National Bureau of Standard^tJSt'l CtlUG liOUA UQl iO DQ, , Library, N.W. Bldg tol/on ffAir^ n!>,^«.«. "'4

APR 2 1 1956

BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES

taken from tfie Horary.

3

Doors

as Barriers

to Fire

and Smoke

: 'Mj \ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

\ / National Bureau of Standards
Announcing— The Building Science Series

The "Building Science Series" disseminates technical information developed at the

Bureau on building materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The series pre- sents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and

environmental functions and the durability and safety characteristics of building elements

and systems.

These publications, similar in style and content to the NBS Building Materials and

Structure Reports (1938-59), are directed toward the manufacturing, design, and construction segments of the building industry, standards organizations, officials responsible for building codes, and scientists and engineers concerned with the properties of building materials.

The material for this series originates principally in the Building Research Division

of the NBS Institute for Applied Technology. Published or in preparation are:

BSS-1. Building Research at the National Bureau of Standards. (In preparation.)

* BSS-2. Interrelations Between Cement and Concrete Properties, Part I. 35 cents.

* BSS-3. Doors as Barriers to Fire and Smoke. 15 cents.

* BSS-4. Weather Resistance of Porcelain Enamels: Effect of Exposure Site and Other

Variables After Seven Years. In press.

* The publications designated with an asterisk* are available by purchase from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C, 20402, at the prices indicated. See mailing list announcement on the last page.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • John T. Connor, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Doors as Barriers to Fire and Smoke

H. Shoub and D. Gross

Building Research Division

Institute for Applied TechnologyNational Bureau of Standards

Washington, D. C.

Building Science Series 3

Issued March 25, 1966

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price 15 cents
Contents

Page

1. Introduction 1 2. Test method criteria 2

3. Test method and material 2

4. Results. - - - 5

5. Discussion 6

6. Summary 9

7. References 10

II

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-62190
Doors as Barriers to Fire and Smoke*

H. Shoub and D. Gross

A study was made of means for improving dwelling unit entrance doors as fire and smoke

barriers. Existing combustible doors and frames could be modified to enhance their fire resistance, but it did not appear practical to raise them to the level of rated commercial fire door assemblies. Fire retardant paints, except those consisting of heavy, reinforced, intumescent-tj'pe coatings,

provided little or no increase in fire resistance. Several modifications of existing doors were not effective in preventing the transmission of smoke. However, controlling the pressure levels on both sides of a door, as by suitable venting,

appeared to offer a means of reducing smoke penetration into an area. It is recommended that current methods of fire tests of doors, and criteria relating to their

fire and smoke transmission be improved.

1. Introduction

Entrance doors to individual dwelling units in multi-occupancy buildings, such as apartments or rooming houses, are generally recognized as weak

fire-resistive elements in comparison with the

partition walls into which they are built. In such

housing, it has been common practice, especially in the past, to install an ordinary wood panel door in a

wall that might otherwise provide several hours

protection against foe originating in adjacent or remote areas of the building.

It was shoviTi over 25 years ago that ordinary

wood doors of the flush and paneled types, when

exposed to standard fire tests, failed by allowing

passage of flames in 4| to 8| min [1].^ It was apj predated that, other than the door and panel

|l thickness, important test variables included the

i clearances between the door and the frame, the

I effects of warping, the type of hardware used, and

the method of attachment.

To correct this deficiency, means are needed to enhance the fire safety of doorways and doors,

particularly in older buildings, which, in some

areas, are the target of retroactive ordinances

enacted to require increased fire safety precautions.

Coequal with, or perhaps of even greater importance than the problem of fire penetration, is that of the transmission of smoke through and

*The paper will also be published as a contribution to the Proceedings of

,'i a Symposium on Methods and Application of Fire Testing, by the Armstrong Cork Company. The paper formed the basis of a presentation

|l at the Symposium.

'Figures in brackets indicate the literature references at the end of this report.

around the edges of the door. Aside from the possibly

lethal effects of toxic decomposition products (more

&ce fatalities are caused by asphyxiation than by

burns [2]) smoke introduces a serious handicap to human visibility. Such smoke usually originates

from the burning contents of the building, but may

be aggravated by fire attack on the door itself. An obvious means of reducing the fii-e penetration

hazard would be to replace the door and frame with

a rated fire door assembly, i.e., one satisfying the

requirements for a class C or better rating in the

Standards of the National Board of Fire Underwriters [3]. Perhaps for economic considerations, this requirement has not been applied in aU codes,

especially in those provisions pertinent to existing

buildings. In some jurisdictions, where the intent

has been to increase the fire safety of existing doors,

the codes have permitted this requhement to be met

by the application of a coat of fire-retardant paint

to the door structure, with no assurance that this woiild achieve the desired purpose. In the series of tests described in this paper the

effectiveness of fire-retardant paints was examined.

In addition, this series included tests of old doors

modified in various other ways designed to increase

their utility as fire barriers. Several means for reducing the flow of smoke past the door were also examined. Finally, a study was made of the feasi- bility of controlling the movement of smoke and

combustion products by the displacement of the

neutral pressure zone in the test furnace chamber, as might be accomplished by the arrangement of suitable ventilating facilities.
2. Test Method Criteria

The performance of a fire door assembly is com- monly measured by the ability of the door to protect the opening in which it is installed against

the passage of flame and heat. Door ratings are provided which are designed to agree with the

following classifications [3, 4].

Type of wall Class Time

rating

Temp, rise limitations

hr

Fire (Building div.) A 3 250 °F max, 30 min

A 3 650 °F max, 30 min

A 3 None

Vertical communica- B 1| 250 °F max, 30 min

tion enclosure B 650 °F max, 30 min

B None

B 1 250 °F max, 30 min

Corridor and room

partition C

3i None

Exterior—severe D H 250 °F max, 30 min

exposure hazard D H 650 °F max, 30 min

D H None

Exterior—moderate

exposure hazard E

3

4, None

The establishment of limitations on unexposed

surface temperatures in fire tests is based on the

prevention of ignition of combustibles in close proximity to the test specimen. In the classification,

the limiting temperature rise requirements are not

mandatory, and when used, apply only to the first

half hour. It would appear that a criterion based on

the radiation flux at a specified time and at a given

distance from a door would be more appropriate.

Also, the standard test procedure [4, 5] bases ac- ceptable performance of a fire door assembly on

restricted movements and separations, with no

clearly stated restrictions with regard to flame

passage, and none for smoke. British [6] and other

European standards require that the unexposed

surface temperature shall not rise more than 250

deg F throughout the entire test period for all classifications and no openings through which

flame can pass shall develop in the assembly. The

temperatiu-e rise requirement, however, may be

waived for steel doors. No standardized procedures exist with regard to the maintenance of a positive or negative furnace

pressure or of pressure distribution during a test. The ciu-rent test method [4, 5] requires that the

pressure in the furnace chamber be maintained "as

nearly equal to the atmospheric pressure as possible" without indicating the location at which the

pressure measurement is to be made. Some laboratories have assumed the practice of operating with a low order negative pressure in the furnace chamber.

This practice arises from the use of a mechanical

draft, and probably accounts for recorded observations of no significant smoke passage during tests of painted metal doors, metal-clad wooden doors, or even ordinary wood doors. In vertical panel test furnances operating imder natural draft conditions,

significant pressure differences with respect to height exist within the furnace chamber.

3. Test Method and Material

The door assemblies were subjected to fire tests in the National Bureau of Standards' panel furnace,

using a test frame arranged to permit fire test exposure of two door assemblies simultaneously.

The door frame structures filled two openings, each

approximately 4- by 8-ft, in the furnace test frame,

with the door framing members covered with

gypsum board and plaster, representing a wood stud

wall construction. To simulate exposure of an

apartment entrance door to a fire in the corridor, the

doors were made to open outward away from the

furnace. This exposed the stops but not the hinges.

To preserve some measure of furnace closure when

one of the door assemblies burned through while

its companion specimen remained intact, the

furnace test frame was provided with a pivoted

shielding panel between the two door assemblies.

This could be swung to either side so as to provide a flame barrier upon failxu-e of one of the door

assemblies.

The furnace temperatures were determined from

12 thermocouples mounted in iron pipes symmetrically distributed within the furnace chamber.

All thermocouple leads were sheathed in insulating

porcelain tubes before insertion into the pipes.

Furnace temperature readings were recorded automatically each minute of the test duration.

The only criterion of failure used was of flame

penetration to the unexposed surface or along the

edges without regard to any temperature rise that

2
may have occurred during the test period. The

test specimens were representative in size of the

type of door employed for class C ratings and were

tested in accordance with the requirements of ASTM E-152, except as noted. However, the hose

stream test, specified to follow fire exposure, was

omitted.

The principal features of the door assemblies tested

are listed in table 1, which also includes test results

to facilitate comparisons.

With the exception of two commercial steel fire doors, the door assemblies consisted of used twin

panel doors, nominally 34 by 80 in., If in. thick with

f in. thick panels, removed from a razed apartment

building and modified as noted.

To make a solid structure of an old panel door, the

panel spaces were filled with §-in. plywood. Spaces

at the panel edges, occupied by a decorative molding, were filled with a plaster-sawdust mixture to the

height of the rails and stiles. The door was then

faced with the appropriate covering material,

|-in. hardboard or asbestos-cement board, or 24 gage

galvanized steel sheet, attached with screws. Where

sheet metal was used, a f- by J-in. steel channel was applied to cover the metal edges. For "hollowflush" doors, hardboard coverings were applied

directly, without filling the panel spaces. The steel fire doors used in the tests were reported

as meeting the requirements for class B or class C

ratings. They were purchased complete with hard- ware and metal door frames. The thickness of each

door was If in. Framing to support the doors was mostly of nominal 2- by 4-in. lumber, and was designed for mounting in the furnace test frame. The wooden

trim of the door frame was covered with sheet

metal in many of the tests (see table 1), and the

faces of the trim, but not the edges, were sheathed

with strips of 4-in. wide asbestos-cement board. In the case of the commercial fire doors, the metal

frames were attached to the wooden bucks of the

built-up framing. Figure 1 shows a typical door

used in the tests, and some details of the framing in which it was mounted.

Construction of the door assemblies and the

appurtenent frames was in accordance with good

practice, so that failure in the tests was assumed to

result from the effects of fire rather than from

structural deficiency.

Paint application was in accordance with the

recommended coverage for the particular product,

or, lacking instructions, the paint covering was the

best possible that could be achieved with the

I X26"X40"

FIR PANEL

O

|X26"XI9|

FIR PANEL

DOOR FRAME

||X33|"X79|"PINE 50^"x 97 |"- 2 X4 FIR FRAMING

WITH 34"X79x- 1X6 PINE 4 DOOR OPENING Figure 1. Typical door andframe construction.

materials, using either a brush or roller as appeared

to be most suitable. Glass fiber reinforced paint,

however, was usually applied by troweling to secure even coverage and a reasonably smooth surface

finish. With this method, the spreading rate was

about 60 ftVgal.

Commercial weatherstripping, applied to the door

frame in some tests, in an effort to reduce smoke

passage, was of the friction type, and made of

galvanized steel or If in. wide spring bronze. In an actual fii-e, smoke production may be considerable, arising as it does from complete or partial

burning of the building contents and structure. In fire tests, the amount of smoke is usually limited

to that produced by the door and frame assembly

only, since the gas fuel used in the furnace provides

practically no visible decomposition products. To

make the tests more nearly representative of actual

fire conditions, approximately 35 lineal feet of 2- by 4-in. white pine lumber (approx. 35 lb) was mounted in the furnace in close proximity to the

door frames to provide an additional source of smoke.

Because of the inadequacy of qualitative visual

interpretations of smoke passage, quantitative

measurements of the smoke issuing from above the

door opening were made. Smoke measuring apparatus, shown schematically in figure 2, was

mounted just above the top edge of each door, so

3
53

5

m «
SEALED BEAM

LAMP

I* 44 ^OPTICAL PATH^

929 OR IP39 PHOTOTUBE;

WATCH GLASS LENS

FOCUSING LENS APERTURE PLATE

-SMOKE COLLECTION BOX

SIGNAL TO RECORDER

SCHEMATIC OF MEASURING SYSTEM

16 MESH SCREEN

WIRE AT ENDS

26 GAGE GALVANIZED STEEL TOP AND SIDES (BOTTOM OPEN)

SMOKE COLLECTION BOX

Figure 2. Smoke measuring apparatus.

that smoke rising in front of a door was concentrated

in the metal collection box where it obscured the

hght beam impinging on the vacuum phototube.

A continuous recording was made of the output of the phototube, the response of which was essentially

linear with respect to the transmission (T) of light across the optical path between source and phototube. Since the transmission of light through a smoke aerosol appears to follow the Beer-Bouguer

law, the proper measure of smoke concentration is the optical density, which is defined as logio l/T

and expressed per foot of optical path length. Pressure measurements within the furnace were made by means of small static pressure probes and a

differential pressure meter capable of detecting

pressure difference of the order of 0.002 in. water. The "lollypop" probe consisted of |-in. i.d. stainless

steel tubing attached to the edge of a 1| in. diam

flat metal disk having rounded edges and connected

to a small hole in the center of the disk. The disk was positioned so that the hole was normal to the

upward flow of gases. Except as adjusted and noted

under Discussion, the existing pressure in the furnace

(prior to fire penetration of a door assembly) pro- vided positive pressures above that of the ambient

atmosphere of approximately 0.10 in. water at the

top and 0.02 in. water at the bottom edges of the

door (see fig. 3).

GAS BURNERS

0.10

0.08-

0.06- ^ cc O UJ O < 0,04-

</) UJ <= tro 0.02- u

Q

C

C

C

c

a NEUTRAL

PRESSURE ZONE

FiGiTRE 3. NBS panel test furnace: Schernaticl

As dense smoke usually issued from around the

doors, within 1 or 2 min. from the start of a test, smoke measurements were possible in tests of even

the shortest duration. Figure 4 shows typical curves

of smoke density diu-ing the early stages of a test. Figure 5 shows typical test curves of the furnace

pressure at two elevations, and includes a derived curve of the location of the neutral pressure zone.

4. Results

Eight pairs of doors were tested and the results are listed in table 1. The time durations shown

under the "Effective Barrier" colunrn indicate

the period for which the door may be considered a

barrier to the direct passage of flame through the

door into the unexposed space. However, in many

instances, it was noted that a minor amount of flaming occurred at the edges of a door, sometimes

a considerable time before direct flame breakthrough. Where this phenomenon was sustained,

the time of its fiirst occurrence is shown in the

column under "Edge Flaming." In those instances

where the test was terminated before the passage

of flame through a door, the duration is indicated as "greater than" the fire exposure time.

5
0.7 5. Discussion

TIME, MINUTES

FiGUBB',4. Typical smoke measurements. 2B—Solid, hardboardf aced, fire-retardant C

3A—Solid, galv. steel sheet faced, interior enamel 5B—Panel faced with hardboard, glass fiber roving and fire-retardant E

A conventional wood panel door and frame as- sembly cannot be expected to act as an effective

fire barrier for more than about 5 min, vtnder conditions of the standard fire test. From the results shown in table 1, the application of conventional

paints (Tests lA and 4A) and a conventional

commercial fire-retardant paint (Test IB) do not

provide any significantly greater protection. However, a panel door with a fire-retardant paint coating

containing glass fiber reinforcement (paint A) acted

as a fire barrier for 16 min. In this test (4B), additional protective coverings were applied on the

door edges and door frame, but such protection in

itself did not appear to be effective in increasing the

fire endurance.

The door assemblies with noncombustible facings

of sheet steel and asbestos cement board, either

fiUed-in or hollow flush, showed definite improvement in fire performance. The time durations during

which these doors acted as effective barriers ranged

from 17 to 41| minutes. Of the hardboard-faced door

assemblies, a fiUed-in door with the conventional

6
fire retardant paint jjermitted fire breakthrough in only Hi min. However, significantly longer fire duration periods, ranging from 20 to 37| min, were

obtained when fire retardant paints A (containing

glass fiber reinforcement) and E (applied over woven glass fiber roving or cloth) were used. The

improvement was true for doors with facings in which the panel spaces were not filled as well as for the filled panel doors. None of the doors modified with added protective

materials achieved fire duration times comparable to those obtained by the two rated metal fire doors

introduced for comparison.

This study was undertaken to determine whether

simple alterations to existing door assemblies could

improve their fire behavior, and no consideration was given to the design of improved doors or to the

use of chemical impregnation treatments which are normally applied prior to manufacture. It has been

shown, however, that the fire duration period for doors impregnated with ammonium salts was not

materially increased over that of untreated doors, even though the amount of flaming was significantly

reduced [7, 8]. In tests conducted by the British

Building Research Station [8], considerable improvement was obtained in the fire resistance of existing

panel and flush doors by the application of |-in.

thick plasterboard infilling and cladding. However,

because of the differences in test procedures and

failure criteria, the times are not directly comparable.

Although unexposed surface temperatures were

not measured in this study, it is interesting to note,

from an evaluation of small model door panel tests

of similar constructions conducted as another phase

of this investigation, that the order of failure by

time to flame-through usually corresponded to that

by time to limiting temperature rise (see fig. 6). Since nearly every test failure by flame-through

occured in the vicinity of the standard thermocouple pad, it is probable that the observed good

correlation with temperature-rise failure times was

the result of the insulating eff ect of the pad in both

cases. Exceptions to this correlation were noted for doors faced with noncombustible asbestos-cement

board and sheet steel. Because of the superior

integrity provided by the noncombustible facing,

the times to flame-through were considerably longer

than the times to limiting temperature rise. Since the smoke issuing through the doors under

test could not be effectively collected in the test building, a collection box was placed over the door

to act as a temporary accumulator. Although the

10

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 TIME TO FLAME THROUGH ON DOOR STRUCTURE, MINUTES Figure 6. Model doors: failure times by temperature rise {325° F, one point), andflame penetration.

extent to which this is justified has not been fully

established, the comparative results in figure 4 and

table 2 illustrate several significant findings. By

expressing the results in terms of the time to reach a specified optical density (or smoke concentration), we are able to compare the ability of the door

assembly to retard smoke passage, and thus to provide time for rescue operations. As might be

expected, the doors with noncombustible facings of sheet steel and asbestos-cement board were better

than comparable doors with hardboard facings by

Table 2. Smoke ineasurements

Test No.

Time, min, to reach listed optical density

0.1/ft 0.2/ft 0.5/ft

2A 0.2 0.4 2.5 2B .3 .5 2.7

3A 1.2 1.7 3.4 3B 0.4 0.8 1.9

4A 2.4 3.0 3.7 4B 1.9 3.1 3.0

5A 0.1 0.3 1.9 53 .2 .3 1.0

6A 1.1 1.3 1.4 6B 2.2 2.3 3.0

7A 1.9 2.2 2.9 7B N.D.* N.D. N.D.

8A 1 .8 2.2 >3.7 8B 0.7 1.0 4.0

*N.D, =No data.

7
providing 1 or 2 mia of additional delay in the

buildup to a given smoke concentration.

However, of the several methods instituted to check the transmission of smoke around the edges of the door, including cladding the door edges and the

jamb and stops with sheet metal, none seemed to

offer a really effective barrier. The use of metal

weather strips appeared to be only slightly effective. The application of a reinforced fire-retardant paint

to the door edges did not prove effective in these

tests even though such a thick coating would sometimes intumesce and provide a seal between the door

and its frame. Preliminary smaU-scale tests at NBS

of a commercial intumescent strip for application

to door edges or jambs indicated that the product

may react more quickly than a paint coating. Using

the strip, which is available ia Europe for buUding

and shipboard installations, a significant decrease was obtained in the quantity of smoke passing

around the edges in a wood door and frame assembly

as compared to that from an assembly not so modified, as shown in figure 7. The intumescent strips and paint coatings did not

appear to provide the full requirements of a smoke

barrier for several reasons. Thermal sensitive devices

would not react to the passage of relatively cool smoke which can quickly spread throughout a

building from a distant fire. Even in the presence of a nearby fire, the heat necessary to initiate intumescence may not be available for some time, by

which point imtenable smoke conditions may al- ready have been reached in an adjoining space.

Finally, such materials apphed at the edges only

cannot restrict the direct transmission of smoke

through a disintegrating door.

Because the production of smoke is a complex

function of the chemical and physical nature of a

material, of the type and severity of exposure and

completeness of combustion and other properties of the environment, it is clear that additional smoke

test data is vital to a better understanding of the

problem. For a more thorough evaluation of the

smoke producing properties of the material, it would

be desirable to have a laboratory test chamber

similar to one recently described [9], with provisions

for varying and controlling fire exposure conditions

and for reproducible quantitative measurement of the smoke produced. Also, the development of a

standardized and quantitative method of measuring

smoke transmission during fire tests would aid

considerably in the comparative evaluation of door

assemblies.

The movement of smoke (and other decomposition

products) from one area to another results from a

difference in pressure. In the typical fire situation,

the pressure in the fire area is greater at high levels and less at low levels, than the pressure in an adjoining area or room. Thus, air flows into the fire area through low level openings, and smoke and gases flow out of the fixe area through high level openings.

The horizontal plane at which the pressures are equal is termed the neutral zone, and it is possible

to adjust the location of the neutral zone by changing

the ratio of the sizes of the openings and their

relative heights.

In the NBS wall furnace during test, the neutral zone is typically below the level at which the door

sill is located, so that differences in pressure exist similar to those shown in figure 3. This represents

the steady-state condition due to a combination of the elevated furnace temperature and the air supply

pressure, and exists after a transient buildup period

of approximately 3 or 4 min. In order to illustrate the effects of vertical shifts in the neutral zone on

2.5

o

O 2.0 —I

1 1 ]

\ n \ r

WITHOUT INTUMESCENT STRIP.

Figure 7. Effect of intumescent strip on smoke passage around unfinished wood

model doors.

8
TIME, MINUTES ^

Figure 8. Effect of neutral pressure zone location on smoke passage around a

class B rated metal door.

Test No. 8B.

smoke passage through the door openings, the low

level openings below the test frame were closed and

opened several times during test No. 8 (see fig. 8). As shown, changes in the location of the neutral zone were quickly translated into changes in the

smoke density, and it was possible to reduce the

optical density to a very low value when the neutral zone was shifted to the top of the door or above.

In the absence of more detailed information, it is recommended that, in the standard fire test procedure, the neutral pressure zone in the furnace be

located at a level not exceeding one-third the door

height.

The results of this demonstration may be considered in terms of a room interconnected with a

fire- and smoke-filled corridor by means of a door

containing the usual separations and clearances. For such a room to remain smoke-free, it is necessary

to ensure that the neutral zone is maintained above

the door top. This can be effected by increasing the

area of high-level corridor openings to the exterior,

e.g., by venting. For the parallel problem of maintaining a corridor free of smoke when fire occurs in an adjoining room, windows in exterior walls at

levels lower than the door hntel should be considered undesirable unless precautions are taken to keep them closed and intact [10]. The estabhshment

of the required high-level openings could be arranged

in connection with an appropriate fire or smoke

detection system.

Some interest is currently being shown in the

generation of higher pressure conditions in occupied

areas or escape routes than in the rest of a building

[10, 11]. Such pressurization schemes require the use

of high capacity fans and can only be effective in

relatively well-sealed enclosures.

6. Summary

This study dealt with possible means for improving

doors as fire and smoke barriers and was directed to the particular problem of entrance doors to in- dividual dwelling units in apartment buildings,

rooming houses and hotels. Although much of the

work was of a preliminary and exploratory nature,

certain conclusions may be drawn from the results so far obtained.

First, it would appear that some of the test methods and test criteria require improvement or

refinement. Radiation flux measurements, as a basis

for classification, should be made for all doors, in- cluding those for which there is no limiting temperature now established. A standardized and quantitative measurement of smoke transmission around

the edges of a door is also badly needed, unless it is to be assumed that fire doors are provided without

regard to life safety. In addition, more careful standardization of furnace pressures and the loca- tion of the neutral pressure zone is necessary to ensure comparable smoke and fire penetration

observations.

9
Second, the tests have shown that existing doors

and door frames of combustible construction may

be modified to considerably enhance their fire re- sistance. However, the improvement will probably

not raise them to the level provided by the lowest

rated fire door, and the work entailed by such

modifications seems unlikely to make the project

economically feasible. Third, in none of the tests was there sufficient indication of an effective means of preventing the

transmission of smoke around the edges of doors, even those rated as good fire barriers. The use of intumescent materials on door and frame edges to form a seal in the event of fire, offers some possibilities, but will require the development of substances

reacting at lower temperatures than do those now

available. Here, too, a method of assuring the

durability of the protection will have to be devised.

Finally, it may be possible, in some cases, to mitigate the effects of smoke by proper pressure balance between a room and a smoke-filled corridor.

By increasing the area of high-level corridor openings

to the exterior, e.g., by venting, it may be possible

to maintain the neutral pressure zone above the door

top and to prevent smoke penetration into the room. Other efforts can and should be directed to the basic

design of buildings and the use of suitable devices to maintain escape areas fire- and smoke-free regardless

of the effectiveness of doors.

7. References

[1] Exposure Tests of Ordinary Wood Doors, Underwriters'

Laboratories, Inc. Bulletin of Research No. 6., Dec.

1938. [2] F. W. Bieberdorf and C. H. Yuill, An Investigation of the Hazards of Combustion Products in Building Fires, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Oct. 14, 1963. [3] Standard for the Protection of Openings in Walls and

Partitions Against Fire, National Fire Codes No. 80, National Fire Protection Association, 1962 Edition. [43 Fire Tests of Door Assemblies, Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Standard UL 10(b), 3rd Edition, Nov. 1957. [5] Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies,

American Societ}^ for Testing and Materials Designation E 152, 1958. [6] British Standard Specification for Fire Tests on Building

Materials and Structures, B.S. 476, Part 1, British Standards Institution, London, 1953.

[72 Fire Exposure Tests of Old Fireproofed Wood Doors,

Underwriters' Laboratories, Inc. Bulletin of Research No. 5, Nov. 1938. [8] C. J. Webster and L. A. Ashton, Investigations on Building Fires, Part IV Fire Resistance of Timber Doors,

National Building Studies Technical Paper No. 6, HMSO, London, 1951. [9] A Method of Measuring Smoke Density, Quarterly of the National Fire Protection Association, Vol. 57, No. 3, January 1964. [103 Private Communication from J. H. McGuire, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.

[11] Private Communication from H. L. Malhotra, Joint Fire Research Organization, Boreham Wood, England.

ii- U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1966—793-770

10
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of the national standards of measurement, and the provisions of means for making measurements

consistent with those standards; determination of physical constants and properties of materials;

development of methods for testing materials, mechanisms, and structures, and making such tests as may be necessary, particularly for government agencies; cooperation in the establishment of standard practices for incorporation in codes and specifications; advisory service to government

agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special

need of the Government; assistance to industry, business, and consumers in the development and

acceptance of commercial standards and simplified trade practice recommendations; administration

of programs in cooperation with United States business groups and standards organizations for the development of international standards of practice; and maintenance of a clearinghouse for the

collection and dissemination of scientific, technical, and engineering information. The scope of the

Bureau's activities is suggested in the following listing of its three Institutes and their organizational units.

Institute for Basic Standards. Applied Mathematics. Electricity. Metrology. Mechanics. Heat. Atomic Physics. Physical Chemistry. Laboratory Astrophysics.* Radiation Physics. Radio Standards Laboratory:* Radio Standards Physics; Radio Standards Engineering. Office of Standard

Reference Data.

Institute for Materials Research. Analytical Chemistry. Polymers. Metallurgy. Inorganic

Materials. Reactor Radiations. Cryogenics.* Materials Evaluation Laboratory. Office of Standard

Reference Materials.

Institute for Applied Technology. Building Research. Information Technology. Performance

Test Development Electronic Instrumentation. Textile and Apparel Technology Center. Technical

Analysis. Office of Weights and Measures. Office of Engineering Standards. Office of Invention

and Innovation. Office of Technical Resources. Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical

Information.* *

•Located at Boulder, Colorado, 80301. Located at 5285 Port Royal, Springfield, Virginia, 22171.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20230

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