NBS

•UBLICATIONS

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NBSiR 86-3430

Building Teclinoiogy Project

Summaries 1986

Richard N. Wright

U.S DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Sianciarcs

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1986

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100

.1156

# 86-3490

1986

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U.S, DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

MAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

N8S

RESEARCH

INFORMATION CENTER

NBSIR 86-3490

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY PROJECT

SUMMARIES 1986

Richard N. Wright

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

National Engineering Laboratory

Center for Building Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

ABSTRACT

The Center for Building Technology (CBT) of the National Bureau of

Standards (NBS) is the national building reesarch laboratory. It works

cooperatively with other organizations, private and public, to improve

building practices. It conducts laboratory, field, and analytical

research. It develops technologies to predict, measure, and test the

performance of building materials, components, systems, and practices.

This knowledge is required for responsible and cost-effective decisions

in the building process and cannot be obtained through proprietary

research and development. CBT provides technologies needed by the

building community to achieve the benefits of advanced computation and

automation. CBT does not promulgate building standards or regulations,

but its technologies are widely used in the building industry and

adopted by governmental and private organizations that have standards

and codes responsibilities. This report summarizes the projects

underway in the Center during 1986.

Keywords: Building research; building technology; criteria; measurement

and test methods; performance criteria; project summaries;

standards; technical bases

iii
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract iii

Computer-Integrated Construction 1

Standards Interface for Computer-Aided Design 2

Construction Project Information Technologies . 2

Building Data Protocols . 3

Development of IGES-Capability in the Naval

Facilities Engineering Command ... 3

Structural Engineering 4

Earthquake Engineering 5

Cyclic Loading of Masonry Building Components 5

Inelastic Performance of Steel-Braced Frame

Connections 5

Large-Scale Bridge Columns Subjected to Reversed

Cyclic Loading 6

Seismic Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) Methods 6

Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in Construction . . 7 Seismic Design and Construction Provisions 8

National Earthquake Engineering Experimental Facility

Planning Study 8

Three-Dimensional Behavior of Buildings Under

Seismic Loading 9

Loadings and Reliability 10

Criteria for Structural Loads and Design 10

Analysis of General Combinations of Loads 11

Reliability of Wood Structures 12

Characteristics of Localized Wind Loads 12

Criteria for Design of Cladding Subjected to Wind Loads . . 13

Review of Probabilistic Risk Assessments of Tornado

Missile Damage 13

Assessment of the Uncertainties and Risks Associated

With the Dynamic Behavior of Compliant Offshore

Structures 14

Probabilistic Standards Approach for Foundations 14

Structural Evaluation and Behavior 15

NDE Methods for Concrete 15

Measurement of Stress Waves in Concrete 15

Structural/Mechanical Design Criteria for Low Impact

Resistant Structures (LIRS) 16

Punching Shear Study of Reinforced Shell 16

Tensile Properties of Pleated Synthetic Rope 17

IV
Page

Building Physics 18

Acoustics 19

Room Acoustic Modeling ..... 19

Sensitivity Analysis of Integrated Noise Model 19

Indoor Air Quality and Ventilation ..... 20

Micro-Modeling of Contaminant Concentration in a Space ... 20

A General Indoor Air Pollution Concentration Model 20

Infiltration/Ventilation -- Large Buildings 21

Expert System for Air Infiltration Prediction and

Control in Buildings 21

Remedial Measures for Reducing Formaldehyde Emissions

and Concentrations 22

CO Emissions from Draft Hood Equipped Central Furnace ... 22

Lighting 23

CEL-1 Lighting Program 23

Daylighting Studies 23

Lighting Geometry and Contrast Measurement 24

Illumination Model - Color 24

Discriminability of Features of Secure Documents 24

Interaction Between Lighting and HVAC Systems 25

Thermal Analysis 26

Thermal Modeling of Buildings 26

Mathematical Model for Combined Flow of Heat and

Moisture 26

Simplified Model -- Space Cooling Loads 27

Energy Performance of Atria 27

Variable Area Heat Flux and Edge Effects for Guarded

Hot Plate Apparatus 28

Low-K Standard Reference Material 28

Experimental Evaluation of Dynamic Test Procedures 29

Thermal Mass Effect on Residential Cooling and Heating ... 29

Building Envelope Thermal Anomalies 30

Evaluation of Aperture Glazing Materials 30

Thermal Performance of Fenestration Systems 31

Data for Residential Energy Conservation Standards 31

In-Situ Test Method -- Underground Distribution System ... 32

Evaluation of Underground Heat Distribution Systems .... 32

v
Page

Building Equipment 33

Mechanical Systems and Controls 34

Systems and Controls Laboratory and Integrated

Building Services 34

Building HVAC/Controls Dynamic Modeling .......... 34

EMCS Algorithm 35

Knowledge-Based Input Generation Program for Building

System Simulation Program . 35

Inspection and Testing Procedures for Commissioning

HVAC Equipment and Systems 36

Thermal Machinery ........ 37

Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixture Property Evaluations ... 37

Measurements of Modified HP Cycles Using Nonazeotropic

Mixtures 37

Examination of Nonazeotropic Mixture Refrigerants for

Heat Pumps 38

Furnaces, Boilers and Household Heater Test Procedures ... 38

Heat Pump and Air Conditioner Test Procedures 39

Refrigerators, Refrigerator-Freezers and Freezers 39

Water Heater Test Procedures 40

Consultation/Technical Support 40

Solar Equipment 41

Investigation of Solar Hot Water Design Strategies 41

A Correlation Procedure for Thermosyphon Solar Systems ... 41

A Rating Procedure for Integrated Collector Storage

Systems 42

Determination of Interzonal Heat Transfer Discharge

Coefficients 42

Plumbing 43

Evaluation Guidelines for Computer Drainage System

Design Procedures 43

Efficient Drainage System Design 43

Residence Times in Flow Separation - Water Mains 44
Page

Building Materials 45

Inorganic Materials . 46

Cement Hydration (Competence Project) 46

Representation of Concrete Microstructure 46

Influence of Pore Solution Chemistry on Alkali-Silica Reaction 47

The Influence of Interfacial Microstructure

on Bonding in Concrete 47

Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of

Portland Cement Clinker 48

Ultra-High Strength Concrete .... 48

Performance Requirements, Tests, and Criteria for

Materials Used to Repair Portland Cement Concrete .... 49

Evaluation of the Strength of the Bond Between Repair

Materials and Existing Concrete 49

Expert System for Durable Concrete 50

Evaluation of Stone Preservatives 50

Dehydration and Rehydration of Inorganic Salts

for Passive Solar Energy Storage 51

Durability and Performance Evaluation of

Low-Emittance Glazing Materials 51

T/S Technical and Scientific Support 51

Organic Materials 52

Dehydration of Organic Protective Coatings 52

Organic Coatings 52

Coating Maintenance of Factory Coated Metal

Siding and Roofs 53

Improved Characterization of Coating System Performance . . 53

Quantitative Characterization of the Surface

Properties of Building Materials via Computer

Image Processing 54

Probabilistic Study of Single-Ply Roofing Membranes .... 54

Factors Affecting Initial Bond of Seams in

Single-Ply Rubber Membranes . 55

Performance Criteria for Bituminous Membrane Roofing .... 55

Materials Reference Laboratories 56

Cement and Concrete Reference Laboratory (CCRL) 56

AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) 56

Calibration of Pavement Roughness Measuring Devices .... 57

Research Information 58

CBT Information Management 59

Economic Methods for Building Standards 59

vii

COMPUTER-INTEGRATED CONSTRUCTION

1
STANDARDS INTERFACE FOR COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN

Kent A. Reed, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5852

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop the technical principles needed to link

computer-usable representations of building codes and standards to

computer-aided design systems.

Research on the standards interface for CAD suggests that the generic

standards data can be separated from checking and other routines within

CAD software systems, leading to greatly improved software reliability

and maintainability.

Research involves: (1) data modeling and system interface definition,

(2) potential linkages to knowledge-based expert systems, (3) computer

processor design and implementation, and experiments with the prototype

CAD/ standards interface applied to a structural analysis program in

order to test the robustness of this approach to the incorporation of

standards into CAD and to explore several alternatives that have been

proposed for dealing with multi-valued parameters and with inexplicit

contexts

.

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES

Kent A. Reed, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5852

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to provide the technical assistance needed to make the

Initial Graphics Exchange Specification fully functional in architecture, engineering, and construction applications. The Initial Graphics

Exchange Specification (IGES -- part of ANSI Standard Y14.26M) was developed to support the exchange of product data between computeraided design (CAD) systems in the manufactured parts industry.

The AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) committee is

developing techniques and test cases to measure the correctness and

performance of the currently implemented IGES version 2.0 and the new

IGES version 3.0 Standards applied to building problems. In addition,

the AEG committee is developing technical requirements for future

versions of IGES. This activity is particularly important now that the

IGES committee is charged with developing the technical basis for an

ISO standard.

2
BUILDING DATA PROTOCOLS

William F. Danner, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5855

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to establish the technical basis for information

interchange standards in the building industry.

Rational techniques for describing building practices and the elements

of buildings and their properties are needed to establish the technical

bases for information interchange standards that will support computer

integration of activities in the building process.

Transfer of HVAC-system data between computer-aided design systems

using a preliminary protocol will be demonstrated. The HVAC-system

case study will be expanded to include multi-faceted information about

the components. Additional building elements and systems will be

introduced into the preliminary protocol.

DEVELOPMENT OF IGES-CAPABILITY IN THE NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING

COMMAND

Mark E. Palmer, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5858

Sponsor: Naval Facilities Engineering Command

The objective is to determine the present capability of the AEC

industry to interface CAD data digitally, and develop strategies for

the Naval Facilities Engineering Command to implement IGES-capability

with the same level of performance.

The ability of the AEC industry to exchange CAD data digitally will be

assessed through discussions with AEC CAD users and consultants, site

visits to major CAD users and reviews of current translator software.

The strategies for the implementation of IGES will be designed to

address the problems identified and to incorporate the successful

procedures which have been developed by current AEC CAD users.

3
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING

4
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

CYCLIC LOADING OF MASONRY BUILDING COMPONENTS

Charles Scribner, Structures Division, (301) 975-6069

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop a rational procedure for determining the

ultimate shear strength characteristics of reinforced masonry building

shear walls for use in structural design.

A number of failure modes will be examined experimentally to identify

the characteristics of each and the significant parameters affecting

the different failure modes. Analytical expressions for design as a function of the key parameters will be developed. Key parameters

include amount of reinforcement, effect of axial load, effect of aspect

ratio, and effect of material properties.

INELASTIC PERFORMANCE OF STEEL-BRACED FRAME CONNECTIONS

John L. Gross, Structures Division, (301) 975-6068

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to study the gusset plate behavior and the connection

of braced elements with column and beam connections in steel frames.

The investigation will involve experimental testings on planar-braced

steel frames to be conducted at NBS. The selection of specific

variables and specimen design will be coordinated with analytical

studies in progress at the University of Arizona. The experimental

tests will provide information needed to validate the mathematical

models

5
LARGE-SCALE BRIDGE COLUMNS SUBJECTED TO REVERSED CYCLIC LOADING

William C. Stone, Structures Division, (301) 975-6075

Sponsors: National Bureau of Standards, National Science Foundation,

Federal Highway Administration, California Department of

Transportation

The objective is to determine the influence of size (scale factor) on the seismic performance of bridge columns and to provide benchmark

full-scale seismic behavior data for bridge columns detailed in

accordance with current design criteria.

The test series will consist of one "flexural" specimen, designed to

develop high moments at the base of the column with relatively low

axial load and shear components, and one "shear" specimen with high

lateral load/moment ratio and varying axial loads. Construction

details will be those in actual use in order to obtain realistic

performance data. A parallel experimental program will obtain seismic

performance data for 1/3- and 1/6-scale replicas of the full-scale

specimens

.

SEISMIC PROBABILISTIC RISK ANALYSIS (PRA) METHODS

Bruce Ellingwood, Structures Division, (301) 975-6049

Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The objective is to examine the validity and limitation of seismic PRA

methods by considering how modeling assumptions and uncertain information affect risk estimates, inferences and engineering decisions.

x

The credibility and sensitivity of PRA risk estimates will be examined

with regard to inherent variability, modeling assumptions and uncertainties, and whether certain factors are either omitted from the

analysis or not included correctly. The evaluation of PRA methodologies will be kept manageable by focusing on critical systems and

components that have been identified as major contributors to seismic

risk. The research will emphasize the sensitivity of conclusions drawn

from PRA's to assumptions, models and data concerning excitation

(seismic hazard and response), and capacity (fragility).

6
INTERAGENCY COMMITTEE ON SEISMIC SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION

Charles Yancey, Structures Division, (301) 975-6073

Sponsor: Federal Emergency Management Agency

The objective of the Interagency Committee on Seismic Safety in

Construction (ICSSC) is to assist the Federal departments and agencies

involved in construction to develop and incorporate earthquake hazards

reduction measures in their ongoing programs.

NBS will provide technical and administrative support to the activities

of the ICSSC. Specific objectives include:

o develop seismic design and construction standards for Federal

projects,

o develop guidelines to ensure serviceability following an earthquake of vital facilities constructed or financed by the

Federal Government,

o develop guidelines that provide for independent State and

local review of seismic considerations in the construction of

critical facilities constructed and financed by the Federal

Government where appropriate,

o develop guidelines for the inclusion of earthquake hazards

reduction activities in ongoing Federal programs,

o develop a strategy to identify existing Federal buildings and

other structures that pose unacceptable earthquake-related

risks,

o coordinate the development of guidelines for the consideration of seismic risk in the development of Federal lands.

7
SEISMIC DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PROVISIONS

Edgar V. Leyendecker, Structures Division, (301) 975-6049

Sponsor: Federal Emergency Management Agency

The objective is to support the Building Seismic Safety Council in its

effort to support improved seismic design criteria. NBS will provide

support as the technical secretariat of the BSSC Trial Design Overview

Committee which will be working on resolution of technical issues

resulting from the BSSC ballot on the Tentative Provisions described

earlier

.

It is important that implementation of new research and practical

experience be incorporated into design provisions. In order to

accomplish this, NBS will work with a panel of experts to identify

those advances that are ready for implementation.

NATIONAL EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING EXPERIMENTAL FACILITY PLANNING STUDY

Charles Scribner, Structures Division, (301) 975-6069

Sponsors: Federal Emergency Management Agency and National Science

Foundation

The objective is to define the data needed on full-scale structural

behavior; define the type of facility (large shake table, etc.) needed

to obtain data; define siting, operational, and cost requirements;

assess cost effectiveness with respect to alternative data sources.

The Science Advisor to the President has urged the Federal Emergency

Management Agency (FEMA) to initiate the planning study upon which a decision for a national earthquake engineering experimental facility

can be based.

A panel of experts and users will be established for the duration of

the study to provide advice and guidance. The NBS will conduct a user

and research needs study under contract through a series of workshoplike meetings. The NBS, with the advice of the user/expert panel, will

prepare a three to five year experimental program with facility

requirements. Critical and minimum data needs on full-scale structural

performance will be determined.

8
THREE-DIMENSIONAL BEHAVIOR OF BUILDINGS UNDER SEISMIC LOADING

John L. Gross, Structures Division, (301) 975-6068

William G. Stone, Structures Division, (301) 975-6075

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to characterize the three-dimensional behavior of

building frames subjected to dynamic loadings using color computer

graphics to facilitate the presentation, intepretation and comparison

of analytical results.

A general purpose finite element analysis code will be used to

determine load deformation response, and hysteritic energy absorption

capacity of joint details, and to perform dynamic analyses to

characterize the behavior of building structures. Predicted behavior

will be compared to measured or observed behavior of selected building

structures in recent earthquakes or tests.

9
LOADINGS AMD RELIABILITY

CRITERIA FOR STRUCTURAL LOADS AND DESIGN

Bruce Ellingwood, Structures Division, (301) 975-6049

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop criteria for design of buildings that ensure adequate reliability against structural failure and unserviceability and that are appropriate for all construction materials and

technologies

.

Design standards in the United States rely on different basic

approaches to safety checking, depending on the construction material

and technology. These different approaches (e.g., ultimate strength

design, working stress design) and a failure to consider uncertainties

explicitly cause a lack of consistency in reliability and performance,

and in some instances, unnecessary design costs.

Structural load data will be analyzed using time series analysis and

other statistical techniques to describe stochastically spatial and

temporal variation of loads. Realistic limit states for structural

systems will be identified from data in the literature and professional

experience. Full distribution and advanced first-order, second-moment

reliability analysis methods will be used to analyze, in a comparative

sense, the reliability of members and simple structural systems.

Correlation among loads and among member strengths will be included to

determine the extent to which such correlations affect system

reliability and performance.

10
ANALYSIS OF GENERAL COMBINATIONS OF LOADS

Bruce Ellingwood, Structures Division, (301) 975-6049

Sponsor: National Science Foundation

The objective is to develop general approaches for approximating the

probability distribution of largest values and other descriptors of

individual structural load effects and their combinations.

Existing load combination methods become difficult to apply when three

or more loads are acting simultaneously, can examine only linear

combinations of independent loads, with a few exceptions, and are generally based on simplistic models developed to capture only load

extremes

The research will examine novel load models (translation processes)

that can be obtained from Gaussian processes by nonlinear transformations. These processes will be applied to represent common structural

loads. Techniques will be developed for the analysis of linear and

nonlinear combinations of independent or dependent translation

processes. As a minimum, the project will provide methods for finding

the mean rate at which load combinations cross various thresholds and

related characteristics that can be applied to analyze ultimate and

serviceability limit states. Proposed models will be calibrated to common structural loads based on statistical observations of these

loads and to determine probabilistic characteristics of their combined

effect.

11
RELIABILITY OF WOOD STRUCTURES

Erik Hendrickson, Structures Division, (301) 975-6067

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop practical resistance criteria for limit

states design of engineered wood structures, taking into account the

statistical nature of strength, loads, and creep-rupture behavior.

Structural codes governing the design of engineered wood structures do

not as yet include the concepts embodied in probability-based limitstates design. The development of probability-based limit-states

design, and the acceptance of probabilistic methods as a basis for

setting load and resistance factors.

Statistical descriptions of the strength of wood will be determined

using data from the in-grade testing program and from other published

sources. The strength analysis must account for the creep-rupture

phenomenon that governs failure of wood structures. To this end,

computer algorithms are needed to simulate random load process

histories for snow, live and wind loads using, as a basis, statistical

data gathered in other CBT load research programs

.

CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCALIZED WIND LOADS

Richard D. Marshall, Structures Division, (301) 975-6071

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to provide a basic understanding of the generation of

peak cladding loads and instrumentation requirements for their

measurement

.

Due to the effects of size and shape of the tributary area, location on

the building, structure of the oncoming flow, and relative wind

direction, the question of codification of cladding loads on low-rise

buildings is a very difficult one. Because of the present lack of

knowledge of the parent probability distributions of wind pressures,

loads and load effects, it is difficult to make reliable predictions of

peak values from mean and RMS fluctuating values alone. The bases for

most current code provisions that address cladding loads are the

results of wind tunnel model studies. Unfortunately, the realities of

wind tunnel modeling and testing often require compromises between

conflicting requirements with the result that measured peak values tend

to be governed by limits on instrumentation frequency response rather

than by the physical properties of the flow or of the structural model.

To ensure the validity of wind tunnel test results and to establish

minimum requirements for instrumentation frequency response,

comparisons between model and full-scale test results are required.

12
CRITERIA FOR DESIGN OF CLADDING SUBJECTED TO WIND LOADS

Emil Simiu, Structures Division, (301) 975-6076

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to improve the basis for design of cladding subjected

to wind loads. Current design criteria for cladding subjected to wind

loads are generally recognized to be seriously deficient. The lack of

consistency of present criteria results in major economic losses and in

safety hazards due to damage to cladding under strong winds. In

contrast, uneconomical design of cladding occurs in a large number of

situations. Tools from fields of wind engineering, nonlinear mechanics

of plates, structural reliability and materials testing will be

employed to develop rational criteria for cladding design.

REVIEW OF PROBABILISTIC RISK ASSESSMENTS OF TORNADO MISSILE DAMAGE

Emil Simiu, Structures Division, (301) 975-6076

Sponsor: Nuclear Regulatory Commission

The objective is to assess analyses of risks of tornado missile damage.

Among the possible causes of unacceptable behavior of nuclear power

plants is the impact of objects, referred to as missiles, whose motion

is induced by the action of tornadoes. The Nuclear Regulatory

Commission specifies that the probability of occurrence of the event

that tornado-borne missiles having critical speeds ^will hit various

nuclear power plant installations does not exceed 10 in any one year.

The assessment of the verifications will be carried out using

probabilistic, statistical, and numerical simulation tools, as well as information concerning frequency of occurrence and physical

characteristics of tornadoes, and aerodynamic characteristics and

potential number of location of objects susceptible of becoming

tornado-borne

13
ASSESSMENT OF THE UNCERTAINTIES AND RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DYNAMIC

BEHAVIOR OF COMPLIANT OFFSHORE STRUCTURES

Emil Simiu, Structures Division, (301) 975-6076

Sponsort Minerals Management Service

The objective is to identify failure mechanisms that may result from

the dynamic behavior of compliant offshore structures, and apply modern

structural reliability techniques to the estimation of nominal failure

probabilities of such structures and the assessment of their structural

safety.

The behavior of compliant structures in a marine environment is

complex. Therefore, the evaluation of their performance can pose

difficult problems.

For a number of selected compliant offshore structural types, the study

will provide detailed mathematical models of the response that may

occur as a result of their dynamic behavior under wind and wave action.

PROBABILISTIC STANDARDS APPROACH FOR FOUNDATIONS

Felix Y. Yokel, Structures Division, (301) 975-6065

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop a technical basis for a probabilistic

standards approach for foundations and excavations.

Five standards for foundation and excavation are now being prepared by

the ASCE Committee on Foundation and Excavation Standards (CFES).

These standards are deterministic and specify safety margins by means

of a global safety factor applied to foundations subjected to working

loads. This creates a serious compatibility problem with other civil

engineering standards. This research explores the technical basis for

probabilistic foundation standards.

14
STRUCTURAL EVALUATION AND BEHAVIOR

NDE METHODS FOR CONCRETE

Nicholas J. Carino, Structures Division, (301) 975-6063

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective of this research is to gain a fundamental understanding

of the interaction of stress waves with internal discontinuities in

concrete structures. Such knowledge is required to develop test

methods and proposed standards for using the pulse-echo technique for

nondestructive evaluation of the internal condition of existing

concrete structures.

Research will evaluate the proposed technique under field conditions

and make analytical studies of stress wave interaction with internal

defects in bounded structures.

MEASUREMENT OF STRESS WAVES IN CONCRETE

Nicholas J. Carino, Structures Division, (301) 975-6063

Sponsor: Air Force Armament Laboratory, Elgin AFB

The objectives are to develop procedures for the measurement of stress waves in concrete using polymer stress gages, and to study the effect

of discontinuities, such as reinforcing steel, on the stress

distribution in concrete structures subjected to impact loading.

The research will develop a polymer gage suitable for embedment into

fresh concrete and develop suitable experimental techniques.

In order to verify whether the polymer gage gives accurate measurements

of the propagating stress pulse, experiments will be performed using

mortar specimens.

15
STRUCTURAL/MECHANICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LOW IMPACT RESISTANT

STRUCTURES (LIRE)

Richard D. Marshall, Structures Division, (301) 975*6071

Sponsor: Federal Aviation Administration

The objective is to provide test data and analytical models suitable

for the prediction of the response of low impact resistant structures

to aircraft impact.

The potential hazard of an aircraft colliding with approach lighting

structures during landing or takeoff operations has led FAA to

investigate the possibility of developing a structural system with low

impact resistance. "Break-away" mechanisms "implemented" in structural

systems have been considered by FAA to fulfill the goal. To ensure the

effectiveness of such a system (1) investigation of the characteristics

of the structural systems, including components such as the electrical

conductors, and (2) development of analytical models for the simulation

of impact phenomenon are needed.

PUNCHING SHEAR STUDY OF REINFORCED SHELL

H. S. Lew, Structures Division, (301) 975-6060

Sponsors: Minerals Management Service, Chevron Corporation, Mobil

Research and Development Corporation, SOHIO Petroleum

Company, Exxon Production Research Company

The objective is to develop and verify analytical models for the

punching shear resistance of thick, light-weight concrete plates and

shells. Concrete offshore structures offer great potential for the

safe and economical development of mineral reserves in the Arctic

Region. Such structures may experience high concentrated loads from

ice with intensities in the range of 100 tons/sq ft. (lOMPa). At the

present time there are no rational criteria available for the design of

thick and heavily reinforced concrete shells, particularly of

lightweight concrete subjected to high intensity concentrated loads.

The analytical models will simulate the multi-axial stress states

within thick members and will incorporate nonlinear material behavior.

Full-scale and model tests will be conducted to verify the analytical

model.

16
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PLEATED SYNTHETIC ROPE

S. George Fattal, Structures Division, (301) 975-6079

Sponsor: U.S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground

The objective of this research is to gain a fundamental understanding

of the mechanical properties of synthetic pleated rope. Such knowledge

is required to develop field test methods for pulse-type loads and

proposed standards and specifications for energy recovery application

of mired military vehicles.

At present their is insufficient knowledge on the tensile behavior of

pleated nylon rope to serve as basis for developing performance

standard for dynamic loading. Initially needed are strength,

constitutive properties and energy absorption capacity as influenced by

such factors as extreme temperatures, moisture, debris contamination

and pulse- type loads. An experimental research project was initiated

to study some of these basic properties as influenced by extreme

temperature conditions.

17
BUILDING PHYSICS

18
ACOUSTICS

ROOM ACOUSTIC MODELING

Simone L. Yaniv, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-5851

Thomas W. Bartel, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-5851

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop improved mathematical predictions of the

sound pressure level distribution in rooms from a knowledge of the

source(s) characteristics, the properties of the room and its

boundaries and from a knowledge of the source location and mounting. A

computer simulation model will be developed using numerical and/or

finite elements analysis of the wave equation and an algorithm for

computing the sound pressure distribution due to a monopole source in a rectilinear room with locally reacting boundaries. The computer

simulation will be verified by measuring simultaneously the sound

pressure levels in the NBS semi -reverberant laboratory, the sound power

output (using the acoustic intensity method), and the sound absorption

(using the ensemble averaging technique).

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED NOISE MODEL

Simone L. Yaniv, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-5851

Daniel R. Flynn, Center for Manufacturing Engineering, (301) 975-6634

Sponsor: Federal Aviation Administration

The objective is to lay the foundation for the revision of the

Integrated Noise Model (INM) computer program so as to allow for the

generation of confidence limits for each contour generated by the

model.

The INM enables the generation of equal noise exposure contours from

data on airport altitude and temperature, runway configuration, types

and numbers of aircraft, approach and takeoff profiles, airport

operational parameters, engine thrust and aircraft noise emission data.

Computer simulation studies will be performed to evaluate the

sensitivity of the noise contours generated by the INM model to the

following input variables: aircraft noise emission, aircraft altitude

profiles, aircraft speed and thrust profiles, aircraft flight tracks

and noise attenuation versus distance.

19
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AMD VENTILATION

MICRO-MODELING OF CONTAMINANT CONCENTRATION IN A SPACE

Richard A. Grot, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6431

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop models for predicting the distribution of

contaminants within spaces in buildings.

Many pollutants are released into a space from point sources and the

distribution of such pollutants within a space is not uniform. Cooking

at a range, hobby activities, smoking, and business machines are examples of such pollutant sources.

Most modeling to date assumes complete mixing in a space or employs a two -compartment assumption with uniformity within each compartment.

Therefore, there is need to be able to predict areas where high

concentrations will exist.

It is feasible, using first principles, to predict the distribution of

contaminants in a space. This information will be used as a basis for

developing simplified micro-models which will be verified by

experiments within one of CBT's environmental chambers.

A GENERAL INDOOR AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATION MODEL

George N. Walton, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6421

James W. Axley, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6429

Richard N. Grot, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6431

Sponsors: Department of Energy and Environmental Protection Agency

The objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive validated

computer model to simulate dynamic pollutant movement and concentration

variations in buildings.

There is need for a general and comprehensive model which can predict

the extent, severity, and duration of indoor air pollution. Such a model, when developed, should be useful in the evaluation of various

indoor air quality control systems as well as for energy and

environmental policy making.

Most of the previous work reported for indoor air pollution modeling is

based on a simplistic one-room dilution model which ignores the thermal

effects and mixing dynamics.

A model for residences will treat each room in the dwelling as a single

well mixed zone. This model will be for multi-zones and contain a detailed and complex description of pollutant concentration rates.

20
INFILTRATION/VENTILATION — LARGE BUILDINGS

Richard A. Grot, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6431

Andrew K. Persily, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6418

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop test methods for evaluating the movement of

air into and within large commercial buildings and to determine the

efficiency of the ventilation systems of commercial buildings in

providing a mechanism for removing contaminants at a minimum energy

cost.

The test methods developed for measuring ventilation efficiency will be

applied to two office buildings. Measurements of the distribution of

contaminants in these office buildings will also be made. These

measurements will produce both a data set on contaminants in office

buildings and also an assessment of the concept of ventilation

efficiency in characterizing the ability of building ventilation

systems to remove contaminants.

EXPERT SYSTEM FOR AIR INFILTRATION PREDICTION AND CONTROL IN BUILDINGS

Andrew K. Persily, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6418

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop an expert system for air leakage diagnosis

and infiltration characterization in residential buildings.

The system is intended to take available information on the building in

question and yield its infiltration rates as a function of weather

conditions, potential problem areas in terms of heat loss,

condensation, and indoor air quality, and appropriate retrofit

procedures and their anticipated effects. The system would employ an existing predictive model of air infiltration and a knowledge base

consisting of a catalog of building construction details, a database of

building components leakage characteristics, and a set of heuristic

rules

21
REMEDIAL MEASURES

CONCENTRATIONS

FOR REDUCING FORMALDEHYDE EMISSIONS AND

Samuel Silberstein, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6420

Sponsor: Consumer Product Safety Commission

The objective of this study is to examine the methods available for

reduction of both emission rates and concentrations of formaldehyde.

These methods include, but are not limited to, coatings, barriers, air

cleaning, formaldehyde removal, air exchange and product/house

treatment

.

This project will examine methods for formaldehyde concentration

reduction; experimentally test and validate those methods which appear

most promising and for which insufficient testing has been conducted to

allow reasoned evaluation of effectiveness; and identify the most costeffective, presently available methods for the various expected cases

(for example, sources, conditions, etc.) and identify where further

research is needed.

CO EMISSIONS FROM DRAFT HOOD EQUIPPED CENTRAL FURNACE

Thomas K. Faison, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6432

Richard A. Grot, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6431

Sponsor: Consumer Product Safety Commission

The objective is to determine the effectiveness of prototype, vent

safety shutoff system-equipped furnaces in preventing carbon monoxide

buildup beyond a safe limit.

NBS will test example furnaces for compliance with requirements of the

proposed ANSI Z21.47G standard (Section 2.8 Combustion and Section 2.18

Vent Safety Shutoff System). NBS will develop a model based on interroom air flows for predicting the levels of CO in various parts of

the house due to failure of proper operation of the venting system.

Spillage of CO will be simulated as the result of (a) continued

operation with a partially blocked vent, and (b) cyclic operation with

maximum "on" time without triggering the spill switch. The model,

based upon measurements in the mock-up, will be used to predict the CO

levels in actual houses due to spillage for draft hoods.

22
LIGHTING

CEL-1 LIGHTING PROGRAM

Stephen J. Treado, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6444

Sponsor: Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

The objective is to support and maintain the CEL-1 lighting computer

program and to use it in conjunction with the BLAST program to evaluate

the impact of various fenestration options on visual performance,

building thermal and lighting loads, and building energy consumption,

leading to development and improvement of design.

A hybrid version of BLAST/CEL- 1 has been developed to allow the

simulation of building energy performance, including lighting system

performance and the effects of daylighting. In order to enable the

development of design guidelines for effective fenestration use in

buildings, the sensitivity of building energy usage to fenestration

design must be evaluated as a function of other building parameters.

Based on this analysis, design guidelines for fenestration and lighting

strategies will be developed based on the simulation results for

various locations.

DAYLIGHTING STUDIES

Stephen J. Treado, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6444

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to evaluate the impact of daylighting on building

energy requirements, visual performance and lighting system

effectiveness, to enable development of design guidelines and

procedures for the optimum utilization of daylight in buildings.

An expert system for daylighting design and analysis will be developed

incorporating the following elements:

a) detailed sky and solar model,

b) fenestration daylight characteristics,

c) detailed interior light flux distribution,

d) surface luminance distribution,

e) glare conditions,

f) task visibility,

g) fenestration design optimizer.

Leading experts in the area of windows and daylighting will be

consulted regarding the judgment -based portion of the expert system.

23
LIGHTING GEOMETRY AND CONTRAST MEASUREMENT

James A. Worthy, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6446

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop a technique for measuring black-white

contrasts in complex situations.

It is generally understood that contrast is the stimulus for vision.

No method exists, however, for measuring contrast in realistically

complicated scenes. Since the eye probably makes some use of every

edge, highlight and texture available to it, a realistic contrast meter

should in some way "see" these features. The research explores

development of a spatial frequency metric for the overall contrast in a scene.

ILLUMINATION MODEL - COLOR

Gerald L. Howett, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6447

Belinda L. Collins, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6456

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to devlop color appearance formulas which can be used

to predict the interaction of light source and surface color in

interior spaces for inclusion in the comprehensive illumination model.

A color-appearance formula is highly specific; it predicts what a sample with a given reflectance spectrum (color) will look like when it

is illuminated by a source with a given spectral power distribution to

which the observer is adapted. To develop a predictive formula

requires experimental assessment of color appearance under different,

commonly used sources; determination of the appropriate mathematical

formula; and validation of the formula.

DISCRIMINABILITY OF FEATURES OF SECURE DOCUMENTS

Belinda L. Collins, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6456

Sponsor: Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Department of Treasury

The objective of this project is an assessment of those features of

existing and proposed secure documents that appear effective in

deterring counterfeiting. Detailed determination will be made

experimentally of those features, such as color, line quality, design

content, security devices, etc., as well as lighting conditions, which

can be effective in ensuring the noticeability of secure documents.

24
INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHTING AND HVAC SYSTEMS

Stephen J. Treado, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6444

Sponsors: Department of Energy and Electric Power Research Institute

The objectives are to obtain the heat distribution characteristics of

various lighting systems in typical room thermal environments, to

develop a database for detailed lighting heat transfer calculations, to

analyze the components of lighting heat transfer, to evaluate the

influence of wall and floor construction and HVAC design on lighting

and cooling/heating loads, and to develop and validate a computer model

for simulating the interaction between lighting and HVAC systems. The

initial activity will result in construction of the lighting test

facility. A preliminary model also will be developed prior to the

related measurement phase of the project, and used to evaluate the

potential variation of parameters for the measurements. The model will

be validated using measurement results, and improved accordingly.

25
THERMAL ANALYSIS

THERMAL MODELING OF BUILDINGS

George N. Walton, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6421

Jin B. Fang, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6417

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop modern modeling techniques for predicting

air movement and heat transfer in multi-room buildings and complex

geometries

.

NBS has developed the Thermal Analysis Research Program (TARP) which

can predict the interzone heat transfer and interzone movement of air,

moisture and contaminants. The research effort on thermal modeling

will be directed at the development of accurate and efficient models

for predicting radiative energy exchange both around a building and the

building interior and also incorporation of modern computer methods

such as adaptive computer language structures into building energy

models. The algorithm development for radiative energy exchange will

include methods for calculating view factor, shadowing calculations and

reflective radiative energy both diffuse and specular. Research also

will give theoretical bases to the modular structure of thermal

analysis simulation so that modern computer methods, such as adaptive

computer language, can be applied to the major general elements of

thermal simulation: formation of component response, description of

the environmental driving forces, assembly of the model equations,

solution methods for solving the equations and evaluation of the system

dependent quantities.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR COMBINED FLOW OF HEAT AND MOISTURE

Douglas M. Burch, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6433

Thomas K. Faison, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6432

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model to

predict the combined flow of heat and moisture through multi-layered

retrofitted walls of residences. This model will be validated through

a series of laboratory experiments, and the effect of moisture

accumulation on the overall thermal resistance will be investigated.

A model for predicting the heat and mass transfer in wood during a kiln

drying process has recently been developed and validated at the

Washington State University. The model includes liquid transport via

capillary action as well as diffusion. The present study will extend

this model to include layers of insulation and interior wall surface in

addition to an exterior wood surface. The formulation will include the

effect of vapor resistance offered by paint layers at interior and

exterior surfaces.

26
SIMPLIFIED MODEL — SPACE COOLING LOADS

Douglas M. Burch, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6433

Sponsor: Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The objective of this study is to investigate the feasibility of using

the Sander and Barakat theory to develop a simplified mathematical

model for predicting weekly space loads of a residence.

The Thermal Analysis Research Program (TARP) will be used to predict

weekly space cooling loads for simulated, insulated and uninsulated

wood-frame residences located in the Washington, DC., area. These

predictions will be used to develop a simplified model of solar heat

gain using the Sander and Baraket model. The simplified model will be

used to predict solar heat gain of six test buildings and comparisons

will be made with existing thermal data.

ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF ATRIA

Stephen J. Treado, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6444

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to evaluate the energy performance of large glazed

building atria, including thermal and daylighting effects, as related

to fenestration design, to enable development of design guidelines.

The design of atria exerts a significant influence on building energy

requirements and performance. Information is needed regarding the heat

transfer mechanisms in atria, the daylighting performance and the

energy impact of atria on the overall building.

Measurements will be made in two atria. The data compiled in the

measurement portion of the work will be used to determine the most

effective and accurate modeling procedures for the computer simulation,

such as the number of sub- zones needed to model the atrium and

adjoining spaces and the magnitude of any temperature stratification

effects

27
VARIABLE AREA HEAT FLUX AND EDGE EFFECTS FOR GUARDED HOT PLATE

APPARATUS

Brian G. Rennex, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6434

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objectives are (1) to develop a new test method to determine

relative values of thermal resistance for typical metered areas so that

the stated values of thermal resistance accurately reflect the variable

nature of the material evaluated, and (2) to calculate the edge effect

for square geometry heat flow meter apparatuses and make experimental

measurements to validate the theory.

NBS provides calibration specimens for the measurement of thermal

resistance to users throughout the country. Two important factors in

the characterization of a particular calibration are the size of the

user's metered area and the thickness at which the user operates.

Because the insulation material tested can be highly variable over the

metered area, it is important to have a test method to compare thermal

resistance values for various meter-area sizes. The other factor is

the uncertainty at large thicknesses. This uncertainty is poorly

understood because there is almost nothing in the literature to

quantify it.

LOW-K STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIAL

Brian G. Rennex, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6434

Sponsor: Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The ojective is to establish a thermal standard reference material

(SRM) having a low thermal conductivity that will be applicable for use

over an extended temperature range.

As better insulating materials are developed in response to energy

conservation programs and products are streamlined so that less

material is used, the need has been identified for a new standard

reference material that has a low thermal conductivity. Materials

having high thermal resistance values require special measurement

considerations for accurate determination of thermal properties. A

low-K SRM is needed for use in calibration of instruments and as a base

for comparison of thermal property measurements -- to facilitate

research and development of more effective insulating materials.

The properties of selected fumed silica products will be evaluated and

a candidate selected for more comprehensive characterization. A report

will be prepared to establish fumed silica as a standard reference

material

.

28
EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF DYNAMIC TEST PRODCEDURES

Douglas M. Burch, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6433

Sponsor: Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The objective is to experimentally investigate three dynamic

temperature profiles for calibrated hot boxes to determine the

transient heat-transfer characteristics of exterior walls, using solair diurnal temperature cycles, sinusoidal waveforms at three different

frequencies, and a triangular-shaped pulse. The research will define

the type of thermal performance data needed in design and lead to

development of practical test methods for acquiring the data. The

research also will provide engineering design data on wall systems that

have potential for significant energy savings.

THERMAL MASS EFFECT ON RESIDENTIAL COOLING AND HEATING

Douglas M. Burch, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6433

Sponsor: Electric Power Research Institute

The objective is to analyze previously measured test results of the NBS

thermal mass test buildings in order to investigate the effect of

building envelope and building operation parameters on reducing and

delaying peak space heating/cooling loads. The study will investigate

the effect of the thermal mass of the interior partition walls and

interior furnishings on reducing and delaying peak summer cooling

loads. The study also will compare space heating/cooling loads

predicted with EMPS and TARP computer programs to corresponding

measured heating/cooling loads.

29
BUILDING ENVELOPE THERMAL ANOMALIES

Richard A. Grot, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6431

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop in-situ test methods for quantifying the

heat losses due to thermal anomalies and thermal bridges in building

insulation systems.

Thermal anomalies exist in building insulation systems due to

improperly installed insulation, convective air movement in the

insulation and moisture damage to the insulation. As buildings become

more insulated, the heat loss due to penetration of structural members

becomes proportionally more significant and can degrade the performance

of the insulation system by about 10 to 20 percent. These parts of the

structure are also points at which condensation can occur and thus

become potential sources of building deterioration. Current analysis

and models of the building envelope ignore the presence of thermal

bridges and anomalies. At present there is no method for quantifying

the heat loss due to these effects so that the impact of correcting the

anomalies or bridges cannot be accuratly projected.

EVALUATION OF APERTURE GLAZING MATERIALS

Michael E. McCabe, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6422

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to evaluate a simple, comparative test method for

measuring thermal performance of alternative window glazings under

field conditions.

The thermal performance of windows has been found to have greater

sensitivity to climatic variables, such as air temperature, solar

irradiance and wind velocity, than anticipated based on ASHRAE Handbook

data. However, window manufacturer's performance data based on testing

done at extreme design conditions under laboratory conditions may not

be directly applicable for estimating energy performance over a heating

and/or cooling season. These concerns suggest the need for development

and evaluation of other window test methods. The research will

evaluate thermal performance by long-term, side-by-side testing of

competing window designs in the field using portable calorimeters.

30
THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF FENESTRATION SYSTEMS

Michael E. McCabe, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6422

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objectives are to measure the rate of heat transfer in three window

systems under laboratory conditions and to assist in development of

standard laboratory methods for measuring the fenestration thermal

performance values to be used in calculating building energy

requirements

A number of different laboratory procedures for testing of building

thermal envelope components are available; however, no consensus currently exists as to which procedure is most suitable for measuring

the U-value of fenestration systems. A standard procedure is needed

for measuring and reporting the U-value of fenestration systems that is

sensitive to variations in climatic conditions. The research will

develop and validate a standard laboratory test procedure for measuring

the U-value of fenestration systems.

DATA FOR RESIDENTIAL ENERGY CONSERVATION STANDARDS

Frank J. Powell, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6454

Sponsor: Department of Energy, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories

The objective is to provide technical support to the energy standards

program by preparing a report that will summarize and evaluate the

state-of-the-art in regard to thermal mass, advanced thermal insulation

materials and systems, and the effects of moisture, air movement and

gaps or cavities on insulated structures. These data will provide

technical bases for residential energy conservation standards.

31
IN-SITU TEST METHOD — UNDERGROUND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Jin B. Fang, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6417

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop in-situ methods for measuring the heat

losses from various underground insulated piping systems in district

heating and cooling.

An automated, microcomputer controlled instrument and data acquisition

system will be developed and constructed for measuring soil thermal

conductivity and continuous monitoring of earth temperatures along with

surface heat fluxes. The thermal probe technique being developed at

NBS will be used for in-situ measurements of the heat losses and heat

gains from selected underground systems.

EVALUATION OF UNDERGROUND HEAT DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

Jin B. Fang, Building Physics Division, (301) 975-6417

Sponsor: Tri-Services

The objective is to develop methods for predicting and measuring the

heat loss from the underground heat distribution systems and to provide

technical assistance to the Tri-Service Committee on Underground

Systems for the Implementation of Criteria for Underground Heat

Distribution Systems.

The research will use the automated microcomputer controlled data

acquisition system being developed at NBS for the measurement of the

heat loss from underground heat distribution systems; conduct the heat

loss measurement of underground systems at Fort Jackson, SC., where a separate calorimetric measurement will be performed; and perform

computer simulation calculations using the finite element method on shallow trench underground systems and compare the predicted results

with the experimental data from the field data.

32
BUILDING EQUIPMENT

33
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS

SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS LABORATORY AND INTEGRATED BUILDING SERVICES

George E. Kelly, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5870

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to carry out fundamental and applied research on building controls, building system dynamics, adaptive optimization

algorithms and integrated building services.

Such information will greatly improve the reliability of building

systems and controls, reduce maintenance requirements, and provide

better services at lower first costs.

The research in FY 86 will involve studying the performance of whole

building systems using HVACSIM+ and the NBS Administration Building,

evaluating building control algorithms that involve dynamic

interactions between the building shell, the HVAC system and controls,

exploring the use of real time building system models for optimizing

whole building performance (i.e., a model reference approach to

adaptive control), and developing procedures and test methods for

evaluating the performance of HVAC systems and controls in actual

buildings

.

BUILDING/HVAC/CONTROLS DYNAMIC MODELING

George E. Kelly, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5870

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop and verify building system models and a simulation program for evaluating the dynamic interactions among the

building shell, the HVAC system and controls.

None of the currently used building simulation programs (e.g., BLAST 2,

DOE 2) account for HVAC/control dynamics. As a result of this, there

is very little reliable data on the amount of energy waste in buildings

due to control dynamics and absolutely no information on how to design

and operate building control systems to optimize dynamic performance.

Data on the performance of the 11 -story NBS Administration Building

will be used to verify and refine the building shell portion of

HVACSIM"*" and the verified program employed to study the dynamic

performance of whole building systems.

34
EMCS ALGORITHM

George E. Kelly, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5870

Sponsors: Department of Energy and Department of the Navy

The objective is to develop and verify public domain algorithms and to

assist the Navy in developing the equipment and procedures for testing

the performance of Energy Management and Control Systems (EMCS).

The work includes (1) developing and verifying public domain algorithms

for typical HVAC/building applications, and (2) assisting the Navy in

developing an EMCS Testing Device and Evaluation Procedure for

determining the performance of Energy Management and Control Systems in

factory tests or acceptance tests in the field.

KNOWLEDGE-BASED INPUT GENERATION PROGRAM FOR BUILDING SYSTEM SIMULATION

PROGRAM

Stanley T. Liu, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5880

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop an intelligent front-end program for

building system simulation programs utilizing knowledge-based

programming techniques.

It is very difficult to set up a model of a particular building system

to be simulated. The user is required to have extensive knowledge, not

only of the system and equipment to simulate, but also of how the

simulation programs actually work, and all the inputs, outputs, and

parameters used by the models.

The front-end program will take over most of the tasks required of a user in the tedious inputs, outputs, assignment of indices to the

inputs and outputs, and tracing and index matching among connected

component modules.

35
INSPECTION AND TESTING PROCEDURES FOR COMMISSIONING HVAC EQUIPMENT AND

SYSTEMS

James Y. Kao, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5871

Sponsor: General Services Administration

The objective is to develop comprehensive inspection and testing

procedures for commissioning of HVAC equipment and systems in Federal

buildings

.

The performance of the building subsystems and their energy consumption

are contingent upon the subsystems being installed, adjusted, and

operated according to the intention of the designers.

NBS will develop recommended inspection procedures for commissioning

HVAC equipment and systems; and measurement methods and test procedures

for the type of equipment and systems.

36
THERMAL MACHINERY

NONAZEOTROPIC REFRIGERANT MIXTURE PROPERTY EVALUATIONS

David A. Didion, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5881

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to determine the values of the thermodynamic and

transport properties of nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures to the

degree of accuracy and precision necessary for the evaluation of the

impact these mixtures may have on the refrigeration cycles.

In recent years, interest in the use of nonazeotropic binary mixtures

as a working fluid for refrigeration systems has increased greatly. It

does not appear that new single component refrigerants can be developed

because of the limited number of elements available for combination to

produce volatile, nonflammable, nonpoisonous, chemically stable

compounds

The future of nonazeotropic mixtures in the refrigeration industry for

the most part depends upon creation of new types of refrigeration

cycles. Conceptually, there exists a myriad of cycles with refrigerant

mixtures that appear superior to the existing single component

refrigerant cycle. In order to conduct a quantitative evaluation and

determining trade-offs or economic benefits, it is necessary to have

the property values of a variety of mixtures as well as an understanding of how mixture properties may vary under different

operating conditions.

MEASUREMENTS OF MODIFIED HP CYCLES USING NONAZEOTROPIC MIXTURES

David A. Didion, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5881

Sponsor: Department of Energy, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

The objective is to experimentally evaluate in the laboratory the

thermodynamic and operational behavior of modified heat pump cycles

using nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures.

A heat pump model for nonazeotropic mixtures has been developed by NBS

under EPRI sponsorship which uses a new hard-sphere equation-of -state.

The new model will be verified through comparisons with data obtained

on a new "bread-board" heat pump built in the NBS laboratory, and then

used to supplement the experimental data.

37
EXAMINATION OF NONAZEOTROPIC MIXTURE REFRIGERANTS FOR HEAT PUMPS

David A. Didion, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5881

Sponsor; Electric Power Research Institute

The objective of this study is to develop a simulation model of a vapor

compression cycle operating with binary nonazeotropic refrigerant

mixtures and to perform a parametric evaluation of the energy

performance advantages of these mixtures for heat pumps.

The study will include thermodynamic modeling of refrigerant mixtures,

heat transfer modeling of heat pump cycles, a parametric study of the

nonazeotropic mixture advantages in a heat pump cycle, and examination

of the ideal refrigeration cycle's potential advantages when using

nonazeotropic mixtures.

FURNACES, BOILERS AND HOUSEHOLD HEATER TEST PROCEDURES

Esher R. Kweller, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5861

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objectives are to provide the industry, via DoE, an equitable

testing and rating procedure for determining the seasonal energy

performance of central residential furnaces, boilers, and household

heating equipment and to assist DoE in this effort by conducting

laboratory studies of furnaces, boilers, and household heaters and

their associated equipment.

Current work includes: (1) investigation of cyclic rates and cyclic

controllers; (2) evaluation of the part load efficiency of combination

space heating/water heating furnaces and boilers; (3) test procedures

for furnaces and boilers equipped with vent dampers; and (4) test

procedures for catalytic heaters and high efficiency condensing type

gas-fueled space heaters.

38
HEAT PUMP AND AIR CONDITIONER TEST PROCEDURES

David A. Didion, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5881

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to provide industry, via DoE, with an equitable

testing and rating procedure for determining the seasonal energy

performance of central residential air conditioners and heat pumps.

Neither the current government or industrial procedures addresses the case where the components of a given system are manufactured by

different companies and assembled in the field (e.g., replacement

outdoor unit with old indoor coil intact or new installations with

indoor and outdoor units from different manufacturers).

A computer simulation model for determining the capacity of a finnedtube, direct-expansion coil will be developed and verified. An

experimental methodology will be developed to evaluate the ratio of the mass rate of flow of the mixed coils expansion device to the matched

coils expansion device. The current recommended procedure for mixedmatched air conditioners will be extended to include heat pumps in the

heating mode.

REFRIGERATORS , REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS AND FREEZERS

Robert A. Wise, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5863

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to provide support to DoE in the development and

modification of test procedures for refrigerators, refrigeratorfreezers, and freezers (R-F) as delineated in the Energy Policy and

Conservation Act (EPCA) and as amended by the National Energy Policy

and Conservation Act (NEPCA).

NBS will develop an automated, interactive, and adaptive testing system

for R-F environmental chamber testing, and provide DoE with a proposed

amended test procedure that will allow testing of R-F units that

incorporate adaptive defrost controls (ADC).

39
WATER HEATER TEST PROCEDURES

James E. Harris, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5863

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to expand and/or modify the DoE water heater test

procedures where required and to provide laboratory data, analyses and

recommendations related to the test procedures.

NBS will conduct laboratory tests of gas, oil, electric storage type

water heaters using the simulated use test method. The effect of

variable daily hot water usage and variable standby loss on the energy

factor will be studied. Testing will be completed of combination water

heater/ space heater as a water heater in order to develop a test method

for this combination appliance. Testing will be completed of an "indirect" water heater using a gas-fired instantaneous water heater to assess the potential for energy savings with this type of a system.

CONSULTATION/TECHNICAL SUPPORT

Robert A. Wise, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5863

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to provide support to DoE in the modification of test

procedures for household appliances as delineated in the Energy Policy

and Conservtion Act (EPCA) and as amended by the National Energy Policy

and Conservation Act (NEPCA).

NBS will review material received from petitioners for test procedure

waivers to determine if a reasonable case for technical validity is

offered to justify the waiver. Information will be analyzed and

technical data received by DoE from petitioners for test procedure

waivers, from other industry or interested persons, and rebuttal

responses relating to requests for waivers. NBS will provide DoE with

an evaluation of test procedures or procedure changes proposed by

industry, trade associations, engineering societies, or consumer

groups

.

40
SOLAR EQUIPMENT

INVESTIGATION OF SOLAR HOT WATER DESIGN STRATEGIES

A. Hunter Fanney, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5864

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to demonstrate and quantify the improvement in the

thermal performance of direct-forced circulation solar energy systems

that can be obtained with stratification enhancing return tubes.

The thermal performance of solar domestic hot water (SDHW) systems is

influenced by the rate at which heat transfer fluids within the systems

are circulated.

Experiments will be conducted to determine if the use of a lower flow

rate will further improve the performance of a solar hot water system

equipped with a stratification enhancing return tube.

A CORRELATION PROCEDURE FOR THERMOSYPHON SOLAR SYSTEMS

A. Hunter Fanney, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5864

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop a correlation procedure for thermosyphon

solar hot water systems which would allow the prediction of long-term

performance from short-term thermal measurements.

According to the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC),

thermosyphon systems currently hold the largest share of the solar

domestic hot water (SDHW) market.

It is planned to develop a correlation for thermosyphon systems which

would allow one to predict the monthly performance of a thermosyphon

SDHW system using the results of the SRCC system rating test in

conjunction with historical meteorological data.

41
A RATING PROCEDURE FOR INTEGRATED COLLECTOR STORAGE SYSTEMS

A. Hunter Fanney, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5864

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop a rating procedure for integrated collector

storage solar hot water systems.

Solar industry organizations have stated that a rating procedure is

needed for integrated collector storage systems.

The study will: conduct short-term tests using an integrated collector

storage system and correlate test results to meteorological conditions

which existed during the tests; collect high-quality, long-term

experimental data for a typical integrated collector storage system;

and develop a technique to correlate the long-term experimental data to

the meteorological conditions which existed during the outdoor tests.

DETERMINATION OF INTERZONAL HEAT TRANSFER DISCHARGE COEFFICIENTS

Bal M. Mahajan, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5857

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to determine the discharge coefficients for typical

interzonal air-flow openings.

The need for accurate simulation of heat and mass transfer in buildings

has been identified in both the DoE Passive Solar Commercial Buildings

Program and the DoE Manufactured Buildings Program.

Data acquired at the NBS Passive Test Facility during FY 85 indicated

poor agreement between measured air flow data and values predicted by

interzonal air-flow algorithms.

In FY 86 discharge coefficients will be determined for various sizes

and locations of the openings interconnecting two zones.

42
PLUMBING

EVALUATION GUIDELINES FOR COMPUTER DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN PROCEDURES

Lawrence S. Galowin, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5865

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop hydraulic parameters and waste transport

requirements in partially filled drainage pipe systems suitable for

evaluating computer design methods.

Computerized design procedures are now available which are based on solving the governing equations for flow in the drainage system. There

is need for a reference source of multiple loading patterns and

associated measured results in a representative drainage network to

provide the basis for evaluating computer design programs by codes,

standards and local jurisdictional officials.

Based on prior experimental studies at NBS and Brunei University, NBS

will provide a set of loading patterns with measured results for

comparisons with predictive models. Data will be developed for: (a)

vertical drain stack annular thickness as a function of steady flow

rates, pipe diameters and wall roughnesses; (b) horizontal pitched

drain normal depths as a function of pitch, diameter and wall roughness

in steady flow; and (c) time dependent surge flow depths and flow rates

as a function of pipe pitches, diameters and wall roughnesses.

Considerations for the ranges of agreement between computations and

test results and recommendations to guide users will be prepared.

EFFICIENT DRAINAGE SYSTEM DESIGN

Lawrence S. Galowin, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5865

Sponsor: Tri-Services

The objective is to develop a detailed innovative building drainage

pipe system design as an alternative to conventionally designed

plumbing code-based drainage systems.

The half-filled depth requirement in current plumbing codes does not

consider the surge and attenuation phenomena and hence does not allow

for effective use of the drain pipe load carrying capability. Accurate

predictions of the time varying depths from the new computer model can

be adjusted to provide the "safety factors" for design and then used

for sizing the drainage system.

43
RESIDENCE TIMES IN FLOW SEPARATION - WATER MAINS

Lawrence S. Galowin, Building Equipment Division, (301) 975-5865

Sponsor: Environmental Protection Agency

The objective is to evaluate flow separate conditions and eddy

formations at cavities and obstacles at pipe walls in water

distribution mains.

The transport and deposition of particulates, chemical species

diffusion, and nutrient retention for bioorganism constituents of

surface films have been identified as dependent on flow conditions.

44
BUILDING MATERIALS

45
INORGANIC MATERIALS

CEMENT HYDRATION (COMPETENCE PROJECT)

Paul W. Brown, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6708

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to improve understanding of the physics and chemistry

of cement hydration and the development of microstructure in pastes of

Portland cements; and, to contribute to this understanding through

development and validation of mathematical models based on physical and

chemical mechanisms.

Because concrete could be a much more predictable material and a material capable of achieving higher levels of performance than are now

achieved, investment in cement research has the potential of producing

significant benefits to the construction industry and the Nation by

providing the technical bases to improve the durability of concrete

structures

.

In the current year research will develop and demonstrate a timetemperature-composition dependent model for the hydration of cement,

and outline an approach for modeling a polyphase cement system and

demonstrate the approach for the C

3 S-C3A-gypsum system.

REPRESENTATION OF CONCRETE MICROSTRUCTURE

Hamlin Jennings, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6720

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop a format for symbolic representation of

concrete microstructure.

Characterization of the microstructure of concrete provides valuable

information concerning the condition and quality of concrete, as well

as its physical and mechanical properties.

A symbolic scheme to represent the important microstructural features

of concrete using a computer image processing system will be initiated.

The emphasis will be to represent voids -- in particular, the size and

distribution of entrained air voids added to provide protection against

freeze-thaw damage. The representational scheme will be applied to

concrete samples already subjected to freezing cycles, in order to assess how well the scheme correlates with freeze-thaw damage.

46
INFLUENCE OF PORE SOLUTION CHEMISTRY ON ALKALI-SILICA REACTION

Leslie Struble, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6715

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to study the chemical composition of the pore solution

in hardened Portland cement mortar, in order to understand the role of

pore solution chemistry in alkali-silica reaction.

Degradation of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction is a major

concern in concrete durability. Analyses will be carried out of the

relationships between the chemical compositions of the solutions, the

alkali-mineralogies of the cements, and mortar bar expansions.

THE INFLUENCE OF INTERFACIAL MICROSTRUCTURE ON BONDING IN CONCRETE

* Leslie Struble, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6715

Sponsor: Department of the Air Force

The objective is to develop an improved understanding of the

relationship between the microstructure of hydrated cement paste at its

interface with other concrete constituents and the strength of

interfacial bonds.

The bonds that form between cement paste and each of the other

constituents are widely considered to be very important to concrete

strength and durability. At its interface with aggregate, and probably

with other concrete constituents, the microstructure of hydrated cement

paste is known to be different than in the bulk paste. It is not

understood, however, how this interface affects the fracture properties

of the composite, and thus the strength of concrete.

The principal technique for microstructure examinations will be

scanning electron microscopy, using a backscattered electron detector

to examine specimens that have been impregnated with epoxy and

polished.

47
QUANTITATIVE X-RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF PORTLAND CEMENT CLINKER

Leslie Struble, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6715

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop the capability to determine the proportions

of each major phase in cement clinker using quantitative X-ray

diffraction analysis, and to apply it to analysis of a set of clinkers

that are to become Standard Reference Materials.

The ability to determine the quantitative phase composition of cement

and clinker is important both in concrete research and in the

manufacture of Portland cement.

ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE

Hamlin M. Jennings, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6720

Sponsor: Department of the Air Force

The objectives are to apply material science concepts in demonstrating

the feasibility of developing ultra-high strength concrete (compressive

strength greater than 30,000 psi (210 MN/m2

), and to advance the

scientific knowledge of the factors controlling the mechanical

properties and the fracture properties of ultra-high strength concrete.

The feasibility of casting ultra-high strength concrete, and also of

developing ultra-high strength concrete by high-pressure compaction,

will be investigated.

Based on state-of-the-art knowledge, a series of high-strength

concretes will be designed and fabricated and the factors limiting

their strength will be identified by carrying out failure analysis of

tested specimens. The failure analyses investigations will involve

microstructural examinations of fractured concrete to identify the source of crack initiation and propagation paths. In addition,

mathematical modeling of the effect of the properties of concrete

constituents on the composite behavior and fracture of ultra-high

strength concrete will be performed.

48
PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS, TESTS, AND CRITERIA FOR MATERIALS USED TO

REPAIR PORTLAND CEMENT CONCRETE

Lawrence I. Knab, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6712

Sponsor: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

The objective is to determine preliminary performance criteria for

selecting materials to repair concrete structures which have cracks,

spalls, and scaling.

The performance requirements (e.g., resist shear forces) and associated

material properties (e.g., shear strength) for the important in-service

degradation factors, such as mechanical stress, temperature and

temperature fluctuations, moisture, aggressive chemicals, ultraviolet

light, and time of exposure will be identified. Performance tests and

criteria will then be determined for appropriate performance

requirement-degradation factor combinations.

EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH OF THE BOND BETWEEN REPAIR MATERIALS AND

EXISTING CONCRETE

Lawrence I. Knab, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6712

Sponsor: Tri-Services Materials Committee

The objective is to develop a procedure for evaluating the strength of

the bond between repair materials and existing concrete.

The strength of the bond between a repair material and its existing

concrete substrate is a major factor in the effective repair of

existing concrete structures. There is a need for a repeatable test to

evaluate the bond.

The tensile test method developed in FY 85 will be modified by

increasing the specimen diameter and grip capacity. Several repair

materials, surface preparations, and existing concrete substrates will

be included in the statistically designed study.

49
EXPERT SYSTEM FOR DURABLE CONCRETE

James R. Clifton, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6707

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop a prototype expert system which

systematically provides recommendations on the selection of

constituents for concrete subjected to a broad range of service

conditions

.

The ACI Guide to Durable Concrete has been selected as the prime source

for the knowledge base of the expert system. Other documented

information sources also may be used in later developments of the

expert system (e.g., guidelines on corrosion mitigation developed by

ACI Committee 222 on Corrosion of Metals in Concrete). A subcommittee

has been established within ACI Committee 201 to critique the expert

system and to give recommendations on improvements to the knowledge

base.

EVALUATION OF STONE PRESERVATIVES

James R. Clifton, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6707

Sponsor: Architect of the Capitol

The objective is to determine the effect of possible preservatives on

the service life of the sandstone and protective coatings and to

develop performance criteria for the selection of preservatives.

This work will include determining the effects of possible

preservatives on the microstructure, mechanical properties,

permeability, and durability of the stone. Other studies include

measurement of the adhesion of protective coatings to the sandstone

treated with preservatives and the depth of penetration of the sealant

into the sandstone. The long-term effects of sealants on the

durability of the stone and protective coating will be evaluated using

accelerated durability tests, which simulate the environmental

conditions the stone is exposed to in service.

The factors controlling the performance of stone preservatives will be

identified and, based on the knowledge, performance criteria will be

developed.

50
DEHYRATION AND REHYDRATION OF INORGANIC SALTS FOR PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY

STORAGE

Leslie Struble, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6715

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to assess the long-term ability of ettringite

dehydration to store thermal energy.

The reversibility of the reaction will be studied through repeated

cycles of dehydration and rehydration, and the data examined for any

evidence of chemical or physical degradation. The research will

improve our understanding of what material parameters affect the longterm performance of hydrated inorganic salts for energy storage.

DURABILITY AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF LOW-EMITTANCE GLAZING

MATERIALS

David Waksman, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6707

Sponsor: Department of Energy

The objective is to develop and evaluate methods for determining the

performance of low-emittance glazing materials. The several techniques

for measuring the emittance of glazings can give significantly

different results. The first phase of the project is to evaluate the

techniques, and the second is to provide a consistent test method. In

FY 86, at the request of the sponsor, the work is to be redirected to

support the International Energy Agency (IEA) Task X on Materials

Performance. Summaries describing test methods relevant to materials

used in solar heating and cooling systems will be prepared for

submission to the Task X Committee.

T/S TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT

Robert G. Mathey, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6709

Sponsor: Department of Defense (Tri-Service)

The objective is to provide technical and scientific support services

on the performance of building materials and systems as required by the

Tri-Services. The work includes management of the Tri-Service Building

Materials Investigational Program at NBS, and carrying out laboratory

tests and evaluations in the solution of building problems as well as field investigations. Recommendations will be made with regard to the

selection of materials and systems and their application and

performance.

51
ORGANIC MATERIALS

DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Tinh Nguyen, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6718

Mary E. McKnight, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6714

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to (1) identify mechanisms leading to blister

formation and corrosion, and (2) develop improved methods for

characterizing coating reactions and properties that control

degradation at the steel/coating interface.

Research in FY 86 will concentrate on (1) characterizing and

quantifying chemical changes at the steel/coating interface of high

performance coatings at 80 percent RH and 70 and 90 C, (2) proposing

degradation mechanisms for those materials, and (3) characterizing

coating reactions and properties that control interfacial degradation.

ORGANIC COATINGS

Mary E. McKnight, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6714

Sponsor: Tri-Services Coatings Committee

The objectives are to (1) stay abreast of problems in selection,

specification, and use of coatings by interacting with the users,

manufacturers, and applicators of coatings; (2) develop improved test

and evaluation methods for predicting the service life of protective

coatings as determined by these interactions; and (3) implement results

of the research of the Organic Materials Group by transferring

information to the coating users.

Current work includes contributions to the ASTM standard for interior

flat latex paint and to the Tri-Services Paint and Protective Coatings

Manual.

52
COATING MAINTENANCE OF FACTORY COATED METAL SIDING AND ROOFS

Robert G. Mathey, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6709

Mary E. McKnight, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6714

Sponsor: Air Force Engineering and Services Center

The objective is to develop guidelines for the maintenance of metal

siding and roofing.

Laboratory and field test methods will be selected and candidate

maintenance coating systems, along with application methods, will be

tested and evaluated. Surface preparation procedures will also be

evaluated taking into consideration the type and condition of the

substrate. Using the initial results of the laboratory and field tests

and information from the the first phase of the study, interim criteria

will be prepared for recoating metal siding and roofing.

IMPROVED CHARACTERIZATION OF COATING SYSTEM PERFORMANCE

Mary E. McKnight, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6714

Jonathan W. Martin, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6717

Sponsor: Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory

The objective is to develop infrared thermographic characterization of

corroded and blistered coatings on steel panels.

Alternative methods of heating and recording of data will be

investigated to optimize characterization of blisters and corrosion of

organic coating systems on steel.

A computer-based imaging system will be studied to seek quantitative

and sensitive methods for characterizing the performance of coating

systems

53
QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SURFACE PROPERTIES OF BUILDING

MATERIALS VIA COMPUTER IMAGE PROCESSING

Jonathan W. Martin, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6717

Mary E. McKnight, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6714

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The purpose of this study is to advance the technology of surface

characterization of building materials using computer image processing

and photon emission properties of the profile elements.

Phase 1, to be carried out in FY 86, will consist of (1) developing a methodology for utilizing computer image processing to characterize the

surface of materials, and (2) demonstrating the use of the methodology

for profiling the surface of blasted steel.

PROBABILISTIC STUDY OF SINGLE-PLY ROOFING MEMBRANES

Jonathan W. Martin, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6717

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The purpose of this study is to develop probabilistic methods for

predicting the service- lives of single-ply roofing seams.

At the elemental level, the chemical and photolytic degradation

processes occurring in the membrane, insulation, and seam adhesive will

be studied when each element is exposed to thermal, moisture, and

photolytic environments (or combinations of these environments). This

degradation data, along with the environmental stress data, will be

used in modeling the mechanisms of seam failures in predicting, using

appropriate probabilistic models, the static fatigue lives of singleply adhesive joints subjected to both mechanical and thermal

environments, and in studying how the magnitude of the mechanical

stress in the adhesive joint changes with temperature and aging of the

seam.

54
FACTORS AFFECTING INITIAL BOND OF SEAMS IN SINGLE-PLY RUBBER MEMBRANES

Walter J. Rossiter, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6719

Sponsor: Department of Defense

The objective is to determine the effect of application conditions on the intitial bond strength of adhesive-bonded seams in single-ply

rubber membranes

The basis of the test for assessing seam quality will be a peel test,

since limited unpublished data have indicated that the bond strength

(in peel) of seams prepared from uncleaned rubber sheets is

significantly reduced from that of seams prepared using properly

cleaned sheets.

The key application parameters considered to affect seam quality are surface cleanliness (or contamination), applied pressure, and

temperature.

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR BITUMINOUS MEMBRANE ROOFING

Walter J. Rossiter, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6719

Sponsor: E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company

The objectives are to assess performance criteria for bituminous

membrane roofing and to revise the preliminary performance criteria for

which a technical basis exists for revision.

Information will be reviewed on major mechanisms of failure, analytical

and laboratory studies will be conducted and appropriate criteria

proposed.

55
MATERIALS REFERENCE LABORATORIES

CEMENT AND CONCRETE REFERENCE LABORATORY (CCRL)

James H. Pielert, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6704

Sponsors: ASTM and U.S. A.rmy Corps of Engineers

The objective is to promote improvement in the quality of testing of

cement, concrete and aggregates in the Nation’s testing laboratories

through test method assessment and development, support to the

development of national standards, and support to quality control and

quality assurance programs.

Almost 600 laboratories are inspected every two to two and a half years

to assess the quality of testing according to ASTM methods and

specifications. Over 2000 proficiency test samples of cements and

concretes are distributed annually to obtain information on laboratory

performance. Technical studies are conducted in cooperation with other

NBS units and organizations outside NBS to aid understanding of the

properties and performance of construction materials.

AASHTO MATERIALS REFERENCE LABORATORY (AMRL)

James H. Pielert, Building Materials Division, (301) 975-6704

Sponsor: American Association of State Highway and Transportation

Officials

The objective is to promote improvements in the quality of testing of

soils, aggregates and asphaltic materials and mixtures in the Nation's

testing laboratories through test method assessment and development,

support to the development of national standards, and support to

quality control and quality assurance programs.

Almost 100 laboratories are inspected every one and a half to two years

to assess the quality of testing according to AASHTO methods and

specifications. Over 2000 proficiency test samples of soils,

aggregates and asphalts are distributed annually to obtain information

on laboratory performance. Technical studies are conducted in

cooperation with other NBS units and organizations outside NBS to aid

understanding of the properties and performance of construction

materials

.

56
CALIBRATION OF PAVEMENT ROUGHNESS MEASURING DEVICES

James H. Pielert, Building Materials Division, (301) 921-6704

Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration

The objective is to develop and demonstrate procedures that can serve

as the basis for field calibration of highway pavement roughness

measuring devices. Analytical, laboratory, and field studies will be

conducted to develop and verify calibration procedures.

57
RESEARCH INFORMATION

58
CBT INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Noel J. Raufaste, Structures Division, (301) 975-5905

Lawrence J. Kaetzel, Center Headquarters, (301) 975-5912

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop and maintain an overall framework for

information delivery and information management taking advantage of the

increasing CBT computing capability.

CBT's findings are disseminated by technical reports, presentations,

and by staff serving on voluntary standards committees. These delivery

methods contribute to improved building standards and are an important

element in CBT's overall framework for technology transfer. This

project focuses on information management; e.g., assessing user needs

(building community and CBT staff), developing methods to better

communicate information, and participating in international building

organizations and domestic professional organizations.

ECONOMIC METHODS FOR BUILDING STANDARDS

Harold E. Marshall, Center for Applied Mathematics, (301) 975-6131

Sponsor: National Bureau of Standards

The objective is to develop guidelines and standards for evaluating

alternative building technologies using consistent economic methods.

Economic methods and supporting analyses will be especially developed

for application to building problems. A special publication on handling risk and uncertainty in the economic evaluation of buildings

will be completed for use by ASTM in the development of a standard.

59
NBS.114A (rev. ?.-eo) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See Instructions)

L PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date REPORT NO. NBSIR-86-3490 DECEMBER 1986

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Building Technology Project Summaries 1986

5, AUTHOR(S)

Richard N. Wright

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, State, ZIP)

National Bureau of Standards

Department of Commerce

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

[jj] Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bi bl iography or literature survey, mention it here)

The Center for Building Technology (CBT) of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)

is the national building research laboratory. It works cooperatively with other

organizations, private and public, to improve building practices. It conducts

laboratory, field, and analytical research. It develops technologies to predict,

measure, and test the performance of building materials, components, systems,

and practices. This knowledge is required for responsible and cost-effective

decisions in the building process and cannot be obtained through proprietary research

and development. CBT provides technologies needed by the building community to

achieve the benefits of advanced computation and automation. CBT does not promulgate

building standards or regulations, but its technologies are widely used in the

building industry and adopted by governmental and private organizations that have

standards and codes responsibilities. This report summarizes the projects underway

in the Center during 1986.

12.

KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) Building research; building technology; criteria; measurement and test methods;

performance criteria; project summaries; standards; technical bases

13. AVAILABILITY

IxT] Unlimited For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

67

15. Price

$11.95

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"V'