1 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

___________________________________ 

 : 

VALERIE JOHNSON-PARKS, : 

 : 

 Plaintiff, : 

 : 

 v. : Civil Action No. 09-1492 (RLW) 

 : 

D.C. CHARTERED HEALTH PLAN, : 

 : 

 Defendant. : 

___________________________________ : 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

 This matter is before the Court on the defendant’s motion for summary judgment.1 For 

the reasons discussed below, the motion will be granted in part and denied in part`. 

I. BACKGROUND 

 The plaintiff, a registered nurse, began her employment with D.C. Chartered Health Plan, 

Inc. (“CHP” or “the defendant”) on January 23, 2001. Plaintiff’s First Amended Complaint 

(“Am. Compl.”) ¶¶ 14, 16; Def.’s Mem., Ex. 1 (Steinbach Decl.), Ex. I (Objections and 

Responses of Defendant D.C. Chartered Health Plan, Inc. to Plaintiff’s First Set of 

Interrogatories (“Def.’s Interrog. Resp.”) No. 3).2

 CHP, a managed care organization, 

participated in the D.C. Medicaid Managed Care Program. Statement of Material Facts As To 

Which There Is No Genuine Issue (“Def.’s SOMF”) ¶ 1. CHP’s Medical Director was Lavdena 

 

1

 Defendant’s Motion to Strike Paragraph 5 of Supplemental Affidavit of Plaintiff 

Submitted in Support of “Surreply” [Dkt. #42] will be granted. 

2

 The declaration of Brian Steinbach lists and describes the exhibits (Ex. A-M) supporting 

CHP’s motion for summary judgment. The Court adopts the letter designations of the 

declaration. 
2 

Orr, M.D, and Francis M. Smith was its Vice President and General Counsel. Id. In late 2004, 

Mr. Smith assumed duties previously assigned to Tracey Charles, the former Director of Human 

Resources. Plaintiff’s Brief in Opposition to Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Pl.’s 

Opp’n”), Ex. 2 (“Austin Aff.”) ¶ 11. Karen Morris, Director of Medical Management, Austin 

Aff. ¶ 15, was the plaintiff’s supervisor, Def.’s SOMF ¶ 1. 

 The plaintiff was hired as a Utilization Management Coordinator whose “job [it] was to 

track Medicaid patients who were members of [CHP], to issue authorizations for medical care in 

hospitals and other health care facilities, and to keep timely . . . , accurate and detailed records of 

. . . members’ medical treatment in CHP’s computer tracking system for insurance authorization 

purposes.” Def.’s SOMF ¶ 3.3

 Nurses were particularly useful in this role “because they 

understand medical/clinical activities,” and most of CHP’s utilization review (“UR”) nurses 

“have hospital experience [and] understand how hospitals operate.” Def.’s Mem., Ex. B (“Smith 

Dep.”) at 47:20-48:2. The parties do not dispute that a UR nurse was expected to input patient 

information in a timely manner, which CHP defined as within 24 hours. Id. The plaintiff 

 

3

 Plaintiff alleges that she was hired as a Registered Nurse Case Manager/Telephonic 

Utilization Review Nurse (“UR nurse”), Am. Compl. ¶ 16, whose responsibilities included the 

“review[] of patient charts to determine whether continued hospital stays would be authorized,” 

id. ¶ 17. According to a position description which came into effect approximately three years 

after the plaintiff was hired, a UR nurse “[f]unction[ed] as a member of a care management team 

with primary responsibility for reviewing[] inpatient and outpatient admissions and determining 

appropriateness and level of care through the use of on-line medical guidelines,” and 

“[f]acilitate[ed] discharge planning activities with the facilities[’] inpatient UR nurses and 

coordinat[ed]/arrang[ed] services and or equipment required by the patient after discharge.” Pl.’s 

Opp’n, Ex. 11 (Position Description, Utilization Review Nurse, effective February 1, 2004) at 1. 

The parties may dispute the plaintiff’s title and duties, but this dispute does not pertain to a 

material fact which has any bearing on the outcome of the case. 
3 

counters that CHP had a “goal that medical records be entered within twenty-four hours of 

receipt from a hospital.” Pl.’s Opp’n, Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 2 (emphasis added).4

 

 Over time, CHP’s “business needs changed in many respects.” Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 

14. In the early years of the plaintiff’s employment at CHP, UR nurses ordinarily did not make 

onsite visits to hospitals. Id. During the 2001-2003 time period, however, UR nurses 

“frequently traveled to hospitals or other health care facilities to obtain medical records and other 

relevant information” about CHP members and their care. Def.’s SOMF ¶ 4. By 2004, UR 

nurses -- including the plaintiff -- were required to make onsite visits to participating hospitals. 

Def.’s SOMF ¶ 5; Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 14. 

 The plaintiff had “difficulty walking,” Def.’s Mem., Ex. A (“Pl.’s Dep.”) at 31:19, and 

she was unable “to [walk] to and from the parking lot,” id. at 31:20, or “walk in a hospital down 

the long corridor[s],” id. at 31:21-22, or “go to multiple floors seeking . . . patient[] charts,” id. at 

32:1-2. The plaintiff requested, and CHP approved, id. at 40:21-41:3, an arrangement such that 

the plaintiff “continue[d] doing the same job” from CHP’s office, id. at 32:6-9. She was the only 

UR nurse who did not make onsite visits to hospitals. Id. at 32:16-18. Instead, she obtained 

patient information by telephone, fax, or computer. Id. at 32:19-33:2. Hospitals with which 

CHP had no contract (non-participating hospitals or “non-pars”) did not allow onsite reviews, 

and the plaintiff conducted these reviews from the office for patients at those facilities. Id. at 

46:11-47:4; see Am. Compl. ¶ 17. 

 

4

 The plaintiff disputes whether CHP had requirement or a “goal that medical records be 

entered within twenty-four hours of receipt from a hospital,” Pl.’s Opp’n, Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 2 

(emphasis added); however, the time period within which data entry was expected to be 

accomplished does not appear to be a material fact. 
4 

 Because the plaintiff was not conducting onsite visits, she was available in the office full 

time.5

 Def.’s SOMF ¶ 6. In September 2002, the plaintiff was promoted to Team Leader of a 

group of three to five UR nurses. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 18-19. The “team was responsible for 

reviewing patient charts to confirm that continued stays in the hospital were necessary for 

individual patients,” id. ¶ 19; see generally Pl.’s Dep. at 47:20-51:8. She was responsible for 

maintaining contact with nurses on her team who were working onsite and for monitoring their 

charts. Pl.’s Dep. at 47:20-48:7. She also monitored the patient census, patients with long 

hospital stays, reinsurance, and patient transfers, and she performed UR functions for patients at 

non-pars. Id. at 48:21-49:11; Def.’s SOMF ¶ 6. In addition, the plaintiff was “responsible for 

holding weekly face-to-face meetings with UR staff to coordinate and track patient care.” Def.’s 

SOMF ¶ 6. The plaintiff performed the duties of her Team Leader position, including daily 

contact with team members, from the office by telephone, fax and computer. Am. Compl. ¶ 20; 

Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 1 (“Pl.’s Aff.”) ¶ 4. 

 Prior to her employment with CHP, the plaintiff sustained “a back injury that impacted 

her ability to lift and walk, as well as her overall mobility.” Am. Compl. ¶ 15. In late December 

2003 while the plaintiff was at the CHP office, her “back injury became severely aggravated.” 

Id. ¶ 22. The plaintiff explained that her “back had locked up,” Pl.’s Dep. at 76:14, causing 

“excruciating pain . . . down [her] leg and . . . buttocks,” such that she “had great difficulty 

walking[] and . . . couldn’t stand at all,” id. at 77:19-22. The plaintiff was out of the office on 

sick leave for six weeks. Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 6; Pl.’s Dep. at 82:5-10, 261:2-5, 262:13-15. 

 

5

 The plaintiff does not dispute this statement of fact, but points out that CHP “did not 

provided [sic] a job description that demonstrates being in the office full-time was an essential 

element of the job or documentation that Plaintiff was promoted because she did not travel.” 

Pl.’s Statement of Material Facts to which there Exists a Genuine Issue Necessary to be Litigated 

¶ 6. 
5 

 The plaintiff’s condition allegedly “resulted in several impairments that substantially 

affect several major life activities, including but not limited to walking, standing, and lifting,” 

and “prevented her from working on the floor of any hospital.” Am. Compl. ¶ 24. In January 

2004, the plaintiff requested “that she be allowed to continue her employment from home.” Id. ¶ 

25; Def.’s Mem., Ex. J (Responses to Defendant’s Interrogatories (“Pl.’s Interrog. Resp.”) No. 

4). CHP approved her request.6

 Am. Compl. ¶ 26; Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 4; Pl.’s Dep. at 

262:10. The plaintiff thus was excused not only from attending weekly meetings in the office, 

but also from making onsite visits to hospitals. Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 14. While working 

from home, the plaintiff allegedly “was able to complete the essential tasks of her employment.” 

Am. Compl. ¶ 27. Although the plaintiff believed that the work-from-home arrangement “would 

be short term,” Pl.’s Dep. at 83:9-10; 97:17-22, she did not return to the office, id. at 83:14-16. 

 According to the plaintiff’s treating physician, Dr. Smith S. Ho, as of March 3, 2004, the 

plaintiff was partially incapacitated and could continue light duty work, provided that she take 

frequent breaks to lie down. Pl.’s Dep., Ex. 5 (Disability Certificate dated March 3, 2004). Dr. 

Ho made the same recommendation for the remainder of 2004. See Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 3 

(Disability Certificates dated April 1, 2004 and June 17, 2004). 

 Apparently with the understanding that the plaintiff could return to the office with 

accommodations, CHP offered to provide the plaintiff a chair and a sofa for her use during 

breaks, Pl.’s Dep. at 98:22-101:19, and a handicapped parking space, Plaintiff’s Response to 

Defendant’s Requests for Admission (“Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Req. for Admis.”) No. 3. The 

plaintiff rejected the offers because, in her opinion, “these accommodations were not sufficient 

 

6

 In January 2004 CHP approved the second of two requests by the plaintiff to work from 

home. Pl.’s Dep. at 82:5-83:3. 
6 

to accommodate her medical condition.” Id. She explained that she could not “lie on a couch” 

because it would be “extremely painful” to do so on such an “uneven” surface. Pl.’s Dep. at 

84:4-6. Furthermore, the only spaces for a couch were a kitchenette and the front lobby, Austin 

Aff. ¶¶ 24-25, and presumably neither area was conducive to rest. The plaintiff “preferred to 

continue to work from home.” Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Req. for Admis. No. 3. According to CHP, 

on several occasions it “requested that it be provided a diagnosis, prognosis and expected date of 

return to work, but such was never provided, and Plaintiff apparently viewed such . . . requests 

for information to be hostile and harassing.” Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 14. According to the 

plaintiff, she “supplied regular information about her prognosis and diagnosis to Tracey 

Charles.” Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Req. for Admis. No. 5. 

 On July 1, 2004, Ms. Morris conducted the plaintiff’s performance review. See Def.’s 

Mem., Smith Decl., Ex. A (Annual Performance Appraisal dated July 1, 2004). The report 

generally was favorable, noting, for example, that the plaintiff’s “job skill and knowledge about 

rehab[ilitation]” was “untouchable.” Id., Ex. A at 2. Ms. Morris “rated Plaintiff’s performance 

as ‘meeting’ to ‘exceeding’ expectations in a vast majority of categories and as ‘needs 

improvement’ in four categories.” Id. ¶ 4 & Ex. A at 3. It was noted, however, that the plaintiff 

received verbal counseling regarding her lack of attention to detail and “the importance of 

communicating with her staff on a daily bases [sic].” See id., Ex. A at 2. The review comments 

indicated that the plaintiff was “working on” submitting timely documentation and meeting other 

performance measures. See id., Ex. A at 2-3. 

 The plaintiff’s absence from the office meant that she did not attend weekly meetings in 

person; instead she participated by telephone. Pl.’s Opp’n, Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 3; Def.’s Interrog. Resp. 

No. 11. According to the plaintiff, Ms. Morris would “put [her] on the spot sometimes on 
7 

teleconferencing, asking: ‘When are you coming back to the office?’” Pl.’s Dep. at 64:13-14. 

Ms. Morris “seemed angry with [the plaintiff] on the phone” when the plaintiff was speaking, id.

at 64:20-21, and “she would interrogate [the plaintiff by] asking [her] the same question” 

repeatedly, id. at 65:3-4. The plaintiff was told that Ms. Morris was “making all these faces and 

rolling her eyes up and sighing” as the plaintiff spoke. Id. at 66:16-18. At least one other 

employee thought that Ms. Morris “was perceived as very mean, her condescension and mean 

behavior were directed particularly towards [the plaintiff and another employee].” Austin Aff. ¶ 

17. Ms Morris also called the plaintiff “an air head,” Pl.’s Dep. at 231:4, and suggested that the 

plaintiff was dyslexic, id. at 230:9-10. 

 According to the plaintiff, Ms. Morris “demanded that Plaintiff’s accommodation of 

working from home cease and that she report to work in the office, while other employees on 

Plaintiff’s team, who did not have disabilities, were permitted to work from home.” Am. Compl. 

¶ 29. She “frequently” would tell the plaintiff that she needed the plaintiff to return to the office. 

Pl.’s Dep. at 106:8-107:8. Ms. Morris allegedly “harassed Plaintiff because of her disability,” 

Am. Compl. ¶ 30, and this behavior “was so pervasive and severe that it prompted Plaintiff to 

call [CHP’s] ‘Employee Hot Line,’” id. ¶ 31, on September 8, 2004, Smith Decl. ¶ 5.7

 “The 

 

7

 CHP’s Compliance Hotline was “intended for the reporting (anonymous or otherwise) of 

any matters which members, employees and providers might interpret to involve waste, fraud, 

abuse or discrimination against members,” not for “employee complaints which [were] to be 

directed to Human Resources.” Reply in Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary 

Judgment, Suppl. Smith Decl. ¶ 2; see Smith Dep. at 137: 14-17. The plaintiff apparently 

believed that the compliance officer who would have received and reviewed her call “could 

address simple employment complaints.” Smith Dep. at 137:19-20, 140:8-10. A call to the 

hotline was not the proper means to challenge a performance review. Id. at 140:12-15. An 

employment complaint likely would have been referred to CHP’s Human Resources officer. Id.

at 138:11-22. The plaintiff heard nothing further about her call to the hotline. Pl.’s Dep. at 

232:20-233:11. 
8 

subject of the call was ‘work environment issues,’ and the sub-category was ‘unfair treatment.’” 

Smith Decl. ¶ 5. The report of the call stated: 

Caller, Valerie Parks, employee, stated that “for months and 

months” [did not provide exact dates],” Karen Morris, director of 

medical management, has spoken to her in a “degrading manner.” 

Ms. Parks stated that Ms. Morris often calls her an “airhead.” Ms. 

Morris also claimed that Ms. Parks is dyslexic, which Ms. Parks 

stated is untrue. Ms. Parks feels that Ms. Morris is very 

unprofessional and needs to be reviewed by compliance. Caller 

stated, “The manner in which [Ms. Morris] speaks to me is not fair 

and equal. [Ms. Morris] degrades me in front of everyone during 

case round meetings [in which employees discuss the nature of 

healthcare received at different facilities]. You don’t do that. I 

want fair and equal treatment.” 

Smith Decl., Ex. B (Report of complaint dated September 8, 2004). The report did not mention 

the plaintiff’s disability and did not assert discrimination or harassment because of the plaintiff’s 

disability. See id. 

 There came a time when CHP officials developed “substantial privacy concerns with 

regard to employees who worked from home,” particularly with respect to the handling of patient 

records containing protected health information. Def.’s SOMF ¶ 15; Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s 

SOMF ¶ 15. Issues also arose with respect to the plaintiff’s working from home, her absence 

from weekly meetings, and her inability “to participate fully in the interactive communication 

process with regard to member care.” Def.’s SOMF ¶ 16; Def.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 11. For 

example, the plaintiff’s former supervisor had never met the plaintiff, did not know the plaintiff’s 

work hours, and noticed that sensitive patient information was being sent to the plaintiff from 

hospitals by fax. Def.’s Mem., Ex D (“Dodoo Dep.”) at 55:7-13. Mr. Smith also was quite 

concerned about employee productivity and complaints he had received from hospitals regarding 

the timeliness of authorizations for hospital stays. See Smith Dep. at 15:7-18:22, 38:1-41:17. 
9 

 “By 2004, [CHP] required UR employees to go onsite, a requirement from which 

Plaintiff initially was excused.” Def.’s Interrog. Resp. 14. It was determined that, “[t]o 

effectively handle Team Lead duties, . . . onsite travel and oversight” were required. Id. In 

addition, CHP had become “increasingly concerned with privacy protocols,” and therefore urged 

all employees who worked from home to return to the office, “simply to insure quality of work 

and effective communication.” Id. It was in this context that, in October 2004, CHP officials 

were evaluating job descriptions. See Am. Compl. ¶ 32. 

 On October 27, 2004, Ms. Charles sent a letter to Dr. Ho which in relevant part stated: 

I understand that [the plaintiff] is a patient of yours. Since January 

2004, we have been receiving regular physician notes from your 

office regarding [the plaintiff’s] ability to perform her current 

position . . . . Based on the physician notes from your office, for 

the past 10 months, we have accommodated [the plaintiff] by 

allowing her to work from home. We are currently evaluating our 

job descriptions and need to make determinations regarding 

expectations of work environment for her position as Team Leader 

overseeing five nurses. This position requires the incumbent to be 

able to travel to different sights [sic] to oversee staff. With her 

current medical condition, we need your assessment as to whether 

or not [the plaintiff] can be onsite in the office and travel, as her 

position requires. 

Pl.’s Dep., Ex. 4 (Letter from Tracey A. Charles, Director of Human Resources, CHP, to Dr. 

Smith S. Ho dated October 27, 2004). Dr. Ho responded: 

[The plaintiff] has been under my professional care for the 

treatment of adult onset diabetes, hypertension, as well as 

osteoarthritis, specifically involving her hip and knees, as well as 

her back for the past several years. Since January[] 2004, she has 

been performing her duties at home[] due to her medical condition. 

Recently she has had a fall and sustained a tear to the meniscus of 

her left knee. This required arthroscopic surgery . . . on October 

29, 2004. 

Based on her current medical condition . . . , it is my medical 

impression that she is unfit to fulfill her duty as a Team Leader 
10 

overseeing five nurses. She will not be able to travel to different 

sites to oversee the staff at this time. However, she should be able 

to continue to perform her duties from her home, if this can be 

arranged. 

Id., Ex. 3 (Letter from Smith S. Ho, M.D., to Tracey A. Chow [sic] dated November 8, 2004); 

see Am. Compl. ¶ 33. 

 CHP had not been apprised of the plaintiff’s knee surgery prior to receipt of Dr. Ho’s 

letter. See Dodoo Dep. at 74:7-76:5. And “[i]f an employee of CHP has scheduled surgery or 

otherwise [was] aware that [she would] need to take sick time, the employee [was] required to 

provide advance notice of such so that work can be assigned elsewhere as appropriate.” Reply in 

Support of Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (“Reply”), Supp. Smith Decl. ¶ 4. 

“Given Plaintiff’s job duties and the immediate turn around time required of her, it would have 

been essential that she notify [CHP] in advance of any planned absence.” Id. The plaintiff’s 

time sheets showed that she reported no sick leave for the weeks ending October 15, October 22, 

October 29, and November 5, 2004. Smith Decl. ¶ 8; see id., Ex. C (Bi-Weekly Timesheets). 

 By December 2004, Dr. Ho determined that the plaintiff’s limited mobility allowed her to 

work from home only, with frequent breaks. Pl.’s Opp’n., Ex. 3 (prescription dated December 

28, 2004).8

 

8

 Apparently there was no follow-up until October 2005, when Dr. Ho recommended: 

Due to multiple medical conditions which include chronic back and neck pain, 

please extend the work at home accommodation and continue home 

teleconference. 

Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 3 (prescription dated October 3, 2005). The plaintiff now claims that this note 

had been sent from Dr. Ho’s office to CHP, see Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 5, but Mr. Smith did not receive it. 

See Supp. Smith Decl. ¶ 7. 
11 

 In early 2005, an incident occurred involving a patient at Howard University Hospital. 

The patient was to have been discharged from the hospital and transferred to another facility, but 

the transfer did not occur because the patient instead was taken to the hospital’s intensive care 

unit. Pl.’s Dep. at 135:1-16. “Plaintiff had been involved in planning the patient’s discharge,” 

yet she “did not discover for many weeks that he was not actually discharged.” Def.’s SOMF ¶ 

37; Smith Dep. at 43:8-21. According to CHP, the plaintiff “did not advise her UR nurse 

colleague who had previously been tracking the patient that he had not been discharged.” Id. 

According to the plaintiff, “the total responsibility fell on” the UR nurse responsible for tracking 

this patient, Pl.’s Dep. at 137:11, and who had turned the matter over to the plaintiff for 

discharge planning, Def.’s SOMF ¶ 37; Smith Dep. at 43:22-44:4. No disciplinary action was 

taken against the plaintiff, Smith Dep. at 50:3-7, but the matter aroused concern for CHP 

management. Patient census information was not properly monitored, Smith Dep. at 38:14-15, 

and there were “several discussions about . . . the process,” id. at 44:14-15. “[I]f the member 

was supposed to have been discharged, why [didn’t the plaintiff] tell somebody that the person 

never got services?” Smith Dep. at 44: 8-12. Questions arose as to “what could have happened 

in this process that would have told us where this member was and what was going on and how it 

might’ve changed the results[.]” Smith Dep. at 46:1-4. 

 It was determined that “[p]art of the problem was a lack of communication.” Smith Dep. 

at 48:12-13. Had the plaintiff been working in the office rather than from home, “there would’ve 

been more . . . opportunity for communication that Howard had not provided the right 

information for us . . . to know the person was there” and had not been discharged. Id. at 48:14-

17. “[I]f you have daily interaction . . . [or] if you’re there or if you’re dealing with people on a 

day-to-day basis, the likelihood of discussions taking place that should take place is much 
12 

greater.” Smith Dep. at 49:1-5. CHP “needed people who reviewed the [patient] census for 

themselves every day,” Smith Dep. at 49:18-19, and who could work together as “a cohesive 

working team,” id. at 49:22. 

 Mr. Smith called the plaintiff in early 2005, after the incident involving the patient at 

Howard University Hospital, id. at 89:21-90:6, to discuss her work from home arrangement, see 

id. at 88:18-89:2. “It was another one of those strange conversations,” id. at 4-5, after which Mr. 

Smith “just didn’t have an answer,” id. at 19-20, as to “why [the plaintiff] was working from 

home,” id. at 88:22. 

 It was determined that, “[t]o effectively handle Team Lead duties, . . . onsite travel and 

oversight” were required. Def.’s Interrog. Resp. 14. The plaintiff was informed that she would 

be expected to make onsite visits. Pl.’s Interrog. Response No. 4; Smith Dep. at 92:6-93:3. She 

also was informed that she could not both remain Team Leader and work from home. Pl.’s Dep. 

at 94:17-95:2. Mr. Smith sent the plaintiff a letter to this effect: 

[CHP] has concluded that due to recent changes in [its] business 

operations, you must be physically present at the [CHP] Corporate 

Headquarters to effectively perform your job duties, and as a 

result, your current work from home status is no longer tenable. 

[Y]ou indicated that you are currently unable to return to work 

here as requested and did not know when you might be able to 

return. To help us resolve this matter, [CHP] is requesting that by . 

. . February 18th, you provide us with a doctor’s statement 

indicating your prognosis and a projected date that you would be 

able to return to work. 

If you are unable to provide a date in the near future on which you 

will be released by your doctor to physically return to work, you 

are at liberty to pursue . . . [e]xtended sick leave through the 

Family and Medical Leave Act, or [l]ong [t]erm [d]isability 

[c]ompensation . . . . 
13 

Should we not hear from you by the close of business, February 

25th, 2005[,] or if you have not returned to work by that time, we 

will unfortunately move to terminate your employment. 

Pl.’s Dep., Ex. 7 (Letter from Francis S. Smith, Acting Human Resources Director, CHP, to 

plaintiff dated February 14, 2005). 

 When Mr. Smith sent the letter, he was not aware that Ms. Morris already had devised a 

new arrangement which would allow the plaintiff to continue to work from home. Smith Dep. at 

93:9-98:19. The plaintiff was not “push[ed] to return” to the office, Pl.’s Dep. at 95:3-5, and 

“therefore continued working from home, but no longer in the capacity as Team Leader,” Pl.’s 

Interrog. Response No. 4. Instead, she retained her UR nurse duties for non-participating 

hospitals and was given new responsibility for discharge planning. Def. Interrog. Response No. 

14; Pl.’s Interrog. Response No. 4; Pl.’s Dep. at 95:2-96:17; Smith Dep. at 93:2-96:12. The 

plaintiff’s salary did not change. Pl.’s Dep. at 116:6. 

 The District of Columbia Medicaid Office contacted CHP in October 2005 regarding the 

discharge of “Patient X” from Georgetown University Hospital on September 23, 2005. Def.’s 

Mem., Ex. 1, Ex. E (“Orr Dep.”) at 18:3-16; Smith Dep. at 51:4-11. Patient X was a CHP 

member at the time of her admission on August 13, 2005. Orr Dep. at 26:18. She was 

discharged “without adequate discharge planning,” Smith Dep. at 51:6-7, “in the care of her 16-

year old daughter,” Orr Dep. at 18:6-9, who “had been required to stay home from school and 

take care of the parent,” Smith Dep. at 51:8-11. 

 Dr. Orr and Ms. Morris called the plaintiff on October 3, 2005, Orr Dep. at 19:9-15, 

21:16-17, to discuss the matter, as it was the plaintiff’s “responsibility to get the facts and get the 

information” about the discharge, id. at 22:10-11, and to communicate with the hospital, id. at 
14 

24:16-17.9

 Dr. Orr did not “remember [the plaintiff] telling her anything definitive as to . . . why 

the member had been discharged home” to her minor daughter’s care. Id. at 20:1-4. The 

plaintiff apparently declined to discuss the matter with Dr. Orr and Ms. Morris. She asked “to 

have HR present, because [she] just felt uncomfortable being hit with an accusation that was 

false.” Pl.’s Dep. at 167:6-8. 

 A second telephone conference call took place on October 5, 2005, in which Mr. Smith, 

Dr. Orr, Ms. Morris, and the plaintiff participated. Smith Dep. at 54:19-22. Mr. Smith’s 

“normal process in doing an investigation involving an employee matter was first to interview 

the employee, to ask [her] to tell [him] what happened.” Id. at 55:10-13. The plaintiff “declined 

to or was not able to provide full background information” during that call; neither he nor Dr. 

Orr was “able to gain an understanding of what transpired with Patient X.” Smith Decl. ¶ 16. 

 If a person is insured by CHP on the date of her admission to a hospital, she is insured by 

CHP for the entire duration of the hospital stay. Supp. Smith Decl. ¶ 5. UR nurses are 

responsible for tracking a patient’s medical treatment and for providing appropriate 

authorizations for her entire hospital stay. Id. It was not uncommon for members to disenroll 

and reenroll as CHP members within a few days or weeks, and “UR nurses are responsible for 

tracking patient status and are automatically provided updates on patient status through CHP’s 

computer system.” Id. If a UR nurse enters the patient’s identifying information into the system 

when entering notes daily, “the patient’s name is flagged as having been disenrolled or reenrolled.” Id. If a UR nurse properly and timely enters notes, she “should learn within a day or 

two if the member has disenrolled.” Id. “Under no circumstances should a CHP UR nurse rely on 

a hospital to provide such information.” Id.

 

9

 Ms. Morris called the plaintiff on October 4, 2005, Pl.’s Dep. at 156:19-20, at which time 

she allegedly “accused [the plaintiff] of doing a high risk discharge plan,” id. at 156:21-22. 
15 

 According to the plaintiff, on an unspecified date, she had received “a sketchy review . . . 

that didn’t give . . . a clear picture of why [Patient X] was still [in the hospital].” Pl.’s Dep. at 

144:5-7. Apparently the plaintiff entered notes into CHP’s computer system regarding Patient X 

on or about the date of her admission to Georgetown University Hospital, entered no notes 

during Patient X’s hospital stay, and at 1:20 a.m. on October 5, 2005, days after the patient’s 

discharge on September 23, 2005, entered information covering a period of several weeks into 

the system. Smith Decl. ¶¶ 12-15. By the time the plaintiff received relevant hospital records, 

the patient already had been discharged, id. at 155:18-156:18, unbeknownst to the plaintiff, id. at 

157:11-15. “Despite having entered weeks of patient records into the system only hours before 

the October 5, 2005 telephonic meeting,” the plaintiff “declined to or was not able to provide full 

background information to CHP management.” Smith Decl. ¶ 16. The plaintiff claimed that the 

hospital did not send her timely and complete records and that she was unable to enter the notes 

sooner. Pl.’s Dep. at 196:11-197:15, 200:20-201:17; Pl.’s Opp’n, Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 12; Def.’s Mem., 

Ex. F (Sondgerath Dep.) at 39:2-10. 

 Mr. Smith described the October 5, 2005, conference call as follows: 

A [Smith]: We got on the phone with [the plaintiff] and she 

wouldn’t tell me what happened. 

Q: You mean she wouldn’t talk to you? 

A: Oh, she talked. 

Q: And what did she say? 

A: “Well, I think that in the future, we need to have a closer 

working relationship.” She said, “I think that I need to work closer 

with Karen. I think we need to have more communication.” 

Q: Well, did you ask her what happened? 

A: Yes. Repeatedly. 

Q: And she did not tell you what happened? 
16 

A: She didn’t even respond. She just kept talking and talking 

and talking. She wouldn’t respond to any question that I asked her. 

Q: After that conversation, what step did you take? 

A: Well, I said to her, I told her flat out, I think this is 

unprofessional conduct. I’ve never had an employee, in my career, 

refuse to tell me anything about the facts. I said I need to know 

what happened. Explain it. And she just would not answer. I’ve 

never really encountered anything like it. I was completely 

nonplused. Most people have given an explanation of some sort, 

even if it was a bad one. She wouldn’t tell me anything. I told her 

. . . that I consider that to be insubordinate, you know, that we’re 

asking you a question about something that was your professional 

responsibility, and you should respond. I mean, she went off on 

something. I mean, it was a bizarre conversation, in my opinion. I 

told her we would get back to her. 

Smith Dep. at 55:15-57:4. Smith expressed to Dr. Orr that the plaintiff’s “conduct was 

inappropriate and unprofessional,” id. at 58:9-10, and “that her failure to respond in any manner . 

. . was insubordinate and that she should be terminated for that reason,” id. at 58:13-16. 

 The plaintiff claimed that Mr. Smith, Dr. Orr and Ms. Morris “asked [her] to explain why 

[she] permitted a high risk discharge plan,” and the plaintiff explained that “didn’t know about 

the discharge plan.” Pl.’s Aff. ¶ 14. She also stated that Patient X’s daughter was 21 years of 

age. Id. 

 The plaintiff was terminated effective October 10, 2005, “for an infraction of Section 

11.5 in the CHP Employee Handbook,” Smith Decl., Ex. F (Letter from Francis S. Smith, Senior 

Vice President & General Counsel, CHP, to plaintiff dated October 10, 2005), which lists 

insubordination as an example of gross misconduct for which a CHP employee may be 

disciplined immediately, see Pl.’s Opp’n, Ex. 14 (Chartered Employee Handbook) at 26. “Ms. 

Morris did not participate in the . . . decision,” and in fact it was she who “had frequently urged 

[Mr. Smith] to continue Plaintiff’s work from home arrangement.” Smith Decl. ¶ 19. 
17 

 Mr. Smith made clear at his deposition that the plaintiff was not terminated because of 

Patient X’s discharge or the quality of the discharge plan: 

Q: So the reason she was terminated was not because of the 

discharge at Georgetown, it was because of what you have 

characterized as insubordination in this conversation? 

A: The failure to respond at Georgetown was the impetus. If 

she had had an explanation for that, I would have listened to it and 

I would’ve investigated the circumstance, and I would’ve made a 

determination as to whether or not the explanation was adequate. 

Q: Let me make sure I understand . . . . At the close of the 

conversation during which . . . there was no response to your 

questions and you concluded that it was unprofessional conduct 

and she was insubordinate, it was your recommendation at that 

time that the failure to respond was enough to terminate her? 

A: Yes. 

Q: And that was the reason for her termination? 

A: Yes. 

 Smith Dep. at 58:17-59:16. 

 The plaintiff sent a letter by fax to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 

(“EEOC”) on August 4, 2006, explaining her medical conditions and her version of events 

leading to her termination. Pl.’s Dep., Ex. 6 (Fax to EEOC from plaintiff dated August 4, 2006). 

She “perfected” the EEOC charge on December 8, 2006, by filing a formal charge of 

discrimination against CHP. Id., Ex. 8 (Charge of Discrimination, EEOC Charge No. 570-2006-

01770, dated December 8, 2006). The narrative portion of the charge read: 

I. In 2001, I was hired by Respondent to work as a RN Case 

Manager/Telephonic Utilization Review Nurse in UR Services. 

Later, I was promoted to Team Leader in UR Services. I have a 

disability which substantially limits major life activities. 

Moreover, I was qualified to perform my essential job functions 

with a reasonable accommodation (i.e., full-time “work-at-home” 

job assignments). From approximately 2/04 to 10/05, I received 
18 

this reasonable accommodation. However, in spite of receiving 

this managerial accommodation, Karen Morris, Director of 

Medical Management, harassed me by continually issuing me 

ultimatums to either “go on disability” or work in the office in lieu 

of “work-at-home assignments.” On 10/4/05, Respondent issued 

me an ultimatum to either resign or be discharged due to errors in a 

hospital discharge plan. I was not responsible for these errors 

since this discharge plan was implemented without my knowledge. 

Subsequently, on 10/13/05, prior to a decision on this most recent 

ultimatum, I learned that I had been unjustly discharged from 

employment. 

II. I believe that I have been discriminated against in violation 

of the [ADA]. 

Id. In response to the EEOC’s Notice of Charge of Discrimination, see id., Ex. 8 (Notice of 

Charge of Discrimination, EEOC Charge No. 570-2006-01770, dated December 22, 2006), Mr. 

Smith explained the termination decision as follows: 

[The plaintiff] was terminated because of her failure to perform her 

duties adequately. [She] was responsible for ensuring that a 

patient had proper home care following a hospitalization. [Her] 

failure to do so resulted in the patient’s teenage daughter having to 

stay home from school and care for the patient. When the issue 

was discussed with [the plaintiff], she refused to understand her 

role in the patient’s care or accept any responsibility. [The 

plaintiff’s] refusal to understand her involvement or to accept 

responsibility for the failure to ensure proper care was the reason 

for her termination. She did not even wish to discuss the facts or 

her performance failures. 

Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. D (Letter to Stanika K. Smith, Investigative 

Support Representative, Washington Field Office, EEOC, from Francis S. Smith, Senior Vice 

President & General Counsel, CHP, dated January 17, 2007) at 1-2.10 On September 8, 2008, the 

EEOC determined “that the evidence obtained during the investigation establishes that there is 

 

10 The plaintiff docketed this item [Dkt. #14] on February 22, 2010, without having 

redacted certain personal information as Local Civil Rule 5.4(f) requires. She since has filed a 

corrected copy [Dkt. #46] in response to the Court’s February 15, 2013 minute order, 
19 

reason[] to believe that a violation of the [ADA] has occurred.” Am. Compl., Ex. (Letter of 

Determination, Charge No. 570 2006 01770, dated September 11, 2008) at 1. 

II. DISCUSSION 

A. Summary Judgment Standard 

 Defendant moves for summary judgment pursuant to Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of 

Civil Procedure. “The court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no 

genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of 

law.” Fed. R .Civ. P. 56(a). 

 A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely disputed must support the assertion 

by “citing to particular parts of materials in the record, including depositions, documents . . . 

affidavits or declarations, stipulations . . ., admissions, [or] interrogatory answers[, or by] 

showing that the materials cited do not establish the absence or presence of a genuine dispute, or 

that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(c)(1). “If a party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address 

another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c), the court may . . . consider the fact 

undisputed for purposes of the motion.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e). When considering a motion for 

summary judgment, the Court may not make credibility determinations or weigh the evidence; 

the evidence must be analyzed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, with all 

justifiable inferences drawn in his favor. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 255 

(1986). “If material facts are at issue, or, though undisputed, are susceptible to divergent 

inferences, summary judgment is not available.” Moore v. Hartman, 571 F.3d 62, 66 (D.C. Cir. 

2009) (citation omitted). The mere existence of a factual dispute does not bar summary 
20 

judgment. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. “Only disputes over facts that might affect the 

outcome of the suit under the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary 

judgment.” Id. The adverse party must “do more than simply show that there is some 

metaphysical doubt as to the material facts,” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 

475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986), and cannot rely on conclusory assertions without any factual basis in 

the record to create a genuine dispute. See Ass’n of Flight Attendants - CWA v. U.S. Dep’t of 

Transp., 564 F.3d 462, 465-66 (D.C. Cir. 2009). 

B. The Plaintiff’s ADA Claims 

 The plaintiff brings this action against CHP under the Americans with Disabilities Act 

(“ADA”), see 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq. Generally, no employer subject to the ADA “shall 

discriminate against a qualified individual on the basis of disability in regard to job application 

procedures, the hiring, advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job 

training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a). 

Nor may an employer “discriminate against any individual because such individual has opposed 

any act or practice made unlawful [under the ADA] or because such individual made a charge . . 

. under [the ADA].” Id. § 12203(a); see Smith v. District of Columbia, 430 F.3d 450, 454-55 

(D.C. Cir. 2005). A request for a reasonable accommodation is a protected activity under the 

ADA. See DuBerry v. District of Columbia, 582 F. Supp. 2d 27, 37 (D.D.C. 2008). A “qualified 

individual” is “an individual who, with or without reasonable accommodation, can perform the 

essential functions of the employment position that [she] holds.” Id. § 12102(8). “CHP 

concedes for purposes of [its summary judgment] motion that Plaintiff was a person with a 

disability who during her employment was otherwise qualified for her job (at least until it 
21 

became a requirement for all UR nurses to go onsite and for a Team Lead to be able to come to 

the office), and therefore was entitled to a reasonable accommodation.” Def.’s Mem. at 23. 

C. Counts II and IV of the Amended Complaint Are Time-Barred 

 In Count II, the plaintiff claims that CHP initially “provided [her] the accommodation of 

working from home,” Am. Compl. ¶ 60, subsequently “revoked the accommodation,” id. ¶ 61, 

and “terminated [her] when she did not return to working at headquarters,” id., ¶ 62, in violation 

of the ADA. In this way, the plaintiff claims, CHP failed “to provide . . . the reasonable 

accommodations to which she was legally entitled.” Id. In Count IV, the plaintiff claims that 

CHP “unlawfully discriminated against [her] by allowing [Ms. Morris] to repeatedly harass her 

because of her disability.” Id. ¶ 77. She further claims to have been “subjected to unwelcomed 

harassment by her supervisor [Ms. Morris],” id. ¶ 80, and such harassment “was sufficiently 

severe and pervasive to alter the terms, conditions and privileges of [her] employment,” id. ¶ 82. 

Specifically, the plaintiff claims that she “was prevented from working from home even though 

[Ms. Morris] allowed other employees without disabilities to do so.” Id. CHP moves for 

summary judgment on the plaintiff’s failure-to-accommodate (Count II) and hostile work 

environment (Count IV) claims on the ground that both are time-barred. See Def.’s Mem. at 20-

23. 

 A plaintiff bringing an employment discrimination claim under the ADA first must file a 

charge of discrimination “within a specified period (either 180 or 300 days, depending on the 

State) after the alleged unlawful employment practice occurred.” Hodge v. United Airlines, 666 

F. Supp. 2d 14, 20 (D.D.C. 2009) (quoting Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., Inc., 550 

U.S. 618, 623-24 (2007)); see also Marshall v. Fed. Express Corp., 130 F.3d 1095, 1098 (D.C. 
22 

Cir. 1997) (“Before bringing suit in federal court, ADA plaintiffs, like those under Title VII, 

must exhaust their administrative remedies by filing an EEOC charge and giving the agency a 

chance to act on it.”). “[I]f the employee does not submit a timely EEOC charge, the employee 

may not challenge that practice in court.” Ledbetter, 550 U.S. at 624 (citing 42 U.S.C. § 2000e5(f)(1)). The District of Columbia is a “deferral jurisdiction,” see Kornegay v. AT&T, 579 F. 

Supp. 2d 34, 37 (D.D.C. 2008), such that a claimant must file her charge with the EEOC no later 

than 300 days after the alleged unlawful practice occurred. 5 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e); see RobinsonReeder v. Am. Council on Educ., 532 F. Supp. 2d 6, 12 (D.D.C. 2008). 

 The Court previously determined that the plaintiff’s cause of action accrued no earlier 

than October 10, 2005, the date on which CHP “communicate[d] to [the] plaintiff an effective 

date of termination.” Johnson-Parks v. D.C. Chartered Health Plan, 713 F. Supp. 2d 39, 45 

(D.D.C. 2010). There is no dispute that the plaintiff’s “submissions . . . to the EEOC on August 

4, 2005, constitute[d] a written charge of disability discrimination . . . that . . . was timely filed 

before the 300-day limitations period had expired.” Id. at 46. According to CHP, any “alleged 

unlawful employment practices which occurred more than 300 days prior to the filing of a charge 

are time barred, and cannot be the basis for . . . ADA claims, even where they have a continuing 

effect.” Def.’s Mem. at 21-22. It follows, asserts CHP, that “all events that occurred prior to 

October 8, 2005, the date 300 days before the charge was filed . . . , cannot be the basis for [the 

plaintiff’s] ADA claims.” Id. at 22. Based on the plaintiff’s amended complaint, the only action 

falling within the relevant 300-day limitations period and which the plaintiff now may challenge 

occurred on October 10, 2005 -- her termination. Id. Plaintiff does not challenge the October 8, 

2005 date, see Pl.’s Opp’n at 4-5, thus the Court adopts it as the operative date. 
23 

 The plaintiff responds by arguing that Dr. Ho’s note, dated October 3, 2005, comprises a 

discrete act – a separate request for the accommodation of working from home – to which CHP 

did not respond. Pl.’s Opp’n at 5. CHP’s purported “fail[ure] to engage in the interactive 

process” amounts to its “fail[ure] to accommodate [the plaintiff] between October 8, 2005 and 

October 13, 2005.” Id. at 4. Because CHP neither reaffirmed the work-from-home arrangement 

upon receipt of Dr. Ho’s October 3, 2005 note nor proposed an alternative, the plaintiff argues 

that “both the failure to accommodate in response to Plaintiff’s October 3, 2005 request . . . and 

Plaintiff’s termination occurred within 300 days of her EEOC complaint [and] both are 

actionable.” Id. at 5. The Court rejects this argument.11

 

11 The plaintiff further asserts that her hostile work environment claim is actionable, even if 

events occurred prior to October 8, 2005. Pl.’s Opp’n at 5-6. She argues that “the harassment 

she experienced from her supervisor Karen Morris” from which the claim arises began upon her 

first request for a reasonable accommodation in January 2004, and continued until she learned of 

her termination on October 13, 2005. Id. at 6. Even if the plaintiff were to show that her hostile 

work environment claim is timely, there is an independent basis for dismissal of the claim. 

 “To determine whether a hostile work environment exists, the court looks to the totality 

of the circumstances, including the frequency of the discriminatory conduct, its severity, its 

offensiveness, and whether it [interferes] with an employee’s work performance.” Hunter v. 

District of Columbia, 797 F. Supp. 2d 86, 92 (D.D.C. 2011) (quoting Baloch v. Kempthorne, 550 

F.3d 1191, 1201 (D.C. Cir. 2008)). Her claim survives only if she shows that CHP subjected her 

to “discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult” that is “sufficiently severe or pervasive to 

alter the conditions of [her] employment and create an abusive working environment.” Baloch, 

550 F.3d at 1201 (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21(1993)). 

 In Count IV, the plaintiff alleges that CHP “unlawfully discriminated against [her] by 

allowing . . . Karen Morris to repeatedly harass [her] because of her disability.” Am. Compl. ¶ 

77. That harassment “was directed at [the plaintiff’s] disability and her need for a reasonable 

accommodation.” Id. ¶ 81. Allegations that Ms. Morris “demanded that [the plaintiff’s] 

accommodation of working from home cease and that she report to work in the office,” id. ¶ 29, 

that she “continually harassed” the plaintiff, id. ¶ 30, are far too vague to support a hostile work 

environment claim. The pleading is silent as to specific examples of Ms. Morris’ alleged 

offensive conduct; neither the plaintiff’s deposition testimony nor any other materials put forth in 

opposition to CHP’s summary judgment motion demonstrate that a genuine issue of material 

facts exists as to discriminatory intimidation, ridicule and insult permeating the plaintiff’s 

workplace to such an extent that a reasonable person would find the atmosphere hostile and 

abusive. A hostile work environment claim is “not meant to set a general code for the 

workplace,” Ramey v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 468 F. Supp. 2d 52, 58 n.8 (D.D.C. 2006), and 
24 

 The plaintiff cannot base a claim on Dr. Ho’s October 3, 2005 note at this stage of the 

proceedings. The Amended Complaint nowhere mentions Dr. Ho, his October 3, 2005 note or a 

new request for an accommodation on that date. Furthermore, the plaintiff’s responses to the 

defendant’s interrogatories list only three requests for accommodation: the first week of January 

2004, the third week of January 2004, and mid-October 2004. Pl.’s Interrog. Resp. No. 4. While 

the plaintiff is not necessarily bound by her interrogatory responses, see 7 JAMES WM. MOORE ET 

AL., MOORE’S FEDERAL PRACTICE § 33.160 (3d ed. 1997), she still must demonstrate the 

existence of a genuine issue of fact. The plaintiff does not proffer any evidence that the notice 

was received by any CHP representative prior to her termination. 

 Furthermore, the plaintiff does not show that CHP failed to accommodate her disability. 

The parties do not dispute that CHP accommodated the plaintiff between 2001 and 2003 by 

excusing her from making onsite visits to hospitals and by allowing her to work from home 

beginning January 2004. See Pl.’s Opp’n at 10-11. CHP demonstrates that this arrangement 

continued for the duration of the plaintiff’s employment – despite concerns for the privacy of 

medical records, the requirement that other UR nurses report to the office, revised duties 

assigned to the plaintiff, and some indication, based on Dr. Ho’s March 3, 2004 note, that the 

plaintiff might return to the office if she were allowed to take frequent breaks. As the plaintiff 

preferred, see Pl.’s Resp. to Def.’s Req. for Admis. No. 3, she was allowed to work from home 

until her termination in October 2005. 

 

“ordinary tribulations of the workplace,” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 

(1998), alone do not become an actionable hostile work environment claim. 
25 

D. There Is a Genuine Issue of Material Fact Regarding the Reason for Plaintiff’s Termination 

 “When the defendant in a[n] . . . ADA case presents a legitimate, nondiscriminatory 

reason for its actions, the district court need resolve only one question to adjudicate a motion for 

summary judgment.” Akridge v. Gallaudet Univ., 729 F. Supp. 2d 172, 181 (D.D.C. 2010) 

(footnotes omitted). That question is: 

Has the [plaintiff] produced sufficient evidence for a reasonable 

jury to find that [CHP’s] asserted non-discriminatory reason was 

not the actual reason and that [CHP] intentionally discriminated 

against [her]? 

Brady v. Office of Sergeant at Arms, 520 F.3d 490, 493-94 (D.C. Cir. 2008); see Adeyemi v. 

District of Columbia, 525 F.3d 1222, 1226 (D.C. Cir.2008) (applying the Brady rationale to 

ADA case). The defendant’s burden is only one of production, and it “need not persuade the 

court that it was actually motivated by the proffered reasons.” Texas Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. 

Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 254 (1981). The plaintiff at all times bears the burden of persuasion to 

show that the defendant’s proffered reason was not the true reason for the employment decision. 

Id. at 256. Pretext may be established “directly by persuading the court that a discriminatory 

reason more likely motivated the employer or indirectly by showing that the employer’s 

proffered explanation is unworthy of credence.” Id.; see also Reeves v. Sanderson Plumbing 

Prods., Inc., 530 U.S. 133, 143 (2000). “Proof that the defendant’s explanation is unworthy of 

credence is simply one form of circumstantial evidence that is probative of intentional 

discrimination, and it can be quite persuasive.” Reeves, 530 U.S. at 147 (citing St. Mary’s Honor 

Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 517 (1993) (“[P]roving the employer’s reason false becomes part of 

(and often considerably assists) the greater enterprise of proving that the real reason was 

intentional discrimination.”); see also Aka v. Washington Hosp. Ctr., 156 F.3d 1284, 1290 (D.C. 
26 

Cir. 1998) (en banc) (“[A] plaintiff’s discrediting of an employer’s stated reason for its 

employment decision is entitled to considerable weight.”). 

 In Count I, the plaintiff alleges that she “was subject[ed] to [an] adverse employment 

action when she was . . . fired because of her disability,” Am. Compl. ¶ 50, while “other nondisabled employees were not subject to the treatment and adverse employment action[] that 

[CHP] levied upon Plaintiff,” id. ¶ 51. In Count III, the plaintiff alleges that she “engaged in 

ADA-protected activity when she requested that [CHP] provide her a reasonable accommodation 

for her disability,” id. ¶ 69, yet CHP “terminated her employment,” ¶ 72, and the termination 

“was directly related to Plaintiff’s request for a reasonable accommodation,” ¶ 73. There is no 

dispute that termination is an adverse employment action and that a request for an 

accommodation is protected activity. The plaintiff’s success on either count turns on her ability 

to show that CHP’s proffered reason for her termination is pretext for discrimination. 

 CHP asserts that the plaintiff was fired for insubordination. CHP contends that during 

the October 5, 2005 conference call with Ms. Morris, Dr. Orr and Mr. Smith, the plaintiff 

“declined or was not able to provide any information as to what had transpired” with respect to 

Patient X. Def.’s Mem. at 33. Mr. Smith deemed her responses “insubordinate and 

unprofessional,” id., and when the plaintiff “failed to provide satisfactory information, either 

during the conversation . . . [or] after the conversation,” id. at 34, Mr. Smith “decided to 

terminate [her] for insubordination and failure to provide information,” id. “What nailed it for 

[Mr. Smith] was [the plaintiff’s] complete failure to respond to any questions about” Patient X, 

and “[t]hat’s what actually resulted in the decision to terminate.” Smith Dep. at 124:4-7. 
27 

 The plaintiff counters that she was fired for “her performance with regard to Patient X.” 

Pl.’s Opp’n at 20. Acknowledging her burden to “show that the proffered reason was not the 

true reason for the employment decision and some other discriminatory basis was,” the plaintiff 

points to “[i]nconsistent statements and changing justification” for the termination decision as 

evidence “probative of pretext.” Id. For example, CHP’s Answer asserts as its sixth affirmative 

defense that the plaintiff “was discharged for neglecting the welfare of a patient, a valid and 

legitimate reason, and not for any other reason.” Answer at 13. This statement, she explains, “is 

consistent with the rationale provided . . . at the time of her termination.” Pl.’s Opp’n at 21. In 

contrast, the plaintiff argues, CHP in this litigation provides “a completely different rationale for 

[her termination,]” namely her failure to respond to Mr. Smith’s inquires. Id. At least one 

document in the record of this case both supports the plaintiff’s argument and contradicts CHP’s 

position: Mr. Smith’s January 17, 2007 letter to the EEOC stating the plaintiff’s termination 

came about because she “fail[ed] to perform her duties adequately” with respect to the discharge 

of Patient X. Pl.’s Mem. in Opp’n to Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss, Ex. D. Thus, there is some 

evidence in the form of the deciding official’s own words that CHP’s currently proffered reason 

is not the true reason for the plaintiff’s termination. Because this evidence “is entitled to 

considerable weight,” Aka, 156 F.3d at 1290, a genuine issue of material fact precludes summary 

judgment for the defendant on the disparate treatment claim in Count I. However, because of the 

temporal remoteness between the plaintiff’s last request for an accommodation in October 2004 

and her termination in October 2005, Count III will be dismissed. Compare Woodruff v. Peters, 

482 F.3d 521, 529 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (finding that “a reasonable finder of fact could infer 

causation” where “less than a month” elapsed between protected activity and adverse 

employment action), with Clark Cnty. Sch. Dist. v. Breeden, 532 U.S. 268, 273-74 (2001) 
28 

(finding that 20-month period between employer’s knowledge of plaintiff’s protected activity 

and adverse employment action “suggests, by itself, no causality at all”), Coons v. Sec’y of the 

Treasury, 383 F.3d 879, 887-88 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that, where a request for an 

accommodation was made one year prior to demotion, “[the] distant time sequence was 

inadequate to show a causal link” and plaintiff failed to make a prima facie case of retaliation), 

and Richmond v. ONEOK, Inc., 120 F.3d 205, 209 (10th Cir. 1997) (affirming district court’s 

conclusion “that the three-month period between the activity and termination, standing alone, 

does not establish a causal connection”). 

III. CONCLUSION 

 On consideration of CHP’s motion and the plaintiff’s response thereto, the Court 

concludes that there is a genuine issue of material fact in dispute with respect to the actual reason 

for the plaintiff’s termination. Its motion for summary judgment will be granted in part and 

denied in part. An Order accompanies this Memorandum Opinion. 

DATE: ROBERT L. WILKINS 

 United States District Judge