iFERENCH

NISTIR 85-3273-3

(Rev. 11/88)

A 11 IDS T A 3 T 2

Energy Prices and Discount Factors

for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 1988

Annual Supplement to Barbara C Lippiatt

NBS Handbook 135 and Rosalie T. Ruegg

NBS Special Publication 709

States Department of Commerce

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NISTIR 85-3273-3

(Rev. 11/88)

ENERGY PRICES AND DISCOUNT FACTORS

FOR LIFE-CYCLE COST ANALYSIS 1988

Annual Supplement to NBS Handbook 135 and

NBS Special Publication 709

(Data for the Federal Methodology for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis, TitlelO, CFR, Part 436, Subpart A)

Barbara C. Lippiatt

Rosalie T. Ruegg

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Institute of Standards and Technology

(Formerly National Bureau

of Standards)

Applied Economics Group

Center for Computing and

Applied Mathematics

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

November 1988

Prepared for: U.S. Department of Energy

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy

Federal Programs Office

Washington, DC 20585

Stimulating America's Progress 1913-1980

NOTE: As of 23 August 1988, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) became the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) when President Reagan signed into law the Omnibus Trade and

Competitiveness Act.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Ernest Ambler, D/reofrtF^^^

ft#

PREFACE

This is the 1988 edition of energy prices and discount factors for life-cycle

cost analysis as established by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) in

Subpart A of Part 436 of Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR

Part 436, Subpart A), which is entitled "Federal Energy Management and

Planning Program" (FEMP) . The data are provided as an aid to implementing

life-cycle cost evaluations of potential energy conservation and renewable

energy investments in existing and new federally owned and leased buildings.

Life-cycle cost evaluations of energy conservation and renewable energy

investments in Federal buildings are required by Section 381(a)(2) of the

Energy Policy and Conservation Act (EPCA) , as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6361(a)(2);

by Section 10 of Executive Order 11912, as amended by Executive Order 120003;

and by Title V of the National Energy Conservation Policy Act (NECPA) , 92

Stat. 3275, as amended by Section 405 of the Energy Security Act, 94 Stat.

611.

As called for by legislation, the National Institute of Standards and

Technology (formerly National Bureau of Standards) has provided technical

assistance to the U.S. Department of Energy in formulating the life-cycle

costing methods and procedures for implementation. It has developed this

report as the second of a three-volume set which together provide the methods,

data, and computational tools for life-cycle cost analysis of Federal energy

proj ects

.

Included in the three-volume set for Federal life-cycle cost analysis are the

following:

(1) Life-Cycle Costing Manual for the Federal Energy Management Program . National Bureau of Standards, Handbook 135 (revised 1987).

The manual is a guide to understanding life-cycle costing and related methods

of economic analysis as they are applied to Federal decisions. It describes

the required procedures and assumptions, defines and explains how to apply and

interpret economic performance measures, gives examples of Federal decision

problems and their solutions, and provides worksheets and other computational

aids and instructions for calculating the required measures.

(2) Energy Prices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis . National Institute of Standards and Technology, NISTIR 85-3273

(updated annually)

.

This report, which is updated annually, gives the energy price and discount

factor multipliers needed to estimate the present value of energy and other

future costs. The data are based on energy price projections developed by the

Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy. Request

the latest edition when ordering.

iii
(3) A User's Guide to the Federal Building Life-Cycle Cost (FBLCC) Computer

Program . National Bureau of Standards, NBS TN 1222 (Computer program

revised periodically)

.

This report is a user's guide to the computer program, "FBLCC." FBLCC,

designed to run on an IBM PC/XT/AT, or compatible microcomputer, can be used

to calculate the life-cycle costs, net savings, and savings-to-investment

ratios of Federal energy projects, consistent with the procedures and

assumptions described in Handbook 135 (see #1 above) and incorporating the

energy price data of the most recent issue of NISTIR 85-3273 (see #2 above).*

FBLCC generates reports which summarize the assumptions and results in tabular

form. Information for ordering the FBLCC computer program disk is provided in

the User's Guide.

To order any of these publications, contact:

Advanced Sciences, Inc.

2000 North 15th Street

Suite 407

Arlington, VA 22201

Telephone (703) 243-4900

Please request the publication by name and number.

The life-cycle costing methods and procedures set forth in 10 C.F.R., Part

436, Subpart A, are to be followed by all Federal agencies, unless

specifically exempted, in evaluating the cost effectiveness of potential

energy conservation and renewable energy investments in federally owned and

leased buildings.

Though aimed specifically at supporting the economic evaluation of Federal

building projects which are classified as energy conservation or renewable

energy projects, the three-volume set can also be used to perform economic

evaluations of Federal building projects which are not primarily for

conserving energy or providing renewable energy but which have an energy cost

component. Both applications are explained in the three reports.

*FBLCC Version SE2 . 1 incorporates the 1988 energy price data contained in

NISTIR 85-3273-3.

IV
The U.S. Department of Energy was also directed by legislation and executive

order to make available to the private sector the methods, procedures, and

related aids developed for Federal use. In response to this directive, the

National Institute of Standards and Technology, under sponsorship by the U.S.

Department of Energy, has published an additional life-cycle costing book for use by the private sector entitled Comprehensive Guide for Least-Cost Energy

Decisions . NBS SP 709 (January 1987). The private sector book is also

supported by the data provided here, as well as by a special version of the

computer program adapted to private sector analysis ("NBSLCC"). This report

may be ordered from Advanced Sciences, Inc. at the above address. Information

for ordering the NBSLCC computer disk is provided in NBS SP 709.

Further information on the Federal Energy Management Program can be obtained

from the Federal Energy Management Program Staff, Office of the Assistant

Secretary for Conservation and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy.

Please direct communication to: FEMP, CE 10.1, U.S. Department of Energy,

1000 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20585.

v
ABSTRACT

This is the 1988 annual edition of energy prices and discount factors for

performing life-cycle cost analyses of energy conservation and renewable

energy projects. It supports the Federal life-cycle costing methodology as described in NBS Handbook 135 (HB 135) and private sector life-cycle cost

analysis as described in NBS Special Publication 709 (SP 709). Tables A, B,

and C are revisions of appendices A, B, and C, respectively, of HB 135.

Tables A (7%), Ba, and C apply to Federal energy conservation and renewable

energy projects. Tables A (10%), Bb, and C apply to Federal projects that

require energy price forecasts but are not primarily energy conserving.

Tables S, in the last section of this report, are revisions to appendix B,

Part I of SP 709 and are provided for the convenience of private sector

analysts wishing to make use of Federal energy price forecasts.

vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank Mr. Richard W. Brancato, Head of the Federal

Programs Office, and Mr. Dean DeVine, also of the Federal Programs Office,

for their continued support and direction of this work. Appreciation is

also extended to Dr. Richard D. Farmer, Chief of the Supply Analysis and

Integration Branch of the Energy Information Administration, and Dr. Eugene

Reiser, also of the Supply Analysis and Integration Branch, for providing

energy price projections and escalation rates. Dr. Stephen Weber of the

Applied Economics Group of the National Institute of Standards and

Technology deserves special thanks for guidance in developing equations and

computer programming. Credit is due Ms. Sieglinde Fuller, Ms. Laurene

Linsenmayer, and Ms. Katherine Johnson, also of the Applied Economics Group,

for assistance in computer programming and manuscript preparation.

vii
CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE iii

ABSTRACT vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii

CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES ix

SINGLE PRESENT WORTH AND UNIFORM PRESENT WORTH DISCOUNT FACTORS .... 1

MODIFIED UNIFORM PRESENT WORTH DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR FEDERAL USE .... 5

1988 AVERAGE FUEL PRICES, PROJECTED AVERAGE FUEL PRICE INDICES, AND

PROJECTED AVERAGE FUEL PRICE ESCALATION RATES FOR FEDERAL USE 18

PROJECTED AVERAGE FUEL PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR USE 37

viii
LIST OF TABLES

Page

A- 1

.

A-2

.

B- la

.

B-2a.

B-3a.

B-4a.

B-5a.

B- lb

.

B-2b

.

SPW Factors for Finding the Present Value of Future Nonfuel,

Nonannually Recurring Amounts 3

UPW Factors for Finding the Present Value of Future Nonfuel,

Annually Recurring Amounts . 4

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 7 Percent. Census Region 1 (Maine, New Hampshire,

Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York,

New Jersey, Pennsylvania) 8

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 7 Percent. Census Region 2 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,

Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota,

South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas) . . 9

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 7 Percent. Census Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland,

District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,

Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Texas). 10

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 7 Percent. Census Region 4 (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming,

Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington,

Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii) 11

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 7 Percent. United States Average 12

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 10 Percent. Census Region 1 (Maine, New Hampshire,

Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New

York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania) 13

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 10 Percent. Census Region 2 (Ohio, Indiana,

Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas) 14

ix
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

B-3b.

B-4b

.

B-5b

.

C.

Ca-1,

Ca-2

.

Ca-3.

Ca-4.

Page

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 10 Percent. Census Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland,

District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,

Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Texas) 15

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 10 Percent. Census Region 4 (Montana, Idaho,

Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,

Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii) 16

UPW* Discount Factors Adjusted for Average Fuel Price

Escalation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel. Discount

Rate = 10 Percent. United States Average 17

Regional and U.S. Average 1988 Fuel Prices, by End-Use

Sector and Major Fuel 20

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices Tied to the Value of

the Dollar in 1988, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel.

Census Region 1 (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New

Jersey, Pennsylvania) 22

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices Tied to the Value of

the Dollar in 1988, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel.

Census Region 2 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,

Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South

Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas) 24

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices Tied to the Value of

the Dollar in 1988, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel.

Census Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia,

Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi,

Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) 26

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices Tied to the Value of

the Dollar in 1988, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel.

Census Region 4 (Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New

Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon,

California, Alaska, Hawaii) 28

x
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Ca-5 .

Cb-1.

Cb-2

.

Cb-3

.

Cb-4

.

Cb-5.

S-l

.

S-2

.

Page

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices Tied to the Value of

the Dollar in 1988, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel.

United States Average 30

Projected Average Fuel Price Escalation Rates Exclusive of

General Price Inflation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel

(Percentage Change Compounded Annually) . Census Region 1 (Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut,

Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania) 32

Projected Average Fuel Price Escalation Rates Exclusive of

General Price Inflation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel

(Percentage Change Compounded Annually) . Census Region 2 (Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota,

Iowa, Missouri, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,

Kansas) 33

Projected Average Fuel Price Escalation Rates Exclusive of

General Price Inflation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel

(Percentage Change Compounded Annually). Census Region 3 (Delaware, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West

Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,

Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas,

Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas) 34

Projected Average Fuel Price Escalation Rates Exclusive of

General Price Inflation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel

(Percentage Change Compounded Annually). Census Region 4

(Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona,

Utah, Nevada, Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska,

Hawaii) 35

Projected Average Fuel Price Escalation Rates Exclusive of

General Price Inflation, by End-Use Sector and Major Fuel

(Percentage Change Compounded Annually) . United States

Average 36

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices with Assumed General

Price Inflation Rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Percent, by EndUse Sector and Major Fuel. Census Region 1 (Maine, New

Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode

Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania) 40

Projected Average Fuel Price Indices with Assumed General

Price Inflation Rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Percent, by EndUse Sector and Major Fuel. Census Region 2 (Ohio, Indiana,

Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,

North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas) 42

xi
LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Page

S-3. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices with Assumed General

Price Inflation Rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Percent, by EndUse Sector and Major Fuel. Census Region 3 (Delaware,

Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia,

North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky,

Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, Louisiana,

Oklahoma, Texas) 44

S-4. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices with Assumed General

Price Inflation Rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Percent, by EndUse Sector and Major Fuel. Census Region 4 (Montana, Idaho,

Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,

Washington, Oregon, California, Alaska, Hawaii) 46

S-5. Projected Average Fuel Price Indices with Assumed General

Price Inflation Rates of 0, 5, 10, and 15 Percent, by EndUse Sector and Major Fuel. United States Average 48

xii
SINGLE PRESENT WORTH AND UNIFORM PRESENT WORTH DISCOUNT FACTORS

Table A-l of this section presents the single present worth (SPW) factors for

finding the present value of future nonfuel, nonannually recurring amounts,

such as repair and replacement costs and salvage values. The formula for

finding the present value (P) of a future amount (F) is the following:

1 P = Fx =Fx SPWN Factor,

( l+d) N

where d = Discount rate; and

N = Number of discount or compound interest periods; in this case the

number of years until F occurs.

Table A-2 presents uniform present worth (UPW) factors for finding the present

value of future nonfuel amounts recurring annually, such as routine

maintenance costs. The formula for finding the present value (P) of an annually recurring uniform amount (A) is the following:

( l+d) N -1

P = A x = A x UPWN Factor,

d(l+d) N where N = the number of discount or compound interest periods; in this case

the number of years over which A recurs.

In each table the factors are given for both 7 percent and 10 percent

discount rates. The factors based on 7 percent are for finding the present

value of future amounts associated with Federal energy conservation and

renewable energy projects. The factors based on 10 percent are for finding

the present value of future amounts associated with most other Federal

projects (except those specifically exempted from the 10 percent rate). Both

the 7 and 10 percent rates are defined for Federal use to be "real" rates

exclusive of general price inflation. The factors are applied as multipliers

to future amounts which are stated in "constant" dollars, that is, exclusive

of general price inflation.

Examples of How to Use the Factors:

SPW(7%): To compute the present value of a replacement cost in the 8th year

for an energy efficient heating system, go to table A-l, find the 7 percent

SPW factor for year 8 (0.58), and multiply by the replacement cost.

SPW(10%): To compute the present value of a repair cost in the 5th year for a floor, go to table A-l, find the 10 percent SPW factor for year 5 (0.62), and

multiply by the repair cost.

UPW(7%): To compute the present value of an annually recurring maintenance

cost for a renewable energy system over 20 years, go to table A-2, find the 7 percent UPW factor for 20 years (10.59), and multiply by the annual

maintenance cost.

1
UPW(10%): The compute the present value of annually recurring costs of office

cleaning over 30 years, go to table A-2, find the 10 percent UPW factor for 30

years (9.43), and multiply by the annual cleaning cost.

For further explanation of the use of these factors, see NBS Handbook 135,

section 2.5.

2
Table A-l. SPW Factors for Finding the Present Value of Future

Nonfuel, Nonannually Recurring Amounts

Number of Years

Until Future Amount SPW Factor SPW Factor

Occurs (N) (d = 0.07) (d = 0.10)

1 0.93 0.91

2 0.87 0.83

3 0.82 0.75

4 0.76 0.68

5 0.71 0.62

6 0.67 0.56

7 0.62 0.51

8 0.58 0.47

9 0.54 0.42

10 0.51 0.39

11 0.48 0.35

12 0.44 0.32

13 0.41 0.29

14 0.39 0.26

15 0.36 0.24

16 0.34 0.22

17 0.32 0.20

18 0.30 0.18

19 0.28 0.16

20 0.26 0.15

21 0.24 0.14

22 0.23 0.12

23 0.21 0.11

24 0.20 0.10

25 0.18 0.09

*** Extended Series ***

26 0.08

27 0.08

28 0.07

29 0.06

30 0.06

3
Table A-2. UPW Factors for Finding the Present Value of Future

Nonfuel, Annually Recurring Amounts

Number of Years

Over Which Amount UPW Factor UPW Factor

Recurs (N) (d = 0.07) (d = 0.10)

1 0.93 0.91

2 1.81 1.74

3 2.62 2.49

4 3.39 3.17

5 4.10 3.79

6 4.77 4.36

7 5.39 4.87

8 5.97 5.33

9 6.52 5.76

10 7.02 6.14

11 7.50 6.50

12 7.94 6.81

13 8.36 7.10

14 8.75 7.37

15 9.11 7.61

16 9.45 7.82

17 9.76 8.02

18 10.06 8.20

19 10.34 8.36

20 10.59 8.51

21 10.84 8.65

22 11.06 8.77

23 11.27 8.88

24 11.47 8.98

25 11.65 9.08

*** Extended S

26 9.16

27 9.24

28 9.31

29 9.37

30 9.43

4
MODIFIED UNIFORM PRESENT WORTH DISCOUNT FACTORS FOR FEDERAL USE (BASED ON

FEDERALLY REQUIRED DISCOUNT RATES OF SEVEN AND TEN PERCENT AND DOE- PROJECTED

RATES OF CHANGE IN ENERGY PRICES, BOTH OF WHICH EXCLUDE GENERAL PRICE

INFLATION)

This section presents "modified" uniform present worth (UPW* ) discount factors

for the 4 Census regions and for the United States. The factors are modified

in the sense that they incorporate projected energy price changes. There are two sets of tables: the "a" tables present UPW* factors based on a seven percent "real" discount rate (i.e., a discount rate exclusive of the rate of

general price inflation) , and the "b" tables present UPW* factors based on a ten percent real discount rate. The factors presented in the "a" tables are

for energy costs or savings accruing over 1 to 25 years and are to be used in

life-cycle cost analyses of Federal energy conservation and renewable energy

projects. The factors presented in the "b" tables are for energy costs or savings accruing over 1 to 30 years and are to be used for life-cycle cost

analysis of the energy component of Federal projects that are not primarily

for conserving energy or providing renewable energy. The energy price

projections underlying the UPW* factors are stated as annual averages.

Therefore, the factors are not tied to a particular calendar date in the

year

.

1

For the period 1988-2018, the UPW* factors incorporate rates of change in

energy prices computed from indices projected by the Energy Information

Administration (EIA) of the U.S. Department of Energy. Documentation on the

PC-AEO model used by EIA to project energy prices is available in PC-AEO

Forecasting Model for the Annual Energy Outlook 1987 (DOE/EIA-M029) , June

1988. Assumptions underlying the PC-AEO model are presented by EIA in

Assumptions for the Annual Energy Outlook 1987 (SR/EAFD/88-02) , October 1988.

Projections at the national level are reported by EIA in the Annual Energy

Outlook 1987 (AEO) (DOE/EIA-0383 (87) , March 1988. Regional projections are reported by EIA in Regional Projections of End-Use Energy Consumption and

Prices through 2000 (SR/EAFD/88-01 ) , October 1988, and Average Regional Energy

Price Projections to the Year 2013 (SR/EAFD/88-03) , October 1988.

The formula for finding the present value (P) of future energy costs or savings is the following:

N 1988+n)

P = A0 x E = A0 x UPW* N Factor,

n=l ( l+d) n

where A0 = Base-year dollar cost of energy, i.e., the annual quantity of

energy times its 1988 price;

n = Counter used to designate each year, with n=l for the year 1989;

1 Prior to the 1987 edition of this report, however, cash flows were assumed to begin in July since projections were stated as mid-year values.

5
N = Number of discount or compound interest periods; in this case the

number of years over which energy costs or savings accrue;

I(igg8+n) = Projected average fuel price index given in tables Ca-1 through

Ca-5 for the year 1988+n; and

d = Discount rate.

Examples of How to Use UFW* Factors

UPW*(7%): To compute the present value of heating with distillate oil for an energy-conserving design of a Federal office building in New Mexico for 15

years, go to table B-4a, find the UPW* factor for commercial distillate for

15 years (12.31), and multiply by the annual heating cost in 1988 dollars.

UPW* (10%) : To compute the present value of electricity costs over 30 years

associated with a renovated Federal office building in Ohio, go to table B-2b,

find the UPW* factor for commercial electricity for 30 years (9.17), and

multiply by the annual electricity cost in 1988 dollars.

For further explanation of the use of UPW* factors, see NBS Handbook 135,

section 2.5.

Note: The data in the tables which follow are now reported by 4 Census

regions. Prior to the 1988 edition, regional data were presented by 10 DoE

regions. Figure B-l presents a map showing the states corresponding to the 4

Census regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone,

Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin

Islands. Analysts of Federal projects in these areas should use data which

are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the U.S. average

data for guidance.

6
WEST

MIDWEST

NORTHEAST

(Region

4)

(Region

2)

(Region

1) 7

Source:

U.S.

Bureau

of

the

Census
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TABLE

B-5a.

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<r m cn O' '-d' O' O' 00 O' m CO O' vO CM CM m 00 m oo rH cn vo 00 o CM 'd- o rH CM cn CO <r vn m VO vo C" 00 00 00 O' O' O' o o o o rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

m VO CM ^d* cn 00 VO o rH O' VO VO cn O' O' cn VO O' O' CD m

O' 00 m cn o rH c- CM 00 cn co cn r- rH m O' cn VO O' CM m 00 o rH CM n in m VO 00 CO O' O' o o rH rH rH 9

CM 9

cn m cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH m cn m o CM rH oo cn m m cn r*** oo cn VO r- VO CM ON ON -d- O' 00 VO <r CM ON VO CM O' m rH CM CM rH in ON cn VO ON CM m oo o rH CM cn <r m VO VO r- 00 00 O' O' o o rH CM CM CM cn cn cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

r- 00 <r cn CM CM <r 00 rH CM o cn cn O' rH o VO CO <r CO cn O' 00 r«- m cn rH O' in <r CM o o cn OO cn oo cn rH in O' o rH CM cn <r m m VO r- 00 O' o o

3 9

CM cn cn «d- 'd- m in VO VO VO

rH 1—

1

rH rH rH rH •—

i

rH rH rH rH rH

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CM cn cn <*• <r m m VO VO VO

rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH i—i rH rH rH rH rH rH

cn O' O' 'd’ CM cn VO VO cn 00 o O' m o CM CM o r^- rH m VO r>* VO O' r-~ in cn o VO CM 00 cn 00 cn r* CM in O' cn VO O' CM <r O' rH cn in o r—

1

CM cn o- <*• in in vo VO CO C30 00 O' O' O' O o o o rH rH rH

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

<r O' O' VO o CM ON <r VO vo cn 00 VO CM m m cn ON cn m <r cn O' 00 vo CM o r- <r o cn O' m o m o m O' cn o 'd- O cn o CM cn >d- m m VO 00 00 O' o o rH rH rH CM CM cn cn cn >d ^d- rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

O' cn CM VO m cn 00 CM cn cn o 'd' >4 rH m VO in r

i 'd' 'd- CM oo rH cn cn O' O' 00 VO 'd* CM O' <r rH 00 'd- o VO rH VO rH VO o -4- OO rH m oo rH o CM cn <r in in vo oo CD O' o o rH rH CM CM m cn cn «d* ^d- -d- m

rH rH rH r—

1

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

O' CM VO vo cn CO o o m VO CM in ^d- rH VO VO cn 00 o rH O' O' 00 VO <r CM o m CM O' m rH r* m oo cn oo CM VO o -d- rH 'd- o rH CM cn <r m VO VO 00 CD CN OrH o

rH d

«HrH a a

cn

•—i cn

rH

^d- rH>d- rH*d* rH mrH mrH

cn o o <r cn -r r^. 'd- O' o ON VO o cn cn a

CM m vO ON 00 VO cn o VO CM 00 cn oo cn CM in O' cn VO O' 'd- O' rH cn m

o CM cn •4- m m vo VO r^. 00 00 00 O' O' O' o o o o rH »H »H

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

2 HCMCO*a-l/">CONCOCTiO cm co -4- m co r-'. co a O rl N -I

i-H CM CM CM CM CM CM

12

ELBC

-

Electricity;

DIST

=

Distillate;

LPG

=

Liquefied

Petroleum

Gas;

NATGAS

=

Natural

Gas;

RESID

=

Residual;

COAL

=

Steam

Coal;

and

GASLNE

-

Gasoline.
TABLE

B-lb.

UFW*

DISCOUNT

FACTORS

ADJUSTED

FOR

AVERAGE

FUEL

PRICE

ESCALATION

BY

END-USE

SECTOR

AND

MAJOR

FUEL

DISCOUNT

RATE

=

10

PERCENT

Census

Region

1

(Maine,

New

Hampshire,

Vermont,

Massachusetts,

Connecticut,

Rhode

Island,

New

York,

New

Jersey,

Pennsylvania)

CM CO m VO 00 O' o a

CO d- m vn r» 00 O' o 3 g|

CO 'd' a

1 VO r*. 00 O' o

rH rH rH rH rH I—

1

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1

1

CM CM CM CM co

co 00 O' vn o

a

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00 ^d*

1

1

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o CM m CO m m VO VO 00 00 O' O' O' O O o o o rH rH rH 1 rH rH rH rH CM

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1

1

1

rH rH rH rH rH

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1

1

1

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1 rH rH rH rH rH

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1

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rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

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1

1 oo CM VO oo O'

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rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH

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1

1 o •d* 00 o rH o> 00 r- m CM o r'- CO o VO I—

1

CM vo rH m CO CM m o CM VO 00 1 o rH CM <3* m

o rH CM CO m m vo 00 00 O' O' o o o rH i—

1

i—

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1

1 CM o CO O'

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cd

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rH rH rH 1 JJ rH rH rH rH rH

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CM 00 m m O' o\ in m rH CO CO o <r VO m CM oo CM m VO

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ch <r l—

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a

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1

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rH rH rH CM CM CM CM 1 CM CM CM CM co

13
z

o

528

HCOM

Q

a

CO§

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Q

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cH 04 CO <r m ID r*. 00 cn 10 a a 13

-4* rH a 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 a

1

1

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26 27 a 29 30

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1

11- eg m vO VO Ov o- m CM O' m 00 co cn "3- 00 CO ID O CO <n CM -J- VO 00 O CM CO 1 U0 ID rv oo cn o rH 04 CO CO <r m m vo VO 00 co cn cn cn cn O o d o

H rH

1 rH rH rH rH rH 1 pi

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rH rH rH iH

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1

1

1

1 m VO VO VO ov m CO o ID CM CM i-l uo cn CM in 00 rH CO ID 00 O rH CO «4- ID 1 P^ 00 cn o a

o rH Cv| «o -d- -d* m in VO vo r** O* 00 co 00 cn Ov <n cn d o o o O 1 o o o rH rH rH rH rH 1 d 1 rH rH rH rH

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1

1 00 CM *4- VO VO

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rH orH orH

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rH

rH rH rH

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eg

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rH rH rH eg CM CM eg 1 eg co CO CO cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

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rH orH orH 3 a

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1

1 CM ^d* Os CM

CM a a a o P <r o p <r o a rH a rH a CM CM a a rH <3 a a o 1 rH CO «d’ a P

o rH CM CO <r m a a p a a <M CM o o O

3 3 3

CM CO 1 * a CO co CO CO

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 * rH rH rH rH rH

CO Os CO a o Os a a CM r-- rH rH P CM a <r p* P^ -d- o a «3 CO rH

1

1 a rH 'd' a P

CM a p a CM o a co CM a rH r-- CM a O a rH 3- O CM -3 a a 1 CM rH CM CO -d o rH CM CO <r a a a a p a a Os CM O o o CM CM CM

rH rH rH 3 3

1 CM CO CO CO CO

rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH o rH "d* o Os CO CM n- a a o CM rH p rH CO co CM a CO t-~ O rH rH rH

1

1 CM P >d* o m

CM p -3 rH a CM p rH a CM CO a CM rH <r a a o rH CO -3 a r'- a Os 1 Ov o rH CM CM o rH CM a co *4

* 'd' a a a a a a p p P^ a 00 a a a a a a 1

1

1

1

1

a CM CM CM CM

CM p a p >3

- p VO CM o CO CO o <r a <r o a a Hf rH P i—1

1

1

1

1

1 CO a a a <r

cm p a CM Os a rH p CM p CM a o <r p o CO a a o CM -3 a P CM 1 o rH CM CO ^d- o rH CM a CO m in a a P p a a a CM Os CM CM o o o o o O 1 i—1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH a a p rH o VO p VO I—

1

<r CO co o CO CO a VO CO a rH CM CM CM a o

1

1 CO a a VO VO

CM a VO rH p co Os m o m CM <r p rH ^d- r^* o CM a P (Tv O CM >d" 1 a a P a CM o rH CM CO <r <r a a a p p p a a CM CM CM orH O

rH orH O O r-1 rH rH rH 3 3

1

1

1 3 3 3 3

rHrH

VO VO rH CM Os rH rH p

3

rH a rH o p O rH o a OV rH i—1 CTv VO i—

l

1

1 m P a Ov a CM a VO <r rH p 3- o a a o a CM CM vo OV CM <r a CM rH CM <r a 1 p a CM o rH o rH CM CO <r <r a VO VO p p a a a CM CM OV O o o O rH rH 1 3

rH rH CM CM

rH rH rH rH i—1 rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH o rH a rH o <r CM o a CM <T CO CTv CO a m <r o a CM CM a <r CO

1

1 i—

1

CM a 3a <JN p <r rH r- CM P rH a CM a a CM rH <r a a o CM a >3 a f". a CM 1 o O rH CM o rH CM CO a <r <r a a a a VO a p p P^ P- a a a a a a a a 1

1

1

1

CM CTv CM CM CM

rH CM m <r a VO p a Ov o rH CM CO a VO P- 00 CTv o rH cm a m

1

1

1

1 VO P a CM O rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM 1 CM CM CM CM CO

15
TABLE

B-4b.

UFW*

DISCOUNT

FACTORS

ADJUSTED

FOR

AVERAGE

FUEL

PRICE

ESCALATION

BY

END-USE

SECTOR

AND

MAJOR

FUEL

DISCOUNT

RATE

=

10

PERCENT

Census

Region

4

(Montana,

Idaho,

Wyoming,

Colorado,

New

Mexico,

Arizona,

Utah,

Nevada,

Washington,

Oregon,

California,

Alaska,

Hawaii)

2 rlNM^iOWNCOWOrlNM^iOiONflOOiOrlNn^UI HHrlHHrHHHriHNCNNCvlNN N OO O' O CM N N (M ro

oOOlNCH'OONHCOCMlOOlNCMO'Nl'lNtOHtOrtHOOM CTir'iocMCTivocsloocnCTi^roocor^O'a-r^ocMior^CT^rHCNj-oOrHCMmcn-Nj-ir>Lnvovor^r^oooocTio\a>ooooorHp-irH HHHHHriHH

vo a\ o ^ m CD 00 O' CM

J <r rH CO OV o O' o iH 00 CM CM O' m *4- rH VO O' o O' *4’

1 OV 1 CM m vo VO vo a

ov co VO CO rH CO O' n o <r O' CO vo o CO VO O' rH CO VO r-* O' rH CM 1 m vO oo o o rH CM CO >4 m in VO 00 00 O' O' O' O' o o o o o rH rH 1 rH rH

i—

1

rH rH rH rH i—

1

rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH

co O' O VO VO CO vo 00 CO <• VO CM CO CM O' O' VO rH •4* <r co

1 rH 1 VO o CO m VO p O' VO CO o *4 o VO CM 00 CO 00 CO rH <r o CO VO 00 o CM <r i m oo O' o

g

o rH CM CO -4 <r m VO VO r-. 00 CO O' O' O

rH orH orH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH

rH 3

CM

rH CM

rH CM l rH 1

1 a a a a

COpH a

m rH rH CO CM ov VO CM co iH cm 00 o 1—

1

CM OV CO ^4 CO OV CO in in

1 CO 1 Ov <r 00 o CM

O' CO VO CO o VO CO o VO CO O' o ov CO VO o CO VO 00 rH CO m r- i oo o rH CO -4 S o rH CM CO ^4 <r m vo VO oo ov Ov Ov O O rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM 1 CM CO CO CO CO 2 rH rH rH rH rH I—

1

rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH

E-t oo o m m o CM CM co CO co oo oo in oo •4 oo VO rH m VO VO

1 -4- 1 OV >4- r>* o rH

C/3 ov ov m CO o CO o vo CM r>. CM rH m cn CM in 00 i—

<

CO m r>- OV | o CM CO in vo a o rH CM CO *4 m m vo oo oo ov O' o o o rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM 1 CO CO co CO CO

rH rH I—

1

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH

rH CO 00 vo *4 VO *4 00 O' oo CO m <r rH VO 00 00 VO CO O' CO »r1

i r^* m CO Ov VO 9

O' <r rH CO 00 CO r-* rH m O' CM m 00 o CM <r VO 00 O' rH CO <r i m vo oo w o rH CM CO co ^4 <r in m VO VO VO r-* r** 00 oo oo oo 00 00 O' O' ov O' 1 ov OV OV O' O' **

*

8

a

c/3 §

E-I

c/3 Q

<r cm <r

O' OD lO

i—I CO H

CO •J n CO oO LO rH «3-lO«3-OCMCMOlOO'.-lrHOf-^CM O'3-oocMincotHcomooocMcom

Ot-icMro-s-.j-tnioior'^r^ooooooO'O'a'OOOO.-ii-ii-ii-H

(Miotocoooo>ioao>tooHco(o<<HinffltONin 0'r'-incMco<3-omoino<3-r'~r-i-sf-r^ocM'3-ioaoo o m oo

CM CO <3- OrHCMCOCO-J-LOmvOMOr^r^r^COOOCOCTiCTiCTiOiCTiOOOO

miHcriiHCT'mo-j-r^ooir)CT'cocoin<fcr\cMiHcoco'£>r^ OiooiococrivocoCTiiOMr^cMr^cMvoocor^ocMmf^CT' vo co

cH CO OrHCMcoco<rLnin'or^r^cooocricrioooiH^HiH^iiHcMcM

CO O' 'T CO 00 o

O' CO Is ICI CM o

co-j-oooovDOOvDoor^covovocnoor-i vocoovcor-ir'-cMvoo-rcor-i-j-r'-ovcM rH O'

vo r-» OiHcMco-a-mmvovor-'-oocoavov o o o

i—I i—I i—

I

HrlHHNCMCMCM

CO

CJ vO O' i—I i—l I—

1

•ft VO CTl O H

U

0) H H H CM CM

C/3 rH rH rH rH rH •o

a> o rH o o oo •g

vo oo ov o>

CD O O O O O 4-J rH I—I rH rH rH £ Ov CO VO 00 O'

nr vo oo O' *

He CM CM CM CM CM K *—I i—l rH ri H

m O' cm •/ to

O' O Csl CO M

CM CO CO CO CO

rH CO 00 VO 00

oi i'* <r <H r-» O rH CM CO CO

in vo c^- oo co oo co i—

i

-f <r in in to

in oi o oi m

m oo cm <r fVO VO |v N fv oooooo<r

oi cm nr m r* N 00 M CO CO

O' cm m vo vo

00 O rH CM CO

00 O' O' O' O' m co o r- co in vo vo o\

cMn-inr^<roon-covovocor^-r-^<ro300'vna'CMCNior^cor^ O'r^incMO'inrHr^cMn'CMvooHj-r'rHcovoooi-Hcoinvoooo'

OrHcMcoco^-ininvovon'n'Ooooooo'O'O'O'Oooooo

O rH CM CM rH H CM to ^ m

vovnvOrHOinr^vorHcncMi^O'r'ComincooorHCMrHoO'a-O'

0'OOvo<j-rHn'COO'inovno'con-rH-4-r^ocMini^O'OcM<o

OrHcMco^-^vninvor'r^r^oocoo'O'O'OOOOOrHi-HrH

vovnr^comcMvovoHrooor^ O'CO'O-JHOOM-OVOHNH rHCMO'-3-lOinrHmOOOOr--'3-0' voocor^ocovoooocM-3-von«

o rHCMco<-<3-mvovor'r^ooooo' 0' 0' 00 oo 3

rH <r 00 vo oo O' S sf H N

O H CM CO CO

in vo -j- oo oo co oo to i—

i

hj- tn m vo m o H o vo in ov cm m r-'. vo vo r*

O' H H CD m O' cm -3- m

N CO CD a) oo

ocovon-nOi O H CM co

00 O' O' O' O'

CM -4 in in in in VO 00 O'

rH rH rH rH rH

rH rH rH rH rH

CO VO oo 00 OV o rH CM CO

rH CM CM aCM

rH rH rH rH

VO

^4 ft

CM

VO s

n

O' O' Ov O' O'

2 rHcMco-3-invon'COO'OrHcMco-3-invor^oooiOrHcMco<3 in

i—(i—I i—I i—I i—1 r—1 i—I i—I i—I i—I CM CM CM CM CM CM to N OO O' o

CM CM CM CM CO

16
TABLE

B-5b.

UPW*

DISCOUNT

FACTORS

ADJUSTED

FOR

AVERAGE

FUEL

PRICE

ESCALATION

BY

END-USE

SECTOR

AND

MAJOR

FUEL

DISCOUNT

RATE

=

10

PERCENT

United

States

Average

CM ro <r m ID r- 00 Ol o rH CM CO m VO 00 Ol o rH 22 cn 3- a

i VO 00 Ol o rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM i

i

i

CM CM CM CM cn

CO 00 c ID O d

rH 00 CM CM Ol CM rH 00 rH CM rH F" o CM CM o n* CM

i

i

8 tn s

cn o cn

<T\ m CM ON ID 00 CO OV *d* 00 CO f o *d* 1^. o CM m F" Ol rH CM <r 1 m Ol Ol o rH CM CO CO m m ID VO I*"- 00 00 Ol Ol GV o

rH orH orH O

rH OrH d

rH

rH d

11

11

1 d d d d d

CO 00 00 rH oi CM o O’ CO Ol 3 o VO o o Ol m Ol rH rH o f". cn 00

1

1

1

1 cn *d* •d* -d' CM

Oi f. m CO oi ID CM f CM VO m 00 CM in IT". o CM m Ol o CM CO m 1 VO F" 00 Ol o

O rH CM CO CO <r m m ID VO f f 00 00 00 Oi Ol Ol Ol Ol o o o o 1 O o o d rH rH rH rH 1 d 1 rH rH rH rH

CO c o VO 00 00 m o CO CM r-. n- VO CM VO VO •d- cn CO -d* cn

1

1 n- 00

oi f* VO CO o Is" O' rH f co Ol Ol <3- 00 CM VO Ol CM m F" o CM ^d* VO 8 n- Ol o rH CM o rH CM CO ^d* <r m ID ID f I"" 00 00 Ol Ol OrH O

rH orH a ^

rH

rH 3 a

CM

rH CMrH

1

1

1 d d

cn

rH cn

rH

cn

rH

uo rH o CM rH 00 O' O m 00 I*"- CM <3* rH *3- 'd* rH *d* m CO Ol cn -d- -3- CM

8

1 00 cn vO Ol o Ol 00 VO CO o vo CO o vo CM CO -3- Ol 00 CM VO Ol CM m F" o CM ^d- VO I F*» Ol o rH m

o !

1 CM CO -d- m ID VO f f 00 00 Ol Ol o o o rH rH rH CM CM CM CM 1 CM CM cn cn cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 0

1 rH rH rH rH rH

00 O m m o CM f—

1

Is" rH CM o in a

rH ^d- cn Ol Si CM o m Ol o Ol r.

8

0 CO o cn

Ol c m CO o f CO o VO CM I

s". rH m 00 m 00 o CM m VO 00 0 o rH cn <r «

O rH CM CO m m VO n- 00 00 Ol Ol o o o rH rH sH CM CM CM CM CM 8 cn cn cn cn cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 0

0 rH rH rH rH rH

rH CM m o Cl co CM ID in Ol rH o rH CO CO rH 00 cn r. o CM

1

i o *d* o VO

oi rH ID CM f rH in Ol CM VO Ol rH mj- VO 00 o rH co <r VO F^ 00 Ol I o o rH CM CM o rH CM CO CO <r O' m m m VD VO VO r* f F r*. CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 8

1

1

1

1 *

*

oi oi oi oi oi

CO CO 00 rH o CO rH m m rH <3* <3- o m <r o 'd' VO VO 'd' o >d- CO

1

1

1

1

1

*

CO

<u O rH CM rH O Oi f. m CO o vo CM Is" CM f rH m Ol CM m 00 rH CO m f". Ol rH cn <3- m 8 H F* 00 Ol o rH O rH CM CO 'd* in m ID VO f F F 00 00 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol Oi o o o o 1 V o o O rH rH

rH rH rH rH 1

1 on rH rH rH rH rH

CM i

O

CO CO 00 Ol ID o o 00 CM co rH VO 00 r- m o CM CO IN o VO 'd1

1 T3

4) VO F^ F. VO *d- Ol m CM 00 *d* O ID rH m O 'd- 00 rH 'd' o cn m 1^ Ol rH CM •d* in 1 •a

VO F* 00 Ol o

o rH CM CO CO *d- m in VO vo r^. r^. r- 00 00 00 Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol o O o o 8 aJ o o o o rH

rH rH rH rH 1

1 •u A

rH rH rH rH rH m rH c rH o f. CO Ol 'd- F f CO rH m in CM VO vo m rH «d* VO VO •d*

1

1 o m Ol rH cn

oi 00 m CO o ID co Ol VO CM 00 <r Ol ^d- 00 CM VO Ol CM in 00 o CM <r VO 1 00 Ol o CM cn o rH CM CO m m VO f 00 00 Ol Ol o

rH orH orH 3

rH

rH

rH

rH a a a

CM

rH

1

1

1 *

* d d

cn

rH cnrH cn

rH

00 o\ <r CO 00 o\ f CO ID VO CO I

s". f CM <r CO 00 rH rH 00 CO VO F" vo sr

1

1 Ol cn VO 00 o Ol 00 r*" m CM Ol ID CO Ol m rH VO rH VO o <r 1"" rH VO Ol rH CO in 1 00 o rH CM <3- o rH CM CO 'd- <r m VO VO f 00 00 Ol Oi o o o rH rH rH 3

CM a a a1 d

cn cn cn cn

rH rH rH rH rH rH 1 1 1

1 rH rH rH rH

rH CM VO CM CM ID rH co rH m n- VO cn Is" Ol Ol 00 3- o CO VD 00 co 00

1

1 VO <r o CM

Oi rH CM n- CM VO o CO vo Ol CM <r VO 00 o CM m VO co Ol 1 o rH CM CM cn O rH CM CO CO O' m m VO VO vo VO Is". I

s". F" 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1

1

1

1

1

Ol Ol Ol Oi Ol

CM VO f- ID ID i—1 >d- CO Ol CM CM 00 CM CO CM 00 CM CM Ol <r 00

11

1

1

1 rH CM d

CM «1 Cl f. m CM Cl m rH f CM f rH VO O cn f o CO m 00 o CM m F" 00 1 o rH cn .3- o rH CM CO CO m in vo vo f Is". 00 00 00 Ol Ol cn Oi o O o o o o 1 rH i—

1

rH rH rH

rH rH rH rH rH rH 1

1 rH rH rH rH rH

VO f. CM dIs" Ol 00 f VO CM CO Ol 1—

1

CM o m 00 Ol Ol CO 00

1

1 rH cn -3- Cl 00 VO f. CO <3\ m o in O 00 rH in 00 rH CO m Ol rH CO 1 IO F. 00 Ol 3

o rH CM co <? <r m m vo f f 00 00 00 Ol Ol Ol OrH O

rH orH orH orH d d

rHrH

1

1

1

rHrHrH

rH rH

rH d d

VO <3- VO CM CO o CO co o co d

<f m VO 3

rH m F- F" in CM

1

1 rH cn m m CTi 00 CO <r rH oo O' o VO rH VO m Ol CO vo Ol m r-'- Ol rH cn m vo 1 00 Ol o rH a

o rH CM co O' m ID VO f f 00 00 00 Ol Ol Ol O

rH o

rH orH O

rH 3 d d 3

1

1

1

rH

rH d d d d

rH CM ID CO CO Is" f CO rH VO oo <f oo o o oo o Is". 00 Ol 00

8

1 F" rH F* m

cn Is". rH f- CM f VO o CO vo Ol CM <r cn o ^d- m VO F^ oo Ol 1 o rH CM CM m

o rH CM CO CO O' O' in m vo vo vo VO f I

s" 1^. 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 1

1

1

1

Ol Ol Ol Ol Ol

»—

I

CM cO m vo f oo o\ o 1—

1

CM CO <r m VO oo cn o a a

CO a

1

1

1

1 VO F" 3Ol o 1—1

1—

1

1—

1

rH rH rH *—

1

i—i r—1

»—

i

CM CM CM 1 CM CM CM cn

17
1988 AVERAGE FUEL PRICES, PROJECTED AVERAGE FUEL PRICE INDICES, AND PROJECTED

AVERAGE FUEL PRICE ESCALATION RATES FOR FEDERAL USE (INDICES AND ESCALATION

RATES EXCLUDE GENERAL PRICE INFLATION)

Table C presents average 1988 fuel prices for the 4 Census regions and for the

United States. Use these prices as default values for 1988 fuel prices only

if you do not know actual fuel prices.

Tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 of this section present projected average fuel price

indices for the 4 Census regions and for the United States. These are multipliers which when applied to the 1988 prices provide estimates of the

corresponding future-year prices in 1988 dollars. Note that the resulting

price estimates are in constant dollars, exclusive of general price inflation.

Constant dollar prices are needed when discounting is performed with discount

rates which do not include general price inflation.

Example of How to Use the Indices:

To estimate the price of industrial steam coal in year 2005 in Connecticut,

go to table Ca-1, find the year 2005 index for industrial steam coal (1.27),

and multiply by the 1988 price for industrial steam coal in Connecticut. The

result will be given in 1988 dollars.

Tables Cb-1 through Cb-5 present the projected average fuel price escalation

rates (percentage change compounded annually) for six selected periods from

1988 to 2013 for the 4 Census regions and for the United States. Note that

these are "real" rates exclusive of general price inflation. Their use results in prices expressed in constant dollars.

The escalation rates consolidate the information provided by the indices in

the Ca tables so that trends in projected price changes can be seen at a glance. They are provided primarily to accommodate those who use computer

programs which require escalation rates as inputs.

Unless there is a compelling reason to use escalation rates, it is

recommended that you use the indices in the Ca tables to estimate future-year

energy prices, since the indices include year-to-year information rather than

averages over a number of years, and are easier to use.

Example of How to Use the Escalation Rates:

To estimate the price of residential distillate in 1993 (p93 ) in Wyoming using

the escalation rates, go to table Gb-4 and find the 1988-1990 and 1990-1995

escalation rates for residential distillate (3.6% and 2.9% per year,

respectively) . Assuming the actual 1988 price of residential distillate is

unknown, go to table C and find the default 1988 price (p a8 ) for Census region

4 ( $6 . 67/million Btu) . Enter these values into the following formula and

solve for the 1993 energy price (stated in 1988 dollars) :

P93 = Pea x (1 + e 1

) k

1 x (1 + e 2 ) k2 ,

= $6.67 x (1 + 0.036) 2 x (1 + 0.029) 3 = $7.80

18
where e i = Annual compound escalation rate for period i from the Cb tables

(in decimal form); and

ki = Number of years over which escalation rate e i occurs.

For further explanation of how to use these tables, see NBS Handbook 135,

appendices C and G.

Note: The data in the tables which follow are now reported by 4 Census

regions. Prior to the 1988 edition, regional data were presented by 10 DoE

regions. Figure B-l presents a map showing the states corresponding to the 4

Census regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone,

Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin

Islands. Analysts of Federal projects in these areas should use data which

are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the U.S. average

data for guidance.

19
TABLE

C.

REGIONAL

AND

U.S.

AVERAGE

1988

FUEL

PRICES

BY

END-USE

SECTOR

AND

MAJOR

FUEL 1

(1988

$

/MILLION

BTU)

(O (O N ^ m o m vo

CN)

CN| o 10

•g- «s- -g- O' eg

-g- oo r>* vo

rH <r eg >H

eg

00 O' O' O' CO

eg vo C'. vo vo g sf N N H

00

55o

eg r» O' -g- vo O' eg

O' vo o m

eg O' -g- VO N O

on

vo O' g n m H

00 O O' o o

n io vo » n

vn g eg eg h

r>.

O

W to

Pii

m mo H O' g

eg

p» o

rH vn N VO O' O' VO

eg n g g eg

O' eg ~3- rH

00 vo H O' vo

co oo co vo

co g eg eg <-h

r*

co

C3

COz

w

o

eg

>3- O rH

r- vo co

eo vo O' m

eg

vo m m oo

>3- rH CO 00 O' n eg vo

eg rH

g co vo CO rH oo vo h g co

rH g CO g rH

eg

g- vo o vo co

co o oo m vo

r- in eg m

eg

ovgr^oor'-

in vo vo h m

g g eg co rH

rH

eg rH

eg r-- oo ooo

r- g eg co h

O'

oo

co

r*.

20

Regional

fuel

prices

are

based

on

an

assumed

1988

world

oil

price

of

$17.

21/barrel.

ooo

CM

o\

O'

O'

00O'

01

r>. o»

O'

rH

VO

O'

cn

WOM ID

Pd O' Oj ^ O' O rH

(-3

II O'

O'

CO rH

CO

O'

cm i— co O -a- CO CM

rH CO in VO O HT CO CM O 00 CM CO

CO CO CM

O' CO 00 O'

O' CO CM rH O rH rH rH

00 00 CO VO

O' CM CM rH N N 00 CM

O' CM rH rH O rH rH

00 >J O'

O' rH rHO

O rH i—I i—1

CM VO 3 m

H

O VON CM CM

CM rl

O CO O'

O VO

N CM

H

o-crcoof'- O to VO CM rH

O'

N Cl VO VO

O' *3* lO rl rH O i—I i—I i—I rH

00 O' rl CO <f O' CO -3* rH rH O rH rH

CM O'

O CO

O' CO CM rH rH O rH rH rH N VO O' N H

O' CM rHO

H

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INDICES

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rH

rH rH o CM CO CO cn <r rH CO r- <n r>* rH rH CM OV M 00

ii o rH VO m o 00 00 cn m rH 00 OV 00 m m o ii OV o • • • • • • 00 CM i—1 rH r—j rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH Q 00 rH

00 P 00

OV Ph OV rH rH

'w' VO Ov rH CM CT\ CM o m cn VO o o OV 00 N— o o ID m O 00 00 m m rH oo OV 00 <3* m Ov o • • • • • R

• CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH <—

1

rH rH rH rH 0 rH Eiq

in Ov o CM VO Ov rH Ov VO CM CM <3- Ov Ov CO a•“> VO o o VO m O 00 cn m rH 00 00 <3* m o OV o • • • • • pi • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH E rH

<r Ov 00 o m Ov Ov m o CM CM VO m m cn o O m m <r O cn in rH 00 00 -d- in ov o • • • o • • CM rH rH rH rH 1

\ rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

CO VO CM oo VO CM 00 CM OV cn <r cn cn o

o o m <r "d’ o cn <3- rH r*. 00 rv* <3- m OV o • • • • • • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH !

1 rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

CM CO VO rH 00 CM rH rH rH CM CM rH 00 o o m <r <r o cn <3* rH 00 r- od- m co o • • • • • • CM rH rH rH rH r—

1

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

rH 00 CM Ov 00 CM o OV <3* rH m ov o o Ov VO o o m CO o n- r'. CM <3“ rH f-'- 00 o • • • • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

29
TABLE

Ca-5.

PROJECTED

AVERAGE

FUEL

PRICE

INDICES

TIED

TO

THE

VALUE

OF

THE

DOLLAR

IN

1988,

BY

END-USE

SECTOR

AND

MAJOR

FUEL

United

States

Average> oooCM

On

CT\ ON

00

ON

ON

on

as o oo co in o ^ m

iH

rI i—I

on

as

~3 rl -3 -3 CM

CO

O r—I rl rl

co on r" co

as to co cm O i—t r—1

00 -3 CM -3 ON CO CO CM O i—I i—I r—I O H H H

ON

00 VO rl

O rl rl

-3- CM 00 H rl O

O i—I <—I n h on io

ON <

I o o O rl rl rl

O CO IO O'

M

O VON CM CM

ON CO rl VO CM ON VO N N CM O !—I I—I 1 I

00 1^- «3 CO

O

ON

m VO CM CM

O rl

on <j- on oo

ON <T IT) rl rl O rl rl rl O rl rl

VO VO 00 00 CM

ON CM rl

O rl

O rl rl rl

vo ri o m

O

ON CM rl

O rl

O rl rl rl n vo m co to

ON rl

OOO

O rl rl

O rl *CT CM CO O N I". CM

ON VO

O

m rl ON VO N VO CM O rl rl rl

on to co on

on

m vo

m ri

O rl rl

VO

O CO ON VO

on in in 3 ri O rl rl COwoM VO cn rH rH <r VO m cn rH ON in P ON ON CNJ CNJ rH ON rH ON cn ON • • • • i-l r-H o rH « 1 r-H o r-H rH rH rH o rH rH rH rH woM m 1^- CO rH m cn ON CM *4- m 3 ON CNJ cn d ON <J\ CNj CM rH ON <n CM rH rH ON cn CNJ cn rH d r' ON • • • • O rl rl rl m r'' on co

ON CM rl CM O rl rl m rl O VO ON

ON CM rl rl

O

O rl rl rl ri

VO VO VO rl 00

ON rl

O rl

O

O rl rl

VO

«33O3

3*

CO

rCMO

CM

00Omo

co

00

ONoVO

'S’

COCO

CM

CM

r-'- o I—I

ON

ON

00 ON O' 3 O' o o o O rl rl rl00 CO

m CM VO

ON rl

OO

O

O rl rl rl s in oo vo

ON rl

OOO

O rl rl rl o o oON

ON

ON

ON

oo cm o o o

ON

ON

O 3 H 4 rl O O O

O rl rl rl i—I O -3 VO -3

rl

OOO

O rl rl rl

<ro

voo

ON

00

ON

O VO VO rl o o o o i—I rl rlO 00 -3 rl CM O O O OO 00 >3 CM CM O O O O O

CMO

mo

00

00

ONI—I o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1—I rl o o o o o o o o o o oo oo

30
CO -3- VO CM CM -3- o r- m Ov ^d* co VO 'd* m

o vo vo in o OV OV o OV Ov Ov -d- VO o

o • • • • • • CM H rl H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM

eg CO ID O rM CO 00 VO *3* VO CO rH <r CM m 'd* m

rH o vo vo in O 00 OV -3- o Ov ov OV vo o

o • • • • • • CM H H H H rl H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM

rH lO 3 ov o CO N ^ CO <r CO o CO rH CO co <*

rH o vo m m O 00 OV ^d* o OV OV ov "d" VO O

o • • • • • • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH «H CM O CO CO CO OV CO vo CO CM CM CO OV CM o *H CM CM rH o vo m -t O CO OV 'd- <r O 00 Ov OV <r VO O

o • • • • • • CM rH rH rH rH rl H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

C/5

CM

Ov CO CM N CO co in cm CM rH CO 00 rH OV OV rH w rH O o vo n <f o <o ov *d“ o co OV 00 CO VO o o O • • • • • M • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH g

CM

00 CM H lO N CM CO O o ov CM VO OV r^» Ov w OV O o vo m O CO OV *«d* co O CO 00 00 co m o Ov o • • 0 • • M • O CM rH rH rH rl H H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH ad o rH O cu o

rH -3 rH

r-v cm o m vo CM CM OV o CM m 00 VO in 00 M 00

n o o vo m >3- O 00 00 CO O 00 00 00 co in o u Ov o • • • • • • 00 CM rH rH sH rH H rH rH rH rH sH rH rH rH rH rH Q 00 rH 00 00

ov ov

rH p rH

CD CM OV m- m CM <—1 00 Ov m eg <r m CO 00 O o in in 3 O 00 CO CO CO o 00 05 00 CO m Ov O • • • • • Q • CM H H H H 1—1 rl rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH 0

E-> rH

vn CM 00 CO <3- cm o r* 00 CO eg CO VO >d- rH VO o o n in O 00 00 CO CO o 00 00 00 CO m O ov o • • • • • cd • CM rH rH rH rH rH rH H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH E rH

<r r—< VO H CO h co m vo rH rH rH <3- rH o m CO o o m m O MO CO CO o 00 00 00 CO m Ov o • • • • • • CM H H rl rl rH rH rH rH rH rH !

1 rH rH rH rH rH

CO H ^ O' H i—i m cm o rH 00 rH ov 00 eg o O o m -3- o r* oo CO CO o 00 eg m Ov O • » » 0 • • CM rH rH rH rH H H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

CM H CM Is O' rH CO OV eg 00 r—

1

VO OV VO VO o oo O o m <r co o m CO CM o 1"- CM m 00 O • • • • • CM H H H H H rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

rH .H o m r- rl H N rH VO s—1 CO VO m 00 VO o o m -j co O M M CO CM o p" CM 00 o • • • • CM H H rl rH «—1 i—1 rH rH rH 1—

1

«H «1 rH rH rH rH

31
o co

rH O iH 0 4-10

CM CM

co

CMo o o o

co vo ov vo <t

CM vo vo co co O O O O rH

CO O CO LO N cm vo vo vo .3- o o o o

orw

m o

O O t—

I

0 4-10

CM CM o o o o

CM f'- N O' o o o o

o o o o o cm r" C'- <r o o o oo o o o o cm f^- <r o o o o

or-'.

2 o in o o

0 4-10

CM CM o o o o co -3

- -3- <r O rH rH rH o o o o o CO <J- -3- -3- -3- O rH rH rH o o o o o CO -3* -3* -3* -3* O rH rH rH o~3-

BS i

m o o' o 0 4-10

rH CM o o o o

O' N rH n- O CO CO CM o o o o o

O' rH vo m

O -3- VO CM rH o o o o o m oi o 3 co

rH -3

" vo -3" rH orH

•3

-

w

o

o i >H

i & O

O' o

in

o\ w a3 S

25

O'

1—1 4J o\

rH o o o o •3- CO O O

O CM CM CM

I

o o o o o

<r r* co vo n

o

I CO -3- rH o o o o o n o cm vo in oI 3 3 <*1 H

oo

00 o

CO O O'

O' 4-1 O' o'3- o

I

o o o

CO CO O'

CO CO o

o o o o o

m Is* rH r- f'- o

I CM O rH o o o o o

r- o rH m

oI m CM rH rH o

ra

32

WORLD

OIL

PRICE

ASSUMPTION

3.00

4.70

6.50

1.40

0.70
m

o o o +j CM o o o o cm r-~ r-» o o o o

o o o o o cm f'. r-'- <r o o o oo o o o o cm n r- r* -4- o o o o

o m

o o o

0 4-10

CM CM o o o o co -a

- <r -a- O i—If—i 1—

t

o o o o o co -j- <r O i—It—I i—

t

o o o o o co «3- sj- O r-l H

0

m o o o o o o o o o o o o o

cd cn o o CM 00 CO CM o CO rH CO o CO D CT> 4-> o • • • • 9

1—

1

CM o co CO CO o in m co rH o m co

fc. w

O CO w

o m cr\ o a\

cn +j cti rH i—

I

o o o o io <r> m m

o CM CM CM

i

o o o o o CO O OC O 00 O <f rO CM H I

0 o o o o 01 O m rH O -3" -3- «3-

00 o

00 O CTl

CTl 4-> CTl o o o o CO CO rH CM O CO

I J’ i—

I

O O O O O

IO rl Ol Ol O

O m rH O CM O O O O O

rH CM O m CM CM CM

I

O'

cod

of'. ©

o

<r

o

•3-

Oo

co

or**

33

WORLD

OIL

PRICE

ASSUMPTION

3.00

A.

70

6.50

1.40

0.70

0.68
r* j§ fa O

in

8

m o o o o o o O <h cm r>- r-- r- 0 4-10 . . . . cm cm o o o o

o m o o o o o o o co -3

- <1

- 0 4-10 . . . . CM CM O H H rl

m O <J\ O O Ct 4-1 O

rH CM O O O O f" mj- cm O CO CO CO

0 m ai o cr> 01 4J cr> H iH o o o o

-a- oo cm m

O CM CM CM

I

o o o o o

CM N N N -f o O o o rH O O O O O N N I— -3" O O O O rH O

o

o o o o o co <r <r -3- -3- O i—C i—I r-C rH O O O O O co -3- «3- -3- -3- O rH I—I rH t—

I

O<3

O O O o o

oo o vo rH in O -3- VO CO rH O O O O Orl Ol H CO

rH -3- VO VO rH o

rH

-3-

o o o o o -3-ovooonO CO -3- CM rH

I

o o o o o VO ov CO CM <3 O CO 3 in rH

I

o

CO

O O O O o

CTv O -3- OV r- O m CM O rH

I

O O O O o

-3-OrHr-<r

H m CM CM rH

I

o

34

VORLD

OIL

PRICE

ASSUMPTION

3.00

4.70

6.50

1.40

0.70

0.68
m o

O O rH

4J o

CM CM o o o o

cm r~ r-~ o o o o

o o o o o

cm i

-" <r o o o o H

o o o o o

cm sr o o o O iH

o m

o o 0 4-10

CM CM o o o o CO -3- <1- O rH rH

in o o o o O

a\ o o co G\ CO

G\ •U o • • • •

i—

i

CM i—

i

CO CO CO

o o in O o o o

oo o\ o o\ CM o\ CM VO

(0 a* 4-1 . . • • uo

rH rH O CM CM CM

o o o o o co -a- -a- -a- -a- O (—i I—l I—l rH

o o o o o CO <J\ CO 00 CTl H <T in CM N

o o o o o

CM O O CO o

O CO <r rH CO

o o o o o co -a- -a- -a- -a- O I—I I—l r—l r—

l

o o o o o

<X) O CO CM VO

iH in co m cm

o o o o o CO H m -a N

o -a- -a- -a- cm

•H

00

QJ o£

cnd

CO o

00 o o o O o o o o o o O o o O o

€0 o CM CM CO VO CM CM o o 00 CM CO CM CM CM cn

cn 4-1 cn • • • • • • • • • • • • • • rH i—

i

O CO CO «—

1

o m CM o CO o m CM CM CM

o

o

o-ao

I—

I

ao

o

CO

o

r~.

35

WORLD

OIL

PRICE

ASSUMPTION

3.00

4.70

6.50

1.40

0.70

0.68
m o O o o o o o o o o o o o o o O o o rH CM CM r^ r- <• CM r- r^ o 4-) o • • • • • • • • • . • • • • CM CM O o o o o o o o rH o o o o rH o

8

H

m

t o

w

o m

o o o

O 4-> o

cm eg o o o o m g- -t g- O rH H

O O O O O co -3- <3

- <r <r O i—I I—I rH o o o o o co -3- ~a- -«r O rH rH rt H

in o o o o o

o» O o m CM

CU G\ 4J o • • • oo !

1 CM o co CO CO

ft) V4 I

CO

a)

o o o o o N 00 CO Ol N

O 4 lO N H

o o o o o

o o h in

r-l m ID m rH

O 4J o m o o o o o o o o o o O o o o

ed Ol o cr> 00 CO Oi o o\ ID o CO w 4-J Oi 4-> O'> • • CO rH rH o CM CM CM o CO rH i—

1

O -3- rH

00 o O o o o O o o o o O O o o

00 o O ID <r 00 CM cn rH 00 <T

k

o o CM

ON 4-> O • • • • • • • • rH rH O CO CO rH o -3- CM o rH rH m CM CM o

oo

o-3- rH

O(—

I

-O'

o

o

CO

o

36

OIL

PRICE

ASSUMPTION

3.00

A.

70

6.50

1.40

0.70

0.68
PROJECTED AVERAGE FUEL PRICE INDICES FOR PRIVATE SECTOR USE (INDICES ARE

GIVEN INCLUSIVE OF FOUR ALTERNATIVE RATES OF GENERAL PRICE INFLATION)

This section presents in tables S-l through S-5 projected average fuel price

indices for 4 fuels in the residential sector and 5 fuels in the commercial

sector for each of the years from 1988 through 2013. They update tables

originally published in the report, Comprehensive Guide for Least-Cost Energy

Decisions (NBS SP 709)

.

As a convenience for the user, the indices include the effect of 4

alternative, hypothetical rates of general price inflation: 0, 5, 10, and 15

percent. Selection of these rates is intended in no way to suggest what

actual rates might be. Use of the indices produce price estimates which are

in current dollars, inclusive of general price inflation. Current dollar

prices are needed when discounting is performed with discount rates which

include general price inflation. For the case of 0 percent inflation, the

price indices in the S series of tables are identical to those in the

counterpart Ca table series. When there is no inflation, there is no difference between constant and current dollars.

The indices based on inflation rates of 5, 10, and 15 percent allow the

analyst to perform evaluations based on the assumption of a positive rate of

general price inflation that changes the purchasing power of the dollar.

Performing evaluations in current dollars is sometimes preferred for private

investment decisions for three reasons: (1) it facilitates the treatment of

taxes, (2) it allows the use of a market rate of interest for the discount

rate which tends to be more readily understood by others, and (3) it

explicitly treats inflation which also tends to be more readily understood by

a lay audience than the constant dollar approach. But the current and

constant dollar approaches give the same results if performed correctly.

Analysis of private sector investments may be performed in either constant or current dollars. (Life-cycle cost analysis of Federal energy conservation

investments should be conducted in constant dollars, using a real discount

rate, as provided in tables Ca-1 through Ca-5.)

The indices in tables S-l through S-5 are derived from the indices reported in

tables Ca-1 through Ca-5 by means of the following equation:

I

s = Ic x (1 + g)\

where I

s = Index found in tables S-l through S-5;

I

c = Index found in tables Ca-1 through Ca-5;

g = Annual rate of general price inflation in decimal form; and

N = Number of discount or compound interest periods, in this case

the year of the index minus 1988.

Example of How to Use the Indices:

Suppose you wish to estimate the present value of energy savings in year 2000,

and you expect an annual inflation rate of 5 percent per year. Taking natural

37
gas for residential use in Maryland, estimate present value savings as follows: (1) multiply the 1988 price for residential natural gas in Maryland

by the projected quantity of energy savings in the year 2000, to estimate

savings in the year 2000 in 1988 prices, (2) go to table S-3, find the year

2000 index for residential natural gas at a 5 percent inflation rate (2.44),

and multiply by the result from (1) to determine savings in the year 2000 in

2000 prices, and (3) discount the savings back to the present, using an SPW

factor based on a discount rate that reflects a 5 percent inflation rate.

For further explanation of the use of these indices, see NBS Special

Publication 709, appendix B, Part I.

Note: The data in the tables which follow are now reported by 4 Census

regions. Prior to the 1988 edition, regional data were presented by 10 DoE

regions. Figure B-l presents a map showing the states corresponding to the 4

Census regions. The Census regions do not include American Samoa, Canal Zone,

Guam, Puerto Rico, Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, or the Virgin

Islands. Analysts of Federal projects in these areas should use data which

are "reasonable under the circumstances," and may refer to the U.S. average

data for guidance.

38

$0

1

3o

Ou@

S'J

M

oM

M o VO m r* OH CM O' CM O' VO VO o rH VO -d* VO CO CO 00 *d* VO o O' m o rH co UO 00 rH vn O' m rH O' 00 00 o CO 00 VO o 00 'd* VO 'd' o vn fH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CO <r <r m VO 00 O' o CM *d* O' CM VO O in rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CO CO *d- N o rH CO CO rH co O' r* rH 00 00 CM O' o CM CM VO 00 00 CM VO vO o o rH CM CO uo r* O' rH 00 rH in O <r o m CM O' VO <r CO 'd' in rH VO rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CO CO m m VO VO 00 O' o rH CM in rH rH rH rH rH o VO CM a\ vO VO 00 o in o m o rH m CM o o CM 00 CM o M

m

o o rH rH C\1 CO <r m 00 o rH CO VO O' rH CO m on rH CO VO O' rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO <r o rH CM CO VO O' CM n O' CO VO 00 O CM CO m 00 O' O' CM CM CO n N o o O o o o o rH rH rH CM CM CM CO co co co co CO CO CO *d- <r >5- rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

o rH rH CO O' CM CO CO VO O' CO 00 CO VO VO rH m 00 VO CM CO in o in 00 CM m o CM VO 00 CM VO rH <r CO CM CO in O' VO in CM rH co OO O' on O' rH • rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CO CO <r in VO 00 O' rH CO in 00 rH -d* oo CM CO o

rH rH rH rH CM CM CM co co m

N o vo O' CO 00 r- rH O' ^d* rH CM in o o m VO in rH o <r vn in o VO O o rH CM -d* m o CM VO o 00 co 00 co O' vo <r CM o o rH CO VO rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CO CO co >d* m m VO oo O' o rH CM CO m VO rH rH rH rH rH rH o rH rH rH CM VO CM 00 in rH VO CM O' VO VO in in VO o CO 00 -d- N o rH rH CM CO *d* m VO 00 on rH CO VO ON rH CO m on CM VO ON CM rH i—

1

rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM CO co CO co CO >« -d- •3- n

o m 00 o *4- 00 CO 00 CM m r- O' 11 CO m oo 00 O' rH CM CM CO m N o o o o o rH rH rH CM CM CO CO CO CO -3- <r <* -d- -d- m in in in uo rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

M o rH rH in <r O' CO in rH CO o m <r m o ON o CM rH 'd- m CM CM m o CM VO O' CM CM O' vo VO VO oo rH vo "d- oo m in rH CO o UO ON <r rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CO CO in VO O' O CM >d- VO O' CM VO o in O VO ^d* rH rH rH rH rH CM CM co CO •d- 'd- m

o VO on in CM CO O' 00 >d- "d- O' oo o CO CM CM CM VO o >d- CM 00 on -d’ rH O o rH CM "d* VO 00 O CO rH m o VO rH co rH O' ON rH UO rH O' rH rH i—1 rH rH rH CM CM CM CO co <r 'd- in UO VO f^. 00 ON o rH CO -d- VO rH rH rH rH rH rH o rH 00 VO m m 00 CM O' VO U0 in co o 00 00 O' O' rH CO O' o ON o NU0 o i—1 rH CM CO in 00 o CM VO 00 O' rH CO m o CM <r o CM vo rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH CM CM CM CM CM CM CO co CO co <r •d- ^d* *d- uo m UO o in O' rH >d* CO CM oo CO 00 CO r* O' rH CM UO 00 O' o rH CM CO •d- uo o o o o rH rH rH CM CM CO CO <r <r m m in m m in VO VO vO VO VO VO rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH rH

o VO rH o rH UO 'd* 00 O' •d- CM CO CO CO rH 00 CM VO in CO CO rH U0 o rH CO U0 O' CM in O' o 'd’ CM CM CO VO o O' in in O' O' in rH rH CM CM CM CO >d* vn VO 00 O' rH CM •d- VO O' CM in O'

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49
FORM NBS-1 14A (REV, 1 1-84)

U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO. NISTIR-85/3273-3

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date

November 1988

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Energy Prices and Discount Factors for Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 1988: Annual

Supplement to NBS Handbook 135 and NBS Special Publication 709.

5. AUTHOR(S)

Barbara C. Lippiatt and Rosalie T. Ruegg

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS. see in struction s) 7. Contract/Grant No.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

GAITHERSBURG, MD 20899 Annual

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State, ZIP

)

U.S. Department of Energy Federal Programs Office

Office of the Assistant Secretary Washington, DC 20585

for Conservation and Renewable Energy

10.

supplementary notes This report is comprised of energy price and discount factor

tables which are annual updates of tables referenced in NBS Handbook 135 and NBS

Special Publication 709. Only minor changes have been made to this previously

WERB-approved material.

j Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here) This is the 1988 annual edition of energy prices and discount factors for performing

life-cycle cost analyses of energy conservation and renewable energy projects. It

supports the Federal life-cycle costing methodology as described in NBS Handbook 135

(HB 135) and private sector life-cycle cost analysis as described in NBS Special

Publication 709 (SP 709). Tables A, B, and C are revisions of appendices A, B, and

C, respectively, of HB 135. Tables A (7%), Ba , and C apply to Federal energy

conservation and renewable energy projects. Tables A (10%), Bb , and C apply to

Federal projects that require energy price forecasts but are not primarily energy

conserving. Tables S, in the last section of this report, are revisions to

appendix B, Part I of SP 709 and are provided for the convenience of private sector

analysts wishing to make use of Federal energy price forecasts.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s average fuel prices; energy conservation; energy price forecasts; Federal Ene rev Management Program; life-cycle cost analysis; single present worth discount factors;

uniform present worth discount factors

13. AVAILABILITY

[X] Uni i mi ted

| j For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

j

| Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC

'

' 20402 .

[X1 Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

60

15. Price

$ 13.95

I) *004