Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Program Report

95-P002-1

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Procedures:

Fish Monitoring

This PDF file may appear different from the printed report

because of slight variations incurred by electronic transmission.

The substance of the report remains unchanged.

July 1995
Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Procedures: Fish Monitoring

by

Steve Gutreuter, Randy Burkhardt, and Kenneth Lubinski

National Biological Service

Environmental Management Technical Center

575 Lester Avenue

Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650

July 1995
The Environmental Management Technical Center issues LTRMP Program Reports to

provide Long Term Resource Monitoring Program partners with programmatic documentation,

procedures manuals, training manuals, and geospatial applications.

National Biological Service

Environmental Management

Technical Center

CENTER DIRECTOR

Robert L. Delaney

SCIENCE ADVISOR

John W. Barko

INFORMATION AND TECHNOLOGY

SERVICES DIRECTOR

Norman W. Hildrum

ECOLOGICAL MONITORING AND

RESEARCH DIRECTOR

Steve Gutreuter

MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS AND

INTEGRATION DIRECTOR

Kenneth Lubinski

INFORMATION TRANSFER AND

MEDIA SERVICES MANAGER

Terry D'Erchia 

Cover graphic by Mi Ae Lipe-Butterbrodt

Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for

use by the National Biological Service, U.S. Department of the Interior.

The National Biological Service . . . gathering, analyzing,

and sharing the biological information necessary to support the wise

stewardship of the Nation's natural resources.

 Printed on recycled paper 
iii

Preface

The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) was authorized under the

Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (Public Law 99-662) as an element of the U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers' (Corps) Environmental Management Program. The original

authorization for the LTRMP was for 10 years, starting in 1987. Authorization has since

been extended for an additional 5 years (to 2002) by Section 405 of the Water Resources

Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-640).

The LTRMP is being implemented by the Environmental Management Technical

Center, a National Biological Service Science Center, in cooperation with the five Upper

Mississippi River System (UMRS) States of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and

Wisconsin. The Corps provides guidance and has overall Program responsibility. The

mode of operation and respective roles of the agencies are outlined in a 1988 Memorandum of Agreement.

The UMRS encompasses the commercially navigable reaches of the Upper Mississippi

River, as well as the Illinois River and navigable portions of the Kaskaskia, Black, St.

Croix, and Minnesota Rivers. Congress has declared the UMRS to be both a nationally

significant ecosystem and a nationally significant commercial navigation system. The

mission of the LTRMP is to provide decision makers with information to maintain the

Upper Mississippi River System as a sustainable large river ecosystem given its multipleuse character. The long-term goals of the Program are to understand the system, determine resource trends and impacts, develop management alternatives, manage information,

and develop useful products. 

Goal 2 of the LTRMP Operating Plan (USFWS 1992) is simply stated: Monitor

Resource Change. Strategies for monitoring resource components are listed under this

goal.

This report should be cited as:

Gutreuter, S., R. Burkhardt, and K. Lubinski. 1995. Long Term Resource Monitoring

Program Procedures: Fish Monitoring. National Biological Service, Environmental

Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin, July 1995. LTRMP 95-P002-1.

42 pp. + Appendixes A-J
v

Contents

Page

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii

Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

1. Monitoring Rationale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Acknowledgments ........................................ 1

3. Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1 Community Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1.1 Definition and Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3.1.2 Relative Abundance ................................ 2

3.1.3 Species Richness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.2 Population Structure ................................... 3

3.2.1 Definition and Importance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3.2.2 Size Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Description of Sampling Methods and Gears ....................... 4

4.1 Electrofishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4.2 Hoop Netting ........................................ 7

4.3 Seining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.4 Fyke Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

4.5 Mini Fyke Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4.6 Trawling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.7 Gill Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

4.8 Trammel Netting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Sampling Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1 Sampling Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5.1.2 LTRMP Fish Sampling Strata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

5.1.3 Allocation of Sampling Effort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

5.1.4 Seasonal Distribution of Fish Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.1.5 Random Selection of Collection Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

5.1.6 Location of Collection Sites During Sampling Operations . . . . . . 18

5.2 Fish Identification and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.2.1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.2.2 Identifying, Measuring, Weighing, and Enumerating Fish . . . . . . 19

5.2.3 Subsampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

5.2.4 Measurements from Key Species During the Last Time Period . . . 22
vi

5.2.5 Collecting Specialized Data: Tagging, Aging Structures, and Food

Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.2.6 Measurements from All Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2.7 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2.8 Expert Identification and Reference Collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.2.9 Investigating Fish Kills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6. Fish Data Sheets and Coding Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2 Coding Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

6.2.2 Fish Collection Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6.2.3 Fish Measurement Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

6.3 Tips for Measuring and Recording Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6.3.2 Recording Individual Measurements Without Regard to Subsampling

Quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6.3.3 Recording Length Group Counts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

6.3.4 Recording Subsampled Individual Measurements in the Quota Measurement Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

7. QA/QC Procedures for Submission of Data for Entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

7.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

7.2 Pre-Submission QA/QC Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Appendix A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Electrofishing Boats . . . . . . . . . A-1

Appendix B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Mapping Electrical Fields Surrounding Long Term Resource Monitoring

Program Electrofishing Boats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Appendix C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Fish Collection Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

Appendix D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Fish Measurement Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

Appendix E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

Placement of Serially Connected Tandem Hoop Nets Prior to 1993 . . . . . . . E-1

Appendix F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

Original Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Fish Monitoring Design . F-1

Appendix G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1

References to be Used as Keys in the Identification of Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
vii

Appendix H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program List of Fishes and Fish Codes . . . H-1

Appendix I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

Fish Identification Expert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

Appendix J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

Fish Data Sheet Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1
viii

Tables

Page

Table 1. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program fish sampling gear codes . 12

Table 2. General gear effort allocation guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Table 3. Fish health and pathogen codes for Long Term Resource Monitoring

Program fisheries component . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Table 4. Sampling Summary Codes, which range from 1 to 8 and document the

success or failure of a sampling attempt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Table A-1. Parts list for Long Term Resource Monitoring Program electrofishing

boats, excluding major components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Table A-2. LTRMP standardized electrofishing power settings for various water

conductivities and temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Table F-1. Annual fish collections, 1990-1992, and units of effort for one collection period per habitat by pool position and vegetation condition . . . . . . . . . F-4

Table H-1. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program list of fishes and fish codes

arranged alphabetically by common name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

Table H-2. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) list of fish codes

and fishes arranged alphabetically by LTRMP code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-8

Table H-3. List of obsolete Long Term Resource Monitoring Program fish 

codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-14

Table H-4. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program list of fishes, arranged

phylogenetically by family, then alphabetically by genus and species . . . . . H-15
ix

Figures

Page

Figure 1. Boat maneuvers during electrofishing in various habitat types . . . . . . 6

Figure 2. Placement of large and small hoop nets along unstructured shoreline

and downstream from wing dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 3. Placement of fyke and mini fyke nets in various habitats . . . . . . . . 11

Figure A-1. External configuration of a Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

pulsed-DC electrofishing boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4

Figure A-2. Circuit diagram for a Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

pulsed-DC electrofishing boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5

Figure A-3. Terminal block strip and toggle switch configuration for a Long Term

Resource Monitoring Program electrofishing boat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6

Figure B-1. Approximate shape of the effective (0.1 # V/cm #1.0) electrical field

around a Long Term Resource Monitoring Program electrofishing boat

operating at the 3,000-W power goal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Figure F-1. Spatial replication within sampling sites in the original Long Term

Resource Monitoring Program fixed-site sampling design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2
1. Monitoring Rationale

Fishes are one of the most diverse and abundant natural resources of the Upper Mississippi River

System (UMRS) (Carlander 1954; Rasmussen 1979; Van Vooren 1983; Fremling et al. 1989). Several

features contribute to the great amount of interest fishes receive from the general public, fishery managers,

and aquatic ecologists:

a. UMRS fishes support multimillion-dollar commercial and sport fisheries.

b. Fishes respond to a variety of hydrologic, water quality, and habitat variables.

c. Scientists and fishery managers recognize fish communities as an integrative index to a complex

set of physical and biological conditions on the UMRS; that is, fish are indicators of the biotic

integrity of the UMRS. In addition, impacts of sedimentation, increased navigation, and altered

water levels in the UMRS are often perceived by the general public in terms of changes in the fish

community or fish habitat.

d. Recent research demonstrates that fishes often have major controlling effects on other organisms,

including vegetation, aquatic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, and phytoplankton, and even on

nutrient cycling and sediment resuspension (Northcote 1988). Therefore, information on fish is

often required to understand other organisms and some physical/chemical processes.

The value of fishery data collected using standardized methods was clearly recognized in the planning

documents that preceded the Environmental Management Program (Jackson et al. 1981), and there have

been few disagreements about including fish as a major resource component for trend analysis. The

following procedures address these concerns by standardizing collections based on commonly accepted

methods and stratifying collections over space, season, and flow.

The basic unit of measurement related to the fishery component is the fish collection. A fish collection

is defined as all of the fishes collected during a single deployment of a sampling gear at a defined place

and time.

Trend analysis under the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) emphasizes two attributes of the UMRS fishery resource: community and population structure. Sampling methods for these

attributes are equivalent, but hypotheses related to the attributes require different analytical approaches;

therefore, they are discussed in separate sections.

2. Acknowledgments

This document is the result of contributions of ideas from many individuals. It incorporates substantial

material from the earliest LTRMP Procedures Manual (Burkhardt et al. 1988). The LTRMP planned for

self-evaluation and change early in the program. This document reflects changes and refinements to the

original LTRMP fish monitoring program identified through experience and analysis of preliminary data.

Adoption of these changes was the result of group efforts within the LTRMP. We particularly thank the

many LTRMP Field Station staff who have worked tirelessly for the success of this program: Minnesota

Department of Natural Resources - Walter Popp and Mark Stopyro; Wisconsin Department of Natural
2

Resources - Terry Dukerschein, Andy Bartels, and Steve Skemp; Iowa Department of Natural

Resources-Russ Gent, Mike Griffin, and Scott Gritters; Illinois Natural History Survey - Doug Blodgett,

Chuck Theiling, Paul Raibley, Matt O'Hara, Kevin Irons, Fred Cronin, Dirk Soergel, and Rob Maher;

and Missouri Department of Conservation - Bob Hrabik, Mike Petersen, and Dave Herzog. We also thank

all current and former members of the LTRMP Analysis Team, Minnesota Department of Natural

Resources, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Illinois

Department of Conservation, Illinois Natural History Survey, Missouri Department of Conservation, U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

3. Attributes

3.1 Community Structure

3.1.1 Definition and Importance

Fish community structure refers to the relative abundance of fishes of each species within a multispecies assemblage of fishes (Carline 1986). Relative abundance is traditionally measured by catch in

numbers per unit of sampling effort, but measures based on weight are also commonly used. A "fish

community" theoretically includes all of the fish that use a defined area over a given period of time. The

best overall method for measuring fish community structure is the one that is most effective (samples the

largest number of specimens) and least selective (captures species in proportion to their occurrence in the

sampled area). Given commonly available levels of time and personnel, no single method routinely

satisfies both criteria (Starrett and Barnikol 1955; Funk 1957; Hayes 1983; Hubert 1983). For this reason,

the trend analysis procedure for fish community structure in a given aquatic area includes use of several

sampling gears. Comparisons of collections between habitat categories are made with caution and with

the full understanding that results are probably affected by habitat-related differences in gear efficiency.

3.1.2 Relative Abundance

Relative abundance can be assessed for all specimens regardless of size or it can be assessed separately

for adults and young-of-the-year by using appropriate length categories defined for each fish species.

Relative abundance is measured in units appropriate to the method used, and it is always paired with a

taxonomic identification code applicable to the taxon or group it describes.

Relative abundance is one of the most common variables used by biologists to assess community

structure. It is called relative abundance to stress the fact that virtually every sampling method is somewhat selective and therefore produces a biased view of true abundance. In trend analysis, this bias is

minimized by the development of standardized methods and reliance on multiple sampling gears.

Species relative abundances often are grouped to demonstrate trends in the sport or commercial fishery

or in functional (e.g., reproductive, feeding, habitat) guilds. For instance, Pitlo (1987), in a synthesis of

UMRS standing stock estimates, indicated that "rough" and "forage" fish species commonly made up

approximately 69% of the backwater fish community. "Panfish," predators, "game fish," and catfishes
3

comprised 14%, 6%, 6%, and 5%, respectively, of this community. Percentages of these fish groups in

channel border habitats, as determined by sampling using Primacord, were "rough" fish, 79; catfishes, 16;

"forage fish," 4; combined "panfish," "game" fish, and predators, <1.

Certain fish species in the UMRS were tentatively described at the outset of the Long Term Resource

Monitoring Program as being adversely affected by high or prolonged levels of suspended sediment and

habitat changes associated with high sedimentation rates. Sediment-associated physical factors can inhibit

the reproduction, growth, behavior, or competitive ability of these species directly or indirectly via impacts

on aquatic vegetation. We refer to these species as being "sediment-sensitive." Another categorization

that may partially overlap sediment sensitivity is degree of dependence on backwaters. Some species

require backwaters, especially to avoid the extreme physiological stress imposed by the combination of

current and very low temperatures in channels during winter.

3.1.3 Species Richness

Species richness refers to the total number of species taken in a collection or during a defined unit of

effort. It does not include hybrids or higher taxonomic categories that may be listed on data sheets (e.g.,

carp x goldfish hybrid, Ictiobus sp.). Species richness is a component of the overall diversity of the fish

community. Because the sample species richness increases with increasing sampling effort, comparison

of species richness estimates requires either constant sampling effort or formal estimation methods.

Estimation of species richness is an important but difficult (Bunge and Fitzpatrick 1993) task.

3.2 Population Structure

3.2.1 Definition and Importance

Population structure refers to the distribution of individuals of a single species among size or age

groups. Fishery biologists often recommend that analyses of population structure be based on large

numbers ($200) of specimens. Data on population structure are obtained from routine LTRMP sampling

efforts.

The target fish species for annual population structure evaluations are black crappie (Pomoxis

nigromaculatus), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), highfin carpsucker (Carpiodes velifer), and sauger

(Stizostedion canadense). These species were selected for evaluation in the LTRMP because they are

suspected of being susceptible to impacts associated with the three resource problems addressed by the

program: (1) they represent different feeding, habitat-use, and reproductive guilds; (2) they are distributed

throughout the UMRS at densities that enable reliable population structure evaluations; and (3) most are

important components of either the UMRS sport or commercial fisheries.

 Standard LTRMP collection methods often yield enough individuals of other closely associated species

(e.g., northern pike [Esox lucius], walleye [Stizostedion vitreum], and white crappie [Pomoxis annularis])

to permit additional population structure evaluations. Such evaluations are encouraged by the Environmental Management Technical Center (EMTC). 
4

3.2.2 Size Distribution

The size distribution for a given species is the vector (list) of the numbers of specimens taken in a

collection or a unit of effort that fall into selected size categories. The size distribution of a species is a

valuable index to a variety of population characteristics, including growth, recruitment, and mortality rates.

Evaluation of size distribution requires the establishment of standard total length categories (TLCs).

During measurement, specimens are categorized based on their recorded total length (TL; see Section 5.2,

Fish Identification and Measurement). Standard TLCs for size groups #400 mm TL are 1 cm. TLCs for

size groups $400 mm TL are 2 cm. TLCs are labeled by their lower length boundary. For instance, fish

in TLC 9 are between 90 and 99 mm TL, and fish in TLC 40 are between 400 and 420 mm TL.

4. Description of Sampling Methods and Gears

4.1 Electrofishing

Standardized electrofishing is conducted in aquatic areas where depth ranges from approximately 0.5

to 3.0 m. The standard unit of reporting electrofishing effort is time measured in hours, but electro-fishing

effort is recorded in minutes.

To maximize standardization among electrofishing collections, the boats and shocking equipment used

by each field crew have been assembled by field station and EMTC staff according to the specifications

given below and in Appendix A. Electrofishing boats are 5.5-m (18-ft) flatbottomed aluminum boats.

They are powered by 45- to 110-hp outboard motors and should be equipped with a small backup motor

for safety and for running in shallow water.

The power supply is a 5-kW or higher capacity AC generator (Models MAB5036E-2 or GGB55-

62ERC, T&J Manufacturing, Oshkosh, WI, or equivalent) equipped with a manual remote start/stop switch

for safety. With attached circuitry, the generator is capable of producing AC, DC, and pulsed-DC output.

The two forward booms hold anodes located 2.44 m (8 ft) from the front of the boat and spaced 3.05 m

(10 ft) apart. Each anode consists of a stainless steel circular ring 0.91 m (3 ft) in diameter with four 30-

cm (12-inch)-long, 2.54-cm (1-inch) outer-diameter stainless steel droppers attached. The droppers are

attached to the ring with 35.6-cm (14-inch) lengths of wire so that the anode dropper units have a total

length of 66 cm (26 inches). The boat hull serves as the cathode. Metering equipment permits the

monitoring of output voltage and amperage. Two independent "deadman" safety foot switches are located

on the front deck near the dip-netting stations, and two hand-operated safety switches are located at the

rear of each dip-netting station. A fourth safety switch is located on the control box console, and a fifth

switch is attached to the driver. Forward-mounted floodlights permit night sampling.

Diagnostic checking must be conducted annually and after service and replacement of any electrical

components. This procedure includes inspection of all electrical contacts, excluding circuits internal to

the control box and generator, for corrosion. The contact points between the stainless steel hoops and

droppers of the anodes must be checked monthly. It is also desirable to map the electrical field annually.

Appendix B contains specifications for the electrical field. 
5

A pulsed-DC field is used for relative abundance samples because many fish caught in the electrical

field are entrained to the anodes by an electrotactic physiological response (Reynolds 1983). In theory,

this electrotactic response should reduce sampling variability caused by differences in visibility of fish

caused by varying turbidity. The primary objective is to create an electromagnetic field that induces a

constant power drop across a fixed length of fish tissue under different conditions of water temperature

and conductivity (Burkhardt and Gutreuter 1995). For this reason, voltage and amperage are adjusted to

achieve a uniform base power of 3,000 W. This adjustment is accomplished using LTRMP standardized

electrofishing power settings (Appendix A). Power goals (W) are listed for various combinations of

conductivity (μ S/cm) and temperature (EC). Pulse frequency is set to 60 Hz and duty-cycle is set to 25%.

This configuration is effective for many species over a broad range of water quality conditions. Note:

Because power output affects catch rates of fishes differently, it is critical that power output

from all LTRMP electrofishing samples is as close as possible to the power goal and does not deviate

from the power goal by more than 20%.

The electrofishing boat is operated by a pilot and two persons operating dip nets. Because electrofishing

requires potentially hazardous equipment, special qualifications are required of crew members. The

designated Crew Leader is required to pass an EMTC fisheries training course that includes a session on

electrofishing techniques and safety and a course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation. All crew members

should pass this training course, when offered. The Fisheries Specialist or Crew Leader is responsible for

providing interim training for crew members who have not been able to take the LTRMP training course.

All crew members also are required to have passed a course in cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the earliest

possible opportunity.

Dip netters use 30-cm (12-inch)-deep, 3-mm (1/8-inch)-diameter mesh dip nets (Model ELECTRO

REGULAR D, Duraframe Dipnet, Viola, WI) on 2.4-m (8-ft) fiberglass handles. Dip netters collect each

fish as it appears, regardless of size or species. Fish are placed in a holding box until the run is terminated. Unusual species or specimens that are observed but not collected during the run are noted by the crew

and reported as comments on the data sheet. However, these observations are not entered into the collection data set.

Beginning with 1993 and continuing to the present, daytime electrofishing is conducted from 1 h after

sunrise to 1 h before sunset. Night electrofishing is conducted from 1 h after sunset to 1 h before sunrise.

Note: Prior to 1993, daytime electrofishing was conducted between the hours of 0700 and

1130 CST, and nighttime electrofishing was conducted from 30 min after sunset to 30 min before

sunrise.

Before starting an electrofishing run, the crew reviews the description of the area to be shocked and the

collection site boundaries. Surface conductivity and water temperature are measured and used to identify

the proper electrical settings. Individual electrofishing runs have a duration of 15 min and are approximately 200 m (220 yd) long and 30 m (33 yd) wide. The pilot uses a timer to measure the actual time

required for each collection. During the run, the pilot operates the boat at a speed and along a path such

that 15 min of effort allows coverage of the approximate sampling area. Banks, submerged logs, and any

other structure within the sampling area are shocked thoroughly until they no longer yield fish. The pilot

is free to modify the forward and backward movement of the boat to permit the most effective collection

of fish only to the extent that such movement does not interfere with the objective of obtaining 100% area

coverage with a single 15-min pass. Chase boats may be used in high water velocity conditions to recover

incapacitated fish. Figure 1 illustrates how to electrofish in various habitats.
6

Figure 1. Boat maneuvers during electrofishing in various habitat types
7

Accessory physical and water quality measurements made near the center of the sampling site before

electrofishing are water temperature, current velocity (20 cm below the water surface), average water

depth in the sampled area, Secchi transparency (daytime only), conductivity, and qualitative appraisals

of substrate composition, vegetation, and other proximate structures.

4.2 Hoop Netting

An LTRMP hoop net set consists of paired deployment of a large baited hoop net and a small baited

hoop net. The standard unit of hoop netting effort is the net-day, where days are 24.0 h and each hoop

net cab counts as one net. Therefore, a 48-h deployment of a pair of hoop nets produces an effort of

4.0 net-days.

Large hoop nets (Model H25F, Memphis Net and Twine, Co., Inc., Memphis, TN, or exact

equivalent) have seven fiberglass hoops and are 4.8 m (16 ft) long. The first hoop is 1.2 m (4 ft) in

diameter; successive hoops decrease incrementally in diameter by 2.5 cm (1 inch) toward the cod end

of the net. The #8 nylon netting, 3.7-cm (1.5-inch)-diameter bar mesh, is protected with a black

asphalt-type coating (Netcoat, Memphis Net and Twine Co., Inc. or equivalent). Two finger-style

throats are attached, one to the second hoop and one to the fourth hoop. The throat on the second hoop

is 15.5 meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 35 meshes. The throat on the fourth hoop is

13.5 meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 26 meshes. The cod end has a 2.4-m (8-ft)-

long drawstring made of 0.63-cm (0.25-inch)-diameter asphalt-coated nylon cord.

Small hoop nets (specially ordered from Memphis Net and Twine Co., Inc. or exact equivalent)

have seven fiberglass hoops and are 3 m (10 ft) long. The first hoop is 0.6 m (2 ft) in diameter;

successive hoops decrease incrementally in diameter by 2.5 cm (1 inch) toward the cod end of the net. 

The nets are constructed from #9 nylon netting with 1.8-cm (0.75-inch)-diameter bar mesh and are

protected with a black asphalt-type coating (Netcoat, Memphis Net and Twine Co., Inc. or equivalent). 

Two finger-style throats are attached to the second and fourth hoops. The throat on the second hoop is

14 meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 28 meshes. The throat on the fourth hoop is

12.5 meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 22 meshes.

Both nets are baited with 3 kg of soybean cake, 1 kg placed in a 1.9-cm (0.75-inch)-diameter mesh

bag attached to the rear of the net, and 2 kg placed loosely in the rear of the net (where current

velocity is high this bag may consist of 0.6-cm [0.25-inch] mesh and all bait may be placed in this

bag).

Hoop nets are deployed in pairs, with both members placed in the same habitat stratum. Hoop nets

are fished with the open end of the net facing downstream. Depth must be sufficient to submerge all

throats of hoop nets.

Beginning in 1993 and continuing to the present, the two hoop nets are deployed in parallel sets, with

the smaller net nearer shore (Fig. 2). The nets do not have to be placed adjacent to each other but may

be displaced longitudinally when doing so will help satisfy depth requirements. Hoop nets may be

deployed in sites where depth is sufficient to submerge the throats of nets. Each hoop net is anchored

using a 15-61-m (50-200-ft)-long lead rope tied to a stake or a net anchor, whichever works best given

substrate composition, depth, and velocity conditions at the sample location. Wherever current is sufficient

to hold the nets open, the lower end is not bridled. Where current speed is insufficient to hold a hoop net

open, a 15-m (50-ft)-long line is tied to a two-strand bridle at the mouth of the net and is tied to an anchor

or stake to hold the net open. A visible float and rope may be attached to the mouth of the
8

Figure 2. Placement of large and small hoop nets along unstructured shoreline and downstream

from wing dams

net to aid retrieval. However, this float line must not lift the net from the bottom. At wing dam sites,

hoop nets (cabs) are set within 100 m below the wing dam and within the scour hole (if present). The large

net is placed near the tip of the wing dam and the small net is placed approximately halfway between the

shoreline and the tip of the wing dam. Separate Collection and Measurement Sheets (Appendixes C and

D) are completed for each net.

Note: Prior to 1993, hoop nets were deployed differently; the two nets were connected in series, and

the pair was treated entirely as a single net (Appendix E). The larger hoop net was positioned

upstream of the smaller hoop net. It was anchored with a 15-m (50-ft) rope tied to a stob or a net

anchor, whichever worked best given substrate composition, depth, and velocity conditions at the

sample location. A 15-m (50-ft) rope connected a two-strand bridle at the mouth of the larger hoop

net to the tail of the smaller hoop net. A 15-m (50-ft)-long line was tied to a two-strand bridle at the

mouth of the small hoop net to anchor the downstream end of the net if current velocity was

insufficient to hold the nets open. Where current was sufficient to hold the nets open, the lower end

was usually not bridled. Catches were not recorded separately for each net prior to 1993. This
9

method of deployment was abandoned in 1993 because results of a study sponsored by the Open River

Field Station indicated this set was inferior to each of several detached deployments.

A standard net-set has a duration of 48 h. The net is retrieved by towing a grappling hook to snare the

lead line or by lifting the optional float attached to the mouth of the net.

Accessory physical and water quality measurements made near the center of the sampling site when the

nets are set are water temperature, current velocity (20 cm below the water surface), depth of net set (for

each net), Secchi transparency (daytime only), and qualitative appraisals of substrate composition,

vegetation, and other proximate structures.

4.3 Seining

Seining is used to collect small fishes in shallow areas. The standard unit of seining effort is the net

haul. The time duration of seining effort is not recorded.

Seines are made of "Ace"-type nylon netting with a mesh size of 3 mm (1/8 inch). Seines are 10.7 m

(35 ft) long and 1.8 m (6 ft) high, with a square bag measuring 0.9-m (3-ft) on each side located at the

center of the net. The Open River Field Station uses a seine having a mudline and 5-mm (3/16-inch) mesh

to accommodate soft sediments and high current velocities. Seines may be coated with a preservative as

long as the mesh remains flexible and is not plugged; preservatives may have to be thinned using a suitable

solvent.

Seines are fished along banks in water not exceeding 1.2 m (4 ft) in depth. One end (the downstream

end in flowing water habitats) of the seine is anchored to the bank; the other end is deployed perpendicular

to the bank and is swept, fully extended, around a 90-degree arc (quarter haul) to the shoreline in the

downstream direction. This motion will sweep a quadrant approximately 4.6 to 5.2 m (15 to 17 ft) in

radius. The seine haul is made slowly to ensure that the lead line remains in contact with the river bottom

and that the float line remains on the surface of the water at all times.

Seining at a site consists of a minimum of two hauls, with the first haul the farthest downstream and the

last haul the farthest upstream. Optionally, as many as four hauls may be made at one site. Data from

each haul are recorded separately; see Section 6.2.3 for instructions.

In areas where snags are anticipated, a third person patrols the back of the seine, clears the lead line

as necessary to keep it in contact with the bottom substrate, and attempts to minimize disturbance to fish

in front of the seine. If the haul is interrupted by two or more snags that in the judgment of the Crew

Leader require an excessive amount of clearing time, the seine haul is terminated and a new haul is

initiated in undisturbed water.

Accessory physical and water quality measurements made near the center of the sampling site area

before seining are Secchi transparency, water temperature, current velocity (20 cm below the water

surface), depth, and qualitative appraisals of substrate composition, vegetation, and other proximate

structures.
10

4.4 Fyke Netting

Fyke nets are deployed with leads fully extended and without respect to maximum depth in areas where

depth is at least sufficient to submerge the throats of nets, with two exceptions. The first exception is

where bed slope along the length of the lead is steeper than approximately 30 degrees (i.e., where the cabs

of shoreline sets would lie in depths greater than approximately 7.6 m [25 ft]). The second exception is

in tailwaters where full extension of a lead would put the cab in an eddy current that could roll the net.

Where either exception occurs, leads may be shortened to no less than 40% of their extended length (i.e.,

no less than 6.1 m or 20 ft) to place the top of the cab at or above the water surface. If this minimum lead

length is not sufficient to remedy either exception, an alternate sampling site must be used. When leads

are shortened, a Summary Code value of 6 is recorded for otherwise normally completed samples. The

leads are extended from the bank, a densely vegetated "edge," or the lead of another fyke net (paired

off-shore deployment). The standard unit of fyke netting effort is the net-day, where a day is 24.0 h and

each cab counts as one net. Thus, a tandem set (see below) deployed for 27 h is an effort of 2.25 net-days.

The LTRMP uses Wisconsin-type fyke nets (trap nets) that contain three sections: the lead, the frame,

and the cab. All netting material is #12 nylon, 1.8-cm (0.75-inch)-diameter bar mesh, with a black

asphalt-type coating (Netcoat, Memphis Net and Twine Co., Inc., or equivalent). The lead is 15 m (50

ft) long and 1.3 m (4.5 ft) high. The frame and the cab are covered with nylon mesh. Together, the frame

and the cab are 6 m (20 ft) long when fully extended. The frame section is formed by two rectangular

spring-steel (6.3-mm [0.25-inch] black-oil-tempered rod) frames that are 0.9 m (3 ft) high and 1.8 m (6

ft) wide and have 0.9-m high vertical crosspieces in the centers. Two mesh wings extend from the sides

of the first frame toward the middle of the second frame such that there is a 5.1-cm (2-inch) vertical gap

between each wing and an extension of the lead that is tied between the vertical crosspieces and bisects the

frame section. The cab is constructed of six 0.9-m (3-ft)-diameter spring-steel hoops. Two throats are

attached to the first (from the frame) and third hoops. The square-style throat on the first hoop is 20

meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 40 meshes. The crow-foot throat on the third hoop is

28 meshes long and has an aperture circumference of 32 meshes. The cod end has a 2.4-m (8-ft)-long

drawstring made of 6.3-mm (0.25-inch)-diameter asphalt-coated nylon cord.

In nonvegetated backwater and impounded habitats with open shorelines, fyke nets are fished with the

lead anchored to shore or other structure in low velocity, shallow water habitats. The net and lead are

positioned perpendicular to shore (Fig. 3).

In densely vegetated backwater contiguous and impounded habitats where vegetation creates a false or

pseudo-shoreline, fyke nets are fished perpendicular to the vegetation bed (Fig. 3). The lead must be set

1 m (3.2 ft) inside the outer edge of the weed bed. 

In offshore impounded or backwater sites, two fyke nets are fished end-to-end (tandem set), with the

leads tied together (Fig. 3). The fyke nets are anchored at both ends in low velocity, shallow water

habitat. The end-to-end fyke net sets require a different gear code than traditional sets (Table 1).

Accessory physical and water quality measurements made near the cab mouth when the net is set are

water temperature, current velocity (20 cm below the water surface), depth, Secchi transparency, and

qualitative appraisals of substrate composition, vegetation, and other proximate structures.
11

Figure 3. Placement of fyke and mini fyke nets in various habitats
12

Table 1. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program fish sampling gear codes

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Gear type

____________________________________________________________________________________

D Day electrofishing

N Night electrofishing

F Fyke net

X Tandem fyke nets

M Mini fyke net

Y Tandem mini fyke net

GL Gill net - set parallel to shoreline (experimental option)

GR Gill net - set perpendicular to shoreline (experimental option)

H Tandem (connected) hoop nets (obsolete)

HS Small hoop net

HL Large hoop net

P Tandem hoop nets for population sampling (obsolete)

S Seine net

B* Seine net pulled by boat (experimental and obsolete)

T Trawl

TA Trammel net, anchored set

TD Trammel net, floating and drifting

____________________________________________________________________________________

*

Seine pulled by boat over soft sediments or offshore. This method was used experimentally and is

obsolete.

4.5 Mini Fyke Netting

In tailwater border aquatic areas, mini fyke nets are set so that the tops of the cabs are at or above the

water surface. To achieve such placement in tailwater borders, leads may be shortened to no less than 1.8

m (6 ft). In all aquatic areas other than tailwater borders, mini fyke nets are deployed according to the

criteria for extension of leads used for fyke nets (see Section 4.4). Where shortening of leads on mini fyke

nets is permitted, these leads may be shortened to no less than 1.8 m (6 ft). The standard effort unit is as

per fyke nets (see Section 4.4).

The LTRMP uses Wisconsin-type mini fyke nets (trap nets) that contain three sections: the lead, the

frame, and the cab. All netting material is 3-mm (0.125-inch) "Ace"-type nylon mesh coated with green

latex net dip. The lead is 4.5 m (15 ft) long and 0.6 m (2 ft) high. The frame and cab are covered with
13

nylon mesh. Together the frame and the cab are 3 m (10 ft) long when fully extended. The frame section

is formed by two rectangular spring-steel (0.63-cm [0.25-inch] black-oil-tempered rod) frames that are 0.6

m (2 ft) high and 1.2 m (4 ft) wide. Two mesh wings extend from the sides of the first frame toward the

middle of the second frame so that there is a 5.1-cm (2-inch) vertical gap between each wing and an

extension of the lead that bisects the frames. The cab is constructed of two 0.6-m (2-ft)-diameter springsteel hoops. One throat is attached to the first (from the frame) hoop and has an aperture diameter of 5

cm (2 inch) that is fixed using a stainless-steel ring. The cod end has a 1.8-m (6-ft)-long drawstring made

of 4.4-mm (0.187-inch)-diameter asphalt-coated nylon cord.

The same procedures used for setting the large fyke nets apply to mini fyke nets (see Section 4.4). Mini

fyke nets are used in backwater, channel border, side channel, and impounded habitats. Samples collected

using mini fyke nets require a different gear code than regular fyke nets (Table 1). Accessory

measurements are as per fyke nets.

4.6 Trawling

Trawling is conducted at permanently fixed sampling sites in tailwater zones and unstructured channel

borders. The LTRMP trawls primarily collect small fishes. The standard unit of trawling effort is the

350-m-long haul.

Two-seam, 4.8-m (16-ft)-wide and 4.5-m (15-ft)-long slingshot balloon trawls (TRL16BC, Memphis

Net and Twine Co., Inc., or equivalent) are used. The body of the trawl is made of #9 nylon with 18-mm

(0.75-inch)-diameter stretch mesh. The bag of the trawl is made of #18 nylon with 18-mm (0.75-inch)-

diameter stretch mesh. The bag contains a 1.8-m (6-ft) liner consisting of 3-mm (0.125-inch)-diameter

mesh. Floats are spaced every 0.91 m (3 ft) along the top line and 4.8-mm (0.1875-inch) chain is tied to

the bottom line. The trawl is operated with 37-cm-high by 75-cm-long (15- x 30-inch) otter boards

(Memphis Net and Twine BD2 or equivalent) pulled with 30-m (100-ft) tow lines.

Trawls are made in the downstream direction at a speed that keeps the lead line of the net in close

contact with the river bottom. Nominal trawl lengths are 350 m (1,148 ft). The amount of time required

to cover this distance is reported as sample time in minutes.

Trawling at a site consists of a minimum of six hauls if the site is in main or side channel border areas

and four hauls if the site is in a tailwater zone. Data from each haul are recorded separately; see Section

6.2.3 for recording instructions.

Accessory physical and water quality measurements made before trawling are water temperature,

current velocity (20 cm below the water surface), depth, Secchi transparency, and qualitative appraisals

of substrate composition and other proximate structures.

4.7 Gill Netting

Beginning in 1993, gill nets are an optional experimental sampling gear. This option was included to

improve monitoring capabilities for some large riverine species. The standard unit of gill netting effort

is the net-day, where a day is 24 h.
14

Gill nets are 91.44 m (300 ft) long and consist of four 22.86-m (75-ft) panels of monofilament mesh.

The panels are 2.44 m (8 ft) deep. Each panel consists of a different size mesh. Mesh sizes are 10.2,

15.2, 20.3, and 25.4 cm (4, 6, 8, and 10 inch) stretch measure. The 10.2- and 15.2-cm (4- and 6-inch)

mesh is woven from #8 (9.07-kg [20-lb] test) transparent nylon monofilament, and the other meshes are

woven from #12 (13.61-kg [30-lb] test) transparent nylon monofilament. The top line consists of floating

foam core rope and the bottom line is 13.61-kg (30-lb) lead core rope. Additional lead may be added to

the lead line as needed to sink gill nets.

Gill nets may be set either perpendicular or parallel to the shoreline. Perpendicular sets caught nearly

four times as many fish as the parallel sets during limited experimental use by the Open River Field

Station. Perpendicular sets are preferred but may be impractical where current velocity is substantial.

Gear codes are GR for Gill net-perpendiculaR and GL for Gill net-paralleL.

Record count and lengths of captured fishes separately for each panel. Mesh size is recorded in UserDefined Field 12 on the LTRMP Fish Measurement Sheet (see Section 6.2.3). If no fish are caught in a

particular mesh size, record the mesh size, a species code of NFSH (no fish caught) and a count of zero.

Accessory chemical and physical measurements, as per fyke netting, are made near the center of the

gill net set when the net is set.

4.8 Trammel Netting

Beginning in 1994, trammel nets are an optional experimental sampling gear. Experimental use of

trammel nets was adopted to explore improvement of detection of large riverine species.

Experimental trammel nets are 274 m (300 ft) long and 1.8 m (6 ft) deep. The interior panel consists

of 7.6-m (3-inch) bar mesh. The wall panels are 34-cm (14-inch) bar mesh. All netting is constructed of

#208 multifilament nylon. Trammel nets have a poly-core float line and 30-lb lead-core lead line.

Because use of trammel nets is experimental within the LTRMP, there are currently no requirements

for sampling. Trammel nets may be used to explore fish communities in any aquatic area. Trammel nets

may be anchored (Gear Code TA) or drifted with current (Gear Code TD).

5. Sampling Requirements

5.1 Sampling Design

5.1.1 General Aspects

Beginning in 1993, the LTRMP fish monitoring effort is based on a stratified random sampling design

(Gutreuter 1993) augmented with relatively few subjectively chosen permanently fixed sampling stations

(restricted to tailwaters below dams and a few backwaters and other areas of special interest) within six

LTRMP study reaches. The stratified random sampling design enables unbiased design-based estimation
15

of relative abundance and other statistics (Cochran 1977), and supports interpretation of model-based

hypothesis tests. Prior to 1992, all LTRMP fish sampling was conducted at subjectively chosen permanently fixed sampling sites (see Appendix F for a description).

5.1.2 LTRMP Fish Sampling Strata

LTRMP fish sampling is conducted in nine strata. The strata are based on enduring geomorphic and

physical features, called aquatic areas (Wilcox 1993), that help define important habitat types for fishes

(Gutreuter 1992). The terminology used here is consistent with that in Wilcox (1993) except where noted

below. Transient features such as vegetation create important habitats for many species but have proven

to be too ephemeral to serve as sampling strata. Important transient features are recorded at the time of

sampling. The LTRMP fish sampling strata are defined as follows:

a. Main channel border-unstructured area (MCB-U). An unstructured main (navigation) channel

border area is that aquatic area between the margins of the main navigation channel and the nearest natural

shoreline areas (island or mainland). A natural shoreline area is any shoreline, excluding dams, lock

walls, and wing dams (see definition below). Revetted shoreline, although human-made, is included in

MCB-U. An unstructured channel border area is important because it is a large stratum and supports many

riverine species.

b. Main channel border-wing dam area (MCB-W). A main (navigation) channel border-wing dam area

is a localized portion of main navigation channel border area in which a wing dam is the predominant

physical feature. Wing dams are artificial structures that act to restrict flow to the navigation channel and

are usually constructed of rock (see also Wilcox 1993). Wing dams protrude from the shoreline and may

be totally submerged or emergent, depending on water elevation and construction height. Fish sampling

by the LTRMP is restricted to those wing dams that are at least 50 m long (from shore to tip). Because

wing dams create eddy currents and areas of low flow speed, LTRMP sampling is further restricted to

those wing dams that have an exploitable hydraulic effect. Therefore, wing dams submerged under more

than 2 m of water are not sampled, and wing dams submerged under 1-2 m of water may not be sampled

if current velocity over the top exceeds 0.5 m/s. Wing dams are important because they concentrate some

fishes.

c. Side channel border (SCB). A side channel border is the border of all secondary and tertiary

channels (Wilcox 1993) that have terrestrial margins and carry flow downstream through the floodplain

(and hence have measurable current velocities) at normal water elevations. For the purpose of LTRMP

fish sampling, fully submerged secondary or tertiary channels that do not have terrestrial margins (such

as may occur in impounded areas above dams) are not distinguished as side channels. Shallow narrow side

channels may not have a well defined trough or thalweg, in which case the borders extend to mid-channel.

Side channels are important because they are lotic areas that are relatively unaltered and isolated from

navigation traffic.

d. Tailwater zone (TWZ). For the purpose of LTRMP fish sampling, the tailwater zone is defined as

the area immediately downstream from a lock and dam and includes the plunge-pool (scour hole) created

by the dam. The tailwater border is defined as the first 500 m of shoreline below a lock and dam.

Tailwater zones provide unique conditions that act to concentrate many fishes, including important large

riverine species such as shovelnose sturgeon. Because tailwaters are small and are of special interest,

LTRMP fish sampling is conducted at permanently fixed sites within tailwaters. Sampling site locations

are not randomly selected within tailwaters.
16

e. Backwater, contiguous-offshore (BWC-O). Contiguous backwaters are aquatic areas that have some

contiguous aquatic link to the main navigation channel but are separated from the main channel by a

terrestrial area. Additionally, for the purpose of fish sampling within the LTRMP, backwaters are further

defined as lacustrine areas; they do not carry flow at normal river elevations. Backwaters may consist of

floodplain depression lakes, sloughs (contiguous abandoned-channel lakes), lateral levee lakes, contiguous

scour channel lakes, and artificial lacustrine areas (Wilcox 1993). Contiguous backwater-offshore areas

are contiguous backwaters more than 50 m from the nearest shoreline. Small backwaters may not have

such an offshore area.

f. Backwater, contiguous-shoreline (BWC-S). Contiguous backwater-shoreline areas are those areas

of backwaters, as described in (e) above, that are within 50 m of the nearest shoreline.

g. Impounded-offshore (IMP-O). Impounded areas are usually large, mostly open-water areas located

immediately upriver from locks and dams. Water elevations are held above pre-impoundment levels by

the dams. Impounded areas may contain submerged channels and areas that were terrestrial before

impoundment. An offshore impounded area is that portion of the impounded area more than 50 m from

the nearest shoreline.

h. Impounded-shoreline (IMP-S). Impounded shoreline areas are those portions of impounded areas

(as per h above) within 50 m of the nearest shoreline.

i. Main channel trough (CTR). The main channel trough is the thalweg or navigation channel within

the main channel. This channel is usually identified as the area between the navigation buoys. From 1990

through 1992, trawling was conducted in the main channel trough. Trawling in the main channel trough

was suspended in 1993 for lack of efficacy, and experimental evaluations of replacement methods were

initiated.

j. Tributary mouth (TRI). The tributary mouth is the portion of a tributary stream that is within the

floodplain of a large river. The LTRMP does not conduct routine monitoring in tributary mouths, but this

aquatic area is sampled as part of specialized LTRMP projects. 

k. Tributary delta lakes. Lake Pepin, a tributary delta lake (Wilcox 1993) in Pool 4 of the Mississippi

River, contains unique habitats, nonexistent in other reaches of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, and

requires specialized sampling. Because Minnesota Department of Natural Resources fisheries personnel

conduct ongoing monitoring in Lake Pepin, the LTRMP does not conduct fish monitoring in Lake Pepin.

5.1.3 Allocation of Sampling Effort

Sampling gears are deployed independently within strata. That is, separate lists of randomly selected

sampling sites are generated for each gear type. Because some gears cannot be deployed under certain

conditions, not all gears are deployed in each stratum; however, there are at least three mandatory gears

for each stratum. Because the proportions of various strata vary among study reaches, gear effort is

allocated on a reach-specific basis. The mandatory and optional gears and general guidelines for effort

allocation during each sampling time period are given in Table 2.
17

Table 2. General gear effort allocation guidelines. Because the proportions of strata vary

dramatically among Long Term Resource Monitoring Program study reaches, actual effort

allocations may be different.

____________________________________________________________________________________

 Strata 

MCB- MCB- BWC-O BWC-S IMP-O IMP-S 

Gear U W SCB u v u v TWZ u v u v

____________________________________________________________________________________

D + + + o +++ o o +++

N o o o o o o o+ o o o o

F o o o +++ o +++

M + + + +++ o +++

So o o o

To o +

H + + + +o o o +o o o

G o o o oooo oooo

X ++

Y ++

____________________________________________________________________________________

% Effort 12 12 26 5 25 10 5 5

____________________________________________________________________________________

MCB-U = Main channel border-unstructured area; MCB-W = Main channel border-wing dam habitat;

SCB = Side channel border; TWZ = Tailwater zone; BWC-O = Backwater, contiguous-offshore; BWC-S

= Backwater, contiguous-shoreline; IMP-O = Impounded-offshore; IMP-S = Impounded-shoreline; u

= Unvegetated; v = Vegetated

D = Day electrofishing; N = Night electrofishing; F = Fyke net; M = Mini fyke; S = Seine net; T =

Trawl; H = Tandem (connected) hoop nets (obsolete); G = Gill nets; X = Tandem fyke nets; Y =

Tandem fyke nets

+ = Mandatory; o = Optional

Effort allocation among strata does not compromise unbiased estimation in stratified random sampling.

However, effort allocation does influence the precision of estimates. The approximate sampling allocation

(Table 2) was based on subjective appraisals of the ecological importance of strata to river fishes, approximate size, and the objectives of the LTRMP. Optimal allocation schemes were considered but were

abandoned because minimization of variance required allocation of the preponderance of samples to the

impounded stratum and neglected ecologically important strata such as side channels and backwaters.

Sample allocation affects precision of estimates within and across strata but does not affect the

unbiasedness of stratified random sampling. Therefore, allocations of sampling effort among strata need

not remain constant through time or among study reaches.
18

5.1.4 Seasonal Distribution of Fish Collections

Full sets of collections are made in all strata during each of three time periods: June 15 to July 30,

August 1 to September 15, and September 16 to October 30. Prior to 1991, time allocations were different

(Appendix F). The primary purpose of this seasonal allocation of samples is to ensure data are collected

that represent warm season conditions.

5.1.5 Random Selection of Collection Sites

Prior to the sampling season, lists of primary and alternate sample collection sites are generated.

Collection sites are represented by a 50- × 50-m grid in a geographic information system (GIS) database.

Grids are indexed and referenced by Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates. The GIS

database includes delineations of the known extent of sampling strata. Areas known to be inaccessible,

either for lack of legal access or due to physical conditions that preclude boat travel, are deleted from the

sampling frame. Within each study reach, the grids are classified as to whether they represent areas in

the upper or lower half (segment) of the study reach. Within each stratum, grids are selected at random,

with uniform probability, to produce a list of primary collection sites for each sampling gear. For each

primary collection site, the set of all grids within the stratum that occur within a 1-km radius of the center

of the collection site is identified, and a second random selection of grids is made from this set. This

second random selection process produces a list of alternate collection sites. The lists of primary and

alternate collection sites are sent to field stations prior to sampling.

5.1.6 Location of Collection Sites During Sampling Operations

The centers of collection sites can usually be located to within 100 m by comparison of actual physical

features with a corresponding base map. Sites that are in off-shore impounded areas or complex mazes

of channels may be difficult to locate in this way and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver may have

to be used. Accuracy of the Magellan (Magellan Systems Corporation, Monrovia, CA) GPS units used

by the LTRMP is 100 m under good conditions. 

During a particular sampling venture, the primary site is located in the field and a determination is made

as to whether or not the particular gear can be deployed. This determination is based on a simple

assessment of whether or not the sampling gear can be physically deployed at the site. The primary

consideration is whether depth is sufficient to permit access to the area and to deploy the gear. If it is

determined that the primary site could not be sampled (1) the header box of an LTRMP Fish Collection

Sheet is completed (except for finish date and time) with a Summary Code of 2, (2) depth is recorded and

a "Comment" is entered explaining the condition that prevents sampling, and (3) the nearest alternate site

is located. This process may be repeated until an alternate site is found that can be sampled; however,

LTRMP Fish Collection Sheets are not required for alternate sites that could not be sampled. If a site can

be sampled with a particular gear, the gear is deployed according to procedures for that gear.

Field station staff schedule sampling operations. Sampling efforts using the various gear must be

interspersed, as must visitation to collection sites in different segments of study reaches. For example, all

of the electrofishing must not be conducted within a single 1-week period, nor must sampling proceed

systematically from one end of the study reach to the other. Field Station Team Leaders and Fisheries

Specialists are responsible for ensuring that use of various sampling gears and sampling within upper,

middle, and lower segments of study reaches are interspersed though each time period.
19

5.2 Fish Identification and Measurement

5.2.1 General Information

This section contains guidelines for collection and recording of fish data. The data collected during fish

sampling consist of (1) an unambiguous description of the sample in space and time, (2) site-specific

observations and measurements of habitat characteristics, (3) quality control information, and

(4) enumerations and measurements of fish catches. Instructions for coding data sheets are given in

Section 6. Appendix G contains suggested references to be used as keys in the identification of fish.

5.2.2 Identifying, Measuring, Weighing, and Enumerating Fish

For LTRMP routine monitoring collections, fish must be identified to species to the extent reasonably

possible. Fish that cannot be identified to species must be preserved and returned to the lab for identification and enumeration (see Section 5.2.7). Scientific and common names are those most recently

established by the American Fisheries Society. Four-character fish codes (Appendix H) established by the

EMTC are used for reporting species on data sheets. For comparative purposes, the LTRMP also

maintains and provides a reference file of species identification codes used by other fish collection

agencies. Counts by species and length category are required.

Prior to 1992, individual measurements of lengths and weights were required for all species in all

collections. Beginning with the 1992 field season, individual lengths and weights are required only from

subsamples of black crappie, channel catfish, common carp, highfin carpsucker, sauger, and walleye

captured during the last time period. These subsamples consist of haphazard (approximately random)

selection of at least two (2) individuals per length group. Additional individual length and weight measurements may be recorded, but this should be done only to satisfy specific objectives. One scenario

where additional individual length measurements are useful is providing data for formal length frequency

analysis to estimate growth and mortality parameters. Obviously, such special objectives should be

carefully considered on a case-by-case basis and must be coordinated with the EMTC Fisheries Component

Specialist. Length group counts are required for all species.

Whenever possible, the maximum total length (MTL) of an individual fish is measured to the nearest

1 mm. Maximum total length is the greatest possible length of the fish with mouth closed and caudal rays

squeezed together to give the maximum overall measurement (Anderson and Gutreuter 1983). Standard

length (SL; the maximum distance from the front tip of the fish to the posterior margin of the hypural bone

as manifested by the "notch" created by flexing the caudal peduncle; Anderson and Gutreuter 1983) is

recorded for specimens that have damaged or deformed caudal fins, but these individuals are not included

in population structure analyses. Fork length (FL; the maximum distance from the front tip of the fish to

the posterior edge of the median caudal fin rays; Anderson and Gutreuter 1983) may be used for fish such

as paddlefish and sturgeon that have rigid upper caudal lobes or variable caudal filaments. All individual

length measurements are reported in millimeters on fish data sheets. 

A Pathogenic Code (Table 3) is recorded for individual fish showing visible external injury, disease,

anomaly, or parasite burden. This code is recorded in the "PC" field.
20

Table 3. Fish health and pathogen codes for Long Term Resource Monitoring Program fisheries

component

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Abnormality ____________________________________________________________________________________

0 None

1 Parasite

2 Skeletal abnormality

3 Tumors

4 Injury

5 Skin/fin/eye

6 Other

____________________________________________________________________________________

A Summary Code is assigned to the collection to document the overall status of important conditions

that can affect proper interpretation of the data (see Table 4). Therefore, the correct selection of this

Summary Code value is a critical task. Crew Leaders are responsible for selection of the most accurate

Summary Code. Crew Leaders must not be pressured by participating agencies to select inappropriate

Summary Codes. Any suggestion of incentives to choose inaccurate Summary Codes must be reported

to the EMTC Fisheries Component Specialist. Summary Codes of 1-2 describe unsuccessful sampling

attempts, and Summary Codes 3-8 describe various degrees of sampling success. A Summary Code of

5 is reserved for ideally completed samples. In general, data from collections having Summary Codes $3

may be used in analyses and reports. Exceptions to this rule apply to specific data. For example, weight

data from collections having a Summary Code of 4 (weighing equipment probably in error) should not be

used to construct weight-length equations.

5.2.3 Subsampling

If the number of specimens collected prevents timely identification and measurement in the field,

specimens may be preserved in formalin or a subsample may be selected for measurement followed by

enumeration or estimation of the remaining sample. Subsampling is defined as dividing an unmanageable

collection of one species of fish into a representative manageable sample in which lengths and weights are

recorded along with the total number of fishes in the collection. Subsampling is necessary to keep fish

alive and to keep sampling time manageable. The Crew Leader determines whether or not the sample is

too large to efficiently work up. A subsample must not consist of fewer than 100 fish of a species. Where

practical, fish in the total sample should be counted. For large catches, the count may be estimated by

weighing and counting a subsample of approximately 100 fish, weighing the total sample, and then

calculating the total count, n

^

t

, as

n

^

t

 = nswt/ws,

where ns and ws are the count and weight, respectively, of the subsample, and wt

 is the weight of the total

sample. Because the density of fish flesh is nearly constant (to achieve neutral buoyancy), volume is

proportional to weight. Therefore, volumetric measures may be used rather than weight measures in the

equation above. 
21

Table 4. Sampling Summary Codes, which range from 1 to 8 and document the success or failure

of a sampling attempt. Codes of 1 and 2 describe unsuccessful sampling attempts. Codes 3-8

describe successful sampling attempts. 

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Summary

code Description

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Unsuccessful collection attempts:

1 Sampling gear failed. The site may be resampled, within the current time period, as

time permits. Explain gear failure in Comments.

2 Habitat cannot be sampled due to environmental conditions (e.g., a dry or inaccessible

site). Explain in Comments if site is a primary sampling site.

Successfully completed collection attempts:

3 Sampling completed under unusual environmental conditions that may have influenced

gear efficiency. Explain conditions in Comments.

4 Weighing equipment may be in error (e.g., due to windy conditions, waves).

5 Signifies that:

a. The data were collected at the identified time and place.

b. All methods followed the LTRMP Procedures Manual.

c. All equipment and gear were functional.

d. No unusual environmental conditions existed that could prohibit interpretation of

the data as being representative of those in the sampled habitat type at that time.

6 Non-critical gear modification (e.g., fyke net lead shortened). Explain modification

in Comments.

7 A gear that is normally deployed along a shoreline was deployed along a pseudoshoreline formed by dense aquatic vegetation or flooded terrestrial vegetation.

8 Minor gear damage or alteration noted at completion of sample. The extent of the

alteration or damage was almost certainly insufficient to cause major changes in efficiency. Explain damage or alteration in Comments.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Large fish and species that do not dominate the collection are processed normally. Fish to be

subsampled are assumed to be randomly located by size throughout the live well. The field crew mixes

the holding tank and then scoops out fish with a standardized scoop net and measures the bulk weight of

these fish. (These fish should also be enumerated if their numbers are not excessive.) This process

is repeated until at least 200 fish of a species remain. These remaining fish are processed normally and
22

weighed in aggregate. The estimated or enumerated total count of fish not measured is recorded on the

data sheet by entering the species code, leaving length blank, and recording the count (bulk weight is

optional). Mean lengths from the subsample are no longer recorded for the unmeasured fish in the

residual whole sample.

Specimens that cannot be identified in the field are preserved in suitable plastic containers labeled with

the Location Code, Pool/Reach Code, Project Code, Start Date and Time, Gear Code, and Stratum Code.

All preserved specimens, with the exception of those sent to an identification expert (see 5.2.8), are

identified and measured at the lab as time permits.

5.2.4 Measurements from Key Species During the Last Time Period

Key species are black crappie, channel catfish, common carp, highfin carpsucker, sauger, walleye, and

any others as determined by study objectives. During the last time period, individual length and weight

measurements may be taken from a subsample of these species from each sampling site where they are

captured. These subsamples consist of haphazard (approximately random) selection of at least two

(2) individuals per length group. These fish are measured to the nearest 1 mm and are weighed (in grams)

to the nearest 1%. Note: Do not record weights of fish that are <10% of the minimum scale capacity

(100 g for a 1,000-g scale) whenever spring-loaded mechanical scales are used; spring-loaded scales

are too insensitive for weighing such small fish (Gutreuter and Krzoska 1994). These subsamples should

be made approximately random by using a dip net to take a random sweep and working through all

captured fish in the sweep before repeating this process (if necessary).

5.2.5 Collecting Specialized Data: Tagging, Aging Structures, and Food Use

Special objectives may require collection of specialized data. These objectives must be coordinated with

the EMTC Fisheries Component Specialist. Currently, the LTRMP collects specialized data to monitor

the potential effects of the invasion of zebra mussels on freshwater drum, a molluscivorous fish, and to

test certain predictions of the flood-pulse hypothesis. Procedures for these efforts are provided in annual

memoranda, which become addenda to this Procedures Manual.

These special objectives require collection of subsample specimens, which may include sagittae (the

largest of the three otoliths), scales from below the lateral line and under the tips of pelvic fins when

depressed in natural position, stomachs, and stomach contents. Otoliths and scales are placed in small coin

envelopes to which a unique barcoded specimen number has been attached. Stomachs and stomach

contents are placed in "whirl-pack" bags and preserved with ethanol or other non-acidic alcohol. These

bags must either contain a barcoded waterproof label or must be marked with a bar-coded sticker label.

The bar code numbers are recorded on LTRMP Fish Measurement Sheets (see Specimen numbers under

User-Defined Fields in Section 6.2.3). 

The LTRMP Fish Collection and Measurement Sheets were designed to be adaptable to record specialized data. See Section 6 for procedures for recording specialized data.
23

5.2.6 Measurements from All Species

The minimal data required for all species are counts by total length class (TLC). Where catches are

large, subsampling (Section 5.2.3) may be implemented. Standard TLCs for fish #400 mm maximum total

length (MTL) are 1-cm intervals and for fish $400 mm MTL TLCs are 2-cm intervals. All TLCs are

labeled using their lower length boundaries. For instance, fish in TLC 9 are between 90 and 99 mm TL,

and fish in TLC 40 are between 400 and 420 mm TL.

5.2.7 Training

The first level of quality assurance associated with the process of data collection for the LTRMP occurs

when a data sheet is completed in the field. The person who initials a data sheet testifies that the recorded

data are representative of the location being sampled and that the data have been collected according to the

procedures described in this manual and demonstrated during LTRMP training courses. Therefore, at least

one person in the fish sampling crew is a designated LTRMP Crew Leader, qualified to initial field data

sheets by having passed the fish sampling course conducted by the EMTC. This course includes, but is

not limited to, fish identification and measurement, gear operation and maintenance, UMRS aquatic areas

identification, LTRMP procedures and quality assurance guidelines, and fish population analyses.

Additional safety and first aid training associated with electrofishing is described in Section 4.1,

Electrofishing.

5.2.8 Expert Identification and Reference Collections

The EMTC fish training course is designed to provide staff with the ability to readily identify 95% of

the fish collected in the field. Recently published identification keys are carried in the field to facilitate

field identification. When a specimen cannot be identified to the Crew Leader's satisfaction, it is hardened

in formalin and preserved in alcohol in a container labeled with the field station number, location code,

date, time, and gear code. The fish is later identified at the field station or is sent to an expert in the field

of fish identification. A list of recognized experts in the field of fish identification and their addresses is

updated regularly by the EMTC. This list is maintained at each field station (Appendix I).

 Reference fish collections are maintained, as needed, at the field stations to assist in identification of

rare or unusual species. Collection containers are clearly labeled with scientific and common names of

the specimen(s), the date, UTM coordinates and zone, gear type associated with the collection, and the

name of the person making the identification.

5.2.9 Investigating Fish Kills

Field personnel will investigate all fish kills in accordance with the Field Manual for the Investigation

of Fish Kills, U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication 177, Fred

P. Meyer and Lee A. Barclay, editors.
24

6. Fish Data Sheets and Coding Instructions

6.1 Overview

Correct and complete recording of data is absolutely essential to the success of all LTRMP efforts.

Conversely, failure to comply with data recording procedures compromises the mission of the LTRMP and

results in unrecoverable waste of sampling effort. Procedures for recording data are driven by the need

for correct information and documentation of quality assurance and chain-of-custody information. Because

information critical to future resource management decisions is the primary product of the LTRMP, it is

essential that all data are properly recorded. All LTRMP field staff who collect fish data are expected

to understand and comply with data recording procedures.

Data collected during fish sampling excursions are recorded on two data sheets: the Fish Collection

Sheet and the Fish Measurement Sheet. A collection is defined as a sampling venture consisting of a

unique combination of location, time, and sampling gear. One Fish Collection Sheet (Appendix C; EMTC

03/24/95) is completed for each collection. This sheet is used to document gear-specific sampling effort,

detailed spatial data, key physical and chemical measurements, qualitative observations on local habitat

characteristics, comments, and quality assurance data. One or more Fish Measurement Sheet (Appendix D; EMTC 03/24/95) is used to record fish catch data from each collection. These data sheets serve

as the sole means of recording fish collection and catch data obtained from routine monitoring efforts,

biological response monitoring at Habitat Rehabilitation and Enhancement Projects, special research

projects, and any ad hoc experimental excursions. Both data sheets were designed to optimize the mix of

flexibility, capture of essential data, simplicity, visual clarity, and quality assurance objectives.

6.2 Coding Instructions

6.2.1 General

Record data using waterproof ink. A Number 2 pencil may be used only if weather is inclement, in

which case this must be noted in the "Comment" field. Write legibly so that others who are unfamiliar

with your handwriting can read it. Record all data accurately. Site definition data in the top portions of

the data sheets must accurately represent the place and time a collection was made and must be identical

on all sheets for any particular collection. Erasure of information is absolutely prohibited. If a

recording error is made, draw a single line through the error, write the correction above or adjacent to the

error, and sign and circle your initials next to the correction or error. Sampling Crew Leaders are responsible for ensuring that data sheets are complete and accurate. Completion of all fields is mandatory except

where noted below.

Only data described in Sections 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 are to be recorded on the LTRMP data sheets described

in those sections, and ALL DATA MUST BE RECORDED IN THE APPROPRIATE SPACES (AND

ONLY IN THE APPROPRIATE SPACES, EXCEPT FOR CORRECTIONS). Never record ancillary

data in any field (except for preapproved use of the user-defined fields). These requirements are crucial

because data entry operators cannot interpret non-standard data and because the data sheets must contain

an unambiguous record that can withstand legal challenge. The presence of recording irregularities (e.g.,
25

recording count tallies in the space provided for weight measurements) compromises the record by opening

an opportunity to claim that other records may contain misrepresentative data and are therefore suspect.

6.2.2 Fish Collection Sheet (EMTC 03/24/95)

All fields (recording spaces) on each Fish Collection Sheet (Appendix C) are recorded in the field at

the time specific measurements are taken except for application of bar code stickers, total number of fish

collected, certification, and perhaps number of fish measurement data sheets and Universal Transverse

Mercator (UTM) or latitude/longitude coordinates (N/S and E/W) (see below), which are recorded when

logging data sheets and performing the final QA/QC checks (see Section 7 below). The content of Fish

Collection Sheets is as follows:

Field name Description and coding instructions

Site Alias (Optional) Space is provided to record an optional site alias for field station use.

Place Bar Code Here Affix bar code sticker in the space provided in the upper right margin

upon return to office (see Section 7.2, Pre-Submission QA/QC Procedures). Note: Application of the bar code sticker is mandatory; data

sheets lacking bar codes will be returned to the field station without

being keyed.

1. Header Data

Field Station Number One-digit numeric field station number:

1 = Lake City, MN 4 = Wood River, IL

2 = Onalaska, WI 5 = Cape Girardeau, MO

3 = Bellevue, IA 6 = Havana, IL

Location Code Five-digit alphanumeric code for LTRMP Location Code having the

format nnnnn.nnnnn. For randomly selected sites enter nnnn.RS, where

nnnn is the site number from the sampling map or site list. For permanently fixed sites record rmmm.ma, where r designates the river (M =

Mississippi and I = Illinois), mmm.m is the river mile (recorded to the

nearest 0.1 mi), and a is an alphabetic code for the relative lateral position

across the floodplain.

Pool/Reach Two-digit alphanumeric code for the LTRMP study reach or pool number:

04 = Pool 4, UMR 26 = Pool 26, UMR

08 = Pool 8, UMR LG = La Grange Pool, Illinois River

13 = Pool 13, UMR OR = Open Mississippi River

Project Code Four-digit alphanumeric LTRMP project code. Format is A-nnn, where

A is a letter describing project type and nnn is a special project number.

Project types are as follows:
Field name Description and coding instructions

26

M = RTA standardized resource monitoring

B = HREP biological response monitoring

E = Ad hoc exploratory sampling

R = Special research project

Note: A three-digit project number nnn is not recorded for RTA

standardized resource monitoring (M); however, the EMTC will assign

project numbers for all other project types. To ensure the integrity of the

data, all project numbers must be obtained from the EMTC.

Start Date Date on which a gear collection was initiated (e.g., the date on which a

net was set). Six-digit numeric mmddyy format wherein April 1, 1995,

is recorded as 040195.

Start Time Four-digit 2400-h (military) Central Standard Time (CST) at which a gear

sample begins (e.g., the time a net was set or an electrofishing run was

begun). When a gear sample is begun, immediately obtain the time value

from a watch. Record time of sample initiation to the nearest minute.

Examples: 1:45 p.m. is recorded as 13:45 and midnight is 00:00 of the

new day.

Finish Date Date on which a gear sample was completed (e.g., the date on which a net

was lifted). Format is the same as "Start Date."

Finish Time Four-digit 2400-h Central Standard Time (CST) at which a gear sample

is completed (e.g., the time that a net is lifted or an electrofishing run

[actual shocking time] is completed). Format and accuracy requirements

are the same as "Start Time." Leave this field blank for seine samples.

Site Type One-digit code identifying the type of sampling site, as follows:

0 = Primary randomly selected sampling site

1 = Alternate randomly selected sampling site

2 = Subjectively chosen permanently fixed site

Stratum (Habitat

 Class)

Four-digit alphabetic LTRMP habitat class description:

BWC-O = Backwater, offshore

BWC-S = Backwater, shoreline

MCB-U = Main channel border, unstructured

MCB-W = Main channel border, wing dam

IMP-O = Impounded, offshore

IMP-S = Impounded, shoreline

SCB = Side channel border

TWZ = Tailwater zone (permanently fixed sampling sites)

CTR = Main channel trough (optional sampling only)

Gear One-digit alphabetic gear code as described in Table 1 and summarized

below:
Field name Description and coding instructions

27

D = Day (1 h after sunrise to 1 h before sunset) electrofishing

F = Fyke netting

GR = Gill netting, perpendicular (to shore) set

GL = Gill netting, parallel (to shore) set

HS = Hoop netting, small LTRMP net

HL = Hoop netting, large LTRMP net

M = Mini fyke netting

N = Night (1 h after sunset to 1 h before sunrise) electrofishing

S = Seining

T = Trawling

TP = Plankton trawling

X = Tandem fyke netting

Y = Tandem mini fyke netting

TA = Trammel netting, anchored set

TD = Trammel netting, floating and drifting

(Gill nets: Record mesh size of gill net panels in User-Defined Field 12

on the Fish Measurement Sheet; see User-Defined Fields in Section 6.2.3

below.)

Time Period One-digit numeric LTRMP Sampling Time Period code. Example: The

first sampling time period is coded as 1.

Summary Code One-digit numeric code documenting the overall quality of a sample

collection as described in Table 4 and summarized below:

1 = Gear failure; site may be resampled within time period

2 = Site cannot be sampled (i.e., site is dry or inaccessible)

3 = Sample collected under unusual environmental conditions 

4 = Weighing equipment may be in error due to wind and waves

5 = Normally completed sample; all LTRMP procedures followed

6 = Non-critical gear modification (e.g., fyke net lead shortened)

7 = Pseudo-shoreline used for shoreline gear

8 = Minor gear damage or noncritical gear failure

2. Location Data

Zone Two-digit numeric field to record Global Positioning System (GPS) zone.

For most LTRMP reaches, there is just one value for Zone.

Accuracy Four-digit numeric field to record a measure of positioning accuracy.

Record Percent Dilution of Precision (PDOP) from GPS devices and the

following codes for base map cross-reference and revisits to marked fixed

sites:

000.1 = Almost certain accuracy within 100 m because of immediate proximity to

uniquely identifiable features (undisturbed marker, wing dam, day mark,

etc.)

000.2 = High confidence of accuracy within 100 m because of agreement between

general site appearance and identifiable features on a base map

000.3 = Other than above
Field name Description and coding instructions

28

N/S Coordinates Six-digit field to record latitudinal (north/south) coordinates of the collection location. Units are specific to location method; Universal Transverse

Mercator (UTM) Northing for Magellan and degrees-minutes-seconds

north latitude for Loran. For fixed sampling sites, this value should be

measured using a GPS device at least once when each site is marked and

recorded in the Sites Table. On subsequent visits, most fixed sites can be

relocated from a base map with acceptable accuracy (100 m) or from site

markers. For revisits to marked fixed sites, record the UTM Northing

from the current Sites Table. Unmarked open water sites may have to be

relocated using a Magellan or other GPS device.

Method One-digit numeric code specifying the method used to locate the collection

site, as follows:

1 = UTMs recorded from cross-reference between base map and site features

2 = UTMs recorded from GPS device (Magellan)

3 = Latitude (N/S coordinates; degrees, minutes, seconds) and longitude (E/W

coordinates; degrees, minutes, seconds) recorded from GPS (Loran)

4 = Latitude and longitude recorded from cross-reference between base map and

site features

E/W Coordinates Seven-digit field to record the longitudinal (east/west) coordinates of the

collection location. Units are specific to location method; UTM Easting

for Magellan and degrees-minutes-seconds west latitude for Loran. For

fixed sampling sites, this value should be measured using a GPS device

at least once when each site is marked, and it should be recorded in the

Sites Table. On subsequent visits, most fixed sites can be relocated from

a base map with acceptable accuracy (100 m) or from site markers. For

revisits to marked fixed sites, record the UTM Easting from the current

Sites Table. Unmarked open water sites may have to be relocated using

a Magellan or other GPS device.

3. Gear Effort

Time Four-digit numeric field to document actual elapsed time required to

capture a sample of fish (actual duration of gear deployment). Format is

2400-h (military) time, hh:mm, where a fyke net set fished for 25 h and

15 min is recorded as 25:15. Effort (time) values must be accurate to the

nearest minute and must equal the difference between finish date and time

and start date and time. Leave this field blank for seine samples.

Distance Three-digit numeric field for recording the length (in meters) of an

electrofishing run or trawl haul. Completion of this field is required only

for electrofishing, trawling, and trammel net drifting.
Field name Description and coding instructions

29

4. Electrofishing Settings

 (Electrofishing Only)

Power Goal Four-digit field to record the predetermined electrofishing power goal (in

watts). Note: For electrofishing only.

Power Used Four-digit field to record the actual average electrofishing power (in

watts) consumption.

Volts and QF Three-digit numeric field to record DC volts. The Quality Factor (QF)

is a one-digit numeric field:

Blank = Normal operation/acceptable measurement

0 = Voltage meter inoperative

1 = Unstable voltage readings (varies by >70 V); equipment questionable

Amps and QF Three-digit numeric field to record DC current (in amperes). The Quality

Factor (QF) is a one-digit numeric field:

Blank = Normal operation/acceptable current determination 

0 = Ammeter inoperative

1 = Unstable current readings (varies by >10 amps)

Pulse (Hz) Three-digit numeric field to record pulse frequency (Hertz [=cycles/sec]).

Duty Cycle Three-digit numeric field to record electrofishing duty cycle (percentage

of time current is flowing).

5. Water Data Measurements of physical and chemical characteristics follow procedures

documented in the LTRMP water quality monitoring procedures, except

as noted below.

Secchi and QF Three-digit numeric field for recording measurement of water transparency (in centimeters) using a Secchi disk. Quality Factor codes are printed

on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative

1 = Equipment in question (e.g., paint discolored)

3 = Reading off scale (high)

4 = Used proximate measurement - no measurement at this site

5 = No sample taken

9 = Non-standard method used

Conductivity and QF Four-digit numeric field to record conductivity to the nearest 1 FS/cm.

Quality Factor codes are printed on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative
Field name Description and coding instructions

30

1 = Equipment in question 

3 = Reading off scale (high)

4 = Used proximate measurement - no measurement at this site

5 = No sample taken

9 = Non-standard method used

Water Velocity

 and QF

Three-digit numeric field to record water velocity to the nearest 0.1 m/s.

Quality Factor codes are printed on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative

1 = Equipment in question 

3 = Reading off scale (high)

5 = No sample taken

9 = Non-standard method used

Three lines are provided to record intermediate measurements.

Water Temp and QF Three-digit numeric field to record water temperature measurement to the

nearest 0.1 EC. Quality Factor codes are printed on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative

1 = Equipment in question

4 = Used proximate measurement - no measurement at this site

5 = No reading taken

9 = Non-standard method used

D.O. and QF Three-digit numeric field to record dissolved oxygen concentration to the

nearest 0.1 mg/L. This field is optional. Quality Factor codes are printed

on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative

1 = Equipment in question 

3 = Reading off scale (high)

4 = Used proximate measurement - no measurement at this site

5 = No sample taken

9 = Non-standard method used

Depth and QF Three-digit numeric field to record water depth to the nearest 0.1 m.

Quality Factor codes are printed on the data sheets:

Blank = Normal measurement/no problems

0 = Equipment inoperative

1 = Equipment in question 

5 = No sample taken

9 = Non-standard method used

Stage Height Water elevation measurement obtained from local stage height gauge.

Record gauge location as "G=name" in the Comments field. This is an

optional field. Quality Factor codes are:
Field name Description and coding instructions

31

1 = Feet relative (local) measure

2 = Feet above mean sea level (AMSL)

3 = Meters relative (local) measure

4 = Meters above mean sea level (AMSL)

6. Structure

Emergent and

 Submersed

 Aquatic

 Vegetation

 (Percent

 Coverage)

One-digit numeric field to record qualitative estimate of percent of area

within a 100-m radius in which there is emergent and/or submersed

aquatic vegetation, based on visual observation. Values are as follows:

0 = 0% (no emergent/submersed aquatic vegetation apparent)

1 = 1%-19% coverage

2 = 20%-49% coverage

3 = $50% coverage

Density One-digit numeric field to record qualitative estimate of density of both

emergent and submersed aquatic vegetation within a 100-m radius, based

on visual observation. Make and record this estimate only if emergent or

submersed aquatic vegetation is present. Values are as follows:

1 = Prevailing vegetation is sparse (probably <10 stems/m2) and does not

create an "edge" at its perimeter

2 = Prevailing vegetation is dense (probably $10 stems/m2

 and creates a

distinct "edge" at its perimeter

Predominant

 Substrate

One-digit numeric field to record qualitative observation of sediments

based on visual and tactile observation. Values are as follows:

1 = Silt (very fine and very soft sediments that may contain highly hydrated [very

soft] clay; sand lacking)

2 = Silt/Clay/Little Sand (fine and soft sediments dominated by silt but usually

containing little fine sand, with perhaps dehydrated [firm] clay pellets or moderately hydrated clay with little fine sand)

3 = Sand/Mostly Sand (firm to very firm, fine to coarse sediments with sand dominant, or entirely sand)

4 = Gravel/Rock/Hard Clay (hard substrate consisting of dehydrated [firm] clay,

gravel, rock, bedrock, or concrete)

Other Structure Eight check-off boxes to record presence of other habitat structure within

a 100-m radius. To record presence of one or more of the features listed

on the data sheet, write X in the appropriate box. Describe important

features that are not listed on the data sheet in the "Comments" field.

7. Comments

 (Bottom of Sheet)

Eighty-character field to record miscellaneous comments and observations. Only the first 80 characters are keyed. Print one character per

box. Abbreviate to capture key ideas. If more space is needed, write in

bottom margin of data; however, any writing outside the boxes will not

be keyed.
Field name Description and coding instructions

32

8. Other Information Accurate QA/QC data are essential components of a good sampling program. Recording of the following information is mandatory.

Number of containers

returned to lab for

 identification

Two-digit field to record the number of individual containers (whirl-pacs,

vials, etc.) containing specimens that were returned to the field station or

lab for identification or measurement. This field must always be completed. If no fish were returned to the field station or lab, record "0"

(zero).

Number of fish

measurement

data sheets

Two-digit numeric field to record the total number of Fish Measurement

Sheets (recorded in the field and lab) completed for the sample collection.

Total number of fish

collected

Five-digit numeric field to record the total number of fish (of all species,

whether enumerated in the field or lab) captured in the sample collection.

This number is to be obtained from a manual tally of fish counts on the

corresponding Fish Measurement Sheets.

9. Certification

Are header blocks on

this sheet and the fish

measurement data

sheet complete and do

they match?

Verify that header data on the Fish Collection Sheet and all associated

Fish Measurement Sheets are complete and identical, then check (T) Yes.

This information is required but is not keyed.

Are the data sheets

complete?

Verify that the Fish Collection Sheet and all associated Fish Measurement

Sheets are properly completed and correct, then check (T) Yes. This

information is required but is not keyed.

Crew Leader Code Four-digit alphanumeric field to record the LTRMP Crew Identification

Code. These codes are permanently assigned to LTRMP staff at each

station. Record the code that was assigned to the crew member who is

responsible for direction of the particular sample collection.

Crew Leader's

Signature

Space where the designated Crew Leader for the sample collection must

sign (legal signature) the statement of compliance with current LTRMP

procedures. There must be a designated Crew Leader (the person who is

responsible for decisions in difficult situations). This information is

required but is not keyed.

6.2.3 Fish Measurement Sheet (EMTC 03/24/95)

Fish Measurement Sheets (Appendix D) are used in the field and lab, depending on circumstances. For

fish that can be identified and enumerated in the field, all data (except for the Fish Collection Sheet bar

code number, and [optionally] the number of fish recorded on the sheet [see below]) are recorded at the
33

collection site. At times, it might be necessary to preserve specimens and return them to the lab for

positive identification and/or enumeration, and for this purpose and only this purpose, measurements are

made and recorded on Fish Measurement Sheets in the lab. When preserving fish at the collection site,

the page number and header block of an otherwise blank Fish Measurement Sheet must be completed and

returned to the lab with the preserved specimens. When recording fish measurements in the lab, verify

that the Fish Measurement Sheet header information, including the bar code number, matches the corresponding Fish Collection Sheet EXACTLY, and that the page numbers are in proper sequence. 

Field name Description and coding instructions

Fish Collection Sheet

Bar Code Number

Print the bar code number of the corresponding Fish Collection Sheet in

the boxes provided in the top margin upon return to office (see Section

1.7.2, Pre-Submission QA/QC Procedures). Verify that the number recorded is correct before sending data sheets to the data entry contractor.

Note: Recording of collection sheet bar code numbers on all

Fish Measurement Sheets is required; data sheets lacking bar code

numbers will be returned to the field station.

Page Number Two-digit numeric field to record the page number of the Fish Measurement Sheet. Number multiple sheets consecutively. The page number of

the last Fish Measurement Sheet for a sample collection must equal the

entry for Number of Fish Measurement Data Sheets on the corresponding

Fish Collection Sheet.

Header Data Record header information according to the corresponding instructions for

the Fish Collection Sheet. There is only one additional field, Recording

Site, below.

Recording Site One-digit numeric field to record the site at which fish on the particular

Fish Measurement Sheet were identified, enumerated, and measured.

Record 1 on Fish Measurement Sheets completed in the field and 2 on

sheets completed in the lab or office. Note: Never record data from the

field and lab on the same data sheet; use separate Fish Measurement

Data Sheets for field and lab recording.

Measurement Block

Species Name Space for noting species common names. This QA field is not keyed.

Record an identifiable common name or abbreviation (other than the

LTRMP fish code) of a common name, even if the species code is known,

to preclude loss of data due to mistaken codes. This value does not have

to be written on each row where multiple rows of a species occur. The

first occurrence of a species' common name in a contiguous block should

be recorded, but subsequent rows can be identified by a vertical line.

Species Code Four-digit alphabetic field to record LTRMP species code identifiers.

These species codes are cross-referenced to American Fisheries

Society-accepted common and scientific names in Appendix H. A SPE-
Field name Description and coding instructions

34

CIES CODE MUST BE ENTERED FOR EACH AND EVERY

COMPLETED ROW. Never indicate continued measurements from a

species on successive rows by vertical line drawn below the first occurrence of a code. Species codes may be completed in the lab if species

common names were identified on the data sheets.

Length

(min)

Four-digit numeric field to record individual length measurements or

lower bounds (minima) of length groups. Record all measurements of

individual lengths to the nearest 1 mm. Record lower bounds of length

groups to the nearest 1 mm. This field is left blank only to designate

unmeasured fish; otherwise, it must be completed.

TFS One-digit alphabetic field to record system used for length measurement:

T or Blank = Maximum total length measurement; distance from anterior-most

extreme of head (jaw closed) to most distant lobe of caudal fin (lobes compressed

to achieve maximum length)

F = Fork length; distance from anterior-most extreme of head (jaw closed) to fork

of caudal fin (tip of median fin rays)

S = Standard length; distance from anterior-most extreme of head (jaw closed) to

caudal peduncle (posterior margin of hypural bone)

Use standard length for fish with damaged caudal fins. Use fork length

for fishes such as paddlefish or sturgeon that have rigid caudal fins or

variable-length caudal filaments.

Group Width

(GRP WTH)

One-digit numeric field to record the width, to the nearest 1 cm of a

length group from within which fish were enumerated or bulk-weighed.

For example, to record counts from fish in the 1-cm length interval from

290 to 299.9 mm, the Group Minimum is 290 and the Group Width is 1.

RECORD GROUP WIDTHS FOR ALL ROWS THAT CONTAIN

COUNTS OR BULK WEIGHTS FOR A SPECIFIED LENGTH

GROUP. Leave this field blank for fish that are unmeasured or individually measured to the nearest 1 mm. Presence of group width values

distinguishes individual measurements from bulk values. 

Weight (g) Five-digit numeric field to record individual or aggregate weights (in

grams). Individual weights are distinguished by the presence of a Group

Width value and should be measured to the nearest 1%. Measurement of

weight with >1% measurement error defeats any purpose for measuring

weight. Weights should be measured only for special purposes.

Fish Count Five-digit numeric field to record counts of fish represented by the row

of data. Fish Count is 1 for all individually measured lengths and weights

and $1 for bulk counts. For example, if a particular fish was measured

to the nearest 1 mm, then Fish Count is 1 f; if just one fish of a particular

length group is encountered during length group enumeration, then Fish
Field name Description and coding instructions

35

Efficient decimal tally scheme (credit to M.

Stopyro, Minnesota Department of Natural

Resources).

Count is also 1 for that length group. However, if 10 fish of a length

group are encountered during group enumeration, then Fish Count is 10.

Working Tally Space in which to tally fish

during enumeration of fish by

species or length group. This

field is not keyed and is

provided for scratch intermediate recording. Tally fish

counts using the decimal

enumeration scheme composed of dots and lines shown

to the right. This scheme is

efficient in that 10 can be

recorded in the same amount

of space required to record 5

using the traditional system of four vertical lines crossed by one diagonal

line. This scheme allows more than 100 fish to be recorded in a single

Working Tally field.

Pathogen Code (PC) One-digit field to record LTRMP fish health/pathogen codes (Table 3),

as follows:

0 or blank = No visible abnormality

1 = Parasite

2 = Skeletal abnormality

3 = Tumors

4 = Injury

5 = Skin/fin/eye

6 = Other

Subproject Two-digit field to record data needed to interpret User-Defined Fields

(UDFs), as follows:

First Box

1 = Aging structures (otoliths, scales, etc.) collected, specimen bar code

2 = Stomach contents collected

3 = Both aging structures and stomach contents collected

0 = Continued from previous line

Note: When the above codes are used, the specimen bar code number

must be recorded in UDFs 1-10.

Second Box

0 = Tag implanted, number follows in UDFs 1-11, fish released

1 = Tag recovered, number follows in UDFs 1-11, fish released

2 = Tag recovered, number follows in UDFs 1-11, fish not released

3 = Tag scar visible, fish released
36

Field name Description and coding instructions

4 = Tag scar visible, fish not released

5 = Fin clipped, fin position follows in UDF 11

6 = Fin clip recovered, position follows in UDF 11, released

7 = Fin clip recovered, position follows in UDF 11, not released

Note: It may be rarely necessary to collect aging structures or stomachs and record a tag number. When this need arises, record the

specimen (aging structure or stomach) information first, skip to the

next line number on the data sheet, leaving everything to the left of the

first Subproject box, record a zero in the first Subproject box, and then

record tagging information as per above. This is necessary only if a tag

number must be recorded; fin positions and specimens can be recorded

on one line. 

User-Defined Fields Twelve one-digit alphanumeric fields to record special information not

routinely collected during standardized monitoring activities. The identities of UDFs are specific to particular project codes. If you need to

record data in these fields, obtain a special Project Code from the EMTC.

The descriptions of all UDFs are permanently recorded in a Project Detail

File and can be referenced using the Project Code.

Gill Nets: Record the mesh size code for the panel from which fish were

extracted in UDF 12 as follows:

 Mesh size code Mesh size (stretch)

1 4" 

2 6"

3 8"

4 10"

When no fish are caught in a particular mesh size, record the mesh size

code, a species code value of "NFSH" (no fish caught), and a count of

"0" (zero).

Seines and Trawls: Record the haul number (seines 1-4; trawls 1-6) in

UDF 12. If no fish are caught in a particular haul, record the haul number, a species code of "NFSH" (no fish caught), and a Fish Count of "0"

(zero).

Fin Clipping: To record the positions of fin clips, record the fin position

number, as shown in the diagram below, in UDF 11.
Field name Description and coding instructions

37

Numeric codes for fin clip positions

Specimen numbers: Record specimen (aging structure and/or stomach

contents) bar code numbers in UDFs 1-10. The first box of the

Subproject field must contain an appropriate code.

Tag numbers: Record tag numbers in UDFs1-11. The second box of the

Subproject field must contain an appropriate code.

QA/QC Block The Quality Assurance/Quality Control block is used to record abbreviated documentation of compliance with LTRMP procedures.

Recorder Code Three-digit numeric field to record the LTRMP Crew Identification Number. These numbers are permanently assigned to LTRMP staff at each

station. Record the code that was assigned to the crew member who

recorded data on the Fish Measurement Sheet.

Number of Fish on

 This Sheet

Four-digit field to record the total number of fish (sum of Fish Counts)

recorded on this Fish Measurement Sheet.

Crew Leader Initials Space for the designated Crew Leader (person responsible for decisions

in difficult situations) to initial his or her first and last names.
38

6.3 Tips for Measuring and Recording Measurements

6.3.1 General

The Fish Measurement Sheet is flexible; it can be used to record data from several different enumeration

and measurements tasks. One sheet may be used to record data from several species; when convenient

(such as when catches are large), you may use separate (possibly several) data sheets to record

measurements from each species. Suggestions for recording different types of measurements are provided

in the following sections.

6.3.2 Recording Individual Measurements Without Regard to Subsampling

Quotas

At times, it may be necessary to record individual lengths (and perhaps weights) from all fish of key

species in small samples. This task is easy. Simply record measurements from individuals on successive

lines. Group-width fields will be left blank, signifying individual measurement.

6.3.3 Recording Length Group Counts

Recording counts by length group is a frequently used method. Perhaps the easiest way to collect and

record these data is to make an initial visual inspection of the catch. Approximate length ranges of

abundant species are estimated from visual observation of the catch. The recorder can then write in TLC

minima for length groups apparent in the catch. As fish are processed and categorized into length groups,

counts are tallied in the Working Tally field. When the last fish is processed, tallies are added and final

fish counts are recorded. As occasional fish are encountered that are outside the prerecorded set of length

group minima, new length classes are added to the data sheet. It may be convenient to use one Fish

Measurement Sheet for each species when catches are large.

6.3.4 Recording Subsampled Individual Measurements in the Quota

Measurement Scheme

The most difficult processing task is obtaining and recording a quota of, say, the first k (usually k = 3)

individual lengths and weights from a larger sample in which fish will be classified by length group. This

task requires obtaining both individual measurements and counts by length group. This process can be

managed using the Fish Measurement Sheet. Set up the range of expected length groups and begin

measuring. For the first fish of a particular length group, write a tally mark in the working tally field, then

record individual length and weight measurements and a fish count of one (1) on a new line. For

convenience, you may want to record length group tallies on one sheet (for a species) and then record the

successive individual lengths and weights beginning on a separate sheet. Repeat this process. After the

k'th fish of a length group is processed, circle those first k tally marks in the working tally field. When

the (k + 1)'th fish is encountered, begin tallying anew in the same working tally box. After all fish are

processed, count the uncircled tally marks in each working tally box and record this number in the

fish count field corresponding to that length group. The sum of the fish counts from length group

tallies and individual measurements must equal the total number of fish captured.
39

7. QA/QC Procedures for Submission of Data for Entry

7.1 Overview

Properly completed data sheets are submitted to the data entry contractor on a weekly basis. This

schedule ensures that the data are available for use on a timely basis and avoids development of a backlog.

All complete sets of data sheets completed during a particular week should be submitted for entry during

the same week or early the following week. A complete set of data sheets for a collection consists of the

Fish Collection Sheet and all Fish Measurement Sheets, listing all fish caught for that collection. Only

complete sets may be submitted to the data entry contractor. When, for any collection, fish are returned

to the lab for identification, it will usually not be possible to complete all Fish Measurement Sheets during

the same week the collection was made. When fish must be returned to the lab for identification, then the

Fish Collection Sheet and any Fish Measurement Sheets recorded in the field are held at the field station

until all Fish Measurement Sheets for that collection have been completed. It is only after the last labrecorded Fish Measurement Sheet has been completed that the Fish Collection Sheet and all Fish

Measurement Sheets are sent to the data entry contractor.

After data have been recorded in the field and all fish that were returned to the lab have been processed

and recorded, some additional QA/QC actions are needed to document collection of the data and to check

for discrepancies that would delay processing unless resolved prior to data entry. The Field Station

Fisheries Component Specialists are responsible for proper performance of these QA/QC steps. The

purposes of these steps are to (1) provide information to verify that all data sheets are keyed by the data

entry contractor, (2) document the chain-of-custody of the data, and (3) provide an additional safeguard

against dissociation of corresponding Fish Collection Sheets and Fish Measurement Sheets because of

discrepant header information.

7.2 Pre-Submission QA/QC Procedures

As soon as possible after returning from a sampling venture, perform the following eight (8) steps:

1. Recheck all data sheets. Ensure that Header Block information from each Fish Collection Sheet and

all corresponding Fish Measurement Sheets match exactly.

2. Affix one sticker from a pair of bar code stickers onto the space provided at the top of the first Fish

Collection Sheet. Use bar codes in numeric order. Place the other sticker from this pair of

stickers in the next available Collection Sheet Bar Code field on a Fish Data Sheet Log (Revision

EMTC 01/20/95; example in Appendix J). These two bar codes must match.

3. Record the number of corresponding Fish Collection Sheets and Fish Measurement Sheets completed for this collection in the "Number of Sheets" field on the Fish Data Sheet Log. The number of

Fish Collection Sheets is 1 if a Fish Collection Sheet is submitted to the data entry contractor. The

number of Fish Measurement Sheets is the number being submitted to the data entry contractor with

this batch. If no fish were caught, so that there are no corresponding Fish Measurement Sheets,

record a zero (0).
 1Field Station staff complete the box at the bottom of the Fish Data Sheet Log labeled Date

Mailed to Data Entry, but not the three boxes to the right of this. The data entry contractor completes the boxes labeled Date Received by Data Entry and Date Sent to EMTC. EMTC staff sign for

receipt of the log and data sheets in the box labeled Date Received by EMTC.

40

4. On each and every Fish Measurement Sheet in the collection, write the bar code number of the

corresponding Fish Collection Sheet (see item 2, above) into the boxes labeled "Fish Collection

Sheet Bar Code Number" in the upper margin. Continue this until all Fish Measurement Sheets in

the collection have received bar code numbers.

5. On the Fish Data Sheet Log, record the Date Logged, Crew Code (identification of the person

performing the logging), and your initials in the last three columns to document completion of

QA/QC steps 1-5, above.

6. Make one photocopy of all data sheets.

7. Continue as in Steps 1-5 for any additional collections.

8. When you are ready to submit data to the data entry contractor, check to see that Field Station

Numbers and page numbers are recorded on the corresponding completed Fish Data Sheet Logs,

record the Date Mailed to Data Entry1

 (bottom left corner of Log), and sign below. Then make two

copies of the Fish Data Sheet Log(s). Place the original Fish Data Sheet Log(s) on the top of the

batch of data sheets and mail this entire set to the data entry contractor. Keep one copy of the Fish

Data Sheet Log(s) on file at the field station and immediately mail the other copy to the EMTC.

8. References

Anderson, R. O., and S. J. Gutreuter. 1983. Length, weight, and associated structural indices. Pages

283-300 in L. A. Nielsen and D. L. Johnson, editors. Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries

Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Bunge, J., and M. Fitzpatrick. 1993. Estimating the number of species: A review. Journal of the

American Statistical Association 88:364-373.

Burkhardt, R. W., and S. Gutreuter. 1995. Improving electrofishing catch consistency by standardizing

power. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 15:375-381.

Burkhardt, R. W., K. S. Lubinski, and J. L. Rasmussen. 1988. Fish. Pages 7.1-7.55 in Procedures

manual of the Long Term Resource Monitoring Program for the Upper Mississippi River System. U.

S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin.

Carlander, H. B. 1954. A history of fish and fishing in the Upper Mississippi River. Upper Mississippi

River Conservation Committee Special Publication. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee,

Rock Island, Illinois.

Carline, R. F. 1986. Assessment of fish populations and measurement of angler harvest: Indices as

predictors of fish community traits. Pages 46-56 in G. E. Hall and M. J. Van Den Avyle, editors. 
41

Reservoir fisheries management: Strategies for the 80's. Southern Division, American Fisheries

Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Cochran, W. G. 1977. Sampling techniques, 3rd edition. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Fremling, C. R., J. L. Rasmussen, R. E. Sparks, S. P. Cobb, C. F. Bryan, and T. O. Claflin. 1989.

Mississippi River fisheries: A case history. Pages 309-351 in D. P. Dodge, editor. Proceedings of

the International Large River Symposium. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic

Sciences 106. Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, Ontario.

Funk, J. L. 1957. Relative efficiency and selectivity of gear used in the study of fish populations in

Missouri streams. Pages 31-43 in Symposium on Evaluation of Fish Populations in Warm Water

Streams. Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

Gutreuter, S. 1992. Systemic features of fisheries of the Upper Mississippi River System: 1990 Fisheries

Component Annual Report. Technical Report 92-T001, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental

Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin.

Gutreuter, S. 1993. The need for stratified spatially randomized sampling of fishes in the Long Term

Resource Monitoring Program. Report to the LTRMP Analysis Team. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,

Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin.

Gutreuter, S., and D. J. Krzoska. 1994. Quantifying precision of in situ length and weight measurements

of fish. North American Journal of Fisheries Management 14:318-322.

Hayes, M. L. 1983. Active fish capture methods. Pages 123-145 in L. A. Nielsen and D. L. Johnson,

editors. Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Hubert, W. A. 1983. Passive capture techniques. Pages 95-111 in L. A. Nielsen and D. L. Johnson,

editors. Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Jackson, G. A., C. E. Korschgen, P. A. Thiel, J. M. Besser, D. W. Steffeck, and M. H. Bockenhauer.

1981. A long-term resource monitoring plan for the Upper Mississippi River System. Volume 1.

Contract Report No. 14-16-009-81-903 for the Upper Mississippi River Basin Commission,

Bloomington, Minnesota.

Johnson, D. L., and L. A. Nielsen. 1983. Sampling considerations. Pages 1-21 in L. A. Nielsen and

D. L. Johnson, editors. Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Northcote, T. G. 1988. Fish in the structure and function of freshwater ecosystems: A "top-down" view.

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 45:361-379.

Pitlo, J., Jr. 1987. Standing stock of fishes in the Upper Mississippi River. Fisheries section, Upper

Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

Rasmussen, J. L. 1979. A compendium of fishery information on the Upper Mississippi River. 2nd

edition. Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.
42

Reynolds, J. B. 1983. Electrofishing. Pages 147-163 in L. A. Nielsen and D. L. Johnson, editors.

Fisheries techniques. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.

Robins, C. R., C. E. Bond, J. R. Brooker, E. A. Lachner, R. N. Lea, and W. B. Scott. 1991. Common

and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. 5th edition. Special Publication 20.

American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland. 183 pp.

Starrett, W. C., and P. G. Barnikol. 1955. Efficiency and selectivity of commercial fishing devices used

on the Mississippi River. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 26:325-366.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1992. Operating Plan for the Upper Mississippi River System Long Term

Resource Monitoring Program. Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin,

Revised September 1993. EMTC 91-P002. 179 pp. (NTIS #PB94-160199)

Van Vooren, A. 1983. Distribution and relative abundance of Upper Mississippi River fishes. Fish

Technical Section, Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, Rock Island, Illinois.

Wilcox, D. B. 1993. An aquatic habitat classification system for the Upper Mississippi River System.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Environmental Management Technical Center, Onalaska, Wisconsin,

May 1993. EMTC 93-T003. 9 pp. + Appendix A. (NTIS # PB93-208981)
A-1

Appendix A

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Electrofishing Boats

Table A-1. Parts list for Long Term Resource Monitoring Program electrofishing boats, excluding major components

____________________________________________________________________________________

Qty Part Qty Part

____________________________________________________________________________________

1 20o

 Bezel

48 1⁄4-20 x 1" SS Bolts

1 Battery Box

1 Chair

1 Control Head

1 Intake Screen

1 Stern Light

1 12-V Voltmeter

1 Pedestal

1 Water Pump

20 8" x 3⁄4" Metal Screw

1 Overflow Tube

40 1⁄4" Lock Washers

1 Steering Wheel

2 box Single Gang 41⁄2" Outlet

1 box Single Gang Waterproof Hub Box

4 Chance Pole Caps

50 ft 3⁄4" PVC Conduit

50 ft 1⁄2" Thinwall Conduit

10 ft 3⁄4" Thinwall Conduit

90 ft 1" Thinwall Conduit

2 ft 3⁄4" Watertite Flex Conduit

2 3⁄4" Watertite Connector

2 1⁄2" Box Connector

11 ft 600-V 3-Way (12-3) Cord

4 1⁄2" Strain Relief Cord Grip

5 Conduit Cord Grip

7 Waterproof Receptacle Cover

2 Cover for Momentary Switch

1 Single Gang Blank Cover

1 3-Prong Twist Lock

4 4-Prong Twist Lock

1 3-Prong Straight Blade Female

Plug

1 3-Prong Male Household Plug

2 16' x 1⁄2" Chance Pole

5 2-Prong Twist Lock Receptacle

2 4-Prong Twist Lock Receptacle

1 3-Prong Twist Lock Receptacle

2 Momentary Closed Switch

40 ft 8# Wire - Color: Black

120 ft 12# Wire - Various Colors: Red,

Yellow, Green, Blue, Black

210 ft 16# Wire - Various Colors: Red,

Yellow, Green, Blue, Black

1 Amphenol Large Boot

1 5-amp Toggle Breaker

1 25-amp Toggle Breaker

1 10-amp Toggle Breaker

1 Amphenol Cord Grip

1 Amphenol Plug Housing

12 Terminal Block Jumpers

1 On-None-On Toggle Switch

1 12-Terminal Block

2 4-Terminal Block

3 5-amp Toggle Breaker

2 Safety Mats (Electrical Disconnect)

4 Halogen Deck Light

1 Console

1 Amphenol 3-Prong Female Insert

18 ft 1⁄2" Copper or Aluminum Tubing

20 ft 9/16" Stainless Steel Tubing

1 Bow Light
 A-2

Table A-2. LTRMP standardized electrofishing power settings for various water conductivities and temperatureat these power settings ensures potential transfer of 3,000 watts from water to fish (Burkhardt and Gutreuter 199

Temperature Temperat

Conductivity 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Condu c-tivity 5 10 15 20 35 

25 8859 7896 7164 6588 6125 5745 5427 5159 4929 535 3493 3703 3924 4152 4385 35 6809 6130 5615 5212 4889 4626 4407 4224 4068 545 3518 3734 3960 4193 4431 45 5684 5164 4772 4467 4225 4029 3867 3733 3620 555 3543 3764 3996 4234 4478 55 4980 4563 4251 4010 3820 3668 3545 3444 3360 565 3568 3795 4032 4275 4524 65 4501 4158 3902 3707 3556 3436 3340 3263 3202 575 3593 3826 4068 4317 4571 75 4159 3870 3658 3498 3375 3280 3206 3148 3104 585 3619 3857 4104 4358 4617 85 3904 3658 3480 3348 3249 3174 3117 3076 3045 595 3644 3888 4140 4400 4664 95 3710 3499 3348 3239 3159 3101 3060 3032 3013 605 3670 3919 4177 4442 4711 

105 3558 3376 3249 3159 3096 3053 3025 3008 3001 615 3696 3950 4214 4484 4758 115 3438 3281 3174 3102 3053 3023 3006 3000 3003 625 3723 3982 4251 4526 4805 125 3343 3207 3118 3060 3025 3006 3000 3004 3015 635 3749 4014 4288 4568 4852 135 3266 3150 3076 3032 3008 3000 3004 3016 3036 745 3775 4045 4325 4610 4899 145 3203 3105 3046 3014 3001 3002 3015 3036 3063 655 3802 4077 4362 4652 4947 155 3153 3070 3024 3003 3001 3012 3032 3061 3096 665 3829 4109 4399 4694 4994 165 3113 3044 3010 3000 3007 3026 3055 3091 3134 675 3855 4142 4436 4737 5042 175 3081 3025 3003 3002 3018 3045 3082 3125 3174 685 3882 4174 4474 4779 5089 185 3056 3012 3000 3009 3033 3068 3112 3163 3218 695 3909 4206 4511 4822 5137 195 3036 3004 3002 3020 3052 3095 3146 3203 3265 705 3937 4239 4549 4865 5185 205 3021 3000 3008 3034 3074 3124 3182 3245 3314 715 3964 4271 4587 4908 5232 215 3011 3000 3016 3051 3098 3155 3220 3290 3364 725 3991 4304 4624 4950 5280 225 3004 3003 3028 3070 3125 3189 3260 3336 3417 735 4019 4337 4662 4993 5328 235 3001 3009 3042 3092 3154 3224 3301 3384 3470 745 4046 4369 4700 5036 5376 245 3000 3018 3059 3116 3184 3261 3345 3433 3525 755 4074 4402 4738 5079 5424 255 3002 3028 3077 3141 3216 3299 3389 3483 3581 765 4102 4435 4776 5122 5472 265 3006 3040 3097 3168 3250 3339 3435 3535 3638 775 4130 4468 4814 5165 5520 275 3012 3054 3118 3196 3284 3380 3481 3587 3696 785 4158 4501 4852 5209 5568 285 3019 3070 3141 3225 3320 3421 3529 3640 3755 795 4186 4534 4891 5252 5617 295 3029 3087 3165 3256 3356 3464 3577 3694 3814 805 4214 4568 4929 5295 5665 305 3039 3105 3190 3287 3394 3507 3626 3749 3874 815 4242 4601 4967 5338 5713 
 A-3

Table A-2. Continued

Temperature Temperat

Conductivity 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Condu c-tivity 5 10 15 20 35 

315 3051 3124 3216 3319 3432 3551 3676 3804 3935 825 4270 4634 5006 5382 5761 325 3064 3145 3243 3353 3471 3596 3726 3860 3996 835 4298 4668 5044 5425 5810 335 3079 3166 3270 3386 3511 3642 3777 3916 4058 845 4326 4701 5083 5469 5858 345 3094 3188 3299 3421 3551 3687 3828 3973 4120 855 4355 4735 5121 5512 5907 355 3110 3211 3328 3456 3592 3734 3880 4030 4182 865 4383 4768 5160 5556 5955 365 3127 3234 3357 3491 3633 3781 3932 4087 4245 875 4412 4802 5198 5599 6004 375 3144 3258 3388 3528 3675 3828 3985 4145 4308 885 4440 4835 5237 5643 6052 385 3162 3283 3419 3564 3717 3876 4038 4204 4372 895 4469 4869 5276 5687 6101 395 3181 3308 3450 3601 3760 3924 4091 4262 4436 905 4498 4903 5314 5730 6149 405 3201 3334 3482 3639 3803 3972 4145 4321 4500 915 4526 4937 5353 5774 6198 415 3221 3360 3514 3677 3846 4021 4199 4380 4564 925 4555 4970 5392 5818 6247 425 3242 3387 3546 3715 3890 4070 4253 4440 4628 935 4584 5004 5431 5862 6295 435 3263 3414 3579 3753 3934 4119 4308 4499 4693 945 4613 5038 5470 5905 6344 445 3284 3442 3613 3792 3978 4168 4362 4559 4758 955 4642 5072 5509 5949 6393 455 3306 3470 3646 3831 4022 4218 4417 4619 4823 965 4670 5106 5548 5993 6442 465 3328 3498 3680 3870 4067 4268 4472 4679 4888 975 4699 5140 5587 6037 6490 475 3351 3527 3714 3910 4112 4318 4527 4740 4954 985 4728 5174 5626 6081 6539 485 3374 3555 3749 3950 4157 4368 4583 4800 5019 995 4758 5208 5665 6125 6588 495 3397 3584 3783 3990 4202 4419 4639 4861 5085 1005 4787 5242 5704 6169 6637 505 3421 3614 3818 4030 4248 4469 4694 4922 5151 1015 4816 5276 5743 6213 6686 515 3445 3643 3853 4071 4293 4520 4750 4983 5217 1025 4845 5311 5782 6257 6735 525 3469 3673 3889 4111 4339 4571 4806 5044 5283 1035 4874 5345 5821 6301 6784 
 A-4

Figure A-1. External configuration of a Long Term Resource Monitoring Program pulsed-DC electrofish
 A-5

Figure A-2. Circuit diagram for a Long Term Resource Monitoring Program pulsed-DC electrofishing bo
A-6

Figure A-3. Terminal block strip and toggle switch configuration for a Long Term Resource

Monitoring Program electrofishing boat
B-1

Appendix B

Mapping Electrical Fields Surrounding

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program Electrofishing Boats

The electrical field emanating from all Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP)

electrofishing boats should be mapped annually and after repair of electrical components to ensure

standardization.

The effective voltage gradient for capture of fish ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 V/cm (Reynolds 1983). A

voltage gradient of 0.1 to 1.0 V/cm is generally sufficient to produce a voltage drop of 2 to 20 V over the

length of a 20-cm fish, enough to capture but not harm the fish. 

The effective electrical field is measured with an oscilloscope and probe having two metal pins

(electrodes) separated by a gap of 1 cm. The oscilloscope is used to measure the voltage gradient between

the two pins. The voltage gradient in the electrical field must be at least 0.1 V/cm, as per the

measurements shown in Figure B-1, below.

Figure B-1. Approximate shape of the effective (0.1 # V/cm #1.0) electrical field around a Long

Term Resource Monitoring Program electrofishing boat operating at the 3,000-W power goal. Shaded

area is the effective field.
C-1

3. Gear Effort

Fish Collection Sheet

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Environmental Management Technical Center

575 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650

Field Station Number Location Code Pool/Reach

Start Date (MM/DD/YY)

Finish Date(MM/DD/YY)

Project Code

M=RTA Monitoring, B=Bio Response,

E=Experimental, R=Research

Gear Time Period Summary Code

1. Header Data

Finish Time (HH/MM)

Start Time (HH/MM)

2. Location Data

Accuracy

N/S Coordinates

E/W Coordinates

5. Water Data

Secchi cm

Site Type (0=Primary,

1=Alternate, 2=Fixed)

Method

1=UTM (Map)

2=UTM (GPS)

3=L/L (GPS)

4=L/L (Map)

Zone

Stratum

6. Structure

6. Structure (continued)

Predominant Substrate

Substrate Codes: 1=Silt(Soft), 2=Silt/Clay/Little

Sand, 3= Sand/Mostly Sand, 4=Gravel/Rock/Hard

Clay (Hard)

Woody debris/snags

Tributary Mouth

Inlet/Outlet Channel

Flooded Terrestrial

Wing Dam/Dyke

Revetment

Other (Describe in Comments)

Low-head Dam,

Closing Structure, Weir

Percent Coverage

Codes: 0=0%, 1=1-19%,

2=20-49%, 3=>50%

Density

Codes: 1=Sparse,

2=Dense

7. Comments

Note: Only 80 characters

may be used for

comments.

8. Other Information

Total number of fish collected

Number of fish measurement data sheets

Number of containers returned to lab

9. Certification

Crew Leader's Signature

Site Alias

4. Electrofishing Settings

Power Goal

Volts

Pulse (Hz)

QF Amps QF

Power Used

Duty Cycle

Time (HH/MM)

Distance m

EMTC 03/24/95

Check All That Apply Within Sample Area

 (50x50m except 200x50m for electrofishing)

Emergent and Submersed Aquatic Vegetation

Place Bar Code Here

Other Structure

(If present, place an X in the appropriate box)

QF



Are header blocks on this sheet and the fish measurement data

sheet complete and do they match? ( ) Yes

Are the data sheets complete? ( ) Yes

Crew Leader ID

Data recorded on this form and corresponding fish measurement data

sheets were collected in accordance with current LTRMP procedures and

are, to the best of my knowledge, complete and free of errors.

 m/s QF

Conductivity μS/cm QF

Water Temp  C QF

Water Velocity

QF

QF

Depth 

D.O. 

QF Codes:

Blank=No Problems

0=Equipment Inoperative

1=Equipment in Question

2=Reading Off Scale (High)

3=Reading Off Scale (Low)

5=Sample Unusable/

Unobtained

9=Non-Standard Method

Used



Stage

Height

QF

Appendix C

Fish Collection Sheet
D-1

Field Station Number Location Code

Name Code

Start Date (MM/DD/YY) Start Time (HH/MM) Gear

Species Length

(min)

(mm)

GRP

(WTH)

(cm)

Recorder Code

Working

Tally

Fish

Count

Weight

(g)

P

C

User Defined Fields

1 2 3 4 5 12 6 7 8 9 10 11

SubProj.

1=Field

2=Lab Recording Site

EMTC 03/24/95

Fish Collection Sheet Bar Code Number Page Number

Fish Measurement Sheet

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Environmental Management Technical Center

575 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, Wisconsin 54650

Number of Fish on This Sheet

1

2

3

4

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10

9

8

7

6

5

Is the collection sheet barcode

number recorded above?

Crew Leader Initials: ________

Line

TFS

 Pool/Reach

Appendix D

Fish Measurement Sheet
E-1

Appendix E

Placement of Serially Connected Tandem Hoop Nets Prior to 1993
F-1

Appendix F

Original Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Fish Monitoring Design

Overview. The original sampling design (1989 through 1992) for the fisheries component of the Long

Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) was based on a fixed-point sampling program, wherein

subjectively chosen permanent sampling stations were monitored through time. This appendix describes

that original sampling design. Details of procedures used prior to 1991 were described by Burkhardt et

al. (1988).

Fixed-point sampling is often used in biological and water quality field surveys, but is little used

elsewhere. Fixed-point sampling is valid if interest is restricted only to the set of permanent sampling

stations, and there is no interest in making inferences beyond those stations. Data from the LTRMP are

needed to detect trends within whole habitat classes and study reaches; fixed-point sampling cannot satisfy

that need.

Fixed-point sampling has important features that distinguish it from more common randomized (fixed,

stratified, clustered, or systematic) sampling (Johnson and Nielson 1983). Because selection of the original

sites is not random over LTRMP study reaches, it cannot be assumed that attributes or trends measured

in the permanent sampling stations reflect attributes or trends in the larger LTRMP study reaches.

Therefore, data collected from permanent sampling stations can be used as indices within sites but cannot

be used to infer attributes or trends in the larger unit without assuming that the permanent stations are truly

representative (Johnson and Nielson 1983). Critics of fixed-point sampling or the results of fixed-point

sampling can always argue validly that the resultant data may be only artifacts of the initial site selection.

Sampling sites. Within LTRMP study reaches, permanent sampling sites were subjectively chosen

to represent individual biologist's beliefs about each of seven target habitat types: channel border-unstructured, channel border-wing dam, side channel border, tailwater, main channel trough, contiguous backwater, and impounded. It should be noted that not all of the selected habitats exist in every study area. In

cases where only some of the selected habitats are found, the amount of effort that would normally be

applied to the nonexistent habitat is applied to existing target habitats or other habitats typical of the study

area, depending on crew leader and EMTC discretion.

In the original LTRMP fish monitoring design, the permanent sampling sites were defined such that

they contained two, but occasionally more, subareas that were treated as replicates (Fig. F-1). The

replicate subareas were usually, but not always, contiguous (see Sample replications, below). In this

scheme, replication is valid for estimation and testing of these composite sites. An alternative interpretation of this arrangement is that the replicates constitute different sites within the habitat class, although they

were not selected independently.

Seasonal distribution of fish collections. Three full sets of collections, plus replicates, were expended

annually in all habitats: two sets in each habitat type from June 15 to July 30, from August 1 to September

15, and from September 16 to October 30.
F-2

Figure F-1. Spatial replication within sampling sites in the original Long Term Resource

Monitoring Program fixed-site sampling design.

Prior to 1991, two sets of "community" collections were made from June 15 through July 30 and from

August 1 to September 15. Catches of all species were recorded during these first two time periods.

Additionally, during 1989 and 1990 "population" sampling was directed at channel catfish (Time Period 3),

black crappie (Time Period 4), and sauger (Time Period 5). Catches of all other species were not reliably

recorded in these collections. These "population" collections were described by Burkhardt et al. (1988).

Spatial distribution of fish collections. (See Table F-1)

a. Channel border-unstructured habitat. A unit of effort in channel border-unstructured habitat

consisted of two 200-m, 15-min night electrofishing runs starting 30 min after sunset (nn); two hoop net

sets (hh); four seine hauls (ssss), and four trawls (tttt) each for the upper and lower reaches (includes

replicates).

b. Channel border-wing dam habitat. A unit of effort in channel border-wing dam habitat consisted

of two electrofishing runs that encompass the front and back of the wing dam (recording time and distance)

starting at or near 0700 CST (dd); two hoop net sets (hh); and two mini fyke net sets (mm) each for the

upper and lower reaches (includes replicates).

c. Side channel border. A unit of effort in side channel border-unstructured habitat consisted of two

200-m, 15-min night electrofishing runs starting 30 min after sunset (nn); two hoop net sets (hh); and four

seine hauls (ssss) each for the upper and lower reaches (includes replicates).

d. Tailwater. A unit of effort in tailwater habitat consisted of two night electrofishing runs starting 30

min after sunset; two hoop net sets (hh); two fyke sets (ff); two mini fyke net sets (mm); and four trawls

(tttt) for the upper reach only (includes replicates).
F-3

e. Main channel trough. A unit of effort in main channel trough habitat consisted of six trawls (tttttt)

each for the upper and lower reaches (includes replicates).

f. Nonvegetated, backwater-contiguous habitat. A unit of effort in nonvegetated, backwater-contiguous

habitat consisted of two 200-m, 15-min daytime electrofishing runs starting at or near 0700 CST (dd); two

200-m, 15-min night electrofishing runs starting 30 min after sunset (nn); two fyke net sets (ff); and two

seine hauls (ss) each for the upper and lower reaches (includes replicates). 

If a nonvegetated shoreline did not exist, two tandem fyke net sets (xx) and two mini fyke nets (mm)

were used instead of ff and ss.

g. Vegetated, backwater-contiguous habitat. A unit of effort in vegetated, backwater-contiguous

habitat consisted of two 200-m, 15-min daytime electrofishing runs starting at or near 0700 CST (dd); two

fyke net sets (ff); and two mini fyke net sets (mm) (includes replicates).

h. Nonvegetated, impounded habitat. A unit of effort in nonvegetated, impounded habitat consisted

of two 200-m, 15-min daytime electrofishing runs starting at or near 0700 CST (dd); two tandem fyke net

sets (xx); and two tandem mini fyke net sets (yy) (deployed the same as the large tandem fyke net sets) for

the lower reach only (includes replicates).

i. Vegetated, impounded habitat. A unit of effort in vegetated, impounded habitat consisted of two

200-m, 15-min daytime electrofishing runs starting at or near 0700 CST (dd); two fyke net sets (ff); and

two mini fyke net sets (mm) for the lower reach only (includes replicates).

Sample replications. Under certain circumstances, fish collections were to be treated as replications.

The criteria necessary for collections to be considered replications were that:

1. Collections were made within the same habitat area and water levels.

2. Collections were made using the same method.

3. Collections were made within the same time period.

4. Water conditions were similar for water depth, velocity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity,

specific conductance, and cover.

5. Collection locations within the habitat area were considered random and independent. (However,

locations were not, in fact, random.)

Duplicate sampling was necessary for evaluating sampling variance within habitat classes. A minimum

of one duplicate per method was considered a standard requirement within all community units of effort.

If time constraints did not permit a full sample effort, duplicate samples were sometimes omitted from

regular sampling.

Design modification. During 1992 and early 1993, a review of this sampling design was completed.

It was concluded that the original LTRMP fish sampling design was inadequate to obtain statistically valid

and defensible estimates and tests of trends within habitat classes and study reaches. This conclusion was

based on the limitations inherent in restriction of sampling to subjectively chosen permanent sampling sites

and is a fundamental scientific and statistical principle that does not require empirical data for support.

However, to assess the penalty in precision that might be incurred by incorporating stratified random

sampling, an analysis of within- and among-site variance components was performed. The resulting

analyses (Gutreuter 1993) suggested that adoption of stratified random sampling will not sacrifice precision. The LTRMP fish sampling design was modified during the winter and spring of 1993 to include

stratified random sampling.
F-4

Table F-1. Annual fish collections, 1990-1992, and units of effort for one collection period per habitat

by pool position and vegetation condition. Second letter indicates replicate sample and (no.) indicates

collection code serial number.

____________________________________________________________________________________

 Upper reach Lower reach __________________________ _________________________

Habitat category Open Vegetated Open Vegetated

____________________________________________________________________________________

Channel border dd dd

 unstructured (01) nn (08) nn

hh hh

ssss ssss

tttt tttt

Channel border dd dd

 wing dam (02) hh (09) hh

mm mm

Side channel border nn nn

 unstructured (03) hh (10) hh

ssss ssss

Tailwater nn

(04) hh

ff

mm

tttt

Channel trough (05) tttttt (11) tttttt

Backwater-contiguous dd dd dd dd

(06) nn (07) ff (12) nn (13) ff

ff mm ff mm

ss ss

yy yy

Impounded dd dd

(14) xx (15) ff 

yy mm 

____________________________________________________________________________________

Units of effort/gear code:

dd = two 200-m day electrofishing collections (with duplicates); nn = two 200-m night electrofishing

collections; hh = two 48-h hoop net collections; ssss = four seine collections; tttt=four trawl hauls;

mm = two 24-h mini fyke net collections; ff = two 24-h fyke net collections; xx = two 24-h fyke nets

set in tandem collections (may be interchanged with f in open water); and yy = two 24-h mini fyke nets

set in tandem collections (interchanges with s in impounded open habitats).
G-1

Appendix G

References to be Used as Keys in the Identification of Fish

Becker, G. C. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin. 

1,052 pp.

Pflieger, W. L. 1975. Fishes of Missouri. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City,

Missouri. 343 pp.

Robinson, H. W., and T. M. Buchanan. 1984. Fishes of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas

Press, Fayetteville, Arkansas. 536 pp.
H-1

Appendix H

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

List of Fishes and Fish Codes

Table H-1. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program list of fishes and fish codes arranged

alphabetically by common name. Nomenclature follows Robins et al. (1991).

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

Age-0 fish (young-of-the-year) Unidentified YOYF

Alabama shad Alosa alabamae ALSD

Alewife A. pseudoharengus ALWF

Alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula ALGR

American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix ABLP

American eel Anguilla rostrata AMEL

Banded darter Etheostoma zonale BDDR

Banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus BDKF

Banded pygmy sunfish Elassoma zonatum BPSF

Banded sculpin Cottus carolinae BDSP

Bantam sunfish Lepomis symmetricus BTSF

Bigeye chub Notropis amblops BECB

Bigeye shiner N. boops BESN

Bighead carp Hypopthalmichthys nobilis BHCP

Bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus BMBF

Bigmouth shiner Notropis dorsalis BMSN

Black buffalo Ictiobus niger BKBF

Black bullhead Ameiurus melas BKBH

Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus BKCP

Black redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei BKRH

Black x white crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus x annularis BCWC

Blackchin shiner Notropis heterodon BCSN

Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus BNDC

Blacknose shiner Notropis heterolepis BNSN

Blackside darter Percina maculata BSDR

Blackspotted topminnow Fundulus olivaceus BPTM

Blackstripe topminnow F. notatus BTTM

Blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta BTSN

Bloater Coregonus hoyi BLTR

Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus BLCF

Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus BUSK

Bluebreast darter Etheostoma camurum BBDR

Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus BLGL
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-2

Bluegill x longear sunfish L. macrochirus x megalotis BGLE

Bluegill x orangespotted sunfish L. macrochirus x humilis BGOS

Bluegill x redear sunfish L. macrochirus x microlophus BGRS

Bluegill x warmouth L. macrochirus x gulosus BGWM

Bluehead shiner Notropis hubbsi BHSN

Bluntnose darter Etheostoma chlorosomum BNDR

Bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus BNMW

Bowfin Amia calva BWFN

Brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni BSMW

Brindled madtom Noturus miurus BDMT

Brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus BKSS

Brook stickleback Culaea inconstans BKSB

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis BKTT

Brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus BNBH

Brown trout Salmo trutta BNTT

Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas BLSK

Bullhead minnow Pimephales vigilax BHMW

Burbot Lota lota BRBT

Carp x goldfish hybrid Cyprinus carpio x auratus C*GF

Central mudminnow Umbra limi CMMW

Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum CLSR

Chain pickerel Esox niger CNPK

Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus CNCF

Channel shiner Notropis wickliffi CNSN

Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus CNLP

Cisco Coregonus artedi CSCO

Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch CHSM

Common carp Cyprinus carpio CARP

Common shiner Luxilus cornutus CMSN

Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus CKCB

Creek chubsucker Erimyzon oblongus CKCS

Crystal darter Ammocrypta asprella CLDR

Cypress darter Etheostoma proelaire CPDR

Deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsoni DWSP

Dusky darter Percina sciera DYDR

Eastern sand darter Ammocrypta pellucida ESDR

Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides ERSN

Fantail darter Etheostoma flabellare FTDR
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-3

Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas FHMW

Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris FHCF

Flathead chub Platygobio gracilis FHCB

Flier Centrarchus macropterus FLER

Freckled madtom Noturus nocturnus FKMT

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens FWDM

Ghost shiner Notropis buchanani GTSN

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum GZSD

Golden redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum GDRH

Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas GDSN

Goldeye Hiodon alosoides GDEY

Goldfish Carassius auratus GDFH

Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella GSCP

Grass pickerel Esox americanus vermiculatus GSPK

Gravel chub Erimystax x-punctatus GVCB

Greater redhorse Moxostoma valenciennesi GTRH

Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus GNSF

Green sunfish x bluegill L. cyanellus x macrochirus GSBG

Green sunfish x pumpkinseed L. cyanellus x gibbosus GSPS

Green sunfish x unknown L. cyanellus x sp. GN*?

Green sunfish x warmouth L. cyanellus x gulosus GSWM

Green x orangespotted sunfish L. cyanellus x humilis GSOS

Green x redear sunfish L. cyanellus x microlophus GSRS

Greenside darter Etheostoma blennioides GSDR

Harlequin darter E. histrio HQDR

Highfin carpsucker Carpiodes velifer HFCS

Hornyhead chub Nocomis biguttatus HHCB

Inland silverside Menidia beryllina IDSS

Iowa darter Etheostoma exile IODR

Ironcolor shiner Notropis chalybaeus ICSN

Johnny darter Etheostoma nigrum JYDR

Lake chub Couesius plumbeus LKCB

Lake chubsucker Erimyzon sucetta LKCS

Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens LKSG

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides LMBS

Largescale stoneroller Campostoma oligolepis LSSR

Larval fish Unidentified LRVL
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-4

Least brook lamprey Lampetra aepyptera LBLP

Least darter Etheostoma microperca LTDR

Logperch Percina caprodes LGPH

Longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis LESF

Longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae LNDC

Longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus LNGR

Longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus LNSK

Mimic shiner Notropis volucellus MMSN

Mississippi silverside Menidia audens MSSS

Mississippi silvery minnow Hybognathus nuchalis SVMW

Mooneye Hiodon tergisus MNEY

Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi MDSP

Mountain madtom Noturus eleutherus MTMT

Mud darter Etheostoma asprigene MDDR

Muskellunge Esox masquinongy MSKG

Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius NSSB

No fish caught Nocatchus pisces NFSH

Northern brook lamprey Ichthyomyzon fossor NBLP

Northern hog sucker Hypentelium nigricans NHSK

Northern madtom Noturus stigmosus NTMT

Northern pike Esox lucius NTPK

Northern redbelly dace Phoxinus eos NRBD

Northern studfish Fundulus catenatus NTSF

Orangespotted sunfish Lepomis humilis OSSF

Orangespotted x longear sunfish L. humilis x megalotis OSLE

Orangethroat darter Etheostoma spectabile OTDR

Ozark minnow Notropis nubilus OZMW

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula PDFH

Pallid shiner Notropis amnis PDSN

Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus PDSG

Pearl dace Margariscus margarita PLDC

Pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus PRPH

Plains minnow Hybognathus placitus PNMW

Pugnose minnow Opsopoeodus emiliae PGMW

Pugnose shiner Notropis anogenus PNSN

Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus PNSD

Pumpkinseed x bluegill L. gibbosus x macrochirus PSBG

Pumpkinseed x orangespotted sunfish L. gibbosus x humilis PSOS
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-5

Pumpkinseed x warmouth L. gibbosus x gulosus PSWM

Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus QLBK

Rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum RBDR

Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax RBST

Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss RBTT

Red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis RDSN

Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus RESF

Redear sunfish x warmouth L. microlophus x gulosus RSWM

Redfin shiner Lythrurus umbratilis RFSN

Ribbon shiner Notropis fumeus RBSN

River carpsucker Carpiodes carpio RVCS

River chub Nocomis micropogon RVCB

River darter Percina shumardi RRDR

River redhorse Moxostoma carinatum RVRH

River shiner Notropis blennius RVSN

Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris RKBS

Rosefin shiner Lythrurus ardens RSSN

Rosyface shiner Notropis rubellus RYSN

Sand shiner N. stramineus SNSN

Sauger Stizostedion canadense SGER

Sauger x walleye hybrid S. canadense x vitreum SGWE

Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus SELP

Shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus SWBS

Shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum SHRH

Shortnose gar Lepisosteus platostomus SNGR

Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus SNSG

Sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki SFCB

Silver carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix SVCP

Silver chub Macrhybopsis storeriana SVCB

Silver lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis SVLP

Silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum SVRH

Silverband shiner Notropis shumardi SBSN

Silverjaw minnow N. buccatus SJMW

Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris SJHR

Slender madtom Noturus exilis SDMT

Slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala SHDR

Slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus SYSP

Slough darter Etheostoma gracile SLDR

Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu SMBS
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-6

Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus SMBF

Southern redbelly dace Phoxinus erythrogaster SRBD

Speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis SKCB

Spotfin shiner Cyprinella spiloptera SFSN

Spottail darter Etheostoma squamiceps SPDR

Spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius STSN

Spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus STBS

Spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus STGR

Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops SPSK

Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus STSF

Spring cavefish Chologaster agassizi SGCF

Starhead topminnow Fundulus dispar SHTM

Steelcolor shiner Cyprinella whipplei SCSN

Stonecat Noturus flavus STCT

Striped bass Morone saxatilis SDBS

Striped mullet Mugil cephalus SPMT

Striped shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus SPSN

Striped x white bass Morone saxatilis x chrysops SBWB

Stripetail darter Etheostoma kennicotti STDR

Sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida SGCB

Suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis SMMW

Tadpole madtom Noturus gyrinus TPMT

Threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense TFSD

Tiger muskellunge Esox masquinongy x lucius MGNP

Trout perch Percopsis omiscomaycus TTPH

Unidentified Unidentified UNID

Unidentified Etheostoma Etheostoma sp. U-ET

Unidentified Lepomis Lepomis sp. U-LP

Unidentified Percidae Unidentified Percidae U-PC

Unidentified Percina Percina sp. U-PN

Unidentified Stizostedion Stizostedion sp. U-ST

Unidentified buffalo Ictiobus sp. U-BF

Unidentified carpsucker Carpiodes sp. U-CS

Unidentified chub Macrhybopsis sp. U-HY

Unidentified darter Percina or Etheostoma sp. U-DR

Unidentified lamprey Petromyzontidae U-LY

Unidentified minnow Unidentified Cyprinidae U-CY

Unidentified redhorse Moxostoma sp. U-RH

Unidentified shiner Notropis sp. U-NO

Unidentified sucker Unidentified Catostomidae U-CT
Table H-1. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name Code

 ____________________________________________________________________________________

H-7

Unidentified sunfish Unidentified Centrarchidae U-CN

Walleye Stizostedion vitreum WLYE

Warmouth Lepomis gulosus WRMH

Weed shiner Notropis texanus WDSN

Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis MQTF

Western sand darter Ammocrypta clara WSDR

Western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis WSMW

White bass Morone chrysops WTBS

White catfish Ameiurus catus WTCF

White crappie Pomoxis annularis WTCP

White perch Morone americana WTPH

White sucker Catostomus commersoni WTSK

Yellow bass Morone mississippiensis YWBS

Yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis YLBH

Yellow perch Perca flavescens YWPH

____________________________________________________________________________________
H-8

Table H-2. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) list of fish codes and fishes

arranged alphabetically by LTRMP code. Nomenclature follows Robins et al. (1990).

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

ABLP American brook lamprey Lampetra appendix

ALGR Alligator gar Lepisosteus spatula

ALSD Alabama shad Alosa alabamae

ALWF Alewife A. pseudoharengus

AMEL American eel Anguilla rostrata

BBDR Bluebreast darter Etheostoma camurum

BCSN Blackchin shiner Notropis heterodon

BCWC Black x white crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus x annularis

BDDR Banded darter Etheostoma zonale

BDKF Banded killifish Fundulus diaphanus

BDMT Brindled madtom Noturus miurus

BDSP Banded sculpin Cottus carolinae

BECB Bigeye chub Notropis amblops

BESN Bigeye shiner N. boops

BGLE Bluegill x longear sunfish Lepomis macrochirus x megalotis

BGOS Bluegill x orangespotted sunfish L. macrochirus x humilis

BGRS Bluegill x redear sunfish L. macrochirus x microlophus

BGWM Bluegill x warmouth L. macrochirus x gulosus

BHCP Bighead carp Hypopthalmichthys nobilis

BHMW Bullhead minnow Pimephales vigilax

BHSN Bluehead shiner Notropis hubbsi

BKBF Black buffalo Ictiobus niger

BKBH Black bullhead Ameiurus melas

BKCP Black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus

BKRH Black redhorse Moxostoma duquesnei

BKSB Brook stickleback Culaea inconstans

BKSS Brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus

BKTT Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis

BLCF Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

BLGL Bluegill Lepomis macrochirus

BLSK Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

BLTR Bloater Coregonus hoyi

BMBF Bigmouth buffalo Ictiobus cyprinellus

BMSN Bigmouth shiner Notropis dorsalis

BNBH Brown bullhead Ameiurus nebulosus

BNDC Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus

BNDR Bluntnose darter Etheostoma chlorosomum

BNMW Bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus

BNSN Blacknose shiner Notropis heterolepis

BNTT Brown trout Salmo trutta
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-9

BPSF Banded pygmy sunfish Elassoma zonatum

BPTM Blackspotted topminnow Fundulus olivaceus

BRBT Burbot Lota lota

BSDR Blackside darter Percina maculata

BSMW Brassy minnow Hybognathus hankinsoni

BTSF Bantam sunfish Lepomis symmetricus

BTSN Blacktail shiner Cyprinella venusta

BTTM Blackstripe topminnow Fundulus notatus

BUSK Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus

BWFN Bowfin Amia calva

C*GF Carp x goldfish hybrid Cyprinus carpio x auratus

CARP Common carp C. carpio

CHSM Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

CKCB Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus

CKCS Creek chubsucker Erimyzon oblongus

CLDR Crystal darter Ammocrypta asprella

CLSR Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum

CMMW Central mudminnow Umbra limi

CMSN Common shiner Luxilus cornutus

CNCF Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus

CNLP Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus

CNPK Chain pickerel Esox niger

CNSN Channel shiner Notropis wickliffi

CPDR Cypress darter Etheostoma proelaire

CSCO Cisco Coregonus artedi

DWSP Deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsoni

DYDR Dusky darter Percina sciera

ERSN Emerald shiner Notropis atherinoides

ESDR Eastern sand darter Ammocrypta pellucida

FHCB Flathead chub Platygobio gracilis

FHCF Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris

FHMW Fathead minnow Pimephales promelas

FKMT Freckled madtom Noturus nocturnus

FLER Flier Centrarchus macropterus

FTDR Fantail darter Etheostoma flabellare

FWDM Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens

GDEY Goldeye Hiodon alosoides
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-10

GDFH Goldfish Carassius auratus

GDRH Golden redhorse Moxostoma erythrurum

GDSN Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas

GN*? Green sunfish x unknown Lepomis cyanellus x sp.

GNSF Green sunfish L cyanellus

GSBG Green sunfish x bluegill L. cyanellus x macrochirus

GSCP Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

GSDR Greenside darter Etheostoma blennioides

GSOS Green x orangespotted sunfish Lepomis cyanellus x humilis

GSPK Grass pickerel Esox americanus vermiculatus

GSPS Green sunfish x pumpkinseed Lepomis cyanellus x gibbosus

GSRS Green x redear sunfish L. cyanellus x microlophus

GSWM Green sunfish x warmouth L. cyanellus x gulosus

GTRH Greater redhorse Moxostoma valenciennesi

GTSN Ghost shiner Notropis buchanani

GVCB Gravel chub Erimystax x-punctatus

GZSD Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum

HFCS Highfin carpsucker Carpiodes velifer

HHCB Hornyhead chub Nocomis biguttatus

HQDR Harlequin darter Etheostoma histrio

ICSN Ironcolor shiner Notropis chalybaeus

IDSS Inland silverside Menidia beryllina

IODR Iowa darter Etheostoma exile

JYDR Johnny darter E. nigrum

LBLP Least brook lamprey Lampetra aepyptera

LESF Longear sunfish Lepomis megalotis

LGPH Logperch Percina caprodes

LKCB Lake chub Couesius plumbeus

LKCS Lake chubsucker Erimyzon sucetta

LKSG Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens

LMBS Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides

LNDC Longnose dace Rhinichthys cataractae

LNGR Longnose gar Lepisosteus osseus

LNSK Longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus

LRVL Larval fish Unidentified

LSSR Largescale stoneroller Campostoma oligolepis

LTDR Least darter Etheostoma microperca
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-11

MDDR Mud darter E. asprigene

MDSP Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi

MGNP Tiger muskellunge Esox masquinongy x lucius

MMSN Mimic shiner Notropis volucellus

MNEY Mooneye Hiodon tergisus

MQTF Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis

MSKG Muskellunge Esox masquinongy

MSSS Mississippi silverside Menidia audens

MTMT Mountain madtom Noturus eleutherus

NBLP Northern brook lamprey Ichthyomyzon fossor

NFSH No fish caught Nocatchus pisces

NHSK Northern hog sucker Hypentelium nigricans

NRBD Northern redbelly dace Phoxinus eos

NSSB Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius

NTMT Northern madtom Noturus stigmosus

NTPK Northern pike Esox lucius

NTSF Northern studfish Fundulus catenatus

OSLE Orangespotted x longear sunfish Lepomis humilis x megalotis

OSSF Orangespotted sunfish L. humilis

OTDR Orangethroat darter Etheostoma spectabile

OZMW Ozark minnow Notropis nubilus

PDFH Paddlefish Polyodon spathula

PDSG Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus

PDSN Pallid shiner Notropis amnis

PGMW Pugnose minnow Opsopoeodus emiliae

PLDC Pearl dace Margariscus margarita

PNMW Plains minnow Hybognathus placitus

PNSD Pumpkinseed Lepomis gibbosus

PNSN Pugnose shiner Notropis anogenus

PRPH Pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus

PSBG Pumpkinseed x bluegill Lepomis gibbosus x macrochirus

PSOS Pumpkinseed x orangespotted sunfish L. gibbosus x humilis

PSWM Pumpkinseed x warmouth L. gibbosus x gulosus

QLBK Quillback Carpiodes cyprinus

RBDR Rainbow darter Etheostoma caeruleum

RBSN Ribbon shiner Notropis fumeus

RBST Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-12

RBTT Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

RDSN Red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis

RESF Redear sunfish Lepomis microlophus

RFSN Redfin shiner Lythrurus umbratilis

RKBS Rock bass Ambloplites rupestris

RRDR River darter Percina shumardi

RSSN Rosefin shiner Lythrurus ardens

RSWM Redear sunfish x warmouth L. microlophus x gulosus

RVCB River chub Nocomis micropogon

RVCS River carpsucker Carpiodes carpio

RVRH River redhorse Moxostoma carinatum

RVSN River shiner Notropis blennius

RYSN Rosyface shiner N. rubellus

SBSN Silverband shiner N. shumardi

SBWB Striped x white bass Morone saxatilis x chrysops

SCSN Steelcolor shiner Cyprinella whipplei

SDBS Striped bass Morone saxatilis

SDMT Slender madtom Noturus exilis

SELP Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus

SFCB Sicklefin chub Macrhybopsis meeki

SFSN Spotfin shiner Cyprinella spiloptera

SGCB Sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida

SGCF Spring cavefish Chologaster agassizi

SGER Sauger Stizostedion canadense

SGWE Sauger x walleye hybrid S. canadense x vitreum

SHDR Slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala

SHRH Shorthead redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum

SHTM Starhead topminnow Fundulus dispar

SJHR Skipjack herring Alosa chrysochloris

SJMW Silverjaw minnow Notropis buccatus

SKCB Speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis

SLDR Slough darter Etheostoma gracile

SMBF Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus

SMBS Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu

SMMW Suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis

SNGR Shortnose gar Lepisosteus platostomus

SNSG Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus

SNSN Sand shiner Notropis stramineus

SPDR Spottail darter Etheostoma squamiceps

SPMT Striped mullet Mugil cephalus

SPSK Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-13

SPSN Striped shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus

SRBD Southern redbelly dace Phoxinus erythrogaster

STBS Spotted bass Micropterus punctulatus

STCT Stonecat Noturus flavus

STDR Stripetail darter Etheostoma kennicotti

STGR Spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus

STSF Spotted sunfish Lepomis punctatus

STSN Spottail shiner Notropis hudsonius

SVCB Silver chub Macrhybopsis storeriana

SVCP Silver carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix

SVLP Silver lamprey Ichthyomyzon unicuspis

SVMW Mississippi silvery minnow Hybognathus nuchalis

SVRH Silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum

SWBS Shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus

SYSP Slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus

TFSD Threadfin shad Dorosoma petenense

TPMT Tadpole madtom Noturus gyrinus

TTPH Trout perch Percopsis omiscomaycus

U-BF Unidentified buffalo Ictiobus sp.

U-CN Unidentified sunfish Unidentified Centrarchidae

U-CS Unidentified carpsucker Carpiodes sp.

U-CT Unidentified sucker Unidentified Catostomidae

U-CY Unidentified minnow Unidentified Cyprinidae

U-DR Unidentified darter Percina or Etheostoma sp.

U-ET Unidentified Etheostoma Etheostoma sp.

U-HY Unidentified chub Macrhybopsis sp.

U-LP Unidentified Lepomis Lepomis sp.

U-LY Unidentified lamprey Petromyzontidae

U-NO Unidentified shiner Notropis sp.

U-PC Unidentified Percidae Unidentified Percidae

U-PN Unidentified Percina Percina sp.

U-RH Unidentified redhorse Moxostoma sp.

U-ST Unidentified Stizostedion Stizostedion sp.

UNID Unidentified Unidentified

WDSN Weed shiner Notropis texanus

WLYE Walleye Stizostedion vitreum

WRMH Warmouth Lepomis gulosus

WSDR Western sand darter Ammocrypta clara

WSMW Western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis
Table H-2. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Code Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-14

WTBS White bass Morone chrysops

WTCF White catfish Ameiurus catus

WTCP White crappie Pomoxis annularis

WTPH White perch Morone americana

WTSK White sucker Catostomus commersoni

YLBH Yellow bullhead Ameiurus natalis

YOYF Age-0 fish (young-of-the-year) Unidentified

YWBS Yellow bass Morone mississippiensis

YWPH Yellow perch Perca flavescens

____________________________________________________________________________________

Table H-3. List of obsolete Long Term Resource Monitoring Program fish codes. These codes

have been replaced or deleted because of nomenclature changes.

Code Common name Scientific name

CMSR Central stoneroller (OBS) Campostoma anomalum

WTSG Pallid sturgeon (OBS) Scaphirhynchus albus
H-15

Table H-4. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program list of fishes, arranged phylogenetically

by family, then alphabetically by genus and species. Hybrids are listed after respective genera. 

Nomenclature follows Robins et al. (1990).

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

Family Petromyzontidae

Chestnut lamprey Ichthyomyzon castaneus

Northern brook lamprey I. fossor

Silver lamprey I. unicuspis

Least brook lamprey Lampetra aepyptera

American brook lamprey L. appendix

Sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus

Family Carcharhinidae

Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas

Family Acipenseridae

Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens

Pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus

Shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus

Family Polyodontidae

Paddlefish Polyodon spathula

Family Lepisosteidae

Spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus

Longnose gar L. osseus

Shortnose gar L. platostomus

Alligator gar L. spatula

Family Amiidae

Bowfin Amia calva

Family Hiodontidae

Goldeye Hiodon alosoides

Mooneye H. tergisus

Family Anguillidae

American eel Anguilla rostrata

Family Clupeidae

Alabama shad Alosa alabamae

Skipjack herring A. chrysochloris

Alewife A. pseudoharengus
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-16

Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum

Threadfin shad D. petenense

Family Cyprinidae

Central stoneroller Campostoma anomalum

Largescale stoneroller C. oligolepis

Goldfish Carassius auratus

Lake chub Couesius plumbeus

Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella

Red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis

Spotfin shiner C. spiloptera

Blacktail shiner C. venusta

Steelcolor shiner C. whipplei

Common carp Cyprinus carpio

Carp x goldfish hybrid C. carpio x auratus

Gravel chub Erimystax x-punctatus

Western silvery minnow Hybognathus argyritis

Brassy minnow H. hankinsoni

Mississippi silvery minnow H. nuchalis

Plains minnow H. placitus

Silver carp Hypopthalmichthys molitrix

Bighead carp H. nobilis

Striped shiner Luxilus chrysocephalus

Common shiner L. cornutus

Rosefin shiner Lythrurus ardens

Redfin shiner L. umbratilis

Speckled chub Macrhybopsis aestivalis

Sturgeon chub M. gelida

Sicklefin chub M. meeki

Silver chub M. storeriana

Pearl dace Margariscus margarita

Hornyhead chub Nocomis biguttatus

River chub N. micropogon

Golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas

Pallid shiner Notropis amnis

Bigeye chub N. amblops

Pugnose shiner N. anogenus

Emerald shiner N. atherinoides

River shiner N. blennius

Bigeye shiner N. boops

Silverjaw minnow N. buccatus

Ghost shiner N. buchanani
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-17

Ironcolor shiner N. chalybaeus

Bigmouth shiner N. dorsalis

Ribbon shiner N. fumeus

Blackchin shiner N. heterodon

Blacknose shiner N. heterolepis

Bluehead shiner N. hubbsi

Spottail shiner N. hudsonius

Ozark minnow N. nubilus

Rosyface shiner N. rubellus

Silverband shiner N. shumardi

Sand shiner N. stramineus

Weed shiner N. texanus

Mimic shiner N. volucellus

Channel shiner N. wickliffi

Pugnose minnow Opsopoeodus emiliae

Suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis

Northern redbelly dace Phoxinus eos

Southern redbelly dace P. erythrogaster

Bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus

Fathead minnow P. promelas

Bullhead minnow P. vigilax

Flathead chub Platygobio gracilis

Blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus

Longnose dace R. cataractae

Creek chub Semotilus atromaculatus

Family Catostomidae

River carpsucker Carpiodes carpio

Quillback C. cyprinus

Highfin carpsucker C. velifer

Longnose sucker Catostomus catostomus

White sucker C. commersoni

Blue sucker Cycleptus elongatus

Creek chubsucker Erimyzon oblongus

Lake chubsucker E. sucetta

Northern hog sucker Hypentelium nigricans

Smallmouth buffalo Ictiobus bubalus

Bigmouth buffalo I. cyprinellus

Black buffalo I. niger

Spotted sucker Minytrema melanops

Silver redhorse Moxostoma anisurum

River redhorse M. carinatum
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-18

Black redhorse M. duquesnei

Golden redhorse M. erythrurum

Shorthead redhorse M. macrolepidotum

Greater redhorse M. valenciennesi

Family Ictaluridae

White catfish Ameiurus catus

Black bullhead A. melas

Yellow bullhead A. natalis

Brown bullhead A. nebulosus

Blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

Channel catfish I. punctatus

Mountain madtom Noturus eleutherus

Slender madtom N. exilis

Stonecat N. flavus

Tadpole madtom N. gyrinus

Brindled madtom N. miurus

Freckled madtom N. nocturnus

Northern madtom N. stigmosus

Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris

Family Esocidae

Grass pickerel Esox americanus

vermiculatus

Northern pike E. lucius

Muskellunge E. masquinongy

Tiger muskellunge E. masquinongy x lucius

Chain pickerel E. niger

Family Umbridae

Central mudminnow Umbra limi

Family Osmeridae

Rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax

Family Salmonidae

Cisco Coregonus artedi

Bloater C. hoyi

Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch

Rainbow trout O. mykiss

Brown trout Salmo trutta

Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-19

Family Percopsidae

Trout perch Percopsis omiscomaycus

Family Aphredoderidae

Pirate perch Aphredoderus sayanus

Family Amblyopsidae

Spring cavefish Chologaster agassizi

Family Gadidae

Burbot Lota lota

Family Cyprinodontidae

Northern studfish Fundulus catenatus

Banded killifish F. diaphanus

Starhead topminnow F. dispar

Blackstripe topminnow F. notatus

Blackspotted topminnow F. olivaceus

Family Poeciliidae

Western mosquitofish Gambusia affinis

Family Atherinidae

Brook silverside Labidesthes sicculus

Mississippi silverside Menidia audens

Inland silverside M. beryllina

Family Gasterosteidae

Brook stickleback Culaea inconstans

Ninespine stickleback Pungitius pungitius

Family Cottidae

Mottled sculpin Cottus bairdi

Banded sculpin C. carolinae

Slimy sculpin C. cognatus

Deepwater sculpin Myoxocephalus thompsoni

Family Percichthyidae

White perch Morone americana

White bass M. chrysops

Yellow bass M. mississippiensis

Striped bass M. saxatilis
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-20

Striped x white bass M. saxatilis x chrysops

Family Centrarchidae

Shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus

Rock bass A. rupestris

Flier Centrarchus macropterus

Banded pygmy sunfish Elassoma zonatum

Green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus

Pumpkinseed L. gibbosus

Warmouth L. gulosus

Orangespotted sunfish L. humilis

Bluegill L. macrochirus

Longear sunfish L. megalotis

Redear sunfish L. microlophus

Spotted sunfish L. punctatus

Bantam sunfish L. symmetricus

Green sunfish x pumpkinseed L. cyanellus x gibbosus

Green sunfish x warmouth L. cyanellus x gulosus

Green x orangespotted sunfish L. cyanellus x humilis

Green sunfish x bluegill L. cyanellus x macrochirus

Green x redear sunfish L. cyanellus x microlophus

Green sunfish x unknown L. cyanellus x sp.

Pumpkinseed x warmouth L. gibbosus x gulosus

Pumpkinseed x orangespotted sunfish L. gibbosus x humilis

Pumpkinseed x bluegill L. gibbosus x macrochirus

Orangespotted x longear sunfish L. humilis x megalotis

Bluegill x warmouth L. macrochirus x gulosus

Bluegill x orangespotted sunfish L. macrochirus x humilis

Bluegill x longear sunfish L. macrochirus x megalotis

Bluegill x redear sunfish L. macrochirus x

microlophus

Redear sunfish x warmouth L. microlophus x gulosus

Smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu

Spotted bass M. punctulatus

Largemouth bass M. salmoides

White crappie Pomoxis annularis

Black crappie P. nigromaculatus

Black x white crappie P. nigromaculatus x

annularis
Table H-4. Continued

____________________________________________________________________________________

Common name Scientific name

____________________________________________________________________________________

H-21

Family Percidae

Crystal darter Ammocrypta asprella

Western sand darter A. clara

Eastern sand darter A. pellucida

Mud darter Etheostoma asprigene

Greenside darter E. blennioides

Rainbow darter E. caeruleum

Bluebreast darter E. camurum

Bluntnose darter E. chlorosomum

Iowa darter E. exile

Fantail darter E. flabellare

Slough darter E. gracile

Harlequin darter E. histrio

Stripetail darter E. kennicotti

Least darter E. microperca

Johnny darter E. nigrum

Cypress darter E. proelaire

Orangethroat darter E. spectabile

Spottail darter E. squamiceps

Banded darter E. zonale

Yellow perch Perca flavescens

Logperch Percina caprodes

Blackside darter P. maculata

Slenderhead darter P. phoxocephala

Dusky darter P. sciera

River darter P. shumardi

Sauger Stizostedion canadense

Walleye S. vitreum

Sauger x walleye hybrid S. canadense x vitreum

Family Sciaenidae

Freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens

Family Mugilidae

Striped mullet Mugil cephalus

____________________________________________________________________________________
I-1

Appendix I

Fish Identification Expert

Robert Hrabik

Open River Field Station

Missouri Department of Conservation

3815 East Jackson Boulevard

Jackson, MO 63755
J-1

Number of Sheets

Collection Measurement

Date Logged Crew Code Initials Collection Sheet

Bar Code

Fish Data Sheet Log

Long Term Resource Monitoring Program

Environmental Management Technical Center

575 Lester Avenue, Onalaska, WI 54650

Page of

Field Station

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

0 or 1

Field Station: Complete QA/QC procedures for submission of data for entry when logging data sheets. Make two (2)

copies of this sheet. Use this original as a cover for batch submitted for entry. Mail one copy directly to EMTC and file

the remaining one.

Date Received by EMTC

Signature:

Date Sent to EMTC

Signature:

Date Mailed to Data Entry

Signature:

EMTC 01/20/95

Date Received by Data Entry

Signature:

Appendix J

Fish Data Sheet Log
The Long Term Resource Monitoring Program (LTRMP) for the Upper

Mississippi River System was authorized under the Water Resources

Development Act of 1986 as an element of the Environmental Management

Program. The mission of the LTRMP is to provide river managers with

information to maintain the Upper Mississippi River System as a sustainable

large river ecosystem given its multiple-use character. The LTRMP is a

cooperative effort by the National Biological Service, the U.S. Army Corps of

Engineers, and the States of Illinois, Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin.