Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

(d) Experimental, field Investigation, basic research, doctoral dissertation.

(e) Measurement of the directional spectrum of wind generated gravity waves in the generating area.

(g) Directional spectra have been measured in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, and Panama

City, Florida.

(4736) UNSTEADY FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering Bldg.,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for Ph.D. theses.

(e) The following problems In unsteady flow through a porous medium are under investigation: use of sound waves to determine

permeability; effect of stream bank clogging

on unsteady flow of ground water; unconfined,

unsteady flow of groundwater toward a surface stream.

(5011) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL SLOT

ORIFICES.

(b) W. A. Kates Company.

(c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics and Sanitary Laboratories, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The effects of viscosity, head, and slot type and shape on the coefficient of dis- charge are being studied.

(5597) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DROP INLETS.

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service and Laboratory Project.

(c) Dr. J. R. Vlllemonte, Director, Hydraulics

and Sanitary Laboratories, Madison, Wisconsin

53706.

(d) Experimental; applied research for M. S. Theses

.

(e) Model studies will be made of a drop inlet structure located in the head waters of the Kickapoo River Valley, Cashton, Wisconsin.

The objective is to determine operating

characteristics for several types of crest configurations

.

(5598) CHARACTERISTICS OF GRAVITY WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. P. L. Monkmeyer, 1261C Engineering

Building, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,

Wisconsin 53706.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Higher order theories for finite height

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Professor Leslie J. Hooper, Director, Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester, Mass. 06109.

(1963) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(f)

(3859)

(f)

(4740)

(b)

(d)

Foxboro, Company, Foxboro, Mass. Experimental, for design.

Calibration of various sizes of magnetic flew tubes (1" to 36" diameter) and a variety

of nozzle and orifice plate assemblies. Tests in progress. METER CALIBRATIONS. B-I-F Industries, Providence, R. Experimental, for design.

Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow tubes up to 48" in diameter. Tests per- formed in standard test loop and also In mock-up of particular field Installations.

Tests in progress. METER CALIBRATIONS. Penn Meter Company, Philadelphia, Pa. Experimental; for design.

Calibration of open flow nozzles and flow tubes from 2" to 48" in diameter in the standard test loop. In addition, tests have been performed to determine operating charac- teristics in a variety of field installation

mock-up Include a number of pipe surface finishes

.

Tests in progress.

CHONG PYONG HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT. Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass. Experimental, for design.

A 1/75 scale model of a reach of the North Han River in the Republic of Korea was constructed for the Korea Electric Company.

The model included the spillway and power- house as well as river topography up and downstream of the development. Studies

100
were made of a number of changes designed

to Improve spillway and powerhouse oper- ation. In addition a number of schemes for the different river diversions and construction planning were studied,

f) Experimental work completed.

h) Report in preparation.

(4741) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT

.

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

Id) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/80 scale model of the Intake at the upper reservoir was constructed in- cluding local topography at the intake.

The studies involved the flow patterns

and possible surface disturbances in the reservoir and also the flow in the first few diameters of the vertical shaft

of the intake.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(4746) METER CALIBRATIONS.

(b) Hagan Chemicals and Controls, Inc., Pittsburgh, Perm.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) Calibration of a variety of sizes and designs of flow nozzles and flow nozzle assemblies

.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5020) CARDINAL STEAM PLANT.

(b) American Electric Power Service Corp., New York, N. Y.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/120 by 1/40 distorted scale model of a section of the Ohio River upstream and downstream from the Cardinal Plant of the Ohio Power Co. The plant Inlets and outlets for condenser cooling water were installed for both the present unit and three future units. The studies were performed on the hot water flow patterns

in order to Insure a minimum of hot water

from either the old or the new units re- entering the cooling water system. In addition bed load movement of the river and barge handling techniques were studied over a range of river stages.

f) Experimental work completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(5021) MUDDY RUN PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Philadelphia Electric Co., Philadelphia,

Penn.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/35.3 scale model of the intake structure,

the immediate topography in the reservoir and

a section of the vertical tunnel below the intake were modeled to study the flow char- acteristics and evaluate the losses In both

the pumping and generating cycles.

(f) Work completed.

(5022) DYNAMIC EFFECTS IN FLOW METER COEFFICIENT

PREDICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental, for M.S. thesis.

(e) A number of differential producer type flow meters are being studied under different Reynolds Number levels with the same volume flow rate. It is planned to evaluate the dynamic effects on the discharge coefficient.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5023) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION INFLUENCE ON BEND

LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental for M.S. thesis.

(e) An experimental and theoretical study of the variation in energy loss in a 90° pipe bend was carried out and evaluation of the loss set up in terms of the upstream velocity dis- tribution.

(f) Work completed.

(5024) CORNWALL PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich, Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/56 scale model of the manifold and pen- stock sections was constructed of plexiglass

and PVC pipe In the appropriate diameters.

The sections varied in diameter (full scale) from 40' for the manifold to 10' for the penstocks at the powerhouse. Measurements

of pressure head at each change in section

and alignment were made to evaluate the loss coefficients in both the generating

and pumping situations.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5268) LITTLE GYPSY STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Ebasco Services, Inc., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/12 scale model of the condenser cooling water Intake of the plant of the Louisiana Power Co., Including the sump and vertical

pump bell mouth was constructed. The studies Included various modifications to insure a uniform velocity distribution at the pump

Intake for the required flows.

f) Tests completed,

h) Report In preparation.

(5269) CABIN CREEK PUMPED STORAGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston,

Mass.

d) Exp—imental, for design.

e) A 1/100 scale model of the upper reservoir

of the development of the Public Service

Corp. of Colorado was constructed. The model included the reservoir, upper face of

the dam and the water intake to the tunnel. The studies involved the flow patterns in the reservoir for various phases of operation

including both pumping and generating. A qualitative study of ice flows In the reservoir under the influence of wind was

conducted. Treatment of intake location

and flow at the intake was evaluated.

f) Test completed,

h) Report in preparation.

(5270) KASTRAKI HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York,

(di Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of the Kastraki develop- ment of the Public Power Corp. on the Acheloos River was constructed. The model

included a section of the reservoir, the gravity dam, spillway, powerhouse and river

bed downstream including the confluence with

the Zervas Torrent. The studies include the approach conditions to the side spillway, ths supercritical flow in the spillway chute and the conditions in the tailrace area.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5271) CAMPBELL STEAM POWER PLANT.

(b) Commonwealth Associated Inc., Jackson,

Michigan

.

d) Experimental, for design.

e) A 1/10 scale model of the intake at the Campbell Plant of the Consumers Power

Co. on Lake Michigan was constructed. The

local lake section was duplicated in a steel head box and the intake structure

was mounted outside to allow viewing of flow

patterns through the transparent wall. Studies were aimed at reducing the head loss

and disturbed flow in the screenhouse and

gate structure.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5272) INDIAN POINT STEAM PLANT.

(b) Consolidated Edison Co., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/60 horizontal by 1/40 vertical scale

model was constructed of the Indian Poin<-

101
Atomic Power Plant on the Hudson River. A section of the river either side of the intake

and including the Intake and its allied docking facilities was modeled. The capability

to model the hot condenser effluent was in- corporated to facilitate the study of re- circulation, mixing and allied density

current effects,

(f) Tests in progress.

(5273) CICEROZ HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) The 1/70 scale model was constructed of the Ciceroz development of the Electric Power Gen- erating Co. of Turkey. The model Included the

stream above and below the site, the arch dam, spillway and the powerhouse and allied water

passages. The studies were involved with the approach flow to the spillway and powerhouse

intake and the flow results in the tailrace

for a variety of flow conditions. Penstocks

were fabricated of clear plastic to allow ob- servation of flow in various sections.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5274) KEBAN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(5278) METER CALIBRATIONS.

b) Potter Aeronautical Corp., Union, N. J.

dj Experimental, for design.

e) Calibration of turbine type flow meters

from 2" to 24" in diameter of both the volume and mass flow design have been

calibrated. Piping arrangements Include standard loop tests and variations such as tandem mounting,

(f) Tests in progress.

(5279) METER CALIBRATIONS

.

(f)

ITT General Controls, Warwick, R. I. Experimental, for design.

Calibration of flow tubes in a range of sizes from 6" to 48" has been carried out. Field piping as well as standard test loop

installation have been used. Tests in progress.

(b) Ebasco Services Inc., New York,

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/100 scale model of the project on the Euphrates River was constructed for the Electric Power Generating Co. in Turkey. Included in the model was the river above the

dam, the dam, water intakes, spillway, fuse

plug, penstocks, spillway chute, powerhouse

and a section of river downstream in- cluding the tailrace. The studies involved

intake operation, spillway and gates, fuse plug

performance, spillway chute and wall design

and tailrace flow patterns.

(f) Test completed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(5275) PITTSBURGH GENERATING STATION.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp., Boston, Mass

.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/120 by 1/40 vertical scale model of a section of the White River has been con- structed for the Indianapolis Power and Light Co. The model represents a section

of the river above and below the Pittsburgh

plant. Studies are being conducted on bed

load movement necessary protective works at

the intake, and possible recirculation of hot condenser cooling water.

(f) Tests in progress.

(5276) HOLYOKE POWER DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Holyoke Water Power Co., Holyoke, Mass.

(dj Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1/15 scale sectional model of the gate house structure at the canal entrance was constructed in the 3 foot glass sided flume. Studies were made of forces on various

sections including gates and flow and velocity

patterns were studied. The experimental work involved representatives of Stone and Webster, Holyoke Water Power and Alden Hydraulic Laboratory.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(527 7) LAKE ONTARIO INTAKE.

(g)

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Institute of Industrial

Cooperation, Department of Engineering.

(3680) OPTIMIZATION OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Water Resources Center, Univ. of California.

(c) Prof. Warren A. Hall, Univ. of California,

Los Angeles, California 90024.

(d) Theoretical; basic.

(e) Mathematical procedures are being developed,

refined, and adapted for optimization of the development of water resource systems. Several models have been developed for the treatment of major elements and subelements

of the problem including: aqueduct capacity

determination, and the corresponding cost allocations, the multiple purpose single

reservoir project, the deterministic

project staging problems, hydroelectric

pumped storage optimization, and similar problems

.

"A Method for Allocating Costs of a Water

Supply Canal," W. A. Hall, Journal of Farm Economics, Vol. XLV, No. 4, November,

1963. "Estimating Flood Probabilities within

Specific Time Intervals," W. A. Hall and

D. T. Howell, Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 1, pp. 265-271, Amsterdam, 1963. "The Optimization of Single Purpose Reservoir Design with the Application of Dynamic

Programming to Synthetic Hydrology Samples,"

W. A. Hall and D. T. Howell, Jornal of Hydrology, Vol. 1, pp. 355-363, Amsterdam,

1963. "Optimum Design of a Multiple - Purpose

Reservoir," W. A. Hall, Journal of Hydraulics

Division (ASCE), Vol. 4, July, 1964.

(h)

(3681) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., Boston, Mass. Experimental, for design.

A 1/17 scale model of a section of submerged

Intake pipe was installed in a 12 ft. wide

flume for the Monro County Water Authority in order to evaluate forces and movement of pipe sections as a result of combined lake cur- rents and storm induced waves. Tests completed.

Report submitted.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Agricultural Experiment Station, Univ. of Calif., Davis, California.

Prof. W. A. Hall, Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024. Theoretical and experimental; basic and design

.

An investigation in the hydraulic characteristics of surface irrigation with particular reference to design of surface irri- gation systems. An analysis of the design of levees for border Irrigation is treated in detail to improve both irrigation efficiency and

farm operations efficiency.

"A Functional Analysis of Levees for Border

Irrigation Systems," W. A. Hall, accepted for publication, Transactions ASAE, St. Joseph,

Michigan

.

UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, Department of Civil Engineering.

(4639) WAVE REFLECTION STUDIES.

102
b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Warren DeLapp, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80304.

(d) Experimental, basic research, for Master's

thesis.

(e) Studies are being made of the reflection and transmission of artificially generated waves

at submerged barriers and sills of various

shapes. Investigations completed have in- cluded a flat sill with a vertical face, a thin plate at angles varying from 30° to 90° with the horizontal, and combinations of quarter-cylinders

.

f) Suspended.

g) Empirical relationships have been developed

for wave transmission and reflection for different sills. In general the most important factor is the depth of submergence of the sill and flatter waves were found to be reflected more than steep waves. Decreasing

the sill length increases the wave trans- mission and decreases the energy losses.

(h) M. S. Theses available on loan from the University of Colorado Library, Boulder,

Colorado: "Transmission and Reflection of Deep Water

Waves from a Submerged Sill", by Gerald W. May. "Reflection and Damping of Water Waves from

a Submerged Barrier", by A. P. Verma. "Transmission and Reflection of Deep Water

Waves at a Breakwater" by M. C. Mlekush.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, School of Engineering.

(5489) BOUND- ROCK EROSION PROTECTION FOR HIGHWAY

DRAINAGE DITCHES.

b) Connecticut State Highway Department.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U -37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268.

d) Experimental, applied.

e) Develop application of scientific erosion- protection method to highway ditches. Experiments will provide necessary design data and develop construction methods for low-cost installations

.

(5490) RECOVERY OF DEPTH OF SCOUR FLOATS RELEASED

DURING FLOODS.

b) Department of Civil Engineering.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Hydraulics Research

Laboratory, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268.

d) Field investigation; for master's thesis.

e) Floats devised by W. B. Moeller were re- leased in Connecticut and Wllllmantlc

Rivers during spring 1964 peak flows. Floats were brightly marked and had in- structions and a return postcard visible

from the outside. A float capable of reporting by radio is now being designed.

(g) Recovery percentage to date only i% from locations tested.

(5491) FLOW IN A WIDE FLAT TRIANGULAR CHANNEL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268.

d) Experimental, basic.

e) Measurement of water-surface configuration

approaching drop-off at the end of a smooth channel with horizontal grade line.

(g) Importance of lateral components is evident but unaccounted for in presently

available theories. Turbulence intensity

seems uniform over entire width.

(5492) DISCHARGE FROM CIRCUMFERENTIAL WEIRS.

b) Department of Civil Engineering.

c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Box U - 37, Univ. of Conn., Storrs, Conn. 06268.

d) Experimental j master's thesis.

e) Head measurements and nappe measurements

for water flowing out of vertical pipes

and spilling out over their horizontal

peripheries.

:

103
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

CORN BELT BRANCH, 108 Soils Building, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Branch

Chief.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

See Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research,

page 40.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1929, and 2386. See also U. S. Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water Conservation Research Div., Southern Plains Branch, Project No. 4335, and Illinois

State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and the Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell, Hydraulic Engineer,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory,

3rd Ave. S. E., at Mississippi River,

Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414.

(d) Experimental j applied research for development and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, con- struction, and testing of structures for conserving and controlling soil and water

are carried out. Studies during the past year have been concerned with the two-way

drop inlet for closed conduit spillways.

The width of this drop inlet is equal to

the barrel diameter. Its length varies. Water flows only over the two sides. The

end walls support a horizontal plate over

the drop inlet which acts as an anti-vortex

device. The overhang of the plate supports

a trash guard. Tests are conducted using

both water and air as the model fluid to determine the performance, loss coefficients, and pressure coefficients for the drop inlet. Cooperation with and co-ordination of the tests at the Stillwater, Oklahoma, Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory and the Illinois State Water Survey is maintained. Additional work on the two-way drop inlet concerns the effect of low-level orifices

on the performance of the spillway.

A square drop inlet having a hood barrel entrance is being tested to determine

entrance loss coefficients for various drop

inlet sizes and heights and various barrel

slopes. Previous tests have evaluated the performance of this type of inlet,

(g) If the anti-vortex plate is too low, undesirable orifice flow will control the discharge. If the anti-vortex plate is too high, harmful vortices will form under the plate. Rules for determining acceptable

plate heights have been determined. The overhang of the plate must be greater than

a certain minimum to insure satisfactory

performance. The action of the two-way

drop inlet is that of a self-regulating

siphon. The tests using air agree with the results obtained from the water tests and

are much easier to perform. Air is used as

the model fluid only for the condition of full conduit flow. Tests on the hood drop inlet have shown that

the hood barrel entrance can be used to reduce the minimum required height of the drop inlet. Minimum sizes of drop inlet and anti-vortex devices have been determined. Tests of low-stage orifices in the two-way

drop Inlet have shown that improper location

and improper proportioning of the orifices

can prevent priming of the spillway. The proper location of the orifices and the sizes of the orifices for satisfactory spill- way performance have been determined.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN ILLINOIS.

See University of Illinois, Department of Agricultural Engineering, page 34.

(4264) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Wisconsin Valley Improvement Co.

(c) Mr. N. E. Mlnshall, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 4248, Madison, Wisconsin.

(d) Field investigation and office analysis.

(e) Various records of runoff, ground water, precipitation and climatic factors, soil moisture, land use, and agricultural

conditions and practices are maintained for

19 agricultural watersheds ranging in size from 23 to 11,000 acres in the vicinity of Fennlmore, Colby and at other locations In southwestern Wisconsin. Analyses are made

to evaluate the factors affecting flood

flows, hydrograph characteristics, and the yield of stream flow.

(4265) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS ON THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To develop methods of characterizing

watershed precipitation related to runoff

rates and volumes and to evaluate "normalcy"

of sample periods.

(g) Records of dense network of rain gages are being analyzed to determine network

specifications for characterizing rainfall

for runoff rates and volunes. Shielded and tilted catchment surfaces of rain gages have been Installed In the field along with wind recording apparatus for studying the effect of wind on the rain gage catch and how the latter evaluates the rainfall on sloping land surfaces of a single aspect.

(4266) SURFACE RUNOFF AND INTERFLOW STUDIES IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field Investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate the factors affecting the volume of storm surface runoff and interflow

from various combinations of upland watershed

soil, cover, and treatment, and to study the basic factors affecting the hydrograph of these flows under various soil-cover

combinations.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Storm

flow totals from all unit source watersheds

along with specific watershed and climatic parameters have been assembled for all the major storm runoff periods of record. Computer analysis of these data is being

made to test for parameter significance.

(4267) STUDIES OF RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS

IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field Investigation and office analysis.

e) To determine how flows from incremental

areas combine to produce hydrographs of stream flow on larger complex watersheds; determine the effects of climate and watershed characteristics on rates and amounts of runoff; and develop methods for predicting the magnitude and frequency of

104
flows from ungaged watersheds.

(g) Work is continuing on these studies. Preliminary analysis showed that the summation of flow from Incremental areas accounted for, at the best, only 70 percent

of the storm flow measured for the larger

complex watershed. Base flow was at a minimum. Interflow studies are being made to evaluate

the magnitude and timing of this quick

return flow as a factor in flood stream flow. Geologic investigations of aquifers con- tributing to stream flow are included in the study of the effects of watershed

characteristics and management of stream

flow. Their effect is an important factor,

as runoff volumes increase rapidly with watershed size up to areas of 1,000 acres.

A small watershed has been thoroughly

instrumented to identify and evaluate shallow-depth Interflow.

(h) "Black Locust for Pence Posts", R. E. Youker, Journal Soil and Water Consv. Vol. 19, No. 14,

p. 146, July-August, 1964.

(4268) STUDIES IN SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To evaluate ground-water and Interflow

contributions to stream discharge of agriculture watersheds and the recharge to aquifers under various watershed and climatic

conditions.

(g) Work is continuing on geologic mapping for

identifying and evaluating aquifer flow to stream discharge. Catchment areas of these contributing aquifers is being mapped.

Studies of interflow have been started on

the upland watersheds to help account for

that storm flow at the complex watershed

runoff gages not measured as upland surface

runoff.

(4269) MOISTURE REGIMES OF SOILS IN THE UNGLACIATED ALLEGHENY PLATEAU.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. L. L. Harrold, Supervisory Hydraulic

Engineer, ARS, Coshocton, Ohio.

d) Field investigation and office analysis.

e) To maintain the soil moisture inventory of agricultural watersheds; to evaluate the effect thereon of soil, land use, and climate;

to develop methods of estimating soil moisture quantities under various land use

and climatic conditions; and to determine

the influence of frozen soil and frost structure on water movement.

(g) Nuclear soil-moisture equipment is now providing good data on soil moisture down

to 90-lnch depths. They show material

variations in moisture within a small watershed. Presently, methods of evaluating watershed soil moisture are being studied. Effect of vegetation of different rooting

depths on soil moisture is being evaluated. Deep-rooted crops extract moisture to depths unaffected by shallow-rooted crops. In dry

seasons, the former consumes more water than

the latter, resulting in less percolation to ground water reservoirs. Lyslmeters, 8 feet deep and 1/500 acre area of undisturbed

soil record weight changes and percolation.

(h) "Land Use, Soil Type, and Practice Effects on the Water Budget," by F. R. Drelbelbis and

C. R. Amerman, Jour. Geophys. Res. Vol. 69, No. 16, pp. 3387-3393, Aug. 1964. "Evidence of Errors In Evaluation of Dew Amounts by the Coshocton Lyslmeters," L. L. Harrold and F. R. Drelbelbis, IASH, Pub. 65, pp. 425-431, Mar. 1964.

"Soil Moisture Sampling Plan for Watersheds",

J. L. McGulnness and J. B. Urban, ARS 41-87,

Feb. 1964.

(4270) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW IN IRRIGATION

FURROWS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. C. A. Van Doren, Chief, Corn Belt Branch, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of the study is to investigate

the hydraulics of flow in irrigation furrows, as Influenced by furrow shape, slope,

roughness, and rate of flow. Develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum

effective control and management of irri- gation water.

(fl Completed.

(g) The study showed that roughness coefficient

was a function of the depth, hydraulic

radius, velocity, and Reynolds number. The roughness coefficient decreased with an increase in each of these four variables.

For the trapezoidal furrow, the roughness

coefficient was higher than for the triangular furrow with the same degree of retardance

.

(h) "Characteristics of Flow in Trapezoidal and Triangular Irrigation Furrows," by J . F. Thornton and R. P. Beasley, Missouri Agr.

Expt. Sta. Bulletin No. 855, March 1964.

(4271) PLASTIC -LINED MOLE DRAIN STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. James L. Fouss, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and field investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to improve plastic mole drainage techniques and

test the effectiveness of other subsurface

and surface drainage systems. Tile, mole

and other subsurface drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

(g) The work is continuing on improving plastic

mole drainage macerials and Installation

equipment, and on the effectiveness of other subsurface and surface drainage systems. The most recent field test results on thin- walled plastic mole drain liners indicate

that 30 inches is a minimum drain depth to prevent damage to the drains by farm field operations, such as plowing.

(h) "Automatic Grade Control for Subsurface Drainage Equipment," by J. L. Fouss, R. G. Holmes and G. 0. Schwab. Transactions of the ASAE, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 111-113, 1964. "Research on Plastic-Lined Mole Drains in the United States," by J. L. Fouss and G.

0. Schwab. Vlth International Congress of Agricultural Engineers Transactions,

Lausanne, Switzerland, Sept. 21-27, 1964. "Experimental Plastic Drains," by J. L. Fouss and N. R. Fausey, Ohio Farm and Home

Research, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 54-55,

July - August, 1964.

(4273) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Lee Hermsmeier, Agricultural Engineer, North Central Soil Conservation Field

Station, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental and field Investigations, both

basic and applied.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop engineering techniques that will provide maximum effective control and management of water. Techniques are developed for managing surface water flow through land forming and surface drainage

systems. Tile, mole and other subsurface drainage systems are developed and their effectiveness determined.

(g) Work is continuing on land forming and the development of Improved surface drainage

105
systems, the effectiveness of field

diversions, improved plastic mole drainage

techniques and effectiveness of other

subsurface drainage systems.

(4274) NATIONAL SUMMARIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF RUNOFF AND SOIL-LOSS DATA. See Purdue University, Agricultural Engrg.

Dept., Project No. 3808.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. H. Wischmeler, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Department, Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Data analyses, applied research.

(e) Objectives of the national data summarization

and analysis project are (1) to consolidate

all available past, current, and future

runoff, soil loss and related data in standardized form to make them available for application of current methods of hydrologlc

and statistical analyses; (2) to analyze the data on an over-all basis, with special

emphasis on identification and evaluation of significant factor interactions; and (3) to develop bases for prediction of runoff

and soil losses from different landscapes under various land use and management conditions. In analyses of the assembled data,

special emphasis is directoward identifi- cation and evaluation of factors and interaction effects responsible for the frequent wide differences in results of localized studies at various locations. Over-all results are reduced to charts and

tables readily usable by application technicians.

(g) In studies at 47 locations, average annual runoff from cropped plots ranged from 3 to 36$ of rainfall. Amount of runoff was influenced by soil properties, slope,

cropping system, productivity level, residue management, tillage methods, and Intercrops.

On silt loams and silty clay loams, it decreased significantly with increases in percent organic matter. For other soils,

percentages of sand and clay were more

influential. Runoff per unit area increased with percent slope - with corn the relationship

was curvilinear at all crop stages, with

small grain or meadow cover it was linear.

(h) "Relation of Field-Plot Runoff to Management

and Physical Factors", by W. H. Wischmeler. Agronomy Abstracts 1964, Amer. Soc . Agron.,

p. 51.

(4275) BASIC MECHANICS OF RAINFALL, RUNOFF, SOIL

MOVEMENT, AHD LOSS. See Purdue University, Agricultural Expt.

Station, Project No. (4182).

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota and Purdue Agricultural Experiment

Stations

.

(c) Dr. L. D. Meyer, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Agricultural Engineering Building, Purdue

Univ., Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory investigations, basic research.

(e) Fundamental investigations of the mechanics

of rainfall and runoff erosion are conducted

at two Corn Belt Branch locations. At Morris, Minnesota, C. K. Mutchler and R. A. Young are using a 40-foot drop tower for studies of raindrop splash patterns as affected by drop size, surface irregularity, water depth, target softness, and target Inclination. The pressure distribution at Impact is also being investigated. At Lafayette, Indiana, the effect of slope

steepness, runoff rate and particle size

on erosion by rainfall and/or runoff is being Investigated. Non-cohesive glass

spheres (50-500 micron) were used initially, with sands, silts, and soils to follow,

(g) High-speed movies of drops at impact showed

that the splash crater became wider, higher,

and more outward as drop size Increased. Increased surface roughness, softness, and water depth generally decreased the resulting

splash. Runoff erosion increased as slope steepness and runoff rate Increased and as particle

size decreased. Strong evidence of critical limits of these variables below

which no appreciable erosion occurred was

found. The resulting soil erosion relationships were similar to comparable sediment transport and wind erosion relationships,

(h) "When a Raindrop Strikes," USDA, ARS, Agricultural Research, 12: 8, 9, Nov. 1963. "Mechanics of Soil Erosion by Rainfall and Runoff as Influenced by Slope Length, Slope

Steepness and Particle Size," by L. D. Meyer. Ph.D thesis, Purdue Univ., Lafayette,

Indiana, June 1964.

(4276) IMPROVED PRACTICES FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. V. Mannering, Soil Scientist, ARS, Department of Agronomy, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the effects of soil properties, slope

characteristics, type and extent of canopy

cover, quantity and management of crop

residues, seedbed and tillage practices, and various factor interactions on infiltration

and erosion. Replicated tests are conducted

on selected plots on Purdue-owned and privately-owned farms in Indiana and ad- joining states under simulated rainfall applied with the ARS-Purdue "Rainulator"

.

(g) Wheeltrack planting corn on rough-plowed

land and cultivating It only when needed to destroy surface crusts substantially re- duced both runoff and erosion throughout

the entire growing season and increased

available soil moisture in periods of deficient rainfall. The studies showed,

however, that the benefits derived from

this practice: (l) are greatest immediately

following good quality sod, (2) diminish progressively with successive years of corn

even when abundant residues are incorporated

each year, and (3) are much less significant

on land from which crop residues have been

removed. Corn yields were not significantly affected by the reduction in tillage.

(h) "Erosion-Control Effectiveness of Rotation

Meadows", by J. V. Mannering, L. C. Johnson,

L. D. Meyer and B. A. Jones. Jour. Soil and Water Cons. 19: 91-95, June 1964.

"The Effect of Minimum Tillage for Corn

on Infiltration and Erosion", by J. V. Mannering, L. D. Meyer and C. B. Johnson. Agronomy Abstracts 1964, Amer. Soc. Agron., p. 49. "Effects of Various Rates of Surface Mulch

on Infiltration and Erosion", by J. V. Mannering -and L. D. Meyer. Soil Scl . Soc. Amer. Proc. 27(1): 84-86, 1963. "Crop Residues and Surface Mulches for Controlling Erosion on Sloping Land Under

Intensive Cropping", by L. D. Meyer and

J. V. Mannering. Trans. ASAE 6(4): 322,

323, 327, 1963.

(4277) SOIL ERODIBILITY DETERMINATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Purdue, Iowa and Minnesota Agricultural

Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. w. H. Wischmeler, Research Statistician,

ARS, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field

investigations, basic and applied.

(e) The purpose is to investigate differences in

the erodibility of soils; identify and evaluate the soil properties and profile

characteristics that influence erodibilitv:

106
and, if possible, derive an equation that expresses the functional relationship of

soil erodibility to these variables. The equation would serve as a means of computing locational values of the soil- erodibility factor in the universal

erosion equation. Both "in situ" measure- ments on field plots and laboratory measurements on small, disturbed soil samples are made under simulated rainfall

and related to laboratory analyses of the soils

.

(g) The studies have shown that the erodibility

of a soil Is not fully determined by those

soil properties considered in standard soil- series classifications. The erodibility of Corn Belt soils generally increased with

increases In silt content and decreased with increases in sand content, but differences in organic matter content, aggregation, dispersion ratio, and other variables resulted in broad ranges of erodibility within standard

textural classes. Interactions of properties

that affect infiltration rate and permeability

with those that resist dispersion and transport were found to be highly significant. Efforts

to develop a dependable soil-erodibllity esti- mating equation are continuing.

(h) "Relative Erodibility of Three Loess-Derived

Soils in Southwestern Iowa", by B. L. Schmidt,

W. D. Shrader, and W. C. Moldenhauer. Soil

Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 28: 570-574, 1964. "The Erodibility of Some Indiana Soils", by

T. C. Olson, J. V. Mannering and C. B. Johnson. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. 72: 319-324,

1963. "Applicator for Laboratory Rainfall Simulator",

by C. K. Mutchler and W. C. Moldenhauer.

Trans. ASAE 6:220-222, 1963.

(4278) RAINFALL ENERGY AND SOIL EROSION RELATIONSHIPS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. S. Rogers, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Turner Hall, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana,

Illinois.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic research

.

(e) Raindrops were photographed to determine

sizes and impact energies. Runoff was measured and soil loss determined from fallow and continuous corn plots. Various

characteristics of rainstorms are being

related to the resulting erosion.

(g) Erosion-producing rainstorms have been limited during this research. Data collection

is completed and analysis Is underway.

Improved runoff measuring and erosion sampling

equipment has been developed.

(h) "A Device for Controlling Electrical Circuits

by Rainfall Rate", by L. C. Johnson and H. B. Puckett, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27: 472, 1963. "Improved Measuring and Sampling Equipment

for Sediment-Laden Runoff", by J. A. Replogle

and L. C. Johnson, Trans. ASAE 6: 259-261,

1963.

(4279) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN IOWA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. W. C. Moldenhauer, Soil Scientist, ARS, 225 Agronomy Bldg., Iowa State University,

Ames, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; field Investigations, applied

research.

(e) Purpose is to evaluate soil and crop management practices in relation to water management and erosion control on the major Iowa

soils. Runoff, soil loss and related data, under natural rainfall, are taken on frac- tional-acre plots on Grundy, Ida and Carrington

silt loam soils.

(g) Consistent high crop productivity and good

management of abundant residues have very effectively reduced soil erosion from both

small grain and corn during intense rains

that caused quite severe erosion on the check plots. However, the effectiveness

of large amounts of corn residue turned under has not equaled that of a good

quality sod turned under before corn.

(4280) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES ON THE SLOPING LANDS OF WISCONSIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. E. Taylor, Soil Scientist, ARS,

P. 0. Box 6, Lancaster, Wis.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

.

(e) After more than 30 years of measurements of runoff and soil loss from field plots under

natural rain on steeply sloping Fayette

soil near Lacrosse, Wisconsin, all work at that location was terminated at the close

of the 1963 crop season.

(g) A 30-year summary report of runoff and erosion studies in Wisconsin is being

prepared for publication as a USDA technical

bulletin.

(h) "Corn Stover Mulch for Control of Runoff and Erosion on Land Planted to Corn After Com,"

by R. E. Taylor, 0. E. Hays, C. E. Bay and

R. M. Dixon. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

28(1): 123-125, 1964.

(4281) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES IN THE MIDWEST

CLAYPANS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Fred D. Whitaker, ARS, Agricultural

Engineering Dept., Univ. of Missouri,

Columbia, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied

research

.

(e) To evaluate effects of soil treatments, tillage practices and supplemental Irrigation

on runoff and erosion from Midwest Claypan

soils. Measurements of runoff, soil loss

and concomitant variables on a series of fractional-acre plots and small watersheds under natural rainfall are continuing.

(g) Fertilization adequate to produce high crop yields and large quantities of plant residues has greatly reduced the formerly serious soil and water losses from this gently sloping,

claypan soil. Preparing seedbeds so that shredded cornstalks remained at the surface resulted in further significant reduction in

soil loss from the high-intensity rains. Corn receiving full fertility treatment has been a more efficient user of water than has corn with only starter fertilizer.

(4262) RUNOFF AND EROSION INVESTIGATIONS IN MINNESOTA UNDER SIMULATED RAIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. A Young, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, North Central Soil Conservation Research

Center, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research.

(e) Simulated rainstorms of design erosivity,

applied in each of three cropstage periods,

are used to evaluate the relations of runoff

and soil erosion to slope steepness, slope

shape, row direction, intensity of cropping, residue management, tillage methods, and other variables In relation to crops that

are common in this climatic area. Runoff hydrographs are obtained and changes in

soil concentration of the runoff are de- termined by periodic sampling throughout

each test. Tests are conducted on various

soils of west-central Minnesota and eastern

South Dakota

.

(g) Crops tested in various sequences and at several growth stages have included flax,

soybeans, corn and small grain. Initial tests have shown slope shape to be a significant factor in erosion. Effects of tillage methods are being tested in 107
relationship to associated cloddiness and surface configuration.

See Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, page 62.

(4307) RESERVOIR FORMULAS AND THE VOLUME-WEIGHT OF

RESERVOIR SEDIMENT.

(t>) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and State Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Bldg. T-12, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia,

Missouri

.

(d) Field investigations, development, and office analyses

.

(e) This project provides criteria for more accurate determination of the sediment yield of watersheds from reservoir survey

data. The investigations include: (1) Refinement of survey procedures and methods

for determining reservoir capacities and

sediment volume from reservoir sedimentation

survey data: (2) explanation of variations

in the volume weight of reservoir sediment;

(3) recommendations on determination of the total weight of reservoir sediment; and (4) development of procedures for predicting

the volume-weight of sediment in a pro- posed conservation structure.

(4817) EROSION AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION STUDIES ON BARNES SILTY CLAY LOAM.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. E. Burwell, Soil Scientist, ARS, North Central Soil Conservation Research Center, Morris, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied

research

.

(e) Field plots under natural rain are used to characterize runoff and erosion on the Barnes

soil of the North Central Region and to evaluate moisture conservation aspects of soil and crop management practices. Automatically

controlled devices to heat the collecting and measuring equipment enable measurement of runoff from snow-melt and thaw. Soil moisture

is measured by neutron probe techniques. Wind

direction and velocity are automatically

recorded.

(g) During years of average or below average rainfall for this climatic area, moisture con- servation for crop use is of greater concern

than soil erosion. The measurements have

shown, however, that this soil is highly

erodible in periods of concentrated rainfall

and that erosion damage is a serious problem. The soil has been very responsive to soil and crop management practices as erosion-control measures

.

(h) "Runoff Plot Design and Installation for Soil Erosion Studies", by C. K. Mutchler, ARS

41-79, August, 1963.

(4825) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Agri- cultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, Hydraulic Engineer,

Bldg. T-12, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia,

Missouri

.

(d) Field investigations, development, and office analyses

.

(e) Numerous small reservoirs form the basis

for this study. The objectives of this project are: (1) Determine the amounts,

rates, and character of sediment yields

from agricultural watersheds; and (2) relate

sediment accumulation in the reservoirs

with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff, watershed characteristics, and cultural

practices. Sediment yield and related in- formation are important factors in the planning and design of small reservoirs and other conservation installations.

(5033) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS FOR AGRICULTURAL

LANDS.

(5204) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES ON WATERSHEDS IN MISSOURI VALLEY DEEP LOESS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the love Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. K. E. Saxton, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri

.

(d) Field Investigations, development, and

office analyses.

(e) Two sets of paired agricultural watersheds

are instrumented to observe the hydrologic

budget and surface runoff in deep loess. Level terracing will be introduced as a variable on one of the watersheds of one of the pairs; a comparison of level terracing

and grass cover will be made on the other

pair. Variables observed are precipitation,

soil moisture to 20-foot depths, surface

flow, ground water recharge and outflow, and evapotransplration

.

(5205) ANALOG STUDIES OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Dept. of Agronomy.

(c) Dr. George S. Taylor, Dept. of Agronomy, Ohio State Univ., 1885 Neil Ave., Columbus 10, Ohio.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied.

(e) An electrical resistance network analog Is used to study the placement of subsurface drain

tubes to provide optimum water table control for plant growth.

(g) Removal of excess rainfall and artesian water from a surface peat horizon, underlain

with a thick slowly permeable silt layer, can be better achieved with tile drains on 40-foot spacings in the peat layer than with artesian relief wells Into the aquifer.

(5561) EROSION AND MOISTURE CONSERVATION STUDIES

IN EASTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. C. W. Doty, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, South Dakota State College, Brookings, South Dakota

.

(d) Experimental; field investigations, applied research

.

(e) Field plots under natural rain are used to characterize runoff and erosion on the Poinsett soils of eastern South Dakota and

to evaluate moisture conservation aspects

of soil and crop management practices. Watersheds are being developed for evaluating

improved terrace designs for moisture con- servation and erosion control.

(g) Three years' measurements have shown these

soils to be very highly erodible during

periods of concentrated rainfall, but to be quite responsive to soil and crop management

practices as a means of reducing soil erosion.

In this area of about 20 Inches average

annual rainfall, moisture conservation for crop use is a major problem.

(5562) RESERVOIR TRAP EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

Soil Conservation Service and Iowa State Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. G. Heinemann, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri.

(d) Field investigation, development, and office analyses.

(e) The purpose of this research is to evaluate

those parameters that affect the sediment trapping ability of water-retarding structures. This will enable prediction of the trap efficiency of structures. Measure- ments are made of the sediment content of

the inflow and outflow and the volume re- tained in the reservoir. Characteristics

108
or the sediment, watershed, reservoir, and other parameters are also used in the analyses.

(5563) GULLY EROSION STUDIES IN DEEP LOESS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Robert P. Piest, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri.

(d) Field investigation, development, and office analyses.

(e) Measurements are being made on several actively-eroding gullies in controlled watersheds in the Missouri Valley deep

loess. The objectives are to learn the causes of gully and channel erosion, the rate of this erosion, and the effect of level terraces on gully growth. Measure- ments include amount eroded, changes

in dimensions, surface flow, soil moisture,

and ground water elevations.

(5564) EVALUATING INTERFLOW WITHIN CLAYPAN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. V. C. Jamison, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia, Missouri

.

(d) Field investigation, development, and office analyses.

(e) Field investigations are being conducted to identify and evaluate quantitatively the contribution to surface flow by the return

to the surface of moisture infiltrated up

the slope. Various lengths of plots and degrees of soil saturation are used.

(5565) RUNOFF FROM CLAYPAN SOIL AREA OF MISSOURI AND ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Keith E. Saxton, P. 0. Box 208, Columbia,

Missouri

.

(d) Field investigation, development, and office analyses.

(e) Precipitation, runoff, pond evaporation and

seepage, pan evaporation, and land use are being measured on a 160-A. watershed near

McCredie, Missouri. These and other rainfallrunoff data throughout this soil area are being

analyzed to evaluate water yield and surface

runoff.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To determine the Important streamflow qualities which materially affect the intensity of attack upon the stream channel periphery material and the variation

throughout the flow boundary of forces de- structive to the channel periphery material

.

Investigations are conducted on selected natural reaches of Buffalo Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York and on the Pequest River in Warren

County, New Jersey.

(g) Thorough study and analysis are continuing

on stream geometry and of hydraulic char- acteristics of channel improvements and stabilization works constructed by Soil Conservation Service on Buffalo Creek. The analysis of the March 30, 1960 and other

floods is being carried out by assembling

an atlas of high-water data and by pre- paring a topographic map showing the con- tours of the stream channel and of the flood plains. A method is being developed

for estimating discharge by using the superelevation of the water surface in an open channel bend. This method is based on the principle that the transverse difference

in water surface at an open channel bend is related to the geometry of the bend and to the velocity head of the flow.

(4284) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To develop economical methods for streambank stabilization through observation and measurement of the effectiveness of various

vegetal and structural measures in relation

to streamflow over a range of streamflow conditions and channel geometry. Principal

investigations are conducted on Buffalo

Creek and tributaries in the vicinity of East Aurora, New York.

(g) Valuable information is being gained by

observing continuously the past stabili- zation works in Buffalo Creek and noting

the conditions which made repair works

necessary.

(h) "Research Seeks Best Technlqes for Stabilizing Stream Channels," by R. P. Apmann. Soil Conservation 29(9): 199-201. April 1964.

(4285) CHANNEL HYDRAULICS AND FLOOD ROUTING IN STEEP MOUNTAIN STREAMS. NORTHEAST BRANCH, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville,

Maryland, Mr. W. W. Pate, Branch Chief.

(3867) IRRIGATION FACILITIES.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. J. N. Jones, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Inst., Black3burg, Virginia.

d) Field investigations.

e) Irrigation studies are designed to determine

the effect of irrigation practices on the yield

and quality of tobacco. Plant response, as measured by Leaf Area Index, is related to consumptive use of water and evapotransplration.

(f) This study was initiated in 1961. Only

preliminary data are available. Current

study includes evaluation to the solar radiation utilization.

(4283) A STUDY OF FLOOD FLOWS AND THEIR EFFECTS

ON STREAM CHANNELS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, N. Y.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont

Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field Investigations.

e) Studies on a 1.5-mile reach of the Sleepers

River channel involving determination of: travel speed of controlled waves of different volumes; profiles of natural and controlled waves of different volumes; practical field methods of measuring the friction slope of mountain channels; com- parisons between results obtained with flood routing formulas and observed flood wave

data; and the relationship between channel

efficiency, flow duration curves, and watershed morphology.

(g) Short reaches within the 1.5-mile reach

were found to have a Manning's "n" value of between 0.035 and 0.040 for the bank-full conditions and a maximum of about 0.20 for very low flows. Channel roughness and geometry are intricately related to each other and to the lithology and climate of the watershed. This mountain stream is characterized by a relatively narrow and

109
deep cross-section. It is postulated that this geometry causes a rapid Increase in velocity with increasing discharge, providing

the erosional energy required for the eventual attainment of a most probable state. There

is an upper limit to roughness in a stream

channel, and this is approached in the length of stream studied. Addition of more roughness elements would only create a new

bed with similar characteristics. The

removal of a number of the element would

very probably increase the resistance to flow because it would reduce the phenomena

of shielding, in which the elements reduce

the frictional effectiveness of one another

due to close grouping.

(4286) INFLUENCE OF SNOW AND FROZEN SOIL ON RUNOFF.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Con- servation Service and College of Technology

of the University of Vermont.

(c) Mr. M. L. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

Route 2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) This study on the 43- square mile Sleepers

River Watershed is concerned with the factors influencing the accumulation and melting of snow; the relationship of frozen

soil to runoff; and the development of methods for predicting runoff associated with

snow melt. Data are collected and analyzed

from snow courses, precipitation gages, temperature records, heat budgets, soil moisture and frost measurements, and snow melt in conjunction with streamflow records

at nine stations in the subdivided watershed.

(g) The albedo consistently decreased from a high value in January to a low value at the end of the snowmelt season and was found to be affected by the specific gravity of the

snow, the age of the snow, and the number of degree-days above 32° F since the last snow. Snow structure was studied weekly by digging

pits during the winter through the snow profile to the ground surface. During the winter the snow was distinctly structured,

the temperature variations within the snow profile were relatively large, the temperature

at the ground surface remained about constant

at 32° F., and the specific gravity increased

with depth. During the melt period the temperature within the entire snow profile varied less than 3 to 4 degrees, and the specific gravity situation reversed for its maximum value occurred at the snow surface. As the snow melted from the surface downward,

the snow layers became less distinct, finally

disappeared, and the snow pack became a homogeneous mass of coarse ice crystals. Until these conditions prevailed, very little

free water was found to reach the snowmelt

pan placed on the ground surface.

(4287) PRECIPITATION PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to develop a method for calculating average precipitation

on the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed and its subdivisions in relation

to elevation, storm source and direction;

to study the behavior of summer convective

storms in the northeast; and to provide

information on rainfall depth-area-duration

in relation to point rainfall in this part

of the northeast.

(g) In a study to determine how watershed parameters affected rainfall and snow depth,

altitude was found to be the most important

variable. Seasonal lsoheyetal maps show that the variation is synonymous with

elevation, the difference In precipitation

being greatest in winter and least In summer. The areal randomness of thunder- showers appears to account for the more equitable distribution in the summer. The strong correlation between snow depth and elevation is due to the fact that the higher altitudes have greater snowfall, cooler mean temperatures, and more cloudy

days. Though the rough and heavily wooded

terrain of the higher altitudes provides

abundant shade and shelter from the wind,

aspect and exposure appear to have a minor influence on the relation between

rainfall or snow depth and elevation in

this watershed,

(h) "Computer Reduction of Precipitation Data," by G. H. Comer and W. R. Hamon, U. S. Dept.

of Agrlc. ARS 41-89, 38 pp., 1964.

(4288) INFLUENCE OF SOIL AND LAND USE ON STREAMFLOW FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) Investigations of the influence of land use, climatic factors, and physical characteristics such as soils, geology, and topography upon runoff rates and water yields from

the 43-square mile Sleepers River watershed

and its important subdivisions to derive relationships for predicting the hydrologic

performance of ungaged watersheds in the other parts of the physiographic area.

(g) The largest water yield and highest peak

flow appears to be more related to amount

and distribution of poorly drained soils than to the size of watershed, which varies

from 116 acres to 43-square miles.

(4289) SUBSURFACE CONTRIBUTIONS TO STREAMFLOW IN SLEEPERS RIVER WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. G. H. Comer, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To investigate procedures for separating

streamflow into components of surface runoff, return flow, and base flow for storm and annual flows; to investigate the rates, amounts, and seasonal time distribution

of subsurface contributions to streamflow; and to investigate the relationship of the physical characteristics of watersheds to baseflow recession equations and to ground- water hydrograph shapes.

(g) The constant "K" in the basic groundwater

recession equation has been found to vary with seasons and with soil types and land

use.

(4290) GROUNDWATER ACCRETION AND MOVEMENT IN RELATION TO WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station and College

of Technology of the University of Vermont, Vermont Water Conservation Board, and Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. E. T. Engman, Hydraulic Engineer, Route

2, Danville, Vermont.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) To develop information on ground water

accretion and movement as affected by land

use, soils, geology, and topography; and to develop methods for predicting ground water

110
accretion and movement in relation to the physical, hydraulic, and meteorological

characteristics of the 43-square mile Sleepers River Watershed.

(4291) INFLUENCE OF LAND USE ON THE HYDROLOGY OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia

Agricultural Expt. Sta., Virginia Polytechnic

Inst., and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. J. B. Burford, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Department,

Virginia Polytechnic Inst., Blacksburg, Va.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To provide additional knowledge concerning

the disposition of precipitation in agricultural watersheds, and to develop pro- cedures based upon watershed characteristics,

climatic factors, and various land use practices for the prediction of flood peaks

and seasonal and annual water yields In three physiographic areas. Hydrologic,

geologic, soils, plant cover and cultural

data are being obtained on 4 unit source watersheds varying in size from 3.5 to 19.3 acres in the Appalachian Valleys and Ridges

and on 10 complex watersheds from 182 to 3,054 acres in the Appalachian Valleys

and Ridges, Blue Ridge Mountains, and the Piedmont Plateau.

(h) "High Accuracy Streamflow Measurements with

Low Cost Installations," by J. B. Burford

and J. H. Lillard, Trans. ASAE, Vol. 6(4): 276-281.

"Silt in Suburbia," by D. E. Whelan and C. S. Britt, Proc. 18th Annual Meeting of SCSA,

pp. 263-270, 1963.

(4292) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF CHISELING SHALLOW

SHALE SOIL IN WEST VIRGINIA APPALACHIAN VALLEYS AND RIDGES.

(b) Cooperative with West Virginia Agricultural

Experiment Station and the Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Mr. V. 0. Shanholtz, Hydraulic Engineer,

Agricultural Engineering Dept., Virginia

Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Va

.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) The purpose of this study is to determine

the effect of chiseling shallow shale subsoil upon rainfall-runoff relationships

of small watersheds. Four 10-acre watersheds

were calibrated over a period of six years, from the Spring of 1958 to the Fall of 1964. Treatment was applied to two of the four watersheds in September 1964.

(h) "Influence of Selected Rainfall Characteristics on Runoff Volume," by V. 0. Shanholtz

and W. H. Dickerson, Bulletin 497T, West Virginia University Agric. Expt. Sta., 1964.

(4294) ERODIBILITY OF SOILS IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Maine Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Eliot Epstein, Soil Scientist, Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations both

basic and applied for development and design.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to obtain fundamental Information on the erodibility of Northeast soils and to de- termine the interrelations of climate, cover

(including rock fragments), runoff, and soil loss

.

(g) Results continue to show increased erosion

due to rock removal and beneficial effects

of a rotation over continuous potatoes.

Progress is being made on a laboratory tech- nique for evaluating soil erodibility using a rainfall simulator.

(h) "Runoff and Erosion Losses in Northern Maine,"

by E. Epstein, W. J. Grant, and R. A. Strucktemeyer . Maine Farm Research 1(2): 8-10, 1963.

(4295) TILLAGE PRACTICES AND DIVERSION TERRACES

FOR WATER AND EROSION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the New York Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. George R. Free, Soil Scientist, Bailey

Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

(d) Field investigations.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to determine the inter-relation of tillage,

topography, climate, runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate the effectiveness of diversion terraces for controlling surface

and subsurface flow.

(g) Work Is continuing on the effectiveness of conventional, mulch and minimum tillage for corn on runoff and erosion from slopes of different steepness and length and or, the effect of diversion terraces on surface soil moisture during critical crop growth stages for several sloping soils having seepage problems

.

(4819) DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE PRACTICES IN THE NORTHEAST.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Vermont Agricultural Experiment Station

and the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Joseph Bornstein, Agricultural Engineer,

University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.

(d) Field investigation both basic and applied

research

.

(e) The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate drainage practices for sloping

lands of the Northeast. This involves development of techniques for determining

directional components of subsurface water

flow before and after installation of drainage treatments. Surface drainage

practices are instrumented to measure runoff

from rainfall and snowmelt.

(f) Instrumentation of this project is completed

and one year's data are available on diversion ditch runoff and tile outflow. Extensive piezometric data are also available.

(h) "Transistorized Piezometer Water Level

Reader," by J. Bornstein and R. R. Alberts.

Jour. Agrlc. Engr. Res. 8: 340-341, 1963. "Ground Water Movement in Poorly Drained

Glacial Till Soil," by J. Bornstein. Amer.

Soc. of Agr. Engr. Trans. 7(1): 38-41, 45, 1964.

(4820) HYDROGRAPH LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperative efforts on occasion

.

(c) Mr. H. N. Holtan, Director, Hydrograph

Laboratory, ARS, Beltsville, Md.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) The purposes of this project are to evolve and test new concepts, theories and principles for understanding the hydrologic

processes on agricultural watersheds; to test and adapt information from various

sources for application to water control and related problems encountered in watershed engineering; to conduct special

analyses Involving ARS data from more than

one Station or more than one Branch that can be more adequately carried out at a central location which has available a full-time staff of scientists with special- ized training in hydraulics, hydrology,

meteorology, and mathematics; and to provide

case assistance to field personnel de- tailed to the Laboratory for specific anal- yses as requested by the field.

(g) The Hydrograph Laboratory is currently

performing hydrologic computations with digital computers to simulate watershed

performance as affected by various protective measures. In a continuation of the study

reported last year, a system was developed

for expressing the rising side of a hydrograph, as well as the falling side in terms

of the recession storage-flow relationship.

It was found that two successive routings

of rainfall excess through one-half of the storage derived from the recession curves induces the lag needed to predict the rising

111
side of the hydrograph. Currently, the U. S. Hydrograph Laboratory Is conducting a survey

of hydrologlc capacities of selected soils occurring on Agricultural Research Service

study watersheds. These data are intended

for use in computing infiltration curves and watershed retentions. Numerical studies are continuing in the hydraulics of flood flow including both kinematic and kinetic formulations. These computations are programmed

for the 1620 computer and are presently

adaptable for varied overland flow or for varied flow in prismatic channels. Deptharea duration studies of rainfall expectancies

are underway using data from dense network watersheds as supplied by various participating

agencies. Distribution patterns for major

storms are also under study,

(h) "Handbook of Applied Hydrology," Section 12, Infiltration, by G. W. Musgrave and H. N. Holtan, contributing authors, edited by Ven

Te Chow. McGraw-Hill, Inc. 10074, 1964. "Mathematical Refinement of an Infiltration

Equation for Watershed Engineering," by D. E. Overton, USDA ARS-41-99, 11 pp., 1964.

(4821) EFFECTIVENESS OF STREAM BANK STABILIZATION AND PROTECTION MEASURES IN REDUCING SUSPENDED SEDIMENT LOAD.

(b) cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

(d) Experimental field investigations.

(e) To develop procedures for estimating

effectiveness of streambank stabilization and other measures in reducing the sediment discharge of a stream. It is postulated

that the total sediment load of a stream is directly related to the mean concentration

of the suspended sediment for a flood series, and that changes In time of the mean con- centration resulting from Installation of streambank stabilization measures are indi- cative of changes in total sediment load. The streambank stabilization measures are being installed by Soil Conservation Service

as part of the authorized flood prevention

program in the Buffalo River watershed. Measurements of suspended sediment load concentration and of stream discharges are made for all floods above a certain magnitude,

(h) "The Determination of Sediment Yields from Floodwater Sampling," by D. A. Parsons, R. P. Apmann, and G. H. Decker, Internat'l Assoc.

Sci. Hydrology 65: 7-15, 1963.

(4822) A STUDY OF THE MOVEMENT OF COARSE-TEXTURED BED MATERIAL OF TWO NEW YORK MOUNTAIN STREAMS.

(b) Cooperative project with Soil Conservation

Service and Cornell University.

(c) Mr. R. P. Apmann, Hydraulic Engineer, 21 South Grove Street, East Aurora, New York.

d) Experimental field investigations.

e) To relate the quantities of transported bed materials to flood discharge rates and durations, to determine applicability of bed load equations in coarse material trans- port problems and, if appropriate, devise

new or revised relationships. In 1963 a stream reach was instrumented and debris basin made larger on the Little Hoosic

River near Berlin, New York. In 1964 a stream reach and debris basin were instru- mented on Dean Creek, Tioga County, New

York.

(4823) COMPILATION AND PUBLICATION OF SELECTED HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Cooperative project with various State Experiment Stations and Land Grant Colleges

and with the Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. W. Hobbs, Hydraulic Engineer, Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

(d) Office assembling and processing of current hydrologlc data.

(e) To provide Information on monthly precipitation and runoff, annual maximum discharges

and volumes of runoff, and selected runoff events with associated data on rainfall, land use and practices, soils, geology, and antecedent conditions for all current ARS

research watersheds in the United States. Hydrologlc Data for years 1962, 1963, and

1964 will be published separately at six- month Intervals. Hydrologlc Data for 1965

and subsequent years will be submitted for publication by August of the following year.

(5206) DRAINAGE PRACTICES FOR LEVEL AND SLOPING LANDS.

(b) Cooperative project with the Virginia Truck Experiment Station and the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Truman Goins, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2160, Norfolk, Virginia.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations including both theoretical and applied phases.

(e) Drainage studies for level land include a study of drainage requirements of various vegetable crops with emphasis on the various

factors related to high soil water contents

and their effect on plant growth. Land- forming will be studied as a means of minimizing the need for surface drains In flat Coastal Plains areas, and for more efficient soil and water management

practices on sloping lands of the Piedmont.

(g) Greenhouse data are available on the effect

of different water table levels on growth

and water absorption of crops grown on three soils. Further studies are being

conducted on maximum soil water tolerance of crops as related to water utilization.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation Div. NORTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins,

Colo., Dr. C. E. Evans, Branch Chief.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER MEAS- URING DEVICES. Cooperative with Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station. See Colorado State University, Civil Engineering Section,

Fort Collins, Colo., page 16.

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

d) Field investigation. Applied research.

e) A field investigation covering more than

200 square miles to determine possible

causes for a saline condition on a large

area of land. Measurements consist of water tables, artesian conditions, soil and water physical and chemical data.

(g) Salt-affected soils are caused by high water

tables, poor drainage conditions and saline artesian waters. High water tables are caused by precipitation. The salt source

Is the Dakota sandstone artesian aquifer.

(4296) HYDRAULICS OF SUB-CRITICAL FLOWS IN SMALL, ROUGH CHANNELS.

See Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Section, Project No. 3400.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulic Laboratory, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and

applied, portions used for masters and doctoral theses.

(e) This study is an experimental investigation

utilizing a tilting flume in which a small channel 60-feet long Is formed by natural

112
soil which is fixed in position against movement by chemical spray. A variety of roughness forms can be created on the bed. The relation of roughness dimensions and

channel shape to flow resistance is de- termined for a range of channel slopes and flow depths.

f) Inactive.

g) Relationships between resistance coefficients and measured roughness dimensions

were developed for both laminar and turbulent flows. The transition between these flows was found to occur at a Reynolds number (RV/v) of 500 for these channels. For low Reynolds number flows (Re less

than 500) over rough boundaries, normal flow depth was proportional to discharge,

viscosity and roughness height and inversely

proportional to roughness spacing and channel slope. For turbulent flows, re- sistance was a logarithmic function of roughness height and flow depth. The standard deviation of bed elevation measure- ments was used in both cases to represent

the effective height of tne nonuniform

roughness elements. Effects of roughness

spacing and channel shape on flow resistance

could not be detected for turbulent flows.

(h) "Effects of Boundary Roughness and Channel

Shape on Resistance to Flow of Water in Very Small Open Channels" (ABSTRACT), E. G. Kruse. Diss. Abs. Universal Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich., Vol. XXIII, No. 9, pp. 3295-

6, March 1963.

(4297) COOPERATIVE WATER YIELD PROCEDURES STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Soil Conservation Service, USDA, and the Bureau

of Reclamation, USDI.

(c) Mr. A. L. Sharp, (collaborator), 1697 S. W. 19th, West Linn, Portland, Oregon.

d) Office analyses, applied research.

e) To develop and test methods for use by field engineers to evaluate the downstream effects

of upstream conservation use and treatment

of land on water yields of creeks and rivers.

The project is one purely of analytic

hydrology. The project uses available hydrologic and other data wherever it is available. It secures no new hydrologic

data such as streamflow data, climatic data, or land-treatment data. The project is nearing completion.

(g) Studies have demonstrated that it cannot be proved statistically significant that there

are downstream effects on stream flow of upstream conservation treatment and use of

land, although It is axiomatic that in subhumid to arid areas such effects must

exist. A rational method of evaluating

such effects has been developed and tested.

A summary of the studies performed and presentation of the rational method will be published through Department of Agriculture

media during 1964.

(4298) COMPARISONS OF RATES AND AMOUNTS OF RUNOFF

FROM SMALL SINGLE-COVER WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations — applied research.

(e) To evaluate the effect of (1) different land use treatment and (2) different crops on the runoff from single crop watersheds in the Central Great Plains, as one of the signi- ficant factors influencing runoff from complex watersheds. Replicate 4-acre single crop watersheds In meadow, pasture, culti- vated and eroded cultivated land seeded to grass are instrumented with recording rain

gages, flumes and waterstage recorders. Six cultivated watersheds are in a wheat- sorghum- fallow rotation. Mulch (subsurface) tillage,

on the contour, is practiced. Effects of different crops and land uses on storm runoff rates and amounts are determined by

analyzing hydrographs and histograms.

Seasonal, annual, and long time effects are determined by analyzing precipitation and

runoff data.

(g) Twenty-four years of record show that runoff

from a single crop 4-acre watershed averaged

3.3 inches. During the same period a 4-acre native-pasture yielded 2.0 Inches and a native-meadow yielded only 0.25 Inches. Rainfall during the period averaged 22.4 inches. These results indicate the relative differences that can be expected in runoff

under different land-use practices.

(4299) RUNOFF AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS OF

LARGE MIXED-USE WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations -- applied research.

(e) To determine characteristics of runoff from

large mixed-use watersheds as related to, or affected by, precipitation, channel storage,

transmission losses to valley alluvium,

time of concentration, stream gradient, and watershed size. Three watersheds, in mixed

use, 481, 2086 and 3490 acres In size, are instrumented with rain gages, weirs, and

stage recorders for observing precipitation

and runoff. Transmission losses to valley

alluviums are estimated by use of gaged outflow and estimates of inflow from unit

source areas of tributary land. These latter estimates are based on gaged rainfall

on and runoff from small 4-acre single-use

source area watersheds. Hydrographs and histograms are analyzed to obtain watershed

retention (Infiltration) rates and hydrograph characteristics.

(g) Twenty-four years of record indicate that average yearly runoff from a conventionally

farmed area of 481 acres was 3.3 inches. On a single crop 4-acre area the average

was 3.6 Inches. Rainfall for the period

averaged 22.4 inches. A comprehensive

analysis of the 24 years of continuous

records is underway.

(4300) COMPARISON OF RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT YIELDS

FROM CONSERVATION AND CONVENTIONALLY

FARMED WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To determine the effects of conservation

farming, land use, climate, and physiography

on rates and amounts of runoff and sediment yields. Two 400-odd-acre watersheds, one conventionally farmed and the other con- servation farmed, are equipped with recording rain gages, weirs and stage recorders, and sediment samplers, to measure precipitation, runoff, and sediment yields. The

two watersheds were operated the same during

a calibration period from 1939 to 1947. One was then treated by terracing, contour

tillage and seeding eroded cultivated land

to grass.

(g) Current data substantiate previous analyses

indicating conservation measures are effective in controlling soil erosion from average rainfall events. Six years of continuous measurement show that annual

sediment yield from the area under con- servation was 5.4 tons/acre compared with

8.7 tons/acre from the conventionally

farmed area or a difference of 38 percent.

In 1957, a year of above normal rainfall with Intense storms, no significant re- duction in sediment yield was realized

under conservation practices whereas in 1963, a year of above normal rainfall but

no intense storms, the sediment yield from

the area under conservation was only 14 percent of that from the conventionally

i

113
farmed area. The significance of kinetic energy of rainfall in sediment yield

determinations is indicated.

(4301) RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTENSITY OP GRAZING AND RUNOFF AMOUNTS ON FINE-TEXTURED SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with South

Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field investigations -- applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of light, moderate

and heavy grazing and other factors such as precipitation, antecedent soil moisture, soil frost and snow accumulation, on rates and amounts of runoff from fine-textured range

soils in southwestern South Dakota. Replicated plots of about 2 acres in each

of the lightly, moderately and heavily

grazed pastures are instrumented to observe

runoff amounts (stage recorders and H-flumes)

rates and amounts of precipitation (recording

rain gages), soil moisture, soil frost and vegetative conditions. The studies are being made on the South Dakota Range Experiment Station near Cotton wood, South Dakota.

(g) Rainfall-runoff events during the first year

of study indicate that grazing intensity

materially influences range cover and that runoff is normally higher from heavily

grazed areas although storm sequences and antecedent moisture conditions can significantly influence the normal trend.

(h) "Runoff as Affected by Intensity of Grazing

on Rangelands." A. L. Sharp, J. J. Bond,

J. W. Neuberger, A. R. Kuhlman, and J. K. Lewis, Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 19(3):

103-106, May-June, 1964.

(4302) MEDICINE CREEK WATERSHED INVESTIGATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Geological

Survey, Bureau of Reclamation, and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Data from this southwestern Nebraska project

are being analyzed for the following

purposes: (l) To estimate the long-time

runoff and sediment yields from 8 years of observed hydrologlc watershed data; (2) to determine if acquired runoff, sediment and channel data will adhere to the existing

channel regime equations for six runoff

stations; and (3) to compile and prepare a publication indicating what data have been collected as part of the cooperative

investigations, and where these data may be found.

(g) The long-time sediment yields for the six watersheds have been computed by three different approaches. In each of these methods, the observed runoff and sediment

data for 8 years were used for the projection.

(4303) SEDIMENT YIELD AS RELATED TO GULLY AND

CHANNEL EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service, and Nebraska and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARS-SWC,

Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) The objectives of this project are: (1) To determine and relate rates of gully and channel erosion to causal factors; (2) to provide basic data on rates of land loss

and land depreciation due to gully erosion; and (3) to develop criteria, based upon

hydrologlc and physical factors, for esti- mating quantities of sediment derived from gully erosion.

(g) Results of studies covering an 11-year

period indicate that channel slopes and

shapes are related to erosion and runoff

conditions. It was found that for a unit cross section area, depths of flow, In a gullied channel, increase in a downstream direction but the rate of increase declines

with distance downstream from the head-cut. Head cutting erosion In one case was equivalent to 8 percent of the total sedi- ment yield and the material removed from the channel was equivalent to 30 percent of the total sediment yield of the tributary

drainage in the 11-year period.

(4304) SABETHA LAKE WATERSHED SEDIMENTATION

STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. V. I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer, ARSSWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

d) Field investigations and office analysis.

e) The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the amount, rate, and character of the sediment yields from this 10-square

mile watershed in northeast Kansas; (2) to relate sediment accumulation In the reservoir with sediment yield, precipitation, runoff

and other watershed characteristics.

(4306) SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN FLOODWATER

RETARDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and State Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. Verne I. Dvorak, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations, and office analyses.

(e) This study was undertaken to improve the design criteria for floodwater retardlng-type

reservoirs by: (1) determining those factors that influence sediment distribution and evaluating their importance, and (2) derlvirg and testing methods for predicting the horizontal and/or vertical sediment distri- bution in floodwater retardlng-type reservoirs. This is important in determining the minimum elevation of the principal spillway

and the required original capacities of various storage pools.

(4309) ISOLATION AND RELATIVE EVALUATION OF RUNOFF

PRODUCING POTENTIALS OF RANGE SITES OF

WESTERN SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment

Station

.

(c) Mr. A. R. Kuhlman, Botanist, Newell Irri- gation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations —

applied research.

(e) To evaluate relative runoff producing po- tentials of principal range sites of Western

South Dakota including sandy, silty, shallow, thin breaks, panspots, overflow, clayey, and dense clay range sites as characteristic of

D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in the Dakotas, Montana and Wyoming. To evaluate relatively the same range sites by rainfall simulators. To isolate vegetative factors such as standing

vegetation, mulch, root systems and soil factors that cause differences in runoff from different range sites.

(h) "Precipitation-Runoff Relationships on Western South Dakota Watersheds," J. W. Neuberger, A. L. Sharp, and A. R. Kuhlman.

So. Dak. Farm and Home Res. XV(1): 6-9, Winter, 1964.

(4310) WATER YIELD AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION FROM RANGELAND WATERSHEDS.

114
(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations, applied research.

e) To determine the frequency of water yields

of various amounts from rangeland watersheds

ranging in size from a few acres to 13,000

acres, and gross sediment yields (volumetric) from the same watersheds, as representative

of the D-4, D-10, and D-ll soil conservation

problem areas in eastern Montana, Wyoming

and the Western Dakotas. Purposes of these

studies are to provide data on water yields

and information on which to estimate the probable useful life of ponds and reservoirs

in the problem areas. The work Is being

done by gaging precipitation, measuring water

yields in stockwater reservoirs, making

reservoir sedimentation surveys, and securing

data on watershed physical, topographic,

ecologic and grazing use factors.

(g) Data continue to show that sediment yields

from fine-textured soils are double those from the medium textured soils (7.5 tons/

acre and 3.7 tons/acre respectively).

Similarily, surface runoff from the fine- textured soils has continued to average 4 times that from medium-textured soils. In 1962, 6.1 inches of runoff or 27 percent

of the 22.6 Inches of preclpation occurred

in a 90 acre fine-textured soil area which

is the highest percentage measured since the studies were initiated in 1957. The highest runoff during 1962 from the mediumtextured soils areas was 6 percent of the annual rainfall.

(4824) EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE FROM RANGELAND

STOCKPONDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Clayton L. Hanson, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station, Newell, South Dakota.

d) Field investigations — applied research.

e) To differentiate total stockpond water

dissipation into evaporation and seepage

and develop a basis for predicting expected

stockpond water losses. The purpose of this study is to aid in the development of practical methods to reduce losses of water

from stockponds to provide dependable water

supplied for livestock.

(g) Data show that the ratio of the total pond

evaporation (floating pan) to that from the Class A land pan is 0.64. Seepage and deep

percolation in ponds In the medium-textured

soils region amount to 55$ of the total pond

dissipation. In one 12 ac. ft. capacity

stockpond the volume of dally seepage loss over a 37-day period averaged 910 cu. ft. per day or an equivalent volume to water more

than 600 cows each day. Stockponds on medium-textured soils are continuing to show water losses exceeding inflow up to 80 percent of the time resulting in dry ponds

nearly 50 percent of the time.

(4826) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTIALLY

SATURATED POROUS MEDIA.

See Colorado State University, Civil Engrg.

Section, Project No. 4611.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Colo. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Colorado State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Certain hydraulic characteristics of porous

media must be known for laboratory modeling

of complicated field problems Involving water movement in soils. Problems Involving

flow of fluids in partially saturated soils often cannot be solved except by inferences

derived from the performance of models. The purpose of the study is to be able to

predict from equations how any porous medium

will behave with respect to the functional relationship between permeability, degree

of saturation (or fluid pressure) when

certain media properties are known. A thorough understanding of the way permea- bility is effected by measurable properties

of porous media might eliminate the necessity of selecting a porous medium by

trial for use In model studies.

(g) A theory showing how the variables capillary

pressure, water and air permeability are related to degree of saturation has been

developed. Methods and equipment have been developed for measuring these variables using

steady state experiments. Verification of the theory with experimental results has been good. It appears that hydraulic properties

of partially saturated media can be described by three parameters: the bubbling pressure,

P-[,j a measure of the uniformity of the pores

in the medium, ; and the saturated permea- bility K.

(h) "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media and Their Relationship to Drainage Design," R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey. J. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng. 7(l):26-27, 1964. "Hydraulic Properties of Porous Media," R. H. Brooks and A. T. Corey. Colo. State Univ. Hydraulics Paper No. 3:1-27, March 1964.

(4827) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN BORDER CHECK IRRI- GATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. 0. W. Howe, USDA-ARS-SWC, P. 0. Box

786, Grand Junction, Colorado.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design

.

(e) This is a study of the operational charac- teristics of low-gradient border checks on

a medium textured soil. It involves measurement of the efficiency of irrigation,

uniformity of distribution, effect of uneven

grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc., upon irrigation efficiency.

Soil moisture samples are taken before and after irrigation at Intervals in the length

of the run. Continuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to ob- tain relationships regarding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, intake rate, on rate of advance of irrigation water. Such relationships will

be useful in designing and operating low- gradient border check irrigation systems.

f) Discontinued.

g) Slopes of 0 to 0.05 percent gave highest

irrigation efficiencies, around 90 percent, when crop retardance to the flow of water

was small. Slopes of 0.10 to 0.15 percent

were needed to offset the high retardance

caused by fully developed sugar beet foliage

.

(4828) DESIGN DATA FOR LEVEL OR NEARLY LEVEL BENCH IRRIGATION SYSTEMS ON CLAY SOILS IN WESTERN

SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Statioa

(c) Mr. Niel A. Dimlck, Agricultural Engineer, Newell Irrigation and Dryland Field Station,

Newell, South Dakota.

(d) Field investigations. Results will be used

for design purposes.

(e) This is a study of the operational character- istics of low-gradient border checks on a fine textured soil. It involves measurement

of the efficiency of irrigation, uniformity

of distribution, and effect of uneven grade, kind of crop, stage of crop development, etc, upon irrigation efficiency. Soil moisture

samples are taken before and after irrigation

at intervals in the length of the run. Con- tinuous measurements are taken of depth of water at these stations throughout the set. The purpose is to obtain relationships

115
regarding the effect of crop retardance, slope, surface configuration, Intake rate, on rate

of advance of Irrigation water. Such rela- tionships will be useful In designing and operating low-gradient border check Irri- gation systems,

(g) No significant findings have been obtained

as yet since this project was Just initiated

In 1962.

(4829) TOE INFLUENCE OF RELIEF UPON VEGETATION, SOIL

SALTS, AND WATER TABLES IN AN IMPERFECTLY

DRAINED GLACIO-LACUSTRINE SALINE AREA OF

INTERCONNECTING RIDGES AND DEPRESSIONS IN NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. M. Sandoval, Soil Scientist, U. S. Field Station, Mandan, North Dakota or Mr.

L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box

806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A field experiment of dimensions 450 x 800

feet in a ridge-depression micro-relief area where depressions are non-saline but ridges

highly saline. Purpose of study is to de- termine reasons for the differences in salinity. Evaluated by measurements of ground-water gradients and studies of water

chemistry and soil physical and chemical data.

(f) Terminated.

(g) Generally, greater leaching occurs in the depressions owing to impounded precipitation.

Artesian pressures are present but play a minor role.

(h) "Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils

in a Wet Saline Area in Eastern North

Dakota," F. M. Sandoval, L. C. Benz, and

R. H. Mickelson. Soil Sci . Soc. Am. Proc.

28(2) :195-199, 1964. "Microrelief Influences in a Saline Area of Glacial Lake Agassiz: II. On Shallow Ground Water," L. C. Benz, F. M. Sandoval,

R. H. Mickelson, and E. J. George. Soil Scl. Soc. Am. Proc. 28(4) : 567-570, July-August,

1964.

(4831) LAND FORMING ON SALT-AFFECTED LACUSTRINE SOILS

IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY HAVING AN INTERSECTING MINOR RIDGE-DEPRESSION TYPE OF MICRORELIEF.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field experiment; applied research.

(e) Consists of four 5-acre plots under culti- vation in a saline ridge-depression microrelief area. Two plots are leveled -- one having surface drainage, the other having

only internal (tile) drainage (precipitation

is impounded) . One unleveled plot has internal drainage, the second one has none. Purpose of work is to determine effects of

land forming and tile drainage on salt- affected land.

A STUDY OF THE FALLING WATER TABLE, SOIL

MOISTURE, AND SOIL SALT TRANSLOCATION

DURING WINTER MONTHS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. L. C. Benz, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field experiment; basic research.

(e) Experiment consists of two treatments (straw mulch and fallow) each replicated 3 times. Field plots are 60' x 60'. Measurements

obtained are; soil moisture (neutron method), water tables, soil temperatures, freezing

depth, water and soil physical and chemical

data. Purpose of the experiment is to determine translocation of water table waters which recede during the winter months.

(f) Field work terminated. Report not yet

available

.

(4833) RELATIONSHIP OF MEASURED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION

TO SOLAR RADIATION IN WESTERN U.S.A.

(b) Laboratory project, (Joint project with Mr.

(4832)

M. E. Jensen, Northwest Branch.)

(c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Agricultural Research

Service, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Analytical and theoretical; basic and applied.

(e) Measurements of evapotranspiration rates for one- to three-week periods made by USDA personnel during the past 35 years have been re-evaluated and selected data for field

and orchard crops are being related to solar radiation and air temperature using an energy balance approach. Solar radiation

data for 20 locations in the Western U.S.A. have been summarized and procedures developed for estimating radiation for specific

periods. The resulting relationships can

be used for estimating evapotranspiration

for various crops.

(f) Completed.

(5207) VOLUMETRIC EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A COMPLEX WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and Nebraska

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Frank J. Dragoun, Hydraulic Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations and office analysis; master's thesis study.

(e) To develop a method of determining volumes

of erosion and deposition within a watershed using topographic maps developed from aerial photographs, and to delineate the areas, determine the volumes and indicate the depths of erosion and deposition with time.

It is expected that from this research a new method will evolve for use in con- servation work.

(5208) DEVELOPMENT OR CHANGES OF VEGETATION ON PERMANENT GRASS WATERSHEDS AS AFFECTED BY

USE AND AS RELATED TO WATER YIELDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Warren L. Rice, Engineering Technician,

ARS-SWC, Hastings, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations—applied research; compilation and analysis of data.

(e) Objectives of the research are: (1) To follow deterioration of vegetation when converting from meadow to pasture; (2) to follow development of vegetation on cropland seeded to native grasses; and (3) to follow changes in vegetative cover of a permanent pasture watershed. In all cases

the effect on water yields will be determined

It is the purpose of this research to provide needed information on the effect of changes in pasture and meadow land use on runoff and water yields.

(5566) LABORATORY STUDY OF DELTA DEVELOPMENT IN- DUCED BY FLOOD-WATER RETARDING AND SEDI- MENT DETENTION STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory investigations cooperative with

the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brooks, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental investigations; basic and applied.

(e) Purpose of project is: (1) To investigate

the dynamic processes involved in delta

(topset bed) development above floodwater

or debris storage structures, and (2) to develop equations and graphical representations describing the delta development processes In terms of the variables in- volved . (g) Project initiated September, 1964. As yet,

no data have been obtained.

(5567) AUTOMATION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory and field investigations.

(c) Dr. H. R. Haise, Research Investigations

Leader, Water Management, P. 0. Box 758, Fort Collins, Colorado

116
(e)

(5568)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Laboratory and field project. Applied re- search. Development, design and operation

of automated system. To develop labor-saving devices for surface application of irrigation water to farm

fields for more efficient use of existing water supplies. Study involves development

and testing of remote operation of a pneumatic valve (patents pending) capable

of controlling water in open ditch and closed pipe systems. In early stages of development. Water has been successfully applied to irrigation fields by radio control of pneumatic valves at distances up to one mile or more. Further studies are to be initiated at five locations where automatic

systems will be operated and tested on a total farm basis.

THE EFFECT OF SLOPE WITHIN A WATERSHED ON WATER INTAKE AND RUNOFF FROM RAINFALL. Laboratory project cooperative with Nebraska

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Norrls P. Swanson, Agricultural Engineer,

ARS-SWC, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Field investigations; basic and applied.

Purpose of the project is: (1) To measure

and compare Intake, runoff, and erosion from plots on slopes of approximately 3, 6, and

1C percent, located within small 4-acre watersheds using simulated rainfall; and

(2) to construct runoff hydrographs using

simulated rainfall data for comparison with hydrographs obtained from natural rainfall.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. NORTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 1096, Boise, Idaho,

Dr. J. S. Robins, Branch Chief.

(3550) THE EFFECT OF SPRINKLER PATTERN VARIATION ON IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Klmberly, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) To determine the effect of sprinkler

pattern on field Irrigation efficiency and develop a method for calculation of field water application efficiency for a sprinkler

system from sprinkler pattern, wind velocity,

humidity, temperature, irrigation period, and related factors. Another phase of this project is to test typical sprinkler heads for reproducibility of water distribution

pattern.

(f) In completion stage.

(g) Tests conducted to date indicate that 90 percent of the water applied by the sprinklers to the plots could be accounted

for in the catch cans and correction for evaporation using the Frost-Schwalen

nomograph. Only 79 percent of the water

could be accounted for by the soil sampling method when corrected for consumptive use

of plants and evaporation from the sprinkler nozzle to the soil surface using the Frost- Schwalen nomograph. The losses not ac- counted for above are being investigated.

(h) "Making Use of Sprinkler Pattern Data," Claude H. Pair, Irrigation Engineering and Maintenance, Vol. XIII, No. 7, pp. 10-11,

26. Oct. -Dec. 1963.

(3552) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. James A. Bondurant, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Route 1, Box 185, Klmberly, Idaho 83341.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, basic research

.

(e) To investigate the factors that influence

the advance and recession of water in an Irrigation border strip.

(3553) DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATIC SURFACE IRRIGATION

EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory-field project.

(c) Mr. Allan S. Humpherys, Agricultural Engineer,

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River

Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Klmberly, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; design and development.

(e) To develop automatic and semi-automatic control structures for surface irrigation.

(g) Gates which will check the flow of water in

a head ditch for a pre-determined period of time are being developed. These allow

a field to be irrigated a portion at a time. Automatic and manual reset gates are being developed for both lined and unlined

ditches. These are controlled by mechanical

timers, electrically and with floats.

(h) "Mechanized Surface Irrigation." Colorado

Rancher and Farmer, pp 18, 34, March 10, 1962. "Mechanization of Surface Irrigation," Doane Agricultural Digest, Western Edition, V. 25, No. 10-7, May 16, 1962. "Automation comes to Surface Irrigation," Western Farm Equipment V. 59, No. 6, pp 16-

19, June 1962. "Surface Irrigation Through Automatic

Control," Underground Raindrops, V. 6, No.

2, Summer 1962. "Hydraulic and Geometrical Relationships of Lay-Flat Irrigation Tubing," by A. S. Humpherys and C. W. Lauritzen. USDA Technical Bulletin No. 1309, October 1964.

(4311) FLOOD HYDROGRAPHS BY ELECTRONIC ANALOG.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

(d) Analytical, basic and applied.

(e) Further development and adaption of electronic analog methods in the solution of flood routing problems and the prediction of flood hydrographs from agricultural and Foothill range watersheds of the northwest.

(4312) WATER YIELD AS INFLUENCED BY WATERSHED CHAR- ACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

(d) Analytical.

(e) Regional analysis of water yield as affected

by climatic, topographic, geologic, soil, land use and other characteristics of rangeland watersheds in the Northwest.

(4313) SNOWMELT HYDROGRAPHS AS INFLUENCED BY

CLIMATIC FACTORS AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Idaho.

(c) Mr. J. Marvin Rosa, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 414, Moscow, Idaho.

(d) Analytical, basic and applied.

(e) To develop improved methods for estimating

daily hydrographs of streamflow from mountainous watersheds where the supply is from snowmelt and occasional rain.

(4314) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS OF A NORTHERN

SEMI-DESERT WATERSHED.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, basic and applied.

117
(e) The 93 square mile Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed, Owyhee County Idaho, has recording raingages to a density in excess

of one per square mile. From this network, methods for evaluating rainfall amounts and intensities for different areas are being

developed. Seasonal distribution with

respect to amounts, character, and areal extent of precipitation are being measured.

(g) Topography greatly Influences precipitation

In Reynolds Valley. The regression equations

for the relation of precipitation to elevation,

computed for the east and west half of the watershed are parallel, but there is a five

inch difference In the constant term In the equations. This is attributable to the position of the valley in relation to in- coming storms. Precipitation is extremely

variable in the semi-arid Northwest. To estimate mean precipitation in a stream basin in the mountainous Northwest similar

to Reynolds Creek in relation of precipitation

to elevation, topography, elevation, storm patterns and rainfall with 95 percent

confidence of being + or - 1 inch would require approximately 55 rain gages.

(4315) THE DESIGN OP SELF-PROPELLED SPRINKLER

SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Klmberly, Idaho.

(d) Experimental, applied research, design.

(e) Determine water application patterns of self-propelled sprinkler systems. Determine

the effect of wind on application patterns

of self-propelled sprinkler laterals, and develop method of designing self-propelled

sprinkler laterals from theoretical

formulas.

(f) In completion stage.

(g) Patterns of individual sprinklers making up

the self-propelled moving lateral have been determined and are to be put together to see how the synthetic pattern compares with the field pattern of the moving lateral.

(4834) INFLUENCE OF PHOTO SCALE, VEGETATION,

TOPOGRAPHY, AND SNOW CONDITIONS ON PHOTO- GRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SNOW COVER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Charles F. Cooper, School of Natural

Resources, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Michigan

.

(dl Experimental; basic and applied.

(e) This project seeks to determine the feasi- bility of determining the quantity of snow stored in a snowpack on a selected area by

photogrammetric techniques and evaluate the influence of topography and vegetation on the accumulation and melting of snow. The study of different photoscales on the precision of estimate is included in the project

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Photogrammetry is a practical means of determining the volume of snow on an area

or its depth at a point in relation to land form and solar radiation. Photo- grammetric snow depths consistently exceed measured depths by 0.5 to 1.0 foot, but

it is possible to eliminate this bias with improved ground controls. The calculated

standard deviation of snow depths is 0.78

foot at a photo scale of 1/6000.

(4835) LEAF AND CROWN AREA OF ARTEMESIA TRIDENTATA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental: basic and applied research.

e) Develop methods of determining total leaf

area for a given size-vigor classification

of A. tridentata. Determine the capacity

of these leaves to store precipitation,

intercept precipitation and to transpire. Evaluate the effect of immediate vegetation

structure on leaf area of Individual plants. Since vegetation and soils on watersheds

act as reservoirs which receive, store and discharge water, an understanding of their

individual performance in these capacities

is tantamount to an understanding of watershed hydrology.

f) Completed.

g) Leaf area of sagebrush Is best determined by

measuring leaf volume per plant and dividing

by average leaf thickness. Crown area is best estimated by crown ellipse. Leaf weight accounts for 93 percent of the variance in leaf area.

(4836) WATER BUDGET OF A UNIT SOURCE AREA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Research Botanist,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Determine as fully as possible the fate of water falling on a small representative watershed throughout the year and estimate evaporation and transpiration from readily

obtained instrumental and cllmatological

data. Such a general understanding of the disposition of precipitation on an area is basic to an understanding of the effects of soils, geology, vegetation and climate.

(4837) FACTORS AFFECTING SNOW ACCUMULATION AND MELT

ON UNIT SOURCE AREAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Freeman M. Smith, Botanist, P. 0. Box

2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Determine physical and meteorological factors contributing to non-uniformity of snow ac- cumulation and melt In a shrub covered unit

source area in the sagebrush zone of Owyhee

County, Idaho. Any improvement in the quantity or timing of flow from snow fed streams by manipulation

of vegetation or other practices requires a thorough understanding of the behavior of snow under these conditions. Such infor- mation must be derived from research.

(4838) A STUDY OF SURFACE WATER DIVERSIONS AND

RETURN FLOW IN REYNOLDS VALLEY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Clifton W. Johnson, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 2724, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) This Investigation is designed to find the consumptive use of water by an upstream

irrigated area as It affects downstream water supplies. All of the inflow to Reynolds Valley is measured as is the out- flow and general ground water levels.

(g) Preliminary data indicate about 50 percent of water diverted is retained on the land. Because of incomplete instrumentation,

conclusive results are not yet available.

(4839) GEOLOGIC CONTROL OF SUBSURFACE STORAGE AND

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF BASALT TERRANE

.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Gordon R. Stephenson, Geologist, P. 0. Box 27 24, Boise, Idaho.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) The purpose of this project is to evaluate

the hydrologic effects of the basalts found

on Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed,

Owyhee County, Idaho. The objective is approached by studying the water balance

on a closed basaltic basin.

(g) The basalts on Reynolds Creek are much

less permeable than those on the Snake River plains

.

(4640) THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

118
(b) Laboratory project. See project 4368, page

135.

(c) Mr. Claude H. Pair, Research Engineer (Irr.),

Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To design a portable device that can be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler irrigation systems. To determine procedures for the use of this device.

(g) This equipment has been used to measure the Intake rate of soil for sprinkler design.

(h) "A Method for Measuring Water Intake Rate

into Soil for Sprinkler Design," Rhys Tovey

and Claude H. Pair. Proceedings 1963 Open

Technical Conference, Sprinkler Irrigation

Association, pp 109-118, 1963.

(5209) DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER MEASURING

DEVICES AND METHODS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Director, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box

186, Kimberly, (Twin Palls) Idaho 83341.

(d) Experimental design and development.

(e) To develop devices and methods for accurate measurement of flow of water.

(g) Improved devices will be developed to measure

flow in pipes, channels and underground.

Specifically, devices to be or being studied

include: (1) Combination headgate and measurement structures, (2) improved measuring

flumes, (3) runoff measuring structures for watersheds, (4) devices utilizing drag or deflection principles, and (5) dye diffusion

techniques.

(5559) IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT ON SUGAR BEETS.

(5570)

13

(5571)

K)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Marvin E. Jensen, Investigations Leader

(Water Management), Agricultural Research

Service, Snake River Conservation Research

Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho

83341. Experimental, applied research. Two moisture levels each with 3 nitrogen

rates are irrigated for 3 time durations to simulate the upper, middle and lower parts

of a field. The influence of these practices

on yield, sugar percentage, nitrogen recovery,

and deep percolation water losses will be evaluated. FACTORS AFFECTING FARM AND PROJECT IRRI- GATION EFFICIENCIES. Laboratory project.

Mr. Marvin E. Jensen, Investigations Leader

(Water Management), Agricultural Research

Service, Snake River Conservation Research

Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho

83341. Field investigation; applied research. Detailed measurement of the disposition of irrigation waters on selected farms will be made by the USBR and ARS to evaluate the factors affecting farm and project irrigation

efficiencies.

DESIGN OF RECIRCULATING IRRIGATION SYSTEMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. James A. Bondurant, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Research Service, Snake River Conservation Research Center, Route 1, Box 186, Kimberly, Idaho 83341. Field investigation; applied research and design. This project will develop criteria for de- sign of pumping systems to return irrigation

runoff water to the distribution system.

Possible amounts and rates of runoff waters

will be determined, both theoretically and on

a field basis. Size of system, (pump, sump, pipeline, etc.) as well as system operation

are being investigated.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

SOUTHERN BRANCH, University of Georgia, Athens,

Georgia, Dr. A. R. Bertrand, Branch Chief.

(3869) FLUVIAL MORPHOLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Mississippi State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, and Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) A joint field and laboratory project - basic and applied research.

(e) Detailed field measurements are made on selected natural water courses and flood plains in the Yazoo River Basin and other

selected locations in Mississippi to delineate the variables of stream geometry, bend and bank roughness factors, dune migration, and stream hydraulics in terms

of sediment transport characteristics. Laboratory studies in both 100-foot and

50-foot long flumes are carried out to define significance of various factors under

controlled conditions. Acquired data are studied for adherence to existing regime

equations, tractive force concepts, re- sistance coefficients, and bed material

transport formulae, and to develop new or improved concepts and relationships.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) The existence of a discontinuity in the stage-discharge relation under certain conditions in sand-bed streams has been established. Changes in channel conveyance

efficiency, occasioned by changes in bed configuration have resulted in variances in water discharge of over 100 percent for given water stages. Variations in Manning's

roughness coefficient from 0.015 to 0.035 during the course of a storm runoff event have occurred, and for a given water discharge on separate occasions the "n" value has been known to double. Similar

variations in the Darcy-Weisbach coefficient

have been noted. Froude numbers for floods over plane beds or antidunes in the field

are less than Froude numbers computed from comparable flow conditions in the laboratory

flumes; this difference in Froude numbers

is believed to be partly a function of depth.

(h) "Observations of Resistance Coefficients in

a Natural Channel," by Neil L. Coleman. Publication No. 59, I.A.S.H. Commission on Land Erosion, pp. 336-352, 1962.

(3870) AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION AS RELATED TO CHANNEL STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State University.

(c) Mr. Joe C. Willis, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi, and Mr. Paul Yates, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) It is necessary for proper planning and design of agricultural watershed conser- vation work to have knowledge of the extent

of aggradation or degradation that is likely to occur with placement of structures

in alluvial channels. Studies of deposition

and scour as related to actual structures

at various locations in Mississippi, Georgia,

Wisconsin and other selected locations to provide the needed field data are underway

to develop procedures and criteria useful in predicting channel adjustments with

structural installations and accompanying

changes in sediment transport and flow pattern

.

(g) Channel surveys show a slow rate of de- gradation of the streambed of Barber Creek,

Georgia, where the control of flood flows

119
by flood water detention structure is greatest. Here the watershed is about 95 percent con- trolled. The degree of channel scour and

channel erosion rates are being determined

in connection with several structural installations in Mississippi. Case histories

of over 70 gully control structures in Wisconsin have been established. Laboratory

studies of degradation have been started. The rates of degradation of laboratory sand- bed channels following suspension of sand feed to the channel were measured. Three different sands were used.

(3871) LABORATORY STUDIES OP SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer,

USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Laboratory flume experiments are conducted

to determine bed material transport, bed

material qualities, and stream hydraulics.

(g) In laboratory tests with a 400-micron

median-diameter sand and depths of flow ranging between 0.4 ft. and 1.1 ft. the variable v - l.i is related to the type

l.k (y + 1.0) of bed form, the mean dune height, and the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor rather well. Total load and bed load was determined by mean velocity when moving dunes were present on the bed. When mean velocity

was larger than the value producing minimum

bed friction factor, total load was a function only of mean bed shear stress.

A comparison of transport rates with those calculated by certain formulas, showed Schoklitsch ' s to be preferable because of applicability and ease of computation.

(4305) TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RETA RDING-TYPE RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Soil Conservation Service and the U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Director, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigations, and office analyses.

(e) The trap efficiency of a reservoir is a measure of the effectiveness of the structure

in retaining incoming sediment. Structures need to be designed and built with different degrees of trap efficiency, and information

is needed so that the influencing parameters

can be adjusted to provide the desired trap

efficiency. In this study we are endeavoring to (1) collect and study data from retarding-type reservoirs in order to determine those factors that Influence trap

efficiency, and (2) derive and test methods

for predicting the trap efficiency of retarding-type reservoirs.

(4316) HYDRAULICS OF CHANNELS RELATIVE TO CHANNEL

STABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) The determination of flood flow qualities in selected reaches of Pigeon Roost Creek

Mississippi, and other streams in studies of

the resistance to erosion of streambank and bed materials, and streambank vegetation. Measurements of the boundary shear stresses

in curved channels as affected by bend

radius, bed angle, and Froude number.

(4317) PRINCIPLES OF STABLE CHANNELS IN COHESIVE

MATERIALS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. Earl H. Grlssinger, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, applied and basic research.

(e) To study the properties of cohesive materials

that determine their stability to flowing

water. Rates of erosion are measured by

subjecting remolded materials to a constant erosive flow of water. Objectives are:

(1) to determine the reasons for the resisting ability of soil and stream- bank materials to erosion by flowing

water; (2) to determine the kinds of tests needed to measure the resistance; and (3) obtain the quantitative values of the re- sistance for natural and synthetic materials,

(g) The stability of cohesive material was found to be dependent upon the type, amount, and orientation of the clay minerals; the bulk density, antecedent moisture, and wetage time of the sample; and the temperature

of the eroding water. In general, stability increases with increasing clay mineral

content and with increasing density.

Stability was greater for the 2:1 type clay mixture than for the 1:1 type.

(4318) METHODS OF CHANNEL STABILIZATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. D. A. Parsons, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental, field investigations, applied

and basic research.

(e) Includes: (1) Determination of the speeds

of motion and the requisite conditions for beginning of motion of solid particles in fluid flow for various flow, particle

quality, and boundary conditions in a laboratory study; (2) field investigations

on Pigeon Roost Creek, Mississippi, and other streams of the resisting abilities of bank and bed materials and bank vegetation

as determined by measured flood experiences

(this study is associated with the one on channel hydraulics); and (3) laboratory and field study of the behavior of non-cohesive

stands and silts In a stream channel bank

for the conditions of lateral seepage flow

to the stream.

(4319)

(b)

(c)

(d)

SEDIMENT YIELDS AND CORRELATION WITH WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Messrs. Farris E. Dendy and Andrew J. Bowie,

Agricultural Engineers, Sedimentation

Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi. Field investigation, applied research,

(e) Analyses of hydrologic, hydraulic, land use, soils, and physiographic characteristics of agricultural watersheds (varying In size from a fraction of an acre to 100 sq. mi.) are made to establish relationships with

sediment transport rates, amounts, and delivery ratios. Establishment of methodology for determining long-time average annual sediment yields from fragmental field

data, correlation of characteristics of the basic runoff -sediment relation (sediment

rating curve) with affecting hydraulic and hydrologic parameters, and evaluation of the role of large storms as sediment contributors, are all basic objectives that will lead to better sediment yield prediction procedures,

(g) Data from Pigeon Roost Creek Basin, Miss.,

indicates that sediment yields are highly

correlated with direct runoff. Variations

in unit direct runoff (and therefore unit

sediment) yields between watersheds of the basin are marked. They have to some extent

been correlated with basin physiography

120
and land use. There are significant channel (e) transmission losses In streams of the "basin.

(4320) SEDIMENT ORIGIN AND ROUTING.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Lab., P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

d) Experimental, basic research.

e) Runoff and sediment production are measured

from a small gully typical of the Yazoo- Tallahatchie Watershed. Sediment produced (g) from this gully will be related to gully

area, thereby providing information on the rate of gully erosion. When applicable,

comparisons will be made between the esti- mated sediment discharge utilizing radio- active tracer sand, and the measured sedi- ment discharge.

(g) Runoff and sediment measuring equipment have

been installed. A detailed topographic

survey has been made of the gully area. Surveys will be made periodically to observe

changes in gully shape.

(4321) RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30,

Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigation for

basic research and developmental work.

(e) To relate sediment accumulation in reservoirs to sediment yields, runoff, and physical parameters of the watersheds. The nature of the sediment, Its origin, mineralogy, chemistry, and biology are studied in relation to distribution and deposition

within the reservoir. Nuclear methods are used where applicable.

(g) A number of reservoirs have been periodically

surveyed for sediment accumulation. Nuclear

means of determining in situ densities have

been employed.

(h) "A Two-Probe Nuclear Device for Determining

the Density of Sediments," by J. Roger (h) McHenry, LASH Publication No. 65, 189-202,

1963.

(4322) DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR UTILIZING

RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS FOR SEDIMENTATION AND HYDROLOGY

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist and

Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental basic research.

e) To devise, develop, and utilize procedures

for "tagging" sediment particles with

radioisotopes and identifying same in the laboratory and in the field. Results are

to be used in predicting sediment production,

transport and deposition.

(g) A satisfactory method has been developed for

"tagging" quartz particles with scandium-46,

sllver-110, cerium-144, and antimony-124.

(4323) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES

ON HIGHWAY CUTS AND FILLS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Georgia State Highway Dept., Soil Conservation Service USDA, the University of Georgia College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations, and Bartow County, Georgia.

(c) Mr. E. G. Dlseker, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 124, Cartersville, Georgia.

(d) Experimental, field; applied.

(4324) w

(c)

(4325)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Runoff and soil losses are measured from

one pair of bare roadbank plots and two pairs of plots vegetated in early 1963 (approximately 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1) on Cecil Clay subsoil using six H-flumes and Coshocton vane samplers. On the two pairs

of plots that were vegetated annual soil loss was approximately 13 times greater

than before they were vegetated. Metal hub

stakes are used as an adjunct In determining

bank erosion, and for measuring deposition

or scour from the flow channels. Over 30 different plants have been tested on 850 roadbank plots for erosion control. Bare bank losses have varied from 25 to 400 tons per year per acre for the past 5 years depending on the rainfall, frost action, bank aspect and slope. Bank aspect and

frost action have been major factors in the erosion process. Banks facing northwest haw

lost, on an average, 2.2 times as much soil

as those facing southeast. Plants which

have proved satisfactory for erosion control

are fescue, common Bermudagrass, lovegrass,

broomsedge, Pensacola and Wilmington

Bahlagrasses, crownvetch, sericea lespedeza,

honeysuckle and kudzu. For the establishment

of satisfactory cover on slopes 2:1 and

steeper, mulches were necessary particularly for the slowly developing plants such as crownvetch and Bahlagrasses. For maintenance of most plants, especially the grasses, a timely application of fertilizer

is necessary. Previously outlined pro- cedures to determine fertility requirements

for maintaining vegetation on roadside

areas in the Piedmont Uplands of Georgia

were put into practice in the fall of 1962. Studies to determine rates and amounts of sediment delivery for selected storms at monthly intervals and annual production and delivery from bare road banks in relation

to (1) rainfall intensity (2) antecedent moisture and temperature conditions and (3) face slope length with different aspects on Cecil type soils will begin in the spring of

1963. A study was initiated in the spring of 1963 to determine sediment pro- ductions and delivery rates from fully

developed, mature stands of five different representative plant species. "Native Plants for Highway Erosion Control,"

by E. C. Richardson & E. G. Dlseker. Abst.,

Proc. Assoc. Agr. Workers, 61st Annual

Convention, Atlanta, Ga . , Feb. 1964. UTILIZATION OF TRITIUM IN WATERSHED

RESEARCH. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Dr. J. Roger McHenry, Soil Scientist,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

Experimental basic research and development.

To devise, develop, test and apply tracer

techniques using tritium and other radioisotopes in support of studies of soil moisture and groundwater movement. Inactive

.

Methods of high efficiency have been developed using a liquid scintillation

counter. Laboratory studies have shown

the precision and accuracy of the methods

are adequate. Some field tests have been

conducted. Results have not been conclusive. Tests designed to date water in limestone aquifers have not been completed. RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Mr. A. J. Bowie, Hydraulic Engineer, USDA Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

Field investigations; basic and applied

121
research.

(e) To develop procedures for predicting flood

runoff, water yield and hydrograph

characteristics for ungaged upstream

watesheds. Runoff and precipitation are observed for the 117 square-mile Pigeon

Roost Creek Watershed in Northern Mississippi

including 11 sub-watersheds, and for four unit-source watersheds under 4 acres in size. These data, accumulated over the past

four years, are being processed by computer

and analyzed to develop synthetic unit hydrographs by incorporating antecedent soil moisture and watershed factors. The predicted hydrographs will be used to establish flow-duration curves.

(h) "Computation of Direct Runoff Amounts from Storm Rainfall," by W. R. Hamon, Inter- national Association of Scientific Hydrology,

Publication No. 63, pp. 52-62, 1963.

(4326) SUBSURFACE HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. F. E. Dendy, Agricultural Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the hydraulic characteristics of geologic strata and develop methods of predicting ground water accretion and movement; subsurface and ground water

contribution to streamflow from a knowledge

of geology, soils, topography, climate, land

use and treatment of agricultural watersheds;

and to evaluate hydrogeologlc factors governing transmission gains and losses in stream channels. A portable drilling rig

is utilized to obtain geologic samples,

establish ground water observation wells, and conduct permeability field tests.

(g) Maps showing structural and stratigraphic

characteristics and groundwater contours of the Pigeon Roost Creek watershed have been

prepared. Estimates have been made of ground- water storage and outflow from the watershed.

(h) 'Permeability Measurements with Small Well Points," by F. E. Dendy and L. E. Asmussen, Transactions ASAE, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 297- 300, 303, 1963.

(4327) MOISTURE REGIMES OF AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Mr. John Kozachyn, Soil Scientist, Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) To provide soil moisture data for the development of prediction techniques for runoff and sediment production and to relate

the moisture regimes of agricultural watersheds to soil, climate and vegetative

parameters. Field observations of soil moisture to depths of 10 and 20 feet are obtained by the neutron probe method for different cover, slope, and soil complexes.

(g) The superiority of the neutron probe

procedure over other available methods was established from laboratory and field tests.

A method of installing access tubes has

been perfected.

(h) "A Method for Installation of Access Tubes and

the Development of Field Equipment for Measuring

Soil Moisture by Neutron Scatter," John Kozachyn

and J. Roger McHenry, Agronomy Journal, Vol. 56:443-444, 1964.

(4328) RELATION OF CLIMATE AND SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS

TO PLANT GROWTH AND WATER USE.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and the Florida Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations, both

basic and applied for evaluating measured

environmental conditions.

(e) Laboratory and field procedures are employed

to determine moisture Intake, retention and transmission characteristics of mineral and organic soils. Controlled water table studies in non-weighing lyslmeters are conducted to determine evapotranspiration,

crop growth, and soil physical properties as influenced by various water table depths. Field and plot studies in organic soils are conducted to determine soil subsidence.

(g) Average daily evapotranspiration of Bermudagrass ranged from 0.07 inch for the three winter months to 0.14 inch for the period April through August. During an extended rain-free period of six weeks,

evapotranspiration was about 23 percent less for the 36-inch water table than for the 12-inch water table. Good correlation

existed between radiant energy, measured

at the earth's surface, and measured potential evapotranspiration of Bermudagrass

and standard pan evaporation. Surveys over established subsidence lines on the organic

soils of the Florida Everglades in 1963 show that the average rate of subsidence since

1912 has been 0.096 foot per year. Seepage

through the rock strata underlying a peaty-muck soil at the Everglades Experiment Station appears to be an Important factor affecting water table control.

(4329) HYDROLOGIC RESEARCH ON SMALL AGRICULTURAL

WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperating with the Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District and The Florida Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. E. H. Stewart, Soil Scientist, Attention:

W. H. Spelr, Engineering Technician, P. 0. Box 9087, Fort Lauderdale, Fla

.

(d) Experimental, field Investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) To collect, analyze, and correlate basic hydrologic data on agricultural watersheds

ranging in size from 4,000 to 63,000 acres

in the Coastal Plain of Florida. To de- termine the influence of climate, topography,

soils, geology, and land use on the rate and volume of runoff and to evaluate the water

balance. To devise methods of interpreting watershed characteristics as similitudes related to physiography of other areas.

(g) For an unimproved 98.7-sq. mile watershed

the maximum daily discharge (Oct. 1956) was

2.28 inches-over-area with an instantaneous

peak rate of 70 c.f.s./sq. mile; and for the 15.7-sq. mile upper sub-basin the respective

rates were 3.14 inches and 158 c.f.s./sq.

mile. For an improved 78 square mile watershed the maximum daily discharge (Sept. 1960) was 2.37 inches-over-area with an instantaneous peak rate of 66 c.f.s./sq. mile. The ratio of runoff to rainfall averaged 0.43 for

the artesian-irrigated 78 sq. mile watershed

until 1959. Increased use of artesian irrigation water increased this ratio to 0.55 after

1959. For the 98.7-sq. mile unimproved watershed this ratio has averaged 0.32 and for the 15.7-sq. mile sub-basin, 0.27 since 1955. Total storm yield varied inversely with area

on the unimproved watersheds. For the 98.7

sq. mile watershed base flow has averaged 84$,

interflow 8$, and overland flow 8$ of total streamflow. For the 78-sq. mile watershed

these flow components have averaged To%, 19$, and 6% respectively. For the 15.7 sq. mile watershed they averaged 40$, 32$, and 28$. Data from three watersheds were analyzed to determine the suitability of the Cypress Creek Formula (Q = CM^/6 ) for drainage

design and to develop the relation of C to probable flood recurrence frequency. In this formula, Q is the maximum runoff rate

for 24 hours in c.f.s.; M is drainage area

122
in square miles, and C is a coefficient. The

formula appeared to be suitable for esti- mating required drainage capacity in sandy flatwoods areas of the Southeast. The relation: C = 16.39 + 14.75 x rainfall

excess provided a guide for selecting C values based on rainfall excess. The probability of occurrence of excess rainfall can be related to 24-hour storm rainfall by sub- tracting the local soil storage potential,

(h) "Using the Cypress Creek Formula to Estimate Runoff Rates in the Southern

Coastal Plains and Adjacent Flatwoods Land Resource Areas," by John C. Stephens and

W. C. Mills. U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS 41-95, December 1964.

(4330) RUNOFF AND EROSION CHARACTERIZATION OF BROWN LOAM SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Cade W. Carter, North Mississippi Branch

Experiment Station, Holly Springs, Miss.

(d) Experimental, field; basic and applied.

(e) Rates and amounts of runoff and soil losses

from small plots are measured. The plots

range in size from 1/45 acre to 4 acres. The slopes of the smaller areas are 2-1/2 percent,

5 percent, and 10 percent. Land use varies

from fallow and cultivated to pasture, with good and poor management conditions for the cultivated and pastured areas.

(g) Both water and soil losses are excessive on bare land, and are reduced as the degree of ground cover is increased.

(4331) HYDRAULICS OF FARM WATER CONTROL IN THE SOUTHERN PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. W. Campbell Little, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation

Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Ga.

d) Experimental laboratory; basic and applied.

e) Basic research on the mechanics of erosion

and hydraulics of flow in individual crop

rows and in terraced channels will be developed for both terrace systems and indi- vidual row systems for the different soils of the Piedmont.

(g) Initial studies are underway.

(4332) SURFACE DRAINAGE — ROW LENGTHS AND GRADES FOR REMOVAL AND APPLICATION OF SURFACE WATER

ON FORMED AGRICULTURAL LAND OF THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Approximately 80 acres of land have been

formed with four different slopes, in two replications, of 0.1', 1.15', 0.2', and

0.25'. For each slope class, row lengths of

500', 700', 900', and 1,100' will be used

to determine the maximum row length for formed land as related to 3lope.

Runoff, time-of-concentration, infiltration,

soil temperature, and soil moisture data will be gathered and correlated with

rainfall, wind humidity, and sunshine radiation.

Future studies are contemplated to evaluate

flow characteristics of surface water in furrows on agricultural land. This infor- mation will be used to develop a furrow cross- section with the best hydraulic characteristics.

(g) An evaporation recorder has been developed.

Data have been collected and are being

analyzed for years 1963 and 1964.

(4333) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR THE SOUTHERN

PIEDMONT.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the University of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. A. P. Barnett, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation

Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Ga.

(d) Experimental field Investigations, develop- ment and applied.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to determine

the interrelations of climate, soil,

topography, cover, management, row direction,

runoff, soil movement and loss from Southern Piedmont soils. The work Is conducted on fractional acre field plots under both

natural and simulated rainfall.

The natural rainfall plot study Includes six

cover, two row direction and three slope

steepness treatments on a total of 42 plots. Total amounts of runoff and soil loss are measured for individual rainstorms. Meteorological data are also secured. The rainfall simulator designed to apply vain

at 5, 2-1/2 and 1-1/4 Inches per hour

simultaneously to three adjacent plots is used to secure runoff, soil loss, and pesticide loss data from specific soil,

slope, crop, and management complexes

through the application of designed storms. These data are used to evaluate their runoff and erosion control effectiveness,

(h) "Thunderstorms - the Principal Cause of Erosion in the Piedmont," by A. P. Barnett,

J. S. Rogers, and Carlisle Cobb, Jr., Georgia Agricultural Research, Vol. 1, No. 4, Spring 1960. "Erosion on Piedmont Soil," by A. P. Barnett

and B. H. Hendrickson, Soil Conservation,

Vol. 26, No. 2, September 1960. "Man-made Rainstorms - A New Tool for Erosion Research," by A. P. Barnett, J. S. Rogers, and Carlisle Cobb, Jr., Georgia

Agricultural Research, Vol. 2, No. 4, Spring

1960.

"An Evaluation of Factors Affecting Runoff

and Soil Loss From Simulated Rainfall," by

J. 3. Rogers, A. P. Barnett, and Carlisle

Cobb, Jr., Agr. Engr. Jour., Vol. 7, No. 4, 1964. "Construction and Operation of a 16-unit Rainulator," by L. F. Hermsmeler, L. D. Meyer, A. P. Barnett, and R. A. Young, ARS 41-62, March 1963. "Conservation Methods for Soils of the Southern Piedmont," by B. H. Hendrickson,

A. P. Barnett, and 0. W. Beale, USDA Agri- cultural Information Bulletin No. 269, May

1963.

(4334) RUNOFF AND EROSION STUDIES FOR SOUTHERN COASTAL PLAINS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. John R. Carreker, Research Investi- gations Leader, P. 0. Box 1309, Athens,

Georgia

.

d) Field Investigations; applied, for design.

e) The purpose of these studies is to de- termine interrelations of climate, soil, land

cover, runoff and soil loss for Southern

Coastal Plain soils. The work is conducted

on 18 field plots, 1/20 acre in size, under

natural rainfall. There are four cover

treatments. Total amount of runoff and sol] loss are measured for individual storms. Meteorological data are also secured.

(g) Grass-based rotations and continuous corn have been evaluated, showing protective

effects of perennial grass sods and of annual crop residues.

(4841) SURFACE WATER STORAGE AND SUPPLY ON FARMS IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

.

(c) Mr. John R. Carreker, Research Investigations

123
Leader, P. 0. Box 1309, Athens, Georgia.

(d) Field investigation; applied for design and development

.

(e) Purpose of the studies is to determine pond

storage efficiency under various soil and topographic conditions as affected by watershed yield, pond surface evaporation,

seepage into and out of the impoundment,

farm use of storage, and related factors. Initial study to "be on one rather typical

farm pond In the coastal plain, with anti- cipation of extending the work to other

ponds

.

(g) Study currently in progress.

(4842) SHALLOW WELLS AND IRRIGATION PITS FOR

IRRIGATION AND OTHER FARM WATER SUPPLY IN THE COASTAL PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations

and Soil Conservation Service, USDA, in Georgia

.

(c) Mr. John R. Carreker, Research Investigations

Leader, P. 0. Box 1309, Athens, Georgia.

(d) Field investigation; applied, for design and development

.

(e) The purpose of the studies is to develop

criteria by which engineers and soil scientists can classify sites for irrigation

pits, shallow wells, or other access to shallow ground water aquifers in the coastal plains on the basis of topography and soils. Initial study is concerned with excavated irrigation pits, their adequacy of supply,

the relation of recharge to rainfall and

soils, and other related influences. Investigations now involve 3 pits, each under somewhat different soil and topographic situations.

(g) Study currently in progress.

(4843) AN EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM FOR SUGARCANE

LAND.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Irwin L. Saveson, Project Administrator,

Agricultural Engineering Building, Louisiana

State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,

P. 0. Drawer 8817, University Station.

d) Experimental applied research.

e) The present conventional system of sugarcane

land requires considerable land occupied by ditches and is costly to maintain. Experi- mental work is underway to develop a more efficient drainage system which will consume

less land and be more economical to maintain.

This is an adaptation of the cotton drainage

system to sugarcane.

(g) This system reduces the amount of land in ditches from 4 to 7 percent with a $5.22 per acre per annum savings in cost of main- tenance . (h) "An Efficient Drainage System for Sugarcane

Land" by I. L. Saveson, USDA, ARS 41-72, March 1964.

(5210) RADIOCARBON DATING OF SEDIMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

(c) Dr. L. L. McDowell, Soil Scientist (Chemistry),

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford,

Mississippi

.

(d) Laboratory and field investigations; basic research

.

(e) To establish and maintain a radio-carbon

dating laboratory meeting the requirements

of sedimentation research. The program is used to supplement geomorphological investi- gations by providing information on (1) the

age of sediments, e. g., buried soils and geologic horizons, and (2) the past rates

of sediment aggradation and degradation,

(g) The carbon in samDles to be dated is processed

to benzene (Cs and the number of bete disintegrations arising from the natural C14 is determined by liquid scintillation

spectrometry. The necessary equipment

for synthesis of benzene has been built and tested for operation. The liquid

scintillation spectrometer has been modified

and stabilized for radio-carbon.

The overall program has been standardized

and calibrated using contemporary carbon standards (NBS) and inter-laboratory "check" samples from other dating laboratories. A few unknown samples have been dated; additional samples are now being processed,

(h) "Radiocarbon Dating by Liquid Scintillation

Spectrometry: The Synthesis of Benzene

(C6

i4H 6

)" by L. L. McDowell and M. E. Ryan, ARS 41-88, 1964.

(5572) CHANNEL BEHAVIOR FOLLOWING CHANNEL DREDGING.

(b) Laboratory project of USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi in co- operation with the Southern Piedmont Conservation Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia, and the Univ. of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations.

(c) Mr. Paul Yates, Research Hydraulic Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation Research

Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia.

(d) Experimental field investigations; basic research

.

(e) Basic research to determine the effects of stream channel dredging and realinement on channel geometry > flow velocities, sediment transport, scour and deposition, and re- tardance factors.

(5573) INFLUENCE OF FLOOD- RETARDING AND SEDIMENT

DETENTION STRUCTURES ON CHANNEL REGIMES.

(b) Laboratory project of USDA Sedimentation

Laboratory, Oxford, Mississippi in co- operation with the Southern Piedmont

Conservation Research Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia, and the Univ. of Georgia, College of Agriculture Experiment

Stations

.

(c) Mr. Paul Yates, Research Hydraulic Engineer, Southern Piedmont Conservation Research

Center, Box 33, Watkinsville, Georgia.

(d) Experimental field investigations; basic

and applied.

(e) Basic research to study stream channel adjustments that are induced by changes in water-and sediment-discharge characteristics,

resulting from imposed channel alterations,

dams, and other modifying installations. Also to develop procedures for predetermining channel changes likely to occur with structural installations and channel modifications.

(5574) A MODEL STUDY OF THE FORCES EXERTED ON A PARTICLE ON A STREAM BED.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with the Univ. of Miss, and Miss. State Univ.

(c) Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, U. S. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

d) Experimental project; basic research.

e) An enlarged Reynolds Model of a section of stream bed has been constructed in a water tunnel. Transducers for measuring

the force exerted on an exposed individual particle on the model bed are being de- veloped. Attempts will be made to determine whether the force applied to the particle

by the flow has lift and yaw components as well as a drag component. If the study Is successful, the data obtained will be represented as plots of lift, drag, and yaw coefficients against Reynolds number. This information could then be used, with certain

limitations, to predict the forces to be expected under various flow conditions on particulate beds of material ranging in

size from that of sand grains to that of rip-rap stones.

(g) The development of transducers is progressing.

124
(5575) A STUDY OF BED FORMS IN SAND BED CHANNELS.

(c)

(g)

(5576)

(o)

Laboratory and field project, cooperative

with the Univ. of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Mr. Richard A. Stein, Hydraulic Engineer,

Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

Basic and applied research. Relate the median and the standard deviation

of dune height, dune propogation speed, water

depths over dune crest, and water surface

slopes to mean velocity and depth of flow. Define the bed material and hydraulic con- ditions that are related to types and size

of bed configurations.

The parameter v - l-i appears to describe

l.T5y + 1.25 the median values of the dune properties

studied. The standard deviations of these

dune properties appeared to be independent

of mean velocity and depth except for the depth of water over the dune crest, which increased with depth.

A STUDY OF BOUNDARY IRREGULARITY IN A CHANNEL

WITH A SAND BED. Laboratory project, cooperative with the University of Mississippi and Mississippi

State University.

Dr. Neil L. Coleman, Geologist, U. S. Sedimentation Laboratory, P. 0. Box 30, Oxford, Mississippi.

Experimental Investigation, basic research.

Flows with various bed regimes (dunes,

antidunes, or other) were established in a laboratory flume. An echo- sounding instru- ment called The Dual Channel Stream Monitor

was used to take detailed bed and water

surface profiles over a 50-foot reach in the flume. The profiles are now being analyzed

by means of a computer program that yields

the mean depth of each experimental flow, the standard deviation about the mean depth, and

a depth autocorrelation function for each

flow. The autocorrelation function can be integrated to yield a length which may be considered a wave length of the boundary

Irregularities. The depth standard devi- ation is an expression of the amplitude of

the irregularities. The purpose of the study is to determine if these length scales will adequately portray the geometry in studies of bed forms, the migrations and the influences on open channel flow resistance.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHERN PLAINS BRANCH, ARS-USDA, Bushland, Texas,

Dr. J. R. Johnston, Branch Chief.

(3879) CHARACTERIZATION OF THE "HOT SPOT" PROBLEM

IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation - applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to determine the extent of salinity problems; characterize

and correlate the water table, soil, topographic and related measurable factors associated with salinity problems in the area

.

(f ) Completed; manuscript for publication in review stage.

(g) Extensive water table observations show a fluctuating seasonally high saline water

table beneath the area. The water table and ground surfaces slope approximately

one foot per mile to the northeast in the general direction of the Gulf Coast.

(3880) THE MICRODYNAMICS OF UNSATURATED MOISTURE

FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The objectives are to obtain evidence on the generality of the parabolic moisture

distribution with respect to the Interface

of extraction and to interpret unsaturated

moisture flow in terms of molecular level mechanisms of flow. The experimental

technique is that of inducing moisture flow by various techniques at a series of temperatures and measuring the flow rate. The Arrhenius equation is applied to the data and an activation energy calculated.

The activation energy is then interpreted

in terms of energy barriers to molecular

level flow mechanisms. The soil columns are sampled at the end of the runs to determine

the moisture distribution with respect to the interface of extraction.

(g) The results to date indicate that the resulting moisture distribution is a function

of peculiarities of the microdynamic flow processes involved and Independent of the method of extraction.

(3861) FACTORS AFFECTING THE EVAPORATION OF FREE WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Craig L. Wiegand, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) The evaporation of free water Is being

studied under controlled conditions to:

(1) Obtain quantitative information on the rate of evaporation of free water under

controlled atmospheric conditions; (2) measure the rate of evaporation of water as

a function of water temperature; and (3) correlate the rate of evaporation with (a) the saturation deficit of the atmosphere,

and (b) the fugacity of the water molecules. Evaporation is being measured under all combinations of 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees

C water temperature; 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees C air temperature; and 30, 50, 70, and 90% relative humidity. Water temperature is controlled to plus or minus .1 degrees C, ambient temperature to plus or minus 1.0 degrees C, and relative humidity

to plus or minus 3$.

(f) Completed.

(g) Water loss (evaporation) and gain (con- densation) have been studied as a function

of water surface temperature, ambient

humidity, and ambient temperature. Data taking has been completed and statistical analyses have been made. The equation,

Y + .00229 + .03154 (p0 -p) + .000061 (p0-p) 2 wherein Y is the estimated evaporation or condensation in cm. /day, p0 is the vapor pressure of water, and p is the vapor

pressure of air accounts for 99. 4$ of the variation in evaporation and condensation

rate. It fits the data very well over the entire range 1.65 cm. /day condensation to 4.9 cm. /day evaporation.

A second regression analysis in which

relative humidity of the air (R.H.), ambient temperature (Ta), and water

temperature (Tw) were the independent variables explained 89.7$ of the variation. This equation is not recommended

for predictive purposes, however, because

it predicts too low evaporation rates in the upper and lower ranges, and too high

evaporation in the midrange. A reduction

in regression analysis showed that R.H. accounted for 4%, ambient temperature for

11$, and water temperature for 16% of the total sum of squares. Temperature of the evaporating surface is concluded,

therefore, to be the variable of major

importance in determining the evaporation

rate when water is available for evaporation .

125
(4335) THE HYDRAULICS OP STRUCTURES USED IN SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION WORKS.

See U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Soil and Water

Conservation Research Division; Corn Belt

Branch, Project 1723, and Illinois State Water Survey Division Project No. 1865.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, applied

research for design.

(e) Experiments employ small scale models as well as full size structures tested under

simulated natural conditions to develop

designs for structures needed for soil and water conservation. Closed conduit spillway entrances including drop inlets, hood inlets, and orifice plates are tested. Debris guards are tested using full size structures to provide verification of the small models.

(g) Three proposed standard trash rack designs

have been tested with hay trash and with stick

trash. Preliminary evaluation of the results

indicates the need to have a rack of suffi- cient cross-section placed away from high

velocity flow near the intake. A vertical

panel (skirt) extending above and below

intake crest elevation will keep out floating debris.

(4336) DESIGN AND CALIBRATION OP DEVICES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF RUNOFF.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

id) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The measuring devices tested are used in the hydrology research program of the Agri- cultural Research Service. Sites for runoff measuring stations are surveyed and

then modeled in the laboratory. Proposed

structures are placed in the model and tested to develop a satisfactory design. The final design is calibrated by model

tests. All current work is on specific

sites and no general experiments are done.

(g) Model calibrations were completed during the past year for two supercritical flow flumes

for measuring discharge rates up to 18,500

cubic feet per second. A V-notch and high- way culvert combination runoff measuring

station was rated by model tests.

(h) "Walnut Gulch Supercritical Measuring Flume,"

by W. R. Gwinn, Amer. Soc. Agrlc. Engin.

Trans. 7(3): 197-199, 1964.

(4337) HYDRAULICS OF FLOW IN VEGETATION LINED

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Channels or portions of channels are built

full size on the outdoor hydraulic laboratory grounds. These are planted to the vegetation being investigated and then tested by flowing water at selected times. Friction factors and permissible velocities

(or tractive force values) are determined.

In recent years the establishment phase of vegetal channels has received the greater

emphasis. This has included the evaluation

of temporary, fabricated liners of Jute, glass fiber, and asphalt.

(g) Analysis only past year.

(4338) HYDRAULICS OF UNSTEADY FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0.

Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

id) Experimental, applied research.

(e) Studies are made of unsteady flow phenomena

occurring in the runoff process. Included

are investigations of overland flow,

spatially varied unsteady flow in channels,

and flood wave movement in channels. The initial phase of the study is an analytical

one utilizing existing knowledge and theory. This phase will be followed by a large

scale outdoor laboratory study to test hypotheses and evaluate coefficients.

(g) Velocity distribution measurements have been made in a 400-foot long by 30-foot

wide, V-shaped, grass-lined channel con- veying a spatially varied flow. Momentum

and velocity head coefficients have been

determined. Some exploratory unsteady

state, spatially varied flow tests have

been performed on the same channel.

(4339) RUNOFF CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN THE RED PRAIRIE OF OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. W. 0. Ree, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 789, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research for design.

(e) Three watersheds, 17 acres, 92 acres, and

206 acres in size and covered with native

grass, are instrumented to measure rainfall

and runoff. Annual water yield as well as peak flood flows are determined. Selected runoff events provide data for distribution

graphs or unit hydrograph development.

(g) Data are on hand from continuous measurements

since 1951.

(4340) SEDIMENT PRODUCTION, MOVEMENT AND DEPO- SITION IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Suspended sediment sampling and total sediment transport determinations are made

at selected tributary and main stream locations in the Washita River Basin. These

samples are analyzed for size distribution.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4341) STREAM CHANNEL STABILIZATION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL WORKS IN CHANNELS OF THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) Selected reaches of channels representing

different geologies, soils, and flow regimes are being established for detailed

studies of stream channel morphology.

Information is being obtained on crosssections, slopes, thalweg lengths, alignments, vegetation, and bed and bank materials. Any control works are completely identified

as to location, orientation, shape, size, ani materials. Flow history will be recorded,

including both water and sediment. Changes

In channel conditions, or lack of change, will be related to flow history and other controlling factors for the development of criteria for stable channel design.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4342) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

126
(e) A network of 170 recording precipitation

gages has been established on a 3-mile grid in an 1100- square mile area in the central portion of the Washita River Basin.

The precipitation characteristics will be analyzed to determine and evaluate precipi- tation parameters useful in estimating

runoff.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4343) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Small watersheds generally not exceeding

100 acres in size, each representing a single soil-cover combination are being instrumented

to measure rainfall, runoff, and soil moisture. Information on the runoff producing characteristics of the unit source areas will be useful In the development of equations for predicting runoff from ungaged complex watersheds.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4344) RELATION OF INTEGRATED CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD

OF THE WASHITA RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES, OKLA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) A reach of the Washita River extending

from Anadarko, Oklahoma, to Alex, Oklahoma, has been selected for study. This reach has a length of 78 river miles and a drainage area along this length of 1128 square miles. Gaging stations are being

established near the mouth of 10 tributaries

and at 6 sites along the main stem of the Washita River in this reach. Watershed

characteristics are being measured and

defined. The watershed land use and structures development will be inventoried

periodically. Flood peaks, total flow and

its rate-time distribution will be de- termined and related to climatic and land

factors

.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4345) EXPLORATORY STUDY OF THE REGIMES OF WASHITA RIVER MAIN STEM FLOWS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

d) Analysis of record, applied research.

e) The flow history of the Washita River,

Oklahoma, for the 10-year period 1941 to 1950 is being analyzed to: (1) Determine parameters characterizing the regime flows prior to development of upstream flood abatement measures; and (2) establish a base for reference in defining any future

changes in flow regimes associated with conservation and treatment programs in tributary watersheds.

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4346) AQUIFER- STREAMFLOW RELATIONS, GROUND WATER

BUDGET, WASHITA RIVER BASIN, OKLAHOMA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. A. Hartman, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 400, Chickasha, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

(e) The alluvia and underground flow system of

the Washita River Basin are being defined by use of drilling equipment and existing

well logs. Permeability coefficients will

be determined and ground water observation wells established. This is one part of a

comprehensive research study of the total water budget in a portion of the Washita

River Basin,

(g) Analyzing available data.

(4348) PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SELECTED AREAS IN TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Rain gage networks are established on the Blacklands Experimental Watershed near

Riesel, Texas, and on the Edwards Plateau near Sonora, Texas. Information is being

obtained on amounts, duration, seasonal distribution, and other characteristics of rainfall to the extent that the characteristics influence runoff from agricultural watersheds.

(g) Data from 25 recording rain gages on 4,683- acre experimental area near Riesel, Texas,

and 14 recording rain gages on 48- square- mile area near Sonora, Texas. A study of depth frequency for periods from 1 to 15 days has been completed and a report prepared.

(h) Reported in USDA MISC. PUB. 945. (4349) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED FACTORS

TO STORM RUNOFF AND TO WATER YIELD FROM AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN THE BLACKLANDS

OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Twenty watersheds at the Blacklands Experi- mental Watershed near Riesel, Texas, varying

in size from approximately 3 acres to 5860

acres, have been equipped with precalibrated

flumes or with current meter rated weirs to measure runoff rates. Precipitation is meas- ured by recording rain gages. The land factors are determined by periodic inventory

of crops, covers, and crop systems on the land. Relationships between climatic and

land factors and the runoff produced are ana- lyzed to develop prediction methods for esti- mating storm peaks and water yields.

(g) The effects of conservation practices on storm runoff from major storms of infrequent occurrence is not great but is appreciable

for many of the smaller storms.

(h) Reported in USDA MISC. PUB. 945. (4350) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN THE BLACKLANDS OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Ten watersheds of from one-fourth to twenty acres in size and with single land

use on each are instrumented with pre- calibrated flumes to measure runoff. Soil moisture, tillage operations, and crop yields are also obtained. The relationships between the runoff and the associated

precipitation as influenced by the land characteristics are investigated. These relationships will facilitate the pre- diction of runoff from ungaged watersheds

composed of combination of these single

soil-cover, sub-watersheds or unit source

areas.

(h) Reported in TAES Misc. Pub. 404, and USDA

Misc. Pub. 945.

(4351) SEDIMENT YIELD IN RELATION TO CLIMATIC AND

WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURAL

AREAS IN THE TEXAS BLACKLANDS AND THE EDWARDS PLATEAU.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Ralph W. Baird, Hydraulic Engineer, P. o. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied research.

127
(e) At the Blaoklands Experimental Watershed

near Rlesel, Texas, sediment yield measure- ments have been or are being made on twenty-four plots or watersheds varying

in size from one-quarter to 5860 acres. These sediment yields are correlated with

precipitation, runoff, topography, soils, land use, and conservation practices. The

data are analyzed to develop techniques and procedures for estimating sediment yield and sources from ungaged watersheds. On Lowry

Draw in the Edwards Plateau area near

Sonora, Texas, sediment range lines have

been established, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, at two detention

reservoir sites with drainage areas of 4.38 and 16.85 square miles. In addition, ar- rangements have been made for sampling the flow from the reservoir spillways.

(g) In the Texas Blacklands sediment yields

from watersheds of 100 to 200 acres having

a large percent of cultivated crops have

been reduced about 85 percent by changing

to a complete conservation program.

(4352) RELATION OF CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS TO STORM RUNOFF AND WATER YIELD IN THE EDWARDS PLATEAU AREA OF WEST CENTRAL

TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knisel, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 1147, Rlesel, Texas.

d) Field Investigation, applied research.

e) Five detention reservoirs in Lowrey Draw are equipped with water level recorders. Runoff rates and volumes are measured by volume

changes in the reservoirs. The watersheds

above the reservoirs range in size from 686

to 10,787 acres. A current meter rated gaging station is at the outlet of the Lowrey Draw watershed which has a drainage

area of 48 square miles. A rain gage network

is used to determine the precipitation over

the area. In addition to the development of the rainfall-runoff relationship for this

area, a study will be made of the disposition

of the water temporarily stored in the reservoirs

.

(g) A major storm of 7 to 12 inches occurred on

the 48-square-mile watershed Sept. 19-24. A special storm report is being prepared.

(4353) EVALUATION OF OPERATION AND DESIGN CRITERIA OF OLD TILE DRAIN SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, p. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation - applied research.

(ej A study to evaluate the effectiveness of some old existing tile systems in draining

and leaching soils; to evaluate the functioning of tile drains with and without

filter materials; and, to evaluate the adequacy of tile drain design criteria,

(g) Tile lines laid in certain soils, without

filter or envelope materials provided, accumulate soil over a long period of time until they become plugged or only partially

effective. Studies are shedding light on the occurrence of the salinity - clay mineral complex and interactions that influence movement of soil particles into drain lines.

(4354) INFILTRATION RATES AND PROFILE CHARACTERISTICS IN RELATION TO THE OCCURRENCE OF

SALINITY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Craig Wiegand, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) The purpose of the work is to relate infiltration rates to the occurrence of salt-affected profiles. Infiltration

rates are to be determined on about a dozen salt affected and adjacent non-affected

profile pairs which have been chemically

and physically characterized. The Infil- tration rates will be related statistically

to the severity of salinization and to the chemical and physical properties of the profiles

.

(f) Completed.

(g) The final Intake rate (5 hours) in the nonsaline sites averaged about 3 times those of

the adjacent saline sites. Analysis of variance revealed that saline profiles were higher in percent clay, are slightly elevated relative to the nonsallne sites and have greater surface slope than do the nonsallne

sites. Multiple regression analyses pre- dicted 95% of the variation in final intake

rate. Differences in clay content surface elevation and soil slope are concluded to result in differences in leaching effectiveness of rainfall due to their influences on infiltration and runoff.

(4356) EFFECTS OF BENCHING AND TERRACING ON MOISTUffi CONSERVATION ON SLOPING HARDLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN GREAT PLAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field investigation, applied and design research

.

(e) 1. To test the feasibility of altering the configuration of the land to intercept,

spread, and infiltrate surface runoff in contour basins. 2. To determine the extent

to which such Intercepted runoff will add

to available soil moisture supplies and how

such additional soil moisture may best be utilized for crop production. 3. To de- termine the relative value of the three

types of terrace systems, conservation

benching, graded, and level closed end for moisture conservation and crop production.

4. To measure runoff from well managed

contour farmed hardland soils.

(g) It has been found that graded and level terraces are equally effective in conserving

runoff water under semi-arid conditions where 10 or 11 months of fallow precade

planting either wheat or grain sorghum. It has been found that the conservation bench

terrace system is superior to either graded

or level terraces in the conservation of runoff water.

(4357) EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS AND CLIMATE ON RUNOFF, EROSION, AND CROP YIELDS UNDER

BLACKLAND CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

(d) Experimental - applied research.

(e) Runoff and soil loss are measured from 12 field scale (1 1/2 acre) plots representing

a typical cultivated slope of Blackland

Prairie soils. The plots are In three cropping systems with row cropping every

year, in alternate years, and every third

year. By taking soil moisture and crop residue measurements, in the future the interactions of varying climatic influences with crops and management are determined as

a basis for determining runoff and erosion

on farms and watersheds.

(g) Statistical analysis of runoff results for 4-year period 1959-62 indicated no significant difference between plot replications or cropping systems but a significant difference

in runoff for different years. Similar

analysis of soil loss data for this period

showed no significant difference between cropping systems, and a significant difference between plot replications and years. Complete statistical analysis of runoff,

soil loss, and yield data will be made after the 1964 harvest.

(4844) TESTING OF MATERIALS FOR IMPROVED SUBSURFACE

DRAINAGE.

128
(g)

(4845)

(g)

(4846)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. Experimental; applied research. Laboratory tank studies will be made to evaluate drainage materials with particular

emphasis on filters and new drain tube materials. One or more field installations

will be made in which drainage materials will

be compared and evaluated. Electric

analogue studies will be made for predicting

flow rates into tile lines. Laboratory studies with semi-rigid plastic

lines have shown that the material can withstand loadings imposed by deep in- stallation, to 9 feet, if installed in a narrow 10-inch width trench and if installed

in an excavated cradle to provide some lateral strength. SOIL-WATER-PLANT RELATIONS OF IRRIGATED

COTTON AS INFLUENCED BY DEPTH TO WATER TABLE. Laboratory project.

Mr. L. N. Namken, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas. Field Investigation; applied research.

A set of thirty-six lyslmeters, one meter

square and ten feet deep, are being utilized

to study the influence of soil moisture level, water table depth and water table salt level treatments on evapotranspiration, vegetative

growth and yield of cotton. The objectives

of the project are: (1) To determine the contribution of a water table to the water

requirement of cotton; (2) to study soil moisture use and extraction by cotton as Influenced by various water table depths; and (3) to study the effect of water table

salt concentration on salt movement and moisture uuuptake by the cotton plant. Total moisture use, lint yield, and plant

dry weight of cotton grown with the water table

at 3 feet were significantly less than from cotton grown with 6 and 9 feet deep water

tables. The highly saline condition of the entire soil mass above the 3-foot water

table apparently caused these differences. There was a significant interaction between moisture level and water table depth treat- ments on total moisture use, lint yields

and dry weight production by cotton. Under

high moisture conditions, cotton grown over

a 9 foot deep water table had significantly

greater total moisture use, lint yields and

dry weight production than cotton grown with

a water table of 6 feet. There was a complete reversal under the lower moisture

treatment where cotton with the 6 foot deep water table had greater total moisture use, lint yields, and dry weight production than cotton with the 9 foot deep water table. Cotton under low soil moisture conditions

(M-2) combined with a 9-foot water table depth had a 440 pound/acre reduction In lint cotton yields, a 33^ reduction in dry

weight production, and a 7.3 inch reduction

in total moisture use compared with cotton

under high soil moisture conditions (M-l) and a 9-foot water table depth.

Evapotranspiration rates of cotton were Influenced by the amount of moisture in the profile, stage of plant growth and water

table depth. Maximum rates generally

occurred under high soil moisture conditions

after irrigations or rains during the bloom

stage of plant growth. Maximum evapotranspiration rates by cotton under moisture level

I were .22, .40, and .45 inch/day for the 3-,

6-, and 9-foot water table depths, respectively. Maximum rates under moisture level II were .20, .35, and .38 inch/day for the 3-, 6-, and 9-foot water table depths, respectively. EFFECT OF VARIOUS METHODS OF STUBBLE MULCH TILLAGE ON RUNOFF FROM UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS.

(to) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Comparison of three types of tillage tools for residue management on runoff from unit

source watersheds ranging in size from 1.7

to 2.2 acres on land slopes from 2.2 to 3.5 percent, cropped annually to wheat. Six watersheds with three treatments and

two replications.

(g) Treatment 1, large sweeps (8 ft.) con- served the most residue and produced the least amount of runoff; Treatment 3, chisel tool, was the next treatment for conserving residue, but more runoff resulted; Treatment 2, light disking and

chisel tool, conserved the least residue

and produced the most runoff.

(4848) GRADED FURROWS FOR RUNOFF AND EROSION CONTROL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. D. W. Fryrear, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine relationships between furrow length and slope, runoff and

soil loss, and to see if graded furrows will permit increased terrace spacing. Terrace

spacing is doubled and a channel rather

than a conventional ridged terrace is used

to convey runoff water. Increased terrace spacing is accomplished by planting on 40-inch lister furrows on a 1 percent

grade. The amount of runoff and soil loss

from the furrows is measured along with

rainfall intensities, soil moisture, and

surface residues.

(g) Physical system was established in summer of

1963. Special techniques and methods of measuring runoff and soil loss have been designed and developed including sampling

apparatus for separating runoff increments

into various amounts to permit determination

of timing of major portion of erosion. Limited runoff data collected in 1964 indicates slightly more runoff from furrows

on a 1 percent grade than from furrows on the contour. Runoff data also show that furrows 300, 600, and 900 feet long on a 1 percent grade will convey at least 4.44,

2.85, and 2.06 inches per hour, respectively.

(4849) EVALUATION OF DRAINAGE METHODS FOR THE NONIRRIGATED AREA OF THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF TEXAS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ronald R. Allen, Agricultural Engineer,

or Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas

.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to compare the effectiveness and cost of installation

operation and maintenance of three drainage

methods; open drain ditches, subsurface

drain tile, and drainage wells in reduction

of soil salinity and control of a ground water table.

(g) An underlying permeable sand aquifer limits installation depth and effectiveness of open drain ditches and subsurface drain

tile. Pump drainage by wells has incurred

considerable expense for the small area affected.

(5211) LIMITED IRRIGATION OF GRAIN SORGHUM IN THE SOUTHERN PLAINS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. T. Musick, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.

fd) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine number and timing of irrigations

for most efficient use of limited irrigation

and expected precipitation; plant spacing for

129
most efficient use of limited waterj and some

soil moisture-plant growth-yield relationships under limited soil moisture conditions,

(g) One or two well-timed seasonal irrigations

resulted in good yields and efficient use of limited Irrigation water which permitted a reduction in irrigation water requirements.

In addition to considering soil moisture, proper timing of limited irrigation should consider expected seasonal rainfall and

stage of plant development. Narrow row and plant spacings are necessary for most effi- cient use of water at higher yield levels.

(5212) SOIL LOSS FROM TOE ENDS OF LEVEL TERRACES AND TOE EROSION OCCURRING BETWEEN TERRACES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. M. B. Cox, Agricultural Engineer, P. 0. Box 128, Cherokee, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose of work is to determine soil losses

from terraces and from different sections downslope within terrace Intervals. Runoff and

soil loss are measured from a system con- sisting of 8 terraces and 20 small plots. Half of the area is clean tilled and half

stubble mulched. Terraces are arranged in pairs, one concrete and one soil channel. Concrete lined channels are used to provide

a permanent base for measuring soil movement

into terrace channels. Plots, located at the ends of the pairs of terraces, permit

determination of silt contribution from three sections of normal terrace intervals,

(g) Terrace installations are completed and 1963-

64 runoff and soil loss data have been

obtained. Data showed some variation

between different pairs of terraces but marked similarity of both runoff and soil loss

was obtained within pairs, i.e., between

concrete and regular soil channel terraces.

The small plot portion of the study Is in- stalled but no data have been obtained.

(5213) WATER INTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL MOISTURE UNDER GRADED FURROWS ON PULLMAN SILTY CLAY

LOAM.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. W. H. Sletten, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.

d) Field Investigation; applied research.

e) Determine water intake characteristics,

storage, distribution, and irrigation

efficiency of long furrows on Pullman

silty clay loam soil.

(g) This soil has a high initial intake rate which rapidly drops to a very low basic rate. One

to two Inches of Initial intake occurs during

and soon after water passes a point in the furrow. The Intake rate then declines rapidly

to about 0.6 inch per hour for the first hour

after runoff begins from a short furrow

segment to a basic rate of 0.1 inch per hour

or less about 4 hours later. Cutting off the water soon after it reaches the end of long furrows results in high application effi- ciencies, relatively good distribution and

decreases tailwater runoff losses.

(5214) DEVELOPMENT AND TEST OF A SIMPLE SYSTEM TO CLARIFY PLAYA WATER WITH FLOCCULENTS AND TOE USE OF AN IRRIGATION DITCH AS A SETTLING

BASIN.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Victor L. Hauser, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied and design research

.

(e) To develop a simple system for removing

sediments from muddy playa lake water. This research project will be an effort to assemble relatively simple equipment to clarify muddy lake water prior to injection

into a shaft as a means of storing runoff water and thus prevent its loss to the

atmosphere by evaporation.

f) This experiment was terminated early In 1963.

g) The system design specified in the research

outline is not capable of removing enough

sediment to be used in widespread recharge

projects. The modified system Including a sand filter did remove enough sediment to be used in recharge work but the capacity

of the system Is low.

(5216) GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION OF A PLAYA AND ITS WATERSHED.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Wayne Clyma, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Determine the stratigraphy of a playa and Its watershed using surface electrical resis- tivity and electric and gamma-ray well logging equipment.

(e) The playa will be surveyed with the elec- trical resistivity equipment on a 500 foot

grid. Data will be collected and analyzed

according to standard practice. Each bore

hole drilled on the playa watershed will

be logged electrically and these data correlated with the drillers log and the stratigraphy and properties of each lithologic member.

(f) Initiated in 1963, field and laboratory work is continuing.

(5217) RUNOFF PRODUCTION BY UNIT SOURCE AREAS IN TOE EDWARDS PLATEAU OF TEXAS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. Walter G. Knlsel, Jr., Research Hydraulic

Engineer, P. 0. Box 1147, Riesel, Texas.

d) Field investigation, applied research.

e) Six watersheds, five selected, one installation completed in 1963 and three under con- struction in 1964. These watersheds are

all in range areas of different soil and geologic formations, and runoff will be measured by precalibrated flumes. The relationship between the runoff and the associated precipitation as Influenced by range use, geology, and soils are Investigated.

(5218) TOE DURABILITY AND EFFECTIVENESS OF DRAINAGE MATERIALS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(ej A field Installation of old and new drainage

tile, pipe and tubing is being made to evaluate the durability, and effectiveness of the materials. In addition, the investigation includes a study of the effectiveness

of providing envelope material to increase

the flow of water and decrease movement of sediment into drain lines under stratified

soil conditions.

(f) Initiated in 1963 as a field study.

(g) A field installation of 1/8 mile lines has

been completed consisting of concrete with

and without fiberglass envelope material,

and asphalt fiber pipe with a fiberglass

envelope. This will be a test of the durability and effectiveness of drainage

materials

.

(5577) PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING TO DETERMINE TOE MOISTURE STATUS OF PLANTS AND SALINITY IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Research Agricultural

Engineer, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Part of the project is theoretical basic research and the remainder is applied re- search . (e) The purpose of the project is to (1) test and adapt radiation measuring instrumentation for aerial measurement of plant tem- peratures and soil moisture stresses, and

130
(2) improve procedures for rapid prediction

of plant moisture stress and soil salinityconditions from the air, using remote sensing

instrumentation and serial photography,

(g) Ektachrome infrared aerial photographs were used for estimating salinity in the 0-5 foot profile using nonirrigated cotton as an indicator plant. On the basis of color tones

it was possible to distinguish six levels of salinity. Infrared radiometer measurements of cotton

leaf temperatures were made on the ground and from an airplane. The limited aerial measure- ments made compared favorably with ground measurements. Statistical studies of the temperature data taken on the ground indicate

that soil salinity can be predicted from cotton leaf temperatures with reasonable accuracy

.

(5578) AERATION MEASUREMENTS FOR DETERMINING DRAIN- AGE NEEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Ross W. Learner, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Determine the suitability of (1) bare platinum electrodes, (2) membrane covered

gold electrodes, and (3) gas chromatograph

for indicating soil drainage conditions.

(e) Aeration measuring devices are installed In

a soil column in which water table level can

be varied. The response of aeration measure- ments resulting from changes in water table

level determine sensitivity to drainage con- ditions . (f) Initiated in 1964. Continuing.

(5579) EFFECT OF WIND ON A FALLING WATERDROP.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. L. Skidmore, Agronomy Dept., Waters

Hall, Kansas State University, Manhattan,

Kansas.

d) Laboratory investigation; basic research.

e) Purpose of research is to determine influence

of wind on the velocity of a falling raindrop;

to determine effect of wind on path of drop;

to determine effect on horizontal acceleration

of drop; and to determine effect of wind on kinetic energy and momentum of raindrops. The experiment is being conducted in a wind

tunnel-rain tower facility where conditions

of wind and other variables can be rather precisely controlled.

(g) Problems associated with drop formation and lighting required for photographic techniques

are presently being worked on and resolved. Experimental data will be taken during 1965.

(5580) LIMITED IRRIGATION OF WHEAT AND SORGHUM IN A FALLOW -WHEAT-SORGHUM SEQUENCE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. T. Muslck, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.

d) Field investigation; applied research.

e) Determine response to limited irrigation of winter wheat and grain sorghum at two critical

stages of plant growth on yields, water use

efficiencies, and plant characteristics; and

to evaluate the ability of an extended preseasonal crop period (11 to 12 months pre- ceding both sorghum and wheat) to supply soil moisture storage at planting and thus de- crease Irrigation water requirements.

(5581) TIMING OF PRESEASONAL IRRIGATION IN RELATION

TO EFFICIENCY OF SOIL MOISTURE STORAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. H. Sletten, Agricultural Engineer, Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.

(d^ Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Determine relationship between the storage

efficiency of preseasonal irrigation water

and timing of Irrigation and the effect of antecedent soil moisture on storage efficiency

of preseasonal precipitation and/or irri- gation.

(5582) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF MARRS ORANGES, RED BLUSH GRAPEFRUIT, AND VALENCIA ORANGES IN THE RIO GRANDE VALLEY;

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Marvin D. Hellman, Research Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 267, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Field Investigation - applied research.

(e) This field investigation is designed to provide quantitative information on moisture

use of Marrs and Valencia oranges and red blush grapefruit in the Rio Grande Valley.

From this data water management recommendations will be made for citrus production

grown under conditions of a limited water

supply. In addition, the investigations

will determine the effects of the various

citrus varieties.

(5583) VARIATION OF SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUC- TIVITY OF HOUSTON BLACK CLAY WITH SOIL

DEPTH AND WITH DIAMETER OF SOIL CORES.

(b) ARS-SWC, Blackland Conservation Experiment

Station, Temple, Texas. Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. L. Tackett, Research Soil Scientist,

P. 0. Box 748, Temple, Texas 76502.

d) Experimental and basic research.

e) Saturated hydraulic-conductivity will be determined for each 6-lnch interval of undisturbed 9-foot soil column of 16- and

29-inch diameter and for 3-inch long soil cores of 3- to 3 7/8-inch diameter. The purposes will be (1) to determine the saturated flow rate of water through undis- turbed cores of Houston Black clay profiles and through various layers of the profile,

(2) to develop methods and procedures for utilizing large diameter cores for measuring

the hydraulic conductivity of soils, (3) to study the relation between core size and saturated hydraulic conductivity, and (4) to determine the relation between direction of water flow and hydraulic conductivity.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL

RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division. SOUTHWEST BRANCH, P. 0. Box 2326, Riverside, Calif.,

Mr. W. W. Donnan, Branch Chief.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the Utah State University and Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan

Utah.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs are being tested to develop

more effective and lower cost methods of reducing seepage losses in irrigation

systems. The investigation included: (1) Evaluation of physical properties of lining

materials; (2) model testing of linings in an outdoor laboratory; and (3) field testing

at selected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic conditions.

(g) After nearly 10 years both vinyl and polyethylene film employed as buried linings con- tinue to provide effective seepage control.

A built-up asphalt coated jute lining is highly effective after 7 years. After 9 years as an exposed canal lining the tensile

and elongation of butyl sheeting remained

unchanged. After 17 years of exposure on a walking deck butyl sheeting retained 80 percent of the original tensile and elongation.

(2117) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF

SOUTHWEST.

131
(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with State

and Federal agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 6014, University Station, Reno, Nevada

.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

Applied research.

(e) To determine the consumptive use of water

by crops, phreatophytes, and other

vegetation, and net irrigation supply re- quirements. To develop empirical formula

from climatologlcal and other data for de- termining rates of consumptive use.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS AND

LAKES.

(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with State

of California, counties and other agencies.

(c) Mr. Dean C. Muckel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada

.

(d) Experimental; compilation and analysis of data. Applied research.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes and develop empirical

formulas from climatologlcal data for computing monthly evaporation. Cooperative

field measurements are being made of pan evaporation at stations in California

ranging from near sea level in Santa Barbara County to 9,194 feet elevation at Kaiser

Pass In the Sierra-Nevada Mountains.

(2181) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER FOR

IRRIGATION IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with the California Department of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, Hydraulic Engineer, 4816 East Shields Avenue, Fresno 3, Calif.

(d) Experimental; laboratory and field investigations, applied research.

(e) To efficiently store imported water under- ground in quantity and of a qualty needed

in various locations. The objectives are:

(1) To determine the physical and chemical characteristics of surface soil and sub- strata on selected recharge sites and to relate these characteristics to infiltration

and percolation rates, and to lateral aquifer flow; (2) to determine the feasi- bility of recharge irrigation (deep percolation by heavy Irrigation of crops) as a means of storing water underground; (3) to determine the effect on recharge of the quality of water reaching the groundwater

table under selected site conditions, and

on the quality of the groundwater;

and (4) to prepare a recharge guide which permits the evaluation of a site for

recharge, suggests methods and systems of recharge to be used and indicates the quality of groundwater that may be expected

as a result of recharge,

(h) "Hydraulic Conductivity of Uniform, Stratified, and Mixed Sands," by J. J. Behnke and Leonard Schiff. Journ. Geophys. Res., 68-16,

pp. 4769-4775, 1963.

"A Strain Gage Pressure Cell for the Rapid

Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity of Soil Cores," by W. C. Blanch! and E. E. Haskell, Jr. Proc . ASTM, Vol. 63, pp. 1227-

1234, 1964. "Fixed-Position Device for Sampling Soil Solution in Depth," by E. E. Haskell, Jr. and

W. C. Blanch! . Jour. Am. Water Works Assoc.,

Vol. 56(5) :664-666, 1964. "Moisture Changes in Deep Soil Profiles Beneath Artificial Ground Water Recharge

Sites," by E. E. Haskell, Jr. and W. C. Bianchi. ARS Res. Rept. 372, 1964. "Devices for Measuring Soil-Water Movements

in Designing Recharge Facilities," by Leonard

Schiff. Trans. ASAE, Vol. 7(l) : 67-69, 1964. "Some Physical and Chemical Considerations in Artificial Ground-Water Recharge," by Leonard

Schiff and Kenneth L. Dyer. Pub. No. 64, Intl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrology, pp. 374-378, 1964. "Ground-Water Recharge Hydrology," by Leonard

Schiff. Ground Water, Vol. 2(3), July 1964.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine surface-irrigation requirements

of Lahontan alfalfa grown on three soil textures with constant water tables at various depths, and on well-drained soil in the absence of a water table; to determine

the effect of plant growth stage on the rate

of water use by Lahontan alfalfa; to de- termine the relation between the use of wata? by alfalfa under various water table conditions, evaporation from porous atmometer

bulbs, and evaporation from a Weather Bureau

evaporation pan; and to evaluate the effects

of a fluctuating water table on the yield

and growth rate of alfalfa.

(f) Completed.

(g) The frequency and duration of water table fluctuations must be controlled to sustain alfalfa production. Significant results

of the lyslmeter study, for areas with growth and climatic conditions similar to those of the study area are as follows:

(1) Excess water must be removed from the root zone of alfalfa plants adapted to 2- foot static water tables within three days

to insure optimum crop production. (2) Alfalfa root system deterioration became progressively worse as the fluctuation or submergence intervals exceeded four days.

(h) "Water Table Fluctuation Effect on Alfalfa

Production," by Rhys Tovey. Univ. of Nev.

Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bui. No. 1 (1964).

(3556) FARM CONVEYANCE AND WATER APPLICATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

(c) Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanic Arts, 130, Logan

Utah.

d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

e) New methods and equipment for conveying and applying Irrigation water are being

developed. The hydraulic properties of lay- flat tubing are being studied and new materials are being evaluated to determine

their use in conveyance structures.

(g) Two devices for regulating and measuring

water deliveries from irrigation canals

and ditches have been developed. These devices are essentially leakproof and simple

to regulate.

(h) "Hydraulic and Geometrical Relationships of Lay-Flat Tubing," by Allan S. Humphreys and

C. W. Laurltzen. USDA Technical Bulletin

No. 1309, October 1964.

(3558) LABORATORY MODEL AND FIELD STUDIES OF REDUCING SEEPAGE IN SANDS WITH BENTON ITE

.

(b) Laboratory and field project, in cooperation

with the Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Myron B. Rollins, Research Soil Scientist,

Agricultural Research Service, P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine factors influencing blanket treatments and sediment penetration and retention involved with sealing irrigation

canals or reservoirs with bentonite, and to develop procedures to obtain effective seals. Laboratory experimentation is being done with sands placed in lucite cylinders 3 inches

in diameter and 2 feet long. Ponds 20 x 40 feet are used in field tests. Bentonite is applied by blanket treatment and by dis- persing it In the water. Numerous aspects

concerning the chemical, physical, and mineralogical properties of the bentonites,

waters, and sands will be evaluated.

(g) Investigations, to date, suggest that effective seals can be obtained within certain unknown

limitations for the dispersion or sediment

treatment. Blanket treatments are very

132
(g)

effective if kept moist.

"Field Experiments on Sealing Permeable Fine Sand With Bentonite," by M. B. Rollins, Soil

Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 28:268-271, March-April

1964. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION OF HUMBOLDT MEADOW VEGETATION AS MEASURED WITH LYSIMETERS. Laboratory and field project, in cooperation (4358) with University of Nevada Agr. Expt. Sta. and Nevada State Department of Conservation

and Natural Resources. (b) Mr. Anthony S. Dylla, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada

.

To measure the evapo-transpiration of (c) meadow vegetation in the Humboldt Basin area which subsists primarily under shallow water (d) table conditions. The data will be used to (e; determine areal use of ground waters by

native vegetation and phreatophytes and to native vegetation and phreatophytes and to develop methods of more efficient utilization

of those water supplies.

Progress report covering three years data underway. (g) Evapo-transpiratlonal rates are being obtained

by water use measurements of meadow grasses

growing in plastic lysimeters. Vegetative

growth, soil moisture, water table, and weather data are being collected to which

evapo-transpiration rates from tanks can be related. (4359) "Evapotransplration Studies on Native Meadow

Grasses, Humboldt Basin, Winnemucca, Nevada,"

by A. S. Dylla and Dean C. Muckel, Univ. of

Nev. Agr. Expt. Sta. Rept. Series No. R-9, October 1964. DYNAMIC SIMILARITY IN PIPE ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(to)

Laboratory project.

Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, Water Conser- vation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe, Arizona. Experimental; applied research.

ASA, class 125, cast iron, 90-degree, flanged

elbows of 3-, 6-, 10-, and 12-inch diameters

from five manufacturing sources were calibrated

to determine the expected accuracy of flow measurements made with uncalibrated elbow

meters. Effects of various fittings and installations on the calibration were deter- mined for 3-inch diameter elbows. Reactivated. Uncalibrated elbow meters can be expected to

be accurate within 5 percent if properly in- stalled. GROUND COVERS AND OTHER STRUCTURES FOR COLLECTING AND STORING PRECIPITATION. Laboratory project, in cooperation with the Utah State University.

Dr. C. W. Laurltzen, Soil Scientist, Utah

State University, Mechanics Art, 130, Logan, Utah. Experimental and applied research. There are areas in many regions where water

for livestock and even culinary uses is scarce or nonexistent, yet considerable water

in the form of precipitation falls each

year. As an example, the precipitation on one acre of land in an 8-inch rainfall area amounts to 217,248 gallons. This is enough

to supply water to more than 200 head of cattle for 100 days. This study Includes

the development and testing of materials for ground covers and storage facilities to be used for the collection and storage of water in low rainfall areas together with

the design and operation of these facilities. Cround covers and closed storage structures have been developed for Intercepting and (4360) storing precipitation. To satisfy the need for a name this combination of structures

has been termed a "Rain Trap." Butyl (fc) sheeting continues to be the most satis- factory material for both the interceptor

(h)

and the storage reservoir. Other materials

are being investigated, and there are indications that some of these will be less expensive and reasonably serviceable as ground covers. Modifications have been made

in the design and fabrication of ground

covers and storage bags made of butyl to improve their performance. FLOOD WAVE MOVEMENT AND ROUTING IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS

.

Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experlmmt

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona. Experimental, field investigation. Water level recorders are located at 2,000-

foot Intervals in a 3-mile reach of natural

channel. The reach has a gaging flume at the inlet and at the outlet, and major

tributary inflow is gaged. Flood waves generated by cloudburst type thunderstorms

are being studied. Propagation of the peak of the flood wave for discharges between 1000 and 2000 cfs took place at velocities of 10-15 feet per second, as compared with velocities of 5-7 feet per

second for the front of the wave moving on a dry channel bed. PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS INFLUENCING RUNOFF FROM SEMIARID WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic research

.

(e) Raingage networks with densities of one recording gage per square mile are being

operated on the 58- square-mile Walnut Gulch watershed in southeastern Arizona and the 67-square-mlle Alamogordo Creek watershed

in northeastern New Mexico. The walnut

Gulch study is augmented by horizontalsearch 3-cm. radar. Objectives of the study

are to determine precipitation parameters

of importance in predicting runoff and

sediment yield, and to give particular

attention to the small area, highly intense, convective summer thunderstorms typical of the region.

(g) Data from Walnut Gulch watershed for a 7-year

period of record indicate that summer convective thunderstorms are elliptical In shape with the major axis approximately 1.5 times the minor axis. Within the boundary

of the Walnut Gulch watershed, 80<£ of the storms cover less than 4 1/2 square miles in area, and 36% cover less than 10 square miles. Maximum runoff events are typically

the result of multi-celled storms separated

in space and time. On the Alamogordo Creek

watershed, convective thunderstorms are of greater intensity and larger areal extent

than at Walnut Gulch. The difference is due

to the greater amount of precipitable water

in the air mass in eastern New Mexico as compared with southeastern Arizona, and to the fact that frontal action is more common

thus giving an added lift to convective

storm cells. "Effect of Storm Duration on Runoff from Rangeland Watersheds in the Semiarld South- western United States," by H . B. Osborn.

Bui. of International Assoc. Scientific Hydrology. Dec. 1964. RUNOFF FROM COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CLIMATIC AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

133
Service

.

(c) Mr. R. V. Keppel, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) On semiarid rangeland watersheds up to 43,000 acres in size, runoff measurements

are being maintained, and an attempt is being made to relate water yield to climatic and watershed characteristics, and

to evaluate the effects of a range conservation program on rates and amounts of flood runoff and on net water yields. A new design

of critical depth flume with capacities up to 22,500 cfs is being used to gage the flashy,

sediment-laden flows.

(g) On 5 Walnut Gulch watersheds ranging from

560 to 36,900 acres, water yield decreases

exponentially with the 0.3 power of the watershed size. All of the water yields to date have occurred from June to September

as a result of intense convective thunderstorms. On the Alamogordo Creek Watershed

(43,000 acres), flow events originating on the central portion of the valley floor

cause a flat-top hydrograph with a sustained peak lasting 2 to 3 hours. It is believed

that this is caused by unusually large

valley storage located upstream from a channel discontinuity. On the other hand, runoff events originating on the highly

incised southeast or southwest branch of the main stem are sharp-peaked.

(4361) THE ROLE OF VALLEY AND CHANNEL MATERIALS AND VEGETATION IN THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI- ARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural

Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. K. G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental, field investigation.

e) Measurements from tandem gaging stations are utilized to evaluate the losses that occur

as runoff traverses ephemeral stream channels. Records from shallow wells show depletion patterns of the transmission

loss water.

(g) Losses up to 25 acre-feet-per-mile of channel have been measured on one reach of channel in a single flash flood. Records

from wells in both the local and regional water tables Indicate that in one reach of the main channel, most of the water is dissipated by evaporation and transpiration, while in another reach there may be some movement from the channel alluvium down to

the regional water table.

(4362) THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMI-ARID WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND

NATIVE VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with Ariz, and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment

Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Dr. J. L. Gardner, Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic research

.

(e) Interrelations of soils and native vege- tation as they influence water and sediment yield are being evaluated on rangeland watersheds of 100 to 43,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico. Supplementary to studies on entire watersheds, infIltrometer

studies on 6 x 12' plots are in progress.

A primary objective of the infiltrometer

studies is determination of parameters of rangeland vegetation most effective In evaluating its influences on runoff and sediment production on watersheds,

(g) On the infiltrometer plots, maximum runoff

is reached in about half the time on areas supporting brush as compared to those supporting grass. On small watersheds above stock tanks, average annual sediment production -- but not runoff — is logarithmically correlated with basal area of grass

cover.

(h) "Soil and Vegetation Parameters Affecting

Infiltration Under Semiarid Conditions," by

D. R. Kincald, J. L. Gardner, and H . A. Schreiber. Bui. of International Assoc. Scientific Hydrology, No. 65, pp. 440-453,

1963.

(4363) HYDROLOGIC DATA REDUCTION WITH ANALOG-TO- DIGITAL CONVERTER.

(b) Laboratory projects, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental; laboratory.

e) Hydrologic records in analog form are being

reduced to digital form by means of an automatic analog to digital converter. Information Is transferred primarily from rainfall charts to punched cards for future computer programs.

(4364) RUNOFF AND SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON UNIT SOURCE WATERSHEDS AS INFLUENCED BY MICROCLIMATE, WATER BALANCE, SOIL AND VEGETATION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. H. B. Osborn, Hydraulic Engineer, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory. Basic

research

.

(e) Runoff and sediment yields are being

measured from several small, single soil- cover subwatersheds located within larger

experimental watersheds having mixed soil- cover situations. Objectives are to eval- uate the effects of various, soil-vegetation

complexes, microclimate and water balance

phases on local runoff and sediment pro- duction, and to identify and characterize

unit source-areas controlling the net storm runoff and sediment yields of larger, more complex watersheds.

(g) Average annual sediment yield from small predominantly grass-covered watersheds is about 1%, by weight, of their water yield.

Sediment yield measured from predominantly

brush-covered watersheds ranges from around

2%, by weight, of water yield upward.

(4365) SEDIMENT MOVEMENT ON COMPLEX WATERSHEDS AS

INFLUENCED BY CLIMATE AND WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conser- vation Service.

(c) Mr. Kenneth G. Renard, Hydraulic Engineer,

P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (1) to determine the relationship of sediment production on unit source areas to sediment yields of complex watersheds, (2) to develop methods for sediment yield prediction, and

(3) to develop methods for reducing sediment yields from semiarid rangeland watersheds in

the Southwest. Integrated depth samples of suspended sediment are being collected, and single-stage samples by automatic samplers. Total load and particle sizes are being

determined for correlation with storm and runoff measurements on several experimental watershed with varying soil, vegetation

characteristics, and drainage features. Studies will be carried out over a number

of years during which effects of changing

range cover and corresponding changes in flow regimes of the watersheds may be evaluated.

(g) Sufficient samples have not as yet been collected or analyzed to develop sediment

134
rating curves nor to determine the suspended

sediment load associated with the Individual hydrographs. Suspended sediment samples collected In the mainstream of Walnut Gulch

have been found to vary between 2 and 8 percent by weight. Unfortunately, these results have been confined so far to relatively small discharges. The following are indications

from the samples analyzed to date: (1) The sediment peak precedes the hydrograph peak.

(2) The sand load is relatively low in the samples collected before the hydrograph peak, and from the peak on is higher and seems to be more closely related to the actual dis- charge than are the small fractions. (3) Silt load is heavy at the sediment peak and drops off thereafter, i.e., clay to silt ratio

rises after the sediment peak. (4) Correla- tion of consecutive depth-integrated samples

is very good when the stage is not fluctuating

rapidly. (5) The majority of the single stage

samples on the main channel appear to agree well with the depth-integrated samples taken during the same period. (6) There is a considerable Increase in the percentage of clay for samples taken in the mainstream as compared to samples taken upstream in the good grasslands. Greater gullying on other

areas and bank erosion along the main channels

are probably responsible for this increase.

(4368) DEVELOPMENT OP A PORTABLE IRRIGATION SPRINKLER EVALUATION DEVICE.

(b) U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service, Soil and Water Conser- vation Research Division.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Agricultural Engineer, ARS, Box 8014, University Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) (1) To develop a portable device that can

be used in the design and evaluation of sprinkler Irrigation systems and (2) to determine procedures for the use of the portable Irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device in measuring soil Intake rates, sprinkler application rates and other

factors pertinent to the efficient design

of sprinkler irrigation systems.

(g) A portable irrigation sprinkler evaluation

device has been designed and constructed. Tests show that the device works satis- factorily. Procedures for measuring soil intake rates for sprinkler irrigation

system design have been developed.

(4850) WATERSHED RELATIONS TO RECHARGE OF DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED GROUND WATER BASINS.

(c)

I!)

(g)

Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agrlc.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California. Basic and applied research.

Soil moisture measurements (made with

neutron scattering moisture meters to depths of ten to twenty-eight feet) together

with measurements of precipitation and other cllmatological factors are being made on a watershed near Lompoc, California, to de- termine how much, if any, of the rainfall in certain areas penetrates beyond the root zone,

to recharge groundwater. The thirteen sites now being studied represent various cover,

soil, and topographic conditions. A study

is made of movement of water in various

soils to help determine net contribution

to ground water recharge by deeply pene- trating rainwater. A technique for pre- dicting ground water recharge by deep pene- tration of rainwater is being developed

which will provide probability estimates of seasonal recharge based site conditions and cllmatological records. Downward translocation of moisture has been

observed to continue during the dry season following winter precipitation. The magnitude of this migration is predictable and

amount of downward movement of moisture

through the root zone can be estimated fairly accurately without the benefit of periodic moisture determinations; provided

monthly precipitation data are available and

the range of available moisture in the root

zone is known,

(h) "Soil Moisture Interface Effects Upon Readings of Neutron Moisture Probes," by G. P. Lawless, N. A. MacGlllivray, and P. R. Nixon. Soil Scl. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:502-507,

1963.

(4851) WATERSHED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION LOSSES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Calif.

Dept. of Water Resources, California Agric.

Experiment Station, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

(c) Mr. G. Paul Lawless, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation, basic and applied research.

(e) Measurements of soil moisture content are being made at 13 neutron scatter metering

sites on a watershed near Lompoc, Calif.

Soil suction is measured at one site by

tensiometers . Precipitation is measured

within a complex of four of the soil moisture

sites. Outside of the watershed, in a plot

(approx. one acre) of perennial ryegrass,

soil moisture data are obtained by an elec- tronically weighing lysimeter, neutron

scatter meter, tensiometers and moisture

blocks. Soil temperature, soil heat flux,

drainage from the lysimeter, wind velocity

and direction, solar, total hemispherical,

and net radiation, albedo, air temperature

and humidity are measured in or near the lysimeter. Most of this data is automati- cally recorded. Data is also obtained from

an adjoining USWB class A type climate

station, which contains extra instruments

consisting of a hygrothermograph, spherical atmometers, and recording rain gage. Purpose

of this work is to determine the relationship between evapotranspiration and various cli- matic, soil, and plant Influences as these relationships affect watershed performance

with respect to net water yield.

(g) Much of the available water in the root zones of the native vegetation was quickly

used after each dry season started. The lack of available water reduced evapotranspiration rates. It was found that these rates

of evapotranspiration correlated to con- siderable degree with the soil moisture

content of the root zones.

(4853) SALINITY BALANCE INVESTIGATION OF CITRUS

IRRIGATION ON RESIDUAL SOILS, USING COLORADO

RIVER WATER.

(b) Laboratory project, In cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service, and Riverside County (California) Flood Control Dist.

(c) Mr. Sterling Davis, Drainage Engineer, P. 0. Box 629, Pomona, California.

Id) Experimental.

(e) The salinity of the soil and drainage water from this watershed is compared with

total Colorado River water irrigation appli- cation plus rainfall to determine the salinity trends within a 1,000 acre watershed planted primarily to citrus orchards. Granodiorlte rock underlying these soils minimizes loss of effluent to deep percolation. Bi-annual soil samplings are taken

of selected sites within the watershed. Intensive investigations Including flow

recorders, flumes, and recording rain gages, were activated in May 1961. The program

was expanded in 1962 to include sufficiently

large flumes to measure winter storm runoff.

The project was established as a five-year

program

.

(g) Preliminary observations have demonstrated

the capabilities of this research technique

in securing information on salinity trends

135
on a watershed-wide basis.

(4854) EFFECT ON TILE DRAINS OF MANGANESE AND IRON SOLUBILITY IN SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

U. S. Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. L. B. Grass, Soil Scientist, Southwestern

Irrigation Field Station, P. 0. Box 1339,

Brawley, California 92227.

(d) Experimental.

(e) A study to determine the ability of various

soils to yield ferrous or amanganous ions

in drainage effluent under varying conditions of reduction and pH and to develop

an Index for classifying soils as to their

reduction potential. Tile line deposits of manganese and ferric oxide now represent a serious threat to irrigated agriculture,

particularly in the Coachella and Imperial

Valleys of California. SCS and ARS tech- nicians have collected and forwarded soil samples from 11 locations throughout the United States where this problem has been observed In agricultural drain lines. Apparatus has been set up in the laboratory

to subject these reduced conditions.

(5219) WATER DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS WITH CHEMICAL

TRACERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Lloyd E. Myers, Director, U. S. Water

Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A,

Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Techniques and equipment for the integrated

sample method of water discharge in open channels and in pipelines using fluorescent

chemical tracers are being developed.

A sensitive laboratory fluorometer has been

adapted for field use. Preliminary field measurements Indicate that uniform mixing of tracer with water flowing in an open channel

is difficult to obtain. UNSATURATED FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRI- CULTURAL SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. E. J. Doering, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental j basic research.

(e) The objectives are (1) To develop improved

techniques (in terms of effort, reliability,

and time) for measuring the water transmitting

properties of agricultural soils at various

matric suction values; and (2) to determine

the unsaturated flow properties of a variety

of agricultural soils. Diffusion theory and linear flow systems are being utilized,

(g) The measurement of the unsaturated flow properties of soil is by no means experimntally routine. However, the recent development of apparatus for accurately

measuring and recording low rates of liquid flow simplifies the collection of the required outflow data.

(5221) THE ROLE OF SOIL MOISTURE IN SEMIARID RANGE- LAND HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Dr. H. A. Schreiber, Soil Scientist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (a) To determine the relation of soil moisture to vegetation and soil characteristics; (b) to determine and evaluate effects of soil moisture

and related vegetation conditions on detention,

retention, and deep penetration of rainfall;

(c) to compare with the naturally occurring

moisture regime the effects produced by two imposed moisture regimes on soil and vegetation

characteristics relating to the hydrology and

sediment production of semiarid rangelands; (

(g)

(5220)

(5222)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(5223)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(d) to study the effects and interactions

with soil moisture of maintaining a higher

than natural level of fertility on soil and vegetation characteristics affecting the runoff net water yield, and sediment yields

and forage production of semiarid rangeland

watersheds. PRECIPITATION CHARACTERISTICS AFFECTING HYDROLOGY AND SEDIMENT PRODUCTION OF SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN CENTRAL AND

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. Laboratory project, cooperative with Tehachapi Soil Conservation District, and California

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Mr. Paul R. Nixon, Agricultural Engineer,

P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, Calif. 93438. Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research. Objectives of this study are to develop stonri time-depth-area relationships of rainfall In Central and Southern California to geographic

location in the detail needed for design of flood runoff control works on agricultural watersheds of 400 square miles or less; and

to characterize other precipitation

parameters relating to the net water yields, flood runoff and sediment production of such watersheds. DETERMINING THE EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL WATERSHED MODELING RELATIONSHIPS CAUSED BY MANIPULATING

THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FLUID USED IN THE MODEL'S RAINSTORM SIMULATOR. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University.

Mr. D. L. Chery, Jr., Hydraulic Engineer,

USU Box 229, Logan, Utah. Experimental laboratory. Applied research

(also for a doctoral thesis)

.

To determine the effect on model-prototype

relationships of changes in the physical

properties of water-chemical mixtures used

in a model watershed's rainstorm simulator.

Data from the model are compared with records of the prototype watershed (97 -acre semiarid watershed near Albuquerque, New Mexico) to ascertain which water-chemical mixtures

give the best model verification. The water- shed model consists of a 1:175 fiberglass

topographical model and an automatically

operated rainstorm simulator. In the storm simulator the liquid is applied in several Independent subunits by positive displacement pumps driven by variable speed D. C. electric motors. The fluid is distributed

evenly over a subarea by equal length

polyethylene tubing (0.011 inch ID). GROUND WATER AS A FACTOR IN THE WATER BUDGET

OF SEMIARID WATERSHEDS. Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the U. S. Soil Con- servation Service.

Mr. D. E. Wallace, Geologist, P. 0. Box 213, Tombstone, Arizona. Experimental, field; applied research. Objective of the study is to provide infor- mation on ground water accretion and move- ment and aquifer-streamflow relationship

as affected by surface and subsurface geologic conditions. Research will include: (1) Preparing maps

and stratigraphic sections of the watershed

and associated areas; (2) collecting cores

and samples of the various materials for laboratory analysis; (3) utilizing drilling

techniques and sensory methods to determine

porosity, permeability, and transmissabillty

of aquifers and valley material. Pumping

tests and tracers will also be utilized in determining flow movement in subsurface

strata

.

5225) HYDROLOGIC EFFECTS OF RESEEDING RANGELAND.

(5224)

(b)

(c)

(g)

136
(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Experiment Stations of Arizona and New Mexico, U. S. Soil Conservation Service,

local ranch owners.

(c) Mr. D. R. Kincaid, Research Botanist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

d) Experimental, Ffield; applied research.

e) Treatments comprise combinations of brush

removal, soil pitting and reseeding to perennial range grasses. They are applied

to replicated 6xl2-foot plots, and to drainage areas up to 10 acres. Objective is to investigate effects of a practical range con- servation program on yields of water and sediment

.

(g) Mean runoff from eleven storms in the summer

of 1963 varied significantly among 24 un- treated brush-covered 6xl2-foot plots. Soil and vegetation characteristics to which these differences are due are being investigated.

Indications are that mlcrorelief , cover of erosion pavement, and cover of vegetation

are the most important.

15226) DYNAMICS OF WATER AVAILABILITY TO PLANTS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

e) Principles involving uptake of water from

soil by plants and subsequent loss to atmosphere are under study. A mathematical

model for the soil-plant atmosphere system has been derived. Experiments are conducted

in the greenhouse and growth chamber to

test the validity of the model.

(g) The unsaturated conductivity of the soil as well as the soil suction has been shown to

be important in governing water uptake by

plants. The mathematical model has been extended to provide a quantitative relation between transpiration and soil moisture.

(h) "The Lower Limit of Water Availability to Plants," W. R. Gardner and R. H. Nieman. Science 143: 1460-62, 1964.

(5227) EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM FIELD SOILS IN THE PRESENCE OF A WATER TABLE.

(b) Field project conducted In cooperation with

the Southwestern Irrigation Field Station.

(c) Mr. E. J. Doering, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, Calif.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) The objectives are (l) To develop simplified

but accurate techniques for evaluating

evaporative losses from field soils, and

(2) to determine the applicability of theory

describing evaporation from soils in the presence of a water table to the solution of field problems.

f) Completed.

g) Both direct ( evaporlmeter) and indirect (salt

accumulation and distribution) methods have

been used at a field site in Imperial Valley,

California to estimate the actual evaporation

rate under essentially steady flow conditions.

The two methods produced comparable estimates

of the evaporation rate, but greater precision

of estimate was achieved by the evaporlmeter

methods

.

(h) "Salt Accumulation and Salt Distribution as an Indicator of Evaporation from Fallow Soils,"

by E. J. Doering, R. C. Reeve, and K. C. Stocklnger. Soil Sci. 97(5): 312-319, May

1964.

(5564) SEDIMENT SOURCES AND DELIVERY PROCESSES ON AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Fred J. Llbby, Geologist, P. 0. Box E, Lompoc, California.

d) Basic and applied research.

e) To determine sediment producing characteristics of watershed lands as related to their

geology, climate, soils, land use, and

treatment; their stream sediment movement

and deposltional characteristics as related

to hydraulic and hydrologic influences; and

to develop therefrom methods for prediction

of sediment deposition on agricultural flood

plain areas and sediment carried out of agricultural watersheds,

(g) None. Preliminary investigations are being

developed.

(5585) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF LAWN GRASSES.

(b) Field project in cooperation with the U. S. Navy and the Nevada Agricultural Experiment

Station

.

(c) Mr. Rhys Tovey, Research Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Research Service,

P. 0. Box 8014 University Station, Reno, Nevada 89507.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) 1. Determine minimum water requirements,

including depth and frequency of application, to maintain a lawn in a top well dressed condition.

2. Determine minimum water requirements,

including frequency and depth of application, to maintain a lawn where it is desirable to reduce maintenance operations

to a minimum. Good turf must be maintained

that will go dormant during hot seasons

and revive when watered by precipitation

or irrigation.

Study being carried on with nonweighing

lysimeters

.

(5586) UNSATURATED FLOW IN GROUND WATER HYDRAULICS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Herman Bouwer, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe, Arizona.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied re- search . (e) To include the contribution of unsaturated

flow to the movement of water below the ground, experimentally determined relationships between hydraulic conductivity and negative water pressure in the soil are simplified to stepfunctions. These functions yield a "critical" pressure head, which is then used as the boundary condition where

the flow system is in contact with atmos- pheric air in the soil.

(f ) Completed.

(g) The critical pressure head may range from

-15 cm of water or more for sands to -100 cm water or less for structureless fine

soils. The effect of unsaturated flow is analyzed for systems with mainly horizontal

flow, mainly downward flow, and flow through

restricting layers underlain by unsaturated

material

.

(h) "Unsaturated Flow in Ground Water Hydraulics^ Herman Bouwer. J. Hydraulics Div., Proc.

Am. Soc. Civ. Eng., 90 No. Hy 5, 121-147,

1964.

(5587) THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF SEEPAGE FROM OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Herman Bouwer, Research Hydraulic

Engineer, U. S. Water Conservation Laboratory, Route 2, Box 816-A, Tempe, Arizona.

d) Theoretical, applied research.

e) The theoretical effect of channel shape and water depth on seepage was studied with a resistance network analog and analytically

for a wide range of soil conditions and positions of the ground water table. The role of unsaturated flow In analyzing

seepage flow systems is discussed.

f) Completed.

g) Dimensionless graphs were constructed showing seepage in relation to water depth in the channel, soil hydraulic conductivity,

position of water table at considerable

distance from the channel, position of an impermeable layer in the soil, or position

of a highly permeable layer in the soil. An equation is developed for the seepage

137
from channels with a thin, slowly permeable

(clogged) layer at the wetted perimeter.

(5588) WATER BUDGET OF EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS IN RELATION TO WATER DYNAMICS, GEOLOGY, AND

VEGETATION.

(b) Field and laboratory project in cooperation

with Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Hasan K. Qashu, Soil Scientist, and Mr.

D. E. Wallace, Geologist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tuc son , A ri zona

.

(d) Laboratory and field research, basic and applied, part of which will be presented as

a doctoral dissertation by Mr. Qashu.

(e) The investigations are aimed at (1) assessment

of ground water in local, water tables and development of management practices for sustained supply and improved quality of usable water; and (2) basic research on the relation of temperature variation and fluctuation of the water table to soil moisture movement and evaporation. During

the summer rainy season, large proportions

of the ephemeral flows are absorbed by the stream channel, resulting in a rise of the surface of the local water table. Many channels with deep alluvial deposits over- lying these perched water tables support dense stands of phreatophytes . Evapotransplration from such areas on the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed is being studied by means of both the water budget and the heat balance approach. Amounts of water storage

and rates of recharge are determined in the field. Outflow from the area is recorded

to the nearest cubic foot, and diurnal fluc- tuation of the outflow and of the surface of the water table is continuously noted. Using Darcy's Law and a combination of methods for determining soil permeability

and hydraulic conductivities, rates of sub- surface inflow are computed. By use of a portable seismic unit and 28 observation

wells, extent of the aquifer has been deter- mined and an area-depth curve has been prepared.

(5589) RELATION OF SEDIMENTS AND STRATIGRAPHY TO THE HYDROLOGY OF SEMIARID WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the Arizona and New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Stations and the U. S. Soil Conservation

Service

.

(c) Dr. Philip Seff, Research Geologist, P. 0. Box 3926, Tucson, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field and laboratory; basic research

.

(e) Sediment collection stations are located at half-mile intervals where good surface exposures exist near the various experimental

watersheds. Detailed sample collections of each stratlgraphic unit are made and sub- sequently analyzed in the laboratory. This procedure coupled with a fluvial geomorphic

analysis of the existing stream channels provides the necessary data for geologic

interpretations, and recognition of changing

climatic conditions.

(g) Information obtained indicates that the major

source of sediments is derived from the non- consolidated Lake Cenozoic valley fill de- posits on the Walnut Gulch watershed. Heavy

mineral analysis is a valuable aid in locating

the source areas of sediment. Subsurface water flow is restricted on both the Alamogordo

and Walnut Gulch watersheds by high to medium

indurated beds of Mesozolc age and older.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Central States Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to R. D. Lane, Director, 111 Old

Federal Bldg., Columbus, Ohio 43215.

(3563) SUBSURFACE WATER MANAGEMENT ON NORTHERN

HARDWOOD FOREST AREAS,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field Investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Movement of subsoil water will be studied

in various geologic and soil types to:

(1) Develop techniques for quantitatively

measuring subsurface water movement from

small plots; (2) to learn the effect of artificial rainfall on quantity and timing

of subsurface water movement; and (3) to develop a flow equation, including coeffi- cients for the significant variables

affecting that flow. This information will

aid watershed technicians In making land management decisions on areas that have

lots of subsurface stormflow.

(g) A plot 125 feet long by approximately 18 feet wide was wetted by a sprinkler

system. The surface soil of the plot was predominately silt loam textured on a 20 percent slope. The soil surface was

well protected by an undisturbed hardwood

leaf litter cover. Hardwood roots and root channels were concentrated in the top 24 Inches of soil, with extremely dense net- works of the surface 11 Inches. At a depth range of 32 to 50 inches below the surface a clay loam texture was predominate,

in this horizon roots and root hairs were

scattered and almost non-existent.

Rainfall Intensities from the sprinkler

system varied from 0.6 to 1.2 inches per hour and storm lengths varied from 90 to 150 minutes. Seepage outflow measurements

were made with 8 foot wide troughs Inserted

in the downslope face of the plot. These troughs were spaced at 0, 24, 32, and 50 Inches below the soil surface —the depths

corresponding to textural discontinuities.

Seepage results from the 1964 fall runs

have not been completely analyzed. However,

the following preliminary observations were

made

:

(1) For the range of storm intensities used,

no surface runoff occurred. The leaf litter protection appears to maintain the permeable

condition of the surface soil even after 20 storms in 8 weeks.

(2) As In past runs, greatest volumes of seepage flow occurred from the uppermost soil horizon (a coarse textured silt loam over- lying a finer textured silt loam). Large

quantities of flow appeared to come from

root channels and small structural cracks in this surface horizon. This seepage flow peaked shortly after rainfall ended and re- ceded to Insignificant quantities in about

6 to 8 hours.

Flow from the underlying fine silt loam and

clay loam textured horizons was steady and uniform for about 16 to 20 hours following

the start of rainfall.

(3) No general seepage loss occurred In a lateral direction from the wetted plot soil into the adjacent dry soil; this was confintEd by several batteries of tensiometers in- stalled at the edge of the wetted strip. However, seepage loss from a zone approximately 6 to 8 feet beyond the wetted edge occurred. Because of observation and known

soil conditions, it was surmised that this

seepage was being channeled off the plot

through interconnected biological channels. This has led to the conclusion that there is

a critical plot length-width ratio for forest soils having wide- spreading, interconnecting

root systems. Future research will be aimed

at studying this in more detail with laboratory model studies. The subsurface stormflow plot (with sandy

loam texture on a 29 percent slope) used In the 1963 runs was recalibrated with sprinkler

runs. Then a 54-inch deep trench was dug across the plot at right angles to the direction of flow and filled with wood shavings

Again, the seepage results have not been

fully compiled and analyzed; however,

tensiometer and piezometer readings show

138
the presence of a mounded zone of satu- ration immediately above the subsoil

trench. This indicates a lag in outflow

or break in continuity of flow at the sharp air-soil interface. It is felt

that this subsoil trenching technique may be a useful tool for temporary

detention of subsurface stormflow from

shallow soils, such as are found in the Allegheny-Cumberland Plateau. This

technique will also be studied in further detail by the use of laboratory models

.

(4373) USE OF NUCLEAR RADIATION EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING FOREST SOIL MOISTURE AND DENSITY.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic and applied research,

(e) Some newly developed equipment, operating on the principle of nuclear radiation, facili- tates the measurement of soil moisture and

the soil's closely allied property—bulk

density. We now have a five-piece set of this nuclear radiation equipment. We are Investigating principles that will guide us

in the use of this equipment,

f) Completed.

h; "Characteristics of a Commercially-Available,

Surface-Moisture, Nuclear Probe," by Richard

B. Marston. Bulletin of the International

Association of Scientific Hydrology, IX, No.

2, pp. 80-89, 1964. Copies available upon

request to Station Director.

(4752) THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A CONIFEROUS PLANTATION THAT ARE MOST CLOSELY RELATED TO TREE

GROWTH AND TO WATER AVAILABLE FOR STREAMFLOW

.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field Investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) This is an intensive soil-moisture study initiated to discover some basic tree stand characteristics that are closely related to tree growth and to water available for

stream flow and to develop guides for field use in managing forest plantations to obtain optimum production of wood and water,

(g) In the first growing season after cutting, treatments have opened plantation spacing, but soil moisture and growth results have

not yet been analyzed. The wood removed In plantation thinnings was chipped and scattered over the study plots

before the start of the 1964 growing season.

(4753) FOREST RESTORATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

ON SURFACE MINED AREAS IN THE APPALACHIAN

COAL FIELDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field Investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Surface runoff on spoil banks, freshly formed during strip mining in the Appalachian coal fields, has a high soil erosion and sediment transport potential. This seriously affects

water quality and has other deleterious

effects on watersheds in which coal is harvested. It is highly desirable to establish a vegetative cover as quickly as possible after mining disturbance in order to minimize erosion and maintain water quality.

The purpose of this project is to (1) develop

practical methods of reducing damage to watershed values during surface mining

operations and (2) find feasible ways to re- store mined areas to productive forest uses. Studies by individual scientists are divided among five disciplines including (1) Spoil Placement. (2) Soil Chemistry, (3) Haul

Roads, (4j Revegetation, and (5) Hydrology. General hydrology studies recently started include (1) A study of stormflow and sedi- ment yield from strlpmlned terraces; (2) a study of stormflow and sediment yield from outslopes of strlpmlned soil banks; and

(3) a study of the hydrology of ponds

originating on strlpmlned lands. In these studies a number of small San Dlmas

flumes have been Installed to measure storm runoff from a number of terrace and out slope

drainages. In the pond hydrology study a number of stilling wells and recorders have been installed on ponds. Raingage networks

have been installed to cover each sample

drainage area

.

(g) The program to develop revegetation techniques

which will protect and stabilize the disturbed

areas was accelerated last year. Early re- sults are encouraging but inconclusive, because the inherent chemical and physical

variability of spoils material causes In- consistencies which will require intensive

study to explain. However, after two growing seasons black locust planted at a 4 by 18 foot spacing in contour rows promises to provide belts of vegetation on the steep out- slopes which can stabilize the banks. As

these trees develop, they may affect the micro-environment and create conditions more favorable for the establishment and growth

of other vegetation. Trials of quick cover

species were continued with some success. Encouraging results were obtained with

annuals, Blanco lupine and Balbo rye, and

the perennials tall fescue and weeping love- grass. Density of these ground covers was

quite variable even on small areas due to physical and chemical characteristics of the banks. Physical properties affecting

seedlings germination and growth were the erosive nature of the spoil surface and a tendency of the surface to crust over as it dries out. Chemical properties which may

influence revegetation practices are: acidity, generally below pH 5; high con- centration of soluble salts; and the pressure

of high concentrations of available iron,

sulphur, aluminum and manganese.

(h) "Predicting Outslopes of Spoil Banks," Robert

F. May. Central States Forest Expt. Sta. Research Note CS-15, 4 pp. 1963. "Surface-Mine Reclamation: Continuing Research Challenge," Robert F. May. Coal Age 69(3):

98-101, 1964.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,

Ogden, Utah. Inquires concerning projects should be addressed to

Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.

(5295) SNOWMELT FLOOD AND SEDIMENT REDUCTION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research,

(e) To determine quantitative relations of forest characteristics and timber

harvesting procedures on snow accumulation

and melt, streamflow peaks, sedimentation,

and improved timing of water yields,

(g) A flow meter, consisting of a small Parshall

flume and an attached water-level recorder, has been developed to record groundwater

seepage continuously from road cut banks.

For low flow rates, inserts in the flume

throat convert the Parshall flume to an orifice-type flow meter. The flow meter can easily register changes in groundwater dis- charge caused by fluctuations in evapo- transpiration.

A major problem in watershed management is the design of proper drainage facilities on logging roads to prevent erosion and de- terioration of streamflow. An important

component of the problem is the volume of drainage water emanating from roads. Study

roads are located at the 6400-foot ele- vation in the Engelmann spruce-fir type. On the inside ditches, 12 Parshall flumes

collect and provide measurement of seepage flow from 100-foot sections of the cut

139
bank of the road. Data on the amount of seepage flow during the period, June 5-29,

1964, show that the hydrograph for the road

in the forested block is generally subdued and less abrupt than the one representing (5 the clear-cut block. In addition, the seepage-flow peaks on the hydrograph for

the forested area are smaller than those on the hydrograph for the clear-cut block. Usually the daily upsurge of seepage flow--

and by inference, snowmelt--begins and ends sooner in the clear-cut block, probably

because snowmelt is dependent primarily

upon direct solar radiation that begins as soon as the sun's rays reach the snowpack. Snowmelt in the forested stand depends more upon longwave radiation. Tree cover dis- tributes this radiation more evenly throughout

the day and helps to keep the environment warmer into the night. From the date the snowpack disappeared (June 24 in the clear

cut and June 29 in the forest), both seepage hydrographs began the long summer decline Interrupted only by rain showers. Mapping of the subsurface configuration of bedrock and the presence of the water table has been completed in the six treatment

blocks on the road hydrology study area.

A portable NED Geochrome seismograph was used to determine bedrock depth under the 24-acre study area with a quartz monzonite

bedrock. A problem arose when certain portions of the area remained saturated

long after the remainder of the area dried

out. We surmised the cause was a relatively

shallow depth to bedrock which forced ground- water to the surface to create the marshy

area. This became particularly evident after clear cutting the spruce-fir stand. One hundred-foot traverses were laid out over the study area wherever the terrain Indicated the likelihood of change in bed- rock configuration. Traverses were also located on all sides of the marsh to pinpoint

any bedrock "dikes" or ridges. Two 2-man crews completed a forward and reverse run

on 36 seismic traverses, making a total of 72 individual traverses. Results of this work

showed that the average seismic velocities,

Vx , V"2, and V3 were 1612, 4884, and 9629 feet per second, respectively. Also, the average

Di (depth to V2 layer or water table) was 7.5 feet and the average D2 (depth to bedrock) was 25.7 feet. The layer represents the unsaturated soil layer and the seismic velocity increased to V2 at the water table. The presence of the water table at about

7.5 feet was verified by measurements taken

in numerous observation wells within the study area. A V3 value of 9,000 to 10,000

feet per second is reasonable for this type

of bedrock.

Seismic traverses uphill from the marsh area showed depth to bedrock in excess of 33 feet. This is about the maximum point of sensitivity in picking up seismic waves generated by a sharp sledge-hammer blow on

a metal plate. For measuring greater

depths, blasting powder is used. Near the upper edge of the marsh, bedrock depth decreased to 29 feet, and below the marsh

the bedrock depth ranged from 11 to 15 feet. Slope distance from the upper to the lower

edge of the marsh was 300 feet. We concluded

that this decreasing depth to bedrock did cause groundwater to seep out and create a marshy area. A multiple regression of soil- moisture data taken at randomly located points over the 24-acre plot showed that bedrock depth was a statistically significant

variable which could be used to help predict

soil moisture; i.e., as the depth to bedrock

decreased, soil moisture Increased.

"Flow Meter for Measuring Groundwater Seepage from Road Cuts," Edward R. Burroughs,

Jr. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., Inter- mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station

Res. Note INT-11, 1964, 4 pp. illus. "Guides for Controlling Sediment from Second- ary Logging Roads," Paul E. Packer and

George F. Chrlstensen. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., INT and Northern Region Misc. Pub., 1964, 42 pp., Illus.

296) SOILS STABILIZATION IN RELATION TO LOGGING

ON STEEP TIMBERED SLOPES IN THE NORTHERN

ROCKY MOUNTAINS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) To Identify and quantify the interrelations

of soil, water, and vegetation to soil stability; to determine mechanical and vegetation requirements for stabilizing

soil; and to determine effects of timber harvesting and roadbuildlng on soil move- ment and water yield.

(g) Stability of fill slopes of newly con- structed roads may be Increased by

establishing a good grass cover. In many Instances, however, a grass cover Is difficult to establish because the broadcast seed roll off the crusted soil of the fill. Loss of seed Is particularly

severe when such firm, rounded seeds as yellow sweetclover or cereal rye are used. Laboratory tests show that seed retention may be Increased markedly by seeding upon a hay mulch, wet or dry paper netting,

a wet soil surface, or on a "pockmarked"

soil surface. Two study compartments were established on very steep forested terrian in central Idaho. The purpose of the study is to compare

soil erosion caused by Jammer and highlead logging methods. Erosion Is measured

both on small watersheds and on 1/100-acre

plots. One compartment ("Deep Creek") was established in 1960, and the following year two roads were built Into the Jammer

area but not into the high-lead area. Both

areas were then logged In 1962. Prior to road construction, measurable erosion from both areas was negligible. As a general

rule, soil movement in this area takes place mostly during the spring runoff

period. This is illustrated by figures

for the high-lead area where, as the after- math of logging activities, only 3 T3M (tons per square mile) eroded during the 7-month

cold season in contrast to 25 TSM during

the few weeks of the spring thaw. Where only tree-removing activities occurred,

soil damage was negligible as evidenced

by the zero figure of the high lead area.

In contrast, damage was high (552 TSM) In the presence of raw fills on newly built

roads

.

Very little information is available about runoff and erosion from small forested watersheds In central Idaho. Although

these watersheds are primary sources of water, little is known about their hydrology, and nothing is known about the consequences of logging. As a first step

in bridging this hiatus in knowledge, we began (toward the end of 1962) taking simultaneous stream measurements from

two contiguous watersheds. In correlating

streamflow with the amount of precipitation

falling on these watersheds, runoff represents only one-third of the total precipitation, and evaporation and transpiration utilize fully two-thirds

of total annual precipitation.

Appropriate field instruments have yet to be devised for the continuous measurement

of sediment movement. Nevertheless, our studies lead us to believe that sediment movement is best understood by its seasonal occurrence. During the summer and early

fall when streamflow is low, sediment is pushed or rolled along the streambed. In Circle End Creek, daily movement during this period amounted to only 0.003 ton per square

mile. In contrast during the early spring,

rapidly rising streams flush out accumulated

sediment. During this period, daily soil movement in Tailholt Creek was 0.15 ton per

140
square mile.

Finally, we also found that the two contiguous watersheds (Tallholt and Circle End) react very similarly to any given storm. If, as the result of a storm, streamflow rises in one watershed, we can predict very accurately

the rise in the adjacent stream. If we know the time required for one creek to peak, we can accurately predict the time for the other,

(h) "Effect of Severe Rainstorms on Insloped and Outsloped Roads, H. F. Haupt, H. C. Rickard, and L. E. Finn. U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest

Serv., Intermountain Forest and Range Experi- ment Station Res. Note INT-1, 1963, 8 pp., illus. "Laboratory Methods for Determining the Down- ward Movement of Seed on Road Fills," H. F. Haupt and W. J. Kidd, Jr. U. S. Dept. Agr.,

Forest Serv., Intermountain Forest and Range

Experiment Station Res. Note INT-2, 1963, 7 pp. illus.

(5297) WATERSHED PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS AND RE- HABILITATION MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF

FLOOD RUNOFF, EROSION, AND SEDIMENT FROM DETERIORATED FOREST AND RANGELANDS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) To relate soil and vegetation characteristics

to infiltration, overland and subsurface

flow, and soil erosion; to develop flood

and erosion hazard criteria and protection

requirements for deteriorated rangeland; and

to determine effects of watershed rehabilitation on erosion hazard and flood potential,

(g) A recent study on a grass-forb subalpine

range in central Utah showed that infiltration

capacity, as measured by the inches of water

retained on inf lltrometer plots during

simulated rainfall of 50-minutes duration,

is Influenced primarily by bulk density and noncapillary porosity of the surface 4 inches

of soil and secondarily, by density of protective cover afforded by plants, litter, and stone. The study also shows that soil stability, as measured by the amounts of soil eroded from the inflltrometer plots,

is influenced primarily by the density of protective cover and, secondarily, by soil- bulk density.

The past summer we began a study designed to investigate the infiltration and sedimentation

characteristics of newly constructed contour

trenches in soils and fractured underlying

parent materials on Davis County Experimental Watershed. The soils are derived

from pre-Cambrian sediments that have been metamorphosed to produce quartzites, gneisses, and schists. Specific objectives of the study are to determine: (1) Infiltration

rate characteristics of water ponded in contour trenches, (a) during the first year of trench installation, and (b) in subsequent years. (2) Whether there is differential permeability between the cutslope and fill slope portions of contour

trenches. (3) Which of several soil and vegetation factors affect first-year

infiltration rates, changes in these rates with time, and changes in differential

permeability between cut and fill portions

of the trenches. (4) The sources of and quantities of sediment moving into contour trenches during both the summer and the spring runoff seasons. (5) Which of several

soil, vegetation, and topographic factors

affect the amount of sediment moving into contour trenches. (6) The volume (storage

capacity) changes of contour trenches with

time as affected by: (a) subsidence or settling of trench fill sections, and (b) sediment deposition in trench bottoms.

The volumes of 10-foot sections of trench

are being determined by filling plastic- lined sections with water measured through

a sensitive flow meter and calibrated to manometers for depth. Infiltration rates

are being measured by slitting and removing

the plastic liners and measuring the changes

in water depth on the manometers with time. The effect of temperature on the mobility

of water in unsaturated soil is an important

consideration in virtually all studies In- volving soil-moisture movement. Whether we are interested in infiltration, soil-moisture depletion, deep percolation or other un- saturated soil-moisture flow processes, the influence of temperature should be recognized.

It has generally been assumed that variation

of soil-moisture conductivity with temperature could be accounted for by corrections based

on published values of viscosity of free water. However, theoretical considerations

suggest viscosity of water near soil-water

interfaces is greater than that of free water. Measurements of self -diffusion of water in unsaturated soil systems tend to confirm this hypothesis.

In general, the stronger the bonds between molecules In a liquid the greater is the effect of temperature changes on the fluid properties of that liquid. Soil water, being subject to adsorptive forces of the

soil solids, can be expected to exhibit greater temperature dependence of flow properties than does free water. In saturated soil, especially one with large

pores, a large portion of the water is not subject to strong attractive forces

and the effects of temperature may not

be appreciably greater than for free water. In unsaturated soil, the forces between water molecules are greater than

they are in free water, and these forces

can be expected to increase as soil- moisture tension increases. As a result,

the effects of temperature on fluid properties would be greater in unsaturated

soil than in saturated soil, and a temperature correction based on published free-water viscosity values would be inadequate

.

Soil physicists have recently borrowed

the activation energy concept from chemical kinetics in order to measure

strengths of bonds between soil water

molecules. In its simplest form,

activation energy may be defined by

the Arrhenius equation:

in which E* is the Arrhenius activation

energy, K is a chemical rate constant

or any other accurate parameter of molecular reaction, R is the universal

gas constant, and T is absolute temperature.

The temperature dependence of a large number

of simple chemical reaction rates can be characterized by equations of this type. E* is the energy barrier which must be surmounted for a reaction to take place.

In the case of evaporation, it is energy of vaporization. In the case of viscous flow,

it is N times the average energy required

for a molecule to move out of one quasiequilibrium position far enough to be pulled

into another quasi-equilibrium position,

N being the number of molecules in a mole.

If bond energies between molecules of water in soil systems are the same as those

of free water, a temperature correction

based on the viscosity of free water would

be satisfactory, and the corresponding acti- vation energy would be 4.16 kilocalories

per mole at 20°C. In the laboratory we measured capillaryconductivity coefficients of two clay

loam soils and a silt loam at 12°, 20°, 30°, and 40°C. over a range of moisture contents corresponding to moisture tensions varying

from 0.05 to 0.5 atmosphere. We calculated activation energies using the Arrhenius

equation with conductivity coefficients

as rate constants. Averaged over the range of moisture contents studied, the activation energies in kilocalories per mole

141
were: 12.7±1.0 for one clay loam, 14.9±1.6 for the other clay loam, and 7.8±0.4 for

the silt loam. This means that aver- age bond strengths in soil water under the experimental conditions were two to three

times as great as in free water. This, In turn, indicates that higher viscosity of adsorbed water materially influences

moisture flow in the 0.05 to 0.5 atmosphere

tension range. According to available evidence, a simple

correction based on the temperature dependence

of free-water viscosity will usually account

for temperature-induced changes in soil- moisture diffusivity at the low-moisture

tensions at which the bulk of liquid flow occurs during Infiltration. However, at greater tensions, such as exist at field

capacity, soil-moisture conductivity

appears to be much more temperaturedependent than is free-water viscosity.

The influence of temperature on moisture (h) conductivity in this moisture range cannot be satisfactorily accounted for by a simple vis- cosity correction. No reliable alternative

can be suggested at this time; further

study is required to develop accurate cor- rection factors for any soils other than the ones tested in this experiment. The results

of this experiment emphasize the need

for careful temperature regulation in studies involving liquid movement in soils in the field moisture content range,

(h) "Soil Stability Requirements for the Gallatin Elk Winter Range," Paul E. Packer. Jour, of Wildlife Mgmt . 1963, 27:401-410. (3889) "Effects of Trampling on Soil and Vegetation," Hudson G, Reynolds, Paul E. Packer. Range Research Methods--a Symposium, Denver, Colo., (b) May 1962. Misc. Pub. No. 940, 1963, U. S. Dept.

Agr., Forest Service. (d)

(e)

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Lake States Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Lake States Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul Campus, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn., 55101, unless indicated

otherwise for a specific project.

(3887) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN NORTHERN

MINNESOTA.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and field investigations; basic

and applied research,

(e) Tests the influence of forested bogs on streamflow and groundwater behavior. The

five major studies reported for 1963 are

still underway. In studies of forest bog

hydrology, an additional bog has been in- strumented with an H-flume bringing the total number of bogs under instrumentation

to 6 with a total of 6 recording wells, 55 nonrecording wells, and thirteen 10-foot- diameter bottomless lysimeters. This sixth bog is intended for studies in manipulation

of water level to determine its effect on (g) evapo transpiration

.

(g) A preliminary analysis has been made for

several warm season evapotranspiration

losses from May 1 to October 1 for two bogs by two methods. The first Involved

precipitation, runoff, and water table levels in the bog used as an indicator of storage changes. This method was then compared with potential evapotranspiration

computed by the Thornthwaite method from available temperature records taken near

the two bogs. For any one 5-month season, there was rather close agreement between the two methods with the maximum difference being 1.20 inches and the minimum being

0.13 Inch. For combined evapotranspiration,

values were 18.46 and 18.57 inches respectively. For individual, monthly, or similar

short-term periods, the differences expressed

percentagewise are considerably larger. Another aspect of these bog studies involves water-movement rates through laboratory

cores and in situ using a piezometer and

tube method tests. These indicate a sub- stantial difference by the two methods with

the field results preferred over the labo- ratory results obtained with cores. Another

aspect of the bog hydrology studies Involved

a comparison of predicted rise of water based on laboratory measurements of specific yields from several peats and actual rise of water

table obtained in stage recorders. The results based on 38 growing-season storm periods during 1961, 1962, and 1963 indicate

a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.96 and

show that the slope of the line was very nearly 1.0. The storms involved ranged

from 0.04 to 1.69 inches, and the range of water table elevations was 0.67foot.

"What's New in Wetland Hydrology," Roger

R. Bay and Ralph A. Klawitter. Proc. Soc. Amer. Foresters, 175-177, 1963. "Importance of Volumetric Expression of Water Contents of Organic Soils," D. H. Boelter ard

G. R. Blake. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

28(2): 176-178, 1964. "Water Storage Characteristics of Several Peats In Situ," D. H. Boelter. Soil Sci.

Soc. Amer. Proc. 28(3): 433-435, 1964.

"The Water of the Lake States - a Vital and Critical Resource," Sidney Weltzman, The Northern Logger. 12(11): 8-9, 32-33, 37, 1964. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN THE DRIFT- LESS AREA OF SOUTHWESTERN WISCONSIN. Laboratory project, with some aspects in cooperation with Wisconsin Conservation Dept. Field investigations; basic and applied

research

.

Major emphasis is given to methods of con- trolling runoff and erosion, including

gully stabilization through reforestation,

and other land-use treatments. To date,

a total of 37 water-measuring devices have been installed on small watersheds, on small runoff plots, or at springs. Included are

3 V-notch weirs, 4 San DImas flumes, and

30 H -flumes. Of the above devices, three

are at springs with permanent flow.

To further probe the usefulness of the forested zone on the steeper hillsides,

additional research is now underway to estimate where channel absorption is best

in gullies and to determine if this can be correlated with a specific underlying

geologic stratum. This will Involve a series of low earth dams each with a stage recorder which will show rate of recession

of water behind each structure. Also in process of installation are trials

of water diversion and water spreading to Intercept runoff water before it gets Into a gully and to spread it thinly against

a series of logs placed on the contour or

into a series of several small catchment basins in which It Is hoped to achieve some recharge to ground water. Further runoff studies of eight dual-use watersheds (i.e., partly in farmland on gently sloping ridgetops and with timber

cover on the steeper land below) Indicate

that at four of the eight valley flumes

there has been no runoff to date since in- stallation 2 to 3 years ago, even from snow- melt and from a 5-lnch rain. At two other

flumes there was runoff only once —during

snowmelt. Only one of the eight watersheds

yielded a number of flows at valley flumes. These results imply substantial absorption

of runoff from upland farmland by forested

land lying below it. Apparently there is considerable infiltration into the bottom

of the gullies within the forested zone. Some additional wells drilled near a spring

involving 29 wells 20 to 100 feet deep bolstered a conclusion reported last year

142
that there are ground-water highs under

topographically low areas (natural drainage

ways) and vice versa. However, periodic measurement of water levels in these wells

over winter showed no consistent pattern

with some rising, some falling, and others staying about the same. In the past year,

a study was made of some file records and reports on a series of lyslmeters Installed

in 1935 near La Crosse, Wis. Each tank was

10 by 20 feet in dimensions and 4 feet deep, filled with monoliths of loessal Fayette

silt loam, and capped with an 8-inch layer of topsoil. Various tree, grass, and grain crops were involved. Results indicated highest

percolate yield with mulched hardwoods and

the level from annual crops. More details

on the study are given in the two publi- cations listed below,

(h) "Water Yield and Soil Loss from Soil-Block

Lyslmeters Planted to Small Trees and Other

Crops," Richard S. Sartz, U.S. Forest Serv.,

Res. Paper LS-6, 23 pp. 1963. "Duration of Percolation From a Loess Soil,"

Richard S. Sartz, U.S. Forest Serv., Res. Note LS-40, 2 pp 1964.

(3890) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN LOWER

MICHIGAN.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Two major projects have been undertaken to date: 1) A major study is designed to determine the hydrology of ground-water

recharge and consumption in deep sandy soils

of the Udell Hills area in Michigan.

Installations to date include a series of 114 ground-water wells in deep morainal

areas and adjoining outwash plains; of these,

8 have automatic recorders. After the cali- bration period, the effect of cover manipulation -- especially plantation establishment

and harvesting methods — on ground-water

recharge and use will be established. (2) A second major study is concerned with streambank stabilization and the sediment problem in streams flowing through these

sandy areas. Major objectives of this study

are (a) to determine the influence of land

use upon sediment production, and (b) to evaluate the effect of streambank stabili- zation measures upon suspended sediment

loads. A total of 20 sampling stations have been established on 11 streams. A new aspect of the study on streambank stabili- zation includes tests of rock riprap at or near

the waterllne and planting brush species

above it. Upperbank treatments also Include seeding and fertilizing plus various chemical mulch applications,

(g) An analysis was made of several aspects of ground-water exploration with seismic re- fraction and electrical resistivity methods.

The analysis showed these things: (1) There

is a clear separation between seismic velocities in saturated and unsaturated sands;

(2) unsaturated clay tills were not dis- tinguishable from saturated sands; (3) areas with till cap over unsaturated sands are not promising for seismic methods of exploration;

(4) where till cap occurred, the electrical resistivity method supplied the only useful

data on depth to the saturated layer; (5) saturated clay could not be distinguished

from saturated sands by this method; (6) with control wells at one-half mile spacing

and reasonably straight slopes, seismic methods can predict water table depths within

1 or 2 feet; and by resistivity methods they

were predicted within 5 feet, in sandy drift up to 150 feet in depth. A second aspect of the research here involved calculation of evapotransplration for 2 water years 1961-62

and 1962-63 in different conditions of cover

type and water table depth in sandy soils. These showed a range from 16.14 inches to 21.85 Inches with somewhat greater losses in two conifer types than in broadleaf types,

apparently due to a longer evapotransplration

period (especially spring and autumn) and greater evaporation from snow, Including that from snow intercepted by crowns. Net recharge

to ground water is inversely related to gross evapotransplration. A third facet of the study in the Lower Peninsula of Michigan

Involved a calculation of mean sediment yield

in streams in sandy land with steep eroding

banks and as affected by land use. Cultivated land yielded 2,200 pounds of sediment per

square mile per day; pasture land, 1,800

pounds; and forest lands, 360 pounds. It is presumed complete exclusion of livestock fran eroding banks and use of riprap will reduce

the sediment yield. This idea is now under

trial on the Tobacco River.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania 19082.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research

.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow

Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va .

,

to determine the effect of different levels

of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages.

(g) A commercial clearcutting was made on a 74- acre gaged watershed; skidroads were loggers' choice —without limitations as to grade or provisions for drainage. After-logging

infiltration rates in the watershed remained

well above maximum rainfall intensities

except on portions of the skidroads. Overland flow occurred only from the skidroads;

it resulted from the combination of rain directly on the skidroads and Interception

of subsurface flow by the road cuts. In- creased storm runoff in the growing seasons

up to a maximum of about 1/2 area-inch in any one storm--was largely the result of decreases in field-moisture deficiency

rather than changes in the proportions of surface and subsurface flow.

A method was developed for approximating

total soil-moisture storage capacity of

an experimental watershed from precipitation and stream-flow records, precipitation minus runoff —in selected periods when ample precipitation follows a dry

spell--provides the estimate of soil- moisture storage capacity. The method is illustrated with data from the Fernow Experimental Forest and is applied to two other watersheds in the Northeast. Limitations of the method are also

discussed.

(h) "Water Quality and Soil Erosion as Affected

by Logging in Steep Terrain" J. W. Hornbeck

and K. G. Relnhart. Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv. 19: 23-27, lllus. 1964. "Approximating Soil-Moisture Storage in Experimental Watersheds by Means of Precipitation and Streamflow Records," K. G. Reinhart. Soil Sc. Soc. Amer. proc. 28: 575-578, illus. "Effect of a Commercial Clearcutting in West Virginia on Overland Flow and Storm

Runoff," Kenneth G. Reinhart. Jour. Forestry 62: 167-171, illus. "Stream-Gaging Stations for Research on Small Watersheds," K. G. Reinhart and Robert S. Pierce. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Handb. 268. 37 pp., illus. 1964.

143
(2419) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK

EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of forest type, condition, and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire. Seven weirs have

been built and climatic stations established.

(4756) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY, NEW YORK.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied research

.

(e) This cooperative project was started in 1961 to determine quantitative relationships

of forest types and stand conditions to the amount, timing, and quality of streamflow in the Adirondacks, the glaciated Appalachian

Plateau, and the Catskills.

(g) Accumulated figures of snow melt for open, hardwood, and conifer areas on the Tully

Forest for the winter 1961-62 were applied

to the cover types of the Albright Creek

(largely open) and Shackham Brook (largely

forested) Watersheds and related to their

actual runoff. After March 28 little snow remained on Albright and peak rates were generated from Shackham. Results suggest

again that a desirable pattern of land use on

the Allegheny Plateau, for improved streamflow regimen, would be a combination of open

and reforested lands.

(h) "Snowmelt Studies on the Tully Forest in Central New York," Donald R. Satterlund and Arthur R. Eschner. Eastern Snow Conf. Proc.

1964: 14-22, lllus.

(5323) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NEW LISBON, NEW JERSEY.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with: (1) the School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters; (2) Baltimore (Md.) Bureau

of Water Supply; and (3) Division of Water

Supply of the City of Newark, N. J.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search . (e) At Pennsylvania State University a cooperative

study was started in 1957 to determine the effect of forest cover and treatment on quantity and quality of streamflow in the oak- hickory type in Pennsylvania, and to study

associated and basic soil-water relationships.

Six experimental watersheds have been selected, weirs have been constructed, and climatic stations established.

At Baltimore, Md. a cooperative study started

in 1958 to determine effect of growth of loblolly and white pine in plantations on streamflow, and to compare streamflow from watersheds in conifer plantations with stream- flow from a hardwood-forest watershed. Stream- flow of three experimental watersheds is be- ing measured and a climatic station has been

established. An inexpensive weir to gage

small streams was built of wood and lined with a sheet of vinyl film. The cost was

about $850 and the weir is expected to last 5 to 10 years without repair.

At Newark, N.J. a cooperative study to de- termine the Influence of selected treatments

of forested municipal watersheds on water

supply. Weirs on 3 experimental watersheds

were built in the fall of 1958 and stream gaging and climatic measurements were started

in the spring of 1959.

(g) In a single-watershed calibration of the experimental Dllldown Watershed in Pennsylvania, equations were developed for predicting

annual runoff and monthly water loss or runoff. The basic relationships were developed from streamflow, climatic groundwater, and soil- moisture records, but the final equations

were expressed in terms of runoff and climatic variables only. Standard errors of estimate

were well below the minimum change in yield

considered significant, namely, 10 percent

of the annual or monthly runoff. Trough gages used to measure throughfall under vegetation and rainfall In the open at the Dllldown Watershed in Pennsylvania gave deficient catches due to rainfall splashing

out of the trough. The deficiency was inversely related to the slope of the trough. Correction regressions were com- puted. A 90° and 120° V-shaped trough may give

a better catch than the semicircular, used in this study for raindrops would not bounce vertically from the steep sides. Recording instruments that have a clock- driven chart drum and pen-arm assembly may be converted to a wind-movement recorder with

a $5 expenditure for an electromagnet, dry

cells, and assorted small hardware. Dry cells are connected in series with the anemometer contacts and the electromagnet.

Closure of contacts activate the magnet, a counterweight, and the pen-arm. If no in- strument is available the necessary parts may be purchased for about $80.

A relationship between bulk density and soil depth plus stone content was developed from Lakeland sand and Lakehurst sand in the Coastal Plain of New Jersey. From this, bulk

density was estimated for each soil-moisture

sample in five 1-foot layers. Moisture con- tent by weight for each 1-foot layer was converted to moisture content by volume by

applying the respective estimated bulk den- sities. Variations within and between the relatively close-spaced plots are presented

for estimated bulk density and moisture content

by volume for each of the 1-foot layers.

Vegetation along the stream channels of two small forested watersheds was sprayed with 2, 4,5-T with a mistblower to determine the extent of streamflow contamination. Water

samples were taken just above and below the treatment area and 1 mile downstream immedi- ately after spraying, 4 hours later, and for

several days thereafter. Samples taken just below the treated area, within 4 hours of treatment, and later after a 1-inch rain were contaminated. There was no contamination one mile downstream,

(h) "Calibrating a Watershed by Using Climatic

Data", Irvin C. Reigner. U. S. Forest Serv.

Res. Paper NE-15, 45 pp., lllus. Northeast.

Forest Expt . Station. "Evaluation of the Trough-Type Rain Gage", Irvin C. Reigner. U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-20, 4 pp. Northeast. Forest Expt. Station

.

"How to Make a Wind-Movement Recorder From any Spare Drum-Type Recorder", I. C. Reigner.

U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note NE-21. Northeast Forest Expt. Station. "Variations in Bulk Density and Moisture

Content Within Two New Jersey Coastal Plain

Soils, Lakeland and Lakehurst Sands," I. C. Reigner and John J. Phillips. Soil Sci. Soc, Amer. Proc. 28: 287-289. "Control of Riparian Vegetation with Phenoxy

Herbicides and the Effect on Streamflow

Quality", I. C. Reigner, W. E. Sopper, and

R. R. Johnson. Northeast. Weed Control Conf. Proc. 18: 563-570.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Northern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following project should

be addressed to Mr. Richard M. Hurd, Director, Northern Forest Experiment Station, 210 Admiral Way, Juneau, Alaska 99801.

(2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

144
OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA,

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Field investigation, applied.

(e) This work is concerned with the relationships

between salmon spawning streams and timber

harvesting in Southeast Alaska. Work is concentrated on 3 streams lying 40 miles

west of Ketchikan. Two of the watersheds

have been logged. The third watershed will remain unlogged.

Study is concentrated on factors that can exert a major influence on pink and chum

salmon development and survival in streams in

a logged watershed. During 1964 stream dis- charge and stream temperature measurements

were obtained.

(f) Study discontinued in original form; stream discharge and water temperature measurements

continuing. Data analysis continuing.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be "addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Expt. Sta., F. 0. Box 3141, Portland, Oregon, 97 208.

(4757) WATER YIELD AND EROSION, WENATCHEE, WASH.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research.

(e) Field studies in ponderosa pine and mixedconifer forests and forest-ranges on the east slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon

and Washington: Erosion in forests and

ranges: (1) Sediment production from Swauk sandstone-ponderosa pine; (2) sediment pro- duction from grazed pine-fir-larch ranges, Blue Mountains; (3) stimulation of seeded

and natural grass cover by fertilization - Swauk sandstone soils; (4) relation of parent material and vegetative cover to organic matter, aggregation, pH, and bulk

density of forest-range soils - eastern

Washington; (5) effect of climate on development of soils from identical parent

rock. Evapotranspitatlon: Includes

studies with the overall objective of measuring factors which affect distribution and

use of water in forests and related ranges:

(1) Measurement of solar energy in a pine

forest; (2) seasonal changes in soil moisture under a lodgepole pine forest;

3) measurements of moisture use by plants;

4) effect of removing brush and tree growth in three experimental watersheds on water yield (Entiat watershed study, in calibration stage -- no treatment yet ap- plied); (5) water-holding capacity and drying rates for humus types characteristic

of ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests - east

side of the Cascade Range.

(g) Radioisotopes have been used by other re- searchers for tracing movements of marine

sands and sediments by fixing radioactive

materials in a ceramic matrix on the surface

of sand and sediment particles. A new technique was trie^ in which radioactive

ferric 0=; chloride in solution was placed

directly on the soil surface in the field. The assumption was verified that reduced

ferric 9 ions were primarily either bound or fixed as ferric oxide precipitates or humus

coatings on soil particles and aggregates.

Two weeks after application, very little Isotope occurred in a water soluble form and

evf>n less on the soil base exchange capacity. Over 80 percent of the isotope applied was retained in the surface soil crust (1/8 to 1/4 inch). Six-tenths of 1 percent of this amount was water soluble, and 0.4 of 1 percent was removed from the exchange capacity. All of the isotope was retained in the surface 1 inch of soil. 92 percent in the surface 0.3

inch. These results make possible the tracing of soil particle erosion by following

the movement of iron 59 . Actual field erosion

of soil particles was also investigated. This initial study tested two application patterns—lines and spots. There has been defi- nite isotope movement on both ends and some slight downslope erosion in the middle of the line. There has also been limited isotope movement downslope from the spot,

(h) "Effects of Parent Material and Vegetation

on Properties Related to Soil Erosion in Central Washington," by David D. Wooldrldge.

Soil Scl. Soc. Proc. Vol. 28(3 ): 430-432,

May-June 1964.

(4758) WATERSHED LOGGING METHODS AND STREAMFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project with some phases in co- operation with City of Portland, Bureau of Water Works and Oregon State University.

(d) Field investigations; basic and applied

research

.

(e) Research is conducted at three field locations in the Cascade Range of western

Oregon: Bull Run watershed (domestic supply

area for Portland), H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, and South Umpqua Experimental

Forest. Studies are confined to two forest

types representing major segments of the remaining old-growth forests of the Facific

Northwest: (1) Douglas-fir, western

hemlock, western redcedar, and (2) Douglasfir, sugar pine. Investigations represent

an initial effort to study precipitation

runoff, erosion, and soil moisture in undisturbed stands, and to follow changes

caused by several methods of logging. Included are studies in four categories:

(1) Soil movement on logged land and an evaluation of effectiveness of grass seeding

on roadbanks; (2) changes in water quality

resulting from roadbuilding, two methods of cable logging, two degrees of forest removal

-- 25 percent and 100 percent -- and slash burning; (3) changes in streamflow caused

by clear cutting and partial cutting in groups of varying size on matched watersheds

In old-growth Douglas-fir and sugar pine-fir. Pretreatment measurements are still being

made to provide statistical basis for treatment evaluation; (4) soil moisture

movement and disposition and the role of vegetation in evapotranspiration, including

measure of seasonal changes in soil moisture under a Douglas-fir stand, vertical movement

of water in Douglas-fir soils, rainfall interception by crowns of old-growth Douglas- fir soils, rainfall interception by crowns

of old-growth Douglas-fir, and changes in plant succession following logging and

slash burning,

(g) Soil surface condition and bulk density

were investigated after tractor and highlead logging. The surface area of four clear-cut units was classified into four disturbance classes by means of point

sampling. High-lead and tractor areas had

about the same proportion in the slightly

disturbed and deeply disturbed classes (approximately 23 percent and 9 percent

respectively). The tractor-logged area had

about three times more area within the com- pacted class than did the high-lead (27 percent vs. 9 percent), and a corresponding

decrease in the amount in the undisturbed

class (36 percent of the tractor area vs. 57 percent after high-lead logging). Surface

soil bulk densities of samples from undisturbed and slightly disturbed areas were

the same as prelogglng values. Values for both the deeply disturbed and compacted

classes were significantly higher, indicating

a decrease in soil porosity. Compaction

undoubtedly results in increased runoff and erosion. However, these undesirable effects

are minimized if slopes are gentle and skid- trails correctly located. Streamflow from small drainages on the

145
western slopes of the Oregon Cascades is strongly Influenced by a maritime climate characterized by excessively wet winters and

dry summers. Although annual precipitation

is high (94 inches in the study area), sur- face runoff is virtually unknown. Peak flows

result largely from subsurface flow and under conditions in which both retention and detention storage are filled during extended periods of low Intensity rainfall. Under

these conditions, vegetation appears to exert a minimum Influence on high streamflow. Lowest streamflow occurs from late August to mid-November and may follow a 60-100 day

period with little or no rain. The dense vegetation of this portion of the Douglasfir region appears to exert its major in- fluence at this time. Removal of vegetation

from only a portion of a 250-acre watershed

has shown a 12- to 22-percent Increase in minimum streamflow.

All soils are derived from volcanic rocks

and exhibit unusually low bulk densities,

generally well below 1.0 gm/cc. Soil textures range from medium to fine. Soils derived from reddish tuffs and breccias are finer textured than those found on greenish

tuffs and breccias. The least permeable soil layers generally allow percolation rates of

4 inches per hour or greater. Most soils have large moisture storage capacities

(up to 35 inches in the surface 100 inches

of soil). This is largerly due to the deep

deposits of colluvium and well-decomposed

rock which underly many of the soils,

(h) "Storm Runoff Characteristics of Three

Small Watersheds in Western Oregon", by

Loyd 0. Barnett, Jr. M. 3. Thesis, Colo. State Univ., 84 pp. 1963.

"Net Precipitation Under a Douglas-Fir

Forest," by Jack Rothacher. Forest Sc. 9(4) : 423-429, Dec. 1963.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(4996) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH IN CALIFORNIA'S

SNOW ZONE (SNOW MANAGEMENT RESEARCH).

(b) Laboratory and the following cooperators: State of California, Dept. of Water Resources, Atomic Energy Commission, and Pacific Gas & Electric Company.

(c) Dr. James L. Smith, Project Leader, Snow Management Research, Pacific Southwest

Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison Street, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field Investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The objective of this project is to determine methodology for increasing water yield and changing of timing of water delivery by

vegetation manipulation, by evaporation

suppressants, etc. Its area of interest is confined to the snowpack zone of the Sierra Nevada of California. Present studies emphasize development of methods for management of high elevation snowpacks for yield

and control of water; the effects of timber cutting upon soil moisture losses and snow accumulation and melt; and the evapotranspiration from various sites -- species

combinations

.

Project scientists are located in Berkeley

with field personnel and studies located at the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory, Soda Springs, California, and studies only located

at Teakettle Experimental Forest In the headwaters of the north fork of the Kings

River above Fresno, California. Both sites

lie at 7000-8000 feet elevation. At the Teakettle Experimental Forest four small watersheds (0.27-0.86 square miles in area) are under study prior to installation of log roads and a timber harvest to determine their effects upon water yield and sediment. At the Central Sierra Snow Laboratory five

small watersheds are gaged for the study

of logging effects upon water yield. In the headwaters of the Feather River a practical sized logging Is being tested for

snow accumulation and melt effects. Gamma

and neutron probes are being tested for measuring hydrologic characteristics of snow- packs. Evaporation suppressants are being

tested for reduction of such losses from snowpacks

.

(g) Rapid measurement of hydrologic characteristics of snowpack which may permit more accurate appraisal and prediction of delivery

of snowmelt water has been possible using

gamma and neutron probes. Commercially

available probes with gamma and neutron

sources (Nuclear-Chicago, P-20 and P-19

probes) were tested for the ability to measure snow density, ice lenses, and the thermal quality (free water) of the individual layers in the snowpack. Usable regressions of snow density (D) at each depth, measured gravimetrically and with

neutron counts (Cn) and gamma counts (Cg) in CPM in the snowpack were obtained. Much greater sensitivity of measurement was obtained by lowering a cesium source in one tube of a twin-tube probe and a detector

in the other tube. This transmission method

resulted in measurements to within 2 percent accuracy where a snowpack was profiled In 3-lnch Increments. Ice lenses In the snow were readily detectable by shifts In the neutron probe counts; neutron counts would

increase markedly at the occurrence of ice; gamma counts were only slightly affected.

In a study of changes in the thermal quality

of snowpack throughout the day and from day

to day, neutron counts were directly related

to the percentage of Ice in the snow, as contrasted with free water. Winter surface evaporation from snowpack at high elevation

sites were reduced by the addition of the suppressant hexadecanol. Snow density at maximum pack (near April 1) was found to be constant for an aspect regardless of the co\»r

density or even lack of cover. While mean

snow depths for various cover conditions

ranged from 67.1 to 83.5 inches, snow density ranged from only 31.6 to 34.9 percent. Standard deviations for depth ranged

from 10.28 to 16.30: for density the range

was from 1.93 percent to 3.17 percent. Snow water content accumulation (in area inches)

by cover conditions amounted to: clear cut

27.5, scattered young timber 26.7, alder- willow thickets 27.6, natural openings in a forest 24.1, 20 percent forest cover 21.6,

40 percent forest cover 20.2, 60 percent forest cover 20.2. A stratified randomized

sampling of the area using 210 sample points resulted in a mean standard deviation of 14.7 6 from a mean snow depth for all conditions of 72.7 inches. At the same time a line-transect

sample using 428 points resulted in a mean

snow depth for all conditions of 73.8 inches with a standard deviation of 17.3.

(h) "Summer Evapotranspiration Trends as Related

to Time After Logging of Forests in Sierra Nevada," by Robert R. Ziemer, Jour. Geophysical

Research, vol. 69 No. 4, pp. 615-620, Feb.

15, 1964.

(4997) WATER SOURCE HYDROLOGY.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: State

of California, Department of Water Resources; University of California; State of Hawaii,

Division of Forestry.

(c) Mr. Henry W. Anderson, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

P. 0. Box 245, Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is through analytical modeling

to advance the state of knowledge of watershed hydrology and sedimentation, and particularly,

knowledge of the relationship of watershed

management and other hydrologic processes at

the water sources to water yield, floods,

sedimentation, and water quality delivered

146
from wildland watersheds. Laboratory analyses of the soil samples taken in the study of erodibility of Hawaii

wildland soils has been completed and some relationships of soil characteristics to site characteristics determined. Seventy-five

sampling sites were used in obtaining the soil samples, selected along 26 transects of the Walanae and Koolau Mountain ranges of Oahu. Soils were sampled under trees, shrubs, or grass cover under widely different pre- cipitation, aspect, and elevational and geologic conditions. Parent rock was of three main types: basaltic flows, pyroclastic

deposits, or detritaled materials. A variety

of multiple regression, principal components

(Including varimax rotation), canonical,

and factor analyses have been run on the

data. Soil characteristics were the dependent

variables and geology, zone, vegetation type

or species, rainfall and elevation were the Independent variables. Soil characteristics

Included the mean weight diameter of water

stable aggregates, various fractional sizes

of aggregates, and suspension percent. These

soil characteristics were predictable from

the site variables, with the explained

variance ranging from 52 to 76^. Precipitation, elevation, geology, and vegetation

were significant, but the interaction of geology and vegetation was not significant

at the 5% level. Regressions using vegetation

species as a variable were more significant than those using vegetation tvpes. Air-drying

soil samples, before determining the aggregate

sizes, reduced the predictability of the soil characteristics as compared with keeping the samples moist before laboratory analysis.

Of the multivariate techniques used, principal

components with varimax rotation gave good

predictability and easily interpreted factors. Estimation of soil moisture and snow storage from climatic variables for input to watershed

runoff analyses has been developed using a simulation program. A 7094 program computes

dally values of potential evaporation, soil moisture deficit or excess, available moisture,

and storage capacity, together with accumu- lation and melt of the snowpack. Input data are from the U. S. Weather Bureau 1009 daily weather cards; other controlled information

entered are relative day length for a given

latitude and date, soil moisture storage

capacity, degree-day melt factor, and degreeday base temperature. Different levels of total soil moisture capacity may be assumed

and different temperature adjustments made

to the daily temperature data. Tests of the applicability of various multivariate analysis methods to the problems in hydrology have been explored using a known physical model (a hollow cylinder), employing both rational and somewhat irrational measure- ments on the physical system. Multiple

regression, stepwise multiple regression,

principal components analysis, varimax

rotation and regression, oblimax rotation,

and key cluster analyses have been tested. Principal components analysis with varimax

rotation and key cluster analyses gave similar results and seemingly rational clues to the physical system.

Analyses of soil moisture data collected in Hawaii during 1960 and 1961 in a cooperative

program with the Corps of Engineers have

been analyzed to determine the effectiveness

of rainfall in charging the soil. Data were selected when available storage In the soil exceeded precipitation, and the relationship

of soil moisture accumulation to available

storage, precipitation their squares and interactions, determined by principal com- ponents analysis, separately by species and

site for two amounts of dally rainfall, 0.25

and 0.50 inches, the effectiveness in percent

of the rainfall for six sites is summarized

below:

Species

Bamboo

Eucalyptus spp. Grass Uluhi-Ohia

Pineapple

Soil Moisture Gain,

percent of precipitation

Precip.=0.25 Preclp.=0.50

31

33

38

41 Eucalyptus robusta 50

59

49

45

47

7041

Note that for precipitation of 0.25 inches,

which was about the mean daily precipitation,

very little of the rainfall in the bamboo

stand reached and charged the soil -- only 8 percent; however, with more precipitation,

0.50 inches, soils under bamboo were second most effectively charged with moisture, only exceeded by soils under pineapple. Soils under grass did not differ markedly from soils under the tree species. Because surface run- off was probably negligible from storms of these sizes, one might infer that differences between precipitation and soil moisture gain

Is a measure of interception (or more

precisely, the combined Interception and evapotransplration) . Variation in soil mois- ture accumulation explained by rainfall

ranged from 60 to 85^, with the highest ex- plained variance being under the pineapple,

and the lowest under the two eucalyptus

species

.

Rainfall-runoff relations for two 30-acre wildland watersheds (Kaukonahua Watersheds

on Oahu) were determined from the records

collected by the territorial Forester in the water years, 1952 to 1955. Relations were compared for the natural conditions of tree

vs. fern-covered watersheds and relations after the fem watershed was burned and partially planted trees in 1953. After adjustment for differences in antecedent precipitation and storm characteristics, the total storm runoff (Qs) and the storm pre- cipitation (Ps) were found to remain highly

consistent between periods, but vary widely

between the tree vs. the fern watersheds. Explained variance ranged from 55 to 90$ when principal component analysis was used. Eauations relating storm runoff and storm precipitation, both in inches, are given

below, together with computed runoff from

the average size storm of 2.0 inches:

Condition Eouation

Qs

(P=2.0) TREE (1952, 1953) 3 = 0 .051 Ps exp. ] 24 .120" TREE (1954, 1955) Qs = 0 .042 Ps exp. 1 28 .102 PERN (1952, 1953) Qs = 0 .065 Ps exp. 1 53 .188 FERN (1954, 1955) = 0 .068 Ps exp. 1 52 .195 Note that storm runoff from the fern watershed was approximately two times that from the tree watershed in both periods,

(h) "Variation in Dispersion Ratio, Surface Aggregation Ratio, and Texture of Some California Surface Soils as Related to Soil-Forming Factors", by J. R. Wallis and

D. W. Willen, Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol.

Bull. VIII, No. 4, pp. 48-58, 1963. "Some California Hydrologic Problems and Solutions", by Henry W. Anderson, Hydrology

Study Tour, XIII General Assembly I.U.G.G.,

Bui. Internat. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. IX Annee,

No. 2, pp. 5-18, 1964. "Effect of Stream-Ordering Technique on Horton's Laws of Drainage Composition", by Kenneth L. Bowden and James R. Wallis, Geol

.

Soc. Amer. Bui. 75(8): 767-774, 1964.

(4998) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT, AND FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT REDUCTION IN THE LOWER CONIFER ZONE

147
OF CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators are: California Department of Water Resources, California Division of Forestry, East Bay

Municipal Utilities District, California

Department of Fish and Game.

(c) Mr. Robert P. Crouse, Project Leader, Lower Conifer Zone, Pacific Southwest Forest & Range Experiment Station, 1960 Addison

Street, Berkeley, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) This project conducts basic studies of forest hydrology which will suggest methods

of land management for improving water yield,

preventing floods and controlling sediment in

the commercial timber zones of California

below the snowpack.

A study of soil moisture depletion In the Sierra zone of the Lower Conifer Zone concerns

the magnitude of soil moisture storage and depletion under different stand and timber cutting intensities. Because soil creep and landslides are prevalent in the zone, a study of gravitational mass movement will form an effort to develop

the means of estimating the consequences of mass movement in terms of sedimentation. The ultimate objective is to develop the means

of predicting the role of land management

practices, such as logging and road building

in initiating or accelerating mass movement,

(g) Soil moisture data has been collected at 2- week Intervals from 84 neutron moisture meter

access tubes Installed to a depth of 20 feet

in a wide range of logging intensities. Water table observation wells have been drilled

to a depth of 50 feet for the purpose of evaluating capillary recharge to the un- saturated soil rooting depth. The standard Radium-beryllium sources in the neutron meters have been replaced with Amerlclum- beryllium sources. The second experimental site of the soil creep study has been located In a 35-mile

zone transecting the Coast Ranges in the vicinity of Fort Bragg and Covelo. The watershed calibration period at Caspar

Creek is continuing with measurements of streamflow, sediment discharge, and precipitation.

(4999) FLOOD AND SEDIMENT REDUCTION FROM STEEP UN- STABLE BRUSH LANDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California

Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, Los Angeles County

Fire Department, University of California,

Berkeley, Los Angeles, and Riverside, Angeles

National Forest.

(c) Mr. Raymond M. Rice, Project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora, Calif.

(d) Experimental; field Investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) Purposes are (1) to determine how watersheds

function: what happens to the precipitation,

and how water and soil movement are influenced

by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology, and topography; and (2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of areas denuded by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and satisfactory flood, runoff and soil erosion control. Principal work center is the 17,000-acre San Dlmas Experimental Forest situated In the San Gabriel Mountains. A fire started by

lightning in July 1960 consumed the vegetation,

mostly brush, on 90 percent of the area and destroyed or damaged many of the research

Installations. Immediately after the fire

a major emergency research program was started

to test the effectiveness of various measures

used to reduce flood runoff and erosion on the denuded watersheds. These rehabilitation meas- ures include seeding grasses and mustard singly and in combination with physical treatments

such as wattling, channel barriers and contour

terraces. The tests are being made on 38 watersheds of 2 to 90 acres each, equipped to measure rainfall intensity, peak discharge and suspended sediment. Twenty-five have basins to measure bedload. Studies of the erosion processes and tests of applied management methods to decrease the erosion potential are being continued.

(g) The lack of rapid Infiltration over a burned watershed contributes to excessive surface

runoff. Reducing debris movement from burned watersheds then appear to be partly

a problem of getting water into the soil mantle

.

Surface soils following a fire are usually

"non-wettable " as a result of particle

coatings with a chaparral leachate. In a recent burn, we tested a wetting agent treatment on six small plots. The objective

of the treatment was to establish the suit- ability of a surfactant for reducing debris movement

.

During the dry winter of 1362-1963, the plots treated with the wetting agent produced

95 percent less debris and 32 percent less surface runoff than the treated plots. There was additional evidence that the treat- ment benefited grass establishment. The treated plots had four times the vegetative

cover of the untreated controls. This year field plots have been installed

to evaluate the effectiveness of a surfactant when applied by two methods which

would be practical for wide spread aerial applications

.

The disposition of the surfactant in the

soil has not been evaluated. A question

of prime importance is the longevity of

such a chemical treatment. Laboratory

studies are underway to estimate the ability of a wetting agent to persist in soil through numerous wettings and dryings.

(h) "A Study of Trapezoidal Flume Models at San Dlmas", by Richard R. Brock and Jay

S. Krammes, U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-50, 1964.

"Soil Wettability as a Factor In Erodibilltyi,' by J. F. Osborn, R. E. Pellshek, J. S. Krammes, and J. Letey, Soil Scl. Soc . of Amer. 28(2): 294-295, March-April 1964. "Wetting Agents Can Reduce Soil Erosion",

by J. F. Osborn, R. E. Pellshek, J. S. Krammes, and J. Letey, Crops and Soils,

Aug. -Sept. 1964. "First Aid" for Burned Watersheds", by

J. S. Krammes and L. W. Hill, U. S. Forest Service Research Note PSW-29, 1S63. "Effects of Fire on the San Dlmas Experimental Forest", by J . 3. Krammes and R. M. Rice, Arizona's 7th Ann. Watershed

Symposium Proc, 1963.

(5000) WATER YIELD IMPROVEMENT FROM THE BRUSH LANDS OF THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: California

Division of Forestry, Los Angeles County

Flood Control District, and University of California at Berkeley, Riverside, and Los Angeles

.

(c) Mr. Leonard F. DeBano, project Leader, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment

Station, 110 North Wabash Avenue, Glendora,

Calif.

(d) Experimental; field Investigations; basic and applied research.

(e) The work center is the 17,000-acre San Dlmas Experimental Forest in the San Gabriel Mountains of Southern California.

Field Investigations Include studies concerned with the hydrologlc factors of chaparral

watersheds, riparian zone hydrology, and evaluation of water yield improvements.

Laboratory studies on the movement (saturated and unsaturated), loss and storage of water

In brushland soils supplement field studies

on chaparral and riparian zone hydrology.

Purpose of the work is (1) to establish fundamental plant, soil, water relationships

as they Influence water losses and water

148
yields; and (2) to develop and test cultural practices aimed at Improving water yield,

(g) Basic laboratory studies are being conducted

on unsaturated moisture movement in soils which are difficult to wet . The "non- wettable" condition exists as a soil layer

parallel to and below the soil surface. The upper part of this non-wettable layer

which is of variable thickness, is located

about 1-3 inches below the soil surface

.

The presence of the non-wettable layer

appears associated with burned and un- burned watersheds which either have or

are supporting a dense cover of chaparral

brush. Laboratory experiments carried out

in the laboratory indicate that the non- wettable soil property can be altered by

heat treatments. Heating in a muffle

furnace at 800° F for 18 minutes destroys

the non-wettable property, whereas heating

at the same temperature for only 7-8 minutes intensifies it. Preliminary results from horizontal infiltration experiments carried out in the labora- tory indicate that the non-wettable soils have different moisture transmitting properties than similar textured wettable soils. The time required for water to move 20 cm in

soil columns packed with wettable soil was

78 minutes while in the non-wettable soil it was 1,861 minutes. The soil moisture distri-

" bution between the water source and the wet- ting front was also different for the wettable

and non-wettable soils. In the wettable soil the soil moisture content decreased about 10 percent between the water source and the wetting front, whereas for the non-wettable

soil it decreased about 25 percent. Both

wettable and non-wettable soils had the

same moisture percentage at the water source

and the difference in moisture content in- creased uniformly as the wetting front was

approached. Evaporation experiments on columns packed with wettable and non- wettable soils indicated that the presence

of a non-wettable substance also effects evaporation phenomena. The amount of water

lost from wettable soils was about 85 percent greater than that lost from non-wettable

soils during a 90-day evaporation period.

Infiltration and evaporation studies on soil columns having a non-wettable soil layer of varying thickness are now being

planned. These experiments will more nearly

simulate the arrangement of the soil layers under field conditions,

(h) "Effect of 2,4-D and 2,4, 5-T on Water

Quality after a Spraying Treatment"

by Jay S. Krammes and David B. Willets,

U. S. Forest Service Research Note

PSW-52, 1964. "Chaparral Succession in a San Gabriel Mountain Area of California", by J. H. Patric and T. L. Hanes, Ecology 45(2):

353-360, 1964.

(5001) WATER YIELDS IN HAWAII.

(b) Laboratory project. Cooperators: State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Re- sources, Dlv. of Forestry.

(c) Mr. Robert E. Nelson, Chief, Hawaii Research

Center, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, 400 South Beretania St., Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The objective is to develop a hydrological

and meteorological base in Hawaii's wildland

watersheds that will suggest methods of land management for maintaining or improving water

yield and water quality and minimizing soil erosion and sedimentation; to obtain adequate understanding of the processes of receiving

and discharging water and being able to predict the effects of a wide span of forest

land management practices upon water yield

and water control; such studies are to suggest ways to manage watersheds that will (1) assure

the continued protection of watersheds; (2) improve the distribution of the water yield

by modifying the balance between the ground- water recharge and surface waterflow; (3) Increase water yields by decreasing

evapotranspiration losses; and (4) minimize

flood runoff and sedimentation. Major work center Is in Honolulu. The principal studies under way are the deter- mination of soil erodlbility indices for forest soils in Hawaii, the measurement of evapotranspiration from several selected wildland vegetation types, and a study of rainfall-runoff relations on two small forest watersheds,

(g) Erodlbility indices found useful elsewhere have been determined from soils collected

along transects across the major mountain

ranges on Oahu. Parent material, vegetation

type, precipitation, and elevation significantly affect erodlbility. Summer evapotranspiration losses during 1963

in the Waianae Range of Oahu varied from

about 11 inches for grass, 17 inches for brush and up to 20 inches for paperbark

Eucalyptus. Losses for the summer of 1964 were appreciably less because of limited

rainfall, both during the winter soil moisture recharge period and during the summer. Detailed analyses of rates of loss

at various depths are under way. Analyses of the rainfall-runoff relations on two small watersheds indicate that an intentional burning of the uluhl fern on one had little, if any, effect. Likewise, no effect on runoff of replanting the burn to forest tree species was detectable the first

2 years after replanting. Plans call for the publication of the results

of these studies. New studies of the effect

of forest plantations on the value of forest

lands as producers of water will be initiated

.

U. 3. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521.

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRA.SER HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine influence of lodgepole pine

and spruce-fir forests and of the management

of these forests for wood products on factors associated with the yield of water, largely from stored snow. The purpose is

to solve problems in the management of forested watersheds of the high altitude

zone of the Rocky Mountains for maximum

yields of usable water.

(g) Data from 82 snow sampling locations were used to investigate snow cover depletion

and ablation on Fool Creek in relation to selected physiographic characteristics of the watershed and streamflow. This watershed possesses relatively uniform topography

with respect to exposure, solar radiation,

and other factors affecting deposition and melt

.

A comparison of the snow cover depletion,

ablation, and generated runoff relationships

for the period April 1-July 31, 1952, indicates that ablation began several weeks

prior to both the spring rise of Fool Creek

and the appearance of bare ground. In addition, the rate of ablation was much

faster than the rate of depletion. Approximately 60 percent of the area was snow covered on the peak day (June 10). However,

the pack contained only about 30 percent of

the seasonal water equivalent. A comparison

between the cumulative ablation and cumulative generated runoff relationships also indicate

that there was a greater volumetric decrease

149
of the pack than was Indicated by generated

runoff. The displacement of the ablation

curve relative to the generated runoff curve

is due to losses. Almost all of the losses

to the water yield from snowmelt occurred

prior to the time of peak streamflow. The steepness of the depletion curve also reflects

the rather homogeneous physiographic characteristics of this watershed. The snow cover remained Intact for a relatively long time and depletion took place rapidly.

Final analysis of the observations made in the snow physics study during Febraury and March of 1963 have been found to support the hypothesis (Bergen 1963) of extensive buoyant

convection within the snow cover at these periods with warm current velocities in the range of turbulent flow (1 to 2 cm. sec." 1

" for the snow cover examined). These convectlve currents appear to be of a continuous character resembling the buoyant

plumes studied in homogeneous media and representing a continuous flow of soil heat

to the upper layers of the snow cover. Such currents tend to sustain higher average sur- face temperatures for the snow cover and

thus in general higher ablation rates in a given environment than would otherwise be the case. A more significant effect is the in- crease in grain size at the upper layers

due in part to the moisture transport by these currents. Accretion of this moisture

by the surface granules may be an Important factor in the rapid decrease of albedo

observed through the months of deep snow cover amounting to a two-fold increase in the absorption of solar energy and a consequent

acceleration of daytime ablation rates,

(h) "Vapor Transport as Estimated from Heat Flow

in a Rocky Mountain Snowpack," James D. Bergen, Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol. Pub.

61, pp. 62-74, lllus.

(657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by waterhed vegetation; to determine the influence of various types of forest and grassland vegetation as well as vegetation modified by cultural treatment

such as grazing and timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; and to determine

for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving

plants) the amount of water used, methods

for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with more useful plants. At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in central Arizona, rainfall, runoff, and erosion are measured on three watersheds in the pine-fir vegetation type at high elevation, on two watersheds in the ponderosachaparral type, and from four watersheds in the grassland-chaparral type at Intermediate

elevations, and on nine small watersheds in

the semldesert-chaparral type at low elevations. Water use by different types

of plants in various soils is studied on eleven large lysimeters. Three watersheds

have been established on the ponderosa

pine type, three in the mixed-conifer type, and two watersheds in the high (9,300- foot elevation) grassland type. Current plans are to treat one ponderosa pine watershed in 1955, testing current Forest Service methods of harvesting mature

timber, but adjusting cutting methods

to lead to eventual even-aged management.

Soils from grass, aspen, and mixed- conifer plots are being laboratory

tested for hydrologic characteristics.

Soil moisture is followed with a neutron

probe. Gaging stations for four watersheds

in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game interrelations. One cluster of two watersheds and

and another cluster of three watersheds are available for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental

studies are determining the proper use of chemicals, fire, and mechanical treatment

for manipulating shrub in the type. Ecology

of Tamarix pentandra and other phreatophytes

is under investigation. Germination,

seedling survival, sprouting ability, and

rate of spread studies were continued,

(g) Clearing 80 acres of moist-site forest vegetation, dominantly white and Douglas-fir, and replacement with grass in the 248-acre North Fork of Workman Creek Watershed,

caused an average of about a 55% increase

in water yield. Water yields for the treatment period are also fairly well distributed along the posttreatment regression

as follows: Actual Expected Percent Streamflow s treamflow I ncrease

( Inches J

( Inches ) 1958- 59 1.4 0.9 56 1959- 60 6.4 4.4 45 1960-61 1.6 1 60 1961- 62 5 3.1 61 1962- 63 3 1.8 67 Results of timber harvest on South Fork in which 45% of the basal area of trees were removed by individual tree selection did

not change water yields significantly.

The gravimetric determination of moisture

in airstreams is presently being investigated. The purpose of the study is to develop methods for determining water vapor

in airstreams by means of adsorbents and/or

absorbents, and refrigerants. The amount

of water collected is then determined

gravimetrically . This method is of interest for the purpose of providing a measure of total water loss from chaparral shrubs over

a period of several hours.

A group of desiccants was tested in a system in which air was saturated with water

at 30 °C, and was then passed at a constant

rate through three U-tubes of a given

desiccant. A total volume of 10 cubic feet

of air was passed through the system for each test. The results of these tests indicated that silica gel was the most desirable desiccant

for the type of system used. It combined

more desirable characteristics that the other desiccants tested, and adsorbed all

of the moisture in the first U-tube. Artificial reseeding with Lehmann lovegrass

and transplanting of native curlymesqulte

grass clumps on Base Rock lysimeters 3 and 2, respectively, was completed during summer of 1961 and 1962. Artificial watering was considered necessary during the late springearly summer dry period, ending on Sept. 20, 1962. The original grass and half shrub cover was left undisturbed on (control)

lysimeter number 1. Following replanting in 1962 and through the summer of 1963, surface flows from lysimeters

2 and 3 exceeded that from lysimeter 1. During late winter of 1962-63 percolation

flows from the two were greater than from lysimeter 1, with the same condition

generally carrying through the summer of 1963. The winter of 1963-64 had less precipitation than in 1962-63 and there has been no appreciable differences between the water yields of the three lysimeters.

Following a wildfire in June 1958, shrub sprouts were "controlled" on a 76-acre watershed by repeated aerial spraying. Shrubs were sprayed each May for four suc- cessive springs. Treatment consisted of 2 pounds active of 2,4,5-T ester, although

other chemicals (TBA, PBA, 2,4-D) were also

tried. Repeated chemical treatment held shrub cover

on Watershed "C" to about 5%, which on an adjacent untreated watershed, cover rose to 34%. However, something less than 40% of

the dominant species, shrub live oak, was

150
actually killed. Higher kills were noted on other less abundant chaparral shrubs. Dense growth of chaparral morningglory

(Ipomea coccinea) and other forbs and grasses, plus the mass of dead brush sprouts, formed and "umbrella" over new shrub sprouts and appeared to make further aerial spraying

unpromising. Therefore, In August 1964 all surviving shrubs were hand treated with 25$ fenuron at the rate of 16 pounds active ingredient per acre. Amount of chemical pershrub was based on its crown area; e.g.,

a 4-foot diameter shrub was treated with

about 11 grams of fenuron. The chemical

was sprinkled uniformly through the crown. All plants 0 to 4 feet in diameter received

the same treatment. It is expected that this treatment method will cause minimum

damage to the excellent stand of seeded and native grasses and, therefore, will have

little effect on soil stability on these

steep, highly erodible slopes,

(h) "Notes on the Introduction of Deciduous

Tamarisk," Jerome S. Horton, Research Note

RM-16, 7 pp. "Vegetation Changes Following the Mingus

Mountain Burn," Charles P. Pase and Floyd

w. Pond, Research Note RM-18, 8 pp. illus.

"A guide for Surveying Phreatophyte

Vegetation," J. S. Horton, T. W. Robinson, and H. R. McDonald, U.S.D.A. Handbook 266,

37 pp., illus. "Simultaneous Studies of Transpiration

Rate and Sap Velocity in Trees," J. P. Decker and C. M. Skau, Plant Physiology 39: 213-215, illus.

"Soil Water Storage Under Natural and Cleared Stands of Alligator and Utah

Juniper In Northern Arizona," C. M. Skau, Research Note RM-24, 4 pp. illus. "Compact Field Kit for Aerial Photographic

Interpretation," C. J. Campbell, Jour. Forestry 62: 266-267, illus. "Comparison of Eighteen Phreatophyte

Communities on the Rio Grande in New

Mexico," C. J. Campbell and W. A. DlckPeddie, Ecology 45: 492-502, illus. "Potential Insolation as a Topoclimatic

Characteristic of Drainage Basins." Richard Lee, Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol.

Bui. 9 (1): 27-41.

(1969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, A LBUCUEROUE

,

NEW MEXICO.

(b) Laboratory project. Some work in cooperation

with Bureau of Land Management and Geological

Survey.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located

about 8 miles north of the San Luis community

and west of the Rio Puerco main channel pro- vide the study area. Water and sediment inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed by earthen dams. Precipitation rates and amounts of vegetation changes are periodically measured over the watersheds. Ten years of data have been collected under cattle grazing during a 5 1/2-6 month overwinter

period (November 1 to April 30). Evaluation of soil ripping on surface runoff,

erosion, and vegetation. Surface runoff plot3

(64), 10' x 31', are installed on a north and south aspect and upper and lower slopes rep- resenting different soil conditions in the Rio Jemez drainage. Precipitation, runoff, and sediment are measured.

To obtain inventory information on the hydrologic variables of the pinyon- Juniper

type, six small watersheds with ephemeral

streams are being gaged by means of a pre- fabricated, fiberglassed version of the Beaver

Creek flume.

(g) On 12 watersheds in New Mexico, size of watershed, percent bare area, and parent soil material had an Important effect on the portion

of precipation measured as runoff. Between 0.8

(h)

(2658)

(g)

(3569)

and 9.3 percent of precipation showed as runoff in areas of about 12" of annual precipitation.

Construction details and costs for a simple plot to measure runoff and erosion have been published.

On a 400-acre test area sprayed with 2, 4, DP just as new growth started, kill ranged from

95 to 100$. The herbicide, which must cover

the plant completely, Is equally effective as a mist or large-drop spray. Soil ripping re- duced surface runoff 96$ and erosion 85$ the first year; reductions were 85$ and 31$ re- spectively, after 3 years. Surface pits were ineffective after 3 years. These mechanical

treatments may have initiated or speeded up undesirable soil piping.

Utilization patterns on small watersheds

grazed by yearling cattle were about the sanB before and after fencing. Yearling heifers

gave more uniform utilization on rough terrain; mixed classes gave most uniform use when grazed on open range

.

"Controlling Cane Cactus with 2, 4, DP," Georg; Garcia and Wayne C. Hickey, Jr., Research Note RM-15, 2 pp. illus.

"An Evaluation of Soil Ripping and Soil Pitting on Runoff and Erosion in the Semiarid Southwest],' Wayne C. Hickey, Jr., and E. J. Dortignac, Internatl. Assoc. Sci. Hydrol., Pub. 65, pp. 22-33 illus. "Range Utilization Patterns as Affected by

Fencing and Classes of Livestock," Wayne C. Hickey, Jr., and George Garcia, Research Note RM-21, 8 pp. illus.

" A Device for Cutting Uniform Inch-Height

Segments of Plants and Plant Parts," Wayne C. Hickey, Jr., Jour. Range Mangt. 17: 154-155,

illus. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA. Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

(1) To evaluate water yield and sediment pro- duction in relation to standard forest manage- ment practices in ponderosa pine. (2) To determine surface runoff and rates of re- covery from soil compaction on Kentucky

bluegrass range in the Black Hills. (3) To determine soil moisture relations of ponderosa

pine thinned to different reserve densities

and by stand types. First year record from the first of the three gaged Sturgis watersheds shows interesting

characteristics. The three watersheds are located on one of a number of rather

extensive cenozoic igneous Intrusions of the northern Hills. Topography is rough, slopes

are steep, soils are relatively shallow and apparently highly permeable. The entire

area is timber covered (ponderosa pine) and has been little disturbed for many

years. Watershed 1 (217 acres) yielded

11 inches, 202 acre-feet, of water from December 1, 1952, through Sept. 30, 1963. Total precipitation was 28.83 inches during the same period. Flow response

to heavy precipitation is apparently

due more to rapid drainout than to sur- face runoff. The individual storm hydrograph for the heavy June 15 storm peaked nearly 3.5 hours after rain

stopped. The absolute peak reached

63.7 c.s.m. Calculated concentration

time for this 217-acre watershed is 13 minutes

.

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LARAMIE, WYOMING. Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied research.

(1) To determine the effects of big sage- brush on total runoff from snowmelt, snow accumulation and storage pattern. Three high elevation sagebrush watersheds, 60 to 106 acres, in western Wyoming provide

the study area. V-notch weirs gage the runoff, and suspended sediment samples

151
are taken periodically. Snowpaok is sampled

along permanent transects and at random points.

Precipitation is sampled by a network of re- cording and non-recording gages. (2) To determine the soil moisture withdrawal pattern under natural stands of big sagebrush, and

the effect of sagebrush eradication on moisture withdrawal. Four 0.1 acre plots on an

east and a west exposure have been established

within high elevation sagebrush type in western Wyoming. Sagebrush on two of the plots on each exposure has been eradicated

by spraying. Soil moisture samples are taken periodically to trace moisture withdrawal under each condition. (3) To evaluate the com- parative efficiencies in terms of water stored

in accumulated snow, of tandem 4-foot slatted

snow fences erected at different spacing intervals on open windswept slopes in southeast Wyoming. (4) To evaluate the effects of in- ducing snow accumulation on a watershed

through use of artificial barriers. Three experimental grassland-type drainages, 88 to 144 acres, have been selected for the study

area in southeastern Wyoming where snow transport by wind commonly occurs. V-notch

weirs are installed to measure water yield.

Snowpack is sampled in areas of natural accumu- lation along permanent transects. Summer precipitation is sampled by a network of re- cording and non-recording gages. (5) To determine the basic hydrology of mountain

bogs in Wyoming. The prevalence of small bogs along many perennial streams in the mountains of Wyoming has stimulated the posing of various questions concerning the hydrologlc

significance of these areas in relation to management techniques for water yield improvement. To provide information basic to advanced studies oriented toward this problem,

hydrologlc characteristics of a 3-acre bog

were studied Intensively during the summer

of 1963 and will be continued for another

field season. Observations of vegetation and physical conditions on the bog indicate possible relationships between various

species and environmental conditions such

as peat depth and surface-water depth.

(g) A significant relationship has been estab- lished between potential evapotranspiration

calculated by Penman's equation and daytime

evaporation pan measurements. Late summer measurements subsequent to the disappearance

of a free water surface on the bog indicated

that the water table had no diurnal oscillations but instead decreased in a stairstep fashion. Piezometer and well

data suggest that the Interchange of ground water across bog perimeters is a significant

hydrologlc property requiring further investi- gation . Preliminary drift-gage data indicate that the delivery of snow to a snow fence in a draw may have an efficiency of about 170 percent

as compared to upland areas . Topographic

features of a sample of draws were analyzed

to arrive at a means of classifying channels

into two classes: those that accumulate

snow naturally and those that do not. Results

suggest that the factors of cross sectional

area (i.e., width, depth and width/depth

ratio) may offer a means of predicting

natural snow accumulation, and thus augment

the basic information requisite to pre- scribing snow fence treatment on a watershed

basis.

(h) "The Root System of Artemisia Tridentata on

a High-Elevation Site in Wyoming," R. D. Tabler, Ecology 45: 633-636, illus.

(3895) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALPINE HYDROLOGIC LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To determine methods for increasing the amount of snow storage In alpine snowfields,

and to develop control of evaporation and melting to insure maximum effective contribution to summer 3treamflow. To reduce snow

avalanche danger by Improved forecasting of hazard, and methods of stabilizing snowpacks

on mountain slopes.

(g) Wind seems the outstanding weather factor affecting the formation of direct slab avalanches at Berthoud Pass, Colo. All of

the 27 slides (released) in this category

were preceded by at least one period when the 6-hour average wlndspeed was > 18 m.p.h. In the 48 hours prior to release. None were

released when the greatest 6-hour average wlndspeed in the 48 hours prior to release

was < 18 m.p.h. Precipitation amounts accompanying the wind were light. Only 25 percent of the slides occurred when the total precipitation preceding release was > 0.50 water equivalent.

(h) "Snow Avalanche Occurrence and Control Along

Colorado Mountain Highways," Hans Frutiger, Research Paper RM-7, 85 pp., illus.

(3896) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FORT COLLINS, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Field plot to observe the adaptability and growth characteristics of twenty-three tree shrub and twenty-six grass and forb species for further testing on critical erosion

sites

.

Research to find the influences of mechanical watershed rehabilitation measures on the microclimate and other site factors in the southern Rocky Mountains. To determine

the effect of range conditions and related

factors on sediment production and runoff

on three mountain grassland watersheds in western Colorado. Range condition is being

measured by means of 20 or more 3- step transects on each watershed. Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to gage the watersheds which vary in size from 86 to 272 acres. Water samples are taken several times daily during snowmelt and periods of storm runoff for determination of suspended

sediment; bedload is measured in the weir ponds

.

(g) On the three Black Mesa watersheds, winter

precipitation for the period 1957-63 has ranged from 13 to 39 inches per year. The percentage of runoff varied between 1 and 53& Summer storms have produced runoff on only 2 years out of the 7 in spite of 5-minute pre- cipitation intensities of 3 Inches per hour

which have occurred frequently. Ground cover Index is significantly related

to snowmelt peak discharge but grazing treat- ments have had slight effect on measured

ground cover index.

On the Alkali Creek watershed it has been repeatedly observed during prior years that

the suspended sediment load of the melt flows

is closely related to time since start of melt runoff rather than rate of discharge.

Thus, in measurements made during 1964, at station "30 feet below concrete check dam," there was a suspended sediment concentration

of 20,700 p. p.m. at a discharge of 6 c.f.s.

on April 14, while 2 days later 13,400 p. p.m. were contained in a flow of 19 c.f.s. At station "Mesa-Garfield County Line," on April 15, 63,800 p. p.m. of suspended sedi- ment were sampled in a flow of 79 c.f.s. This decreased to 35,100 p. p.m. on April 16, although discharge was 107 c.f.s. By the last week of May 1964, the flow in all gullies was almost clear. Samples taken In the catch basin of the concrete check dam,

at the waterfall of the structure, and 30 feet downstream had sediment concentrations

of 13,700 p. p.m., 13,400 p. p.m., and 13,400

p. p.m. respectively. The regimen of the flow is drastically different between these stations so that the close agreement of these samples indicates that true suspension of the sediment existed at the time of sampling. This seems reasonable because analyses gave

97.5 to 96.1^ silt and clay in these samples.

152
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE , FOREST SERVICE, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

(c) Dr. Thomas F. McLIntock, Director, South- eastern Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, North Carolina. 28802.

(d) General investigations of forest influences

in the southeastern United States, with

primary emphasis on fundamental hydrologic

research on watershed processes and related application in watershed management.

(e) Basic research into forest hydrologic pro- cesses from the precipitation of water over

an area until it leaves the watershed as streamflow or evapotransplration. Demonstrations of several cover types and land management practices and their effect upon water yield, quality and flow characteristics. Development of watershed management methods

pertinent to the region and cooperative

trials and demonstrations of these methods.

Most of the experimental and hydrologic

data are collected on the 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located In the zone

of maximum precipitation for the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of the south- ern Applachlans) . The basic hydrologic

gaging network at the Coweeta Hydrologic

Laboratory, near Franklin, N. C, Includes

3 multiple and 12 unit watersheds currently

active and 16 standby watersheds on which

up to 30 years of continuous streamflow

records and a cumulative total of more than

700 years are available on drainages

ranging from 4 acres to 8 square miles, 12 recording and 11 standard rain gages, 1 recording hygrothermograph, 1 metering

anemometer, 1 evaporation pan, and 1 recording pyrhellometer. Occasional water samples are collected from selected watersheds for quality analysis on a storm period basis. Soil moisture is measured in

the field with 3 neutron scattering devices

servicing a network of some 77 access tubes.

A small laboratory equipped for instrument

repair and soil and plant physical analysis now Includes a dew point hygrometer. Most recording devices are of the chart-trace type with exception of 14 analog-to-digital

streamflow recorder. Streamflow data are being reduced from chart traces to punch

cards by an Cscar-K chart reader with sub- sequent computation and analysis by computers

at the National heather Records Center In Asheville, N. C, and at the University of Georgia, Athens, Ga. Supplementing the plant- soil-water studies at Coweeta is a research

unit located in the piedmont at Union, S. C. Now largely inactive, these research facilities include 4 unit watersheds and in- stallations for studying comparative water

use by cover types and soil moisture recharge. Research studies include: (1) a review of the relation of rain gage catch to actual pre- cipitation on steep forested watersheds;

(2) Incident solar radiation on forested and cleared slopes; (3) effect of forest cover

and mountain physiography on the radiant energy balance; (4) increasing water yield

by nondestructive transpiration control;

(5) distribution of roots of common forest

trees in the southern Appalachians;

(6) movement and storage of soil water on steep slopes; (7) rainfall Interception by

white pine; (8) predicting soil moisture in steep terrain for hydrologic purposes; (9) morphology of the soil mantle related to moisture storage and movement; (10) the effect of forest cutting on water yield; (11) the hydrology of mountain unit watersheds under several cover types; (12) mechanizing

streamflow data collection and computing;

(13) stream diversion on a steep forested

slope to stabilize and increase late summer

yield; (14) source, volume, and timing

of streamflow from mountain watersheds,

(15) a regional study of the small watershed hydrograph based on records from Coweeta, Bent Creek, Union, and Fernow, and (16) a pilot study testing multiple uses such as water, timber, recreation, and wildlife on

a 360-acre watershed. Research by personnel

of the Wetland Improvement Project at Charleston, South Carolina is developing

effective water control practices to Improve

productivity of wetland forest soils of the southeastern coastal plain and evaluating

effects of these practices on wetland hydrology and soils. Accordingly, much of the program consists of drainage studies in cooperation with National Forests, wood-uslrg

Industries, and other wetland forest managers who have made or plan capital Investments to drain their land. In addition, research is also being conducted on the Santee Experimental Forest, located 32 miles north of Charleston,

which has a small soils laboratory and two stream gaging stations on watersheds of 400

and 8,000 acres. Active studies include:

(1) response of wet, slash pine flats to drainage; (2) relationships between soil and water conditions and to tree response

on drained wetlands; (3) study of the water- balance of selected wetland units; (4) evaluation of the drainage state of repre- sentative wetland sites; and (5) precipitation-runoff relations on small forested watersheds in the coastal plain,

(g) The 22-acre watershed converted in 1960

from hardwood to grass has shown small Increases in streamflow since 1961. These increases apparently are related to dry matter production as the dense fescue cover developed after heavy initial fertilization

has gradually thinned out. This hypothesis

will be tested when the grass is heavily

refertilized in 1955 to return dry matter production to 1960 levels. A grass covered

soil column 4.5 feet wide, 7 feet deep, 200 feet long, and Inclined at 38 percent has been allowed to recharge and deplete naturally. Both rechage and depletion are more

rapid than on a nearby small forested

watershed, indicating less storage capacity

in the plastic-lined soil column. During

1964, evapotransplration from the soil column was 26.5 inches, only 1 inch less than potential as calculated by the Thornthwaite

method. A review of all available hardwood

interception studies shows that throughfall

does not differ materially among mature hardwoods of eastern United States. Stem- flow Is greatest on smooth-barked trees, least on older, rough-barked trees. Fragmentary documentation shows litter losses about 2-4 inches annually with possibility

of much higher losses under very warm or much colder climates. Analysis of rainfall data

at Coweeta indicates that gage site selection with reference to wind speed is critical to both accuracy and precision of precipitation

sampling. The natural shielding provided by

45° openings in the dense native forest usually provides suitable samples if problem

areas such as exposed ridges, gaps, and lee sides of peaks are avoided as gage sites. Helicopter application of a transpiration

retardent (5 gallons per acre of .01 m glyceryl succinic acid) along the riparian

zone of a calibrated watershed did not affect diurnal stream fluctuation nor did it influence total water yield. A pilot study

shows that intensive multiple use management

is economically feasible but that large

storms Increase sediment loads in streams

even when logging is very carefully done. Gravimetric methods of calibrating neutron probes has been found to underestimate the true slope of the calibration curve. A volumetric calibration process was developed

in which the standard error of calibration

was less than four counts per each percent

soil moisture by volume. Volumetric cali- bration gave more accurate estimates of

153
moisture changes than previously used gravimetric calibration curves. Recent research results from Charleston indicate shallow collection ditches have little additional

impact on ground water levels during dry years beyond that created by the main ditches. They expedite the removal of water from the ground surface and upper soil layers in wet periods when water levels are high. It does

not appear that a 5-chain spacing of shallow collection ditches in fine sandy soils underlain by sandy clay will result in over- drainage of the site for young slash pine trees

.

(h) "Test of a Transpiration Inhibitor on a Forested Watershed," by P. E. Waggoner and

J. D. Hewlett, to be submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research.

"DDT Residues in Mountain Stream Waters as Influenced by Treatment Practices," by A. R. Grzenda, H. P. Nicholson, J. I. Teasley, and

J. H. Fatric, .Journal of Economic Entomology

57(5): 615-618, 1964. "Ground Water: Definition," by J . D. Hewlett,

Science 144(3625): 1407, 1964. "Water Absorption by Deep Rooting Forest on Plastic-Covered Mountain and Piedmont Soils,"

by J. H. Patric, J. E. Douglass, and J. D. Hewlett, in press, Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.

"Research in Hydrology of Forested Watersheds

at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory," by J.

D. Hewlett, Proceedings, 29th Meeting of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resource

Conference, Las Vegas, 1964. "Seasonal Water Absorption by Deep Rooting

Forest Trees on Plastic-Covered Mountain and Piedmont Soils," by J. H. Patric and J. E. Douglass, Proceedings of the Soil Science Society of America Meeting at Denver, 1963. "Rainfall Interception by Hardwood Forest Litter in the Southern Appalachians," by

J. D. Helvey, U. S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-8, 1964. "Canopy and Litter Interception of Rainfall

by Hardwoods of Eastern United States," by

J. D. Helvey and J. H. Patric, to be submitted

to Water Resources Research. "Volumetric Calibration of Neutron Probes,"

by J. E. Douglass, to be submitted to Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.

"Water on Forest: How can we Have all we Need of Both," by J. D. Hewlett, in press. "Water Management: Key to Wetland Forest Improvement in the Southeast," by C. E. Young, Jr., to be published in Proceedings

of American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

"Water Tupelos Like it Wet," by R. A. Klawitter, 1964 Christmas Issue, Southern

Lumberman

.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE, Southern Forest Experiment Station. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. W. M. Zillgitt, Director, Southern Forest Experiment Station, T-10210 Federal Bldg.,

701 Loyola Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70113.

(2914) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, OXFORD, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural Research

Service, and University of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest

and potential forest lands; basic and applied research.

(e) Twelve small natural headwater catchments,

two to four acres each, were installed in batteries of three to determine runoff and erosion from old fields, depleted upland

hardwoods, pine plantations, and mature

upland pine-hardwoods. Four of the six old field and depleted hardwood watersheds

were planted to pine in 1964, after site preparation which included burning. Treatments on the pine and pine hardwoods are deferred until after a suitable calibration

period. Five additional watersheds in pine

plantations are being calibrated prior to testing effects of timber harvesting on runoff, erosion, and sediment flows. Re- lated studies include restoration of depleted watersheds and plant-soil-water

relationships

.

(f) Data collection on all watersheds is con- tinuing.

(g) Runoff and erosion appear to have increased moderately after prescribed burning.

(h) "Low-Cost Rain Gage Improved," Thomas L. Rogerson. Journ. Soil and Water Conserv.

19(4): 157-158, illus., July-August 1964. "Water Stage Recorder Wells Protected From Freezing by Homemade Candles," N. C. Bennett

and D. C. McClurkin. Agr. Engin. 45(6): 330, illus., June 1964. "Research to Tame the Rain," George K. Stephenson. U. S. Forest Serv. South. Forest Expt. Sta., 15 pp., illus. 1964. "Refrigerator-Car Storage of Loblolly Pine Seedlings Highly Successful," H. L. Willlstcn.

U. S. Forest Serv. Res. Note S0-13, 3 pp., illus. 1964. "Seedling Storage in Refrigerator Cars,"

H. L. Williston. U. S. Forest Serv. Tree

Planters' Notes 65, p. 20, 1964.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HARRISON,

ARKANSAS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigations on effects of forest

type and condition on timing of flows In streams of the Ozark-Ouachita uplands; basic and applied research.

(e) Runoff and sediment from three small mountain watersheds are measured currently. H-flumes and stage recorders were installed

on eight additional watersheds ranging

from 2 to 40 acres. Cover conditions will

be changed after an adequate calibration

period. Related studies of soil moisture and erosion are continuing.

(f) Records of runoff and sediment collected

currently.

(h) "Moisture, Pore Space, and Bulk Density

Changes in Frozen Soil," A. W. Krumbach,

Jr. and D. P. White. Soil Sci . Soc. Amer.

Proc. 28(3): 422-425, illus., May-June 1964.

CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, Coastal Engineering

Research Center. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, Coastal Engineering

Research Center, 5201 Little Falls Road, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20016.

(181) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will

be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale In small laboratory tanks (to determine scale effects) for various median diameter and specific

gravity sediments.

(g) Additional tests were made using crushed coal of average specific gravity 1.5 (modeled by

the settling velocity relationship to give

corresponding characteristics of material

tested in the large tank) . Observed material movement and profile changes corresponded

basically to the large scale results in the prototype tank, although the coal slope

deteriorated somewhat faster. A partial

explanation for differences is the wide

range of specific gravities of individual

coal particles. Tests for a few selected

storm waves were made in the large tank with waves from 2 to 5.5 feet in height

154
using a sand of 0.4-mm. median diameter.

The profiles obtained In these tests may

be compared with those obtained earlier with 0.2-mm. sand to indicate differences

in rates of scour and degree of protection

with different sized material. A single

test was made simulating a tidal condition.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the characteristics of ocean waves. Wave

gages have been Installed in a number of locations in coastal waters. These wave gages provide electrical recordings and

also magnetic tape recordings. The records

from the paper chart recorders are analyzed

for significant wave height and wave period.

The records from the magnetic tape recorders

are analyzed to provide a spectral analysis

o'f wave frequency (or period) versus: (1) Linear average wave height; (2) squared average wave height; and (3) peak wave

height.

(g) An additional wave recording station was in- stalled at Daytona Beach, Florida, during

1963. Installation of 3 wave sensors at the Buzzards Bay Light Tower (coast Guard) was delayed due to tower modifications (instal- lation of stainless steel cable gage supports).

Installation of the cables and gages is expected during first quarter of 1965. These

gages will be used to establish pressure

gradient at different water depths. This

data will be compared to surface waves as recorded by a surface wave gage. Additional wave recording stations are planned to be installed at: (a) Coast Guard Light Tower, Frying Pan Shoals, (b) Galveston,

Texas, and (c) Los Angeles, Calif. (2).

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping

sand past inlets and to determine the applicability of the methods in stabilization

of beaches adjacent to inlets. Data are being procured on the effect to the shoreline

of sand by-passing operations at Port Hueneme, California and Lake Worth Inlet, Fla

.

and on the effect to the shoreline of a new harbor constructed at Ventura, California. This latter harbor involves an offshore detached breakwater along with

entrance Jetties to the new harbor. Data at the three locations Include periodic hydrographic surveys south and north of the Inlet, wave data, sand samples, detailed records of pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. A general study

is being made of the possibility of adapting

commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive

source to the discharge line to measure

quantity of material pumped in by-passing

operations.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of beaches by artificial means. The present

continuing phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach

slope and attempts to determine its response

to the forces normally Incident upon the shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative importance of the forces or combinations of forces may be evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques have been applied to the statistical evaluation of the importance of the forces and of the parameters.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIRECTION GAGES

.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; development.

(gj Three additional wave gages were furnished

to the Detroit District, (U.S. Lake Survey). Total gages in this project is now nine (9). Data from these gages are to be used in a wide study of the Great Lakes for pollution

control by the Public Health Service. One

of the new gages is unique in that it operates from electrical power provided by a thermo- electric generator using propane gas as fuel. An ultrasonic flow meter was checked

in the laboratory large wave tank as a wave direction gage. Preliminary data shows good promise of adapting the flowmeter to function as a wave direction gage. Further

tests are planned at Atlantic City, N. J. upon procurement of a modified flowmeter. This test is to provide information as to the suitability of this device in an actual measurement condition.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN ON THE RATE OF

LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system. Initial tests consist of waves generated at

a 30-degree angle to the sand beach with measurement of material movement being made

at the downdrift end. The tests planned for

the immediate future, as have the current

season tests, will continue to emphasize

the task of collecting and establishing

reliable calibration data on the relationship between the littoral transport rate and the wave characteristics. These generalized

(not to specific model scale) studies are being made In the Shore Processes Test Basin

of the Coastal Engineering Research Center.

(g) Analysis of comprehensive wave height measure- ments made in the North Sector of the Shore Processes Test Basin indicate the presence

of a cross-basin wave. Curve pattern similarities and differences (opposites) from the wave height measurements in dif- ferent locations of the basin show the effect on the wave height distribution of the cross basin wave and that it has the

same wave period as the generated (incident)

wave. Comparison of curve patterns re- presenting separate locations in the basin generally show that where the curve patterns

at each location are the same type, as a maximum or minimum height at each location,

the wave travel time or distance between

points of measurement is an even multiple of half wave lengths; conversely, where the wave patterns are of opposite type, as a maximum height at one location and a minimum

height at the other location, the wave

travel time or distance is equal or very near an odd multiple of half wave lengths.

The presence of a cross-basin wave has been fairly well demonstrated by special analyses

of the SPTB curves showing wave height

distribution with distance. However, this does not explain the variability of wave height at a fixed gage. In order that a cross basin wave of the same period as the generated wave, cause height variability

at a fixed gage, it would be necessary that

its phase shift slightly with successive generator starts or during wave generation.

Although no direct evidence of a cross-wave

phase shift with successive generator starts has been observed, in view of the large range of height variability measured, it seems highly improbable that such a phase shift does not actually occur. A slight phase

shift has been observed during wave generation from the time or sequence measurements

of height variability at a fixed gage.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF

155
NEW JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE -MARYLAND- VIRGINIA SHORE LINE PROM CAPE HENLOPEN TO CAPE CHARLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field Investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Reports

to consist of three chapters: geomorphology

and shoreline histories, littoral forces, and littoral materials. Subject matter to Include physiography, geological development

of the shore region, sources of littoral material, waves, tides or water level fluctuations, current physical characteristics of the littoral materials, inter- relation of sedimentary properties, relation

of properties of littoral materials to position in the littoral zone, and changes

in shoreline configuration.

(g) The Delaware-Maryland-Virginia shoreline from Cape Henlopen to Cape Charles is currently under study. Data compilation

for this reach is essentially completed and

the report is under preparation.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project,

id) Design.

(e) To supplement and revise the Coastal Engineering Research Center's (formerly Beach Erosion

Beard) Technical Report No. 4, "Shore Pro- tection Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) The supply of the October 1961 edition of the report has been depleted. It Is antici- pated that the new edition will be available

in the Fall of 1965.

(2195) RE -EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICALLY NOURISHED AND

CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to restore or nourish a beach sector and

the effect of the fill on adjacent shores.

A selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Follow up report prepared, but not yet

published, on beach fill at Seaside Park,

Conn. Other reports in preparation for beach fill projects, at Presque Isle, Pa., Sherwood Island State Park, Conn., and Hammonasset Beach State Park, Conn. Arrange- ments have been made to collect follow up

data for beach fill and nourishment projects

in California, Florida, and New Hampshire.

(2660) STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SEDIMENT IN SUSPENSION

IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPERATURE

EFFECTS)

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the relationship between wave, water, and sand characteristics, and the amount of material maintained in suspension

and, hence, available for longshore transport by currents.

(g) A tractor-mounted suspended sand sampler for wave action sampling was developed at CERC laboratory and field tested at Jennette Pier,

Nags Head, N. C. More than 400 suspended sediment samples were collected in the field

tests at Nags Head, N. C. Most of the samples were collected nearshore in and near the breaker zone. Several samples were collected

on the outer bar near the end of the pier, about 600 feet offshore. The samples have been analyzed for weight (concentration) and

size distribution. A report describing the development of the suspended sediment sampler with preliminary analysis of the samples collected in the field tests is in preparation.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

for various waves for different types of shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) Some field measurements of run-up on a beach

were obtained in an attempt to delineate the run-up distribution function. Some model

tests also indicate that in a model wave

tank measurement of wave action may depend

to a significant extent on the location of the measurement point relative to the wave generator, because of the generation of secondary waves and the importance of the phase relation of these to the main waves, which changes with distance of travel.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To relate increase in water level at the shore due to wave action alone, to the inci- dent wave characteristics and shore hydrography.

(g) See project (5328) "Characteristics of a Plunging Breaker".

(3897) RADIOACTIVE TRACERS FOR BEACH STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dl Experimental; research.

(e) Studies of possible field sites for the application of radioactive and/or fluorescent tracers are being continued.

(4760) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DUNE BUILDING WITH SAND FENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; design.

(e) The experimental study consists of the con- struction of various types and arrangements

of sand fences to determine the fence type and arrangement most effective in building

a dune by trapping and holding wind-blown

sand. Slat-type snow fencing and locally constructed brush fencing have been used in

straight, straight-with-side spurs, and zigzag configurations. The study is being

conducted on the Outer Banks of North

Carolina between Cape Hatteras and Cape Lookout

.

(4762) CORRELATION OF STORM WAVE ATTACK AND BEACH EROSION.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field and office investigation to develop

quantitative correlation between storm violence and shore erosion,

(e) Repetitive profiles are taken at selected beach areas. The storm wave action between

surveys is analyzed and correlations between

the wave action and observed profile changes

are established. Repetitive profile lines were established in September 1962 at nine locations between

Delaware Bay and Cape Cod. These profiles

were resurveyed at weekly and bi-weekly

intervals. The resurvey interval now is

4 to 6 weeks. Storm wave action is measured

by the Coastal Engineering Research Center

ocean wave gages and storm surges by

U.S.C.&G.S. tide gages.

(h) "Seasonal Changes in Beaches of the North Atlantic Coast of the United States", by

John M. Darling, Hydraulic Engineer, Re- search Division, Coastal Engineering Re- search Center was presented at the IX Coastal Engineering Conference in Lisbon,

Portugal, in June 1964. It is being

edited by the ASCE and will be published

in early 1965.

(4763) OFFSHORE SAND SOURCES.

156
(b) Laboratory project.

id) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Pour selected areas along the Atlantic

Coast of New Jersey have been explored by

geophysical (sonic) methods and by shallow

borings. A preliminary dredge feasibility

operation has been completed in Chesapeake

Bay (Thimble Shoals Channel).

(g) It has been determined from preliminary data

that the cost of pumping sand to the beach is competitive with conventional sources.

(5079) WAVE HEIGHT PREDICTION FOR WAVE MAKERS IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Theoretical and experimental; basic research,

(e) By equating the volume of water displaced In half a period by a displacement-type wave maker to the volume of wa.er raised above mean water level in a sine-shaped wave, a simple relation results for shallow water

waves which gives wave height as a function

of wave length, wave maker stroke, and wave maker geometry. For shallow water, this relation agrees with hydrodynamic theory

for piston-type and flap-type wave makers,

and with published and unpublished data for waves generated by displacement-type wave makers in absolute water depths ranging from 0.5 feet to 13 feet.

f) Completed.

g) The height of wave generated by displacement-type wave makers in shallow water is approximately equal to 2n s/l times an appro- priate dimension of the wave maker. S is the stroke of the wave maker, L is the wave

length given by small amplitude theory, and

the wave maker dimension is measured perpendicular to the direction of S. This relation agrees with the hydrodynamic theory for piston and flap-type wave makers over the range of depths usually used in coastal engineering experiments, and it is supported

by data from 4 piston-type and 2 plunger-type

wave makers for depths satisfying the condition

(h) "Wave-Height Prediction for Wave Generators

in Shallow Water", C. J. Galvln, Jr., U.

S. Army Coastal Engineering Research

Center, Technical Memorandum No. 4, March

1564, 21 pp. (5082) EFFECTIVENESS OF LOW CRESTED OR SUBMERGED

BRLAKWA TERS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the relative effectiveness of low-crested and submerged rubble mound

breakwaters. Measurements have been made

in the laboratory of the transmission of wave energy over and through both permeable

and impermeable rubble mound breakwaters of varying crest width, crest elevation, and water level elevation. Tests were made at

. both small scale (maximum 6" wave) and large

scale (maximum 4-foot wave)

.

(g) Variation in crest width had much less effect in reducing transmitted wave height

than did crest elevation. Effectiveness

of impermeability of breakwater decreases

with higher waves, and particularly with higher water levels.

(h) Final report furnished Navy Bureau of Yards and Docks, Southwest Division.

(5325) FIELD MEASUREMENT OF LONGSHORE CURRENT

VELOCITY.

(b) Laboratory project,

(dj Field investigation.

(e) Longshore current velocity was measured by

timing the travel of water filled balloons

in the surf on the beach near Nags Head,

N. C.j breaker angles were measured with a Brunton compass, by triangulation and by

measuring the speeds of the crest and plunge

point of the breaking wave; beach slope was obtained from profiles through the surf zone; and wave heights and periods were measured

from wave gage reocrds.

(f) Suspended.

(g) For the five sets of data obtained, longshore current velocity, V, is roughly predicted by

the equation, V = gmTsin2e-b , where m is beach slope, g acceleration due to gravity,

e

b is the breaker angle, and T is the wave period.

(5326) RESONANT EDGE WAVES ON LABORATORY BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental.

(e) An unusual standing wave in the runup on laboratory beaches is under study. The com- binations of slope, period, breaker type, standing wave length, and resonant amplification are being measured in order to describe the phenomena and to understand

its affect on laboratory and natural beaches.

(g) The run-up from lightly plunging or surging waves occasionally resonates between the sidewalls of a wave tank 1.5 ft. wide. The resonant period is twice the period of the waves reaching the beach. Whenever the resonance is present on the plane beach, it always has a resonant period, beach slope, and tank width (1.5') which fits the equation for resonant edge waves. When this resonance occurs on a sand beach 40 feet wide, it occasionally produces cusps whose spacing

is one-half the edge wave length. The width

of the sand beach is not necessarily an integral multiple of the cusp spacing.

(h) "Cusps Formed by Standing Edge Waves on a Laboratory Beach", C. J. Galvin, Jr., pro- gram 1964 Annual Meeting of Geological

Society of America, p. 69.

(5327) THE FPFECT OF SECONDARY WAVES ON WAVE RUN-UP.

(b) Laboratory project,

dj Experimental; basic research,

e) This project was begun to learn the cause of certain pecularities in the variability of wave run-up with wave period and height on steep slopes. Run-up tests were made in a 2' x 1-1/2' x 72' wave tank on smooth slopes installed at various locations along the tank. Slopes varied from 1:15 to 1:6. Each slope was tested in three water depths (0.65, 0.90, and 1.25 feet) in an attempt to determine the effect of water depth on the wave run-up.

(g) It was learned from an analysis of the tests

that a strong correlation exists relating the phase angle between the primary and secondary waves and the height of wave run-up. The run-up for a given wave condition is a maximum if the primary and secondary waves are 180°

out of phase (i.e. if the secondary wave is

in the trough of the primary wave) and a minimum when the two waves are in phase. This variable phase relationship of primary

and secondary waves causes the run-up to vary up to a factor of 3 for steep slopes.

For flatter slopes (about 1:6) this effect had essentially disappeared.

(5328) CHARACTERISTICS OF A PLUNGING BREAKER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) The wave height, mean water depth, and dis- tance traveled In the breaking process are being measured for waves which break by

plunging on a plane concrete beach in a wave

tank 96 feet long and 1.5 feet wide. Parallel wire resistance wave gages measure the wave

heights, damped piezometers buried flush with the beach surface measure the mean water

level and photographs record the distance traveled in breaking. This study is undertaken to increase knowledge of the breaking

process, to relate the energy flux of the Incoming waves to the resulting wave setup, and to provide engineering criteria for the design of coastal structures.

(g) Analysis indicates that the depth at which a

157
wave Initially becomes unstable is probably

directly proportional to wave height, but

that the relation between breaker depth-toheight ratio and slope is an apparent one due

to the wave moving into shallow water before

wave deformation has progressed far enough for breaking conditions to be defined. From these considerations, it can be predicted

that between the initial instability and the defined breaking point Is a horizontal dis- tance approximately equal to 4.5 times the breaking wave height, and that between the defined breaker position and the point where

the plunge of the wave is complete is approximately equal to 2 times the breaking wave

height. Preliminary measures of the breaker

depth-to-height ratio and the horizontal dis- tance traveled by waves plunging on a 1:10 slope are in fair agreement with this analysis

.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Portland. Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 406, 4504, 5068,

5069, 5070, 5071, 5315, 5316, and 5318 should be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Walla Walla, Building 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Wash. 99362.

(406)

(1465)

(c)

(3231)

(c)

(4504)

(b)

( a

)

MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN

FOR ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER WASHINGTON. Completed

"Spillway and Stilling Basin for Ice Harbor

Dam," U. S. Army Engineer Division Hydraulic

Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon. Tech. Report No. 31-1, December, 1964. (Available

on loan). Final report covering the test results. MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING BASIN

FOR THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Fortland, Ore. 97205. Completed.

"Spillway and Stilling Basin for the Dalles

Dam," U. S. Army Engineer Division Hydraulic

Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon. Tech. Report No. 55-1, November, 1964. (Available

on loan). Final report covering the test results

.

MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS AND STILLING

BASIN FOR COUGAR RESERVOIR, SOUTH FORK McKENZIE RIVER, OREGON. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland, Ore. 37205. Completed.

"Outlet Works and Stilling Basin for Cougar

Reservoir, South Fork McKenzie River,

Oregon," U. S. Army Engineer Division

Hydraulic Laboratory, Bonneville, Oregon.

Tech. Report No. 87-1, May 1964. (Available

on loan) . Final report covering the test results. GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U. S. Army Engineer Di

of Engineers, Walla Wa Experimental; for desi

A fixed-bed model cons distorted scale ratio

Snake River bed and pe graphy between river m The dam axis is at mil

layout consists of a s gravity-type spillway

by 59-ft tainter gates

Kaplan turbines (initi

units), an 86- by 675

strict, Walla, Corps

11a, Washington,

gn. tructed to an unof 1:100 reproduces the rtinent overbank topo- iles 68.3 and 71.6.

e 70.3. The original

traight, 8-bay, controlled by 50-

, a powerhouse for six

al installation three

ft navigation lock

having a maximum lift of 101 ft, concrete nonoverflow sections, rockfill abutments, and facilities for passing migratory fish over the dam. The initial power installation will produce 405,000 kilowatts. Purposes of the model are to check the structures layout

and flow conditions affecting cofferdam

placement, power generation, navigation, and fish passage,

(g) Following tests of various cofferdam layouts, the original structure and excavation plan

(with maximum excavation in tailrace and downstream navigation lock approach) was

studied. Investigations with minimum downstream excavation and maximum erosion in the spillway exit channel are in progress.

(4506) MODEL STUDY OF FINGERLING COLLECTOR FOR

GREEN PETER DAM, MIDDLE SANTIAM RIVER, ORE.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers Portland, Oregon.

(c) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland, Oregon 97205.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two undistorted hydraulic models are being

used for studies of facilities for down- smigrant fingerling salmon and steel- head trout at Green Peter Dam. The proposed

facility is composed of an entrance horn, vertical adjustable-height riser, separator, flow distribution control device, trough, flexible hose, transverse pipe system, and

outlet pipe followed by a flume into the tailwater. The collector will be located on the upstream face of the dam at the focal point of reservoir discharge. Its 20-ft- high horn will collect fish near the water

surface with a minimum submergence over its top of 5 ft and a maximum submergence at its bottom of 40 ft. About 200 cfs will enter

the horn and carry migrating fish inward,

upward, and across a separator screen (a 10- by 20-ft perforated plate) covering

the compartmented flow distribution device through which from 190 to 194 cfs will pass vertically into a collector well and then be pumped back to the reservoir. Fish in the remaining 6 to 10 cfs will be carried from

the separator screen through a flexible hose attached to laterals through the dam and thence by open channel flow to the tailrace.

A trash boom at the upstream face of the dam will prevent small floating and suspended

debris from entering the fingerling collector . (f ) Tests have been completed.

(g) Two-ft-wide sections of prototype and model separator plates were tested in a flume model as the first step in deter- mining model -prototype similitude relationships. The model perforated plate that reproduced flow conditions over the prototype plate in the most satisfactory manner

was used in a l:4-scale model of the entire fingerling collector. Tests of different distributor bar spacings, trough designs, deflector locations, and separator slopes were made in the l:4-scale model.

(h) Final report is in preparation.

(5068) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR LITTLE GOOSE DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The 1 : 42 . 47-scale model includes a 3-bay

section of the 8-bay spillway and stilling

basin. Tests are being made to evaluate hydraulic performance of the proposed spill- way and to develop revisions in design that would increase performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs.

(g) Pressures, head-discharge relationships, and pier contraction coefficients were determined

for free flow over the crest and for unequal

openings of adjacent crest gates. Although

an acceptable design for a horizontal stilling

158
(5069)

(g)

(5070)

(b)

(g)

(5071)

(D)

(ej

basin was derived In the model, protection

against unusual amounts of artesian water underneath the concrete apron will greatly

increase construction costs if a conventional

stilling basin is adopted. Attempts to eliminate the stilling basin paving through

use of a conventional roller-type bucket were not satisfactory. Tests are in progress

to determine whether satisfactory hydraulic

conditions and minimum downstream erosion

can be obtained with a slotted or dentated roller-type bucket. MODEL STUDY OF LITTLE GOOSE NAVIGATION LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

A l:25-scale model reproducing the intake manifolds, 86-ft-wide by 675-ft-long lock

chamber, split lateral filling and emptying

system, outlet culverts, and portions of adjacent approach and outlet areas is being used to check the suitability of the original design and to develop improve- ments if needed. An alternative method

for distributing flow to the lateral culverts through a central Junction chamber is being studied in a separate l:25-scale model. Satisfactory designs for all elements of

the structure were developed. The lock chamber can be filled in 11.5 minutes

and emptied in 12.8 minutes under an initial head of 101 feet through a split lateral hydraulic system. Maximum

hawser forces on an 8-barge tow com- pletely filling the lock will average

about 5 tons. After numerous revisions,

good flow distribution was obtained in the Junction chamber model. This hydraulic system was not tested in the comprehensive model. Tests of the final design lock are scheduled for completion

early in 1965. MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER, IDAHO.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

Experimental; for design. An undlstorted, l:50-scale, fixed-bed

model reproduces the river bed and pertinent overbank topography for about

3600 feet upstream and downstream from

the project axis. Presently installed

are the cofferdams, diversion tunnel, tunnel outlet channel, and temporary fishway

entrance. Later the forebay height will be increased to reproduce the 673-ft-high dam, and the spillway, stilling basin, regulating

outlets, and fish facilities will be installed

for tests of these elements. Verification was completed. The 40-ft horseshoe-shaped tunnel and cofferdam were Installed and the study of flow conditions

during diversion were begun. Tests Indicated

that flow conditions were improved by

relocating the tunnel entrance and realining

the tunnel and downstream approach. Studies

were made to determine the best method of dissipating energy at tunnel portal in order

to provide satisfactory conditions for log passage and fish attraction. Investigation

of method to be used in sealing diversion

tunnel is in progress. GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF LOWER GRANITE LOCK AND DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

U.S. Army^Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of engineers, Walla Walla, Wash,

experimental; for design. An undlstorted, l:100-scale, fixed-bed model

will reproduce the Snake River bed and pertinent overbank topography for 1.4 miles upstream and 1.7 miles downstream from the project axis (107.5 river miles upstream

from the Junction of the Snake and Columbia

Rivers). Studies will be made to determine flow conditions during successive construction stages and after proposed structures have been installed.

(g) Verification tests were completed. Model

tests of the original first-stage cofferdam

plan are in progress.

(5072) TESTS OF RUBBER TAINTER GATE SEALS, LIBBY DAM (MONTANA) AND DWORSHAK DAM (IDAHO) PROJECTS.

(b) U.S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle, Wash.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Seattle, 1519 South Alaskan Way,

Seattle, Wash. 98134.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Talnter-type sluice valves planned for the regulating outlets at Libby and Dworshak Projects will operate under maximum heads greater than 260 feet. Because such heads

are unusually high for this type of gate,

sealing and deformation tests on rubber side seals for the gates were considered necessary.

(f) Completed.

{g; Three-foot-long specimens of Teflon-clad

and unclad rectangular rubber seals and a Teflon-clad, rounded-bulb "J" seal were tested under 300 ft of head in a l:l-scale pressure tank. The test seals were of natural rubber having a durometer index

of about 65. With a gap of 1/8 inch between the Teflon-clad rectangular seal bulb and the seal plate, the seal closed against or retracted from the seal plate

at pressures less than 5 psi. Almost the entire l-l/2-lnch face of the seal bulb contacted the seal plate under 300 ft of head. The downstream corner of the seal protruded 1/8-inch into a 3/8-inch gap between the retainer bar and seal plate after the first 10 days of a 30-day test. No further deformation occurred, and the

seal regained its original shape within

an hour after removal from the pressure

chamber. Clearance between the seal bulb

and seal plate was increased from 1/8 to 1/4 inch and constant-pressure time was reduced from 30 to 15 days for tests of unclad rectangular and Teflon-clad rounded- bulb seals. Seating and retracting heads were slightly higher with the rounded-bulb

seal, and semi-permanent deformation of this seal was noted 6 days after the 15-day

test was concluded. Performance of all three seal types was considered satis- factory under the conditions tested.

(h) No final report is planned. The test re- sults will be included in the final report

for Dworshak spillway.

(5315) MODEL STUDY OF REGULATING OUTLETS FOR DWORSHAK DAM, NORTH FORK CLEARWATER RIVER,

IDAHO.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e; With the spillway gates closed, or with

pool level below the spillway crest, reservoir outflows will be controlled by

three 9- by 12.5-ft tainter gates located near the upstream end of separate conduits

at elevation 1350. Head on the conduits

will vary from 95 feet at minimum pool

elevation 1445 to slightly more than 250 feet at maximum pool elevation 1601. The outlet conduits will discharge onto the spillway chute at about elevation 1150. Total outlet capacity will vary from 28,300

cfs at minimum pool to approximately 40,000

cfs at maximum pool. Pressures, flow conditions, and discharge relationships will be checked in a l:25-scale sectional model

that reproduces a portion of the forebay,

an outside conduit (with streamlined en- trance and center line angled 5° - 38' to

159
head wall), and a section of spillway downstream from the conduit outlet,

(g) Model design and construction are in progress.

(5316) MODEL STUDY OF FISH LADDER FOR LITTLE GOOSE

DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:10-scale model was used for tests of

the 24-ft-wide, l-on-10 sloped fish ladder

for Little Goose Dam.

(f) Scheduled tests have been completed.

(g) Velocities, flow patterns, and discharge

relationships were determined for typical

weirs, orifice control section, and slot- type fish counting station.

(5317) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER, OAK POINT TO VANCOUVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland, Corps

of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(c) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, 628 Pittock Block,

Portland, Oregon 97205.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 40-ft-deep by 600-ft-wide navigation channel between Columbia River miles 52 and 109 and from the Willamette River mouth to Portland,

Oregon was authorized recently. Five separate movable-bed models, with 1:300 horizontal and 1:100 vertical scales, will

be required to cover improvements in the Columbia River. The models will be used initially to check plans for constructing

and maintaining the 40-ft channel. During

these studies the location and need for pile dikes, channel alignment and location

of spoil areas will be investigated. Later

the models will be useful on a continuing

basis to check operation and maintenance

activities and new construction.

(g) Design and construction of the first model, between Columbia River miles 64 and 78, was completed and construction of the second model (miles 52 to 65) was begun.

Verification tests of the first model were begun

.

(5318) MODEL STUDY OF POWERHOUSE SKELETON UNIT FOR

JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Owing to an accelerated schedule for com- pleting construction of the John Day powerhouse, it Is proposed to place as much of

the draft tube concrete as diversion require- ments will allow. The proposed skeleton bay

interior would be much different from the present contract plans and from that at The Dalles Dam, which is the only unit that has been model tested. Tests of the contract

plan and proposed skeleton unit will be made

In a l:25-scale model.

(g) Design and construction of the model are in progress

.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

(194) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN MEASUREMENT AND

ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul and

U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, page

76.

IT. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS.

(856) HYDROLOGY OF STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEMS IN URBAN AREA6

.

Cooperative with the Johns Hopkins University.

See page 43.

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS. Cooperative with the National Bureau of Standards. See page 160.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES. Cooperative with Purdue University. See page 69.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY. Cooperative with U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. See page 192.

(3805) INVESTIGATION OF SUPERCRITICAL FLOW CHANNEL

JUNCTIONS. Cooperative with Oregon State College. See

page 63.

(4101) UNSTEADY FREE SURFACE FLOW IN A LARGE STORM

DRAIN. Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 17.

(4617) MECHANICS OF LOCAL SCOUR. Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19.

(5533) USE OF LARGE ROUGHNESS ELEMENTS FOR HYDRAULIC ENERGY DISSIPATION. Cooperative with Virginia Polytechnic

Institute. See page 93.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Hydraulics Section.

(2435 J HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

b) Bureau of Public Roads.

c) Mr. John L. French, Hydraulic Engineer,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. 20234.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of various types of culvert entrances and to develop Inlets of improved design.

(h) Author's closing discussion of "Tapered Inlets for Pipe Culverts," by John L. French, Proc . ASCE, Vol. 90, Journal of Hydraulics Dlv., No. HY2, March 1964. (In press )

.

(2436) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the increased dissipation at the air - water interface due to a hydrophobic condition of the surface of partially

immersed plates oscillating vertically.

(h) "Friction at Menisci on Hydrophobic Surfaces^' by G. H. Keulegan and M. R. Brockman (being

revised)

.

(4400) MOTION AROUND A BODY IN A STRATIFIED FLUID.

b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

c) Mr. Karl Lofquist, Physicist, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) A study is made of the internal waves produced

160
by the horizontal motion of spheres througn

a stably stratified liquid.

(4891) WAVE FRCFAGATION IN A TURBULENT LIQUID.

(b

(cB

(h (48S2

(5252)

ft)

It) (5613)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(f)

(5614)

(b)

(d)

it) (5615)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 20234. Experimental ; basic research.

A study is being made of additional gravity

wave damping due to turbulence.

Report in preparation. TURBULENT SHEAR FLOW THROUGH COMPLIANT WALLED TUBES. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

Experimental; basic research. Investigation of effect of compliancy of boundaries on a turbulent flow with a view

toward possible damping of turbulence and potential reduction in wall shear stress. Experimental work completed. WIND ACTION ON PRE-EXISTING WAVES

.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer.

Experimental; basic research. Investigation of effect of a following wind

on a mechanically produced swell, with

emphasis on changes in wave damping and on hydraulic roughness of the resulting surface. Experiments in progress. RESPONSE OF A DENSITY-STRATIFIED LIQUID TO

A SOURCE OR SINK IMPULSE. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. Karl Lofqulst, Physicist, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 2C234. Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A study of the internal waves produced by

the sudden Inflation or contraction of a small spherical membrane situated within

stratified liquid. Just initiated. INTERACTION BETWEEN LONG WAVES AND SUPER- POSED SHORT WAVES. Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. G. Kulin, Hydraulic Engineer, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. 2C234. Experimental; basic research. Investigation of the change of form of the shorter waves, and of the effect, if any, on damping of the longer waves.

Just initiated. INTERCOMPARISON OF TOWING TANK AND WATER

TUNNEL CALIBRATIONS OF CURRENT METERS. Laboratory project.

Mr. John L. French, Hydraulic Engineer,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. 20234. Experimental; basic and applied research. Investigation of wall interference and turbulence effects on current meter cali- brations in water tunnels. Apparatus under construction.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU. Inquiries concerning the following projects, except

as indicated, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hiatt, Director of Hydrology, Weather Bureau, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington, D. C. 20235.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORA.TION .

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied research

.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivation of reliable procedures for estimating evaporation

from reservoirs (existing and proposed) and

land surfaces, utilizing readily available

meteorological data and pan evaporation obser- vations.

(g) Research continued on the development of a realistic soil moisture accounting model to provide an improved method for computation

of runoff from rainfall In river forecasting

operations. The latest model is in the final phase of testing on several basins with

different rainfall-runoff characteristics.

In compliance with the recommendation of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Commission for Instruments and Methods of Observation, an installation has been com- pleted at the Weather Bureau's Test and Evaluation Laboratory at Sterling, Virginia,

for comparison of Class A, BPI and Insulated

experimental evaporation pans with the Soviet GGI-3000 and 20m2 evaporation tanks. GGI3000 tanks were purchased directly from the Soviet Union. The 20m 2 tank was built according to specifications provided by the

WMO. The 20m 2 tank is approximately 17 feet

in diameter and over 6 feet deep, made of 1/4-inch boiler plate and is installed in the ground. The GGI-3000 tank is about 2 feet in diameter and 2 feet deep and is in- stalled in the ground. Observations started

in August 1964. It is hoped to make a similar installation in an area with a significantly different climatic regime. The Joint project of the Weather Bureau and Forest Service ( Intermountaln Forest and Range Experiment Station) to study the effects of elevation, aspect and exposure

on evaporation has completed the third year of observations. The project consists

of 13 Class A evaporation pan stations in- stalled at various elevations (4300 to 9000

feet) on the windward and lee slopes of the Wasatch Range near Farmington, Utah. The data have been punched on cards and are being analyzed.

(h) "Simulation of Daily Catchment Water

Balance," by M. A. Kohler, presented and published in Proceedings of National

Symposium on Water Resources, Use and Management, held at Canberra, Australia,

September 9-13, 1963.

(1744) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Lower Ohio River Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio, Upper Ohio River

Basin, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Susquehanna and Del- aware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Missouri River Basin, Kansas City, Mo.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Oreg.; Middle and Upper

Mississippi River Basin, St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River Basins, Tulsa, Okla.: New England and Hudson River Basins, Hartford,

Conn.; South Atlantic and East Gulf River Basins, Augusta, Ga.; West Gulf Drainage

Basins, Ft. Worth, Tex.; Middle Atlantic Ri \er Basins, Washington, D.C., and California

Drainage Basins, Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures for

all ranges of flow for various streams of each basin. Procedures include: (1) Rainfall- runoff relations involving consideration of the physics of soil moisture, vegetative

reception, transpiration, evaporation and geological features of the basins; (2) snow- melt forecasting relations involving con- sideration of the physics of snow and heat

transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (4) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic hydraulic principles,

using electronic or mechanical analogues.

(g) -Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points. Refinement and modification

161
owing to reservoir construction, channel improvements and other changes are a con- tinuing project. The IBM 1620 computer is being used effectively for operational

river forecasting at the Ft. Worth, Kansas

City, Sacramento, Portland and Washington,

D. C. River Forecast Centers. Efforts are being made to incorporate the decisionmaking aspects of river forecasting in the operational computer programs.

(1745) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR UNITED STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field offices River Forecast Center - Portland, Oreg., Water Supply Forecast Unit - Salt Lake City,

Utah, River Forecast Center - Kansas City,

Mo., River Forecast Center - Sacramento,

Calif., River Forecast Center - Hartford, Conn.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; operation

and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the development of precipitation-runoff relations

for water supply forecasting utilizing

statistical methods to correlate precipitation during the winter with runoff during

the melting season. Research is being conducted on a new tech- nique for water-supply forecasting which is based on a model which provides for a volumetric accounting of all the water in the basin. Study is also being made of storm types as related to the ratio of high-elevation to low-elevation precipitation amounts and to determine their value for improvement of water-supply forecasts.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for nearly 400 points in the United States. These forecasts of water-year and residual

flow are released in Monthly Water Supply

Forecast Bulletins, January through May. This research program is of a continuing

nature designed to improve and extend the present forecasting service.

(h) "Development of a Digital River Basin

Model," by J. F. Hannaford, and "The Little Used Third Dimension," by Eugene

L. Peck, presented at Western Snow Con- feren e, Nelson, British Columbia, April

21-23, 1964, and published in Proceedings

of Conference.

(2437) UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture

.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) Studies to provide rainfall data for design criteria in estimating required capacities

of hydraulic structures. Work includes:

(1) Development for the United States, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of a generalized relationship between depth,

area, duration and frequency for areas up

to 400 square miles, durations from 2 to

10 days, and return periods from 2 to 100 years. (2) Development of a relationship

between snow depth, water equivalent, and frequency of maximum water equivalent of March snow cover in north central United

States. (3) Investigation of the applicability of a Markov Chain probability

model to sequences of wet or dry days in climatically different regions. (4) Determination for the 48 contiguous states

of mean monthly number of days having

daily precipitation amounts greater than

0.49, 0.99, 1.99 and 3.99 inches. (5) Development of physiographically adjusted

6-hour rainfall-frequency maps for Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Nevada,

Wyoming, Idaho and Montana for areas up

to 400 square miles.

(f) Items (2) and (3) completed; items (1),

(4) and (5) active.

(h) "Two- to Ten-Day Precipitation for Return Periods of 2 to 100 Years in the Contiguous

United States," Technical Paper No. 49,

U. S. Weather Bureau, 1964. "Frequency of Maximum Water Equivalent of March Snow Cover in North Central United

States," Technical Paper No. 50, U. S. Weather Bureau, 1964. "Sequences of Wet or Dry Days Described by

a Markov Chain Probability Model," by L. L. Weiss, Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 92,

No. 4, pp. 169-176, April 1964.

(2438) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

b) Laboratory projects.

c) Mr. D. L. Harris, Project Leader, Storm

Surge Research Branch, Sea-Air Interaction

Laboratory, Office of Meteorological Re- search, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington,

D. C. 20235.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) The basic research is the numerical approximation to the solutions of the hydrodynamic storm surge equations and

is being done to give a better understanding

of the physical processes involved in storm

surge generation and modification. The applied research is the development of empir- ical methods of forecasting storm surges with the purpose of improving storm tide fore- casts.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these inundations are being developed and used in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued -'mprovement in these forecasts is expected to result

from this research.

(h) "A Regression Model for Storm Surge Pre- diction," by D. L. Harris and A. Angelo,

Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 91, No. 10,

11 and 12, pp. 710-726, Oct., Nov., and

Dec. 1963.

"The Relation of Wind and Pressure to Extra- Tropical Storm Surges at Atlantic City,"

by N. A. Pore, Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 155-163, April 1964. "Some Problems Involved in the Numerical Solutions of Tidal Hydraulic Equations,"

by D. L. Harris and Chester P. Jelesnianski,

Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 92, No. 9, pp. 409-422, Sept. 1964.

(2943) METEOROLOGICAL RADAR TRANSPONDER (MRT) FOR REPORTING RAINFALL.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Field investigation; development and operation.

(e) A compact device, consisting of a Fischer- Porter precipitation punch-tape gage and transponder, that can be installed in rela- tively remote areas at an average distance

of 70 miles from the radar and up to 140 miles with a mountain-top installation. Activated by a signal from the radar, the MRT transmits a pulsed signal which appears

in Binary code on the radar scope indicating

the accrued amounts of precipitation. In- vestigations are continuing for application

to reporting of river and tide stage, and

snow water-equivalent data.

(g) MRT-1 is obsolete and has been taken out of service. As of July 1963 ten MRT-2's have

been installed of which two are operational;

the other eight being refurbished with

Fischer-Porter gages. Fifteen remaining in- stallations are to be completed.

(3251) PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY WSR-57 RADAR.

(b) Laboratory projects at Weather Bureau Offices in Detroit, Mich., Evansville, Ind., Kansas

City, Mo., Missoula, Mont., Oklahoma City,

Okla., Sacramento, Calif., St. Louis, Mo., and Wichita, Kansas.

(d) Theoretical and field Investigation,

operation and applied research.

(e) Studies are being made to relate, within

162
100 N.M. of the radar, the Intensity and duration of weather echoes with observed

rainfall. Estimates of rainfall can be determined by use of the calibrated atten- uators on the radar and converting these

db values to theoretical rainfall rates by

means of a rainfall rate-echo intensity

graph. This use of radar applies to flood forecasting and water-supply forecasting.

(g) Results indicate that by averaging point radar estimates of rainfall over a river

basin and comparing them with observed

averaged rainfall over the same basin

favorable correlations within 10 percent are possible under certain weather regimes. Data collection being continued.

(h) "Results of Precipitation Measurements with Weather Bureau Radars," by Allen F. Flanders,

Proceedings of the 11th Weather Radar

Conference, Boulder, Colorado, Sept. 1964.

(3601) STUDY OF TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING RAINFALL BY REFERENCE TO RADAR ATTENUATION.

(b) Laboratory project In cooperation with Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.

(d) Experimental; development and applied

research.

(e) By measuring the attenuation of short wave

length radar signals over a fixed course and relating it to the measured precipitation

along the path of the radar beam, a relationship can be established enabling

an instrument to monitor areas above damsltes

and small headwaters for the purpose of alerting downstream interests to heavy rainfall.

(f) Additional work temporarily suspended.

(3602) EXTENSION OF RATING CURVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; operation and applied research.

(e) The flood forecasting procedures used by

the Weather Bureau are primarily based on discharge. However, the flood warnings to

be of any value must be in terms of stage

(or elevation). This is accomplished by

U3e of U. S. Geological Survey rating

curves relating discharge to stage. Rating

curves are defined only to the maximum

observed stage of record. Therefore, it

is imperative to devise a reliable method

of extending rating curves in order to issue accurate stage predictions for the record breaking flood.

(f) In abeyance, work being done by U. S. Geological Survey.

(3920) FLOAT-TYPE RESISTANCE RIVER GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; development.

(e) A device employing a Hellpot (multi-turn

potentiometer) operated by a float or connected to an existing river gage and linked by wire or radio to an observation

point (up to 3 miles by wire and 50 miles

by radio). A reading is obtained by

balancing the resistance in the system with

a similar unit at the observation point.

May be operated on AC or DC power.

(f) Completed, now operational; 120 now in use.

(g) Field installation of units linked by land

lines operational, radio link now feasible.

(3921) PUNCHED-TAPE RECORDING, WEIGHING-TYPE

PRECIPITATION GAGE WITH TELEMETERING

CAPABILITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; development.

(e; A twenty-inch capacity, weighing-type

battery-operated precipitation gage pro- viding a punched tape record which can

be machine processed, capable of over one month's unattended operation. Gage so designated that data can be telemetered

(4401

(o8

(f

(g (4402

(b

(d

(h)

through use of a "black box" attached to recording mechanism. Now operational, 200 installed. Initial gages procured and undergoing

laboratory and field tests. Installation

and field testing began Sept. 1963. BINARY- DECIMAL TRANSMITTER FOR USE WITH ANALOG-DIGITAL RECORDER. Laboratory project in cooperation with

Fischer & Porter Co. Experimental; design development. Black-box attachment for Analog-Digital Recorder (ADR) permitting interrogation by

telephone or radio of river stage data. Completed, now operational; 100 installed, both radio and wire. Initial installations undergoing field test. RADAR PRECIPITATION INTEGRATOR. Laboratory project in cooperation with

Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. Experimental and field investigation,

applied research and development.

A system for measuring precipitation by S- band radar, employing six levels of intensity on the log receiver, which quantizes the received radar signal from selected grid locations. The accrued precipitation

is recorded on paper tape as well as dis- played in units of depth by a series of electro-mechanical counters set in a map

corresponding to the 140 grid locations. Because of the pulsed digital nature of the readout it is possible to transmit the signal by narrow bandwidth links. An evaluation of the system has been completed

at the Weather Bureau's facility at the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Norman,

Oklahoma, utilizing a dense network of recording ralngages operated by the Agricultural Research Service near Norman, Oklahoma

.

Additional work temporarily suspended.

The evaluation, although incomplete, shows

that the basic concept has been realized

and that the accuracy of the device for measurement of light rainfall has been

demonstrated

.

"Radar Precipitation Measurements - Phase

III, Evaluation," by Ronald T. H. Collis,

Final SRI Report on contract CWB-10282,

January 1964.

(4766) OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Dr. Kirk Bryan, General Circulation Research

Laboratory, U. S. Weather Bureau, Wash. 25,

D. C. (d) Experimental, theoretical; basic.

(e) As part of the fundamental investigation of atmospheric processes by the General Circulation Research Laboratory, work has been initiated to study the large-scale

aspects of the Interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere. The problem of the response of a simplified ocean model to wind stress was chosen as a starting point.

Numerical solutions for this problem in- corporate a much more detailed treatment of

the non-linear terms than has been possible

in previous studies. Model and boundary

refinements will be made to check whether

the results could be explained by aspects other than the pattern of wind stress.

(g) Development of numerical models for investi- gating the large scale ocean circulation has continued. Solutions have been obtained

for the time-dependent behavior of a six- level model of an enclosed ocean basin,

in which density is a function of both temperature and salinity. Calculations

have been made for several different cases corresponding to different boundary con- ditions at the air- sea interface. The solutions indicate that the distribution

163
(h)

(5012)

(h)

(5298)

IS)

(e)

(5299)

(b)

(c)

(g)

of evaporation minus precipitation at the ocean surface, treated only implicitly in previous studies, may have a very important effect on thermocline structure. Future work will incorporate the effect of wind

stress at the surface, and the seasonal response of the model ocean to annual fluctuations in the temperature distribution

and wind stress distribution at the airsea interface.

"A Numerical Investigation of a Nonlinear

Model of a Wind-Driven Ocean," by K. Bryan.

Reprinted from Journal of the Atmospheric

Sciences, Vol. 20, No. 6, pp. 594-606, November 1963. PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION FOR THE U. S. PACIFIC NORTHWEST (COLUMBIA RIVER DRAINAGE).

Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

Applied research.

Six- to 7 2-hour probable maximum precipitation

for basins up to 1000 sq. mi. in extent, for

each month. Includes temperature and winds

during storm. Estimates used in design of flood control structures. Unpublished preliminary report. TELEMETERING PRECIPITATION GAGES. Laboratory projects.

Field Investigation; applied research and operational

.

Telemetering precipitation gage installations

are planned around 12 of the Weather Bureau's

WSR-57 radars to provide real time reporting

of precipitation amounts and intensity data. These reports will be used operationally for

flood forecasting and in applied research projects to calibrate rainfall as observed

by WSR-57 radar. These gages are the Weather Bureau's new weighing-recording type.

Equipment on order. Installation expected to start In 1965. ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENT TRANSFER PROCESSES OVER WATER. Weather Bureau, in cooperation with other

agencies.

Dr. Donald Portman, Dept. of Meteorology

and Oceanography, Univ. of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan.

Experimental and theoretical.

To determine interrelationships of momentum, water vapor and sensible heat fluxes between

the atmosphere and the water in Lake Michigan near Muskegon, Michigan, observations are taken of air temperature, humidity and wind

at several heights, and of water temperature,

and current velocity at several depths, and wave characteristics. These data are being

analyzed by the University of Michigan.

The Corps of Engineers and Public Health

Service have assisted in instrumenting the project

.

Instrumentation completed, data being

collected for analysis.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(2689) DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF

SALT- FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., U. S. Geol . Survey,

Tallahassee, Fla

.

(d) Field and laboratory Investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the distri- bution of salt water In coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

(f) Completed.

(2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

[2948)

ill

Si

(2949)

(b)

(s)

[2950)

(g)

(3253)

(b)

Mr. R. A. Baltzer, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C. Theoretical investigation with field applications; basic and applied research. The object is to develop mathematical model

systems which are generally applicable and representative of the flow pattern and

flow phenomena encountered in tidal estuaries and channels. The same basic model systems

are expected to be applicable to unsteady

flow conditions in nontldal reaches also. The basic partial differential equations for one-dimensional, homogeneous, unsteady flow

have been derived. The method of characteristics as well as two direct finite dif- ference methods (utilizing power series

and implicit techniques, respectively) have

been employed to devise evaluation methods

suitable for electronic digital computer. Trial evaluation of these methods utilizing

a variety of field data have indicated satisfactory results. The basic partial

differential equations for both one- and two-dimensional, nonhomogeneous, unsteady

flow are under analysis for the purpose of devising mathematical model systems re- presenting estuarial reaches in which saline Intrusion and diffusion occur. "Flows of Homogeneous Density in Tidal

Reaches," R. A. Baltzer and John Shen,

U. S. Geol. Survey open file report, Sept. 1961. "Flows of Homogeneous Density in Tidal

Reaches, by Power Series Method," R. A. Baltzer and John Shen, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper (In review).

"Flows of Homogeneous Density in Tidal Reaches, by Method of Characteristics,"

Chintu Lai, U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply

Paper (in review).

"Flows of Homogeneous Density in Tidal

Reaches, by Implicit Method," Chintu Lai,

U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper (In review)

.

ANALOG MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY- STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS. Laboratory project.

Mr. R. W. Stallman, U.S. Geol. Surv., Denver, Colo. Theoretical study and instrument development. Use of a variable-resistance gird analyzer in analyzing steady-state ground-water flow problems in which the transmlssibility varies

in space. ULTRASONIC FLOW METER. Laboratory project.

Mr. E. G. Barron, U. S. Geological Survey, Columbus 12, Ohio. Experimental; instrument development.

The objective is to measure the average velcc - ity in a natural channel by acoustic means. Two sets of instruments have been constructed

on basis of new design concepts. The in- struments are being tested in the field. SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS. Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas Maddock, Jr., U. S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D.C. Basic research.

Field and laboratory studies, original and other investigations will be analyzed in tears of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism and other effects on shape of natural channels. Sand channel reach with controlled flow on the Rio Grande below El Paso selected for concentrated study. CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM. Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. 3. Geological Survey, Wash., D. C.

164
(d) Field Investigation, basic researcn.

(e) In an ephemeral stream (arroya), measure- ments are being made on the following; Stress on rocks during a flow; movement

and location of rocks after flow; extent

of scour and fill; movement of bars; changes

In cross sections at certain locations; erosion on slopes; mass movement of soils; and soil wash.

(f) Completed.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologlc

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field Investigation; applied

research.

(e) Laboratory model and field comparative study

of techniques and of various commercially

available instruments for measuring soil moisture. New equipment may also be de- signed as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neutron

meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks and sampling equipment. Evaluation of neutron

meter. Design of small-diameter fast-response

tensiometer. Library research.

(h) "A Field Method for Measurement of Infiltration," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1544-F. "Methods of Measuring Soil Moisture in the Field," by A. I. Johnson, U. S. Geol. Survey

Water-Supply Paper 1619-U (1962).

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES.

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologlc

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo, or Mr. Fred Kunkel, District Geologist,

U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical, laboratory and field study of specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity,

moisture tension, unsaturated permeability

and time-drainage relationships, as related

to ground-water storage. Evaluation of existing, and possible development of new methods for determing these properties.

(g) Library research, laboratory study in pro- gress or completed of factors affecting column

drainage, centrifuge moisutre equivalent,

moisture tension and unsaturated permeability.

(h) "Some Research Related to Ground-Water

Recharge—A progress report from the U. S. Geol. Survey," by A. I. Johnson and Fred

Kunkel: Ground-Water Recharge and Ground- Water Basin Management, Bienn. Conf ., Berkeley, Calif., 1963, Proc. (1963).

"Comparison of Drainage Data Obtained by the Centrifuge and Column Drainage Methods," by

R. C. Prill: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

424-D (1962).

"Specific Yield and Related Propertles--An

Annotated Bibliography," by A. I. Johnson,

D. A. Morris, and R. C. Prill: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file rept. (In preparation as

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1662-F)

(1961)

.

(3264) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologlc

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Evaluate and adapt subsurface sampling and coring equipment and techniques to ground- water investigations.

(g) Core samplers designed, and some commercial models procured and compared under field

conditions. Library research In progress.

(h) "Portable Equipment for Borehole Exploration,"

by A. I. Johnson: U. S. Geol. Survey open-file

rept. (1963). "Bibliography on Soil Exploration," in Symposium on Soil Exploration, by A. I. Johnson and J. P. Gnaedinger: Am. Soc. Testing Materials Spec. Tech. Pub. 351

(1964)

.

(3265) INVESTIGATION OF VADOSE FLOW THROUGH POROUS

MEDIA

.

(bl Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologlc

Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver,

Colo

.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

;) Laboratory model study of infiltration of fluids from surface pits into a thick un- saturated zone above the water table.

(g) Model tank designed and constructed; several

test runs with beads of different particle

size completed; library research; test runs photographed by slide and lapse-time movies.

(h) "Model Study of Infiltration into Layered

Materials," by W. N. Palmquist, Jr. and

A. I. Johnson: Am. Soc. Civil Engineers

Ann. Convention, Boston, Mass. (1960).

(3939) STUDY OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES, CLINCH RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Mr. P.H. Carrlgan, U. S. Geological Survey, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) Purpose is to undertake a comprehensive

study of the entry, movement, location and

fate of radioactive wastes discharged into

the Clinch River by the Oak Ridge National

Laboratory.

(g) Laboratory flume study conducted in addition

to field investigations.

(4408) ANALOG MODELS OF HYDROLOGIC PHENOMENA.

(g)

(h)

4410)

Bl

(d)

(e)

(g)

4779)

(b)

Laboratory project.

Mr. R. A. Baltzer, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242. Basic and applied research. Investigation of applicability of analog

computer technique to solve problems

involving either hydrologlc data in general

or surface-water flow in particular.

Results to date Indicate concept and approach are valid. Additional methods and instrumentation being investigated.

"Use of Hydrologlc Models in the Analysis

of Flood Runoff," John Shen, U. S. Geol. Survey Professional Paper 506-A, 1964.

"The Role of Analog in Surface-Water Hydrological Problems," John Shen, U. S. Geol. Survey Administrative Report, Sept.

1963.

"An Analog Solution of the Turbulent

Diffusion Equation," John Shen, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 450-E, 1963. BANK SEEPAGE DURING FLOOD FLOWS. Laboratory project.

Mr. E. C. Pogge, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, 508 Hydraulic Laboratory, Iowa City,

Iowa 52241. Field investigation; applied research for doctoral thesis. Purpose is to understand the mechanics of seepage flow into and from bank storage

along a channel In response to movement of flood waves through a channel reach. Ground-water observation wells were located

on the flood plain adjacent to stream-gaging

stations at five sites. During fluctuations

in stage, records of the ground-water

table were obtained with time. Hydraulic

properties of the bank materials were obtained and used to determine the rate

and amount of bank seepage. LARGE-SCALE ROUGHNESS. Laboratory project.

165
(c) Messrs. J. Davldlan and R. H. Walker, U. S. Geological Survey, WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

d) Field Investigation; applied research. (d)

e) Purpose Is to study energy losses produced

by large-scale roughness resulting from (e) channel alignment and configuration.

(g) Bed-particle samples have been collected on

64 streams In three different parts of the country- A relation between Manning's

roughness coefficient, particle size, and

size distribution has been ffffound and Is being

refined.

(4787) MECHANICS OF FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. Aklo Ogata, U. S. Geological Survey,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental tnd theoretical study; basic research

.

(e) Theoretical and laboratory study of micro

scoplc and macroscopic aspects of flow through porous media.

(5073) STATISTICAL DERIVATION OF THE VELOCITY

PROFILE FOR TURBULENT FLOW.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. N. C. Matalas and Dr. W. J. Conover,

U. S. Geological Survey, WRD, Washington,

D. C. 20242.

d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

e) A statistical model of turbulence, based

on a random walk process, is developed to represent two-dimensional flow. This model

is used to derive a mathematical form of the velocity profile across the turbulent field.

f) Completed.

g) The velocity profile is defined as a three parameter hyperbolic function, with two parameters reflecting the effect of bed

roughness and fluid viscosity on the shape of

the velocity profile and the fluid parameter

being the mean velocity across the turbulent

fluid. This profile is shown to provide as good and in some cases a better fit to observations than the logarithmic velocity

distribution.

(h) "Derivation of the Velocity Profile From a Statistical Model of Turbulence," by N. C. Matalas and W. J. Conover (in review).

(5074) DISPERSION IN OPEN CHANNELS.

b) Atomic Energy Commission.

c) Dr. N. Yotsukura, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C.

(d) Theoretical and laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) To relate longitudinal dispersion to channel geometry, boundary roughness, and flow characteristics

.

f) Completed.

g) Longitudinal dispersion is strongly in- fluenced by velocity transport and its coeffi

clent relative to lateral diffusion coefficient is a function of friction factor, which

depends on Reynolds number and boundary

roughness

.

(5075) DOPPLER VELOCITY METER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. F. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

d) Experimental; instrument development.

e) The objective is to measure the instantaneous (5078) local velocity by means of the Doppler

frequency shift of an ultrasonic signal (b) reflected by minute particles of suspended (c) sediment

.

(g) Model undergoing laboratory and field tests.

(5076) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIO- ACTIVE WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT. |d|

(b) U. S. Geological Survey for Atomic Energy

Commision.

(c) Mr. William W. Sayre, Project Chief, U. S. (g)

(g)

(5077)

Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521. Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

A significant fraction of the low level liquid radioactive wastes which are dis- charged Into surface streams is often

sorbed by bed material and fine material

sediment particles. Consequently the manner

In which these sediments are transported is a significant factor in determining the distribution of radioactive wastes in the stream environment. The project is devoted

to investigating the dispersion and transport

of both fine and bed material sediment particles. Experiments are being conducted

in natural streams and in laboratory flumes. Radioactive tracer techniques, fluorometry

and nephelometry are among the experimental

techniques being employed. Analytically and experimentally the phenomenon of sediment transport Is being treated from a Lagrangian

point of view. The transport of bed material particles can

be described as an alternating sequence of steps and rest periods in which the step

lengths and rest period durations are exponentially distributed. In stochastic processes this would be known as a compound

Poisson process. This yields a concentration distribution function which agrees with

distributions of concentrations of radio- active tracer particles observed in the North Loup River, Nebraska, and in a labora- tory flume. Radioactive tracer techniques provide a feasible method for determining bed material

discharge averaged over a period of time. The longitudinal dispersion of dye and fine suspended sediment particles In a wide rectangular open channel with a rough

boundary follows closely the prediction of the Taylor-Elder theory in which a virtual coefficient of longitudinal dispersion is computed using the velocity distribution

and the Reynolds analogy concerning the equivalence of mass and momentum transfer. Also in such a channel, experiments to date Indicate that at large distances from

the source the rate of lateral dispersion

from a continuous point source is essentially constant over most of the flow depth. ARTIFICIAL CONTROLS FOR ALLUVIAL CHANNEL

STREAMS

.

Laboratory project.

Mr. F. A. Kilpatrick, Project Chief, U. S. Geological Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521. Field Investigation; applied research. The basic stream flow data collection

program of the U. S. Geological Survey for

sand bed channels Is in need of improvement.

Such channels have unstable stage-discharge

relationships. Thus effort is being made

to develop control designs and construction methods suitable for alluvial channels. Methods for improving the stability will be designed and then tested in the laboratory

and field. Careful consideration will be given to construction techniques in order

to minimize costs to the data collection

program

.

ALLUVIAL CHANNEL HYDRAULICS.

U. S. Geological Survey. Messrs. H. P. Guy, E. V. Richardson, and

D. B. Simons, U. S. Geological Survey,

c/o Engineering Research Center, Foothills

Campus, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521. Experimental; basic research.

A laboratory study of resistance to flow, sediment transport and related problems in alluvial channels.

Five different bed materials ranging in 166
size from 0.19 millimeters to 0.93 millimeters have been studied. The forms of bed

roughness which occur and their relation to sediment transport and resistance to flow

have been studied and described. The effect

of large concentrations of suspended

fine sediment (clay), the viscosity of the water and the specific weight and gradation

of the bed material on the mechanics of flow and on sediment transport in alluvial channels have also been investigated,

(h) "Bedload Equation for Ripples and Dunes", by

D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and C. F. Nordin, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 462-H,

1955. "Resistance to Plow in Alluvial Channels",

D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 422-1, 1965. "Sediment Transport in Alluvial Channels,"

D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and C. F. Nordin, Jr., U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

462-1, 1965. "Summary of Alluvial Channel Data from Flume Experiments," by H. P. Guy, D. B. Simons, and

E. V. Richardson, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 462-L, 1965. "Sedimentary Structures Generated by Flow in Alluvial Channels", by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson, and C. R. Nordin, Jr., a symposium,

Soc. Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists.

"Total Bed-Material Discharge in Alluvjal

Channel," by F. M. Chang, D. B. Simons, and

E. V. Richardson, 1964, in preparation.

"Total Bed-Material Transport", A. A. Bishop,

D. B. Simons, and E. V. Richardson, 1964, in preparation.

(5599) RESEARCH ON PERMEABILITY.

b) Cooperative with the State of California.

c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory, U. S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo, or Mr. Fred Kunkel, District Geologist, U. S. Geological Survey, Sacramento, Calif.

(d) Laboratory and field Investigation; basic and applied research.

(e) Theoretical, library, laboratory, and field

study of permeability, mainly as related to water movement through rock and soil materials, both as saturated and unsaturated flow. Evaluation of existing laboratory and field methods and development of new or improved methods

.

(g) Library research leading to an annotated bibliography on permeability (manuscript in preparation). Laboratory study of factors affecting saturated permeability measurements In progress. Laboratory study of re- lation between particle-size parameters and permeability. Laboratory evaluation of unsaturated permeability methods.

(h) "Application of Laboratory Permeability Data," by A. I. Johnson: U. S. Geol. Survey openfile rept. (1963). "Some Research Related to Ground-Water Re- charge—A progress report from the U. S. Geol. Survey," by A. I. Johnson and Fred Kunkel: Ground-Water Recharge and Ground-Water Basin

Management, Bienn. Conf., Berkeley, Calif.,

1963, Proc. (1963).

(5600) MOVING BOAT TECHNIQUE FOR MEASUREMENT OF

OPEN-CHANNEL DISCHARGE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. F. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey, WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

(d) Experimental; instrument and technique development . (e) The purpose of this research is to provide the Instrumentation and to develop the technique

needs to rapidly, accurately and inexpensively measure flow, especially unsteady flow, in rivers and tidal estuaries.

(g) A Doppler navigator, Doppler velocity meter,

and a sonic sounder are being coupled together

to provide channel discharge. The navigator

provides the transverse distance traveled

across the channel, the sonic sounder provides

the cross-section depth, and the velocity meter provides the flow vector from which

the discharge may be electronically inte- grated.

(5601) FORMATION OF ICE IN STREAMS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. K. L. Carey, U. S. Geological Survey,

5001 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin

53705.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search . (e) The study has as its objective the deter- mination of the manner of ice formation in streams in order to provide more accurate,

reliable, and less costly techniques for determining flow under ice.

(g) An intensive field Investigation of two selected reaches of the St. Croix and Chippewa Rivers in Wisconsin is underway.

Auxiliary gaging stations are being in- stalled together with thermal sensing and other special instrumentation to enable study of the heat budget.

(5602) STATISTICAL DERIVATION OF OPEN -CHANNEL

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT FUNCTION.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. N. C. Matalas and Dr. W. J. Conover,

U. S. Geological Survey, WRD, Washington,

D. C. 20242.

d) Theoretical study; basic and applied research.

e) A statistical model of two-dimensional sedi- ment transport in open channels, based on a random-walk process, is used to develop a sediment transport function.

(g) A distribution profile of sediment transport based upon bed roughness, fluid re- sistance, particle fall-drag, and the mean

sediment discharge is defined in terms of hyperbolic functions. The model is designed

to include both bed load and suspended load.

(5603) ORIGIN OF BASE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. G. R. Kunkle, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, 508 Hydraulics Laboratory, Iowa City,

Iowa 52241.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search . (e) The objective of this study Is to determine

the origin and characteristics of low flows

as related to the hydrology and geology of

a small drainage basin. Specific infor- mation is sought upon those hydrologic and geologic factors having the most influence upon low flows.

(g) The geology and soils of Four-Mile Creek

basin in Tama County, Iowa have been mapped. Accurate stream inflow and outflow records

are being gathered together with precipitation, soil moisture, and shallow well in- formation .

(5604) MECHANICS OF FLUID RESISTANCE.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Room 164 Peachtree Seventh Building,

Atlanta, Georgia 30323.

(d) Theoretical and laboratory investigation; basic research.

(e) The objective of this study is to attempt to describe the effects of the boundary of fluid resistance in terms of dimensionless

ratios characterizing the physical size and

shape of the roughness. Ultimately, it is expected that a general theory of the nature

of the energy-momentum transport mechanism

will result.

(g) The experimental aspect of the work is being

conducted in an artifically roughened, closed circular, air tunnel using hot- wire anemometer equipment to determine velocity profiles, turbulence, and energy

spectra. The work consists of tests in

167
which roughness element size, density of

spacing, and shape are systematically varied.

The resulting turbulence spectra are being

analyzed In order to correlate the physical

dimensions of the roughness with the energy

and momentum transfer mechanisms in turbulent

flow.

(5605) FLUID RESISTANCE AT EXPANSIONS AND CONTRACTIONS.

b) Laboratory.

c) Dr. Nobuhiro Yotsukura, U. S. Geological

Survey, WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

(d) Theoretical and experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) The objective of this study Is to gain a more

basic understanding of the actual mechanism

of flow separation and associated losses.

(g) Although exploratory experimental work will

be carried out, considerable effort is given

to development of a rational analytical

approach based upon drag and momentum con- cepts.

(5606) MULTIPLE CHANNEL DIGITAL RECORDING SYSTEM.

(b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. G. F. Smoot, U. S. Geological Survey,

WRD, Washington, D. C. 20242.

d) Instrument development.

e) The objective of this project is to develop

a reliable, battery powered, sensing in- strument for field operation which is capable

of positioning a punched paper-tape digital recorder. The Instrument would be used to provide a variety of hydrologic parameters

in rapid sequence for recording on tape.

(g) A transistorized system incorporating an A-C Wheatstone bridge balanced by a D-C

servo system of minimum power requirements

has been developed and is undergoing field

testing.

(5607) EVALUATION OF DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLES IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Messrs. H. P. Guy and C. F. Nordln, Jr.,

U. S. Geol . Survey, c/o Engineering Research

Center, Foothills Campus, Colo. State Univ.,

Fort Collins, Colo. 80521.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The objective is to identify and evaluate the dependency characteristics of flow and sedi- ment measures of alluvial channel flow. The experiments are designed to (1) determine mean flow parameters and channel adjustments

when bed material is an independent variable; (2) determine the importance of depth

as a scale parameter and as a driving force;

(3) determine the time for change when an independent variable is changed; (4) deter- mine the variance of slope, depth, velocity, sediment transport, and bed conditions in time and space.

(5608) DISTRIBUTION AND CONCENTRATION OF RADIO- ACTIVE WASTE IN STREAMS BY FLUVIAL SEDIMENT.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Messrs. W. W. Sayre and F. M. Chang.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) A significant fraction of the low level liquid radioactive wastes which are dis- charged into surface streams is often

sorbed by bed material and fine material

sediment particles. Consequently the manner

in which these sediments are transported is

a significant factor in determining the distribution of radioactive wastes in the stream environment. The project is devoted

to investigating the dispersion and transport

of both fine and bed material sediment particles. Experiments are conducted in natural streams and in laboratory flumes. Radioactive tracer techniques, fluorometry

and nephelometry are among the experimental

techniques being employed. Analytically and

experimentally the phenomenon of sediment transport is being treated from a Lagrangian

point of view.

(f) Discontinued.

(g) The longitudinal dispersion of fine suspended sediment particles In a turbulent open- channel flow tends to be more rapid than

that of dye. The degree of difference

depends on the fall velocity of the particles and the flow characteristics in the channel.

(h) "Sand Transport Studies with Radioactive

Tracers," by D. W. Hubbell and W. W. Sayre,

Am. Soc. Civil Engineers Proc . , v. 90, no. HY3, May 1964, p. 39-68. "Exploratory Laboratory Study of Lateral Turbulent Diffusion at the Surface of an Alluvial Channel," by W. W. Sayre and A. R. Chamberlain, U. S. Geol. Survey Clrc. 484, 1964.

(5609) STEP LENGTHS AND REST PERIODS OF SEDIMENT PARTICLES IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

Icj Messrs. W. W. Sayre and F. M. Chang.

id) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) The object is to study the individual and collective motions of bed-material sedi- ment with a view to obtaining better under- standing of the fundamental transport

processes. Radioactive tracer and other techniques will be used to determine (1) distribution functions for the step lengths

and rest periods of sediment particles and

(2) how the parameters describing the dis- tribution functions are related to sediment

and flow characteristics.

(5610) MECHANICS OF FLOW STRUCTURE AND FLUID RE- SISTANCE- -MOVABLE BOUNDARY.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. E. V. Richardson.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; basic research.

(e) The objective Is to measure the internal

flow field of turbulent shear flow in an open channel In order to obtain a funda- mental understanding of the mechanics of fluid resistance. Further knowledge of the mechanics of flow structure will give

a better understanding of the phenomena of energy dissipation, velocity distribution,

shear distribution and the transport and dispersion of solutes and sediment.

(5611) FALL VELOCITY OF GRAVEL-SIZED PARTICLES.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Messrs. H. P. Guy and G. L. Strlnghani.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is to evaluate the effects of

size, shape, density, and fluid characteristic on the fall velocity of gravel-sized

sediment particles and to make exploratory

studies on the physical significance of the Reynolds number and the effect of turbulence

on fall velocity.

(g) A new parameter to modify the Cory Shape Factor involving the surface area of the particle has been developed for correlation

with fall velocity.

(h) "Terminal Fall Velocity of Particles of Irregular Shapes as Affected by Surface

Area," by G. R. Alger, Ph.D. dissertation, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado, 1964.

(5612) STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RIPPLES, DUNES AND

ANTIDUNES.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Messrs. C. F. Nordin and J. H. Algert.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) The objective is to statistically analyze the frequency distribution of length, amplitude,

and shape of bed forms and their sequential

dependence on parameters of flow and sediment transport. Data are obtained from sonic

168
records of the movement of these forms under

conditions of equilibrium flow in laboratory- flumes.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF MINES, Morgantcwn Research Center.

(4436) FLOW PROPERTIES OF COAL-WATER SLURRIES.

(b) Laboratory project—information for general

public use.

(c) Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director, Morgantown Research Center, Morgantown, West Virginia

.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The object of the project is to establish friction factor-Reynolds number relationships

for coal-water slurries of various concen- trations with coals of different ranks and

size analyses. Work is being done with 1/2

inch, 3/4 inch, and 1 inch pipes. Data are processed on an LBM-1620 computer.

(g) Preliminary results show a change in Theo- logical classification at or above 45 percent coal concentrations.

(4790) DIELECTRIC SEPARATION OF PARTICLES FROM SUSPENSIONS OF FINE COAL IN OIL.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Mr. J. P. McGee, Research Director, Morgantown, Research Center, Morgantown, W. Va

.

(d) Experimental j applied research for a M.S. thesis at West Virginia University.

(e) The purpose of the project is to explore the feasibility of separating solid particles In nonpolar liquids by the application on a nonuniform electric field to a flowing stream

of the suspension and in particular the separation in an oil vehicle of fine coal from

its ash constituents.

(g) Capacitance cells have been constructed for determining the dielectric constants of the solids fractions and the oils in the suspensions.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF REC- LAMATION . Inquiries concerning the following projects, except where otherwise indicated, should be addressed to Office of Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colo. 80225.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; design.

(e) The model, built to a scale of 1:63.5, included the tunnel spillways on both sides

of the river, the curved arch dam, the outlet works, the powerhouse and a section of the Colorado River upstream and downstream

from the dam. The tunnel spillways were modeled in transparent plastic so that flow conditions could be thoroughly investigated. Other features studied were the approach

channels to the spillway, the discharge

capacity of the spillways, the pressures

throughout the spillways, the flip buckets

and scour at the downstream portal of the tunnels, and the effect in the river when

all structures are discharging.

f) Completed.

g) Alinements for the excavated spillway approach

channels, tunnel transitions between the spillway crest and the inclined tunnel, new

type flip buckets in new locations, and other recommended features and procedures have re- sulted from the studies.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Spillways

and Outlet Works —Glen Canyon Dam," by T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-469,

Feb. 1964.

(2959) STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A model was constructed to generalize stilling basin dimensions, using either one or two slide gates.

(g) )ata were taken for two types of stilling

oasins for high-head slide gates. Preliminary design curves were developed for the usual hydraulic Jump basin and for a simple

plunge-type basin.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(2960) FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model was used to develop a satisfactory spillway and outlet works.

f) Completed.

g) A satisfactory approach channel was developed, and good flow conditions through the crest

section, transition, and throughout the spillway tunnel were obtained by the use of an unusual center pier. A new type of flip bucket was developed which permitted the height of one sidewall to be reduced without

causing adverse flow conditions. The extent

of riprap protection in the powerplant

afterbay necessary during diversion through

the outlet works was also determined.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Flaming Gorge

Dam Spillway and Outlet Works," by T. J. Rhone, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-531,

May 1964.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(d^ Experimental; for design.

(e) An existing model will be modified and used

to check inlet transition data previously

obtained and reported. The model will be of larger scale than the one previously used, and will show if scale effects are present,

and will increase reliability of the results.

(h) "Hydraulic Design of Transitions for Small Canals," by W. P. Simons, Engineering

Monograph No. 33, United States Department

of the Interior, April 1964. Available

through Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

(3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT,

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; applied research for design,

(e) A 24-inch slide gate turnout is being cali- brated by means of a 1:2 scale model. Desigi

changes resulting from use of the turnout have necessitated an analysis and calibration

of the variables affecting the discharge

capacity.

f) Completed.

g) Results show that submergence of the orifice

or of the upstream gate of the two-gate

turnout has a major effect on the discharge

coefficient. A calibration curve for a 9 cfs standard turnout and several comparative

calibrations of modified turnouts have been

obtained.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Into-the-flow offsets with abrupt edges, chamfered edges, and rounded edges were tested to determine the velocity-head

relationships for incipient cavitation.

g) Data analysis not completed.

h) Progress report to be prepared.

(3611) ADJUSTABLE WEIR,

b) Laboratory project.

d) Combined laboratory and field research.

169
(e) Weirs having adjustable crest height are used for checking water surface levels for upstream water delivery and for water measurement beyond the weir. An investigation of the head discharge capacity of a single

2-foot crest-length weir was completed.

f) Single weir investigation completed.

g) Capacities of weir for crest heights

greater than 0.1 foot above fixed blade

compare very favorably with standard 2-foot cipolletti weir.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3612) DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS FOR RADIAL GATES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research.

(e) Radial gates are used extensively In irri- gation systems for discharge and water sur- face level control. Intelligent operation

of the systems requires that the rate of flow passing the gated structure be known. Literature research resulted in an analytical approach and adjusted equation for the gate capacity with unsubmerged flow.

(g) Extensive model and prototype radial gate

data were obtained from the TVA Hydraulic

Laboratory. The data are being analyzed to verify the proposed discharge formula and

to extend the scope of presently available Information

.

(3614) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SUBCRITICAL FLOW IN CURVED CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) A fixed-bed, hydraulic model has been constructed to determine the possibility

of reduction in scour and deposition in unlined channels due to secondary currents.

A Preston Tube has been constructed and is being used to measure boundary shear along

the curved portion of the trapezoidal model channel

.

f) Tests in progress.

g) For a given model discharge of 2.85 cfs at a depth of 0.75 feet high boundary shear stresses existed on the outside bank down- stream from the curve and to a lesser extent

on the inside bank in the leading portion of

the curve.

(h) "Progress Report No. I-Boundary Shear Dis- tribution Around a Curve in a Model Canal,"

by E. R. Zeigler, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-526, June 1964.

(3985) DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF LARGE CONCRETE -LINED

CANALS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental, laboratory and field investigations; applied research and design,

(e) This study is for the purpose of exploring

the effects on the hydraulic gradient of the relationship of boundary surface resistance

to the cumulative resistance of crossings,

inlets, turnouts, checks, and other local items in concrete-lined canals of different

sizes, shapes, and grades. This study is part of a program to explain why design

procedures used successfully for small and medium sizes of canals may not be adequate

for large concrete-lined canals on flat slopes

.

(g) Between 1S57 and 1962, tests were made on 170 miles of nine large (700 to 13,200 cfs) canals having ages ranging from 7 to 25 years. Resistance coefficients varied with

the amount growth, canal alinement, and

canal size and ranged from 0.013 to 0.016

for the smaller canals, and from 0.015 to 0.019 for the larger canals.

(3989) YELLOWTAIL DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(.e) A 1:50 scale model was used to study the

spillway intake, the tunnel, and the hydraulic

jump stilling basin. The basin was designed

to still flows up to 12,000 second-feet and

to flip larger flows up to 92,000 second- feet into the river channel

.

(f) Completed.

(g) The following were developed during the study;

width and alinement of the approach channel,

length and shape of the pier at the gate

section, discharge calibrations, curvature of the tunnel trajectory approaching the com- bination flip bucket stilling basin, length,

depth and shape of the flip bucket basin, and riprap requirements downstream from the basin.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Yellowtail Dam Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-483, August 1964.

(3994) HYDRAULIC JUMP CHUTE BLOCK AND BAFFLE BLOCK

PRESSURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A spillway stilling basin model has been constructed to study chute block and baffle block pressures and to relate these pressures

to the Froude number of the entrance flow

and to tailwater depth.

(3996) HIGH HEAD ORIFICE STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Tests were made at heads up to 500 feet with circular concentric orifices and a gate valve

in a 3-inch-diameter pipeline to determine cavitation characteristics and effects of cavitation on head loss, discharge coef- ficients, pressure distribution, velocity

distribution, and pressure fluctuations.

f) Inactive.

g) The results showed that head losses across orifice stations were not significantly

changed by cavitation, discharge coefficients were affected if the coefficients were based

on pressures measured downstream from the orifice, and almost normal pressure and velocity distribution reoccurred within five pipe diameters downstream from the orifice or valve station. Easily used cavitation index valves were established for a range of orifice sizes to determine when cavitation would

begin, and the pressure and velocity con- ditions needed to prevent it.

(h) "Progress Report on Hydraulic Characteristics

of Pipeline Orifices and Sudden Enlargements

Used for Energy Dissipation," by J. W. Ball

and W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-519, December 1963.

(4416) BLUE MESA DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:32.78 scale model was used to study the radial gate controlled intake, Inclined

tunnel, and the flip bucket for flows up to 33,650 cfs discharging at a velocity of

113 feet per second at the outlet portal.

f) Tests completed.

g) The approach channel shape, tunnel transition section at the intake, inclined tunnel, ver- tical bend in tunnel, and flip bucket were developed

.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Blue Mesa Dam Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-515, July 1964.

(4425) WATER-COLUMN SEPARATION.

b) Division of Design Project,

d) Theoretical and field investigation;

applied research,

(e) Field tests are being used to check theo- retical developments designed to predict

completely the hydraulic transient con- ditions occurring during separation and rejoining of water columns occurring during

separation and rejoining of water columns

in pump discharge lines.

170
f) Continuing.

g; Results of field measurements of transients

in two pump discharge lines show that these pressures were greater than had bben predicted

during design. A theory and method of analysis were developed which explain the time-history of the transients measured,

(h) "Water-Column Separation at Two Pumping

Plants," by R. V. Brown, Applied Mathe- matics and Mechanics Section, Technical

Engineering Analysis Branch, May 1964.

(4791) HIGH -VELOCITY JET ON PROTECTIVE COATINGS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for operation and maintenance.

(e) A 100-fps, 1-lnch-diameter Jet was Impinged

at 45 degrees on protective coverings pro- posed for application on concrete surfaces

to be subjected to high-velocity flow.

f) Completed.

g) All protective coatings tested, in which

the surface was unbroken, withstood the Jet for 4 hours. All coatings tested in which a broken or cut surface extended to the cen- crete were ripped from the concrete test blocks in less than 5 minutes.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4792) CANADIAN RIVER AOUEDUCT CHECK TOWERS.

lb) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory tests are being made to determine

the hydraulic losses and air-entrainment

potential of check towers to be installed

in the 125-mlle-long Canadian River Aqueduct.

The aqueduct consists of 54-, 60-, and 66- inch-diameter concrete conduit. The check

towers are so designed that the top of each

is slightly below the hydraulic grade line when the aqueduct is flowing full. Each

check tower consists of a 90 degree vertical bend to direct the conduit upward, a 180- degree return bend at the top of the tower, and a 90-degree bend at the bottom of the downstream leg to return the conduit to the original allneroent. There is a 22-inch air

vent at the top of each tower.

f) Completed.

g) Head loss was determined for each size check

tower. During filling or evacuating the tower, air was entrained in the downstream

leg and carried into the horizontal conduit.

A 36-inch-dlameter vent was Installed 12C

feet downstream from each tower to release

the entrained air.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4794) VERTICAL STILLING WELL.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Applied research.

(e) The purpose is to obtain the optimum size,

depth, and internal configuration of vertical

stilling wells for high-head discharges.

The test Installation has a 4-foot by 4-foot-square well 6 feet deep, followed by a canal with a 4-foot bottom width and 1-1/2:1 side slopes. An adjustable downspout is symmetrically located in the well

and discharges against the flat floor. Piezometers are located in the floor and

lower sidewalls of the well. Adjustable

corner fillets provide a means for determining optimum fillet angle, size, and height.

f) Continuing.

g) The addition of corner fillets to the well

results in much smoother water surfaces. Tne fillets direct the flow from the corners back to the center of the well inducing

roller action. Optimum fillet configuration

has been determined for one ratio of downspout area to well area. Additional studies will determine optimum fillet configurations for larger downspouts.

(4795) SAN LUIS DAM SPILLWAY,

(b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:14.83 scale model was used to study

the morning-glory spillway intake, vertical

shaft, and vertical bend for flows up to 3,000 cfs, dropping approximately 100 feet through the inlet and vertical shaft.

f) Tests completed.

g) A deflector, with air vent and guide vanes, was developed for the vertical bend.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of San Luis Dam Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-516, Sept. 1964.

(4800) SAN LUIS DAM FOREBAY SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:22 scale model was used to study the morning-glory inlet, vertical bend, and stilling basin for flows up to 3,600 flowing

at approximately 50 feet per second at the tunnel exit portal.

(f) Completed.

(g) Morning-glory- inlet, tunnel, and stilling

basin size requirements were determined. A deflector, air vent, and guide vanes were developed for the vertical bend. Pressures

in the inlet, vertical bend, and stilling

basin were recorded.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of San Luis Forebay

Dam Spillway," by G. L. Beichley, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-517, November 1964.

(4802) STUDIES ON ORIFICES FOR AUTOMATIC RADIAL

GATE CONTROLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The studies are for the purpose of determining flow characteristics and discharge coef- ficients for various size orifices in float- well intakes of automatic radial gate controls. Studies to date have been made

of 1-inch and 3-inch orifices in horizontal and vertical planes, in nonstandard

settings with different approach and exit conditions for heads from 1 to 100 feet. Presently a 1:1 scale model of a floatwell

Intake structure is being constructed to determine discharge coefficients of the irregular orifice configuration in the regulating structure,

(g) Although the test arrangements differed substantially from arrangements for which

data are presently available, measured

coefficients compared closely with existing

data

.

(4807) MORROW POINT DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to aid

in the development of the unusual design of

the spillway and outlet works for the thin- arch concrete dam. The original design,

consisting of a free overfall spillway and

an outlet works located near the bottom of the dam, was abandoned because of un- desirable flow conditions in the artifi- cially formed stilling pool at the base of the dam. The present design includes four fixed-wheel gate controlled conduits near the top of the dam which discharge 34,400 cfs,

allowing it to fall approximately 400 feet

to the stilling pool. The small slide- gate-controlled outlet works in the lower portion of the dam and the underground

powerplant tailrace channels are also in- cluded . f) Completed.

gj Model studies have proven the acceptability

of the present design. Design of the control weir which forms the stilling

pool was modified and the two inside spill- way conduits were tipped downward to provide more even distribution of impact

of the free-falling jets. Revisions were

made to the topography of the downstream

river channels to improve flow conditions

171
in those areas,

(h) Report In preparation.

(4808) JOES VALLEY DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:20 scale model was used to study

hydraulic features of the morning-glory

spillway. The model included the spill- way entrance, a portion of the reservoir

topography surrounding the entrance, the vertical bends, and a portion of the horizontal tunnel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Minor modifications were made to the preliminary design to correct undesirable

flow conditions which prevailed for the maximum discharge of 5,000 second- feet. Appurtenant devices were developed to control

the vortex which formed during submerged

operation and improve flow conditions during

unsubmerged operation.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Joes Valley

Dam Spillway," by D. L. King, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-528, August 1964.

(4947) OROVILLE DAM INCLINED POWERPLANT INTAKE

TOWERS.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) California Dept. of Water Resources, Sacramento 2, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic phenomena of the unique inclined

intake towers were studied in a 1:24 scale model. Temperature control shutters were arranged on the towers so water could be drawn from selected levels in the reservoir

to maintain desired river temperatures for irrigation and for fish propagation. Differential pressures across these very

large gates, and any tendencies for hydraulic

instability during operation were studied.

(f) Completed.

(g) (1) The uppermost temperature control shutters must be a minimum of 40 feet below the reservoir water surface to prevent air entrainment by vortices. (2) The head loss

is 2.9 feet for maximum discharge (8,600 cfs) with water flowing through the trashracks,

past the temperature control shutters and emergency closure gate, and into the 22-foot- dlameter penstock. (3) A head differential

of 3 feet will exist across the 40- by 42- foot temperature control shutters during

normal power plant operation.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4948) OROVILLE DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) California Department of Water Resources.

(c) California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento 2, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Models built to 1:48 and 1:78 scale are being used to study the hydraulic features

of a revised design of the flood control

outlet. The general flow conditions, dis- charge coefficients, water surface profiles, flow velocities and energy dissipation as the flow reaches the Feather River are being

tested on the 1:78 scale model of the entire outlet structure. The 1:48 scale sectional model of four o.f the eight outlet bays is being used to obtain discharge capacities

for controlled and uncontrolled releases. Pressures along the pier walls and bellmouth

roof of the bays were recorded from this model. A 1, 740-foot-long uncontrolled

overfall spillway which will operate only

during extreme flood conditions was not modeled.

(g) Flow through the outlet approach area, bays

and channel was good except for slight vortex action at the outlet entrances. Modifications at the left abutment virtually

eliminated the vortices. Pressures on the pier sides and bellmouth roof were all at or slightly below atmospheric. The discharge

capacity was slightly higher than design

capacity. The study Is being continued to obtain more efficient energy dissipation

where the channel flow enters the Feather

River.

(4949) HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL COMPUTATIONS FOR GLEN DO DAM FIXED WHEEL GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical computations.

(e) Computations were made to determine the effect of rapid closure of the fixed wheel gate under emergency conditions, with water

standing in the gate well due to Initial back pressure

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Water temporarily trapped in the gate well creates an additional head, and hence addi- tional hydraulic downpull, for most of the gate travel when the gate is closed rapidly. However, the peak hydraulic downpull occurs

at small gate openings and is not affected

by reasonably rapid gate closure.

(h) "Hydraulic Downpull Computations for Glendo

Dam Fixed Wheel Gate," by D. Colgate,

Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd-524, April

1964.

(4950) NAVAJO MAIN CANAL HEADWORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:16 scale model containing two 9- by 12- foot top seal radial gates, a divided under- ground stilling basin, and a horeshoe-shaped

downstream tunnel was constructed to aid in evaluating and improving the stilling basin

performance, and to test the unusual appli- cation of radial gates. Discharges ranged

up to 1,800 cfs, and heads ranged from 15

to 126.5 feet.

(f) Completed.

(g) A basin was developed that provided good energy dissipation and smooth water surface conditions in the downstream tunnel. Backflow, which struck the downstream faces of the radial gates for a wide range of heads

and discharges, was prevented by placing

curtain walls above the 15° chutes just above the path of the high velocity jets. An underpass wave suppressor in the down- stream portion of the basin prevented large waves from entering the tunnel.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4951) SAN LUIS OUTLET WORKS EMERGENCY GATES--DOWNPULL STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:35 scale model of a single intake struc- ture and gate was constructed to study

downpull characteristics. The studies were performed under controlled discharge con- ditions simulating maximum power generation

at the powerplant, and under conditions simulating a rupture at the structure or in the downstream tunnel. Presently details

are being worked out for suspending the gate

on water bearings so that downpull data may be obtained by the weighing method.

An attempt will then be made to correlate

downpull obtained by the pressure area and weighing methods.

(f) Phase one completed.

(g) Uplift forces great enough to prevent closure of the gate under its own weight

were eliminated by proper shaping of offsets and recesses in the face of the gate

shaft. A gate lip extension-to-leaf

thickness ratio of 0.55 was selected as the optimum compromise between structural

and hydraulic considerations. A maximum

downpull of about 710,000 pounds will occur during emergency closure of the San Luis gate under free discharge conditions

at the downstream gate frame.

(h) Progress Report No. 1 — "Research Studies on Hydraulic Downpull Forces on Large Gates

172
(4952)

with Special Application to the San Luis Outlet Works Emergency Gates," by Ft. I. Murray and W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-530, March 31, 1964.

SURGE STUDIES IN LONG, LOW-HEAD PIPELINE

SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; applied research and design.

(e) Laboratory studies will be made to verify an electronic computer program for analyzing

low frequency surge characteristics of long

pipeline systems. The test facility con- sists of 1,400 feet of 4-lnch pipe, a constant head water supply, a constant head

terminal reservoir, and a slow closing and opening valve for producing controlled changes

in rate of flow. The pipeline is inter- rupted at 160-foot intervals with open check stands that divide the line into individual reaches with pressure heads not greater than 2.8 feet. Total drop of the line is 24 feet.

(f) Continuing.

(g) A series of test runs with varying control

valve closure times have been made. The

results, listing head versus discharge for

various stations and time Intervals have been furnished for debugging and modifying

an ADP program which will be used to pre- dict prototype results.

(4S53) ARBUCKLE DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory studies were conducted on a 1:18

scale model to determine the hydraulic

operating characteristics of the slide gate controlled outlet works and the effects of operation of the hydraulic jump stilling

basin on an adjacent spillway stilling basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) All features of the design were found to be acceptable. Some fine material was deposited

in the spillway stilling basin during

operation of the outlet works alone but no severe eddy currents were observed in the downstream channel.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Arbuckcle Dam Outlet Works," by D. L. King, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-528, August 1964.

(4954) SAN LUIS FOREBAY PUMPING PLANT INTAKE TRANSITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model was used to compare head loss, velocity distribution, and flow patterns In various configurations of canal transitions to pumping plant intakes.

(f) Completed.

(g) On the basis of velocity distribution and

surface flow patterns In the transition and pump Intake bays a symmetrical transition

was found to be more desirable than an angled transition. Head losses were too

small to Justify comparison on this basis. The angled transition was chosen for the final design after consideration of economic factors. Numerical methods and

a digital computer were used to analyze

the large volume of velocity data.

(h) Report in preparation.

(4955) SAN LUIS POREBAY CANAL SURGE STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:48 scale model is being constructed to determine the magnitude and velocity of surge

in a pumping plant supply canal after power

failure and rejection of flow. Effects of bifurcations, curves, and canal structures

and methods of relieving the surge were investigated.

(f) Completed.

(g) Comprehensive data were obtained on the

(h)

(4956)

(h)

(4957)

(4958)

(h)

(4959)

(b) (d)

(g)

(h)

(4960)

size, form, and velocity of surge waves following rejection of the canal flow and drainage from the pump discharge

lines. A longitudinal side weir was de- veloped to attenuate the surge to an allowable height.

Report in preparation. YELLOWTAIL AFTERBAY DAM SLUICEWAY AND OVER- PALL WEIR. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. One to twenty-four scale models were used

to determine the hydraulic operating

characteristics of the afterbay dam sluiceway and overfall weir, and to develop satisfactory stilling basins for both structures. The basins were Judged

on appearance of flow conditions and downstream bed erosion. Completed.

The model study resulted in hydraulic

Jump type stilling basins containing

chute blocks, baffle piers, and an end

sill (Type III) being recommended for

the sluiceway and overfall weir. Both recommended structures provided smooth approach-, chute-, stilling basin-, and downstream channel-flow, and produced

no erosion or movement of downstream riverbed or riprap. Discharge capacity

and coefficient curves were prepared for both structures.

Report in preparation. BAFFLED PIPE OUTLET ENERGY DISSIPATORS. Laboratory project.

Applied research. Hydraulic model studies are being made to extend present Information concerning this

type of impact energy dissipator. Prototype

data from existing operating structures will

be compared with model data. Investigation

of erosion around the structures and in the downstream bed will be studied. AIR DEMAND TESTS ON 84-INCH JET FLOW GATETRINITY DAM, CALIFORNIA. Laboratory project. Field investigations.

Field measurements were obtained to compare model and prototype air demand for the complete range of gate openings at maximum

operating head (369 feet) on the gate. A laboratory model study was made to obtain centerline velocity coefficients for the prototype air duct to provide for quantitative analysis of field measurements. Completed

.

Maximum velocity in the air supply conduit was within design limits. Report in preparation.

FLAT BOTTOMED TRAPEZOIDAL VENTURI FLUMES. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design.

A pilot study of a single flume is being

conducted to determine the best approach to

a comprehensive program to generalize the design and calibration of this type of water measuring device. The model study has demonstrated that the particular pilot flume tested is an adequate

measuring device. Report in preparation. PROTOTYPE PIEZOMETRIC AND AIR DEMAND MEASURE- MENTS OF 4- BY 4-FOOT TANDEM GATE--NAVA JO

DAM, NEW MEXICO. Laboratory project.

Field investigation.

To compare the model and prototype, plezometnc

measurements were obtained for the complete

range of gate openings with a head of 164.5

feet. Prototype air demand measurements

173
were made simultaneously with piezometrlc valves to evaluate adequacy of the air supply

system. Further tests are planned at heads

of about 230 feet and 300 feet to more fully evaluate the hydraulic characteristics of this gate and to check the model scaling.

(4961) USE OF RADIOISOTOPES FOR WATER MEASUREMENT.

81

(e)

(s)

(h)

(4962)

(g)

(h)

(5329)

(e)

(h)

Laboratory project. Field and laboratory investigations of theoretical and experimental nature. The purpose of the program Is to determine the applicability of the use of radioactive

isotopes to measurement of open channel flows

by the dilution or total count methods. The program is being continued to provide

statistical data on the capabilities of the methods

.

Method produces widely varying results de- pendant on the quality of the radioisotopechannel water mixture, accuracy of measurement of radiostope quality, and counting

sensitivity. With adequate mixing, discharge measurement accuracy of 97 percent or better

appears possible.

"Canal Discharge Measurements with Radio- isotopes," a technical paper, by J. C. Schuster, presented at the Hydraulics Div. Conference of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Aug. 18-21, 1964. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE REMOVAL OF

SALT WATER FROM A TWO-PART AOUIFER USING TILE DRAINS INSTALLED IN THE UPPER MEMBER, AND

PUMP WELLS INSTALLED IN THE LOWER AOUIFER. Laboratory project.

Applied research. Tests were performed on a 16-foot-long 1:40 scale model containing two-part and singlepart aquifers to determine the hydraulic

action of simulated tile ground-water drains placed 0.2 foot below the model surface. The lower aquifer was composed of coarse

sand 50 times more permeable than the fine sand in the upper aquifer. For initial con- ditions the model was charged with salt water, concentration 6,000 ppm Ne CI, dyed blue for visual identification. Tests are continuing using vertical pump wells in the lower aquifer as drains.

For the given prototype conditions, tile ground-water drains will not intercept and discharge fresh water if the lower aquifer

contains salt water. The fresh water tends

to drive the salt water ahead of it to the drain. Progress Report No. 2 in preparation. INVESTIGATION OF A SEEPAGE METER DESIGNED BY

THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE. Laboratory project.

Laboratory and field

mental

.

The purpose of the s the accuracy and dep

which uses a varlabl

seepage measurement. Laboratory and simul produced apparently

more data is require

and dependability ca "Progress Report-Inv

Meter Designed by th Service-Lower Cost C Brockway, Hydraulics

529, June 1964.

investigation; experitudy is to investigate

endabillty of the meter

e-head technique for ated field measurements

satisfactory results, but

d before meter accuracy

n be stated. estlgations of a Seepage

e Agricultural Research

anal Program," by C. E. Branch Report No. Hyd-

(5330) FRICTION LOSSES IN LARGE TUNNELS AND PIPES.

(b) Field project.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) The purpose is to provide design information

on surface resistance coefficients for various sizes of pressure conduits. Piezometers for head loss measurements are installed during construction of the conduit

(h)

(5331)

(h)

[5332)

(b)

(h)

or at the time of the measurements. Resistance coefficients were measured on

36-, 42-, and 48-Inch-diameter cast-in-place

concrete pipe and on an 18-foot-diameter

concrete tunnel with satisfactory results.

"Flow Resistance Coefficients of Three

Sizes of Cast-In-Place Concrete Pipe," by

C. E. Brockway, Hydraulics Branch Report

No. Hyd-533, August 1964. INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF TURNOUT GEOMETRY ON THE ACCURACY OF A PROPELLERTYPE OPEN FLOW METER. Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. The purpose of the investigation was to determine whether a change in the design of outlet structures for open flow meters

from a relatively unconflned outlet to a confined outlet changed the registration accuracy of the meter. Completed. Results indicate that a confinement just

large enough to pass the design discharge

of the turnout did not significantly change

the meter registration accuracy. Report in preparation. OROVILLE DAM POWERPLANT INTAKE GATE DOWNPULL. California Department of Water Resources. California Department of Water Resources, Sacramento 2, Calif. Experimental; for design.

A 1:24 scale hydraulic model was used to determine downpull forces that would occur

on the 21- by 34-foot powerplant intake coaster gates during emergency closures under full powerplant operation. The pressure area method of determining downpull

was used. Completed

.

A maximum downpull force of about 376,000

pounds will occur. No uplift was en- countered. A method of computing turbine discharge with the wicket gates moving to full open as the head is reduced during

closure of the Intake gates is presented.

Dimenslonless downpull and discharge

coefficients are also included. "Hydraulic Model Studies of the Hydraulic

Downpull Forces on the Oroville Intake

Gates," by K. G. Bucher, Hydraulics Branch

Report No. Hyd-540, Sept. 1964.

(5333) FLOW-INDUCED VIBRATIONS IN USBR STRUCTURE,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field Investigations; for design

.

(e) A compilation and discussion of a variety

of vibration problems Induced in Bureau

structures by flowing fluids was made. Vibration problems encountered in radial

gates, turbine runners, turbine draft tubes, pump discharge lines, pipeline distribution

systems, and overfalling nappes are pre- sented . (f) Completed.

(g; Results show that an awareness of the problems and phenomena involved make it possible to avoid most flow induced vibration problems.

(h) "Experiences of the Bureau of Reclamation

With Flow-Induced Vibrations," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd538, Sept. 1964.

(5334) SUDDEN ENLARGEMENT ENERGY DISSIPATORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) Limited studies under high heads were made

to determine the effectiveness of a sudden enlargement type energy dissipator downstrean from an 8-inch gate valve. The enlarged

section started at the downstream flange of

a 250 psl valve and was 16 Inches in diam- eter by 80 Inches long. Heads up to 600

174
feet were imposed on the valve, which was operated over a range of openings. Back

pressures of 1 to 7 feet were maintained on the enlargement downstream. Tests were made with and without admission of air into

the upstream end of the enlargement.

f) Present phase completed.

g) Results showed that excellent energy dis- sipation was achieved in the sudden enlargement section, and that very small back pressures of 1 to 7 feet were sufficient to hold the enlargement full of water.

(h) "Hydraulic Studies of a Sudden Enlargement

Energy Dissipator Used Downstream From a Gate Valve," by W. P. Simmons, Hydraulics

Branch Report No. Hyd-535, August, 1964.

(5335) HIGH PRESSURE SLIDE GATE STUDIES FOR RUEDI AND MORROW POINT DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:9 scale model is being used to determine operating characteristics and pressure con- ditions on slide gates to be used for regulation at heads up to 355 feet. The flow passages of the gates slope downward

30° in the direction of flow, and the gate leaves and bonnets are vertical. Effects

of flaring the sidewalls immediately downstream from the leaf are being studied.

(g) Preliminary studies show that a gate slot design used very successfully on gates with

horizontal flow passages and vertical leaves

is not satisfactory for gates with 30° sloping passages and vertical leaves. Also,

flaring the downstream walls in the normal fashion just downstream from the leaf leads

to extremely subatmospherlc pressure con- ditions and cavitation. By offsetting the walls abruptly 3 or 4 inches outward a very

short distance downstream from the leaves, an excellent design with either parallel or diverging downstream walls is apparently ob- tained.

(5336) BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDIES WITH CAVITATION

OCCURRING.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A commercial 8-inch, 125 psi butterfly valve

is being tested under portotype head to determine the effects on cavitation characteristics, air demand, and discharge coefficients

that result from discharging the valve di- rectly into sudden enlargements, or through

short conduits into the enlargements. Tests

are made with and without the admission of air, and quantities of air needed to Just quiet the cavitation are being obtained. Effects of air admission on the discharge

coefficient are also being obtained.

(g) Preliminary results show that satisfactory

pressure reducing stations for high dif- ferential heads and low back pressures can

be obtained with butterfly valves if the valves discharge directly into a 2.0 dia enlargement. Air in sufficient quantities

to relieve cavitation when the discharge

enters the enlargement directly, or through

short sections of pipe, has little effect upon the discharge coefficient.

(5337) PRESSURE RELIEF PANELS FOR OROVTLLE DAM POWER

PLANT INTAKE TOWERS.

(b) California Dept. of Water Resources.

(c) California Dept. of Water Resources, Sac- ramento 2, Calif.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The 40- by 42-foot temperature control

shutters for the inclined intake towers are designed to withstand a maximum head dif- ferential of 5 feet of water. Under maximum

discharge through the power plant the head

differential across the shutters will be 3 feet. Surges caused by power plant demand

fluctuations, or removal or replacement of temperature control shutters, could cause

pressures across the shutters in excess of the design maximum allowable.

f) Completed.

g) Relief panels have been designed which will

open under a head differential of 3 1/2

feet. The recommended panel was calibrated

to determine the number of panels required to furnish the discharge demand of the power

plant for a maximum head differential of 5 feet of water.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5338) LABORATORY TESTS OF GATE SEALS UNDER PROTO- TYPE HEADS.

(b) Laboratory project.

id) Experimental; for design

(e) A facility for testing gate seals under heads

of up to 200 feet was used on two similar

double stem rubber gate seals. One seal bulb was capped with teflon and the other was uncapped. The program consisted of extrusion tests under sustained load, and tests with

relative motion to determine the seals action as it approached, touched, and moved on the

seat. A new facility is being designed to test seals at heads of approximately 600 feet . (g) The teflon cap added to the rigidity of the

seal and prevented much of the distortion noted with the uncapped seal. Also, when the seal was moved relative to the seat, the teflon cap prevented the seal from being

pinched between the clamp bar and seal seat.

(5339) MODEL-PROTOTYPE CORRELATION OF AIR DEMAND.

(b) Field tests and laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research.

(e) Basic parameters are being developed to cor- relate model results with prototype measurements for the flow of air in a closed conduit partially filled with moving water. Prototype measurements are essentially complete.

Laboratory tests are beginning in a variable

slope, enclosed, rectangular channel. The mean air velocity and turbulence intensity of the air stream will be measured for various water velocltltes, various water depths and various pressure gradients.

(5340) RUEDI DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:42 scale model was built to verify the hydraulic design of the spillway crest, chute, and stilling basin; the Junction of the auxiliary outlet works with the spillway

chute; the outlet works stilling basin; a bypass flume and stilling basin; and to in- vestigate the required geometry and extent of downstream river channel improvement.

(f) Completed.

(g) Flow conditions throughout the structure were satisfactory. Erosion tests indicated that additional riprap was necessary near the by- pass basin but that little or no riprap was necessary in the river channel. In other

areas the specified riprap was adequate.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Ruedi Dam Spillway and Outlet Works," by U. J. Palde, Hydraulics Branch Report No. Hyd534, October 1964.

(5341) C-RANBY DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d; Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 scale model was used to study the modification to the spillway chute and the proposed flip bucket and plunge basin for

flows up to 12,000 cfs at velocities in the flip bucket ranging up to approximately

100 feet per second.

(f) Completed.

(g) A deflector and transition in the curved

super elevated, horizontal portion of the chute was developed to provide good flow distribution in the flip bucket. The

flip bucket and plunge basin were developed

175
to provide effective energy dissipation

for flows up to 3,000 cfs and to prevent

erosion in the area adjacent to the flip bucket for flows up to 12,000 cfs.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5342) SWIFT DAM SPILLWAY.

lb) Laboratory project.

Id) - Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:42 scale model is being built to de- termine necessary modifications to re- habilitate a 46-year-old chute spillway.

(5343) STRATIFIED FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Library study.

(e) Library research is being made to determine

the extent of work that is being done and has been done In this field. An abstract

will be prepared and a proposal made for laboratory research. Particular interest

is being given to regulation of reservoir

releases and the design of outlet works

to maintain desirable oxygen balance in streams

.

(5344) PORTAGE MOUNTAIN DAM LOW LEVEL OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model is being constructed to study the low level outlet works with two gate valves each discharging 3,750 cfs into

a diversion tunnel. The outlet works flow discharging from the diversion tunnel into

the river, will also be studied.

(5345) YELLOWTAIL AFTERBAY DAM SPAWNING CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:8 scale model was constructed to study the stilling basin and diffuser

chamber in the intake to the resting

pool of the spawning channel.

f) Completed.

g) A slotted baffle for the stilling basin

was developed to dissipate the energy of the incoming flow and to provide good

flow distribution from the diffuser

chamber into the resting pool.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5346) GLEN ELDER DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:72 scale model is being used to study

the hydraulic features of the spillway. The model contains 12 radial gate con- trolled spillway bays, the approach

channel, surrounding topography, the hydraulic jump stilling basin and concrete lined apron, and a portion of

the downstream channel.

(g) The flow in the approach area, through

the bays, and in the downstream channel is smooth. The operation of the stilling

basin is efficient. There is no excessive erosion of the downstream channel. No major changes to the initial design were recommended as a result of the model study.

(h) Report in preparation.

(5347) LITTLE PANOCHE CREEK DETENTION DAM OUTLET

WORKS INTAKE STRUCTURE

.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:15 scale model was built to study the flow conditions in a square, submerged

vertical inlet and bend when stop logs are used to control the flow into the inlet.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Comandlng Officer and Director, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D. C. 20007.

(17 78) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Id) Hydrodynamlc research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of underwater noise associated with various hydrodynamlc phenomena such as cavitation, bubble oscillations, surface disturbances,

turbulence, and unsteady flow. Attention

is now being given to measurement of spectra

and space-time correlations of pressure fluc- tuations on walls adjacent to turbulent

flows, such as curved plate boundary layer

flows, turbulent boundary layers on buoyancy

propelled bodies, and fully turbulent pipe flows

.

(g) Boundary layer pressure fluctuations on wall

of three inch diameter pipe with air flow, have been determined with particular attention given to the low frequencies.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

lb) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Id) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the mathematical determination of ship lines which can be applied to a wide variety of ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathe- matical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship lines. Future work is directed toward the development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters.

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Id) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Phase 1: Statistical study to clarify the basic nature of slamming phenomenon ex- perienced by a ship in rough seas and to develop a method for predicting the frequency

of occurrence of slamming as well as its severity. Phase 2: Computations and measurements of the pressure distribution and impact forces

on the bottoms of slamming ship for the pur- pose of developing criteria to effect their reduction

.

(f) Phase 1: Active. Phase 2: Partially com- pleted . (g) Phase 1: Basic nature of ship slamming

phenomenon has been clarified by conducting

tests on a MARINER model. Effects of sea severity, ship speed, course angle, and load- ing conditions on slamming were obtained. A theory for predicting the frequency of occurrence and severity of slamming has been developed

.

Phase 2: A theory which is applicable to almost any practical ship forebody section

has been developed for determining impact force and pressures on ship's bottom during

slamming. A two-dimensional drop test to evaluate the effect of sectional form on impact pressure was conducted for three dif- ferent ship forms ranging from extreme U to extreme V form. A comparison between

theoretical and experimental results was made on impact pressure.

(h) Phase 1: "Prediction of Occurence and Severity

of Ship Slamming at Sea", Michel K. Ochi. Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydromechanics,

September 1964. "Extreme Behavior of a Ship in Rough Seas", Michel K. Ochi. Transaction of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers,

Vol. 72, 1964. Phase 2: "Hydrodynamlc Impact with Application to Ship Slamming", K. M. Ochi and M. D.

176
Bledsoe. Fourth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, August 1962. "Two-dimensional Experiments on the Effect of Hull Forms on Hydrodynamic Impact", in preparation.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and moments acting on bodies due to the prox- imity of a free surface. The studies in- clude both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in which there are disturbances originating at

a distance. Experiments are being con- ducted to verify the theoretical developments.

(g) Methods were developed for computing the forces and moments acting on bodies of revolution, both due to waves generated

by the body itself and to regular trains

of waves. Experiments with a spheroid

moving under waves largely confirmed the theory except in following seas. The damping forces on a submerged translating

ellipsoid which is oscillating in any of its six degrees of freedom have been developed theoretically. The effect of tank walls has been evaluated theoretically

as well. Theoretical methods have been developed for

the determination of wave resistance of floating bodies in steady motion from wave measurements along a parallel cut. The first and second order diffraction and radiation forces acting on a submerged two- dimensional circular cylinder have been

developed and computations have been made. Analytic expressions have been obtained for arbitrary bodies relating the radiation and diffraction forces to each other. For a submerged, translating, two-dimensional

cylinder, it has been shown that second- order forces due to nonlinearity of the free surface boundary conditions are com- parable to second order forces resulting

from exact satisfaction of the body boundary

conditions. Formulas have been derived for the sinkage

and trim of ships moving in shallow water. These agree well with experiments except for speeds near to the shallow water

critical speed.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

id) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A theoretical study, with experimental

confirmation, of the factors affecting the seaworthiness of ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their

motions

.

(g) Theoretical results for ship motions based

on the "thin-ship" idealization have gen- erally proved to be either inaccurate or incomplete. Recent results from appli- cation of slender body theory have shown good agreement with experiments at zero speed of advance. The corresponding

theory has been developed for non-zero

speeds, but calculations have not yet been

made, and so it is not known whether the success at zero speed can be extended to the more general situation. Improved methods of testing ship models have been

developed, and the entire frequency re- sponse of a ship at a single speed can

be determined from one test run. The form of the equations of motion have been

obtained by a very general theoretical

approach. These equations are charac- terized by the appearance of convolution

integrals Involving the entire past

history of the motion; they are free of

the usual frequency-dependent coefficients. Tests have been conducted to characterize

the dynamics of a ship, relating the

kernels of these convolution Integrals

to the common added mass and damping

coefficients. A survey of ship-motion

theory has been prepared,

(h) "The Impulse Response Function and Ship

Motions," by W. E. Cummins, Schiff stechnik,

9, 101-109 (1962). Also available as DTMB Report 1661

.

"Pulse Methods for Determining Ship

Motions," by W. E. Cummins and W. E. Smith, Fifth ONR Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, 1964. "Recent Progress Toward the Understanding

and Prediction of Ship Motions," by

T. Francis Ogllvie, Fifth ONR Symposium

on Naval Hydrodynamics, 1964.

"A Slender-Body Theory for Ship Oscil- lations in Waves," by J. N. Newman, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 18, 602-618

(1964)

.

"Current Progress in the Slender Body

Theory for Ship Motions," by J. N. Newman and E. 0. Tuck, Fifth ONR

Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, 1964. "Testing Ship Models with Transient

Waves," by M. C. Davis and E. E. Zarnick,

Fifth ONR Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, 1964.

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(ej Studies of the corrections on lifting line theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(h) "Hydrodynamic Aspects of Propeller Design

Based on Lifting Surface Theory, Part I: Uniform Cord-Wise Load Distribution," H.

M. Cheng, DTMB Report 1802 (Aug. 1964).

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIALS AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions

from model test results depends upon the proper selection of the correlation

allowance (acf ) to be used in model tests. The results of about 54 correlations of surface ships have been completed and published. The present target is the analysis of correlations submarines, con- sidering all trials conducted, and selecting

those most acceptable to this program.

(g) Same analysis has been done in connection

with submarines. Further analysis of the data derived from the surface ship trials

is continuing.

(3284) UNSTEADY HYDROFOILS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search . (e) This work will provide hydrofoil design

criteria for the Bureau of Ships to be used

in designing high speed, sea-going hydrofoil

craft. The forces on two-dimensional

hydrofoils due to heaving and pitching

oscillations of the foil, and due to en- counters with regular, head and following

waves will be determined experimentally.

Both cavitating and non-cavitating con- ditions will be studied. The data from

the experiment will be digitized and then

will be analyzed on the IBM 7090 computer

using existing thesis.

(g) All of the experimental equipment has been assembled and its operation checked. Experi- mental runs have been made on a subcavitatirg, NACA 16-209 profile hydrofoil model. Preliminary experimental runs have been made

on a supercavitating flat plate hydrofoil

model. A pressure distribution model is planned. Several equipment and analysis

reports are being prepared for publication.

(h) "A Multichannel Digital Data Acquisition

177
System", by James A. Luistro, TMB Report 163C,

iv, 55 p. illus., dlagrs., tables, graphs,

refs. Sept. 1964. "Calculated Hydrodynamlc Loads on an Oscil- lating Hydrofoil", by T. J. Langan and D. Coder, TMB Report 1695 (in review).

"Survey of Steady Lift Force and Moment on Two-Dimensional Flat Plate Hydrofoils

Beneath a Free Surface at Various Cavitation

Numbers", by J. H. Pattlson, TMB Report 1776,

(in review).

(3285) H YDROELA STICITY PROBLEMS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and Theoretical Applied

Research

.

(e) Investigations to determine the conditions

which produce hydroelastic instability of oscillatory hydrofoil systems. The effects

of speed, frequencies, mass distribution,

cavitation, free surface and waves on the system stability will be studied. This work

is related to Unsteady Hydrofoils (Reference

No. 3284.)

(g) A flutter dynamotor for a two-dimensional,

two-degree of freedom hydrofoil has been

constructed. Flutter tests of a sub- cavitating hydrofoil are under way in the

36 inch Water Tunnel and on the High speed

Towing Carriage.

(3286) SUPERCAVITATING PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

bl Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search . (e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds including Improved

section shapes for good operating characteristics and better strength capability.

(g) Theoretical series for preliminary design purposes have been computed and published. Crashback and windmilllng performance has been experimentally obtained. Experiments

with a controllable pitch supercavitatlng

propeller have confirmed the feasibility of this type of propulsion device.

(3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3-DIMENSIONS

.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A new seakeeping test facility is now in operation. Techniques for generating irregular short-crested seas and measuring the response of ship models at oblique headings

is under development.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Pro- gramming to Individual wavemakers results

in generation of confused seas of almost

any nature. The rectangular basin offers opportunity to test in any relative heading

to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in analysis involve determination

of the seaway (in the tank) as a function

of frequency and direction. Ship motions

in confused seas will be random in nature and will be analyzed by spectrum methods.

(3617) VENTILATED PROPELLER DEVELOPMENT.

b) David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) Studies and design of ventilated propellers

for operation at intermediate speeds.

(g) Experiments on the use of tripping wedge and tripping wire have been performed. The wedge appears to be no better than the wire and

causes a loss in performance. Work on measurements of ventilated cavities is progressing.

(361S) VERTICAL AXIS PROPELLER.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research

.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies of performance characteristics of various

types of vertical axis propellers.

(4426) DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW WAVE DRAG HULL FORM.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Basic research.

(e) To establish a series of basic hull forms which can be used as a guide to evaluate the merit of future high speed ship designs.

(g) Results of resistance tests of 27 models of conventional hull form up to speed-length

ratio of 5-0 has been reported.

(h) "Series 64 Resistance on High Speed Dis- placement Forms", by Hugh Y. Yen. Presented

before the Chesapeake Section of the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Dec. 1964.

(4427) A METHOD OF CALCULATING SPINDLE TORQUE OF CONTROLLABLE PITCH PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method of calculating the spindle torque of a controllable pitch propeller over the com- plete range of operating conditions and a theoretical investigation of the effect of various design parameters upon spindle torqus. In order to calculate spindle torque at off design conditions, the off design performance

of the controllable pitch propeller must first be determined.

(g) A method of calculating the spindle torque

at design conditions has been completed. The geometric problem of determing the effective distortion of blade sections at off design

pitch settings has been solved. The solution has been programmed for the 7090 Computer.

(4428) COMPUTER SOLUTIONS OF FREE SURFACE FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(d^ Hydrodynamlc research.

(e) The linearized potential problem of a body

oscillating on the free surface will be solved directly on a digital computer by dis- tributing pulsating sources over the surface

of the body and calculating the required

source density. The individual source potentials are chosen to satisfy the free surface boundary condition.

(g) The Integral equations for the case of two dimensional bodies have been approximated by

algebraic equations. Solutions have been obtained for heave, sway, and roll motions

of several bodies. Forces and moments have

been calculated.

(4429) LATERAL FORCES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamlc research.

(e) The lateral force on a translating body which vertically cuts the free surface is being

formulated theoretically. Two special cases

are included: (a) If the draft is large

compared to the length, the body is a strut with angle of attack. (b) If the draft is very small, the body corresponds to a yawed

thin ship.

f) Suspended.

g) An integral equation has been derived for the density of a surface distribution of dipoles, such that the boundary conditons are satisfied.

(4809) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS IN PRESSURE GRADIENTS ON ROUGH SURFACES.

b) Laboratory project, David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research,

(e) Research in behavior of turbulent boundary

layers in pressure gradients leading to separation. Initial roughnesses will be screens of various gages fastened to wall

of wind tunnel. Velocity surveys and

178
turbulence measurements will be performed,

(g) Data have been obtained, with one wall thickness, at moderate and high pressure gradients

and at zero pressure gradient. Boundary

layer velocity profiles were obtained with

a pitot tube and hot wire. Longitudinal

turbulent intensities were measured with a hot wire. Measurements were made at numerous longitudinal positions along the wall. Measurements are now in progress with

a high pressure gradient with induced sep- aration.

(4810) SHIP WAKE SIMULATION STUDIES.

b) Bureau of Shipsj David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) To produce ship wake distributions in a ariable pressure water tunnel in order to determine the performance of propellers in non-uniform wake flows.

(g) A theoretical method has been obtained for determining the wire grid geometry necessary

to produce arbitrary, steady, three-dimensional flows. Simple experimental confir- mation of the method has been obtained.

(4811) STEADY-STATE FORCES ON SUPERCAVITA TING AND VENTILATED HYDROFOILS.

b) Bureau of Shipsj David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research

.

(e) To study the steady-state lift and drag

characteristics of supercavitatlng hydrofoil

configurations for application to hydrofoil

craft and supercavitatlng propeller design.

(g) Experimental determination of the lift and drag of various three-dimensional super- cavitatlng hydrofoils is in progress. These include foils with 2-term, 5-term and flat- faced sections. The effects of aspect-ratio

and taper are being investigated. Venti- lation by blowing air through holes in the suction surface of the foil is used to extend the range of cavitation number. Future research includes the determination

of two-dimensional lift and drag, studies

of flap configurations and measurement of the interaction of tandem and cascade foils.

(h) "Supercavitatlng and Ventilated Performance

of Three Hydrofoil Sections" by G. F. Dobay

and N. L. Ficken. TMB Report 1828, Jan. 1964.

(4812) PROPELLER AND BODY INTERACTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied research

(e) Study and development of design criteria for determining propulsion characteristics of submerged bodies and hydrofoil-supported

craft.

(g) Axial clearance between a submerged body of revolution and a stern propeller has been optimized on the basis of propulsive coef- ficient. A method has been developed for computing thrust deduction for submerged

hydrofoil-propeller arrangements

.

(h) "Induced Velocity Field of a Fully Cavitating

Propeller and Interaction Experiments with a Fully Cavitating Propeller Behind a Hydrofoil"

J. L. Beverldge. TMB Report 1832, April 1964.

(4813) INVESTIGATION OF DUCTED PROPELLERS.

b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research.

(e) To develop a design method for ducted propellers and to conduct a parametric study

of ducted propeller performance.

(g) A theory of the ducted propeller with finite number of blades has been developed. From

this theory a design method will be devel- oped and then a parametric study of ducted propeller performance will be conducted.

(4814) POWERING IN WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Idi Experimental.

(e) To determine the powering characteristics

and speed loss of ships in waves by con- ducting model tests in regular and irregular waves. Limitations of present pro- cedures for predicting power and speed loss

in a seaway from tests in regular waves

will be determined and new techniques will

be developed where necessary.

(f) Cancelled.

(4815) PARAMETRIC STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To provide basic information from which the most suitable destroyer form for high sustained sea speeds in a seaway can be established. Model tests will be conducted

in regular and irregular seas using a series

of models for which the significant geometric

parameters are systematically varied. Motions and powering increase in waves will

be studied.

(f) Cancelled.

(4816) FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SHIP ROLLING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(dj Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Though extensive studies of rolling have been made in recent years, a great deal remains to be learned concerning the funda- mental properties of rolling for both

surface ships and submarines. Areas which require additional research are (1) applicability of superposition principle for rolling motion especially in short crested

waves, (2) unstable rolling motion in o- blique regular and in irregular waves, (3) nonlinear roll behavior in rough seas, etc. In order to clarify the fundamental nature

of rolling, forced oscillation tests as well

as model tests in regular and irregular

waves will be conducted. Parameters

significant for roll will be investigated.

(5121) SERIES 60 - PROPELLER INDUCED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of propeller induced vibratory

forces to study the effect of fore and aft clearance in the propeller aperture of the Clearwater type. The effect of number

of blades and the tip clearance will also be determined. In addition, the pressure transmitted and shaft transmitted forces

will be measured independently to determine

the significance of each.

(g) The instrumentation and test techniques for measuring the propeller induced vibratory

forces on a single screw ship model has been developed sufficiently to obtain repetitive results. Although there is insufficient information available to permit extrapolation to full scale forces,

comparison of test results of models of similar type and dimensions appears valid. Measurements of instantaneous pressures

have been made on the hull of the SS Esso

GETTYSBURG. This data are being analyzed

and It is anticipated that correlation

will be performed through model tests.

(5122) FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES.

fb) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Id) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To visually determine in water the effect of boundary-layer growth and trailing edge

geometry on separation, and the mechanism of vortex shedding, from stationary and oscil- lating hydrofoil shapes.

(g) The hydrogen bubble visualization technique

has been adopted to the 12-INCH water tunnel and preliminary flow studies have been made

on a number of two-dimensional bodies. The

179
experiments are being extended to study- vortex shedding from stationary foils having

different trailing edge geometries.

(5123) THE EFFECT OF GAS NUCLEI ON CAVITATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of gas nuclei on the Inception of cavitation.

(g) Acoustic techniques to measure the distri- bution and size of nuclei are being studied, and one will be applied to the water tunnels

at DTMB. Cavitation Inception studies will

be made for a simple body and propellers

and the results correlated with gas nuclei content of the water.

(5124) PROPELLER OSCILLATING PRESSURE FIELD.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To experimentally determine the oscillating

pressure field about marine propellers and correlate these measurements with theoretical

predictions.

(g) Pressures have been measured on a flat plate

parallel to the axis of two propellers, one

a propeller of conventional design and the other of double blade thickness, in both uniform and non-uniform flow.

(5125) HYDRODYNAMICALLY EXCITED PROPELLER SINGING.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the characteristics of flow induced propeller singing and investigate methods to suppress singing.

(g) Tests on a model propeller have demonstrated

the feasibility of studying singing at model

scale by suitable trailing edge modifications.

The investigation will be extended to determine the applicability of two-dimensional

flow-excited vibration data to propeller

blades and to study the influence of vari- ations in trailing edge geometry and other

design parameters on propeller singing.

(h) "Vortex Induced Propeller Blade Vibration:

Some Aspects of the Problem", R. A. Cumming, TMB Report 1838, June 1964.

(5126) CAVITATION INCEPTION ON A ROUGH SURFACE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied research.

(e) An investigation of cavitation inception over

isolated three-dimensional roughness elements

on a flat plate as a function of boundarylayer parameters, pressure gradient, geometry

and size of the roughness elements, etc. Theoretical studies will attempt to establish sealing laws for cavitation.

(g) Equipment has been built and assembled. Testing will start toward the end of 1964.

(5127) INTERACTION FORCES BETWEEN LIFTING SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A two-dimensional theory for determining the forces and moments acting on two lifting

surfaces as one passes through the wake of the other will be developed. This theory will

be applied to the prediction of propellerappendage interaction forces on a ship.

(g) The theoretical analysis has been formulated

and a computer program for solving the integral

equations is being written in FORTRAN.

(5128) BOUNDARY-LAYER STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; basic and applied

research.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies of boundary-layer phenomena important

to naval hydrodynamics; methods of reducing

frictlonal resistance, prediction of transition

from laminar to turbulent flow for bodies

of revolution.

(5324) CAVITY FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical, basic research.

(e) A study of the vortex shedding phenomenon

recently observed in fully cavitatlng flow. The study comprises (1) The experimental in- vestigation of the dependence on cavitation number and ventilation index of a modified

Strouhaul number for simple two-dimensional

bodies; (2) the development of a new mathematical model for cavity flows; and (3) the investigation of the relationship between

vortex shedding and hydrofoil oscillation.

The purpose is to gain more understanding of cavity flows.

For sponsored projects see the following:

(5190) Sound Radiated From a Turbulent Boundary

Layer. 6 (5191) Interaction of Distributed Surface Vibrations with an Adjacent Boundary Layer

Flow. 7 (3026) Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function Wave Steepness. 14 (4570) Pressure Distribution on Semi-Submerged

Oscillating Bodies. 14 (4971) Ship Resistance in Irregular Waves. 14

(497 2) Study of a Span Ship. 14 (4099) Wake Characteristics for Bodies of Revolution with Momentum Addition. 17 (5193) Theoretical Study of Hydrofoil Flutter Characteristics. 22 (5194) Theoretical Investigation of Forces and Moments on an Oscillating Hydrofoil with

an Oscillating Flap. 22 (5363) Unsteady Forces and Moments on a Two- Dimensional Fully Cavitated Hydrofoil. 22 (4574) The Role of a Permeable Bed In Sedi- ment Transport. 26 (5196) Turbulent Flow Transition Near Solid

and Flexible Boundaries. 30

(3427) Structure of Turbulence Near Rough

Surfaces. 36 (2091) Research on Ship Theory. 40

'4974) Turbulence Characteristics of the Wake

of a Body of Revolution. 42 (5371) A Photomicroscoplc Investigation of Non-Newtonian Flows at Low Reynolds

Numbers. 54 (5112) Turbulence Measurements in Liquids. 70 (2603) Water Tunnel Air Content Studies. 72 (4199; Geometry of Air Cavities in a Boundary

Layer. 73 (4691) A Study of Drag Reduction By the Use of Non-Newtonian Boundary Layer Additives. 73 (4693) Jet Flaps on Supercavitating Hydrofoils

for Lift Control. 74 (4696) Theoretical Investigation of Two-Dimensional Unsteady, Supercavitated Hydrofoil Flows with Free-Surface Boundary

Conditions. 74 (4699) Force Characteristics of a Cavitatlng

Body in a Compressible Liquid Mixture. 74 5495) A Study of Impact Cavitation Damage. 75 5496) Structure of Turbulence of Non-Newtonian

Flows. 75 (5497) A Study of Flow Noise in a Non-Newtonian

Fluid. 75 (5498) A Study of Surface Sealants to Reduce Cavitation Damage. 75 (5499) Influence of Micro Bubbles on Flow Noise. 75 (5500) Hydrodynamic Flutter of Supercavitating

Hydrofoils. 75 (3828) Studies in Hydroelasticity . 77 (4702) Hydrodynamics of Ship Anti-Roll Tanks. 77 (4704) Vibration of hydrofoil Structures. 77 (4928) Flutter Analysis of Hydrofoils. 77 (5266) Hydroelastic Studies of Supercavitating

Hydrofoils. 78 (2155) Seakeeping Qualities of Ships at All Headings to Waves. 78 (4219) Supercavitating Hydrofoil Theory. 79 (4228) Flutter of Hydrofils on Flexible Structures. 80 180
47111 Study of the Propeller Singing Phenomenon. 81 5057) Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for a Marine Propeller of Low Pitch Angle with

Chordwise Loading Distribution. 81 (5058) Unsteady Loads on Teed Hydrofoils in Oblique Seas. 81 (5060) Unsteady Lifting Surface Theory for a Marine Propeller of an Arbitrary Pitch

Angle with Chordwise Loading Distribution. 82

(5062) Effect of Planform Variations on Hydrofoil Flutter. 82

(5309) Estimation of Stability Derivatives and Indices of Various Ship Forms, and Com- parison with Experimental Results. 82

(5310) Acoustic Properties of Bubbles in Pressure Fields. 82

(5311) Structure of Turbulent Wakes with Asymmetries. 82

(5198) The Low-Aspect-Ratio Jet-Flap Hydrofoil. 87 (5200) Interference Between a Hull and a Stern- mounted Ducted Propeller. 92 5202) Determination of Ship Wave Resistance. 97 5291) Effect of Molecular Size and Shape on Drag Reduction. 98

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

(3623) HIGH PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE WATER FLOW METER

CALIBRATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Associate Technical

Director for Applied Physics Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phlla. Naval

Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A facility is available for calibrating with water at pressures and temperatures up to 2500 psi and 600 F respectively. Capacity

is 100 gpm at maximum pressure and temperature and greater at lower pressures and temperatures. After flowing through the metering section the water Is cooled and weighed. The facility is also used to in- vestigate and verify orifice meter coef- ficients at pressures and temperatures above

those at which the coefficients in use were established. A number of flow meters which measure the flow in nuclear reactor loops have been calibrated.

f) Inactive.

g) A limited amount of test data indicate good

agreement between orifice flow rates obtained by calibration at high pressures and temper- atures and those obtained by extrapolating

from cold water calibrations. Other meter

tests show the need to include suitable corrections for change in shape, size,

densitty, etc.

(3524) INVESTIGATION OF ELBOW FLOW METERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Philadelphia Naval Shipyard;

(Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory).

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Lab., Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila. 12, Pa.

d) Experimental, applied research.

e) The 90 degree elbow has been proposed for metering flow in shipboard systems. This

type meter is attractive since the use of

an existing elbow would not require any changes to the piping and would Impose no additional pressure drop on the system. In addition, the elbow can meter reverse flow. The chief drawbacks are large variation in elbows and the lack of an exact relationship between flow and differential pressure. Testing was limited to the long turn 90 degree, type A elbows of specification MI^-F-1183 to establish criteria for their installation and use.

f) Completed.

g) When certain standards are imposed on the fabrication and measurement of the elbows

and a specified means of computing flow is used, a measurement tolerance of 4 percent

can be expected. In control applications the elbow meter was found to have a square root transfer function and a repeatability of 0.22.

(h) "Performance Characteristics of Elbow

Flow Meters", Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Basic Engineering, Vol. 86, No. 3, 498-506, Sept. 1964.

(4001) HIGH PRESSURE STEAM AND WATER PLOW TESTS.

(b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

(c) Research Committee on Fluid Meters, American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East

Forty-Seventh Street, New York 17, New York.

fd) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Although the ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters has sponsored many fundamental

research programs dealing with the development of basic constants used with primary

elements, hardly any of this work has been

done on steam flow at high pressures and temperatures. Neither has research been done on high temperature water flow. Analysis

of many tests indicate that the basic calibrations obtained with low temperature water (air and gas) could be extrapolated

with high accuracy to the measurement of high pressure and temperature steam and water flow provided suitable corrections

were made for the change in the shape and

size of the primary element, the pipe and

the fluid. This procedure has been ex- perimentally verified for steam up to 2000 psi and 1050 F and for water to 2500 psi and

600 F.

f) Completed.

g) Nozzles and orifices were calibrated with water at 240 F, 2200 psia, and with steam at 1050 F, 2000 psia. Pipe Reynolds numbers averaged 600,000 for the water and 4,000,000

for the steam. Coefficients were generally

in agreement with ASME predicted coefficients. Two and a quarter percent (2 1/4$) chrome- molybdenum steel proved unsatisfactory for

the steam nozzles showing rusting and pitting after less than 10 hours. Type 430 stainless steel was substituted and was

satisfactory.

(h) Final report to be presented during Nov.-

Dec. annual meeting of ASME Fluid Meters

Committee, (ASME Paper No. 64-WA/FM-4.

(5286) MEASUREMENT OF ACOUSTIC VELOCITY OF STEAM.

(b) Joint research project, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory and Office of Naval Research

.

(c) Mr. J. W. Murdock, Head, Applied Physics

Division, Naval Boiler and Turbine Laboratory, Phila. Naval Shipyard, Phila.,

Pa. 19112.

d) Experimental; basic research.

e) Objective is to obtain precise knowledge

of acoustic velocity values for steam in liquid-vapor and vapor phase. Data will be obtained with steam pressures

and temperatures up to 5000 psi and 800F

respectively.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE LABORATORY.

(4867) THE HYDROBALLISTICS OF WATER ENTRY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory

White Oak, Silver Spring, Maryland.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic and applied research.

(e) The purpose is to study high velocity water

entry as related directly or indirectly to the behavior of missiles. The study includes the stability and forces during

the entry, cavity development and pressure,

and the missile trajectory. A wide range

of developmental and research configurations

181
and of esperlmental conditions are investigated. Guns are used to launch models into

a tank equipped for operation at various pressures

.

A large tank facility is being constructed

for experimental projects such as water

entry, water exit, and trajectory studies.

In this tank the pressure of the gas above

the water will be reducible for water-entry

scaling.

U. S. NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION.

(4002) MISSILE BEHAVIOR DURING WATER EXIT.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Dr. John G. Waugh, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena,

California

.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The objectives of this project are as follows:

(1) To study missile water-exit behavior and associated phenomena under different con- ditions to determine if problems exist in missile water-exit technology and to establish scaling techniques for modeling

missile water-exit behavior. (2) To evaluate qualitatively the inherent value of slender- body theory in predicting the underwater and water-exit behavior of an underwater launched missile in the presence of various sea states.

(g) Studies have been made on the water-exit

behavior of a momentum-propelled 2-inch- diameter hemisphere-head missile under dif- ferent degrees of cavitation, ranging from fully wetted to fully cavitating, and for a range of trajectory water-exit angles. The results indicate that considerable

perturbations In missile pitch and pitch

velocity take place at water exit, and it is inferred that problems may exist in missile

water-exit technology.

The experimental fully-wetted flight and water-exit behavior of a blunt based axi- symmetric missile traveling in a standing

wave are simulated on an analogue computer

using motion equations derived from slender- body theory. The analytical approach Is supplemented by introducing experimental

hydrodynamic coefficients and transverse drag terms. The results of the simulation

are compared graphically with the experimental

behavior to illustrate an upper limit of the accuracy to be expected of slender-body

theory.

(h) "The Variable-Angle Variable-Pressure Launching

Tank" by J. G. Waugh. Article published in "Cavitation Research Facilities and Techniques," 1964, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering

Center, 345 East 47 St., New York, N. Y.

"A Qualitative Correlation of Theoretically

Predicted and Experimentally Obtained Underwater-Launched Missile Behavior in the Presence of Waves," by M. L. Sturgeon and

J. G. Waugh, (being edited for publication).

(4434) DUCTED PROPELLER DESIGN.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta.,

Attn: Mr. J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) This project is concerned with solutions to the boundary flow equations for various mathematical models which may be used to describe a shrouded or ducted propeller

system. The models under Investigation

assume an inlet velocity profile and involve Iterative solutions to the boundary con- dition on central bodies and shrouds with camber and thickness. The Iterations also Include the effects of a finite bladed propeller on the boundary condition for both the shroud and central body. The

solution represented by the source and vortex density describing the boundary

flow equations is then used to solve the equations describing the induced flow through the model

.

(g) Computer programs are available on an IBM

7094 describing the effects of shroud

camber, thickness and the average propeller

velocities on the shroud loading and shroud- induced flow.

(4868) NON -NEWTON IAN FLUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Department of the Nsvy.

(c) Commander, U.S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: J. W. Hoyt, Code P807, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The turbulent flow characteristics of dilute solutions of various high polymers

are being studied to understand why they often display anomalous flow behavior.

(g) Pipe flow tests and chemistry studies are being made of high polymers which seem to reduce the intensity of turbulence.

(h) "The Effects of Additives on Fluid Friction,"

by J. W. Hoyt and A. G. Fabula. ONR Fifth Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics, Bergen,

Norway, Sept. 1964. (Also to appear as NAVWEPS Report 8636).

(4872) A METHOD FOR COMPUTING TURBULENT BOUNDARY

LAYERS BASED ON THE LAW OF THE WALL AND THE

LAW OF THE WAKE.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena

8, California.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A method for computing turbulent boundary

layers based on the law of the wall and

Coles' law of wake is under development.

This method is applicable to two dimensional bodies and to bodies of revolution in axial- symmetric flow where the boundary layer thickness Is not necessarily small compared

to the body radius. A simultaneous solution

of the momentum Integral equation and the energy Integral equation is carried out assuming the mean velocity profiles are given by a universal, two-parameter repre- sentation as suggested by Coles. The computational procedure will be programmed

for ag IBM 7090 computer.

(g) All theoretical work has been finished and

the computer programming is nearing com- pletion . (h) "A Turbulent Boundary-Layer Calculation

Method Based on the Law of the Wall and

the Law of the Wake," by D. M. Nelson. NAVWEPS Report 8510, NOTS TP 3493, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China

Lake, California.

(4873) RING WING LOADINGS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Nrval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: J. F. Reynolds, Code P8074,

3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A study of the effect of the ring wing

chord-diameter ratio on lift and pitching

moments due to normal forces for isolated three-dimensional wings at angle of attack

has recently been published. A second report

to be published later includes the effect of axial forces on the total pitching moment

and position of the wing aerodynamic center.

It was found that, relative to two-dimensional airfoils, the effective position of aero- dynamic center is changed significantly due

to curvature of the chord plane and the axial forces due to wing camber and wing

half cone angle.

(h) "Pitching Moment Corrections from Axial

182
Forces on Isolated Ring Wings at Angle of Attack," J. P. Reynolds, NAVWEPS Report

8667, NOTS TP 3714.

(4919) RELATIVE FLOW AT LIFTING LINE FOR COUNTER

ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Navy Department.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A theoretical means for determining the relative flow at the lifting line for counter rotating propellers is being developed and programmed for an IBM 7090 computer. This method is intended to handle non-optimum,

wake-adapted propellers. The induced velo- cities at the lifting line arising from the effect of the front or rear propeller on itself are determined by a slightly modified

version of the induction factor method

developed by Lerbs.* The mean axial velo- cities at one propeller induced by the other

are determined by replacing the finitely

bladed propeller by an infinitely bladed propeller having the same radial thrust distribution and operating in the same wake. The mean tangential velocities at the rear propeller induced by the front propeller are determined by Stokes' theorem. The effect of

the tapering afterbody on which the propellers

are located is approximately accounted for by

continuity consideration.

* "Moderately Loaded Propellers with a Finite Number of Blades and Arbitrary Distribution

of Circulation," by G. W. Lerbs, Trans. SNAME,

Vol. 60, 1952, pp. 73-117.

(f) Completed.

(gj This work is being incorporated into a lifting- surface propeller design method for counter- rotating propellers which is described in another section.

(4920) UNDERWATER GAS-JET PROPULSION STUDY.

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station,

3202 E. Foothill Blvd. Pasadena 8, Calif.

Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or T. G. Lang, Code

P5006.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The thrust and efficiency of a submerged

supersonic gas-jet propulsion system will be studied on a model propelled by a solid propellant grain generating hot gas at 4,000

psi exhausted through four nozzles along its afterbody. The efficiency of the momentum

exchange with the surrounding water will be studied in an effort to increase the normally

low propulsion efficiency of high speed jets.

(g) The test model has been constructed and statically fired. Propulsion tests at speeds to 40 knots in a ring channel are scheduled.

(5381) BASE-VENTED TORPEDO STUDY.

00

[5382)

Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or

T. G. Lang, Code P5006, 3202 E. Foothill

Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California.

Experimental; applied research.

The drag of several truncated torpedo models

with air exhausted through their bases is measured as a function of gas flow rate, water tunnel speed, and angle of attack. Cavity pressure is also measured.

Completed.

The drag of all models remained the same as

that of a streamlined model for truncations

up to 90$ of the maximum diameter, one of the models was fully base vented. Two reports In process.

DROP TESTS OF OBJECTS IN A HIGH -POLYMER

SOLUTION

.

(c)

(g)

00

(5383)

(t>)

(5384)

00

(5385)

(b) Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, Attn: H. V. L. Patrick or

T. G. Lang, Code P5006, M. A. Ruszczycky,

Code P8076, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, California. Experimental; applied research.

In the first experiments, twenty-five small objects were dropped in a tank of water

with zero, 200, and 1000 wppm of Polyox

additive. The majority of the objects

were spheres and cones. A second series

of tests has been completed to determine whether high-polymer solutions, in relatively high concentrations, (up to 1.5%), affect the velocity of steel spheres

falling at laminar-separation flow con- ditions.

In the first series of tests the drag of spheres up to a 1-lnch diameter remained un- affected, as was the drag of the cones. The drag of spheres ranging from 1 to 2-1/2 inches in diameter was reduced up to 40$; however,

significant wall interference occurred so the results are difficult to Interpret without additional information. In the second

series, different diameter spheres dropped

in high-polymer solutions showed definite velocity increases over that obtained in water. Within the sphere sizes tested, the apparent drag reduction noted was 33.5$. The increased viscosity effect accounts for

only about 18$ reduction in drag. The highest

Reynolds number reached in the tests was

5.19 x 10 , based on water; and from this it was concluded that all the steel spheres in the tests experienced laminar-separation flew only.

"Sphere Drop Tests in High Polymer Solutions^' by M. A. Ruszczycky, unpublished report. COLLAPSE OF GAS FILLED BUBBLES AGAINST A RIGID BOUNDARY. Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: A. 0. Musolf, Code P8076, 3202 E. Foothill Boulevard, Pasadena 8, Calif. Experimental research.

The investigation of a high velocity water

Jet formed during the collapse of small cavitation bubbles is extended to larger, 6-inch maximum diameter, explosively formed

bubbles. High speed motion pictures and resilient boundaries clearly show that the

jet Is capable of imparting a large force to the boundary. Work is partially completed. LIFTING-SURFACE DESIGN METHOD FOR COUNTER- ROTATING PROPELLERS. Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code

P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. Theoretical; applied research.

The lifting-surface propeller design method

for single-rotating propellers developed at the U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station is being extended to counter-rotating propellers. The lifting line solution for counter-rotating

propellers described in Section 4919 serves

as the starting point for the lifting surface solution. The camber lines and pitch angles

are computed as for the single-rotating

propeller except the variation across the chord of the axial component of the inter- ference velocities (velocities induced at one propeller by the other) is accounted for.

"A Lifting Surface Propeller Design Method

for High Speed Computers," by D. M. Nelson. NAVWEPS Report 8442, NOTS TP 3399, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake,

California, January 1964. DETERMINATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS OF BODIES OF REVOLUTION USING THE DOUGLAS POTENTIAL FLOW PROGRAMS.

183
Bureau of Naval Weapons, Dept. of the Navy.

Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test

Station, Attn: Mr. David M. Nelson, Code P8074, 3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif. Theoretical; applied research.

The Douglas Aircraft Company computer programs

for the solution of the potential flow about bodies of revolution, where the bodies are represented by a surface source density, are being used to theoretically determine hydrodynamic coefficients for bodies of revolution.

A comparison between the theoretical values

and the experimental values for blunt base bodies will be made first. Depending on the success of the method for these blunt base bodies, the method will then be applied to streamlined bodies having thick boundarylayers on the aft end. This will be done by

a combination of boundary layer calculations

and potential flow calculations to obtain,

if possible, a reasonable theoretical model

of the flow about such bodies.

U. S. DEPT. OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project Page

(1548) Problems in Hydrodynamics.

(3677) Annular Nozzle Ground Effect Machine.

(4083) Dynamic Interaction Between Ships.

(4084) Ships of Minimum Resistance.

(4112) The Discharge of Major Western Rivers

in Relation to the General Circulation

of the Atmosphere.

(5412) Hydrometerology of Western River Basins.

(5364) Radar Investigation of Dynamics of Water

Particle Motion in Waves.

(73) Measurement of Turbulence in Flowing

Water.

(79) Cavitation.

(2091) Research on Ship Theory.

(1875) Characteristics of Stable Eddies.

(2328) Investigation of Surface Roughness.

(2541) Development of Instruments for Use in Analyzing Aperiodic Signals.

(3074) Wake of Zero Momentum Flux.

(4149) Drag of Supercavltating Bodies of Revolution

.

(2801) Interaction of Waves with Submerged

and Floating Bodies.

(3444) Effects of Basin Geometry and Viscous

Damping on the Amplitude of Resonant Oscillations in Harbors.

(4160) Motion of Submerged Bodies Below a Free Surface

.

(4983) Determination of the State of the Art

in Two-Phase Gas-Liquid Flow Phenomena.

(5264) Separated Flow About Lifting Bodies.

(3120) Office of Naval Research Atmosphere

Interaction and Wave Project.

(5593) Investigation of Laminar Boundary Layer

and Transition in the Vicinity and Between Suction Slots.

(5594) Grid Turbulence in Dilute Polymer

Solutions

.

(5595) Turbulence Measurements in the Viscous

Sublayer

.

(5596) Theoretical Investigation of Turbulence

Flow on Non-Newtonian Media.

(5487) Liquid Film Cooling in Rocket Motors.

(2144) Experimental and Analytical Studies of Hydrofoils.

(3153) Flow About Bodies at Small Cavitation

Numbers

.

(4200) Investigation of the Forces and Inter- ference Effect of Tandem Flat Hydrofoils.

(4700) Oscillatory Lift and Drag Forces on Ventilated Hydrofoils in Regular Waves.

(4917) Mechanisms Involved in Wind-Generated Waves

.

(2154) Investigation of High Speed Ship Forms.

(4226) Investigation of Surface-Piercing

Fully Ventilated Dihedral Hydrofoils.

(4227) Smooth Water Behavior of Surface- Piercing Hydrofoil Vessel.

7 12

14

14

18

22

22

404040

40

41

4141

42

47

48

49

52

59

59

'.6

66

6666

71

72

73

73

74

79

79

80

(4229)

(5065)

(5312)

(5313)

(4716)

(5197)

(5199)

(4737)

48911 4892

(5286)

Project

The Boundary Layer Under Progressive

and Standing Waves.

A Study of Ship Forms at High Froude Numbers

.

Investigate Gain in Water Speed

Obtained by Coupling Amphibious Craft. Hydrodynamic Track Propulsion.

Drag Forces in Velocity Gradient Fields,

Special Problems In Fluid Dynamics.

The Effect of Flow Separation From the Hull on the Stability of a High Speed

Submarine

.

Experimental Hydrodynamics of Rotating

Liquids

.

Synoptic Oceanography-Surface Effects.

Flow Over Hydrophobic Materials.

Motion Around a Body in a Stratified

Fluid. Wave Propagation in a Turbulent Liquid. Turbulent Shear Flow Through Compliant Walled Tubes. Wind Action on Pre-Existing Waves. Response of a Density-Stratified

Liquid to a Source or Sink Impulse.

Interaction Between Long Waves and Superposed Shock Waves. Intercomparison of Towing Tank and Water Tunnel Calibrations of Current Meters

.

Measurement of Acoustic Velocity of Steam

.

Page

80

82

82

82

85

87

92 100 100

160

160 160

161

161

161

161

161

181

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Engineering Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Rex A. Elder, Director, TVA Engineering Laboratory, P. 0. Box 37, Norris, Tenn.

(3629) LOW POWER VHF RADIO GAGES FOR REPORTING RAINFALL AND STREAM LEVEL DATA.

(d) Development.

(e) Transistorized radio components powered from

nicl cadimum batteries, which will be charged by thermoelectric generators and/or

solar cells, will be used. Data in gray

code will be transmitted by audio

tone pulses. Unattended operation of long

duration is a primary objective In the desigi

of these stations,

(g) The complete data chain has been assembled

and tested.

(4441) MEASUREMENT OF KAPLAN TURBINE DISCHARGES USING OTT COMPONENT CURRENT METERS.

(d) Equipment development and field measurement

operation

.

(e) Turbine discharge rating equipment, using

the Ott component type current meters, has been developed to measure the discharge of turbine units. Twenty- seven current meters mounted on three frames are used

to simultaneously measure velocities

in the three Intakes of each unit by

either the step or integration method. Measurements made at several fixed loads

are employed to calibrate the Winter- Kennedy scroll case pressure taps. The Winter-Kennedy taps are used with suitable measuring equipment to determine the discharge for any turbine loading,

(g) Equipment and measuring techniques have been developed. Measurements of turbine discharge have been completed at eighteen

turbine units. Calculation of the tur- bine discharge based on the field measure- ments is accomplished using an LGP-30

computer.

(4878) PARADISE STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT STUDIES.

(d) Field investigations for operations.

(e) Field measurements were taken of the velocity distribution at the entrance

to one of the prototype air preheaters

184
(h)

(4861)

at the Paradise project. These measurements were obtained to help determine whether poor velocity distribution con- tributed to the air preheater tube plugging problems.

Completed.

The velocity distribution was found to be fair to good and not a substantial factor in causing the plugging in the preheaters

.

Internal report Issued. VIBRATION STUDIES OF STEAM PLANT AIR AND GAS

DUCTS. Experimental; for basic and applied research. Studies are being made to extend our knowledge relating to flow induced duct vibrations and to apply the findings to present and future installations. Duct vibrations which are believed to stem from

the highly turbulent flows created by the forced draft fans and by the various duct configurations have been experienced in the

duct work of some plants. These turbulent conditions create pressure fluctuations

which could lead to wall vibrations.

Suspended. BASIC STREAM AND RESERVOIR HEAT BUDGET

STUDIES. Experimental; for basic and applied research. This is a study to develop the basic tem- perature prediction equations for a stream

or reservoir into which a volume of water

at a different temperature is injected. All

known variables such as stream flow characteristics, meteorological conditions and thermal characteristics will be included. Theoretical studies, field tests, and possible laboratory studies will be com- bined to produce verified equations.

Additional field data were collected during

the year and the measured water temperatures

are being compared to the predictions pro- duced by the basic heat budget equation.

A basic heat budget equation has been developed which relates mean water tem- perature to meteorological, hydraulic, and thermal characteristics. The equation can

be used to predict mean water temperature

as a function of distance below a steam

plant, using 24-hour time averages. To date

this equation has been proved for the completely mixed non-recirculating river flow case.

(5004) NICKAJACK PROJECT.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Studies are being conducted on a 1:150 horizontal by 1:S0 vertical scale model, repre- senting an area of approximately 2 miles in length by 1 mile in width of the river site. River diversion, necessary for the selected project scheme, is being investigated in relation to associated navigation problems.

Hydraulic features connected with various

construction phases are also being studied.

Five internal reports have been issued to date

.

(g)

(h)

(5005) WHEELER PROJECT, TURBINE UNITS 9, 10 and 11, VIBRATION STUDIES. Field Investigations; applied research.

Severe vibrations of these fixed-blade

turbines has lead to instrumentation of one unit to study the inter-relationships of the hydraulic forces and the unit vibrations. Pressures were measured in the scroll case at

3 locations, on the head cover at one location

and at 5 locations in the draft tube. Vibra- tions were measured at 8 radial points on the shaft and at one vertical point." A measurement was also taken at one point under the generator thrust bearing support bracket. Field measurements and laboratory evaluations

completed.

(g) The vibrations, which were evident in the turbine shaft, are due to the periodic whip

of an unstable rope vortex in the draft

tube below the runners. Draft tube pressure fluctuations correlated well with the tur- bine shaft vibration characteristics.

(h) Report issued.

(5007) STUDIES OF BEND LOSSES AND VANING IN LARGE

CONDUITS.

(d) Experimental; basic research and applied

research.

(e) These studies are to develop basic design criteria for air and gas duct systems for

steam plants, with particular reference to methods of vaning for optimum flow conditions and minimum head loss characteristics and to the effects of multiple bends on the loss characteristics of the system. The first phase of these studies will deal with duct sections having height to width ratios of

2:1. Other phases will deal with more complex duct shapes and bends. The data will be developed entirely by laboratory

testing. The study is being conducted on a limited basis in 1964 and will be expanded

in 1965.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(5008) STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE ON JET DISPERSION

.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of the turbulence

in the discharging Jet from a chimney on the rise of the plume above the stack, measure- ments of the turbulence characteristics of several TVA stacks will be made and by means

of model comparisons, the mixing characteristics of the Jet will be compared with

those for an ideal discharge condition. These data will then be combined by the Di- vision of Health and Safety with other field

data from the same plants to develop an overall plume rise equation. This study is co-sponsored by TVA and USPHS. Field and model studies will be conducted during 1964

and 1965.

(f ) Temporarily suspended.

(5386) NICKAJACK PROJECT—LOCK MODEL.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 scale model of the 800' x 110' main

Nickajack lock was used to adapt the multiport filling and emptying system to this

size chamber. The proposed intake and outlet structures for both the main and 600' x 110' auxiliary lock are being tested by incorporating them with the main chamber model and

a simplified model of the auxiliary chamber.

(5387) NICKAJACK PROJECT--VALVE-CULVERT MODEL.

li!

(g)

Experimental; for design.

A 1:10 model of an existing lock filling

valve, with related culvert appurtenances,

is being used to determine the nature and origin of the hydrodynamic forces which act

on reversed tainter lock filling valves.

The model was specifically designed to re- produce the transient conditions existing

while the valve is opening. Two valve designs are being compared with respect

to their reaction to hydrodynamic forces. Rarefied air pulled from the bulkhead slot Immediately downstream from the filling

valves was proven to cause severe pressure pulsations which, in turn, act on the valve.

(5388) NICKAJACK PROJECT— SPILLWAY MODEL.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Studies were conducted on a 1:35 scale model

of three of the ten spillway bays of the Nickajack project. Tests were for the purposes of determining the spillway

capacity under the maximum design head,

developing the optimum upstream pier shape,

185
(h)

(5389)

(5390)

(h)

(5391)

5392

and finding a relatively simple yet effective apron design. Such factors as water surface profiles through a bay and pressures on the piers under adverse gate openings were also investigated. Continul ng. An upstream pier shape with a relatively

sharp nose was found to decrease vortex

action upstream from the gate for gated

discharges. A simple horizontal spillway apron with a dentated end sill minimized

scour and produced acceptable wave action. Three internal reports have been Issued to date

.

FORT LOUDOUN, DOUGLAS AND MELTON HILL

P ROJE CTS - - 3P ILLWA Y DISCHARGE RATING TABLES. Applied research; operations. Booklets containing spillway gate operating

instructions, the gate arrangements schedule

and the tables of possible spillway dis- charges were compiled for use at the dams. The final discharges were calculated using

the LGP-30 computer.

Completed. Tables issued. WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT- -CONDENSER WATER

INTAKE PROBLEMS -UN ITS 7 AND 8. Experimental; applied research. Tests were conducted using a 1:40 scale model

of the Widows Creek Plant, Unit 7 and 8, condenser water intake problems. Both sur- face currents and sub-surface currents were reproduced in their relation to the condenser

water intakes. The model study was performed

to develop entrance conditions which would

improve the operations of the intake. Completed

.

By simulating the flow patterns in the area

of the condenser water intake, changes in the prototype entrance conditions were developed

which would provide for improved flows into

the intake. Advance report in process. WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT- -UNIT NO. 8-FL0W NOZZLE RATING. Applied research; operations.

The 16-inch flow nozzle for the condensate discharge line in Unit 8 at Widows Creek

Plant was rated in the Laboratory's rating

equipment. Coefficients of discharge were determined for the Reynold's Numbers range between 4.8 x 10 b and 3.4 x 10° which takes

in the complete operating range for this generating unit. Completed.

Rating table issued. MODEL FLUME TO BE USED TO STUDY THERMAL DENSITY RECIRCULATION PROBLEMS. Experimental; operations and basic research.

A model flume was constructed of transparent

material and equipped with circulating pumps

to simulate a typical steam power plant's con- densate intake and outlet system. The flume

is approximately 100 feet in length and 9 Inches deep by 12 inches wide. The basic intent is to develop and prove the analytical equations for flows in the vicinity

of a steam plant or in similar areas.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch. Inquiries concerning projects should be addressed to

Mr. James W. Beverage, Chief, Hydraulic Data Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville, Tenn. 37902.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

id) Field investigation; applied research,

e) To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable to the Basin, permitting computation of evaporation from pans at six locations In Basin, together with standard meteorological

readings.

(h) Results published in monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation in Tennessee

River Basin" (Project 768).

(768

(h

(769

(d

(771

(7/9

(780

(d

[785

(3306

(D

(d

PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN. Field investigation; basic research.

A comprehensive study of rainfall and other weather phenomena for purposes of water

dispatching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum

precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway

design and operation, etc. Monthly and annual bulletins, "Precipitation

in Tennessee River Basin." RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

Field investigation; basic research. Study of water utilization and water move- ment as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in temperature from surface to bottom in reservoirs

throughout the year are determined by

soundings, and by continuous recording gages

in natural streams. GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS. Field investigations; design. Weirs are placed in main galleries and drainage measured as check on tightness and stability. MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY. Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau. Theoretical; applied research. Hydrometeorological analysis of large storms with upward adjustments of controlling

factors to maximum limits as applied to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions. Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies. PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE. Theoretical; operation.

By analysis of current records of stream discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined for

use in operation of multi-purpose reservoirs. Results reported monthly and weekly within

the orgalnzation. SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

Field investigation; basic research. Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed and

sounded, volumetric samples are collected and analyzed, quantity and distribution of sedi- ment are computed to determine deposition by

stream, probable life of reservoir, effect

of sediment storage on navigation channels

and sedimentation of down-stream reservoirs, and probable sedimentation in future reservoirs. COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN

NORTH CAROLINA. Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

To determine water-land relationships for

some of the principal soils used for agri- cultural purposes in western North Carolina under important vegetative covers. Obser- vations include rainfall, runoff, soil- moisture, potential evapotranspiration, and

actual evapotranspiration.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four covers on four small watersheds and a sepa- rate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a

186
rifth watershed.

(f) Field studies of the deep-rooted crop, alfalfa, have been discontinued.

(g) Results to date are summarized In annual reports on the project.

(h) "Watershed Project/' Research and Farming,

Vol. XXII No. 4, Spring 1964, N. C. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

FROJECT.

(t>) Project conducted In cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended

and deposited sediment are observed, periodic

soils-land-use and inventories are made and records of income summaries and public and private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into cali- bration, action, and evaluation phases.

(f) Agricultural economics portion of project

terminated June 30, 1962; hydrologlc portion

terminated September 30, 1362.

(g) Results are summarized in annual reports on the project.

(h) "Parker Branch - £n Experiment in Appalachian

Agriculture 1953-62."

"The Story of Parker Branch," a 30-minute

16 mm sound and color motion picture.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(d) To study the effect of changes in the vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of cultivation on the hydrologlc factors of runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic determination of vegetal cover Indexes.

(f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting

which will be accomplished in the near future.

(g) During the 24-year period 1935-1958, the forest cover improvement In the watershed

resulted in greater watershed protection with

no measurable change in water yield, no change in volume of either surface runoff

or ground-water runoff, marked reduction in summer peak rates of discharge with lesser reduction in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff

from the channel system, and a 96 percent

reduction in the sediment load.

(3303) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and erosion control measures.

(e) Continuous record from 1341 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

(f) Trees have been marked for selective cutting

which will be accomplished In the near future.

(g) During the 20-year period 1941-1960, the cover improvement and erosion control in the watershed resulted in a decrease in surface runoff volumes and an increase in ground- water discharges, marked reductions In summer and winter peak flood discharges, a reduction In overland surface velocities, a prolongation of the period of draining of surface runoff from the channel system, an appreciable decrease in water yield, and a 96 percent reduction in sediment load.

(4011) NORTH FORK CITICO CREEK RESEARCH WATERSHED.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with U.S. Forest Service.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the effects of normal, highstandard National Forest Multiple-use

management upon the hydrology of the area. Observations include rainfall, runoff, air and water temperature, and humidity.

Timber inventories, soil surveys, wildlife

inventories, and evaluations of soil dis- turbances will be mde. Project activities

are divided into calibration, development,

and evaluation phases.

(g) Results are published in annual reports

distributed to cooperating agencies.

(h) "North Fork of Cltlco Creek," Cooperative Watershed Study, Tennessee Valley Authority,

U. S. Forest Service, Tennessee Game and

Fish Commission, 1963.

(4884) UPPER BEAR CREEK EXPERIMENTAL PROJECT.

(b) TVA Tributary Area Development project

cooperative with U. S. Forest Service and Auburn University.

(d) Quantitative determination of the effect of

soil type, slope, and vegetative cover upon

runoff, peak discharge, and erosion on small watersheds progressing to large watersheds. Development of procedures to make data usable in projecting effects from small watersheds to larger drainage areas and to transfer results of the study to ungaged

areas

.

(e) Four general types of land cover and use will be considered in the study of the watersheds

that progress downstream from areas of several hundred acres through intermediatesized watersheds to a drainage area of 143 square miles.

(f) The instrumentation phase of the project was completed in 1964.

(g) Results will be published in annual reports.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, CORPS OF ENGINEERS. Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the Director, U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of Engineers,

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss. 39181.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Prmy, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project provides for construction and operation of a model of the Mississippi

River watershed including the Missouri, Ohio,

White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers and their principal tributaries. The model area comprises 200 acres and reproduces 1,250,000

square miles of the Mississippi Basin. The topography of the streams and flood plains Is reproduced to a horizontal scale of 1:2,000

and vertical scale of 1:100. All existing

and proposed flood-control reservoirs,

levees, dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent works are reproduced. The completed con- struction consists of the Upper Mississippi

from Hannibal, Missouri, to Baton Rouge, Louisiana; the Missouri River from Sioux

City, Iowa, to the mouth; the Ohio River

from Louisville, Kentucky, to the mouth

including the Wabash River below Rlverton,

Indiana; the Tennessee River from Pickwick

Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; the Cumberland

River from Old Hickory Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; the White River from Georgetown,

Arkansas, to the mouth; the Arkansas River

from Blackburn Damsite, Oklahoma, to the mouth; and the Red River from Alexandria,

Louisiana, to the mouth. Water-surface

elevations are measured by electrically op- erated stage devices with the recorders located in central control buildings. Streamflow is introduced and controlled ty automatic instru- ments called inflow controllers. The model

was designed to study coordination of releases from reservoirs, investigate the effect of reservoir operation on flood stages, check the routing of project and other floods, establish and check levee grades, predict

stages, and determine the effect of floodways

on stage reduction.

187
(g) The extent of model operation each year is determined by the testing programs directed

by the Mississippi Basin Model Board and Chief of Engineers and requested by Divisions

and Districts that have operable sections on

the model. The model was operated as an integrated unit to Memphis, Tennessee, for comprehensive (basinwlde) tests. Tests were conducted of the four historical floods

1937, 1943, 1945, and 1950 —using those reser- voirs (EN) scheduled for completion in the near future (approximately 1970), and with (994) ultimate reservoir (END) modification assuming

sufficient capacity in both groups of reser- (b) voirs to store all inflows that would con- tribute to flooding on the Lower Mississippi (d) River, and with EN and END reservoirs oper- (e) ated to full capacity to stare inflows that affect crest stages of Lower Mississippi

River. Tests were completed of the 1927 flood

from St. Louis, Missouri, and Golconda, Illinois, to Memphis, Tennessee, using the actual flood with present-day conditions and modification by the EN and END reservoirs. Tests

were conducted to verify the model between

Memphis, Tennessee, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, to the 1945, 1950 and 1961 floods. (f) Tests were conducted for the U. S. Army

Engineer Division, Missouri River, to assist (998) in the design of the Missouri River Agricultural Levees from Kansas City to the mouth. (b) Tests of the 1937 and 1950 floods on the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers with the (d) canal connecting Barkley and Kentucky (e) Reservoirs open, and tests of the 1927,

1946, and hypothetical flood and steady- flow tests of the Cumberland River were conducted for the Nashville District.

(425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA

.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of shoaling in several ranges of the navigation

channel, and to determine the probable

effect on the hydraulic and salinity regimen

in the estuary that would result from modifications of channel depth and alinement and flow regulation, the entire Delaware River estuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is reproduced in a fixed-bed, silt-injection

type model with scale ratios of 1:1,000

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and (999) tidal currents are reproduced by automatic

tide generators. Observed prototype salinities (b) are reproduced in the Delaware Bay portion

of the model, and provisions made for the (d) injection of silt, and for measuring silt (e) deposits. Studies are also made of salinity

intrusion and the dispersion and dilution of wastes discharged into the estuary.

(g) Tests to determine the effects of various

degrees of rehabilitation and destruction oi Reedy Island and Pea Patch Island training

dikes on hydraulic conditions throughout the reach affected revealed that rehabilitation would not benefit navigation or decrease maintenance dredging. Pennsvllle dike, com- pleted in 1943 to an elevation of +8.0 feet, has also deteriorated and is presently being

restored to +3.0 feet. Tests to determine

the benefits of raising this dike an additional

5 feet revealed that the crest elevation of (1002) +3.0 feet would be satisfactory.

(h) "Delaware River Model Study"; Report 4, "Dike Rehabilitation; Hydraulic Model Investigation." (b) U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-337, May 1964. (d) (Available on loan.) (e)

(S93) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research. (f) (e) The cavitation characteristics of such elements

as baffle piers, steps in stilling basins,

spillway and conduit gate slots, and offset

joints are studied in either a vacuum tank

or a variable-pressure, closed-jet water

tunnel. The Investigation includes a review

of literature to evaluate the many variables

that affect cavitation results. A highvelocity water facility is being used to study resistance of concrete and protective

coatings to cavitation. EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. This is a general study to determine the hydraulic effects of various types and degrees

of model scale distortion on velocity distri- bution and other hydraulic conditions, with

the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible distortion for the various types

of models. A rectangular flume having a 90-degree bend with provisions for changing

the vertical scale to provide distortions

of 0 to 10 is used in the study.

Suspended

.

WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research. This is a general investigation to obtain

data from which the magnitude and elevation

of wave forces on a vertical wall can be predicted. The specific purposes of the study are to (1) study existing literature

and testing equipment; (2) verify experimentally the clapotis pressure theory; and

(3) determine maximum shock-type pressures, delineate the critical conditions necessary

to create the extremely high shock pressures, and determine the magnitude of pressures due

to partially breaking waves. Preliminary

measurement of wave-pressure distribution on

a vertical wall resulting from breaking

waves, conducted in a 1.0- by 1.5- by 94- foot wave flume was completed, and preparation

of a report on this phase of the investi- gation was begun. A theory for the formation

of short pressures on vertical walls due to breaking waves was developed, and plans were

in preparation for special tests to investigate the applicability of the new theory. STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Departmenl

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. Rubble-mound structures are studied in a 5- by 4- by 119-foot and 12.5- by 4- by 119- foot wave flumes to develop design procedures and formulas, supported by experimental data, from which the design of safe and economical breakwaters can be determined. In addition

to quarrystone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons,

tribars, quadripods, modified cubes, and other specially molded armor units are being

studied. A 50- by 5.5- by 250-foot, L- shaped wave flume designed to allow the testing of breakwater sections using various

angles of wave Incidence will also be used

in this study. EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION AND BREAKWATER MODELS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain information that will allow more accurate determination of optimum

scales for wave models, and the effects of different scales and operating techniques on the accuracy of model results. Inactive

.

188
(1004) INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Array, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; development.

e) Various types of measurement and control equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. A feasibility study for a portable salinity meter for model use, and

a pilot study for a turbulence meter were

completed. Development of improvements for remote-control system for a model towboat was suspended. Development of improvements for hawser-stress transducer for measuring hawser

forces acting on tows in model locks and the development of a revolution- sensing and remote-indicating device for velocity meters were continued. The development of

a spherical-head turbulence meter, a waterlevel indicator for tests of prototype

locks, and improvements of a current-direction

indicator were undertaken.

(1467) DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

d) Analytical (model and prototype); for design.

e) A general study to develop, analyze, and disseminate to Army Corps of Engineers

establishments hydraulic design criteria to ensure adequate capacity, economy of design

and construction, and safe and satisfactory

operation of large hydraulic structures. Criteria are developed from model and prototype tests relating to the design of spillways, outlet works, gates and valves,

channels, and navigation structures.

(g) Theoretical development of procedures for determining flow patterns in spillway buckets

by electronic computer programs was con- tinued. University of Iowa laboratory data

on boundary layer development on steep slopes were analyzed using the new concept of energy

thickness. The results of this analysis was combined with limited prototype data to produce design criteria charts and a procedure for evaluating spillway energy

losses occurring during development of the turbulent boundary layer. The procedure

relates the boundary layer thickness, the dis placement thickness, and the energy thickness

with the boundary length and surface roughness.

(h) "An Investigation of Spillway Bucket and Toe Curve Pressures" and "A Study of Spillway

Energy Losses During Development of the Turbulent Boundary Layer." U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Miscellaneous Fapers Nos. 2-625 and 2-642,

February and April 1964, respectively.

(Available on loan.)

(1474) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various

elements upon these forces was conducted in

a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide

was reproduced with provisions for varying

the length up to 600 feet on each side of

the gate. Forces required for operation of miter gates were measured for variations of the following elements: gate leaves, speeds and accelerations of operation, submerged

depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous operation

of gate leaves.

f) Completed.

g) Three types of linkages were used In deter- mining the operating forces of miter-type

lock gates: The Panama Canal, the Ohio

River, and the modified Ohio River linkages. (1987) In all tests, the maximum recorded torque occurred as the gates entered the mitered (b) position in the closing cycle. The Ohio

(h)

(1475)

(b)

(d)

(f)

(1986)

(b)

River linkage developed torques greater than did the other two linkages. The maximum

torques of the modified Ohio and Panama linkages were practically equal which seems logical since both linkages have no angularity between strut and sector arms in the mitered position. In all tests, the re- corded torques decreased as the submergence

was lowered by 1/2-foot increments from 4.0 feet to 1.0 foot in the models. The re- corded torques decreased as the time of operation was increased in increments of 6.7 seconds from 10.1 and 13.4 seconds to 40.2

seconds. The effect of chamber length for

the modified Ohio River linkage was determined by varying the model length from 15 to 30 feet in 5-foot increments. In general the torque decreases as the chamber is lengthened. In model tests the effect of wave action

upon torque was negligible except for the 30- foot chamber where waves of small amplitude

but great length caused torques equal to or greater than those recorded as the gates entered the mitered position. Barges

simulating a 9-foot draft were installed at

25, 50, 75, and 100 feet below the gates in the 600-foot chamber of the modified Ohio

River linkage. The barges aided in reducing

wave action and torques as the gates entered

the mitered position.

"Operating Forces on Miter-Type Lock Gates."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-651, June

1964. (Available on loan.) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research. This study was conducted to aid in developing

design criteria for pumping plants that depend

on development of siphonic action in the discharge side of the pumps in order to yield the required discharge. Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch plastic dis- charge line were tested. Variables investi- gated during the tests were: initial rates

of flow, tailwater levels, slope and length

of the riverward leg, and venting conditions

at the crown. Final report in preparation. SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of Engineers (correspondence should be addressed

to Mr. J.B. Tiffany, Chairman, Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.).

Experimental; applied research. Analyses of prototype data, flume tests, and analytical studies to establish fundamental

laws describing the phenomena involved are being performed to determine the effects of

the physical and hydraulic features of estuaries such as tidal prism, tidal range, freshwater discharge, channel depth, channel

width, etc., on the extent of salinity

intrusion, the nature of salinity intrusion,

the magnitudes and durations of current velocities, and other factors considered

essential to proper solution of estuarine

problems encountered by the Corps of Engineers. The flume studies are made in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet deep, and 0.75 foot wide. One end of the flume is connected to a 25-f oot-square tidal basin in which any desired tide can be produced and in which the salinity can be controlled. The opposite end is connected to a freshwater

source. Combinations of flume roughness,

tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, and freshwater Inflow are

studied. RIPRAP PROTECTION AT HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

189
(1988)

(b)

1:1

(d) Experimental j applied research.

(e) The study of erosion characteristics of various sizes of riprap and gravel material

is being performed with a view to securing

adequate protection at minimum cost. Measure- ments of velocity and depth at which movement of material begins will be made. Data collected on models of specific structures

are being analyzed in an effort to generalize

the test results. WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS

.

Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; applied research.

A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures

can be varied to simulate normally experienced

summer and winter temperatures, is being

used to Investigate the effects of water

temperature on streambed forms and roughness

of various types of bed materials. Preliminary tests with fine sand have been com- pleted and tests with crushed coal undertaken.

(f) Suspended.

(2428) MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia . (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The investigation was conducted in a model which reproduced the following: 1) that portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent to the harbor entrance, from Calibogue Sound on the north to Wassaw Sound on the south;

2) the Savannah River and its flood plain to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing; and

3) that portion of the Intracoastal Waterway

which crosses the area included in the model.

The model was of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 vertically. Automatic

tide generators were used to reproduce tides

and tidal currents throughout the harbor,

and salt water was used in the model ocean

to reproduce the effects of density difference

on current velocities and distributions.

Shoaling studies were made by injecting

finely ground gilsonite into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed

in the prototype, following which the effects

of proposed improvement plans on shoaling

patterns were observed and evaluated. Studies

were also made of the effects of proposed

improvement plans on dispersion and dilution

of contaminants discharged into the harbor. Refinements of plans for reducing and local- izing shoaling were tested for conditions of recently recommended changes in project

channel width and depth.

(f) Tests completed; preparation of Section 5 of final report in progress.

(g) Model tests indicated that pollution of Wilmington River by City of Savannah municipal

and industrial wastes could be reduced by

closure of south channel and/or St. Augustine

Creek. Tests also indicated that bank erosion

in north channel will probably be reduced by

construction of the recommended deeper and wider channel.

(h) "Savannah Harbor Investigation and Model

Study," Volume III, "Results of Model Investigations"; Section 4, "Results of Tests of Increased Channel Dimensions."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-580, in publication. (Available on loan.)

(2573) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29.4 to 32.2, the lock, dam,

(h)

2678)

(b)

(d)

(h)

[2680)

(b)

and powerhouse, was used to Investigate flow characteristics in the approaches to the lock. A 1:36 model, reproducing the river- ward downstream lock wall including the culvert manifold which discharges into the spillway stilling basin, five spillway bays, 324 feet of approach channel, and 596 feet

of exit channel, was used to investigate

flow characteristics in the stilling basin

and exit channel. The emergency lock gate was studied in a 1:25 model which reproduced

the gate, gate sill, and portions of the upstream lock approach and the lock chamber downstream from the gate. This model was used to determine: 1) hydraulic forces on and stability of the emergency gate under various flows Including free flow over the lock miter sill; 2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; 3) gate wheel reactions and sill roller reactions at given positions; and 4) head loss through

the bridge decking.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. McALPINE

District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduced a six- mile reach of the Ohio River including

adjacent overbank areas, the locks and dam structures, and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions. Purposes of the model study were to: determine

the effects of location, size, and alinement

of the dam on stages and currents in the upper pool; determine the effects of location,

size, and alinement of a new approach

channel on navigation and surge conditions; determine the best location for a new navi- gable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad

bridge; determine a method of operating the dam for optimum navigation conditions; study

navigation conditions in the lower approach

as affected by flow through dam, powerhouse,

and lock-emptying system; and provide a means for navigation interests to satisfy them- selves as to the acceptability of the pro- posed plan by observing the model in oper- ation . Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT

BAY, RHODE ISLAND. Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Boston, Massachusetts.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an adjacent portion of the Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide generator

reproduces normal tides throughout the model, and a separate, manually operated generator

reproduces hurricane tides of the desired characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans for prevention of hurricanetide damage have been proposed. The relati\e and absolute effectiveness of these plans in reducing hurricane-tide elevations throughout

the bay system were determined and the effects

of the best plan on such important factors

as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity, and shoaling for normal conditions were investigated. Fresh water only is used in the model during tests of the proposed

barrier plans, but both salt and fresh water

are used In tests to determine the effects

of barrier plans on all significant factors

for normal conditions. Model appurtenances

consist of automatic tide gages to record

both hurricane-tide and normal-tide ele- vations at critical points, recording

salinity meters, recording dye meters for observing pollution and/or flushing

characteristics, current velocity meters,

190
and equipment for simulating shoaling of the channels and other navigation facilities.

(f) Completed.

(g) Model tests Indicated that barriers should

not be located in the central portions of the bay because of excessive buildup of surge heights downstream from such barriers; that

a lower bay barrier alone could not satisfy

the requirements of the Navy and at the

same time afford the desired reductions in surge heights at upstream locations, but that the combination of a gated structure at Fox Point for the protection of Providence

with a system of lower bay barriers with ungated openings could satisfy the require- ments of the Navy for maximum current velocities and at the same time provide

hurricane-surge protection throughout the bay system. However, the current velocities

and patterns in the ungated navigation

openings would not be safe for navigation

by all craft which use Narragansett Bay. The recommended barrier scheme includes a battery of gated openings as well as the ungated navigation openings in both the East

and West Passage barriers. The addition of these gated openings should provide a satis- factory solution to the velocity problem.

The recommended plan, if authorized for

construction, will be tested to determine the exact effects on the salinity regimen of the bay on the rates and patterns of diffusion

and flushing of wastes, and on shoaling of the navigation channels.

(h) "Protection of Narragansett Bay from Hurricane Surges, Summary Report; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-662, October 1964. (Available on loan.

)

(2681) SCALE-EFFECT TESTS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) Tests are being conducted by the Coastal Engineering Research Center, under the super- vision of the Waterways Experiment Station,

to investigate the effects of model scale on the results of experimentally determined

criteria for the design of rubble-mound

breakwaters. Stability tests have been made

of a breakwater slope of 1 on 1-1/2 using

wave periods of 2.61, 3.75, 7.87, and 11.33

seconds. Tests in the Coastal Engineering

Research Center wave flume (15 feet by 20 feet by 635 feet) using a linear scale of 7.5 to 1 based on the tests conducted in the Waterways Experiment Station 5- by 4- by 119- foot wave flume were temporarily suspended.

Stability tests have also been conducted in

the Waterways Experiment Station small wave

flume (1 foot by 1.5 feet by Si feet) using

a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted

in the 5- by 4- by US-foot wave flume. Therefore, data on the stability of rubble- mound breakwaters will be available for

three different linear scales, 0.5 to 1,

1 to 1, and 7.5 to 1. Test data from the Coastal Engineering Research Center wave

flume will be correlated with data from the

'waterways Experiment Station flumes. Testing

of 75-pound quadripods in the Coastal Engineering Research Center's large wave flume was completed. Analysis of data was in progress.

12931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer

District, New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleans, Louisana.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel realinements, and contraction works) in elimi- nating or reducing the periodic maintenance

now required in order for deep-draft vessels

to navigate the jetty and bar channels of Southwest Pass, the lower 12 miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of the Gulf of Mexico were reproduced in a fixed-bed model

to scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and

1:100 vertically. Tides, tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico, and saltwater and freshwater

flows in Southwest Pass and the bar channel were reproduced in the model. Shoaling

studies were made by Introducing various mixtures of plastic materials into the model

to simulate prototype shoaling materials and

thus reproduce in the model the patterns and distribution of shoaling that occur in the prototype

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING, HUDSON RIVER, N. Y.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N. Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive, fixed-bed model, constructed

to linear scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:1,000 horizontally, is being used to determine the source of material shoaling

the Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater and Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this

shoaling. The model reproduces Upper and Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson

River to Hyde Park, East River to Throgs

Neck, and tributaries flowing into the modeled bodies of water. Provisions are included for reproducing tides, freshwater

discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling. Another model, reproducing the Hudson River between pier 21 (Duane Street) and West

158th Street, Manhattan, to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:300 horizontally, and including provisions for simulating tides, tidal currents, and shoaling of navigation

slips is being used to determine the causes

of shoaling in the pier slips in New York

Harbor, and to develop plans for alleviating

this shoaling.

(h) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

(3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM, MONONGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania

.

d) Experimental; for desigh.

e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures, was used to study approach condi- tions under various river flows and methods

of operation of control gates; to determine

effects of design modifications; to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions; and to demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability

of the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

.

f) Completed.

g) Tests indicated that modification of the left abutment of the dam and the left bank

improved current alinement along the left

side of the channel and reduced velocities

in the lower lock approach. Modification of the right bank downstream of the lower guide

wall provided additional maneuver area without appreciably affecting navigation con- ditions. Tests indicated the maximum discharges which could be passed without

overtopping the cofferdams during various

phases of construction, velocities with the cofferdams in place, and the effects of the cofferdams on navigation during construction.

(h) "Navigation Conditions at Maxwell Locks and

Dam, Monongahela River; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-672, in publication. (Available on loan .

)

191
(3243) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4, MONONGAHELA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures

was used to determine the effects of modi- fications to the existing locks and dam on navigation conditions, and to develop

modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3584) MODEL STUDIES OF RED ROCK DAM, DES MOINES

RIVER, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Disrict, Rock Island, Corps of Engineers,

Rock Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model that reproduced 900 feet of the approach channel above the spillway, an 825-foot-wide section along the dam, the spillway, conduits, stilling basin, and 575 feet of the outlet channel, and a 1:16 model

that reproduced one conduit and a 16-footwide portion of the spillway and stilling

basin were used to study flow conditions in the approach, particularly at the abutments,

to verify stilling basin and training wall

design, to evaluate reduction in conduit

flow during combined operation, to determine the need for armor plate at the outlet portal, and to study the effects of deflectors above the conduit outlet portals.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3586) MODEL STUDY OF HOPPER DRAGHEAD.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To develop improved dragheads designed to attain a greater rate of Intake of solids when dredging mud and silt mixtures (soft

materials) and dredging densely packed, fine

sand (hard material), an Investigation was conducted In a 60- by 10-foot flume containing various types of bed material.

The draghead and suction line, constructed to

a scale of 1:6, were connected to a suction pump mounted on a double carriage that pro- vides travel, both longitudinally and transversely, along the top of the flume.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3590) MODEL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF HURRICANE BARRIER

ON NAVIGATION CONDITIONS IN EAST PASSAGE, NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A barrier across East Passage has been

proposed to limit the quantity of water entering Narragansett Bay from hurricane

surges. A 1:150 model of East Passage was used to examine ship navigation conditions

with respect to barrier location and its navigation opening under current, wave, and wind conditions created by astronomical

tides and hurricane surges. A self-propelled,

radio-controlled, model aircraft carrier,

dynamically similar to its prototype, was used in the tests. Two section models,

reproducing the barrier to scales of 1:50 and 1:150, were used to determine the effects of approach depth, roughness of the barrier, model scale, and weir design on the discharge characteristics of the navigation

opening. In addition, the l:150-scale,

3-dimensional model was used to determine

the discharge characteristics of two weir

plans

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3597) CORRUGATED PIPE ROUGHNESS STUDY.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, and Bureau of Public Roads,

Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This was a general investigation to determine

a resistance coefficient and the law of velocity distribution for flow In structural- plate corrugated pipe. A fiber-glass test section reproducing a 5-foqt-diameter

standard corrugated pipe at a scale of 1:4 was tested in order to obtain additional data on the resistance coefficient and velocity

distribution and to correlate model work with full-scale tests. Fiber-glass test sections reproducing a 5-foot-, 10-foot-, and 20-foob- diameter structural-plate pipe at scales of 1:2.2, 1:8, and 1:16, respectively, were tested to determine the effect of relative roughness upon the resistance coefficient

and velocity distribution. The hydraulic

gradient and the energy loss through 20- to 80-dlameter lengths of test section were established by piezometers located at 5-foot intervals. These piezometers were 1/8 inch in diameter, on center of the crests of the corrugations, and four in number around

the periphery of the pipe. Velocity traverses were made by means of calibrated pltot

tubes at several locations along the test section for determination of the velocity

distribution

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3902) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; field investigation.

(e) The movement of sediment in the vicinity of the Galveston Bay jetty was investigated by

use of radioactive gold-impregnated glass. The glass was ground to the particle size of the natural sediment. In the first series

of tests, the activated, gold-Impregnated

glass was deposited at three locations on the north side of the jetty, and the paths of the particles were traced by Instruments from a small boat. Readings were procured over a period of about one week. It was expected

that the tidal action, littoral current, and wind waves would move the material around the end of the jetty and/or through the jetty.

In a second series of tests, the tracer material was deposited at five additional locations north of the north Jetty. These locations extended the area under study beyad the end of the jetty. A third series of tests was conducted in which material was placed at three locations outside the south

jetty.

(h) Final reports in preparation.

(3903) MODEL STUDY OF TSUNAMIS AT HILO HARBOR, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Honolulu, Corps of Engineers,

Honolulu, Hawaii.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A comprehensive, fixed-bed model is being

used by the U. S. Army Engineer District,

Honolulu, to determine the optimum breakwater plan to decrease wave and surge action in the harbor so that troublesome and damaging ship motion at piers 1, 2, and 3 will be alleviated, and to investigate effects of different plans of construction on reduction of damage

to the city of HIIo from tsunamis. The model

Is about 62 feet wide and 92 feet long, with

a vertical scale of 1:200 and horizontal

scale of 1:600. The model is contoured

from 200 feet above to 300 feet below mean

lower low water. This model area of 2,286

square feet is comprised of 12- by 12-foot

sections with jacked supports to compensate

for differential settlement of the foundation. The model area also includes a

192
1,809-square-foot concrete slab In tne wave generator pit. The wave generator is com- prised of 8 pneumatic chambers, each being

6 by 8 by 10 feet. A programmer operates

the generator to simulate tsunami waves,

(g) (1) Fairly good model similitude was obtained. The prototype tsunami data of water heights

at key locations, limits of runup, and marigrams were duplicated with reasonable

success in the model. (2) Theoretical

analyses concerning the behavior of the reflected wave off the high cliffs along

the Hamakua Coast were verified in the model.

The tests indicated that a large percentage

of the destruction caused by the 1946 and

1960 tsunamis was the direct result of this reflected wave. (3) It was decided to adopt

the 1946 and 1960 tsunamis as the design waves for barrier tests. Testing to achieve duplication of these waves met with fairly

good results. The 1946 tsunami was satis- factorily recorded and preliminary tests for

the 1960 tsunami Indicated favorable results.

(4) Preliminary barrier plans were tested,

using the design waves obtained. These

tests Indicated two or three barrier plans

that might solve the tsunami problem in Hilo Harbor. These tests Indicated that

it was highly possible that the breakwater

alinement and crest elevations could be determined in the existing model, thereby

eliminating the necessity of going into Phase II of the project.

(3906) POWER PLANT TRANSIENTS TESTS, GARRISON AND

OAHE DAMS, MISSOURI RIVER, NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

Division, Missouri River, and District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District, Omaha,

Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) Hydraulic prototype measurements of power (3908) plant transients at Oahe and Garrison Dam have been made to evaluate results of a compre- hensive digital computer study made by the (b) sponsoring offices, and to determine extent

to which operation corresponds to design in order to develop a solution of the entire (d) problem of power plant transients, with primary (e) emphasis on governing stability. For different

plant loadings, instantaneous pressure values

at a number of locations in the power tunnel,

the surge tank system, turbine scroll case, and draft tube were obtained simultaneously

with instantaneous values of tunnel velocity,

reservoir and tailwater elevations, turbine

speed and gate opening, power output, and other elements (including governor system)

.

Pressure and water level were measured with

electrical pressure transducers, velocities

were easured with pressure transducers mounted in probes projecting into the flow and connected to pitot-static tubes on cross

struts in the penstock, and mechanical and electrical values were obtained with (h) appropriate transducers. Measurements were recorded on about 90 channels of oscillograph (3909) and magnetic tape recorders. Data are being digitized by the Omaha District for computer analyses. (b) SHOALING PROCESSES. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department [ej of the Army, Washington, D.C. Experimental; for design.

The annual cost to the Federal Government of maintaining navigable channels in tidal waterways is estimated to be of the order of $60,000,000. The Corps of Engineers Com- mittee on Tidal Hydraulics has concluded

that a thorough study of shoaling processes (f) in tidal waterways would lead to improvements

in channel design, dredging, and spoiling (3911) practices, and other maintenance techniques

which would reduce this large expenditure. (b) The Committee concludes that the following program of research is essential in arriving

at the objective of reducing maintenance (d)

(3907)

(b)

(d)

cost: (1) Flume studies to determine the basic laws involved in the movement and deposition of muddy sediments; (2) flume

studies to determine effects of repetitive

scour and deposition on sedimentation; (3) the development of techniques for using

radioactive tracers for observing the move- ment and deposition of sediments in nature;

(4) the development of a simple and accurate Instrument for in-place measurement of tur- bidity; (5) a study of the physical, chemical and hydraulic factors involved in the stabill zation of deposits in navigable channels;

(6) determination of the effects of floccu- lation on shoaling; (7) prototype studies aimed at correlation of sedimentation phenom- ena in tidal waterways with physical, chemical, hydraulic, salinity, and other significant factors; and (8) classification of the sediments which constitute all major repetitive shoals In tidal waterways. Item (1) has been completed, and all pertinent

reports have been published; item (2) is presently inactive; item (3) is in active

status by the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station and U. S. Army Engineer

Districts, Galveston and Wilmington; item

(4) is presently inactive; item (5) was completed by the University of California, under terms of a contract with U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, and

a preliminary report on the results of this

study was prepared and submitted to the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics; item (6) is under study by the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics and Waterways Experiment Station,

and a program of field research on this item has been formulated; and items (7) and

(8) are in progress by the Waterways Experiment Station. No definite conclusions have

yet been reached as a result of these studies

.

MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION ENTRANCE TO ARKANSAS RIVER. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model reproducing to scales of 1:600 horizontally and 1:100 vertically

about 33 miles of the Mississippi River near

the mouths of the White and Arkansas Rivers,

57 miles of the lower Arkansas River, 12 mile of the lower White River, and the major

portion of the White-Arkansas River backwater

area was used for the investigation. The model was used to demonstrate alternate

routes for the entrance to the Arkansas River navigation project, flow patterns, nature of overbank flow, effect of Arkansas-White

Cutoff, and problems related to the location

and alinement of the navigation entrance to the Arkansas River from the Mississippi

River

.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF HANNIBAL LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Fenna. Experimental; for design.

A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model reproducing about 4 miles of the Ohio

River and the lock and dam structures is being used to study navigation conditions

in the approaches to the locks, determine suitability of the selected site, and de- velop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions found. Suspended. MODEL STUDY OF MATAGORDA SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas. Experimental; for design.

193
(ej The fixed-bed model, constructed to scale ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduced about 800 square miles

of prototype area, including all of Matagorda

Bay, part of the connecting bay system, and

a portion of the Gulf of Mexico adjacent to Pass Cavallo. Tides and tidal currents were reproduced by one primary and one secondary

tide generator, and fresh-water discharges

of tributaries, together with the rainfall

over the area, are Introduced by means of weirs and flowmeters. Salt water was used in the model gulf to reproduce the prototype salinity regimen, and provisions

were made for the injection of silt in the model for measurements of deposits on

the bed of the model. Studies were made

to determine: (1) The best location for the entrance channel; (2) the best route for the channel from the entrance to Point Comfort;

(3) such protective works as may be required

in the interests of navigation and maintenance of the channel; and (4) the effects of the deep-draft navigation channel on the salinity regimen of the bay system.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3912) MODEL STUDY OF GALVESTON BAY (HARBOR), TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A movable-bed model, with scale ratios of 1:500 horizontally and 1:100 vertically,

reproduces about 174.5 square miles of proto- type area, including a small portion of Galveston Bay and a portion of the Gulf of Mexico extending 8 miles north of the north

Jetty, 6-1/2 miles south of the south jetty, and offshore to about the 50-foot contour of ( depth. Tides, tidal currents, littoral

currents, and wave action in the Gulf of Mexico are reproduced. Studies have been made to determine: (1) Plans for relocation

and stabilization of the jetty channel on an alinement and depth suitable for navigation

of supertankers; (2) means of protecting the north jetty from undermining action of tidal currents; (3) shoaling characteristics of the relocated and deepened jetty (inner bar) channel and plans for minimizing shoaling; and (4) shoaling characteristics of the deepened outer bar channel; (5) construction

procedures to be used in the prototype while constructing plan 2 channel realignment; and

(6) shoaling characteristics of three pro- posed jetty modifications in conjunction

with the plan 2 channel realinement. Tracer

tests to investigate possible return of dredge spoil from the sea disposal area were

also conducted,

(g) (1) The jetty modification tests indicated that

the outer 3,000 feet of the north Jetty car. be allowed to deteriorate to about elevation

-12 feet MLT without detrimental effects on

the shoaling characteristics of the entrance.

(2) The tracer tests of possible return of dredge spoil from the sea disposal area in- dicated that wave directions south of about

345°E cause movement of bottom sediments

toward and into the outer shoal area, while

wave directions east of about S45°E do not move bottom sediment into the channel. These

tests also indicated that most of the material which moves toward or into the channel originates In the northeasterly one-third of the disposal area, while material movement

from the remaining two-thirds is generally

to the east beach area south of the south

Jetty.

(3914) MODEL STUDY FOR MODERNIZATION OF EXISTING

LOCK, McALFINE LOCKS, OHIO RIVER.

lb) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(ej A 1:25 model which reproduced the filling and

(h)

3915)

(b)

(d)

(h)

3916)

w

(d)

(g)

(h)

emptying system was used to develop feasible modifications which will improve prototype

performance

.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, GERING VALLEY

PROJECT, GERING VALLEY, NEBRASKA. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska

.

Experimental; for design.

The Gering Valley project in western Nebraska will consist of low rectangular drop struc- tures designed for alluvial channels, a series of which will be located in the main

Gering drain as well as in the tributaries. Structure widths will vary from 6 to 33 feet and lengths from 16 to 47 feet, with drop

heights of 5 and 10 feet. A l:12-scale

model and a l:33-scale model were used to examine the hydraulic performance of the drop structures with particular interest in basin performance, discharge capacity, and the extent and size of riprap required upstream

and downstream of structure. Each model reproduced a typical drop structure, adjacent overbank areas, and about 300 feet of the approach and exit areas. The smaller scale model permitted more rapid modifications of

the structure. Tests were conducted of 15 drop structure designs. These tests in- volved: (1) observation of flow conditions

and investigation of scour tendencies above

and below the structures; (2) effect of such factors as basin length, basin elements, and

sill height and basin wall position; and (3) determination of riprap size and placement.

Final report in preparation. MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, OAHE DAM, RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA. MISSOURI

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha Nebraska

.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 model reproduced the remote, gated

control structure which will serve as the spillway, the stilling basin, and approximately 1,700 feet of approach and 1,200

feet of exit channel. The model study was concerned with: (1) flow characteristics

in the approach and exit channels; (2) dis- charge data for the spillway gates without downstream submergence; (3) the shape,

arrangement, and locations of baffles for dispersal of energy downstream from the gate structure; (4) feasibility of a simple type

of transition between the structure and the discharge channel; and (5) velocities on

the apron below the structure and in a portion of the unlined exit channel. Test results indicated that, while the spillway as originally designed functioned

satisfactorily, a conventional-type stilling

basin was not appropriate because of the lack of residual tail-water to force a hydraulic jump. A shallow, rectangular

basin was developed which dispersed the smaller flows and eliminated surface waves

noted at the larger flows with the original

design basin. A schedule for use in operation of the spillway gates was developed. This schedule when used in conjunction

with the shallow basin was the optimum method

of dissipating flows on the apron until downstream submergence occurred. Tests of the exit channel indicated that sector walls

could replace the concrete transitions below the rectangular section of the basin. The paved apron could be reduced in length

some 45 feet, and the riprap section could

also be reduced in length.

"Spillway for Oahe Dam, Missouri River, South Dakota; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S.Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

Technical Report No. 2-657, Sept. 1964. (Available on loan.)

194
(3917) GENERAL SPILLWAY MODEL TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D.C.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on various elements of spill- ways to develop improved designs and to better define values of coefficients used

in design formulas. A flume 70 feet long

by 6 feet wide and 6 feet high comprises the test facility. Section models designed for

study of particular elements of spillways are Installed in the test flume. A series of tests was conducted on weirs of various

heights to determine optimum shape from a consideration of discharge coefficients and pressures

.

(4382) HYDRAULIC PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Field investigations for applied research

and design.

(e) The hydraulic prototype testing program of the Corps of Engineers is coordinated for complete coverage of needed testing, pre- vention of unnecessary duplication of testing

facilities and tests, recommendations of instrument installations at projects where physical and hydraulic conditions will be suitable for obtaining data, and investigation

of prototype hydraulic performance. Personnel

and equipment are made available to Corps of Engineers Districts conducting hydraulic

field tests. Assistance also is given in planning test facilities, analyzing data, and preparing reports. Hydraulic prototype

tests related to and conducted partly under

this study are described in Item 4397 on McAlpine Lock emergency gate tests; item 3906 on power plant transients tests; item

5249 on prototype hawser-stress measurements, Jackson Lock, Tombigbee River, Ala.; item

5242 on culvert pressure tests, Greenup

Locks and Dam, Ohio River, Ky. and Ohio; item 5243 on prototype pressure tests, Nolin

Dam, Nolin River, Ky.; and Acoustic Flow- meter Installation and Protytype Tests of Outlet. Works, Summersville Dam, Gauley River, West Virginia

.

(g) Tests of the emergency gate performance of McAlpine Lock indicated stable gate operation under relatively severe flow conditions. Gate vibration was very low with no tendency

to increase, Indicating no elastic resonance with any fluctuating hydraulic load. Good agreement was found between prototype obser- vations and results of a model study of the

gate. Gate hoist loads were somewhat higher

in the prototype than in the model, the variation being attributed to differences in gate construction or higher seal and reactionroller friction in the prototype.

(h) "Emergency Gate Performance, McAlpine Lock, Ohio River, Kentucky; Hydraulic Prototype

Tests." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No.

2-622, February 1964. (Available on loan.)

(4383) MODEL STUDY OF TURTLE CREEK CHANNEL

IMPROVEMENT, PENNSYLVANIA

.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To evaluate proposed channel improvements

and determine the necessity for raising

bridges and modifying piers and abutments,

a 1:50 model reproducing the lower 7,700

feet of Turtle Creek channel was used. The model included provisions for testing plans

with the existing and improved channels in the lower, 1,500-foot reach of the channel.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4384) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, PROCTOR RESERVOIR,

LEON RIVER, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:40 model reproducing a center bay and adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin, and 300 feet of approach

and exit areas, was used to verify the adequacy of the proposed shape for under- designed crests of low weirs with upstream

faces sloping 3 on 2 and 3 on 3; to verify

the accuracy of assumed discharge coefficients; and to determine the magnitude of pressures on the weir. Results will be used

for this and other projects in the Fort Worth District.

If) Completed.

(g) Decreasing depth of approach Increased weir

coefficients slightly; however, pier con- traction coefficients were also increased.

A crest shape tangent to upstream face of weir provided optimum pressure conditions

and discharge coefficients. Cover plates

were used over the bulkhead slots to reduce negative pressures in this area.

(h) "Spillway for Proctor Dam, Leon River,

Texas; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-645, March 1964. (Available on loan.)

(4385) MODEL STUDY OF BELLEVILLE LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, OHIO AND WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project Involves construction of a nonnavigable-type dam with parallel locks; the main lock will be 1,200 feet by 110 feet and the auxiliary lock 600 feet by 110

feet. A 1:120 fixed-bed model reproducing

about 3 miles of the river was used to study

navigation conditions in the lock approaches

and the effects of the structures on flood

stages

.

(f) Suspended.

(4386) MODEL STUDY OF HOLT LOCK AND DAM, WARRIOR

RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:80 model, reproducing the structures,

4,800 feet of the approach channel and 4,800 feet of the exit channel, was used to study flow conditions in the lock approaches

and in the approach and exit channels for all arrangements of the structures. A 1:36 section model reproducing one full bay and

two adjacent half bays of the spillway and stilling basin was utilized for studies

of the adequacy of the weir and stilling

basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 800

feet of the lock approach channel, intake manifolds, the 670-foot lock chamber,

culverts, bottom laterals, outlet stilling

basin, and 730 feet of the downstream exit channel was used to study various types of filling and emptying systems to determine

the most advantageous system from the standpoints of rate of operations, degree of turbulence, and economy. A 1:15 model of

a culvert valve was used to study proposed

valve designs,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4387) MODEL STUDY OF WILLOW SPRINGS AND SAG JUNCTION DIVERSIONS, CHICAGO SANITARY AND

SHIP CANAL, ILLINOIS.

(b) Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater

Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests were conducted on two 1:60 models,

reproducing the diversion channels and a

195
portion of the sanitary and Ship Canal

at each location, to determine the effect

of crosscurrents on navigation and to verify or further develop the hydraulic

design of the diversion channels and ap- purtenant hydraulic structures. A 1:16 (g) section model was used for study of control structures

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4388) SECTION MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, TYPICAL LOW HEAD NAVIGATION DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model, reproducing a 5-foot depth of approach channel, one 60-foot gate

bay and two adjacent half bays, the spillway,

stilling basin, and outlet channel, was used to determine optimum gate sill and pier

nose shapes, spillway capacity with full and

partial gate openings for both free and sub- merged flows, stilling basin performance,

and riprap requirements for a typical low- (4391) head navigation dam. Additional tests (which will be reported in an appendix to the final

report) were initiated to (a) investigate the (t>) possibility of eliminating stilling basins

at certain structures founded on rock and with considerable tailwater cushion, (b) (d) determine flow conditions and velocities \e) downstream of a trapezoidal gate sill, and

(c) determine stilling basin performance and riprap requirements for the conditions of locks and dams 5 and 7. (f) Completed.

(g) Test results of the main study indicated

that: (a) The parabola, X

2 = 40Y, is the optimum gate sill shape; (b) an oglval pier

nose is slightly more efficient than a semi- circular nose; (c) apron elevations in the range of elevations tested do not affect dis- charge characteristics; (d) one row of 4-foot- (g) high baffle piers and a 3-on-4 sloping, 4-foot- high end sill comprise the optimum stilling

basin; (e) riprap downstream of the stilling

basin is most stable when placed on a l-on-6

slope; and (f) extension of the gate piers

from the toe of the gate sill to the end of

the stilling basin produces a more uniform

scour pattern in the exit channel. The additional tests (described in (e)) Indicated (4392) that the elimination of stilling basins was

not practical for the conditions investigated. However, a 40-foot-long, horizontal apron (b) terminated by a 4-foot-high sloping end sill M)

provided satisfactory performance and was ( e ) found to be more effective in dissipating

energy than were various roller buckets.

(h) "Spillway for Typical Low-Head Navigation

Dam, Arkansas River, Arkansas; Hydraulic

Model Investigation". U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-655, September 1964.

(4390) MODEL STUDY OF CANNELTON LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO

RIVER, INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Eng1 neer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers, (f) Louisville, Kentucky. (g)

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project involves the construction of a nonnavigable dam with parallel locks, the main lock to have clear dimensions of 1200

by 110 feet and an auxiliary lock, 600 by

110 feet. A 1:120 model reproducing about

9 miles of the river is used for investigation of navigation conditions in the lock approaches, effects of the structures

on flood stages, to obtain data for development of rating curves, and to determine the effect of powerhouse installation on flow

and navigation conditions. A 1:25 model,

reproducing 500 feet of the lock approach

channel, intake manifolds, the 1270-foot

lock chamber, culvert, sldewall port (h) manifolds, outlets, and 200 feet of the

downstream exit channel is being used to determine the suitability of a sldewall port filling system under heads and sub- mergences which will obtain at other locks

on the Ohio River. Tests on the 1:120 model indicated that the powerhouse should be placed on an angle of 7 degrees 45 minutes with the axis of the

dam, and that satisfactory navigation con- ditions could be obtained during floods by

degrading a portion of the left overbank

upstream of the powerhouse entrance channel. Lock model tests Indicated that satisfactory

performance should be obtained with a sldewall port arrangement for a 110- by 1200- foot lock based on the following recommendations: (1) Port-area to culvert-area ratios

should be about 0.95. (2) Ports should be spaced 28 feet on centers. (3) The port group should extend over about 50 percent

of the lock chamber, and be centered In the chamber. (4) Triangular deflectors or recesses are desirable at the upstream one- third of the ports. MODEL STUDY OF LOCK AND DAM NO. 3, ARKANSAS

RIVER, ARKANSAS. District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas. Experimental; for design.

A movable-bed model reproducing about 13 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank area, constructed to a scale of

1 to 120 horizontally and 1 to 80 vertically,

is being used to determine the suitability of the proposed site for the lock and dam structure, the effects of proposed regulating works in the vicinity including a cutoff, and modifications which might be required to provide adequate channel depths In the lock approaches and safe navigation conditions

with minimum maintenance. Indications of the relative scour and scour patterns which could be expected with dif- ferent cofferdam plans and degree of protection required were determined. A dike will be required along the left bank extending upstream above the upper guard

wall to eliminate navigation difficulties

with overbank flow. EXTENSION OF LA GUARDIA FIELD RUNWAY, NEW

YORK. Port of New York Authority.

Experimental; for design. The existing New York Harbor model was used for tests to determine the effects of certain proposed fills or pile-supported

structures In East River, for the purpose of extending the North-South and East-West runways at La Guardia Airport,

on the hydraulic and flushing characteristics

of the surrounding areas. The fills or

the pile-supported structures would close Rikers Island Channel to navigation;

therefore, the plan tested included an alternate route for deep-draft vessels

now using the channel. Completed

.

Tests of solid fills showed that such plans would have detrimental effects on the flushing of pollutants discharged in the vicinity. Tests of the pile-supported

structures showed that these plans would

have no major effects on the hydraulic

regimens of the problem area. Current

strengths in adjacent reaches of East River would be increased slightly, but would still

be well below existing maximum currents in other areas. Crosscurrents at the entrance

to the alternate ship channel might create navigation problems for ships entering or leaving this channel during strengths of flood or ebb, but no problem should exist

at or near times of current slack. "Effects of Proposed Runway Extensions at LaGuardia Airport on Tides, Currents,

196
Shoaling, and Dye Dispersion; Hydraulic

Model Investigation". U. 3. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Paper No. 2-641, April 1964. (Available on loan.

)

(4395) DISPERSION STUDIES IN NEW YORK HARBOR MODEL.

(b) Interstate Sanitation Committee.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The existing New York Harbor model was used

for a comprehensive study of the diffusion

patterns from most of the major sewer out- falls in New York Harbor. Model tests were conducted using conservative fluorescent dyes

as tracers, and the results will be used for planning the construction of additional

sewage treatment facilities. Results were furnished by the Interstate Sanitation

Commission for analysis.

(f) Completed.

(4396) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA RIVER ESTUARY, ENTRANCE TO OAK POINT, OREGON AND

WASHINGTON.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Portland, Corps of Engineers,

Portland, Oregon.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The model reproduces the lower 52 miles

of the Columbia River and pertinent offshore

areas to linear scales of 1:500 horizontally

and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal

currents, density currents, waves, and other phenomena significant to the movement and deposition of sediments are reproduced

and studied. All portions of the model are presently of the fixed-bed type, while some portions are to be converted to the movablebed type at a later date. The purposes of the study are to determine the need for and

to develop optimum plans for rehabilitation

of existing jetties and proposed additional

improvements; to investigate future shoaling

developments in the entrance channel and in the reach between the entrance and Oak Point, and means of alleviating such shoaling; and

to investigate existing and proposed spoildisposal areas to establish locations that will not permit movement of material back to the channel

.

(g) Fixed-bed shoaling tests indicated that a substantial reduction in entrance channel shoaling (perhaps as great as 20 percent)

might be realized by allowing the outer 2,000

feet of the south Jetty, which is immediately

shoreward of the existing terminal block,

to be degraded to elevation -15 mean lower low water. Similar tests on the north jetty indicated a slight reduction of entrance

channel shoaling if that Jetty is restored to original conditions. Movable-bed studies

are scheduled for both the north and south Jetties to determine their optimum lengths.

Velocity measurements indicated that if the Sand Island dikes are allowed to deteriorate,

the shores of the islands will erode rather

rapidly. Fixed-bed shoaling tests indicated

that material placed in Disposal Areas C and

D will not migrate into the navigation

channel

.

(4397) PROTOTYPE TESTS OF EMERGENCY GATE, McALPINE

LOCKS, OHIO RIVER, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engrs., Louisville, Ky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Prototype measurements of the forces acting

on the downstream leaf of a two-leaf, verti- cal-lift emergency gate (531 kips dry weight) were made to determine acceptability of the gate under flowing water conditions. Measure- ments included tension in the dead end of the hoist fall lines, gate-end elevations, and gate vibration. The prototype downpull

and gate vibration were compared with the results of a model study.

f) Completed.

g) Results of the tests indicated stable gate

operation under relatively severe flow conditions. Gate vibration was very low with no tendency to Increase, indicating no elastic resonance with any fluctuating

hydraulic load. Good agreement was found

between prototype observations and results

of a model study of the gate. Gate hoist

loads were somewhat higher in the prototype

than in the model, the variation being

attributed to differences in gate con- struction or higher seal and reaction-roller

friction in the prototype.

(h) "Emergency Gate Performance, McAlpine Lock, Ohio River, Kentucky; Hydraulic Prototype

Tests". U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-622, February 1964.

(4398) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, AMISTAD DAM, RIO GRANDE

.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer

District, Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers,

Fort Worth, Texas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:70 model reproducing one-half of the river for a distance of 1,500 feet upstream

and 2,500 feet downstream, one powerhouse,

and one-half of the 950-foot-wide, 16-bay

structure including the spillway and stilling

basin was used to verify the capacity of the ogee weir, and to determine (1) the hydrostatic pressures on the spillway crest and

gate piers, (2) the performance of both a horizontal apron and a double-stage stilling

basin, and (3) optimum length and height of spillway and stilling basin training walls.

f) Completed.

g) The theoretical spillway rating curve and

the expected hydrostatic pressures on the weir crest were In close agreement with

those determined with the model. Stilling

basin performance of the original design was found to be unsatisfactory. However, satis- factory stilling basin designs were de- veloped for three apron elevations. The height of the original spray wall was found

to be inadequate due to the effect of the abutment on the water-surface profile. The original height and length of the stilling

basin training walls were found to be the optimum.

(h) "Spillway for Amlstad Dam, Rio Grande,

Mexico and United States; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No.

2-653, August 1964. (Available on loan.)

(4593) MODEL STUDIES OF MILLERS FERRY LOCK AND DAM, ALABAMA RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

dl Experimental; for design.

e) The project will include a nonnavigable dam with a gated and an overflow section, a lock on the left bank having clear dimensions of 600 by 84 feet, and a powerhouse. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 3.1 miles

of river, will be used to investigate navi- gation conditions through an existing

bridge and in the lock approaches, the ef- fects of the structures on flood stages, and

the effects of powerhouse operations on navigation conditions. A 1:50 model of a section of the gated portion of the dam,

reproducing 600 feet of the approach

channel, a 50-foot-wide gate bay with piers

and 28.5 feet of each adjacent gate bay, a 125-f oot-wide section of the stilling basin, and 700 feet of the exit area, was used

to determine flow characteristics over the spillway and verify the adequacy of the stilling basin design. A 1:25 model reproducing 700 feet of the lock approach

channel, the 600- by 84-foot lock chamber,

the entire culvert system, and 800 feet of

197
the downstream exit channel Is being used to study the suitability of the longitudinal floor culvert system for filling and emptying the lock under heads and submergences

which will obtain at the site.

(f) Tests completed; final reports on 1:100 and 1:25 models in preparation.

(g) Results in the spillway section model indi- cated that flow separated from the downstream

face of the original gate sill, and a parabolic shape was added to guide flow into

the stilling basin. The spillway rating

curves were determined with full and partial

gate openings for both gate sill shapes. The stilling basin as originally designed

functioned satisfactorily below the curved

sill shape, but alterations were tested in an effort to reduce construction costs. Alterations consisted of (1) shortening the apron by 10 feet, and (2) sloping the apron

down on a l-on-20 slope from the toe of the gate sill to the end sill. The altered basins were not as efficient as the original

design; therefore, the original design was

recommended. Results in general model

indicated the need for modification of the excavation along the left bank to facilitate

the movement of downbound tows leaving the

lock. In the lock studies, two satisfactory

floor culvert arrangements were developed.

One arrangement was adapted to the particular

foundation conditions existing at the Millers

Ferry Lock site which confined the culvert

system to the middle third of the lock

chamber. The second arrangement was de- veloped for locations with less restrictive

foundation conditions.

(h) "Spillway, Millers Ferry Lock and Dam, Alabama River, Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investigation". U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-643, February 1964. (Available on loan .

)

(4594) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, SHELBYVILLE DAM, KASKASKIA RIVER, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

St. Louis, Corps of Engineers, St. Louis,

Missouri

.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1 : 40 model reproducing 1,550 feet of the approach channel, the gated spillway with sloping chute leading to a conventional

hydraulic- jump type stilling basin, a portion of the earth embankment on each

side of the spillway, outlet works con- sisting of two sluices beneath the 9-foot- wlde crest piers, and 1,150 feet of the exit channel was used to study the overall hydraulic performance of the spillway and outlets of the sluices, and to verify chute

and stilling basin designs.

f) Tests completed.

g) Adeo.uate spillway capacity and flow con- ditions at the abutments were obtained by

placing rock dikes at the abutment to guide

flow into the weir. The diversion blockout

located in the center gate bay was found to be adequate and satisfactory for the re- lease of the expected diversion flows.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4595) MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, OUACHITA RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Vlcksburg, Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg,

Mississippi

.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project Involves construction of a cutoff channel about 5,600 feet long with a bottom width of 522 feet, a gated structure (consisting of four tainter gates each 50 feet wide and 26 feet high) located about midway of the cutoff, a 200-f oot-wide navigable pass on the right of the dam, and

a 600- by 84-foot lock on the left. A 1:100 model, reproducing about 2.6 miles of

the river, was used to investigate navigation

conditions in the approaches to the lock and navigable pass, and the effects of the structures on flood stages,

(f) Final report in preparation.

(4596) MODEL STUDY OF OVERFLOW EMBANKMENTS FOR LOW HEAD DAM ON ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:4 model reproducing a 40-foot-wide

section of overflow embankment including

90 feet of approach channel, the embank- ment with upstream and downstream

slopes of 1 on 3 and 1 on 4, respectively,

and crown widths of 20 and 35 feet, and 140 feet of exit channel was used to investigate

the stability of various gradations of protective stones and types of embankments,

and furnish data on which an economical and workable design of the overflow embankments

can be based. The crown was tested with and without a paved roadway. In addition, a l:12-scale section model was tested in a 1-foot-wide, glass-sided flume to determine

pressures on the crest and downstream slope

of the embankment.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results indicated that the combined

effect of embankment height and crown width

on riprap stability is small, that embankments supporting roadways can be considered

slightly more stable than those without

roadways, that all stone failure occurred in the zone of free (rather than submerged)

flow, and that the effective or critical

size stone of a particular gradation is that which represents 60 to 65 percent by weight

of the total. Variation in stone roughness had no discernible effect on the discharge

characteristics of the overflow embankments

within the range of heights (3 to 10 feet) and crown widths tested. Discharge coefficients applicable to the two types of embankments were determined for both free and submerged flows, and empirical equa- tions were developed. Also, tests indicated

that much smaller stone can be used on the lower, submerged portions of the downstream

slope of the embankments if warranted

economically.

(h) "Stability of Riprap and Discharge Characteristics, Overflow Embankments, Arkansas River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model Investigation".

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-650, June

1964. (Available on loan.)

(4598) MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, CAYUGA INLET, ITHACA, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1 : 20 model, reproducing 300 feet of the trapezoidal approach channel, the rectangular,

80-foot-wide drop structure, the 60-foot-lorg basin with baffle piers and end sill, and

about 400 feet of trapezoidal exit channel,

was used to confirm the suitability of the drop structure, and if indicated, to develop

advantageous modifications thereto. Of particular concern was the magnitude of channel velocities below the structure.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4599) MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL STRUCTURES, LITTLE

SIOUX RIVER, LITTLE SIOUX, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The structure will consist of a low, 50-foot- wide, rectangular drop located in the control channel with rock protection downstream and

on adjacent berms. A 1:30 model, reproducing

198
about 700 feet of the approach channel and

berros upstream of the structure with por- tions of the adjacent levees, the drop

structure, and about 1,300 feet of the channel and berms below the structure was used to study the placement of riprap materials in the vicinity of the structure, and the dis- charge capacity of the structure,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4600) RADIOACTIVE TRACER TESTS OF SEDIMENT, CAPE FEAR RIVER, NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Wilmington, Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, North Carolina.

d) Experimental; field investigation.

e) The movement of material from dredge spoil areas was investigated using labeled sediment

to determine if spoil material moves into the wharf areas at Sunny Point Army Terminal.

The sediment was labeled using auric chloride

(Gold-198) solution adsorbed on existing

sediment. Material was placed at four loca- tions under two extreme tide conditions. Movement of sediments was observed for two weeks using instruments on a small boat.

f) Completed.

g) Test results showed that significant amounts of the spoil material are trans- ported into the north and center wharf

basins, regardless of whether the material

is placed during rising or falling tide.

(h) "Radioactive Sediment Tracer Tests, Cape Fear River, North Carolina". U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Paper No. 2-549, May 1964.

(4601) MODEL STUDY OF POLLUTION, CONEY ISLAND

CREEK, NEW YORK.

(b) New York City Department of Health, New

York, New York.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) An existing model of New York Harbor was used to Investigate diffusion patterns

from sewage treatment plant outfalls and combination sewer and storm outfalls with

special attention to contamination of bathing beaches and other recreational

facilities. Plans for diverting pollution

away from certain critical areas were also Investigated

.

(f) Completed.

(4602) LOCK FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C. d) Experimental; applied research.

e) A 1:15 valve model used to develop the vertically framed Holt Lock valve was utilized to compare the performance of this valve with that of the McNary type valve.

The Holt valve was 12.5 by 12.5 feet and the McNary valve was 11 feet wide by 12 feet

high. Therefore, for tests of the McNary

valve the valve was expanded to 12.5 by

12.5 feet by additions of 1.5 feet in width

and 0.5 foot in height to the center portions

of the valve.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(4603) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM

FOR LOW-LIFT LOCKS, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock,

Arkansas, and other interested Corps of Engineers offices.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model, reproducing 700 feet of lock approach channel, intake manifolds, a 670- foot-long lock chamber, culvert, sidewall port manifolds, outlet manifold, and 700 feet

of downstream channel is being used to de- termine an optimum port arrangement for the filling and emptying system for low-lift

locks. An intake is to be developed for use

in all tests. Then optimum shape, size,

number, spacing, and location of the ports

in the lock chamber as related to culvert

size will be determined for a full range of heads and submergences. The Little Rock District is sponsoring the first phase of the tests in which a 12- by 12-foot culvert will

be used. Tests of other size culverts will

be sponsored by interested Corps of Engineers offices for the purpose of standardizing

lock design for 600- by 110-foot locks.

(f ) Tests completed.

(g) Results of the generalized test indicated

that a satisfactory sidewall port arrange- ment for a 110- by 600-foot lock should

result from the following recommendations:

(1) Port-area to culvert-area ratio should

be about 0.95. (2) Ports should be spaced

28 feet on centers. (3) The port group

should extend over about 50-60 percent of the lock chamber and be centered about

the midpoint of the lock chamber or a point slightly downstream. (4) Triangular

deflectors or recesses are desirable at the upstream one-third of the ports. Filling

and emptying characteristics were obtained

for a range of lifts and submergences for

the optimum arrangements of 14 type A ports

(type 35) and 13 type D ports (type 56).

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4604) MODEL STUDY OF INTAKE AND FLOOD-CONTROL

OUTLET, DEGRAY DAM, CADDO RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Dist., Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vlcksburg, Mississippi.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:23 model reproducing the intake tower and

a portion of the reservoir, the diversion

tunnel, stilling basin, and 240 feet of the exit channel is being used to develop a conventional hydraulic Jump-type stilling

basin, and to study flow through the intake

tower, elbow, tunnels, and at the flow- control device at the end of the flood- control tunnel.

f) Tests completed.

g) A cylinder-gate intake tower functioned with

less head loss and less surging than did

the slide-gate intake tower. Pressures in the tunnel and elbow were positive and no zones of separation, were evident. Pressures

in the flood-control transitions approxi- mated the area curve. The stilling basin developed for the large diversion releases

was found to be adequate for dissipation

of the high-energy flood-control releases.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(4505) MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATER, KAHULUI HARBOR, HAWAII.

(b) District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer Dist.,

Honolulu, Corps of Engineers, Honolulu,

Hawaii

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Stability tests were conducted in a concrete

wave flume 119 feet long, 12.5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep, on section models of both

the east and west breakwater heads, and sections of the trunk of the east breakwater constructed to a linear scale of 1:68.5 to develop designs for repair of the damaged breakwater heads and trunks. Tests con- ducted were concerned with the stability of

35- and 50-ton tribars.

'f) Completed.

(g) Stability tests indicated that a repair sec- tion consisting of a cover layer of 30-ton

tribars placed pell-mell over the existing

slopes of the trunk of the east breakwater

would be adequate to withstand the attack

of waves 34 feet in height. It was found

that a repair section consisting of a cover

layer of 50-ton tribars from +20 feet mllw

down to -20 feet mllw, and 35-ton tribars

from -20 feet mllw down to the toe of the

slope, would be adequate to withstand the attack of the 34-foot-high waves on the heads of both the east and west breakwaters.

199
For these conditions the slope of the re- paired head sections was about 1:3.

(h) "Designs for Rubble-Mound Breakwater Repair, Kahului Harbor, Maul, Hawaii; Hydraulic Model Investigation". U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-644, February 1964. (Available on loan.)

(5228) CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF SMALL-BOAT HARBORS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Theoretical and experimental studies are being conducted to develop equations and experimental coefficients for use in pre- dicting the motion of small boats moored to floating docks under the action of progressiveand standing-wave systems; determine the optimum shape of harbor and types of perimeter

with respect to the response characteristics

of small-craft harbors and the surging of moored craft in the harbors; and provide

design criteria for protective structures

at the entrance to small-craft harbors.

(5229) GENERAL COASTAL INLET STUDIES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This is a general study to develop means for

computing discharge and velocity distribution

through tidal inlets, leading to determination

of tidal prisms and water-surface elevations

in inner bay systems; and to determine the factors involved in both inner and outer bar

formation, the shoaling of inlet channels, and

the stability of inlet shape and location.

The project will consist of the following

three phases: (1) Tests In four generalized

test facilities, three of which will be located at the Waterways Experiment Station

and the fourth at the Coastal Engineering

Research Center; (2) analysis of results of these tests by the Waterways Experiment

Station, the Coastal Engineering Research

Center, and the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics;

and (3) field observations under sponsorship

of the Committee on Tidal Hydraulics to confirm the principles developed. Construction

of Facility A at U. S. Army Engineer Water- wyas Experiment Station was completed except

for the pumping plant and control system,

which is being fabricated under contract. Design of Facilities B and C at U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station was

in progress.

(5230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 4, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed model, reproducing about 5 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank areas, the lock and dam structures, and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions, is being used

to determine the suitability of the proposed

site for the lock and dam structure, the effects of regulating works in the lower

approach, and to develop modification which

might be required to overcome any un- desirable navigation conditions.

(g) A site suitable for a mooring area was

selected. The change in the design of the guard wall had little effect on navigation. Removal of the point along the right bank

at the Rob Roy Bridge reduced velocities

at the bridge with little change in navi- gation conditions in the upper lock approach.

(5231) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, OZARK LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120, fixed-bed model, reproducing about

3 miles of the Arkansas River, adjacent overbank areas, the lock and dam structures, and all bridges and other structures that might affect flow conditions, Is being used

to determine the suitability of the proposed

site for the lock and dam structures, and to develop modifications which might be required

to overcome any undesirable navigation

conditions

.

(g) Profiles showing effect of structures on water-surface elevations, and velocities

along overflow embankments were obtained.

(5232) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, HUNTINGTON

RESERVOIR, WABASH RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A gated spillway with six conduits through

the spillway section is proposed for Huntington Dam. A 1:60 model of a 60-footwide section of the spillway and stilling

basin and 500 feet of the exit channel was used in the study. The spillway gate piers

and conduits through the spillway were not reproduced; however, the model was adjusted

to simulate the increased head that would

have obtained with crest piers and abutments present. The purposes of the study were: (1) To insure good energy dissipation in the stilling basin at low and intermediate flows, and safe conditions

at high flows; (2) to study the effect of the flatter than usual downstream spillway

slope (10 horizontal to 12 vertical) on basin action; and (3) if the originally

proposed basin design was found to be unsatisfactory, to make revisions necessary

to secure the desired results.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5233) MODEL STUDY OF SUBMERGED SILLS, ST. CLAIR

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Detroit, Corps of Engineers,

Detroit, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Construction of submerged sills at the head

of the St. Clair River is proposed as a means of raising the level of Lake Huron.

A 1:60, fixed-bed model reproduces 3 miles of the river from Lake Huron downstream, and has provisions for simulating

sediment movement and shoaling. This model

is being used to study effects of one or more submerged sills at different locations on backwater effect, to study sedimentation

characeristics, and to study velocities and current directions. A l:20-scale section model installed in an existing, 2.5-ft-wlde

flume is being used to investigate the stability of the submerged sills and the ability of 15-ton precast units and various . sizes of stone to withstand propeller wash

with an initial velocity of 25 feet per

second

.

(g) Tests in the comprehensive model indicated

that with various combinations of sills, the level of the lake could be raised from 0.25 to 0.75 foot.

(5234) MODEL STUDY OF SEAWALL, TEXAS CITY, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A levee and seawall system has been proposed

to protect Texas City and adjacent areas

of the shore of Galveston Bay from flooding

caused by hurricanes. To develop designs fcr

(1) vertical-faced seawalls, (2) rubble-mound structures to protect the natural ground at the base of a vertical wall on its bayside, and (3) rubble-mound armor layers to protect

200
the bayside slope and crown of an earth levee, 1:35 section models of the structures are being tested in a concrete flume 119 feet

long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Model waves are generated by a plunger-type wave

machine, and measured and recorded

electrically.

f) Tests completed.

g) To stabilize the type 1 design, when attacked

by 6-second, 15-foot waves, 6-ton stones instead of 3.3-ton stones were required at the bayside toe. The landside slope was made stable by using 3.3-ton stones instead

of riprap. The type 2 and type 3 designs were made stable under the attack of 6- second, 15-foot waves by using a mound of

1- to 1-1/2-ton stones to scotch the toe of the 6-ton cover layers. Pressure distri- bution tests on the composite seawall design

and on the simple vertical-faced seawall showed that the forces acting on the vertical • wall section were greater than those obtained

from Sainflou's theory for nonbreaking waves

and less than those obtained from Minikin's

formula for breaking waves.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5235) MODEL STUDY OF BESSIE CUTOFF, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Memphis, Corps of Engineers,

Memphis, Tennessee.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The proposed Bessie Cutoff would eliminate

the river bend at New Madrid, Mo., and shorten the river about 20 miles. A model,

reproducing 85 miles of the river to a horizontal scale of 1:500 and a vertical

scale of 1:100, is being used to obtain indications of the probable effects of various degrees of cutoff development on velocities, current directions, watersurface profiles, navigation depths, channel meandering tendencies, and general

navigability of the affected reach. The model is of the fixed-bed type with pro- vision for converting to a movable bed the reaches expected to be affected appreciably

by the cutoff.

f) Tests completed; final report in preparation.

g) Tests to determine effects of cutoff at intermediate and final development stages and

to determine sediment movement as affected

by the cutoff were accomplished.

(h) "Preliminary Report of Model Study of Bessie

Cutoff, Mississippi River; Hydraulic Model

Investigation". U. S Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper No.

2- 680, October 1954. (Available on loan.)

(5237) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, HALF MOON BAY

HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Dlst. Engr., U. S. Army Engr. Dist., San Fran- cisco, Corps of Engrs., San Francisco, Calif.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Half Moon Bay Harbor is partially protected

from severe storms by a 2,620-foot-long

west breakwater and a 4,420-foot-long east breakwater which enclose a 245-acre area with

6-foot or greater water depths, and form a 600-foot-wide entrance channel 24 feet deep.

During storms, a severe concentration of wave energy at the entrance travels into the

inner harbor, creating intolerable anchorage

conditions. A model study is being conducted

to determine: (1) The relative influence of the waves that approach the harbor from the several storm directions; (2) the effects of wave action inside the harbor believed to result from wave energy passing through the voids in the breakwaters in addition to that through the entrance; and (3) the most

feasible of several plans proposed for reducing the effects of wave and surge action

now prevailing. The 1:100 model, which covered

an area of about 13,000 square feet, re- produced all the inner harbor, breakwater

system, and sufficient bay area to permit simulation of waves from all critical storm directions. Waves were generated by a 60- foot-long, plunger wave machine, and measured and recorded electrically.

f) Completed.

g) Test results indicated that during storms

from the southwesterly to south directions,

severe wave action obtains Inside the harbor

at the docks and piers as alleged. The

shoals southerly of the harbor entrance

cause a concentration of wave energy at and in the present harbor entrance. Several breakwater plans studied adequately reduced

the wave energy entering the harbor during

severe storms. It was concluded that an added section of rubble-mound breakwater

about 1,050 feet long, which would extend

the existing west breakwater in a south- easterly direction from the present entrance

and provide a revised navigation entrance

about 350 feet wide, would ensure the de- sired protection.

(h) "Wave Action and Breakwater Location, Half

Moon Bay Harbor, Half Moon Bay, California; Hydraulic Model Investigation". U. S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-668, in publication.

(Available on loan.)

(5238) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, STOCKTON DAM, SAC RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Kansas City, Corps of Engineers, Kansas City, Kansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 4-gated, ogee spillway and one 45,000- kilowatt powerhouse unit located in a concrete nonoverflow section adjacent to the spillway are proposed for Stockton Dam.

A 1:60 model reproducing 1,700 feet of the approach area, the entire spillway and powerhouse, the stilling basin, and 1,100

feet of the exit channel was used to investigate the hydraulic adequacy of the spillway, stilling basin, and appurtenances,

and determine any desirable modifications

for various operating conditions.

f) Tests completed.

g) The capacity of the spillway as determined In the model was about 6 percent greater than

the computed capacity. Efforts to reduce

the length of the spillway to take advantage

of this increased efficiency were abandoned when rerouting the spillway design flood

gave a reduction in surcharge of only 0.3

foot (maximum pool elevation of 905.9 in lieu of elevation 906.2). While the stilling

basin of original design performed adequately

it was found that economies could be effected by reducing the excavation in the basin

(raising basin from elevation 733 to 738) and decreasing the size of the stilling basin

elements. The adopted design stilling basin

(type 3) provided a depth of about 0.85 Dg and a length of about 3.0 D2 at the spillway

design flood. (Dg, the theoretical depth

for formation of a hydraulic jump at the design discharge, is 74.2 feet, neglecting

losses .

)

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5239) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, MARINA DEL REY, VENICE, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Marina Del Rey is a small-craft harbor

consisting of eight lateral basins off a main channel which opens into Santa Monica

Bay. A 1:175 model of the entire harbor

area was used to study wave action within

the project area and to investigate and develop remedial plans for alleviating adverse wave and surge action presently restricting

full usage of the harbor. Waves were generated

201
with a 40-foot-long, vertical-plunger wave

machine, and were measured and recorded elec- trically.

(f) Completed.

(g) Final analysis of model test data resulted in recommendation of a wing-type offshore breakwater, 2,325 feet in length, to be constructed

640 feet seaward of the ends of the channel

Jetties. This construction would reduce

wave action within the harbor to an acceptable

level

.

(h) "Selection of Optimum Plan for Reduction of Wave Action in Marina Del Rey, Venice, California; Hydraulic Model Investigation".

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Technical Report No. 2-671, in publication. (Available on loan.)

(5240) MODEL TESTS FOR HURRICANE BARRIERS, WAREHAM- WARION, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

Division, New England, Corps of Engineers,

Waltham, Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hurricane protection plan for the area including Wareham and Marion, Mass., consists principally of 50- and 100-foot-wide, ungated

barriers across the mouths of the Weweantic

and Wareham Rivers, and a 100-foot-wide,

gated barrier across the mouth of Onset Bay which will permit navigation during

normal tides. The barriers will reduce the entry of flood surges into the waterway

areas behind them during hurricanes and other severe storms. A 1:25 model, re- producing a 400-foot-wide section including

750 feet of approach channel, each navi- gation opening and allied barrier, and 750 feet of exit channel, was used to determine

the discharge characteristics of the barriers

and the maximum current velocities through

the navigation openings. The cover stone of the barrier and the rock sill of each navi- gation opening were simulated with properly

scaled model stone to provide the effect of roughness

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Test results Indicated that both free- and submerged-flow conditions can exist for tail- water elevations of 0.0 foot mean sea level,

depending on the discharge. Therefore, the limits of each flow regime were defined,

and discharge equations applicable to each were developed. A method of determining head

differential based on discharge and tailwater

depth for submerged flow was also developed.

The measured maximum velocities were 1 to 1.5 feet per second greater than the theoretical average velocities based upon the observed head differentials.

(h) "Discharge Characteristics of Hurricane

Barriers, Warenam-Marion, Massachusetts; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report No. 2-663, October 1964. (Available on loan.)

(5241) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION AND SHIP MOORING, POINT LOMA, CALIFORNIA.

(b) Department of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Navy Electronics Laboratory desires to use an aircraft carrier, moored behind a protective breakwater about 4,000 feet offshore, in the design and development of electronic equipment. A 1:100 model re- producing about 4.5 square miles of the locality, and a 1:100 model of an Essex

class aircraft carrier were used to:

(1) Determine wave-action conditions that will obtain within the mooring area; (2) study variations in design and location of

the breakwater; (3) secure data on actual movement of the model ship due to wave

action; (4) Investigate the feasibility of

a proposed floating causeway shoreward from

the ship; and (5) study adequacy of design

of a proposed small-craft landing area

in the Immediate vicinity. Waves were generated by a 60-foot-long wave machine, and are measured and recorded electrically.

The model of the aircraft carrier was dynamically balanced to reproduce the physical characteristics of the prototype

ship.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) (1) Breakwater length was reduced from 3,600

to 2,100 feet, a 40 percent reduction from original design. (2) It was determined that wave heights behind the breakwater, and the resulting ship motion, would not be excessi\e Insofar as waves from average severe storms

are concerned. (3) The optimum crown elevation for a rubble-mound causeway and

small boat landing area was established.

(4) It was determined that a nearby sewer outfall pier would be unsafe for fishermen during periods when wave heights approached

13 to 18 feet because of overtopping of the structure

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5242) PROTOTYPE CULVERT PRESSURE TESTS, GREENUP

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, KENTUCKY AND OHIO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The filling and emptying system of the main,

110- by 1,200-foot lock consists of two culverts and a split-lateral system.

Prototype pressures in this filling and emptying system and water-surface elevations

in the lock chamber were measured for comparison with model results and for further development of lock design criteria. Pressures in all parts of both lock

culverts, and water-surface elevations in both pools and the lock chamber were measured with electrical transducers connected to piezometers by air-purged

lines. Positions of the filling and emptying valves during filling and emptying

with one and both valves were determined

using circular potentiometers. All data,

accompanied by a common time indication,

were recorded on light-beam oscillographs. Pressure data points were digitized for reduction and plotting with an electronic computer

.

(g) Tests and data reduction completed; final report will be prepared by U. S. Army

Engineer District, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(5243) PROTOTYPE TESTS, GATED INTAKE AND TUNNEL, NOLIN DAM, NOLIN RIVER, KENTUCKY.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

(dl Experimental; for design.

(e; The Nolin Dam outlet works consist of a three-gated intake structure and horseshoeshaped tunnel having a capacity of 16,000

cubic feet per second. Tests were conducted

to measure the tunnel hydraulic grade line and gate-hoist cylinder pressures; from these measurements tunnel friction and intake losses are being evaluated and gate forces computed. Test facilities Included

five pairs of sidewall piezometers connected

to a manifold. Pressures at full tunnel flew were measured by means of the air-purge

technique, using a mercury manometer and a pressure gage. Pressure taps were provided

in one of the operating gate-hoist cylinders

and measurements of gate hydraulic cylinder pressures were made with pressure gages.

(g) Tests indicated lower friction than had

been assumed in design of the outlet works

tunnel

.

(5245) MODEL STUDY OF HOUSTON SHIP CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

202
d) Experimental; for design.

e) Houston Ship Channel is a 52-mile reach extending from the Gulf of Mexico across Galveston Bay to the Turning Basin at Houston. A model study is being conducted to determine if the present cost of maintenance dredging in the channel can be re- duced by proposed plans of channel realinement, partial or complete diking of connecting bays, sediment traps, dikes in Galveston Bay, local contractions, enlargements, and other remedial measures. The model reproduces a portion of the Gulf of Mexico outside the entrance to Galveston

Bay; all of Galveston and Trinity Bays;

Dickinson Bay and Clear Creek to the head

of project; the tidal portion of Trinity

River; the Houston Ship Channel In its entirety; and Buffalo Bayou from the Turning

Basin to the confluence of White Oak Bayou. The model is of fixed-bed construction with

scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:600 horizontally and 1:60 vertically. Tides and

tidal currents are reproduced by a tide generator located in the Gulf of Mexico

portion of the model, and the salinity of the model Gulf is reproduced to scale so that the effects of salinity differences on the vertical distribution of current velocities, as well as salinity concentrations

throughout the model, accurately reproduce

those of the prototype. The model will be used to establish the effects of all proposed

improvement works on tidal current velocities

current patterns, and salinities in all critical areas. All hydraulic and salinity

data obtained from the model will be quantitative and can be applied directly to the prototype. Shoaling studies will be made by injecting finely ground gilsonlte

into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling as observed in the prototype,

following which the effects of proposed

improvement plans on shoaling patterns may

be observed and evaluated from a qualitative

viewpoint

.

(5246) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, UNIONTOWN LOCK AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

d) Experimental; for design.

e; The project Includes a nonnavigable, gated

structure and two parallel locks. A 1:120

model, reproducing about 8.6 miles of the Ohio River and adjacent overbank areas, the lock and dam structures, and the lower reach

of the Wabash River, Is being used to Investigate navigation conditions with the proposed structures, to determine the effects of modifications in the composition

and arrangement of the structures, and to develop any modifications considered desirable,

(g) Tests indicated the need for modification in composition and arrangement of the locks and

dam structures, and developed information needed for design.

(5247) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, JCNESVILLE LOCK AND DAM, OUACHITA -BLACK

RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) District Engineer, U. 5. Army Engineer

District, Vicksburg, Corps of Engineers,

Vlcksburg, Mississippi.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:25 model, reproducing 750 feet of the lock approach channel, intake manifold, the 84- by 600-foot lock chamber, culvert, sidewall

port manifolds, outlets, and 650 feet of the exit channel, is being used to develop the optimum side port filling and emptying

system for the lock.

f) Tests completed.

g) None of the port arrangements using 22-foot spacing resulted in operating characteristics

as favorable as those obtained in earlier

tests with the types 3 and 19 port arrangement:

which used a 20-foot spacing,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5248) MODEL STUDY OF FLOATING BREAKWATER, SMALL BOAT BASIN NO. 2, JUNEAU, ALASKA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Alaska, Corps of Engineers,

Anchorage, Alaska.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A floating-log breakwater is proposed to protect Small Boat Basin No. 2 from storm- wave action. To determine wave attenuation

characteristics of a floating-log breakwater, tests were conducted in a concrete wave

flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Models of a 30-foot-long section

of the breakwater were reproduced at a linear scale of 1:6. The breakwaters

simulated 3- and 4-f oot-dlameter logs

spaced on 4.0-, 5.7-, and 8.2-foot centers. Vertical barrier plates were attached to the faces of the logs to Increase the ef- fective depth of flotation of the logs. Model waves were generated by a plungertype wave machine, and measured and recorded

electrically.

T) Completed.

g) It was found that 3-foot-dlameter logs spaced from 5.5 to 6.0 feet on centers would

provide sufficient protection to the boat

basin, based on the criterion of a trans- mitted wave height (H T )5 0.5 foot, if it is considered feasible to add vertical plates to the seaside face of the logs

extending to a depth of 4 feet below the Stillwater level,

(h) "Twin-Log Floating Breakwater, Small-Boat Basin No. 2, Juneau, Alaska; Hydraulic Model Investigation." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous Paper

No. 2-648, May 1954. (Available on loan.)

(5249) PROTOTYPE HAWSER-STRESS MEASUREMENTS, JACKSCN LOCK, TOMBI GEE RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Mobile, Corps of Engineers,

Mobile, Alabama, and Office, Chief of Engineers, Washington, D. C.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The Jackson Lock chamber Is 110 feet wide by

670 feet long and has a 34-foot maximum

lift. Reverse tainter valves control flow

In two 12 . 5-foot-square culverts, each of which has 6 intake ports in the upper

approach walls, 14 side ports to the lock

chamber, and an outlet discharging outside

the lower lock approach. Measurements of prototype hawser loads resulting from hydraulic forces acting on a tow of loaded

barges were made to obtain data for com- parison with model test results. Both rigid

and flexible connections between the tow and floating mooring bltts were used in the tests. The rigid connections, containing

calibrated dynamometers, were installed fore and aft on the portside of the tow and connected to floating mooring bitts in the lock land wall. One connection measured

longitudinal hawser forces, and the other measured transverse forces. Potentiometers

were mounted on the culvert-valve operating

arm to measure valve opening. Differentialtype pressure transducers were used for measuring the slope of the water surface in the lock chamber, and absolute pressure transducers were used for drawdown measurements of the water surface in the approach

channel. Potentiometers also were installed

on the land-wall floating bltts to measure

tow movement during the rigid connection

tests. For the flexible-connection tests,

the rigid connections were replaced by flexible hawsers of 1-inch-diameter wire

rope, and calibrated dynamometers were installed in the hawsers at each corner of the tow and connected to floating bitts In both lock walls. Other instrumentation was identical with that of the rigid connection

203
tests

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5250) PROTOTYPE SPILLWAY TESTS, FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Fort Randall Dam spillway is a 1,000-foot- wide concrete chute, with a design capacity

of 620,000 cubic feet per second. Discharge

is controlled by twenty-one 29- by 40-foot tainter gates. Two test series, one in 1960 and one in 1962, have been conducted to obtain vertical velocity distribution and water- surface depths on the spillway chute

for use in checking design resistance co- efficient assumptions and computing discharge

over the spillway. These data will assist

in eliminating a deficiency in the infor- mation on full-scale chute spillway flows used In design of such structures. To obtain

the measurements, two pitot piers were fabricated and installed on the spillway

chute. The pitot piers instrumentation con- sisted of eight total-head tubes to measure

vertical velocity distributions. Watersurface measurements along the spillway

length were made with wire-weight gages. Visual observations and photographic records

of flow conditions were also made. Data were obtained at seven average flow depths

up to 3.5 feet with velocities up to 45 feet per second,

(h) Final report In preparation.

(5251) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, ROBERT

S. KERR LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project will consist of a nonnavlgable

dam, a 110- by 600-foot lock, and a powerhouse. A 1:120 model, reproducing about

3.2 miles of the Arkansas River and the lock and dam structures, is being used to study navigation conditions in the approaches

to the lock, determine suitability of the selected site, and develop modifications re- quired to overcome any undesirable conditions.

The model will be of the fixed-bed iype with provision for a movable-bed section below the dam for use in developing channel configurations in the reach,

(g) Tests resulted in the development of antici- pated channel configurations downstream of the dam and modifications which would provide

satisfactory navigation conditions in the approaches to the lock.

(5634) MODEL STUDY OF BREAKWATERS, DANA POINT HARBOR, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Dana Point Harbor is a proposed small-craft harbor to be constructed at a site which is exposed to ocean waves. The harbor will be protected by rubble-mound breakwaters which

will allow some of the wave energy to pass through the structure. Tests to determine

(1) the effectiveness of the proposed break- water sections in reducing transmitted wave energy and (2) the stability of the break- waters were conducted to provide a basis

for the design of the proposed harbor, and

to add to the available basic data on the transmission of wave action into artifical

harbors. Section models of the proposed

structures, constructed to linear scales of 1:50 and 1:100, were tested in a concrete

flume 119 feet long, 5 feet wide, and 4 feet deep. Model waves were generated by a plunger-type wave machine and measured and

recorded electrically,

(g) Stability tests showed that the proposed breakwater section would be adequate to withstand the attack of the 12-second, 16- foot design waves. The maximum transmitted

wave height measured on the harborside was

found to be about 45 percent of the incident

wave height. The average value of the wave transmission coefficient (Hr/H^) was about

15 percent. The longer the wave period,

the more wave energy was transmitted through

a rubble-mound breakwater. Appreciable

scale effect in wave transmission was found between the results of tests obtained from

the 1:50- and l:100-scale model.

(5635) INVESTIGATION OF WAVE REFLECTING AND TRANS- MITTING CHARACTERISTICS OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAK- WATERS, RUBBLE-WAVE ABSORBERS, SAND BEACHES, WAVE TRAPS, AND RESONATORS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the Army, Washington, D. C.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A theoretical study is being conducted to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of different types of wave absorbers and to establish a sound basis for laboratory

tests of the wave reflecting and trans- mitting characteristics of rubble break- waters and wave reflecting-absorbing

characteristics of the different types of wave absorbers. The scale effects relating

to wave absorbers will be investigated.

Laboratory Investigations of the different

types of absorbers and the wave reflecting

transmission characteristics of rubble breakwaters will be conducted in three wave

flumes, a 1- by 1.5- by 85-foot tank, a 5- by 4- by 119-foot tank, and a 2- by 5.5- by 149-foot tank.

(5636) MODEL STUDY OF FLUSHING SYSTEM, VICTORIA

CHANNEL, TEXAS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Galveston, Texas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Victoria Channel will extend about 35 miles

from the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway to a turning basin near Victoria, Tex. A flushing

system for the channel is proposed to eliminate surface debris, oil, and foul water. Tests to determine the flow require- ments of the flushing system to replace the stagnant water in the navigation channel

were made in the Waterways Experiment Station salinity flume which is 327 feet long, 0.75

foot wide, and 1.5 feet deep. Duplicate

tests were made for two depth scales (1:15 and 1:30) to determine if the data contained

any significant scale effects. In both

series of tests, the horizontal scale for length along the channel was 1:323, and that for width across the channel was 1:173. Use of different horizontal scales for length and width was necessary to make the existing flume dimensions conform to those

of the landlocked portion of the channel.

The salinity scale used for the tests was

1:1.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) With the design discharge of 1,000 cubic feet per second, the 20-mile-long landlocked

reach of the channel was 50 percent flushed

in about 17 hours, 75 percent flushed in about 29 hours, and ICO percent flushed in about 60 hours. With a lesser discharge

(500 cubic feet per second), the channel was

50 percent flushed in about 38 hours, and

75 percent flushed in about 60 hours. The

test data also showed that the surface stratum of the channel would be completely

flushed In 22 hours with a discharge of 1,0G0 cubic feet per second, or in 35 hours with a discharge of 500 cubic feet per second.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5637) SECTION MODEL OF BELLEVILLE DAM SPILLWAY,

204
OHIO RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) Belleville Dam spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by eight tainter

gates, and a conventional horizontal stilling

basin with baffle piers and end sill. A 1:36

model, reproducing approximately 700 feet of the approach area, one central gate bay and (5641) approximately one-half of the adjacent bays

as well as the piers that separate them,

a 216-foot-wide section of the stilling basin, ( b ) and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, was used to determine the optimum shape for

the downstream face of the gate sill, develop (d)

a satisfactory stilling basin, and verify the ( e ) stability of the riprap blanket proposed

downstream from the stilling basin.

f) Tests completed.

g) The original parabolic gate sill shape

functioned satisfactorily. The stilling

basin as originally designed produced

maximum bottom velocities in the exit channel as high as 27.0 feet per second. However, a basin was developed that reduced

these velocities to 15 feet per second. A riprap stability curve was determined with

the stone placed on a l-on-6 slope downstream of the stilling basin.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5638) MODEL STUDY OP NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 9, ARKANSAS RIVER. (g)

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The structures will consist of a gated dam (60-foot span), and a 110- by 600-foot lock with a maximum lift of 19 feet. A 1:120

model, reproducing about 6 miles of the Arkansas River and adjacent overbank area near Morrilton, Ark., will be used to Investigate navigation conditions with the proposed structures, to determine the effects of modifications in the composition

and arrangement of the structures, and to develop such modifications as might be con- sidered desirable. The model will be of the fixed-bed type with provisions for changes in the channel based on the effects

of the proposed regulating structures.

(5639) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, LOCK AND DAM NO. 7, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A 1:120, fixed-bed, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 7 miles of the Arkansas

River, adjacent overbank areas, the lock

(110 by 600 feet) and dam structures, and other structures that might affect flow conditions, will be used to study navigation

conditions in the lock approaches, the design

of the upstream guard wall, and location and design of any training works needed to improve navigation conditions and distri- bution of flow to the spillway.

(5640) MODEL STUDY OF POLLUTION DISPERSION, CHARLESTON

HARBOR, SOUTH CAROLINA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Charleston, Corps of Engineers,

Charleston, South Carolina.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A fixed-bed model, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:2000 horizontally,

will be used to provide data on dispersion

and transport of wastes in Charleston Harbor

under various conditions of freshwater inflow along with data on tides, currents, and salinities for all inflow conditions studied.

(5642)

(b)

(d)

(5643)

The model reproduces about 17 miles of shoreline, 230 square miles of the Atlantic

Ocean, and the entire tidal portions of the

Cooper, Ashley, and Wando Rivers and their tributaries. Provisions are included for reproducing tides and tidal currents, upland

freshwater flows, ocean salinities, and salinity intrusion. Conservative-type

fluorescent dyes will be introduced to simulate industrial and municipal waste. MODEL STUDY OF DROP STRUCTURE, SANDUSKY

RIVER, FREMONT, OHIO. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Buffalo, Corps of Engineers,

Buffalo, New York. Experimental; for design.

Improvement of the Sandusky River channel

will Include a drop structure near the upper end of the improved reach to dissipate energy created by the difference

in water-surface elevations above and through the reach. The structure will Include a 10-foot-high weir, stilling

basin, and riprap protection above and below the weir. A 1:36 model, reproducing

the drop structure and 800 feet of the channel upstream and 900 feet downstream,

will be used to develop an economical

design of the drop structure which will assure the dissipation of the kinetic energy developed when the water-surface

profile drops from existing levels upstream

to the levels within the improved channel. While the original design drop structure performed satisfactorily, basin tests indicated an Increased basin length (19 feet) would Improve energy dissipation of the structure. Twelve 3- by 20-foot openings through the structure provided

satisfactory fish-passage facilities. MODEL STUDY OF SMALL BOAT HARBOR, DANA

POINT, CALIFORNIA

.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Los Angeles, Corps of Engineers,

Los Angeles, California. Experimental; for design.

The inner-harbor berthing area and navigation channels will comprise about 200 acres. The inner-harbor basin will be enclosed by

a mole and will be accessible through 200- foot-wide navigation entrances, one at each

end of the 3, 500-foot-long inner basin. The inner harbor will be protected by two arms of rubble-mound breakwater having a total length of about 7,700 feet. Tests

to study the effects of storm-wave action

on the proposed harbor design and to determine what, If any, design modifications

are necessary to ensure that wave heights

during storms do not exceed (1) 1.5 feet

In the inner-basin anchorage, (2) 4 feet in the approaches to the entrances of the inner-harbor berthing areas, (3) 5 feet in the fairway channel paralleling the pro- posed west breakwater, and (4) 2.5 feet

in the ramp basin area in the eastern

sector of the inner harbor, are being con- ducted on a 1:100, fixed-bed model. The model reproduces sufficient area of the shoreline and oceanward to ensure that propagation of waves toward the problem

area is adequately simulated. Waves are generated by a 60-foot-long, plunger-type

wave machine, and are measured and recorded

electrically. ACOUSTIC FLOWMETER INSTALLATION AND PROTOTYPE TESTS OF OUTLET WORKS, SUMMERSVILLE DAM, GAULEY RIVER, WEST VIRGINIA. District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Galveston, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

Experimental; field investigation.

The outlet works consist of an Intake structure, 29-foot-diameter operating tunna]

,

205
three 11-foot-diameter outlet conduits, and

one 3-foot-diameter low-flow outlet pipe. Tests will be made with an acoustic flow- meter to gage operational discharges, and to measure pressure gradients through the three- branch manifold connecting the 29-foot tunnel

to the three 11-foot conduits; from these measurements, evaluations of tunnel resistance

and intake and manifold losses will be made. The acoustic flowmeter Includes a pair of transducers in the tunnel and each conduit and the accompanying circuitry to indicate

the discharge from the effects of the flow rates on the acoustic signals. The pressure

test facilities consist of six pairs of piezometers along the tunnel and three pairs

along each conduit,

(g) A Westinghouse LE (leading-edge) acoustic flow meter was installed in a power penstock at Oahe Dam for evaluation tests. Comparative

discharge measurements included acoustic,

pressure-momentum (Gibson), Winter-Kennedy

flowmeter, dye dilution, volumetric changes

in the surge tanks, and the turbine model

tests. Preliminary analyses of the test data indicate that the acoustic flowmeter measure- ments should be as accurate as any of the measurements with which they were compared.

(5644) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS IN THE LITTLE ROCK REACH, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dis- trict, Little Rock, Corps of Engineers,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model reproducing about 3 miles

of the Arkansas River and adjacent overflow

areas to a scale of 1:100, is being used to study navigation conditions through six bridges at Little Rock, Ark., to determine modifications required In the existing bridges,

and to develop a plan of regulating structures required to provide satisfactory navigation (5648) conditions

.

(g) Results Indicate that navigation conditions

with existing conditions would be hazardous (b) due to alinement of the navigation spans, limited width of span, and limited distance between bridges. jdj (5645) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, COCHITI DAM, NEW

MEXICO.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, Corps of Engineers,

Albuquerque, New Mexico.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The dam will contain a concrete, gravity, un- controlled spillway with a 460-foot-long ogee crest. A 160-foot-long section of the spill- way crest will be lowered 10.5 feet to provide

a service spillway. The outlet works will consist of a triple box conduit. The necessity for providing a reliable water supply

for irrigation throughout the range of conduit

releases, and the need for a two-level still- ing basin 60 feet wide to provide for flows

as large as 15,200 cfs made it desirable to test the energy dissipator, and the irrigation

and silt sluices in a model. Tests were con- ducted In a 1:20 model that reproduced the (5649) downstream 150 feet of the triple box conduit,

the chute, the primary and secondary stilling

basins, the irrigation and the silt sluices, (b) and 670 feet of exit channel.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) primary and secondary stilling basins, requir- (d) ing elements of minimum size at the optimum ( e ) locations, were developed. The secondary

stilling basin, which used tailwater to aid in hydraulic- jump formation, was, raised 5 ft. The irrigation sluices were calibrated over

the anticipated range of flows. Qualitative

silt removal tests of the primary basin were conducted

.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(5646) SECTION MODEL OF SPILLWAY, HANNIBAL DAM, OHIO

RIVER.

(5647)

(b)

(d)

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dis- trict, Pittsburgh, Corps of Engineers,

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for design. The spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by 8 tainter gates and a conventional, horizontal stilling basin with baffle piers and end sill. A 1:36 section model,

reproducing approximately 700 feet of the approach area, one central gate bay and the adjacent half-bays of the spillway, a 216- foot-wide section of the stilling basin, and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, will be used to investigate the adequacy of the proposed stilling basin for a full range of tailwater elevations at which the structure

will be required to operate. GATE VIBRATION TESTS. Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. Experimental; applied research.

A systematic-laboratory Investigation will be made to provide design criteria to eliminate

or mitigate vibration phenomena at gates and operating criteria for various gate geo- metries and conduit configurations with

particular attention to the prediction of critical gate opening and operating head

combinations. The study will be performed

in a 0.5- by 2-foot water tunnel and an 0.5- by 2-foot conduit connected to a head tank. The flow velocity in the water tunnel is continuously controlled by a fluid drive up

to a maximum of 35 feet per second and the ambient pressure in the low-velocity section

can be varied from -9 to 20 pounds per square inch gage. The maximum velocity In the conduit is 7 feet per second. Tunnel and face-type gates of various thicknesses and

shapes will be Installed and studied. MODEL STUDY OF SHOALING, BRUNSWICK HARBOR, GEORGIA

.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District, Savannah, Corps of Engineers,

Savannah, Georgia.

Experimental; for design.

A fixed-bed model, constructed to scales of 1:100 vertically and 1:500 horizontally and reproducing the harbor, tributary rivers and

creeks, and East River in its entirety, will

be used to determine if the present high rate of shoaling in East River can be reduced by

either changing the distributions of flows,

creating turbulence, increasing bottom veloc- ities, or by reducing the tidal prism of East River to a minimum. Automatic tide generators will reproduce tides and tidal currents throughout the harbor. Shoaling studies will be made by injecting finely ground gilsonite

into the model to reproduce the patterns of shoaling observed in the prototype, and to determine the effects of proposed improvement

plans on shoaling patterns. Changes in shoaling patterns as effected by each pro- posed Improvement plan will be determined

and evaluated. SECTION MODEL OF SPILLWAY, CANNELTON DAM, OHIO RIVER, INDIANA. District Engineer, U. 3. Army Engineer District. Louisville, Corps of Engineers,

Louisville, Kentucky.

Experimental; for design.

The spillway will consist of a concrete sill surmounted by 12 tainter gates and a conventional horizontal stilling basin with baffle

piers and end sill. A riprap blanket will be provided downstream from the stilling basin

to prevent undermining of the structure. A 1:36 section model, reproducing approximately

70 feet of the approach area, one central

gate bay and adjacent half bays of .the spill- way, a 216-f oot-wide section of the stilling

basin, and approximately 800 feet of the exit area, is being used to determine the

206
flow characteristics of the spillway, the optimum elevation and configurations of the apron, baffle piers, and end sill, and to develop an adequate protective stone blanket downstream from the stilling basin,

(g) A parabolic weir crest upstream of the gate

seals was found to provide satisfactory flow characteristics with the submergible-type tainter gates, and a parabolic gate sill downstream of the gate seals was found to be desirable with the nonsubmergible-type

tainter eates. A satisfactory stilling basin

and protective stone blanket were developed for each design.

(5650) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, CORDELL HULL LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENN.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Nashville, Corps of Engineers,

Nashville, Tennessee.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The lock will be 84 by 400 feet. A 1:25 model,

reproducing only the portion of the lock between filling and emptying valves, is being used to evaluate the overall performance of the multiport system, with particular emphasis

on determining the optimum number and position

of chamber ports, and to investigate methods

of controlling pressures below the filling

valves.

(g) Tests confirmed that acceptable performance

could be expected from the original design

multiport arrangement. Additional tests resulted in the development of satisfactory

multiport arrangements using 8-, 10-, and 12-inch-diameter ports. For a lift of 62 feet, these arrangements resulted in a filling time of about 8.3 minutes with a maximum

hawser stress of about 3.5 tons. Tests

indicated that pressure conditions in the critical area Just downstream from the filling valve were improved by flaring the culvert roof at the downstream and of the valve well. The effect of air venting on culvert pressure- vas also investigated.

(5651) MODEL STUDY OF JAMES RIVER, VIRGINIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Norfolk, Corps of Engineers,

Norfolk, Virginia, and the State of Virginia.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The James River, which discharges into Chesapeake Bay, presently has a controlling

channel depth from Newport News to Richmond

of 25 feet mean low water. An Improvement

plan has been proposed to increase the channel depth to 35 feet mean low water, and

widen the channel at several locations. Because the James River estuary and tributaries provide ideal locations for oyster beds, an important industry in the area, a model study will be made to deter- mine the effects of the channel improve- ments on hydraulic and salinity conditions

in and ad jacent to the oyster beds. The fixed-bed model will reproduce 300 square miles of the Atlantic Ocean, the James River estuary, and all its principal

tributaries from Norfolk to Richmond, Va .

,

to scales of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides and tidal currents will

be reproduced by a tide generator located

in the ocean portion of the model. The ocean salinity will be reproduced so that

the effects of salinity differences on the vertical distribution of current velocities,

as well as salinity concentrations throughout the model, will accurately simulate those of the prototype.

(5652) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, WEBBERS FALLS LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma

.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed, 1:120 model will be used to study navigation conditions in the approaches

to the lock, determine the adequacy of the design, and develop modifications required

to overcome any undesirable conditions.

The model will reproduce about 3.1 miles of

the Arkansas River and the lock and dam structures

.

(5653) MODEL STUDY OF LAKE ERIE-LAKE ONTARIO WATERWAY.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engr. District,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) The project will provide a second overland navigation canal from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario to supplement the existing Welland

Canal. An existing fixed-bed model, con- structed to scale ratios of 1:360 horizon- tally and 1;60 vertically, and reproducing the Niagara River from Buffalo to Rainbow Bridge

below the Falls, will be used to investigate

control structure and lock arrangements, and navigation channel features including compen- sating excavations or structures required to maintain existing stage-discharge relations. Navigation conditions at the entrance to the overland canal will be studied in a second model

.

207
H. G. ACRES & COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should be addressed to Mr. 0. M. Erickson, Head, Hydraulic

Department, H. G. Acres & Company Limited, Consulting

Engineers, Niagara Falls, Canada.

(5088) MODEL TESTS OF CHUTE SPILLWAY FOR THE CALIMA

II HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT.

(b) Corporaclon Autonoma Regional Del Cauca,

Call, Colombia.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Tests were performed on a 1:32.8 scale movable

bed model to determine the approach conditions which provided the optimum discharge charac- teristics for the ogee shaped spillway which

is constructed on an arc, the freeboard re- quirements and the magnitude and frequency

of pressure fluctuations on the 240-metre

long chute which drops 46 metres, and the optimum shape of the downstream flip bucket.

(f) Tests completed.

(h) Report submitted to client.

(5616) MODEL TESTS OF THE PERMANENT RIVER DIVERSION

STRUCTURE FOR THE CALIMA II HYDRO-ELECTRIC

PROJECT.

(b) Corporaclon Autonoma Regional Del Cauca,

Call, Colombia.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The powerhouse for the Calima II HydroElectric Project will be constructed across

the yoke of an ox-bow of the Calima River. The tailrace will discharge at right angles to the river flowing through the permanent

diversion channel. Model tests were carried

out on a 1:32.8 scale movable bed model of the tailrace and diversion channel to deter- mine the optimum geometry of the intake to the channel, and the configuration of the tailrace weir and channel slope to eliminate flooding of the powerhouse under design

flood conditions.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Report submitted to client.

(5617) MANICOUAGAN II SPILLWAY CHANNEL.

(b) Hydro-Quebec.

Id) Experimental; design.

( e ) The discharge of 200,000 cfs, leaving the flip bucket of the spillway, has to be conducted over a rock slope and back into

the river downstream of the powerhouse.

A model of the spillway, including the five gates and the topography of the slope and riverbed, is being built to a scale

of 1:72. Tests will determine the most economical excavated channel and wall combination. The movement of loose rock

in the riverbed and its effect on the power- house discharge will also be studied.

(5618) MODEL TESTS OF THE ROCKFILL CAUSEWAY CROSS

SECTION FOR THE NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT

CROSSING.

(b) Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The rockflll causeway section of the Northumberland Strait Crossing will be approximately three miles in length. The rockfill core must be protected against

the combined effects of a 20-foot design

wave, currents resulting from partial closure of the Strait which at present

experiences 8-foot tides, and the movement

of extremely large ice floes. Wave studies

are being carried out on a 1:20 scale model

to determine the most economic combination

of dyke freeboard, dyke slope, primary precast concrete armour units and secondary

riprap requirements, which will meet the design conditions.

(5619) TIDAL MODEL TESTS FOR THE PROPOSED NORTHUMBERLAND STRAIT CROSSING.

(b)

(5620)

(b)

(d)

(5621)

(b)

IS

Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Experimental; design. To study the effect of partial closure of

the Northumberland Strait by the building

of a causeway. Model studies are being

made of the Strait to scale of 1:6400 horizontal and 1:64 vertical. Tidal move- ments within the Strait are caused by the tides imposed on the entrances; two tide generators are therefore used. The principal objectives of the study are to confirm conclusions derived from analytical calcu- lations, to determine the velocity distri- bution through the causeway opening, the overall velocity pattern, and the maximum

tidal difference across the causeway.

On completion of the studies for design

data, the model will be available for studies required by other interested

agencies such as the Department of Fisheries. MODEL STUDY OF BRIDGE PIERS SUBJECTED TO PRESSURES FROM LARGE ICE FLOES. Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Experimental; design. Piers for the bridged section of the proposed

crossing of Northumberland Strait will be subjected to ice pressure. Various shapes

are being tested on a 1:60 scale model to find the magnitude and direction of the forces, and to observe the mechanics of

the splitting and breaking of ice floes against these piers. A special substance

has been devised having the appropriate

mechanical properties to simulate the ice

to the scale of the model. The piers are supported by a specially designed dyna- mometer and placed in the centre of a raceway. The artificial ice floes,

floating in the water, are either carried

by the current of water, or forcibly

propelled and made to collide with the pier. PANELS FOR MEASUREMENT OF ICE PRESSURES AT PORT BORDEN, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. Northumberland Consultants Limited,

Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. Field Investigation; design.

A study to determine the forces exerted by

a large ice floe when driven by strong winds against the end of a pier at Port

Borden. The measurements are to be made by means of a pair of hollow steel panels with relatively flexible walls which are supported on the vertical faces of the pier. On being subjected to ice pressures,

the walls of the panels transmit the forces

to a number of hydraulic flat jacks placed

inside them. By sensing the pressure of

the hydraulic fluid in the jacks, oscillo- graphs will be obtained of the forces exerted by the ice at various elevations

and for both long and short periods of

time

.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

^4451) HEAD LOSS IN SPHERICAL AND CONVENTIONAL WYES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

University of British Columbia.

(d) Applied research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc. student.

(e) The spherical wye due to its small di- mensions is particularly suitable as a wye- branch In large penstocks under high head.

A Lucite model of a spherical wye was con- structed and the head losses measured. Models for conventional type of wyes are under construction. For all wyes the inside diameter of the main pipe and the branch

pipes are 5 1/4 and 3 3/4 Inches respectively.

208
Several modifications such as tapered outlets, rounded corners and different sphere diameters are being investigated,

(f) Continued.

(4902) FLOOD SYNTHESIS AND FORECASTING FOR THE FRASER RIVER.

(b) British Columbia Disaster Relief Fund Committee

.

c) Dr. M. C. Quick, Dept. of Civil Engineering.

d) Mainly theoretical, using existing meteorological and hydrologlcal data, but some extra field and laboratory work is being

undertaken.

(e) Starting with meteorological data, an attempt

has been made to syntheslse the 1948 Fraser

Flood. Data for other peak flow years has

also been examined. From this study a method

is being developed to assess the probability

of certain peak flows. The present experi- mental project is concerned with soil tem- perature gradients and freezing levels under

the snow

.

(h) Preliminary report. Paper ready for publication.

(4903) FORCES ENCOUNTERED BY A CYLINDER IMMERSED

IN FLOWING WATER.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. M. C. Quick, Dept. of Civil Engineering,

Univ. of British Columbia.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc. student.

(e) The main purpose is to study the variation of lateral and drag forces with the permitted

amplitudes of vibration of the cylinder.

Various methods of stabilizing the cylinder

to reduce or remove the oscillating forces, are being investigated.

f ) Investigation continuing.

h) M.A.Sc. Thesis by Yu Min Chow, April 1964.

(4904) FISH PASSAGE THROUGH HYDRAULIC TURBINES - INFLUENCE OF INJECTION OF COMPRESSED AIR ON FISH MORTALITY.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Dr. E. Ruus, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ.

of British Columbia.

(d) Experimental; applied research. Much of the experimental work is being done by an M.A.Sc.

student

.

(e) Cavitation Is considered as a major factor contributing to the mortality of fish passing

through a hydraulic turbine. Injection of compressed air in the regions of maximum

cavitation results in a significant reduction

in cavitation. This project is being undertaken to determine the extent of reduction in fish mortality resulting from the injection

of compressed air into the penstock or draft

tube. In a series of tests young salmon will

be injected into the penstock and will pass through a 10 in. dla. four-bladed model propeller wheel. The turbine will operate under different conditions of speed, gate

opening and slgma.

f) Continued.

h) M.A.Sc. Thesis by Thamrong Prempridi, Sept.

1964.

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE, Department of Civil Engineering,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory.

(4043) STUDY OF THE RELIABILITY AND OPERATION OF BACK-WATER VALVES ON PLUMBING SYSTEMS AGAINST FLOODING BY PUBLIC SEWERS.

(b) City of Montreal, City Planning Department,

Inspection Division.

(c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnlqv :

,

2500 Marle-Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A full scale three-story plumbing system has been erected in the Hydrodynamics

Laboratory of Ecole Polytechnique . The diameter of the pluvial column, the soil stack and the drain Is 4 Inches. The drain

has many sections of pyrex glass to permit

observations at critical points. A system

of valves and of cross-connections on the vents lends to various combinations of tests. The back-water valves have a transparent

lucite cover to enable visual observations.

As air entrainment has a great Importance

on the venting capacity, the rate of air entrained in the vertical columns Is measured at the inlet by means of a hotwire air-meter. Various flooding conditions

of the public sewers are simulated by a tank

in which the water level can be controlled

by gate valves. This research Is aimed at determining whether back-water valves can offer home dwellers a reliable protection

against flooding due to any overload of combined sewers. If this method is not satisfactory, an improved design of plumbing

system may be suggested.

f ) Temporarily suspended.

g) The mechanism of air entrainment has been

studied and tests have revealed the best position for some of the vents.

(h) Interim report entitled "Etude experimentale

des soupapes de surete contre les surcharges

d'egout", by Andre Leclerc, Roger Labonte

and Raymond Boucher, December 1963, sub- mitted to sponsor.

(5089) MODEL TESTS OF THE PILLUR DAM SCOUR VENT FOR THE KUNDAH HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT, INDIA.

b) Canadian Vickers Limited.

c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal

26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; applied research.

e) The purpose of the investigation was to study the hydraulic performance of a scour vent for different headwater and tailwater con- ditions. The model built to a scale. of 1:20 comprises a hydraulic Inlet flared in three directions, a vertical lift emergency gate,

a radial type control gate and an energy dissipator

.

The experimental investigation was primarily

concerned with (1) the development of cavitation free entrance shapes, (2) the determination of the hydraulic thrust on the emergency gate for different openings

and discharge conditions, (3) the observation

of mechanical vibrations on the gates, and

(4) the performance of the energy dissipator.

f) Completed.

h) "Pillur Dam Scour Vent Hydraulic Model

Tests", by Andre Galarneau and Raymond

Boucher, April 1964, submitted to sponsor.

(5513) HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF THE INTAKE FOR THE MANICOUAGAN 5 HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT.

b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

c) Professor Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500 Marie-Guyard Ave., Montreal

26, Quebec, Canada.

d) Experimental; for design.

e) A comprehensive model built to an undistorted

scale of 1:60 reproduces the forebay and intake structures. This investigation is conducted to examine the overall performance

of the structures and to verify the design.

UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH, Department of Engineering

Science

.

(2492) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

b) Laboratory project.

c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada.

209
(g)

(h)

(2740)

(g)

(3363)

(b)

(g)

(h)

(3658)

81

(d)

Experimental; applied research. (b) The relationship of precipitation and snow- (c) melt to runoff characteristics on four watersheds of 20 acres eacn, under various land (d) use practices, Is being evaluated. (e) Winter surface runoff from watersheds with good grass-legume cover is greater than from watersheds plowed during the winter season. Negligible surface runoff from watershed in trees and pasture. "Effects of Agricultural Land Management on Winter Runoff in the Guelph, Ontario Region,"

H. D. Ayers. Proceedings of Hydrology

Symposium No. 4, National Research Council,

Associate Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics, (f

)

Sub-committee on Hydrology, 1964. (g) "Runoff From Rainfall on Small Rural Watersheds," D. P. Witherspoon, Transactions

Engineering Institute of Canada, 6: A-10, 1963.

(h) MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAINAGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research. Discharge measurements from lateral tile drains in Brookston clay soil are being made

to determine the proper drainage coefficient

to use in the design of main tile drains and (3662)

to determine the effect of lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage rate. Preliminary frequency analyses have been made (b) on runoff data collected over a 5-year period. (c) HYDROLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL. Laboratory project. (e) Prof. R. W. Irwin, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research.

The study is being carried out to establish criteria to be used in the development and operation of a water control project for organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording, and analyzing so far

as possible the evaporation, seepage, tran- ( spiration, precipitation, water table ele- vation and ground water discharge through

tile drains.

Data collection is continuing. The physical

properties of the organic soil have been determined and the results are presently

being analyzed.

"Determination of Subsidence of an Organic

Soil in Southern Ontario," C. Mirza and R. W. Irwin, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 44: 248-253, 1964.

(3660)

THE RESISTIVITY METHOD OF GROUND WATER

PROSPECTING. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Dept. of Engineering Science,

Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada. ( Field investigation; applied research. The objective is to investigate the appli- cation of the resistivity method to sub- surface exploration for ground water under

the geological conditions found in southern

Ontario. Completed.

The Schlumberger configuration was found to be a rapid and satisfactory method for prospecting. Depth-to-bedrock interpretation

was found to be feasible using the Enslin

method. Interpretation of two, three and four layer cases was possible when the layers

were of sufficient thickness and had the necessary resistivity contrast. Interpretations

of depth to water table were possible in the sand plains area where the unsaturated layer

was free of clay. A report on the study in

the Big Creek Region of Ontario is under ( preparation

.

RAIN FALL-DEPTH -AREA-INTENSITY RELATIONSHIPS

IN CENTRAL ONTARIO.

(g)

4052)

SI

(d)

(e)

(g)

4054)

(b)

(c)

1.1

4925)

(b)

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. D. Ayers, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research.

A dense network of standard and recording

rain gages has been established in the Guelph area with the cooperation of the Meteorololqg- ical Branch, Department of Transport. The network is over an area of approximately 12 square miles with an average gage density of

1 per square mile. The purpose of this study is to obtain detailed information on summer precipitation characteristics for use in the hydrologlc design for small drainage basins. Completed

.

Analysis of data shows that for 8 years intensity-frequency relationships are dif- ferent from nearby stations with longer

record

.

"A Severe Thunderstorm at Guelph, Ontario, June 23, 1964," W. T. Dickinson, No. 11, Dept. of Engineering Science, Univ. of Guelph, 1964.

"A Comparative Study of Rain Gauges at Guelph, Canada," W. T. Dickinson, Pro- ceedings of Hydrology Symposium No. 4, National Research Council Associate

Committee on Geodesy and Geophysics,

Sub-committee on Hydrology, 1964. POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AND CONSUMPTIVE

USE OF WATER BY CROPS. Laboratory project.

Dr. K. M. King, Department of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

.

Field investigations; basic research.

The purpose of this investigation is to evalu- ate the factors influencing evapotranspiratlon

by the use of a specially designed floating

lysimeter. Study is being conducted on the effect of soil moisture on the heat budget

and evapotranspiratlon for crops. Errors due to temperature variations in zinc chloride filled floating lysimeters were found to be much more serious than those in water filled floating lysimeters. COVER MATERIALS FOR TILE DRAINS. Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada. Experimental and field investigation; applied research

.

This study is being made to determine the effect of several cover materials on soil movement and water discharged into a tile

drain. Laboratory studies of some relatively new glass fiber materials have been completed and a field experiment based on those results was Installed in the fall of 1960. Biennial sampling of sediment from drains at the field experimental site Is being con- tinued. RUNOFF FROM FLAT LAND. Laboratory project in cooperation with Water

Resources Division, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada. Field investigation; applied research.

Four 2 to 10 square mile flat watersheds of fine-textured soils are to be studied to determine the relationship between pre- cipitation, snowmelt, watershed character- istics and runoff. These watersheds are distributed geographically over Southern

Ontario. Hydrologlc data on this

type of watershed are being sought for the establishment of criteria for the design of drainage structures. MECHANICAL DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS. Laboratory project.

Prof. R. W. Irwin, Univ. Ontario, Canada.of Guelph, Guelph,

210
(g)

55; =

(h)

Field investigation; applied research. Discharge measurements and stage measurements

from three pump drainage sites are being (d) recorded together with precipitation values. Data collection is continuing. (e) TRANSIENT PRESSURE AND WATER CONTENT DISTRI- BUTIONS IN SOIL - WATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

(0) Laboratory project. [g|

(c) Prof. W. N. Stammers, Dept. of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

.

(d) Experimental, theoretical; applied research.

(e) Experimental and analytical investigation

of" transient soil water flow systems with

saturated and unsaturated flow regions is being investigated.

(5509) MOISTURE BALANCE AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Dept. of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) A daily moisture budget based on four different

soil moisture storage models is being com- puted for a ten year period at ten sites in Southern Ontario. The budgeting procedure is based on actual precipitation data and evapo- transpiration determined from meteorological

conditions and an empirical moisture de- pletion model. A snythetic irrigation

schedule is superimposed upon the moisture

budget in a supplementary computer program.

(g) The average annual irrigation requirement for

perennial vegetation varied from approximately 9 inches for coarse textured soils

of low moisture storage capacity to about

four inches for soils of high storage

capacity.

(5510) GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCES ON STREAM FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Dept. of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

.

(d) Experimental, applied research for Master of Science Degree.

(e) Various stream flow parameters such as flow duration curve, groundwater recession constant, uniformity of monthly discharge and other indices are being compared on drainage

basins of differing surficial geology in Southern Ontario. Tne geological conditions

range from fine-textured soils formed on till to coarse textured soils formed on sands and gravel.

(5511) UNIT HYDRCGRAFHS FOR ONTARIO WATERSHEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H . D. Ayers, Dept. of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada

.

(d) Experimental, applied research for Master of Science Thesis. (b

(e) Unit hydrographs were developed for five (d watersheds in the region. Methods of base flow (e separation were compared. Effects of areal and time distribution and magnitude of rainfall on unit hydrograph were assessed.

(f) Completed.

(g) There was no significant effect on the unit hydrograph peak which could be attributed to the areal or time distribution of rainfall or the actual amount of rainfall involved in the storm runoff hydrograph.

(h) "Unit Hydrograph Characteristics of Selected

Ontario Watersheds, " W. T. Dickinson, M.S.A. Thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, Univ.

of Toronto, 1963.

(5512) BASIN PHYSIOGRAPHY AND HYDROGRAPH CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Dept. of Engineering

Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario,

Canada

.

Experimental, applied research for Master of Science Thesis. Hydrographs and physiographic parameters of eleven watersheds in Southern Ontario were

determined. The time of concentration was

determined for each hydrograph.

Completed.

A multiple regression equation for time of concentration as a function of physiographic

characteristics was developed. This relation- ship was compared with other empirical

formula for time of concentration.

"The Time of Concentration For Selected

Rivers From Watershed Characteristics," P. N. Gryniewski, M.S. A. Thesis, Ontario Agricultural College, Univ. of Toronto,

1964.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO, Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer,

Hydraulic Generation Department, 620 University

Avenue, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(4026) NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

id) Experimental; for design and operation,

(e) An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model reproducing five miles of the Niagara River

from Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts

is being used to determine the operational

characteristics of the Niagara River Control Structure under developed conditions. This model was previously used to investigate

the remedial works necessary for the Preser- vation and Enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the location of the intakes and necessary river improvements of both Ontario

Hydro and the Power Authority of the State

of New York. To fully realize the terms of the 1950 Niagara Treaty, additional remedial works have been designed. These include a five-gate extension to the existing 13-gate

control structure as well as a system con- taining an upstream accelerating wall, a downstream training wall and overflow weir

for the safe passage of ice past the various

intakes along the Canadian shore of the river above the Falls. The sequence of con- struction of these works and the conditions

during their construction were determined

in the model. Rating of the structure under

cofferdammed conditions was obtained. An

echo-sounding survey with electronic fixing

was made In the field in 1962 and portions

of the model re-contoured. Certain river improvements were designed and executed to assist in the passage of ice floes.

(4455) ARROW LAKES DAM - COLUMBIA RIVER. British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority.

Experimental; for design and operation. An 1:80 scale model of the Arrow Lakes and

dam and environs was built to determine the detailed location and adequacy of the water

passages in a concrete structure and the energy-dissipating works necessary to ensure

the protection of an associated earth dam. Numerous tests have been made with a movable

bed of fine sand to determine erosion

characteristics and navigation velocities

upstream and downstream of a lock situated between the concrete structure and the earth

dam

.

A 1:50 scale model was tested in a flume to determine the hydraulic design of the tunnel ports in the concrete structure and to de- velop the associated energy-dissipating work. Rating of these ports was obtained as well as the hydraulic loadings on the port gates. A 1:60 scale model of one of the four sluice- ways is being tested in the flume to determine

211
the rating of the sluice and the hydraulic

loadings on the sluice gate. Piezometers

are being used to determine under varying

conditions of flow, the rollway pressures as well as the pressures at selected locations

in the energy-dissipating bucket and associated tooth-like projections of the dissipator.

(4963) KIPLING GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(bj Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model has been constructed of the main dam containing two submerged tunnel ports and two sluiceways to determine the dewatering arrangement for

construction, cofferdam location and ele- vations, velocities during closure of cofferdam and the rating of the diversion

ports during construction of main dam and sluiceways

.

The elevations and lengths of training walls,

and the length of a concrete apron downstream

of the sluices were determined by experiment.

(f) Work is complete and model inactive.

(4964) LAKEVIEW THERMAL GENERATING STATION - RECIRCULATION STUDY OF CONDENSER COOLING

WATER.

(bj Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:24 natural scale model was constructed

of the intake channel from Lake Ontario and pump wells for the condenser cooling water of

the eight 300-megawatt thermal units. By

design of the alignment of the excavated rock

canal walls and the Introduction of warm condenser water through a "Y" branch pipe

into the canal, efficient distribution of the warm water across the pump wells was achieved

under a variety of pumping conditions in order

to prevent ice difficulties at the travelling

screens.

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(5514) KIPLING GENERATING STATION - TAILRACE MODEL.

(bj Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of the draft tubes of the four turbines and tailrace was constructed to study whether a 3 to 1 slope up from the units was possible rather than a 4 to 1 slope

due to the confining nature of the downstream

topography.

(f) Work completed and model removed.

(5515) LAKEVIEW GENERATING STATION - UNITS 7 and 6.

(bj Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A 1:16 plastic scale model was built of the 7-foot diameter condenser cooling water pipes

and the branch 5-foot diameter pipes,

expanders and various degree elbows leading

to and from the condenser box. By experi- ment the actual division of pipe flow to and

from the condenser was found as well as the vanes necessary to provide equal flow in the branch pipes.

(f) Work completed and model inactive.

(5516) SIR ADAM BECK-NIAGARA GENERATING STATIONS.

(bj Ontario Hydro.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:80 scale model was built of the two canals leading to the plants including the crossover, in order to determine the per- formance with the increased flow of Sir Adam Beck No. 1 canal due to Its enlargement.

(5517) LAMBTON GENERATING STATION.

(bj Ontario Hydro

.

(dj Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 to 80 scale model reproduces about one mile of the St. Clair River topography. The

model will determine the location and size of the intake channels for cooling water and any river excavation for the channel and

shipping,

(f) Model under construction.

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY LTD.

(4456) VELOCITY AND DIRECTION OF CURRENT RECORDER,

bj Laboratory Project.

d) Experimental - development of instrument for hydrographic and oceanographic research for acquisition of datum in computable form

(punched tape)

.

(e) Recording of velocity by impulse counter for propeller type current-meter. Recording of direction by reading an encoder monitorized

by a marine compass. Instrument must be:

lj rugged, 2) simple and easy to maintain,

3) very low power drain for long periods,

(recording up to 6 months under ice)

.

f j Prototype studies and tests completed,

g) Industrial instrument design and industrial prototype completed. Ready for marketing.

(4517) MONTREAL - SOREL SHIP CHANNEL.

(bj Department of Transport.

id) Theoretical and experimental: design.

(e) Two models representing a section of the

St. Lawrence River from Laprairle Basin

including Montreal Harbour to Sorel Islands

were built at a scale 1/150 vertically and

1/600 horizontally.

The purpose of the model was to study the improvement of navigation in this section of the St. Lawrence River.

(4965) ST. TIMOTHEE REACH.

(bj Hydro - Quebec, and consulting engineers,

(dj Experimental; design.

(e) Study on an undistorted 1/100 scale model of three different solutions to the water level control problem in the St - Tlmothee reach,

including studies of coffer damming, spill- ways, dikes along the reservoir, currents,

f j Completed.

g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5414) PROMENADE DRIVE ALONG RIVIERE DES PRAIRIES.

(bj Dept. of Public Works, City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Part 1. Influence of the projected road embankment upon back water and ice cover profiles along the encroached reach of the river. Part II. Protection of embankment against current and wave action,

f j Completed.

g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5415) DRAINAGE OF VERSANT SUD SEWER COLLECTOR ST. JACQUES YOUVILLE.

(bj Dept. of Public Works, City of Montreal,

(dj Theoretical; design.

(e) Hydrology and circular sewer collector

design in combined system including high water flow interception device and storm water flow meter,

f j Completed.

g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5416) ROAD TUNNEL LA FONTAINE (MONTREAL B0UCHERVIL1E).

(b) Atlas Wilson and Janin, contractors (joint venture )

.

dj Experimental; design.

e) Study of the hydrodynamic forces horizontal

and vertical, acting on a concrete element

of tunnel and accompanying barges during the warping and sinking operations. Tests are carried out in a flume 30' long

x 11' wide reproducing a part of the river,

212
the excavated trench, a calibrated plexiglass model of tunnel element and sunken element in final position (scale 1/84).

(5417) EROSION STUDY OF CLAY SAMPLES.

(b) Dept. of Transport of Canada, Marine Works

Branch.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Two series of tests are conducted with

undisturbed clay soil samples, and another

series is carried out with the clay in the comparatively remoulded state. Results of hydraulic testing, fundamental differences

between behaviour of cohesive and non- cohesive materials, and difficulties of scaling-up such flume results are dealt with

in the report

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(54ie) matane harbour.

(b) Dept. of Public Works of Canada (Harbours

and Rivers Engineering Branch), and con- sulting engineers.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) Wave forecast study - an undistorted 1/100

scale model is used to measure wave action within the harbour and to determine the optimum harbour layout. Stability studies

will follow.

(541S) RIVIERE DES PRAIRIES - MARINA.

(b) Dept. of Public Works, City of Montreal.

Id) Theoretical; design.

(e) Planning of a small-craft harbour, including

layout planning, wave action, berthing

facilities and services.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5420) 1S67 WORLD EXHIBITION MARINA.

(b) Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World

exhibition, and consulting engineers.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design.

(e; Various points are investigated: reduction

of currents in the entrance by means of a deflector; wave action within the marina; wind effects in relation to safe entry and

exit

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5421) CLOSURE OF DIVERSION TUNNELS - MANICOUAGAM V.

(b) Hydro - Quebec.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Down-pull calculation with existing gates,

or with grids to be obturated in place; - air vent calculations downstream from the gates

.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5422) SINKING OF CAISSON FOR THE WORLD'S FAIR BRIDGE

.

(b) Dufresne Engineering Corporation Limited.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Scale model to study sinking of large caissons in 15 ft/sec. current. Deter- mination of hydrodynamic forces for optimum anchor systems.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5423) CONSTRUCTION OF A DYKE BY THE METHOD OF TOEDUMPING.

(b) Canadian Corporation for the 1967 World

Exhibition, and consulting engineers.

(d} Theoretical and experimental; design.

(ej A dyke is to be built to cut an arm of the

St. Lawrence river between St. Helen's

Island and Notre Dame Island In Montreal

harbour. The theoretical and experimental

studies were to determine the evolution of

discharges, water levels and rock fill sizes necessary as the dyke progresses

across the arm through the toe-dumping

method.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5424) ICE CONTROL STRUCTURE IN LAPRAIRIE BASIN.

(b) Dept. of Public Works, Canada; and consulting

engineers

.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) Scale model of ice cover deformation and evolution under hydrodynamic forces and erosive action as influenced by the con- struction of an ice control structure up- stream from Montreal harbour.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5425) LITTLE CURRENT SHIP PASSAGE.

(b) Dept. of Public Works, Canada, and consulting

engineers

.

(d) Scale model study of navigation problems In Little Current Narrows. Study of corrective measures for currents induced by wind, tide and seiche action.

(5426) OUTARDES RIVER DIVERSION WORKS.

(b) Hydro - Quebec and consulting engineers.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1/96 scale model of single 49.5' diameter

unlined diversion tunnel. Study of general

performance, erosion, flow stability In

conduit, etc. Study of the construction of

the cofferdam by the toe-dumping method.

(5427) ARROW LAKES LOCK.

b) C B A Engineering Ltd.

d) Experimental; design.

e) The purpose of the study carried out on a 1/20 scale model Is to ascertain the hydraulic performance of the design of the lock and make the modifications suggested

by these preliminary tests.

(5428) PEACE RIVER TAILRACE.

(b) I P E C (International Power and Engineering

Consultants Ltd)

.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design.

(e) Study on a 1/96 scale model of the head

losses and surge waves In the tailrace manifold and tunnel. A special study of the surge waves in the tailrace tunnel is also carried out on a computer.

(5429) SNOW MELTING DEVICE,

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; design.

(e) Study of the hydraulic problems pertaining

to snow melters in order to improve their

operation.

(5430) BACK FILLING IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) City of Montreal,

id) Experimental study.

(e) Model study to determine the effect on water

levels and ice conditions of a multi-acre

back filled area at Point - St - Charles in

the St. Lawrence River.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5431) LOG PASSAGE IN A DIVERSION TUNNEL.

(b) Hydro - Quebec and consulting engineers,

fd) Theoretical study.

(e) Theoretical study of the different phases of log passage In a diversion tunnel: (1) Float- ing of logs; (2) formation of a sliding

cover; (3) characteristics of an immobile

cover; (4) evolution of the thickness of the cover under erosion or deposition; (5) characteristics of stabilized cover; and

213
(6) transportation capacity of tunnel with

stable log cover.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5432) GREEN ST. EMILIE SEWER.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Study and design of a special automatic

flushing device for a long low sloped sewer. The study also includes the design of a 70' high sewer drop.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5433) DRAINAGE OF THE RIVIERE DES PRAIRIES

DISTRICT.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Hydraulic design of a 6 mile long combined

sewer, draining an 8000 acre basin along

the Riviere des Prairies.

The sewer Includes along its course three

storm overflows, but as the sewer has been designed to store a large volume of storm water, the overflows will discharge

in the river not more than three times a year, each discharge being of short duration and the quantity of B.O.D. released during this time will be comparable to that of a water sewage treatment plant effluent.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report submitted to sponsor.

(5434) MAISONNEUVE SEWER.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Theoretical; design.

(e) Study and design of a special automatic flushing device to prevent sedimentation

in a locally submerged sewer. The pro- posed device stores the dry water flow

in the sewer itself, and quickly releases

the water by means of a siphon. The design includes any movable mechanical

part

.

at a sluice gate beyond which there is a nearly level free surface.

(4923) DIVISION OF OPEN -CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) National Research Council, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.O., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for Master's

degree

.

(e) Detailed examination of flow at Junction between straight channel and a branch at 90°.

(f) Detailed study of flow at junction under way.

(g) All three sections of the experimental

channel are 8" wide, the walls and bottom being plexiglas and painted steel. The features noted in several earlier studies

of such flows have been fitted into a consistent pattern. Simple mathematical models have been f jound to describe almost every feature of the flow well away from the junction

.

(4924) WAVES IN AND NEAR PACK ICE.

(b) Defence Research Board, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.O., Canada.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and applied research, for Master's degree.

(e) Study of fundamental mechanical processes

of interaction between surface waves and floating elastic bodies.

(g) Experiments under way.

(5280) UNIFORM DISTORTION OF TURBULENCE.

(b) Defence Research Board, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P.O., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research for Doctoral

thesis

.

(e) Study of uniformly distorted turbulence to investigate the approach to equilibrium

structure and the nature of that structure.

(g) Special wind tunnel under construction.

MCGILL UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering

and Applied Mechanics.

(4545) BREAKUP OF SOLITARY WAVE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engineering

and Applied Mechanics, McGill University, Montreal 2, P.O., Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Examination of disintegration of a solitary

wave in shallow water on encountering deep

water.

(f) Completed.

(4546) CAVITATION AT HIGH-HEAD SLUICE GATES.

(b) National Research Council, Canada.

(c) Dr. A. J. Reynolds, Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Applied Mechanics, McGill Univ., Montreal 2, P. C., Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research, for Doctoral degree

.

(e) Study of pressure fluctuations on wall behind

an obstruction which produces cavitation.

f) Work transferred to 11" by 11" water tunnel.

g) The flow was established in a syphon tunnel

of section 3" by 3". Mean pressure dis- tributions were measured for a wide range

of blockage ratios, with and without air

addition. Overall pressure recovery was

found to be accurately predicted by momentum balance assuming one-dimensional flow. Length of eddy behind gate (without air addition) agreed with previous measurements

of Rouse and Forthmann. The length of the eddy was found to be as much as twice that

of the eddy formed in the very similar flow

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director,

Division of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

(4047) BAIE COMEAU, PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The new development of the harbour Is com- pleted. It involves a perforated verticalwall breakwater, 1000 ft. long, 60 ft. wide,

56 ft. high, built as the extension to an existing wharf.

(g) Observations have shown the breakwater to perform in a satisfactory manner during

storms. The wave run-up appears to be suppressed and no erosion can be observed at the toe. The breakwater can thus provide

berthing facilities as well as harbour

protection

.

(4464) RUSTICO HARBOUR, PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1:150 by 1:30 wave and tidal model with movable bed of crushed bakelite was made

to study harbour inlet instability and to determine suitable remedial measures.

(f) Model study completed and recommendations

Issued to sponsor.

(g) Shallow water Interaction between waves and currents found to be responsible for

214
instability rather than littoral drift,

(h) "Basic Experiments on the Development of Coastal Inlets With and Without Wave Action,"

K. L. Philpott, Proc. Xth I.A.H.R. Congress,

pp. 303-310, London, September 1963.

(4465) AIR BUBBLERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; field investigations.

(e) Field measurements and laboratory tests were performed to determine the mechanism whereby

an air bubbler prevents ice formation in an oceanic environment.

(g) Field measurements afforded a clear picture

of the mechanism and heat balance of the air bubbler operation. In most oceanic environ- ments the air bubbler will be effective with

varying degrees of efficiency.

(4525) FORMATION OF ICE IN RIVERS.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental; field investigations.

e) Water temperatures are being recorded in the

St. Lawrence River between Kingston, Ontario, and Three Rivers, Quebec, to obtain information on heat losses.

(g) Preliminary calculations show satisfactory

agreement between measured and computed

heat losses. For closer correlation more

precise measurement of meteorological con- ditions- particularly radiation- will be necessary.

(4527) TIDE PROPAGATION IN AN ESTUARY.

(b) Laboratory project.

Id) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) During the last 25 years, several structures have been built in the estuary of the Fraser

River, B.C., to increase locally the depth of the navigation channel. A 1:1440 by 1:144 fixed-bed model of the entire tidal section has been constructed to determine the actual effect of such structures on the tidal propagation.

(g) The model has been calibrated for different

discharge conditions and the first series of tests was started during September 1363.

(4528) EFFECT OF EARTH'S ROTATION ON RIVER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Considerations of gravity and Coriolis forces acting in fast-flowing, straight rivers of small slope indicate that considerable

spiral flow is possible. A small rotating

table has been constructed to study flow in channels in a rotating system.

(5090) CODROY HARBOUR, NEWFOUNDLAND.

ib) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) A 1:180 by 1:120 fixed-bed wave and current model of the harbour has been constructed to investigate silting conditions in the harbour

entrance and to devise remedial works.

(5091) ST. BRIDES HARBOUR BREAKWATER, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada,

id) Experimental for design.

(e) A 1/36 scale model of a proposed partially

submerged breakwater was tested in a wave

flume to determine its effectiveness in providing protection seaward of an existing

structure

.

(f) Completed, results reported to sponsor.

(5092) BRANCH HARBOUR, NEWFOUNDLAND.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Theoretical for design.

(e) A study of methods of reducing or eliminating

the need for regular maintenance dredging,

by making use of a river for flushing

combined with reduction of littoral drift

passing the harbour entrance.

(5093) GENERAL HARBOUR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory project, sponsored in part by

Dept. of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Field and theoretical, applied research.

(e) A general study of the hydraulic aspects of harbour design with the eventual objective

of standardizing procedures and. if possible,

designs, for relatively simple situations not requiring model studies. The first stage concerns evaluation of design conditions and

in this connection a method of processing

wind data for estimation of wave probabilities is under study.

(5094) PERFORATED VERTICAL-WALL BREAKWA 7ER.

(b) (d

(g)

(h)

(5095)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(5096)

(b) (d

Laboratory project.

Experimental and theoretical. Two-dimensional flume experiments are being

made to determine the behaviour of an erodible bed in front of the breakwater. Results obtained hitherto indicate that, for a non-cohesive bed, no erosion develops

at the toe of the breakwater regardless of

the wave height or period.

A report will be prepared. DINGWALL HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA. Department of Public Works, Canada. Experimental

.

Model study of a harbour subject to heavy

sedimentation ( sand) induced by waves.

The model study has been completed, but the study is still active. The harbour entrance has been rebuilt. It Involves four rubble-mound breakwaters

forming a wave energy trap. Results

indicate that no shoaling of the entrance

occurs

.

Report is in preparation. SAULNIERVILLE HARBOUR, NOVA SCOTIA. Department of Public Works, Canada. Theoretical and field Investigation.

Development of a new harbour involving a perforated verticaaaaaaaaaal-wall breakwater.

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY AT KINGSTON, Hydraulic

Laboratories

.

(3364) LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HARBOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Oueen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied.

(e) Two dimensional investigation of mass transport and sediment movement with and without

superimposed currents; three-dimensional

model investigation of the waves generated

by a moving vessel In shallow water; two- dimensional investigation of the use of floating breakwaters of logs as wave energy disslpators.

(h) "Model Tests on the Relationship between Deep water Wave Characteristics and Longshore

Currents", A. Brebner and J. W. Kamphuis.

Proc. 3th Conf. on Coastal Engineering,

Lisbon 1964. "Determination of Design Waves for the Great

Lakes", A. Brebner. Proc. 7th Conf. on Great Lakes Research, Toronto, 1364.

"A Comparison of Actual with Predicted Wave- Heights and Periods for the North Shore of Lakes Ontario and Erie", A. Brebner. J. Eng. Inst, of Canada, March 1964.

(4057) THE TRANSPORT OF MATERIAL IN PIPE-LINES.

(b) The National Research Council of Canada.

(c) Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Oueen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ont . , Canada.

215
(d) Laboratory Investigation.

(e) Pipes of differing shapes being used to study the parameters affecting the critical velocity of deposition.

(h) "On the Pumping of Wood-Chips Through a Four-inch Aluminum Pipe-Line", A. Brebner. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering,

June 1964.

"On the Hydraulic Efficiency of Aluminum Pipe

over a Large Range of Reynolds' Numbers",

A. Brebner. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, Feb. 1964.

(4468) CRITERIA FOR THE INCIDENCE OF TURBULENCE.

(b) National Research Council.

(c) Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ., Kinston,

Ont., Canada.

(d) Basic research for Master's Degree.

(e) Plane couette flow examined by electrolysis

and movie camera.

(4530) THE VERTICAL PUMPING OF MINE PRODUCTS.

(h)

(5287)

\Vi

it) (5288)

(b)

Ontario Mining Association.

Dr. A. Brebner, Ellis Hall, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Applied research.

The establishment of co-relations between head losses, concentration, etc.

"The Hydraulic Hoisting of a Magnetite

Slurry", A. Brebner and P. Kostuik. Queen's

C.E. Report No. 38, June 1964. LABORATORY INVESTIGATION OF THE INTENSITIES

OF SECONDARY CURRENTS IN AIR FLOWS. National Research Council of Canada.

Prof. S. S. Lazier, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Basic research for Master's Degree.

Report being prepared.

ON EFFICIENT MEANS OF PASSING PULPWOOD OVER

A WEIR IN HYDRO-ELECTRIC INSTALLATIONS. Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Canada.

Prof. R. J. Kennedy, Queen's Univ.,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Applied research. Work completed and report submitted to sponsor

.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Department of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

theses

.

(e) A long-term research carried out with a view

to systematizing discharge characteristics

for spillways having various pier spacings

and proportions.

(g) Significant correlations obtained via special

plotting techniques.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3003) ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Critical analysis of the hydraulic radius concept and the effect of cross-section

geometry on the resistance to flow in con- duits. Detailed evaluation of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities, and wall shear

stresses. The channel under study was 70 feet long and had a variable rectangular

cross-section of 3 x 1, 3, 9 inches, re-

(f)

(3368)

(SI

(d)

(e)

(6)

(h)

(4469)

(g)

(h)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(4889)

(d)

spectively, and used air as the fluid medium. First project completed; others in progress. DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES. Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Balnes, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and analytical; basic research

for Master's thesis.

A Jet of air at ambient or higher temperature

is injected at various angles into a uniform cross-flow. From photographs

of the jet containing smoke, and velocities determined with a hot-wire anemometer, the shape of the Jet and the pattern of dispersion are being studied. Momentum equations yield parametric relation- ships for the shape of the Jet which have been used to define the path of a jet

injected at 90 degrees to the cross-flow. Experiments are in progress with jets

entering at other angles. "Profiles of the Round Turbulent Jet in a Cross-Wind", by B. D. Pratte, M.A.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1964. DIFFUSION OF MOMENTUM AND ENERGY IN NON- CIRCULAR DUCTS. Laboratory project.

Prof. W. D. Balnes, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental, research for master's theses. The role of secondary currents in the diffusion of heat from the wall of a square duct

is being studied. Comparisons are being

made with the turbulent heat transfer rates. Correlations have been made between tem- perature and velocity distributions and shear and heat transfer rates. A device to measure local heat transfer rates has been developed

.

"Temperature and Velocity Distributions and Heat Transfer for Turbulent Flow in a Vertical Square Duct" by C. C. Alexopoulos,

M.A.Sc. thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1964. HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN AN AIR VENT

TANK ASSEMBLY.

SURGE

Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental, basic research for master's

and doctoral theses. Using an existing small-scale replica of a schematic penstock-inlet, pressure conditions

due to air entrainment under various modes

of gate and valve closure have been investigated. The study Is being continued with

emphasis shifted toward exploration of shape and transmission of interfacial wave sepa- rating the two regimes of flow. Significant negative pressures have been measured immediately in front of the interfacial wave. "Transient Hydraulic Phenomena in a Water

Supply Conduit" by R. G. Witherell, M.A.Sc.

thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1964. UNSTEADY LAMINAR FLOW IN SHORT, CLOSED

CONDUITS. Laboratory project.

Prof. H. J. ^eutheusser , University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental and analytical, basic research

for master's thesis. Various cases of unsteady (oscillating) laminar flow as encountered in typical viscous damping devices are being investi- gated .

(4890) CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW OF MIXTURES.

PLUID- SEDIMENT

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. J. 'Leutheusser, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

216
(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) Evaluation has been achieved of mean flow parameters such as friction coefficients,

static pressures, velocities and wall shear stresses in a two-dimensional closed conduit.

(5256) OPTIMUM HEIGHTS OF CHIMNEYS.

(b) The Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, Department of Works.

(c) Prof. G. Ft. Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental , applied research for design

information.

(e) Models of various configurations of blocktype buildings, equipped with smoke stacks

of variable height are being investigated in

a low- speed wind tunnel at a ratio of gas emission speed to wind velocity equal to unity. Objective of study is to derive rules for the proper height of chimneys resulting

in reduced aerodynamic downwash of the stack gases

.

(g) Results available indicate significant

effects of both windv/ard face and plan of building on minimum stack heights required.

(h) "On the Minimum Height of Roof -Mounted

Chimneys", by G. R. Lord, W. D. Baines, and

H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Mechanical Engineering Technical Publication

Series, TP 6409, 1964.

(5622) FLOW THROUGH AN OPEN-CHANNEL CONSTRICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. R. Lord, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

fd) Theoretical.

(e) Analytical description of two-dimensional

potential free-surface flow over a bottom

hump.

(5623) FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and analytical; applied research

for master's thesis.

(e) As an approach to fundamental investigations

of fluid flow in porous media, a two-dimensional wavy channel will be used to study viscous flow. The initial study involves a "one-period" channel.

(g) Potential-flow computations are being undertaken on IBM 7094 computer.

(5624) OPEN-CHANNEL PROFILE ANALYSIS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Analytical, basic research.

(e) Fundamental computational projects are being

reviewed and investigated by computer analysis.

(g) Unusual critical-slope characteristics have

been discovered. A two-way extrapolation

procedure shows promise in providing zero step-size results for numerically-integrated

surface profiles.

(h) "Generalized Critical Slope for Trapezoidal

Channels," by L. E. Jones and B. N. Tripathy. Scheduled for A.S.C.E. Hydraulic Division

Proceedings, January 1965.

(5625) PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES NEAR BLUFF BODIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis.

(e) Motion of particles falling through horizontal

flow past a vertical flat plate has been studied by photographing trajectories.

(f) Completed.

(g) Dimensionless parameters have been combined

as result of experiments to give simple

presentation.

(h) "Falling Particle Trajectories in Flow Fields

about Flat Plates", by R. J. E. Kerekes, M.A.Sc thesis, Univ. of Toronto, 1964.

(5626) FLOW IN A WEDGE WITH POROUS WALLS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. D. Baines, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) The flow of a fluid with a narrow wedge

(less than 10 degrees included angle) is being investigated for walls made of screen. Pressure gradients and velocity distri- butions are being studied.

(g) Peculiar characteristics have been found for flow approaching a screen at a small angle. Pressure drop is much greater than that predicted by simple theory.

(5627) BUILDING AERODYNAMICS.

(b) Division of Building Research, National

Research Council of Canada.

(c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design

information.

(e) Determination of pressure distributions for block-type and cylindrical buildings in a constant-velocity wind field. Critical

analysis of model testing techniques as employed In building aerodynamics.

(g) Parapets tend to make roof -pressure dis- tributions more uniform, without, however,

changing the average lift coefficients for

roofs. Pressure distributions on bluff bodies have been found to change with Reynolds number in the range of operating

conditions normally used In low-speed wind

tunnels. Tests in constant-velocity wind

fields require sufficiently long model ground plates In order to prevent entralnment of fluid into the building wake.

(h) "The Effects of Wall Parapets on the Roof Pressure- Coefficients of Block-Type and Cylindrical Structures", by H . J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Mechanical Engineering Technical Publication Series,

TP 6404, 1S64. "Parapets Improve Roof Wind Loading", by

H. J. Leutheusser, Consulting Engineer, Volume 23, No. 5, December 1964.

(5628) WATER-FLOW-INDUCED AIR CURRENTS

.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. J. Leutheusser, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Ontario.

(d) Experimental, basic research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Using a covered 50-foot tilting flume, air motion as induced by uniform open channel

flow Is being studied.

(5629) DYNAMICS OF A TURBULENT LINE VORTEX PAIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) Counter-rotating turbulent line vortices

are convected by a free stream. The characteristics of the turbulence,

entrainment, velocity profiles and vortex interaction will be determined by con- ventional hot-wire anemometer equipment

and visual techniques.

(5630) MOTION OF BODIES IN STRATIFIED FLUIDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. F. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research

for doctoral thesis.

(e) The Initial wake formation, asymptotic turbulent wake, and, for unsteady motions

the added mass, will be examined for

217
various shaped bodies. A heated wind tunnel

is to be used to obtain stratification.

(5631) INVESTIGATION OF PERIODICITY IK TURBULENT

WAKES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. J. P. Keffer, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) With hot-wire anemometer and flow visualization techniques, characteristics of a turbulent wake are examined. The wake has been

strained laterally to amplify turbulent motions

.

(g) Results indicate that the large eddy motions

have a definite, periodicity, not directly

related to Karman frequency. Indications are that large motions are initiated by inter- action of Karman street with lateral periodic

motions. A more detailed investigation of conditions during the breakdown into turbulence is to be made.

(h) "The Uniform Distortion of a Turbulent

Wake" by J. F. Keffer, Journ. of Fluid Mechanics (in press).

(5632) DIFFUSION OF MASS IN NON-CIRCULAR DUCTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. Brundrett, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesi s

.

(e) The role of secondary currents in the dif- fusion of tracer gases such as COg is being investigated in a vertical square duct.

(g) The results to date are supported by previous work which defined the magnitude of the secondary currents.

(5633) INNER- AND OUTER- IAW CORRELATIONS OF TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY IN TWO- AND THREE- DIMENSIONAL BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. E. Brundrett, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto

5, Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

.

(e) Inner- and outer- law correlations have been

applied to demonstrate the validity of an analogy probe to heat transfer similar to the Preston tube for wall shear stress. Overall

(h)

heat transfer results have also been obtained

from flat plate and non-circular ducts. Completed.

Continued investigation of the analogy probe

is anticipated. Results to be published in the April edition

of AGARDograph, with the results to be presented at the AGARD Naples meeting in May 1965.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA (EDMONTON), Dept. of Civil Engineering

.

(5654) ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER REG IMS University, with NRC grant.

Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ.

of Alberta, Edmonton. Laboratory study, Master's thesis. Attempt to reproduce and extend work re- ported in literature on relatively steady

density current flow through a reservoir. Continuing

.

Data were obtained for various ratios of depth of current flow to depth of overlay in

a range that permitted linking the ranges reported by Ippen & Harleman and by Levy in Proc. IAHR, 1959. The effect of the ratio was obtained roughly. Salt solution and

silt suspension were used separately to produce the currents In a 120 ft. long flume.

"A Study of the Thickness of Density Currents

in Reservoirs". Mangal Das Chawla, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Alberta, 1964.

(h)

(5655)

(h)

ALBERTAN CO-OPERATIVE STUDIES OF RIVER

REGIME. University, with NRC grant.

Dr. T. Blench, Dept. of Civil Engrg., Univ.

of Alberta, Edmonton. Laboratory study, Master's thesis. Study nature of advance of aggradation

upstream of a new reservoir, using field information and a simple model. Continuing. Nature of advance differs from expectation.

The extent of the advance is as expected.

A new method of studying the mechanism is being devised. "Exhaussement du lit a l'amont d'un reservoir". B. Harvey. M.Sc. Thesis, Univ. of Alberta, 1964.

218
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion

cylinders (2265) 11 spheres (3432) 41 Air entrainment

Intake towers, Oroville Dam (4947) 172 Appara tus portable irrigation sprinkler (4368) 135 rainfall simulator (2596) 67 sediment sampler (194) 160 turbulence incidence (4468) 216 water tunnel (79) , 40 wave gages (977) 155 Apparatus, hydromechanics laboratory

performance characteristics (5483) 70 Aquifers, two-part, salt water removal (4962).. 174 Atmospheric turbulence (5299) 164 Baffle piers

basic research (993) 188 cavitation (993) 186 Beach fills (2195) (4763) 156 Beaches

artifical (976) 155 by-passing sand, inlets (975) 155 equilibrium profile (181) 154 erosion (4762) 156 erosion, So. Lake Worth (4474) 25 littoral drift (5281) 26 littoral movement (3897) 156 particle movement (3897) 156

sand movement (4930) 13 scour (5552) 47 wave action (181) 154 wave action (660) 155 wave action (1609) 47 wave action (1631) 76 wave run-up (4155) 46

Bends, 90° trapezoidal (4973) 42 Boundary layer, boiling (5591) 66 Boundary layer studies (5128) 180 Boundary resistance, drains (4541) Boundary shear stress (2770) 16 Breakwater studies (4661) Breakwaters

Kahului Harbor, Hawaii (4605) 199

low crested (5082) 157 movable (2801) 47 perforated vertical wall (5094) 215 rigid walls (4308) 37 rubble-mound (999) 188 rubble-mound (2681) 191 rubble-mound, wave reflecting characteristics (5535).. 204 wave transmitting characteristics (5635) 204

St. Brides Harbour (50S1) 215 submerged (5082) 157 wave forces (998) 188 Breakwaters, floating

water-filled spherical bags (5505) 76 Bubble aeration studies (5504) 75 Bubbles

acoustic properties (5310) 82 collapse (5383) 183 vapor (1548) Canals

irrigation, Bentonite sealing (3704) 17 irrigation, linings (151) 131 linings (151) 131 linings (1859) 29 linings, seepage (1859) 29 Canals, concrete-lined

discharge capacity (3985) 170 Cavitation (3153) 73 Cavitation

baffle piers (993) 188 basic research (993) 188 basic research

Calif. Inst, of Tech. (1548) 7 Iowa State Univ. (79) 40 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 188 concrete surface irregularities (3278) 169 dredge pump (5550) 46 effect gas nuclei (5123) 180 formation and collapse (4082) 12 gate slots (993) 188 noise (1778) 176 offset Joints (993) 188

Cavitation

offsets (3278) 169

pipe bends (993) 188 roughness (5542) 51 sluice gates (79) 40 sluice gates (4546) 214 stilling basin steps (993) 188 water tunnel (79) 40 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 188 Cavitation characteristics

simple liquids (3807) 65 Cavitation damage, surface sealants (5498).... 75 Cavitation research

drop impacts (5495) 75 inception on rough surface (5126) 180 Cavity flow studies (5324) 180 Channel bends, flow (5522) 94 Channel improvement

flood control, Middle Miss. River (236) 186 flushing system Victoria Channel, Texas (5636) 204 Montreal-Sorel (4517) 212 shoaling processes (3907) 193 Turtle Creek (4383) 195 Willow Springs (4387) 195 Channel regimes Influence flood-retarding structures (5573) 124 Influence sediment detention structures (5573 ) 124 Channel stabilization (4284) 109 Channel stabilization Washita River Basin (4341) 126 Channels

alluvial (2505) 11 cohesive materials (4317) 120 conservation linings (1723) 104 conservation linings (3804) 63 degrading flows (5436) 13 effect flood flows (4283) 109 end-depth relationship (5306) 24 seepage flow (4410) 165 stability (4316) 120 stabilization (4318) 120 subcritlcal flows (3400) 16 subcritical flows (4296) 112 thalweg profile studies (4251) 99 vegetation lined (4337) 126 Channels, alluvial aggradation (3870) 119 artificial controls (5077) 166 degradation (3870) 119 flood waves (4358) 133 hydraulics of (5078) 166 infiltration (5349) 5 meander pattern (5402) 21 seepage flow, dunes (5451) 92 Channels, curved mean flow characteristics (4148) 42 subcritical flow (3614).. 170 turbulence characteristics (4148) 42 Channels, dredging

effect on flow velocity (5572) 124 effect on scour and deposition (5572) 124 effect on sediment transport (5572) 124 Channels, flood mechanics of slug flow (5360) 8 Channels, sand bed

bed forms study (5575) 125 boundary irregularity (55?6) 125 Channels, steep

surface characteristic (3824) 73 Channels, trapezoidal

check structures (5462) 10 transitions (5462) 10 Channels, triangular

flow (5491) 103 Cllmatological data, Illinois (5053) 34 Coastal inlet studies (5229) 200 Coefficients

hydrophobic disks and plates (2436) 160 oxygen transfer (5373) 54 roughness, streams (5181).. 64 Coeffic-i'ents, loss trapezoidal bends (5319) 42 Conduits

bend losses (5007) 185 circular, exit transitions (2543) 45

219
Conduits

exit pressure distributions (2543) 45 two-phase flow (4235) 85 Conduits, closed

air flow (5339) 175 head losses (5049) 24 laminar flow (4889) 216 mean flow parameters (4890) 216 Conduits, noncircular

secondary currents (4531) 23 Conduits, rectangular

full flow to open channel flow (5503) 75 Coriolis

effect river flow (4528) 215 Culverts

discharge characteristics (2435) 160 drop inlet (111) 71 Culverts, box

energy dissipators (4537) 36 Culverts, outlets energy dissipator (5457) 86 Current velocitv, longshore field measurement (5325) 157 Currents, air water induced (5628) 217 Currents, air flow intensities of (5287) 216 Cylinders accelerated motion (2265) 11 Damsgallery drainage (771) 186 literature search (5258) 15 Dams, rockfill, flow (4663) 57 Delta development (5566) 116 Density current studies (4657) 54 Density currents (5361) 8 Density currents

St. Croix River (5494) 75 sedimentation (307) 47 tidal estuaries (1986) 189 Diffusion

atmospheric (3708) 17 atmospheric (3398) 16 cross-channel (5546) 28 shear flows (5401) 20 Diffusion, turbulent, contaminants (5485) 70 Dikes

construction, toe-dumping (5423) 213 Disks, rotating resistance of (3749) 48 Dissipators, sudden enlargement

effectiveness (5334) 174 Distillation, sea water (1554) 11 Distribution systems arterial (4143) 38 Drag

amphibious craft (5312) 82 skin friction (3143) 64 supercavitating bodies (4149) 42 torpedo models (5381) 183 Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 11 Drag forces

immersed cylinder (4903) 209 velocity gradient fields (4716) 85 Drag measurement (4558) 38 Drag reduction (4199) 73 Drag reduction (4556) 25 Drag reduction

effect of molecular size (5291) 98 high velocity pipe flow (4691) 73 Drag resistance

submerged objects (5134) 89 Drag, hemisphere

3-dimensional finite flow field (5137) 90 Drain tile cover material (4052) 21 0 depth and spacing (2330) 39 discharge measurements (2740) 210 flow characteristics (3490) 67 gravel filters (4114) 18 junction losses (1929) 72 sediment deposition (3490) 67 sediment movement (3490) £7 Drainage

by pumping (2350) 56 effect, solonetzic soils (4987) 35 galleries, dams (771) 186 irrigated lands (1819) 9 mechanical, agricultural lands (4925) 210 salt affected soils (4831) 116

Drainage

subsurface (4183) 68 subsurface (4273| 105 subsurface (4844) 128 surface (3475) 60 surface (3745) 44 surface (3867) 109 surface (4273) 105 underground drain tiles (5362) 8 Drainage, sewer Riviere des Prairies District (5433) 214 Drainage, subsurface analog studies (5205) 108 Drainage, surface Mississippi Delta (4332) 123 parallel ditches (5481) 68 Drainage basin studies (3421) 32 Drainage effluent, quality of (5161) 19 Drainage improvement, surface (2333) 39 Drainage investigations (5033) 62 Drainage materials

durability and effectiveness (5218) 130 Drainage methods nonirrigated areas of Lower Rio Grande Valley (4849) 129 Drainage practices

development of techniques (4819) Ill level lands (5206) 112 sloping lands (5206) 112 Drainage systems

design (4271) 105 design criteria (4353) 128 efficiency (4845) 124 operation criteria (4353) 128 subsurface (5176) 62 Drains

plastic lined (4681) 68 Dredging

Staten Island, N. Y. (5182) 26 Ductshead losses (4878) 184 vibration studies (4880) 185 Ducts, non-circular

diffusion of mass (5632) 218 diffusion momentum and energy (4469) 216 Dunes (4760) 156 Dunes (5612) 169 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (1875).... 40 Energy dissipation

free laminar liquid sheets (5523) 95 large roughness elements (5533) 93 transition of pipe to open channel flow (5133) 85 turbulent liquid sheets (5523) 95

[forth San Joaquin Terminal Structure (5464) 10 Energy losses

bends (3441) 45 Erosion

by flowing water (5477) 83 forest (4757) 145 ranges (4757) 145

sea level fluctuations (4129) 25 Erosion research (4913) 39 Erosion research

beaches, Florida (4479) 25 clay samples (5417) 213 control of (4276) 106 eastern South Dakota (4282) 107 eastern South Dakota (4817)..... 108 effect watershed slope (5568) 117 Exner equation (5183) 64 Florida inlets (3413) 25 forest Influences (380) 153 forest influences (657) 150 Hawaii (5001) 149 highway drainage (5489) 103 hillslopes (4323) 121 Iowa (4279) 107 Lake Maracaibo channel (5119) 51 Lake Michigan (1863) , 34 midwest claypans (4281) 107 Minnesota (4282) 107 Northeast soils (4294) Ill profile characteristics (4277) 106 rainfall (4182) 68 rainfall (4275) 106 runoff (4275) 106 sediment yield (4303) 113 semidesert vegetation (657) 150 sheet runoff (4182) 68

220
Erosion research

soil (3424) 35

soil properties (4277) 106 southern Piedmont (4333) 123 volume of erosion (5207) 116 water (4848) 129 water control (4295) Ill Wisconsin (4280) 107 Erosion studies eastern South Dakota (5561) 108 gullies (5563) 109 Evaporation (4532) 2 Evaporation

evapotranspiration (3662) 210 field soils (5227) 137 Illinois (555) 30 measurement (1015) 161 measurement (3881) 125 rangeland stockponds (4824) 115 reduction (2828) 63 reduction (4634) 3 reservoirs (765) 186 reservoirs (2180) 132 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) 186 Evaporation, pan measurement (5305) 23 Evaporation losses (5442) 90 Evaporative retardants

aerial application (5441) 90 Evapotranspiration

measurement (4138) 33 measurement (4833) 116 watersheds, Central and Southern Calif. (4851) 135 Filters (2535) 32 Filters (2837) 67 Fish collection facilities (5463) 10 Fish ladders

baffled, pipe type (5300) 64 Fish propulsion (5556) 53 Fi shways Rock Island (5524) 95 velocity barrier (4726) 97 Flood control

lower conifer zone of Calif. (4998) 147 rivers, Mississippi Basin (236) 187 Flood forecasting

Fraser River (4902) 209 rating curves (3602) 163 Flood hydrographs

agricultural watersheds (4311) 117 foothill range watersheds (4311) 117 Flood routing (3476) 61 Flood routing (4565) 12 Flood wave studies (4101) 17 Flow, accelerated (3740) 41 Flowcavity (4677) 65 conducting fluids (4980) 52 free surface (4719) 88 free surface (5533) 51 laminar (4588) 27 non-Newtonian (5371) 54 pulsating (4859) 55 river under arch bridges (2835) 69 rotating cylinders (4734) 99 separated (5350) 5 single and two-phase in tube (2374) 70 siphonic (5520) 94 thin-film liquid (4706) 70 turbulent boundary-layer (4142) 38 two-dimensioaal (5505) 76 unsteady (4180) 65 unsteady free surface (4667) 60 vortex-sink (5263) 59 Flow, accelerated curvilinear pressure distribution (5136) 90 velocity distribution (5136) 90 Flow, base, origin of (5603) 167 Flow, divided, mechanics of (3743) 44 Flow, fluids, packed beds (5170) 30 Flow, nonisothermal, vertical tubes (4589) 27 Flow, overland, hydraulics of (4576) 63 Flow, pulsating, tubes (5555) 53 Flow, separated

body of revolution (5199).„ 92 lifting bodies (5264) 59 Flow, spatially varied, irrigation ditches (5476) 63 Flow, supercritical, transitions (5182) 64

Flow, turbulent non-Newtonian media (5596) 66

Flow, turbulent

shear (4892) 161 vorticity (4568) 12 Flow, two-phase (5304) 23 Flow, two-phase

gas-liquid (5557) 53 slip velocity (5365) 24 Flow, unsteady

Kutta condition (5107) 65 Flow fields 3-dimenslonal finite (5135) 89 3-dimensional semi-finite (5135) 89 visualization (4498) 52 Flow in a wedge porous walls (5626) 217 Flow measurement (5600) 167 Flow measurement

irrigation water (5164) 19 open channels (5164) 19 pipes (5164) 19 Flow noise micro bubbles (5499) 75 non-Newtonian fluid (5497) 75 Flow problems

vascular system (4643) 44 Flow separation

geometric characteristics (4151) 44 mechanism of (5605) 168 Flow stability branched tubes (4559) 38 flexible wall (5191) 7 two rotating cylinders (4641) 44 Flow studies partially saturated (4627) 2 two-phase (5554) 53 Washita River (4345) 127 Flow systems soil-water (5508) 211 Flow visualization studies (5122) 179 Fluid dynamics investigation

blood circulation (5474) 61 Fluid flow hydraulics of (4081) 12 mechanics of (4123) 24 Fluid mechanics

design of laboratory equipment (5484) 70 educational films (3739) 41 Fluid resistance

mechanics (5604) 167 mechanics of (5610) 168 Fluids vlscoelectric (4671) 61 Flumes calibration (5444) 91 design (5444) 91 Parshall (2902) 16 trapezoidal (2902) 16 trapezoidal (5445) 91 Flumes, metering

calibration (3848) 94 Flumes venturl, calibration (4959) 173 venturi, design (4959) 173 Forces cavitating body (4u99) 74 free surface (4428) 178 lateral (4429) 178 submerged bodies (3799) 61 wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 64 Frictional effects

in rivers (5040) 23 in waterways (5040) 23 Gate slots effect on downpull (4975) 42 Gatescavitation (993) 188 downpull forces (5332) 174 lock (1474) .189 Navajo Dam, New Mexico (4960) 173 tests of seals (5338) 175 Trinity Dam air demand tests (4958) 173 vibration tests (5647) 206 Gates, fixed wheel Glendo Dam (4949) 172 Gates, outlet works Morrow Point Dam (5335) 175 Ruedi Dam (5335) 175 Gates, tainter

rubber seals (5072) 159 Gates, vertical, water flow (5142)

221
Gates, vibration

effect lifting beams (4976) 42 Ground water accretion (4326) 122 accretion and movement (4290) 110 aquifer productivity (3731) 32 aquifer-streamf low relation (4346) 127 aquif er-streamflow relationship (5224) 136 aquifers (4268) 105 aquifers, evaluation (3733) 33 aquifers, evaluation (4929) 13 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689).... 164 Arkansas (2255) 6 artificial recharge (559) 31 artificial recharge (2255) 6 artificial recharge (5396) 20 basin management (4932) 13 Chicago area (1335) 31 density-stratified flow (5013) 8 dynamic storage of (5185) 67 East St. Louis area (561) 31 evaluation, Pullman-Moscow Basin (5529) 95 exploration (3658) 210 flow in sediments (3524) 85 flow problems (2948) 164 fluctuations (821) 16 inventory (4522) 1

' management practices (5588) 138 movement (432S) 122 movement (5224) 136 movement by tracer (4628) 2 movement, laminar (5158) 4 movement, model studies (4630) 2 occurrence problems (3264) 165 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 31 pressure measurement (5030) 47 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 40 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 40 recession hydrographs (5303) 23 recharge ( 4035 ) recharge (5051) 31 recharge basins (4850) ?35 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 112 reservoir characteristics (4106) 17 resource evaluation (4535) 33 runoff (5051) 34 storage (5171) 44 studies of western desert, U.A.R. (4631).... 2 Tennessee Valley (780) 186 Tucson Basin (5357) 6 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4268) 105 wells, evaluation (3733) 33 Ground water basin

hydrologic characteristics (4624) 1 Ground water hydraulics unsaturated flow (5586) 137 Ground water management

High Plains of Colorado (5405) 21 Ground water movement

highway landslides (5358) 30 Ground water storage (3263) 165 Ground water system

Chaj Doah, Pakistan (5156) 4 Harbor design (5419) 213 Harbor improvement

Baie Comeau, Cue. (4047) 214 Branch Harbour (50_'2) 215 Codroy Harbour (sOi-o) 215 Dingwall Harbor, Nova Scotia (5095) 215 Rustico Harbor (4464) 214 Saulnierville Harbor, Nova Scotia (5096).... 215 Savannah, Ga . (2428) 190 Harbor models

Burns Waterways Harbor, Ind. (489:0 26 scale effects (1002) 188 Harbor studies design (5053) 215 Harbors

small-boat, design of (5228) 200 Head loss spherical wyes (4451) 208 Head losses intake towers, Oroville Dam (4947) 172 Headgates, irrigation

calibration of (5129) 89 Heat exchange (4881) 185 Heat transfer (5633) 218 Heat transfer electromagnets (4490) 52 hot-wire characteristics (5110) 69

Heat transfer

multiple-channel systems (4979) 52 Heat transfer model (5525) 95 Highway drainage culverts (111) 71 Hydraulic conductivity

variation of (5583) 131 Hydraulic control systems valves (2335) 43 valves (4499) 70 Hydraulic jump 2161) 64 Hydraulic jump (3994) 170 Hydraulic jump (5165) 19 Hydraulic jump (5468) 57 Hydraulic jump (5532 97 Hydraulic jump (5553) 53 Hydraulic Jump

boundary shear stresses (5531) 97 Hydraulic lines, dynamic (4197) 71 Hydraulic prototype tests (4382) 195 Hydraulic systems analysis (4933) 13 Hydrodynamic coefficients

bodies of revolution (5385) 184 Hydrodynamic forces bodies (5197) 87 oscillating bodies (4570) 14 Hydrodynamics

rotating systems (4737) 100 Hydrofoil structures vibration of (4704) 77 Hydrofoils

design criteria (3284) 177 flutter (4228) 80 flutter (5062) 82 flutter characteristics (5193) 22 flutter speed (4928) 77 forces on (4200) 73 forces, unsteady (5363) 22 interference effects (4200) 73 jet flap (5197) (5198) 87 non-cavitating (5507) 76 oscillating (5194) 22 study (2144) 72 supercavitating (4219) 78 supercavitating (4693) (4696) 74 supercavitating 4811) 179 supercavitating (5266) 78 surface-piercing (4227) 80 three-dimensional (4226) 80 ventilated (4700) 74 ventilated (481l) 179 Hydrofoils, models

testing (3828) 77 Hydrofoils, supercavitating

hydrodynamic flutter (5500) 75 Hydrofoils, teed forces (5058) 81 moments (5058) 81 Hydrograph laboratory (4820) Ill Hydrograph studies synthetic unit graph methods (4150) 39 Hydrologic characteristics

organic soil (3363) 210 Hydrologic data analyses (5138) 90 compilation and publication of (4823) 112 reduction (4363) 134 telemetering (3055) 29 Hydrologic studies effects urbanization (5050) 24 Missouri watersheds (4662) 57 Missouri watersheds (5204) 108 semlarid watersheds (436l) 134 waller Creek watershed (2162) 84 Hydrologic systems

nonlinear analysis (5145) 10 synthesis of (5117) 50 Hydrology (5403) 21 Hydrology

analytical (4297) 113 microclimatic (5443) ' 91 research (4322) 121 research, Great Salt ^a^e (5139) 90 unit hydrograph (4732) 99 water source (4997) 146 Infiltration (3417) 29 Infiltration

mechanics of (5307) 24 soil (3255) 165 surface waters, time rate development (5486) 70

222
Infiltration rates Irrigation (4985) 35 rains (4986) 35 Infiltration studies (3507) 78 Infiltration studies, unsaturated soil (5530).. 97 Inlets

canal (3257) 159 culverts (111) 71 hydraulic characteristics (5259) 56 navigation improvement (4475) 25 Inlets, drop

operating characteristics (5597) 100 Instruments aeration (5578) 131 digital recording system (5605) 168 evaporator, fluid mechanics study (4982).... 52 hydroiogic (5441) 90 nuclear radiation equipment (4373) 139 piezometer, boundary wall tap errors (5502). 75 precipitation gage, weighing-type (3921).... 163 pressure cells (1004) 189 pressure fluctuation (2541) 41 probe, electromagnetic (5501) 75 radar precipitation integrator (4402) 163 radar ralngage (2943) 162 radio gages, rainfall (3629) 184 radio gages, stream (3629) 184 radioisotope snow gage (5168) 3C ralngage, study of (5052) 34 rainstorm simulator (5223) 136 river gage, float-type (3920) 153 snow measuring (5404) 21 soil moisture (3250) 165 telemetering precipitation gages (5298) 164 velocity meter (1004) 189 wave gage (660) (977) 155 wave gage (1004) 189 Intake towers Oroville Dam (5337) 175 Interfacial effects

density stratification (4145) 42 Interfacial tensions (5372) 54 Interflow, evaluation

claypan soils (5564) 109 Irrigation

application rates (4664) 58 canals, bentonlte sealing (3558) 132 canals, linings (3121) 60 control systems, mechanized (3553) 117 cut-back furrow (5177) 63 design sprinkler systems (4315) 118 drainage studies (1723) 104 drainage studies (1819) 9 efficiencies (2786) 29 efficiencies (3550) 117 farm structures (3556) 132 flow characteristics (4270) 105 grain sorghum (5211) 129 hydraulics of (5155) 19 intake rates (4175) 60 perforated plastic piDe (5154) 4 radial gates (3612) 170 sprinkler (4620) (4621) sprinkler, high salt content water (5352)... 5 sprinkler, portable (4840) 118 surface (3185) 88 surface (3867) 109 surface (5351) 5 water measurements (2650) 132 water measuring devices (5209) 119 water pumping (5153) 4 water supply (23) water supply (4842) 124 Irrigation, limited

response of planting (5580) 131 Irrigation, surface efficiency (5479) 84 Irrigation surface,

hydraulics of (3552) 117 Irrigation surface systems,

design of (3561) 102 Irrigation application

efficiency of (5449) 92 hydraulics of (5449) 92 Irrigation efficiencies, farm (5570) 119 Irrigation systems concrete ditch lining (5471) 60 design data (4828) 115 efficiency (4827) 115 recirculating (5571) 119

Irrigation techniques

effect soil aeration (5448) 91 effect soil structure (5448) 91 Irrigation water management (5569) 119 Jets (3854) 99 Jetshigh-velocity (4791) 171 mercury, instability (5108) 66

slot, deflection (5403) 21 submerged (5469) 58 Jets, dispersion

effects of turbulence (5008) 185

Jets, fluid

control (5537) 93 Jets, free submerged (5527 ) 95 Jets, gas underwater propulsion study (4920) 183 Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 155 Lakesapplication monolayer-f orming materials (5132) 89 Laminar boundary layer

effect suction slots (5593) 66 Liquid dynamic behavior

monograph (5267) 78 Liquid film cooling (5487) 71 Liquid tensions, measurement (5106) 65 Literature search two-phase, gas-liquid flow (4983) 52 LocksArrow Lakes (5427) 213 emergency gates, McAlpine Locks (4397) 197 filling, emptying systems Arkansas River Dam No. 6 (4388) 196 Arkansas River Dam No. 3 (4391) 196 Berkley Dam (2573) 190 Belleville, Ohio (4385) 195 Cannelton, Ohio River (4390) 196 Cordell Hull Lock, Term. (5650) 207 Greenup Dam, Ohio River (5242) 202 Jackson Lock, hawser-stress

measurements (5249) 203 Jonesvllle Lock and Dam (5247) 203 low lift (4603) 199 Maxwell Dam (3236) 191 McAlpine, Ohio River (2678) 190 McAlpine Locks, Ohio River (3914) 194 Monogahela River (3243) 192 Nicka jack (5386) 185 valve studies (4602) 199 miter gates (1474) 189 navigation conditions (3909) 193 Mass transfer (5367) 28 Meters calibration (1963) 100 calibration (3859) (4255) 100 calibration (4746) 101 calibration (5278) (5279) 102 Doppler, velocity (5075) 166 elbow (3624) 181 elbow, dynamic similarity (3872) 133 elbow, 90° (5172) 45 electromagnetic (5355) 5 flow (1963) 100 flow nozzles (4746) 101 high pressure-temperature (3623) 181 seepage (5329) 175 Meters, current calibration (5615) 161 direction recording (4456) 212 velocity recording (4455) 212 Meters, flow discharge coefficient (5022) 101 effect turnout geometry (5331) 174 ultrasonic (2949) 164 Model analog studies river basins (5140) 90 Model distortion (994) 188 Model laws Inlets (4481) 25 scale effects, harbors (1002) 188 Model studies AEP 200 (5020) 101 Arkansas River navigation entrance (3906)... 193 barrage at Muscoda (4735) 100 Bessie Cutoff, Miss. River (5235) 201 Big Sioux River bridge (5493) 75 breakwaters, Dana Point Harbor, Calif. (5634) 204 Campbell Steam Power Plant (5271) 101

223
Model studies

channels, Houston, Texas (5245) 202 Chong Pyong Hydroelectric project (4740).... 100 Clceroz Hydroelectric Development (5273).... 102 Columbia Lock and Dam (4595) 198 Columbia River (4396) 197 Columbia River channel (5317) 160 control structures, Little Sioux River (4599) 198 Cornwall Development (5024) 101 Cornwall Reservoir (4741) 101 dams (3909) 193 dams (507] ) 159 damsDeGray (4604) 199 Kastraki Hydroelectric development (5270) 101 Kipling (4963) 212 Millers Ferry Lock (4593) 197 Nicka jack Project (5004) 185 Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 193 Warrior River, Ala. (4386) 195 Delaware River, Pa. (425) 188 diversion works, Outardes River (5426) 213 drop structure, Cayuga Inlet (4598) 198 drop structure, Sandusky River, Fremont, Ohio (5641) 205 energy dissipators, outlet pipe (4957) 173 fingerllng collector (4506) 158 fish ladder, Little Goose Dam (5316) 160 floating breakwater, Juneau, Alaska (5248).. 203 flood relief measures (5549) 34 Galveston Bay (3912) 194 Grui Hydroelectric Project (4201) 73 head losses in bends (3441) 45 Hells Canyon hydroelectric project (5521)... 94 Holyoke Power Development (5276) 102 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 191 ice floe pressures on bridge piers (5620)... 208 Indian Point Steam Plant (5272) 101 inlet structures, Uttarbhag Pumping

Station (3540) 98 intake, Manicouagan 5 Hydro-Electric

Project (5513) 209 irrigation requirements (5509) 211 James River, Va . (5651) 207 Keban Hydroelectric Development (5274) 102 lake circulation patterns (5120) 51 Lake Erie-Lake Ontario Waterway (5655) 207 Lake Ontario Intake (5277) 102 Lakeview thermal generating station (4964).. 212 Little Current Narrows (5425) 213 Little Goose Lock and Dam (4504) 158 Little Goose, Snake River (5069) 159 lock and dam No. 4. Arkansas River (5230)... 200 locks (5069) (5071) 159 Lower Granite, Snake River (5071) 159 Maisonneuve sewer (5434) 214 Matagorda Bay (3911) 193 meander-flood plain (4191) 69 measurement flow force (5574) 124 moisture balance (5509) 211 Muddy Run Development (5021) 101 navigation conditions Kerr Lock and Dam (5251) 204 Lock and Dam No. 7, Arkansas River (5639) 205 Little Rock Reach, Arkansas River (5644) 206 Lock and Dam No. 9, Arkansas River (5638) 205 Uniontown lock and dam (5246) 203 Webbers Falls Lock and Dam (5652) 207 Niagara River control structure (4026) 211 Opossum Creek, Ohio River (3909) 193 outlets, Dworshak Dam, Idaho (5315) 159 overflow embankments (4596) 198 Ozark Lock and Dam, Arkansas River (5231)... 200 Pittsburgh Gnerating Station (5275) 102 pollution, Coney Island Creek (4601) 199 pollution dispersion

Charleston Harbor, S. C. (5640) 205 porous media modeling (5411) 22 powerhouse, John Day Dam (5318) 160

St. Tlmothee Reach (4965) 212

St. Lawrence River back filling (5430) 213 San Luis forebay pumping plant (4954) 173 seawall, Texas City, Texas (5234) 200 Sebastian Inlet, Fla. (4897) 26 ship mooring, Point Loma, Calif. (5241) 202 shoaling, Brunswick Harbor, Ga. (5648) 206 small boat harbor, Dana Point, Calif. (5642) 205 Soldier Creek channel (5548) 34 spillways, Oahe Reservoir, Mo. River,

So. Dak. (3916) 194

Model studies

spillway, Stockton Dam (5238) 201 stilling basin, Huntington Reservoir, Wabash River (5232) 200 submerged sills, St. Clair River (5233) 200 tailrace, Kipling Generating Sta. (5514).... 212 thermal density recirculation problems (5392) 186 watershed, arid (3845) 88 wave action Half Moom Bay Harbor, Calif. (5237) 201 Marina Del Rey, Venice, Calif. (5239)... 201 Point Loma, Calif. (5241) 202 Widows Creek Steam Plant water intake problems (5390) 186 Model tests diversion structures, Calima River (5616)... 208 hurricane barriers, Wareham-Marlon,

Mass. (5240) 202 Pillur dam scour vent (5089) 209 rockfill causeway Northumberland strait crossing (5618)... 208 scour, New Jersey Dam No. 3 (5359) 7 sound suppressor (5519) 94 spillway, Calima II Hydro-Electric

Project (5088) 208 spillways, general tests (3917) 195 suction well designs (4896) 26 tides, Northumberland strait crossing (5619) 208 Wells Hydrocombine (4724) 94 Model verification

prototype confirmation (1467) 189 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 191 Modeling techniques

solar pond (5544) 52 Moisture conservation studies eastern South Dakota (5561) 108 Moisture regimes (4327) 122 Motions, nonlinear liquid (4927) 77 Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 176 Nozzles, annular (3677) 12 Nozzles, flow

rating, Widows Creek Steam Plant (5391) 186 Open channel flow evaluation of dependent and independent

variables (5607) 168 Open channels boundary layer growth (5131) 89 design methods (5348) 5 discharge rates (5114) 50 dispersion studies (5074) 166 flow measurements (4961) 174 flow problems (4076) 7 flow through constriction (5622) 217 hydraulics of (4705) 78 influence of roughnesses (4581) 27 Junction flow (4923) 214 Junctions (3805) 63 90° bends (4923) 214 profile analysis (5624) 217 roughness (3003) 216 roughness (3183) 87 secondary motion (3725) 26 sediment transport function (5602) 167 seepage (5587) 137 stability (3253) 164 structure boundary growth (5131) 89 unsteady flow (4338) 126 unsteady flow (5144) 10 unsteady flow (5285) 23 velocity distribution (2083) 38 Orifice studies high head (3996) 170 Orifices

calibration (4746) 101 constant head turnout (3274) 169 discharge coefficient (5011; 100 discharge coefficients (5320) 43 radial gate controls (4802) 171 two-dimensional (4576) 26 vortex flow (1181) .' 98 Orifices, flexible

steady and pulsating flow (5475) 62 Orifices, rigid

steady and pulsating flow (5475) 62 Outlet works

damsArbuckle (4953) 173 Cochiti, New Mexico (5645) 206 Little Panoche Creek (5347) 176 Morrow Point (4807) 171

224
Outlet works

dansPortage mountain (5344) 176 prototype tests, Nolln Dam (5243) 202 Reudl (5340) 175

gates, pressure fluctuations (5321) 43 San Luis, downpull studies, gates (4951).... 172 Outlets

canal (3267) 169 pipe, cantllevered (1168) 72 Particle entrainment (3670) Particle measurement

light scattering (4165) 53 Particle trajectories bluff bodies (5625) 217 Particle transport (4612) 19 Percolation studies, California (2181) 132 Permeability

saturated and unsaturated flow (5599) 167 Pipe fittings

cavitation (993) 188 pressure drop (4167) 53 Pipe flow (4725) 97 Pipeline systems

surge studies (4952) 173 Pipes

cavitation (993) 188 corrosion, prevention (4135) 33 friction, high pressure (956) 98 friction, steady and unsteady states (2614). 78 friction losses (37471 46 friction losses (5330) 174 networks (15891 94 networks (5155) 4 pumped sediment (5041) 23 resonance studies (4945) 55 unsteady flow (5029) 28 vibration study (5538) 30 Pipes, corrugated

roughness study (3597) 192 Pipes networks, minimum-cost design (5540) 51 Piping systems, pressurized (5559) 55 Playa survey (5216) 130 Plumbing

backflow prevention (4043) 209 Porous media (3030) 15 Porous media (4611) 18 Porous media (5543) 52 Porous media (5623) 217 Porous media

dispersion (5380) 56 dispersion, mechanics of (3748) 48 flow (4787) 166 flow colloidal suspensions (5293) 62 fluid displacements (4086) hydraulic characteristics (4826) 115 hydraulic properties (5306) 23 hydrodynamic dispersion (4915) 79 seepage (5518) 77 streaming potential (5450) 92 turbulent flow (4068) 6 unsteady flow (4736) 100 unsteady flow equations (5039) 23 Porous media, unsaturated

fluid movement (5446) 91 Infiltration (5445) 91 Porous medium

two-fluid flow (4717) 85 Precipitation

disposition, small watersheds (4836) 118 diurnal distribution (4137) 33 Lake Michigan (4139) 33 Precipitation characteristics

effect hydrology (5222) 136 effect sediment production (5222) 136 Precipitation distribution

Illinois Basins (4537) 34 Pressure distribution, basic research (79) 40 Pressure fluctuations

cavitation (5290) 45 Pressures, unsteady

measurement of (5186) 67 Propellers

counter-rotating (5384) 183 ducted (4813) 179 ducted (5201) 93 flow induced singing (5125) 180 low pitch angle (5057) 81 nonuniform wake flows (4810) 179 oscillating pressure field (5124) 180

Propellers

singing phenomenon (4711) 81 spihdle torque (4427) 178 study of induced vibratory forces (5121).... 179 supercavitatlng (3286) 178 unsteady lifting surface (5060) 82 unsteady lifting surface theory (5057) 81 ventilated (3617) 178 Propellers, counter rotating

relative flow at lifting line (4919) 183 Propellers, ducted research (4434) 182 stern-mounted (5200) 92 Propellers, theory

lifting (2237) 177 Propellers, vertical axis performance characteristics (3619) 178 Propulsion

hydrodynamic track (5313) 82 hydrodynamic wheel (5314) 83 Prototype check tests Garrison Dam (3906) 193 Oahe Dam (3906) 193 Prototype tests outlet works, Summersville Dam (5643) 205 Pump intake Little Gypsy Steam Power Plant (5268) 101 Pump systems

dredge (4156) 46 Pumps

centrifugal (3746) 45 dredge (3084) 45 impeller design (3442) 45 secondary flow in axial flow inducers (5592) 66 water-column separation (4425) 170 Pumps, costs deep well turbine irrigation (5397) 20 Pumps, dredge

cavitation tests (5551) 47 design (4154) 46 literature survey (5173) 46 performance study (5174) 46 Pumps, dredging

hopper draghead (3586) 192 Pumps, ventricle

dynamic flow characteristics (5473) 61 Rainfall (5152) 4 Rainfall collection and storage (3873) 133 depth-area-intensity (3660) 210 intensity (3058) 32 intensity (3424) 35 intensity-kinetic energy relationship (4278) 107 maximum (773) 186 maximum (2 788) 32 rainfall-runoff (68) 40 rainfall-runoff (768) 186 rainfall-runoff (856) 43 rainfall-runoff (2162) 64 rainfall-runoff (2561) 53 rainfall-runoff (3808 68 rainfall-runoff (4054) 210 rainfall-runoff (4108) 17 rainfall-runoff (4348) 127 rainfall-runoff (4352) 128 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 84 rainfall-runoff, effect watershed slope (5568) 117 records (2534) 32 Tennessee River Basin (768) (779) 186 Rainfall measurements

radar (3601) 163 Rainfall, research intensity (3251) 162 North Central Wisconsin (4733) 99 uniform supply (4539) 36 United States (2437) 162 Rainfall-runoff

frequency relationship (4910) 37 surface runoff (5482) 70 Reservoirs

application monolayer-forming materials (5132) 89 Cabin Creek (5269) 101 density current flow (5654) 216 evaporation (765) 186 evaporation (2180) 132 evaporation (4234) 85 evaporation, retardation (2532) 32 retarding-type (4305) 120 retarding-type (4306) 113 sediment distribution (4306) 113

225
Reservoirs

sedimentation (4307) 108 sedimentation, measurements (2334) 39 sedimentation studies (4825) 108 trap efficiency (5562) 108 Reservoirs, ground water management (5393) 19 operation (5393) 19 Reservoirs, silting Illinois (552) 30 temperature gaging (769) 186 Tennessee River (785) 186 Resistance coefficients

drains (4541) 36 Ripples (5612) 169 Ripples, bed underwater waves (5545) 28 River bends

cross sectional analysis (5438) 13 River regime characteristics (3031) 15 River sections

cross sectional analysis (5438) 13 Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 164 artifical surfaces (2328) 41 effect of water temperature (1988) 190 large scale (4779) 165 Runoff

amounts (4330) 123 changes in meadow (5208), 116 changes in pasture (5208) 116 complex watersheds (4360) 133 conservation farmed watersheds (4300) 113 control (4323) 120 conventionally farmed watersheds (4300) 113 denudation effects (23) 9 Eastern South Dakota (4282) 107 effect of forest (377) 149 effect snow melt (4286) 110 effect urbanization (5558) 55 loss measurement (4357) 128 measurement on terraces (5212) 130 measuring devices (4336) 126 midwest claypans (4281) 107 Minnesota (4282) 107 mixed-use watersheds (4299) 113 precipitation characteristics (4342) 126 prediction (4325) 121 rainfall-runoff (856) 43 rainfall-runoff (1744) 161 rainfall-runoff (1745 162 rainfall-runoff (2162) 84 rainfall-runoff (2331 (2334) 39 rainfall-runoff (4325) 121 rainfall-runoff relations (2397) 84 rangeland (4301) 113 rates (4298) 113 rates (4330) 123 relation to rainfall (5456) 86 semiarid watersheds (4359) 133 small areas (1946) 78 small areas (2316) 34 small watersheds (2492) 209 small watersheds (2841) 69 streams (3522) 85 urban areas (856) 43 Washita River (4344) 127 Washita River Basin (4343) 127 water management, Iowa (4279) 107 watersheds (4344) 127 watersheds, Idaho (1862) 29 watersheds, Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 40 watersheds, Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 40 watersheds, Tennessee River Valley (780).... 186 watersheds, Wisconsin (4280) 107 Runoff measurement Blacklands of Texas (4350) 127 watersheds (4350) 127 Runoff production

unit source areas (5217) 130 Runoff studies

coastal plains soils (4334) 123 Eastern South Dakota (4817) 108 southern Piedmont (4333) 123 Salt infiltration

soil profiles (4354) 128 Salt-water intrusion studies (5028) 28 Salt-water intrusion studies Lake Maracaibo channel (5119) 51 Sand fences (5284) 26

Sand scraper (5283) 26 Sand transport

by winds (4895) 21 Scourbridges (4626) l channels (4991) 86 mechanics of (4617) 19 Scour, depth

buried floats (5488) 71 Scour floats recovery (5490) 103 Sediment

fluorescent tracing (4127) 25 mechanics of dune (5118) 50 mechanics of ripples (5118) 50 radioactive tracer tests (3902) 192 radioactive tracer tests (4600) 199 radiocarbon dating (5210) 124 reduction sediment load (4821) 112 ripple characteristics (5188) 74 routing (4320) 121 Sediment, alluvial channels transport processes (5609) 168 Sediment, cohesive

scour resistance (2874) 84 Sediment control lower conifer zone of Calif. (4998) 147 Sediment diffusion (3738) 41 Sediment, fluvial distribution, radioactive wastes (5076) 166 Sediment measurement

rangeland watersheds (4310) 113 watersheds (5207) ne

Sediment movement

nearshore (4077) 12 Sediment particles

fall velocity (5611) 168 movement (4625) 1 Sediment, removal muddy playa lake water (5214) 130 Sediment, suspended

effect turbulence (5302) 23 Washita River Basin, Okla. (4340) 126 Sediment transport (3675) 12 Sediment transport (3871) 120 Sediment transport (5034) 96 Sediment transport (5165) 19 Sediment transport

artificial channels (2950) 164 bed load (5612) 169 Lake Maracaibo channel (5119) 51 localized scour (5547) 28 natural channels (2950) 164 natural streams (3671) 7 permeable bed (4574) 26 research (4654) 50 Sediment transportation (4076) 7 Sediment transportation (5478) 84 Sediment transportation

coarse material (4822) 112 density currents (307) 47 low rates (4075) 7 measurement (194) 160 suspended load, measurement (194) 160 Sedimentation (307) 47 Sedimentation

Galveston-Trinity Bays (5458) 86 rate of deposit (5437) 13 research (4322) 121 reservoirs (552) 30 reservoirs (785) 186 reservoirs (4321) 121 waves ( 2660) 156 Sedimentation (5655) 218 Sedimentation basins (3541) 99 Sedimentation basins

flow stability (4669) 60 Sedimentation studies Sabetha Lake watershed (4304) 113 Seepage

canal linings (1859) 29 rangeland stockponds (4824) 115

soil sediments (1859) 29 streams ( 3428 ) 41 Seepage reduction (5353) 5 Servomechanisms (3436) 43 Servomechani sm underwater missile (4678) 65 Sewer outfalls, ocean (3678) 12

226
Sewerage design collector (5415) 212 Sewerage systems

design criteria (3438) 44 Ships

bending moments (3516) 80 forces (2091) 40 forces, on bodies (2229) 177 forms (5065) 82 high speeds (5065) 82 hull characteristics (5203) 97 hull form design (4426) 178 hydrodynamic characteristics (4972) 14 hydrofoil supported (4812) 179 mathematical lines (1783) 176 model testing facility (3292) 178 motion (2091) 40 motion (2154) (2155) 79 motion (4083) 14 motion (4816) 179 resistance (3026) 14 restricted channel effect (5377) 56 scale effects (55761 55 seaworthiness (2230) 177 slamming (1786) 176 slamming (5301) 15 stability (1907) 77 stability derivatives (5309) 82 stabilization tanks (4702) 77 wake velocity field (5378) 56 wave induced oscillations (5014) 8 wave resistance (4084) (4971) 14 wave resistance (5202) 97 wave resistance (5375) 55 wave resistance hull (5579) 56 wave tests (1907) 77 Ships motion

investigation of (5064) 82 Shore processes (2192) 155 Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 156 structures (4477) 25 Silting harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3364) . . 215 reservoirs, Illinois (552) 30 reservoirs, Tennessee Valley (785) 186 terraces (5212) 130 Siphons

pumping plants (1475) 189 Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 40 free-streamline flow (5262) 57 Sluiceways

dams, Yellowtall (4956) 173 Slurries coal-water (4436) 169 Snow melt

effect forest characteristics (5295) 139 effect timber harvesting (5295) 139 Snow surveys (3895) 152 Snow surveys (4834) 118 Snow surveys accumulation (4837) 118 Colorado (55) 15 melt (4837) 118 runoff forecasting (55) 15 Snow water content measurement (3416) 29 Soil moisture

effect denudation (23) 9 effect timber cutting (377) 149 forest influences (380) 153 forest influences (657) 150 movement (3079) 39 sediment production (5221) 136 semiarid rangeland hydrology (5221) 136 semidesert vegetation (657) 150 Soil moisture level effect on evapotranspiration (4845) 129 plant growth (4328) 122 water use (4328) 122 Soil moisture measurement (5577) 130 Soil moisture regimes

unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4269) 105 Soil moisture storage (5581) 131 Soil moisture study (4752) 139 Soilsunsaturated flow characteristics (5220) 136 Soils stabilization (5296) 140

Soils, unsaturated

movement of hexadecanol (5356) 5 Spheres accelerated motion (3432) 41 Spheres, deformable non-Newtonian behavior (5374) 54 Spillways

calibration, Rock Island Dam (4721) 94 dams (5068) 158 dams (5070) 159 damsAmistad (4398) 197 Belleville, Ohio River, W. Va. (5637)... 204 Blue Mesa (4416) 170 Cannelton, Ohio River, Ind. (5649) 206 Chief Joseph (3085) 45 Del Valle (5466) 11 Flaming Gorge (2960) 169 Fort Randall Dam (5250) 204 Glen Canyon (2719) 169 Glen Elder (5346) 176 Granby (5341) 175 Hannibal, Ohio River (5646) 206 Ice Harbor (406) 158 Joes Valley (4808) 172 Mangla, Pakistan (3502) 73 Morrow Point (4807) 171 Mossyrock (5113) 97 Oroville (4948) 172 Peters (2151) 78 Red Rock, Des Moines River (3584) 192 Reudl (5340) 175 San Luis (4799) 171 Shelbyville (4594) 198 Swift (5342) 176 The Dalles, Oregon (1465) 158 Yellowtall (3989) 170 Yellowtall (4956) 173 discharge rating tables Douglas Dam (5389) 186 Fort Loudoun Dam (5389) 186 Melton Hill Dam (5389) 186 drop design (1865) 31 Dwarshak (5070) 159 free surface flow (4707) 79 irrotational flow (5260) 56 Karnafull (4697) 74 Little Goose, Snake River (5068) 158 Manicouagan II (5617) 208 Nickajack Project (5388) 185 Proctor Reservoir (4384) 195 vertical internal (4169) 57 weir type (1298) 216 Spur dikes design criteria (3086) 45 design criteria (4645) 46 Stilling basins

damsCougar (3231) 158

Ice Harbor (406) 158 San Luis (4800) 171 Yellowtall (5345) 176 dimensions (2959) 169 effects water Jet (3775) 57 erosion below (1987) 189 performance, Navajo Main Canal (4950) 172 Stratified flow (4561) 8 Stratified flow literature search (5343) 176 mechanics of (307) 47 Stratified fluids motion of bodies (5630) 217 flow (4252) 99 Stream gaging

Tennessee Valley (769) 186 tracer elements (5358) 6 Stream pollution, evaluation

South Platte River (5406) 21 Streamflow effect of phreatophyte (5159) 4 geological influences (5510) 211 Streamflow data Idaho (5167) 29 Streamflow forecasts (1744) 161 Streamflow forecasts (1745) 162 Streamflow measurement

under ice (5601) 167 Streamflow predictions (4313) 117 Streamflow studies, mass (4915) 54

227
Streamflow, low flows duration (3420) 32 frequency (3420) 32 Streams bed material (4730) 96 channel hydraulics (4285) 109 discharge records (2695) 164 effects logging (3535) 95 flood routing (4285) 109 radio-active waste (5608) 168 stage discharge, Iowa (67) 40 Structures conservation (1723) 104 conservation (2789) 35 conservation (4335)..... 126 drainage (2789) 35 energy dissapating (5146) 10 farm irrigation (5130) 89 flood control, design of (5012) 164 ice control, LaPralrle Basin (5424) 213 Structures, drop

Gerlng Valley, Nebr. (3915) 194 Structures, hydraulic

flow configurations (5452) 92 Surface water

storage, farms (4841) 123 supply, farms (4841) 123 Surge studies

San Luis forebay canal (4955) 173 Surges

dry bed (5143) 9 Thermalito Power Plant hydraulic performance (5465) 11 Tidal flow

bays (4701) 77 estuaries (4701) 77 harbors (4701) 77 Tides, estusry (4527) 215 Tides, Narragansett Bay (2680) 190 Tides, storm prediction (2438) 162 Transition

separation of solids and liquids (5535) 93 supercritical velocities (2386) 72 Transpiration retardation (3732) 33 Tubes, vertical condensation (5151) 28 Tunnel boundaries

effect on measured forces (4181) 65 Tunnels

friction losses (5330) 174 water air content (2603) 72 Tunnels, concrete hydrodynamic forces (5416) 212 Tunnels, diversion

log passage (5431) 213 Manicouagan V (5421) 213 Turbines

, discharge measurements (4441) 184

'"fish passage (4904) 209 vibration studies (5005) 185 Turbulence, controlled (5169) 30 Turbulence, distorted (5280) 214 Turbulence

electrode probes (5398) 20 mechanism (2536) 38 mechanism of (2840) 69 mechanism of (4582) 27 rough surfaces (3427) 38 structure (4582) 27 structure of (4606) 18 water measurements (3486) 65 Turbulence entrainment (3670) 7 Turbulence grid (5594) 66 Turbulence intensity, measurement of (4656) 53 Turbulence levels measurement of (3539) 98 Turbulence measurement apparatus (73) 40 Turbulence measurements

liquids (5112) 70 viscous sublayer (5595) 66 wake of a body (4974) 42 Turbulence structures non-Newtonian flows (5496) 75 Turbulence, generation

pulsating viscous flow (3780) 58 Turbulent boundary layers

computation method (4872) 182

Turbulent boundary layers

rough surfaces (4809) 178 sound radiation (5190) 6 turbulent diffusion of tracer gas (5399).... 20 Turbulent flow

rough pipes (5534) 93 Turbulent flow transition (5196) 30 Turbulent friction loss

pipe flow (5292) 98 Turbulent liquids

gas absorpslon mechanism (4988) 60 Turbulent structure generated wake separating boundary

layers (5111) 70 Turbulent suspensions

inertlal effects (5480) 67 Turbulent transfer mechanics (4649) 49 Turbulent wakes (4160) 49 Turbulent wakes periodicity in (5631) 218 structure of (5311)... 82 Valves

lock filling (5387) 185 Valves, butterfly

effects on cavitation characteristics (5336) 175 Velocity distribution

bend losses (5023) 101 effect roughness (3539) 98 Velocity measurement (3074) 41 Velocity measurement

electromagnetic (73)... 40 hot-wire (73) 40 Velocity profile turbulent flow (5073) 166 Vibrations

flow-induced (5333) 174 Virtual mass (3782) 58 Virtual mass

partly submerged bodies (4170) 58 Viscosity, suspension

theoretical study (5560) 59 Vortex, drain-hole formation (4945) 45 Vortex formation (3776) 58 Vortex motion (4579) 26 Vortex motion

wake flows (4668) 60 Vortex shedding (2802) 48 Vortex stretching (4579) 26 Vortices

outlet works (5187) 74 shed wing (5590) 66 Vortices, turbulent line dynamics of (5629) 217 Water conservation (3057) 29 Water conservation facilities

designs (4356) 128 Water conservation practices (4274) 106 Water conservation practices (4846) 129 Water consumption

residential (3437) 43 Water, consumptive use

Idaho (4535) 29 Irrigated crops (2177) 131 vegetation (3560) 133 Water control southern Piedmont (4331) 123 Water control facilities, design (1723) 104 Water conveyances

chemical sealing (5400) 20 Water discharge measurements

chemical traces (5219) 136 Water distribution systems (4538) 36 Water entry

high velocity (4867) 181 Water exit ellipsoidal bodies (4002) 182 Water flow tests high pressure (4001) 181 Water hammer (4858) (4860) (4861) (4862) 55 Water intake and distribution

Pullman silty clay loam (5213) 130 Water loss brushland soils (5000) 148 Water management

subsoil (3563) 138 Water measurement

irrigation (23) 9 northwestern range watersheds (4312) 117

228
Water measurement

rangeland watersheds (4310) 113

stream flow (67) 40 Water movement

flow laws (4679) 68 recharge installations (4592) 39 unsaturated soils (5354) 5 Water requirements

citrus crops (5582) 131 lawn grasses (5585) 137 marshlands (3530) 88 Water resources

development (3680) 102 effect mineralized springs (5447) 91 Water resources planning (5115) 50 Water resources problems

Latin America (5116) 50 Water resources system (4543) 36 Water storage brushland soils (5000) 148 Water, surface characteristics (3059) 32 diversions (4838) 118 pollution (5407) 21 return flow (4838) 118 storage potential (5322) 34 Water table falling (4832) 116 Water tunnel design (5180) 62 lsotropic-turbulence (4580) 27 Water use, industrial (3734) 33 Water uses (5394) 20 Water utilization (769) 186 Water utilization study- Arkansas River Basin, Colo. (5410) 21 Watershed characteristics

relationship to runoff (5370) 39 Watershed hydraulics (4906) 37 Watershed management

Arizona (657) 150 Arkansas (3225) 154 Continental Divide (377 1 149 erosion reduction (5297) 141 flood runoff reduction (5297) 141 Hawaii (5001) 149 irrigation projects (5395) 20 Laramie, Wyo. (3569) 151 Michigan (3890) 143 New Mexico (1969) 151 Northern Minn. (3887) 142 Oregon (4758) 145 reduction sediment (5297) 141 research (2658) 151 snowpack research (4996) 146 Southeastern United States (380) 153 Southeastern Wisconsin (3889) 142 Southwestern United States (4999) 148 strip mined lands (4753) 139 Syracuse University (4756) 144 Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 154 Watershed management research

Fort Collins, Colo. (3896) 152 Watershed studies Blacklands of Texas (4349) (4351) 127 Cache LaPoudre (5409) 21 central Florida (4329) 122 Colorado River Basin (5412) 22 effects logging (2554) 144 forest influences (377) 149

forest influences (380) 153 forest Influences (1188) 143 hydrologlc cycle (2162) 84 ideal flow field (5157) 4 Illinois (552) 30 Illinois (657) 150 Illinois (2315) 34 management (4319) 120 McCredle, Mo. (5565) 109 mean annual water yields, Utah (4236) 88 Medicine Creek (4302) 113 North Fork Citico Creek (4011) 187 Oklahoma (2365) 62 Parker Branch (3307) 187 Pine Tree (3309) 187 prediction method (4287) 110 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 40 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 40 Red Prairie of Okla. (4339) 126

Watershed studies Reynolds Creek (4314) 117 Reynolds Creek (5528) 95 runoff yields (4364) 134 Sacramento River Basin (5412) 22 sediment movement (4365) 134 sediment production (4913) 39 sediment yields (4364) 134 semiarid Arizona (4362) 134 New Mexico (4362) 134 Sleepers River (4288) (4289) 110 southern Florida (4329) 122 surface runoff (4913) 39 Tennessee River Valley (768) (780) 186 tracer techniques (4324) 121 turbulence structure (4110) 18 unglaciated Allegheny Plateau (4266) (4267). 104 Upper Bear Creek (4884) 187 Virginia (4291) Ill water quality (5413) 22

W. Va . Appalachian Valleys and Ridges (4292) 111 White Hollow (3308) 187 White Mountains, N. H. (2419) 144 Wisconsin (4264) 104 Yazoo River, Miss. (3869) 119 Watersheds

hydrologlc characterization (5369) 35 hydrologlc characterization (5467) 56 Ontario, development of unit hydrographs (5511) 211 precipitation characteristics (4265) 104 rainfall-runoff (4907) 37 sediment sources (5584) 137 Southern Ontario, basin physiography (5512). 211 Southern Ontario, hydrograph

characteristics (5512) 211 unit hydrographs (5461) 86 Watersheds, semiarid hydrology of (5589) 138 Watersheds, small hydrologlc characterization (5294) 62 Watersheds, urban, hydrology of (5455) 86 Wave absorbers (5635) 204 Wave action beaches (181) 154 beaches (660) 155 beaches 1 1609) 47 beaches ( 1631 ) 76 breakwaters, rubble-mound (999) 188 East Passage, Narragansett Bay (3590) 192 embankment protection (5414) 212 erosion, beaches (4762) 156 Hilo Harbor, Hawaii (3903) 192 moored platforms (5289) 38 Natane Harbour (5418) 213 Wave barriers (4650) 49 Wave characteristics

shoaling water (4990) 85 Wave forces coastal structures (5439) 13 harbors (3444) 48 inlets (3444) 48 moored objects (3750) 48 statistical properties (5439) 13 Wave hindcasting (5470) 59 Wave propagation

turbulent liquid (4891) 161 Wave run-up

effect secondary waves (5327) 157 Wave setup beaches (3228) 156 Wave studies (3120) 59 Wavesbreaking (5453) 7 9 complex (5614) 161 energy dissipation (5032) 61 gravity (4866) 83 internal (4400) 160 littoral drift (4898) 26 reflected (4639) 102 resonant edge (5326) 157 run-up ( 5453 ) 7S run-up, shore structures (2661) 156 shoaling (5453) 79 short crested (4128) 25 ultrasonic (3528) 88 water particle motion measurement (5364).... 22 Waves, breaking

measurement (5328) 157

229
Waves, gravitycharacteristics of (5598) 100 effect on structures (4905) 36 finite-amplitude (5459) 66 reflections (4644) 46 wind generated (4738) 100 Waves, internal (5613) 161 Waves, Internal generation (5613) 161 Waves, shallow water energy losses (4229) 80 height prediction (5079) 157 Waves, solitary

breakup (4545) 214 celerity (5261) 56 Waves, surface characteristics, observed (660) 155 gages (977) 155 generation ( 4 ) 76 Interaction of floating elastic bodies (4924) 214 Waves, surge Peace River tailrace (5428) 213 Waves, wind

overtopping (5460) 86

sea wall overtopping (5435) 13 Waves, wind generated, mechanisms (4917) 79

Weirs

basic research (319) 57 circumferential (5492) 103 pulpwood passage (5288) 216 Weirs, adjustable

discharge capacity (3611) 169 Weirs, sharp-crested

flow (4088) 9 Wells

construction (2576) 56 shallow (4842) 124 stilling (4794) 171 unsteady flow (4857) 9 Wind action, pre-existing waves (5252) 161 Wind driven circulation, Lake Michigan (5472).. 61 Wind effect, falling raindrops (5579) 131 Wind pressure building (5627) 217 Wind tunnel open loop (5366) 24 Wind tunnel tests aerodynamic downwash of gases (5256) 217 Wind-wave interactions (5454) 73 Wind waves diffraction (4934) 13 refraction (4934) 13

230a U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1965 O - 775-027


Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1962 to 1964. Project reports cover work done at 86 private or State laboratories in the United States, 32 Federal

laboratories, and 12 Canadian laboratories. These publications outline

individual projects on nearly 200 subjects in the field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 245, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1962, 196 pages. Price: $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 249, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1963,

210 pages. Price: $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 261, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1964, 215 pages. Price: $1.25.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

POSTAGE AND FEES PAID

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

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