[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 20

- 11596 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 1:18

- cv - 03672

- TWT

MELVIN PERRY , Plaintiff

- Appellant,

versus

PEDIATRIX MEDICAL GROUP OF GEORGIA, MEDNAX SERVICES, Defendants

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Georgia

________________________ ( January 20, 2021 ) Before MARTIN, BRANCH , and LUCK , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 1 of 142 Dr. Melvin Perry appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Pediatrix Medical Group of Georgia and Mednax Services on Dr. Perry ’s claims for race discrimination and retaliation

. We affirm. FACTUAL BACKGROUND AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Dr. Perry , an African

- American male, specializ es in pediatric critical care. In 2013, he was hired as a temporary pediatric critical care doctor by Pokroy Medical Group of Nevada, Ltd. Pokroy Medical is an affiliate of Pediatrix, a third

- party medical provider of specialty services

— like pediatric critical care

— for hospitals and other health care facilities. Pediatrix is part of Mednax. Pokroy Medical assigned Dr. Perry to work at a hospital in Nevada. W hile he was working in Nevada , Dr. Perry had a confrontation with a pregnant white pharmacist employed by the hospital. The pharmacist changed the medication regimen for one of Dr. Perry’s patients without consulting him , and Dr. Perry confronted her about it

. Dr. Perry and the pharmacist raised their voice s at one another within earshot of a nearby patient area

. After the incident, the pharmacist told another employee that she was afraid of Dr. Perry because he was a “big black guy.” When Dr. Perry learned of the pharmacist’s comment, he filed a race discrimination complaint with the Nevada Board of Pharmacy. Dr. Perry did not tell anyone at Pokroy Medical about the incident or the complaint. Two weeks later ,

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 2 of 143 Pok r oy Medical terminated Dr. Perry’s contract , explaining that there had been an

“ issue ” and that his services would no longer be required. Pediatrix’s records indicated that Dr. Perry was “asked to leave [his] assignment after [one] shift due to [a] bad patie nt outcome.” After he was terminated by Pokroy Medical, Dr. Perry worked from July 2014 to January 2015 as a medical director for the National AIDS and Education Services for Minorities Clinic (NAESM), a medical nonprofit primarily made up of African

American service providers that served primarily African

- American patients

. O n July 4, 2017, Dr. Perry emai led a copy of his resume to Kathleen Schlemmer, a Mednax recruiter, expressing his interest in one of four open pediatric intensivist position s at Scottish Rite Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Schlemmer responded that Dr. Perry should formally apply through Mednax’s website. An hour later, before Dr. Perry had submitted his formal application, Schlemmer emailed
Dr. Perry that he would not receive an interview. Dr. Perry ask ed Schlemmer if Mednax had already filled the position s and wh ether she could provide any additional information as to why he wasn’t being considered. Schlemmer explain ed that “[Mednax] ha [d] a few solid candidates that they [were] considering. ” Mednax ultimately hired two white females, an African

- American female , and a Pakistani female for the Scottish Rite position s .

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 3 of 144 Dr. Perry sued Pediatrix and Mednax for (1) race discrimination because they didn ’ t hire him for one of the Scottish Rite Hospital pediatric intensivist position s and (2) re ta liation based o n the decision not to hire him because he complained about race discrimination in 2013. Mednax and Pediatrix moved for summary judgment. They argued that
Dr. Perry had not shown a genuine issue of material fact as to his race discrimination claim because Schlemmer , who de cided not to hire Dr. Perry , did not know he was African

- American

. Mednax and Pediatrix also argued that Dr. Perry had not shown a genuine issue of material fact that the ir reason s for not hiring him

— Dr. Perry’s termination by Pokroy Medical and his prior history of workplace confrontations with the staff at the Nevada hospital

— were illegitimate or pretext ual

. As to Dr. Perry ’s retaliation claim, Mednax and Pediatrix argued that Dr. Perry had not shown a genuine issue of material fact that Dr. Perry’s 2013 race discrimination complaint against the pharmacist at the Nevada hospital was the cause of the decision not to hire him because there was no evidence that Schlemmer (the decisionmaker) knew about Dr. Perry ’s complaint

. Mednax and Pediatrix also argued that Dr. Perry could not show that the 2013 race discrimination complaint caused Schlemmer not to hire him because the four

- year ga p between the filing of the complaint and the hiring decision showed they were unrelated.

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 4 of 145 Dr. Perry responded that there was a genuine issue of material fact that Schlemmer knew he was African

- American because : (1) he previously worked for Pedia tr ix; (2) he believed that a female Pediatrix/Mednax recruiter he met in 2013 may have been Schlemmer ; and ( 3 ) his resume included a reference to NAESM

. As to the retaliation claim, Dr. Perry responded that Schlemmer was aware of his work history with Pediatrix and therefore would have been aware of the complaint he had filed with the Nevada Board of Pharmacy

. He also argued that because Schlemmer never affirmatively said she was un aware of the complaint, there was a factual question for the jury to resolve

. The magistrate judg e recommended summary judgment for Pediatrix and Mednax on both of Dr. Perry’s claims

. As to the failure

- to

- hire race discrimination claim, t he magistrate j udge concluded that the “record support[ed] Defendant’s contention that Schlemmer had no information about [ Dr. Perry ’s] race or access to information about Dr. Perry ’s race when she was recruiting for the Scottish Rite position in 2017.” N either Dr. Perry ’s application nor the defendants ’ internal system , the magistrate judge said, included any reference to Dr. Perry ’s race. The magistrate judge explained that Dr. P erry ’s testimony about possibly meeting Schlemmer didn’t support an inference that Schlemmer knew he was African

American because his testimony about meeting “ a female recruiter whose name he cannot remember, at a conference the location of which he cannot recall” was

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 5 of 146 “nothing more than ‘mere conclusions and factual allegations unsupported by evidence

. ” ’ Likewise, the m agistrate j udge concluded that the reference to NAESM
on Dr. Perry’s resume was insufficient to support an inference that Schlemmer knew he was African

- American because NAESM employed doctors and served patients of all races and “[ Dr. Perry ] testified that he never had a discussion with Schlemmer about NAESM or his role with that organization, and [he] concede [d] there [was] nothing else on his [resume] that indicate [d] or could indicate that he [wa s ] African

American

. ”
As to Dr. Perry’s retaliation claim, the magistrate judge concluded that he failed to establish his 2013 race discrimination complaint against the hospital pharmacist was the cause of the 2017 hiring decision because there was “no evidence that Schlemmer was aware of [ Dr. Perry ’s] protected conduct when she rejected [ Dr. Perry ’s resume]. ” T he magistrate judge als o concluded that Dr. Perry had failed to show that his 2013 race discrimination complaint was a but

- for cause of his non

selection because it was temporally unrelated to the 2017 hiring decision

. The district court adopted the magistrate judge ’s r ecommendation and granted summary judgment for Pediatrix and Mednax because “[ Dr. Perry ] produced no evidence that the decision

- maker knew of [ Dr. Perry ] ’s race and no evidence of a causal connection between the failure to hire and a prior complaint of dis crimination. ”

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 6 of 147 STANDARD OF REVIEW

“ We review de novo a district court’s grant of summary judgment , applying the same legal standards as the district court

. ” Alvarez v. Royal Atl. Dev

. , Inc. , 610 F.3d 1253, 1263 (11th Cir. 2010). “ We will affirm if, after construing the evidence in the light most favorable to the non

- moving party, we find that no genuine issue of material fact exists and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter o f law. ” Id. at 1263

– 64. “[T] he moving party has the burden of demonstrating that there are no genuine issues of material fact, but once that burden is met the burden shifts to the nonmoving party to bring the court ’ s attention to evidence demonstrating a genuine issue for trial. ” Paylor v. Hartford Fire Ins. Co. , 748 F.3d 1117, 1121

– 22 (11th Cir. 2014) . “ Overcoming that burden requires more than speculation or a mere scintilla of evidence. ” Id. DISCUSSION Dr. Perry argues that the district court erred as to his failure

- t o - hire race discrimination claim because the evidence established a genuine issue of material fact that Schlemmer (the decisionmaker) knew he was African

- American when she decided not to hire him. And Dr. Perry argues that the district court erred as to his retaliation claim because there was a genuine issue of material fact that his 2013 race discrimination complaint against the hospital pharmacist caused Schlemmer not to hire him. USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 7 of 148 Dr. Perry’s Race Discriminat ion Claim Dr. Perry argues that three facts create a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Schlemmer (the decisionmaker) knew he was African

- American : (1) Dr. Perry previously worked for Pediatrix; (2) Dr. Perry’s resume showed he was associated with NAESM; and (3) Dr. Perry believe d he me t Schlemmer in 20 13

. As a matter of federal law, employers are prohibited from refusing to hire an applicant “because of” his race. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e

- 2(a)(1) (“ It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer

. . . to fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual

. . . because of such individual ’ s race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

. ”) ; 42 U.S.C § 1981 (“ All persons within the jurisdiction of the United States shall have the same right in every State and Territory to make and enforce contracts

. . . as is enjoyed by white citizens

. . . . ” )

. Failure

- to

- hire race discrimination claims that rely on circumstantial evidence , like Dr. Perry’s, are evaluated under th e McDonnell Douglas Corp oration v. Green , 411 U.S. 792 (1973) burden

- shifting framework. Trask v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Veterans Affairs , 822 F.3d 1179, 1191 (11th Cir. 2016)

. Under the failure

- to

- hire McDonnell Douglas framework , Dr. Perry ha d to show that : “ (1) he [was] a member of a protected class; (2) he applied for and was qualified for a job for which the employer was seeking applicants; (3) despite his qualifications, he was rejected for employment; and (4) after the rejection, the

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 8 of 149 employer continued to seek applicants with [hi s ] qualifications outside of [his] particular protected class

. ” Lubetsky v. Applied Card Sys., Inc. , 296 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 2002)

. Critically, Dr. Perry also had to show that the decisionmaker knew he was a member of a protected class. See Walker v. Prudential Prop

. and
Cas. Ins. Co. , 286 F.3d 1270 , 1274 ( 11th Cir. 2002) (“Discrimination is about actual knowledge, and real intent, not constructive knowledge and assumed intent. When evaluating a charge of employment discrimination, then, we must focus on the actual knowledge and actions of the decision

- maker. ”) ; see also Lubetsky , 296 F.3d at 130 6 ( “[A] n employer cannot intentionally discriminate against an individual based on his religion unless the employer knows the individual ’ s religion .” ) ; Cordoba v. Dillard ’ s, Inc. , 419 F.3d 1169, 1181 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[S] ummary judgment was appropriate because there was no evidence that the decision

- maker was aware of the plaintiff ’ s disability when he made the decision to fire him. ”)

. Dr. Perry first argues that Schlemmer knew he was African

- American because he previously worked for Pediatrix’s Nevada affiliate , Pokroy Medical . But Schlemmer testified that she was “[a]bsolutely not” aware of Dr. Perry ’s race at the time he applied for the position at Scottish Rite

. Dr. Perry ’s resume didn’t reference his race , and Pediatrix and Mednax’s internal records and pre

- screening forms that Schlemmer had access to during the hiring process didn’t include any i nformation about his race. Pediatrix’s records stated only that Dr. Perry ’s previous position was

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 9 of 1410 temporary and that he was “asked to leave [his] assignment after [one] shift due to [a] bad patient outcome.”
Dr. Perry next argues that Sch lemmer knew his race because he was a “member” of N A ESM from 2014 to 2015. But Dr. Perry’s resume said that he was a “Medical Direct or , ” not a member. And w hen Dr. Perry was asked whether “all of the doctors or all of the care providers [at NAESM] are minorities ,” Dr. Perry testified that “[t]hey can be anyone .

. . .” Dr. Perry also testified that he never had a conversation with Schlemmer about NAESM. Because NAESM’s doctors were not exclusively African

- American, and there is no evidence that Schlemmer was familiar with NAESM, Dr. Perry’s resume does not support an inference that Schlemmer knew Dr. Perry was African

- American. Dr. Perry finally argues that Schlemmer knew he was African

- American because they met in 20 13

. But Dr. Perry testified that he met a “lady” recruiter at a conference, he “ could not remember her name , ” and he “wonder[ed] if [ Schlemmer was] the person.

. . . But it may just be because [he] interacted with her so much with all this that her name just seem [ed] to ring.” W hen asked whether “ he kn [ e ] w for sure whether Ms. Schlemmer did or did not know what [his] race was back in 2017,”
Dr. Perry testified “No. Not with certainty, no.” Dr. Per ry’s “ speculation ” that he met Schlemmer was insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact

. See Hartford Fire , 748 F.3d at 1121

– 22 ; Cordoba , 419 F.3d at 1181

.

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 10 of 1411 Because Dr. Perry’s three facts are insufficient to create a genuine issue of material fact that Schlemmer knew Dr. Perry ’s race , t he district court properly granted summary judgment for Pediatrix and Mednax as to his race discrimination claim

. Dr. Perry’s Retaliation Claim The district court granted summary judgment for Pediatrix and Mednax as to Dr. Perry’s retaliation claim because Dr. Perry’s 2013 race discrimination complaint against the hospital pharmacist did not cause Schlemmer ’s 2017 hiring decision

. The district court concluded that (1) there was no genuine dispute that Schlemmer didn’t kn o w about the 2013 race discrimination complaint , and (2) the complaint

was unrelated to the 2017 hiring decision. Dr. Perry argues that the district court erred because Schlemmer knew about the complaint since she knew about
Dr. Perry’s previous employment for Pediatrix’s Nevada affiliate

. Employers may not refuse to hire an applicant in retaliation for complaining abou t race discrimination in the workplace

. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e

- 3(a) (“ It shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment

. . . because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by [Title VII]

. . . . ” ) ; Gogel v. Kia Motors Mfg. of Ga., Inc. , 967 F.3d 1121, 1134 (11th Cir. 2020) (en banc) ( concluding that retaliation claims are cognizable under section 1981). R etaliation claims based on

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 11 of 1412 circumstantial evidence are also analyzed under the McDonnell Douglas framework

. Gogel , 967 F.3d at 1134. To establish a prima facie case of retaliation u nder the McDonnell Douglas framework, the plaintiff must show that : (1) he engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) he suffered a materially adverse employment action; and (3) there was some causal connection between the two events. Id

. at 1134

– 35. To demonstrate a causal connection, the plaintiff must show that : (1) the decisionmaker knew of his protected activity , and (2) the protected activity and adverse action were not wholly unrelated. Shannon v. Bellsouth Telecomms., Inc. , 292 F.3d 712, 716 (11th Cir. 2002). A plaintiff satisfies the first cau sation element by presenting summary judgment evidence that the decisionmaker was aware of the plaintiff’s formal complaint before the adverse employment action. See, e.g. , Farley v. Nationwide
Mut. Ins. Co. , 197 F.3d 1322, 1337 (11th Cir. 1999) ( concluding that there was a causal connection where the decisionmakers were aware of the plaintiff’s EEOC claim shortly after its filing and fired him seven weeks later); Clover v. Total Sys. Servs., Inc. , 176 F.3d 1346, 1354

– 56 (11th Cir. 1999) ( concludin g that there was no causal connection where there was no evidence that the decisionmaker was aware of the plaintiff’s participation in the investigation of a sexual harassment claim against another employee). And a plaintiff may satisfy the second causati on element by

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 12 of 1413 showing that the filing of the formal complaint and the adverse employment action

were in “close temporal proximity.” Shannon , 292 F.3d at 716.
Dr. Perry presented no summary judgment evidence that Schlemmer knew about Dr. Perry’s 2013 race discrimination complaint when she made the 2017 hiring decision. Dr. Perry testified that he never told Mednax, Pediatrix , or Pediatrix’s Nevada affiliate about the complaint

. The complaint stemmed from a confrontation with a pharmacist employed by a third

- party hospital, not by the defendants , and it was filed with the Nevada Board of Pharmacy, not Dr. Perry’s employer . Nothing ever came of it

. N othing in Pediatrix or Mednax’s record s suggests the hospital or the Nevada Board of Pharmacy brought it to his employer’s attention

. E ven if Schlemmer was familiar with Dr. Perry’s work history, n othing
in that history show ed she would have been aware of his 2013 race discrimination complaint

. Pediat rix and Mednax’s records , which are what Schlemmer had when she made the hiring decision, say only that Dr. Perry was terminated because of a “bad patient outcome

. ” T he y say nothing about the 2013 confrontation with the hospital pharmacist

. As to the second causation element , the four

- year gap between the filing of the 2013 discrimination complaint and the 2017 hiring decision showed that they

were unrelated

. “T he cases that accept mere temporal proximity between an employer ’ s knowledge of protected activity and an adverse employment action as

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 13 of 1414 sufficient evidence of causality to establish a prima facie case uniformly hold that the temporal proximity must be ‘ very close .’” Clark C n ty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden , 532 U.S. 268, 273

– 7 4 (2001) ( collecting cases and holding that a twenty

- month gap

was too long). We’ve held that time gaps significantly shorter than four years were insufficient to establish a “close temporal connection .” See, e.g. , Webb

- Edwards v. Orange C n ty. Sheriff’s Officers , 525 F.3d 1013, 1029 (11th Cir. 2008) (six

- month gap too long); Higdon v. Jackson , 393 F.3d 1211, 1221 (11th Cir. 2004) (three

month gap too long). Because there was no evidence that Schlemmer was aware of Dr. Perry’s 2013 race discrimination complaint before the 2017 hiring decision , and because he failed
to show that the complaint and the hiring decision were related , the district court did
not err by granting summary judgment for Pediatrix and Mednax on his retaliation claim

. AFFIRMED.

USCA11 Case: 20-11596 Date Filed: 01/20/2021 Page: 14 of 14