NOAA Atlas NESDIS 40

YEARLY AND YEAR-SEASON UPPER OCEAN

TEMPERATURE ANOMALY FIELDS, 1948-1998

Sydney Levitus, Cathy Stephens, John Antonov, and Timothy P. Boyer

National Oceanographic Data Center

Ocean Climate Laboratory

Silver Spring, MD

October 2000

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Norman Y. Mineta, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

D. James Baker, Under Secretary

National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service

Gregg Withee, Assistant Administrator
ii
iii

Contents

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. Introduction ............................................................. 1

2. Data processing and objective analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Interannual standard deviation ............................................... 3

4. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

5. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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List of Figures

Figure 1. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at the sea surface based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 2. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at the 10 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 3. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 20 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 4. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 30 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 5. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 50 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 6. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 75 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 7. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 100 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 8. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 125 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 9. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 150 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 10. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 200 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 11. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 250 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 12. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 300 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 13. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 400 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 14. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 500 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 15. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 600 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 16. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 700 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.
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Figure 17. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 800 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 18. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 900 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.

Figure 19. Interannual standard deviation (C) of temperature at 1000 m depth based on year-season anomaly

fields for 1948-1998. Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5 C and dashed lines represent

intervals of 0.25.
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Acknowledgments

This work was made possible by a grant from the NOAA Climate and Global Change Program which enabled the

establishment of a research group at the National Oceanographic Data Center. The purpose of this group is to prepare

research quality oceanographic databases, as well as to compute objective analyses of, and diagnostic studies based on

these databases.

The data made available as part of this atlas include the oceanographic data archives maintained by NODC/WDC-A as

well as data acquired as a result of the NODC Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue (NODAR) project and the

IODE/IOC Global Oceanographic Data Archaeology and Rescue (GODAR) project. At NODC/WDC-A, “data

archaeology and rescue” projects are supported with funding from the NOAA Environmental Science Data and

Information Management (ESDIM) Program and NOAA Climate and Global Change Program which included support

from NASA. The majority of funding for these efforts is now provided by the ESDIM program. Support for some of the

regional IOC/GODAR meetings was provided by the MAST program of the European Union (Levitus et al., 1998).

We would like to acknowledge the scientists, technicians, and programmers who have submitted data to national and

regional data centers as well as the managers and staff at the various data centers. Our database now allows for the storage

of additional metadata including information about Principal Investigators to recognize their efforts as well as to provide

information that may be useful in determining the quality of data.

Recent declassification of substantial amounts of naval oceanographic data by the Russian Naval Ocean Research Center,

the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, and the Argentine Navy is acknowledged. The U.S. Navy has been

declassifying data on a continuing basis over many years.

We appreciate the efforts of Clara Deser in reviewing the manuscript version of this publication.

.
1

YEARLY AND YEAR-SEASON UPPER OCEAN

TEMPERATURE ANOMALY FIELDS, 1948-1998

Sydney Levitus, Cathy Stephens, John Antonov, and Timothy P. Boyer

Ocean Climate Laboratory

National Oceanographic Data Center

Silver Spring, MD 20910

ABSTRACT

This atlas describes the computation of upper ocean thermal anomaly fields for 1948-1998 from the

surface to 1000 meters depth. It also presents the interannual standard deviation of seasonal

temperature anomaly fields for the world ocean for this period. For the region from the surface through

200 meters, the equatorial regions of the world oceans exhibit the standard deviation. The deeper

oceans from 500 to 1000 meters exhibit large standard deviation in the Gulf Stream region and in the

Aghulas Current region off the southern tip of Africa.

1. INTRODUCTION

We have used historical ocean temperature profile data to prepare yearlyand year-seasonal temperature

anomaly fields for the 1948-1998 period at standard depth levels in the upper 1000 m of the world

ocean. All of the data we have used are available as part of the World Ocean Database 1998 (Boyer

et al., 1998a,b,c; Levitus et al., 1998a,b) and are available from the National Oceanographic Data

Center (NODC) on CD-ROM and on-line.

We have computed the interannual standard deviation of the seasonal temperature anomaly fields at

all standard depth levels in the upper 1000 m of the world ocean and present our results in Figs. 1-19.

The following sections include a description of the data, processing techniques, and discussion of the

distribution of standard deviation at various depth levels.
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2. DATA PROCESSING AND OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS

World Ocean Database 1998, version 1 (1998) temperature data are used to compute seasonal

temperature anomaly fields for the periods 1948-1998. Seasonal temperature anomaly fields are

calculated similarly to Levitus et. al. (1994) (hereafter referred to as L94). Temperature anomaly

values at each standard level in each temperature profile were computed by subtracting off the

climatological temperature value for the month that the profile was measured in. The climatology

used is described by Antonov et al. (1998) (hereafter referred to as A98). Data values exceeding

three standard deviations from the five-degree square that the data occurred in were not used in

creation of the climatology.

Our procedures differ from the work by L94 in one critical way. In our previous preparation of

anomaly fields (L94), we did not use any data that exceeded three standard deviations in

preparation of our anomaly fields. As part of the present study we computed anomaly fields using

all data (as described below) and compared these results with fields based on data that did not

include values exceeding three standard deviations. Comparing these fields it became clear that

large-scale anomaly features were being reduced in amplitude by the three standard deviation

criteria. Therefore, we used a six standard deviation criteria and eliminated other data that created

very unrealistic small-scale features (typically bull’s-eye patterns with wavelengths less than 500

km).

For each year or year-season compositing all anomaly values were averaged in each one-degree

square at each standard depth level from the surface to 1000 m depth. Anomaly fields for each

compositing period at each standard depth level were created using a first-guess equal to zero at

each grid point. Use of zero as a first-guess rather than persistence or some other procedure

minimizes the creation of spurious anomalies. Objective analysis of the one degree-square anomaly

means was performed using the same procedures as given by A98. Thus less smoothing was

performed in this atlas as compared to the L94 anomaly fields.

When our anomaly fields are averaged their mean is not zero in regions of strong gradients. This is

because our interpolation is non-linear. Therefore, the grand mean anomaly from 1948-1998 was

subtracted from the data so as not to include computational artifact to the anomaly fields. Although

this mean has no effect on the standard deviation fields, it could possibly alter the year-season

analysis. The interannual standard deviation of the seasonal anomalies were then computed for the

years 1948-1998.
3

3. INTERANNUAL STANDARD DEVIATION

The figures presented in this atlas have a contour interval of 0.5EC (solid lines) with the dashed

lines representing intervals of 0.25EC between the main solid lines. At the lower depths, 500 to

1000 meters, the contour 0.1EC is added to the graphs.

The largest magnitudes of standard deviation at 0 to 50 meters depth occur in the equatorial regions

of the Pacific Ocean, specifically off the western coast of South America. The magnitudes are as

large as 2.5EC. These large magnitudes extend across the entire equatorial region of the world

oceans down to 200 meters with the maximum standard deviation of 2.5EC shifting towards the

eastern continental boundaries as temperature gradients increase in these regions. These large

temperature gradients and increased magnitudes of standard deviation are particularly noticeable in

the Indian Ocean from 75 to 150 meters depth and in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from 75 to 200

meters depth (Figs. 6-10, World Ocean Database 1998). These large magnitudes in the equatorial

regions are associated with the variability of the shallow tropical thermocline.

Another dominant feature with large standard deviations is found off the Cape of Good Hope, the

southern tip of Africa. Magnitudes reach 2.5EC, but consistently maintain values of 2.0EC from 0

to 500 meters depth. This region has a complicated current system, most notably associated with

the Agulhas current and large temperature gradients are also observed in this region.

However, one region of increased standard deviation values is hypothesized to be the result of lack

of data. Large magnitudes of 2.0EC are consistently computed off the southeastern coast of South

America from 0 to 500 meters. Although the Brazil and Falklands currents meet in this region, and

large temperature gradients are noted, the World Ocean Atlas 1998 series shows a paucity of data

(seasonally) for this region.

Deeper depths exhibit increased standard deviation values off the eastern coast of Japan and in the

Gulf Stream region. From 300 to 700 meters, the eastern coast of Japan has maximum standard

deviation values ranging from 1.5 to 2.0EC, with the largest values computed at 500 meters depth.

Although the northern branch of the Gulf Stream, off the coast of Newfoundland, exhibits large

variability from 0 to 300 meters, larger standard deviation are found off the entire eastern coast of

the United States from 300 to 1000 meters. In the subtropics, the largest area of variability is

generally associated with the depth of the main thermocline. At 1000 meters, the two major

features of the standard deviation are found off the eastern United States and the southern tip of

Africa with magnitudes of 0.5 to 1.0EC.
4

4. SUMMARY

The interannual standard deviation of year-season temperature anomaly fields for the period of

1948-1998 over the world ocean are presented. Temperature anomalies were computed from the

analyzed data of the World Ocean Atlas 1998 series on a 1E x 1E grid with a six standard deviation

check used to eliminate outliers. In the 0-200 meters depth range, the tropical regions exhibit the

largest magnitudes. In the 400-1000 meter depth range, the subtropical regions exhibit largest

values. Both cases are the result of the existence of the permanent thermocline and associated

vertical temperature gradients in these regions.

5. REFERENCES

Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O’Brien and C. Stephens, 1998: World

Ocean Atlas 1998, Volume 1: Temperature of the Atlantic Ocean. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 27,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp.

Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O’Brien and C. Stephens, 1998: World

Ocean Atlas 1998, Volume 2: Temperature of the Pacific Ocean. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 28,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp.

Antonov, J., S. Levitus, T.P. Boyer, M.E. Conkright, T. O’Brien and C. Stephens, 1998: World

Ocean Atlas 1998, Volume 3: Temperature of the Indian Ocean. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 29,

U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 166 pp.

Boyer, T. P., J. Antonov, J., S. Levitus, M. E. Conkright, T. O’Brien, C. Stephens, D. Johnson, and

R. Gelfeld, 1998a: World Ocean Database 1998, Volume 3: Temporal Distribution of

Expendable Bathythermograph Profiles. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 20, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 170 pp.

Boyer, T. P., M. E. Conkright, S. Levitus, C. Stephens, T. O’Brien, D. Johnson, R. Gelfeld, 1998b:

World Ocean Database 1998, Volume 4: Temporal Distribution of ConductivityTemperature-Depth Profiles. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 21, U.S. Government Printing Office,

Wash., D.C., 163 pp.

Boyer, T. P., M. E. Conkright, S. Levitus, D. Johnson, J. Antonov, T. O’Brien, C. Stephens, and R.

Gelfeld, 1998c: World Ocean Database 1998, Volume 5: Temporal Distribution of Ocean

Station Data (Bottle) Temperature-Salinity Profiles. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 22, U.S.

Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 108 pp.

Levitus, S., T.P. Boyer and J. Antonov, 1994: World Ocean Atlas 1994, Volume 5: Interannual

Variability of the Upper Ocean Thermal Structure, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 5, U.S.
5

Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 176 pp.

Levitus, S., M. E. Conkright, T. P. Boyer, T. O’Brien, J. Antonov C. Stephens, L. Stathoplos, D.

Johnson, R. Gelfeld, 1998: World Ocean Database 1998a, Volume 1: Introduction. NOAA

Atlas NESDIS 18, U.S. Government Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 346 pp.

Levitus, S., T. P. Boyer, M. E. Conkright, D. Johnson, T. O’Brien J. Antonov, C. Stephens, and R.

Gelfeld, 1998b: World Ocean Database 1998, Volume 2: Temporal Distribution of

Mechanical Bathythermograph Profiles. NOAA Atlas NESDIS 19, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Wash., D.C., 286 pp.
6

Fig. 1 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 at 

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 2 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 3 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 4 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 5 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 6 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5 1.0

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Fig. 7 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 at 

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5 1.0

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Fig. 8 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 at 

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5

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Fig. 9 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 at 

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 10 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 11 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 12 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 13 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 14 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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Fig. 15 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

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0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W  30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 

90S75S60S45S30S15S

EQ

15N30N45N60N75N90N
21

Fig. 16 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5

0.5

1.0 0.5

0.5

1.0 0.5

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W  30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 

90S75S60S45S30S15S

EQ

15N30N45N60N75N90N
22

Fig. 17 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5

1.0 0.5

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W  30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 

90S75S60S45S30S15S

EQ

15N30N45N60N75N90N
23

Fig. 18 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5

1.0

0.5

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.10.1

0.1 0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.10.1

0.1

 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W  30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 

90S75S60S45S30S15S

EQ

15N30N45N60N75N90N
24

Fig. 19 Interannual std. deviation of seasonal mean temperature (°C) anomaly fields for 1948-98 a

Solid contours represent intervals of 0.5°C and dashed lines represent intervals of 0.25.

0.5

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

 30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W  30E 60E 90E 120E 150E 180 150W 120W 90W 60W 30W 

90S75S60S45S30S15S

EQ

15N30N45N60N75N90N