Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1959

United States Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Miscellaneous Publication 227
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March

3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and

maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent with these standards; the determination of physical constants and

properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials, devices,

and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; in- vention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development

of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic and applied research,

development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services, and various

consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the

Bureau's unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions

and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's work take the form of either actual equipment and devices or published papers. These papers appear either in the Bureau's own series of publications or in the journals

of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishers three periodicals available from

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of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • Frederick H. Mueller, Secretary NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Hydraulic Research

in the United States

1959

(Including Contributions from Canadian Laboratories)

Edited by Helen K. Middleton

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 227

Issued October 1, 1959

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price $1.25

FOREWORD

The information contained in this publication was compiled from reports by

the various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories in the United States and Canada.

The cooperation of these agencies is greatly appreciated. The National Bureau of

Standards cannot assume responsibility for the completeness for this publication. We must depend upon reporting laboratories for the completeness of the coverage

of their own programs, as well as upon new laboratories engaged in hydraulics to bring their activities to our attention.

Projects are numbered chronologically, and the number once assigned is repeated for identification purposes until a project is completed. Numbers

commencing with 3006 refer to projects which are reported for the first time.

All projects are in active state, unless otherwise noted under (f).

The National Bureau of Standards does not maintain a file of reports or detailed information regarding the research projects reported by other

organizations. Such information may be obtained from the correspondent listed

under (c) or immediately following the title of the organization reporting the

work. It is of course understood that any laboratory submitting reports on its

work will be willing to supply information to properly qualified inquirers.

A similar bulletin, "Hydraulic Research", compiled and published by the

International Association for Hydraulic Research, contains information on

hydraulic research being conducted in foreign countries. This bulletin is edited by Professor J. Th. Thijsse, Director of the Hydraulic Laboratory at the

Technical University of Delft, Netherlands, and Secretary of the International

Association for Hydraulic Research. Copies may be obtained from the Secretary

at $6.00 each (postage included).

A. V. Astin, Director
CONTENTS

Page

Foreword iii

List of contributing laboratories v Project reports 1 Subject index 178

Key to Projects

(a) Number and title of project (e) Description

(b) Project conducted for (f) Present status

(c) Correspondent (g) Results

(d) Nature of project (h) Publications

iv
LIST OF CONTRIBUTING LABORATORIES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Agricultural Engineering Dept.

Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. Kyle Engler, Head

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS 1 Civil Engineering Dept.

Fayetteville, Ark.

Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head

3ALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, THE 1 Hydraulic Turbine Laboratory

Philadelphia k2, Pa.

Mr. A. W. Madora, Supervisor , Hydraulic Turbine

Research Dept.

BEACH EROSION BOARD (see U. S. Government)

BONNEVILLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY (see U. S. Government )

BROOKLYN, POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF 2 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn 1, N. Y.

Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Civil Engineering

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2 Engineering Division, Pasadena h, California

Prof. Milton S. Plesset, Applied Mechanics

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Pasadena h, Calif.

3

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY h Sedimentation Laboratory, Pasadena h, Calif.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Professor of Hydraulics

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF h College of Agriculture, Davis, Calif.

Mr. Robert M. Hagan, Chairman Dept. of Irrigation

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 83

College of Agriculture, Los Angeles 2h, Calif.

Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman

Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 5 College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif.

Prof. J. W. Johnson, Prof., Hydraulic Engrg.

CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF 11

Dept. of Naval Architecture, Berkeley h, Calif.

Prof. H. A. Schade, Chairman

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 86

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Pittsburgh 13, Pa.

Dr. T. E. Stelson, Acting Head

CASE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 12

Dept. of Civil Engrg. and Engineering Mechanics

Cleveland 6, Ohio

Dr> H. R. Nara, Head of Department

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY

Hydraulics Laboratory

Civil Engineering Section, Fort Collins, Colo.

Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief

12

CONNECTICUT, UNIVERSITY OF 87 Civil Engineering Dept., Box U-37> Storrs, Conn. Prof. Victor Scottron, Prof., Civil Engineering

CORNELL UNIVERSITY 19 School of Civil Engineering

Applied Hydraulic Laboratory, Ithaca, N. Y. Prof. Marvin Bogema, in Charge

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN (see U. S. Government)

FLORIDA, UNIVERSITY OF 20 The Engineering and Industrial Experiment Sta. Coastal Engineering Laboratory, Gainesville, Fla.

Dr. Per Bruun

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 21 Hydraulics Laboratory, School of Civil Engrg.

Atlanta, Georgia

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater

HARVARD UNIVERSITY 22

Div. of Engineering and Applied Physics

Cambridge 38^ Mass. Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr.

HOUSTON UNIVERSITY 23

Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Houston h, Texas

Dr. H. W. Prengle Jr., Chairman

IDAHO, UNIVERSITY OF 23 Engineering Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho Dean Allen S. Janssen, Director

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION 2h Box 232, Urbana, 111.

Mr. William C. Ackerman, Chief

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION 27 Dept. of Public Works and Buildings

201 West Monroe St., Springfield, 111.

Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 28 Dept. of Agriculture Engineering, Urbana, 111.

Dr. Frank B. Lanham, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 28

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Urbana, 111. Dr. N. M. Newmark, Head

ILLINOIS, UNIVERSITY OF 31 Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

21 h Talbot Laboratory, Urbana, 111. Prof. T. J. Dolan, Head

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH

State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Director

31

IOWA STATE COLLEGE 35 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Ames,- Iowa

Prof. Hobart Beresford, Head

IOWA STATE COLLEGE

Dept. of Agronomy, Ames, Iowa

Prof. William H. Pierre, Head of Dept.

36

v
IOWA, STATE UNIVERSITY (see Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research)

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, THE 87 Applied Physics Laboratory, Silver Spring, M&.

Mr. R. E. Gibson, Director

KANSAS, UNIVERSITY OF 36 Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, Lawrence, Kansas

Dr. Kenneth C. Deemer, Chairman

LEFFEL AND COMPANY, THE JAMES 36 k26 East Street, Springfield, Ohio

Mr. J. Robert G-roff, Pres. and General Manager

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 37 Dept. of Civil Engineering

Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Bethlehem, Pa. Prof. W. J. Eney, Director and Head of Dept.

MARYLAND, UNIVERSITY OF 37 Institute of Fluid Dynamics and Applied Math. College Park, Maryland

Prof. M. H. Martin, Director

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 37 Dept. of Civil and Sanitary Engineering

Cambridge 39 , Mass.

Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Head, Hydrodynamics Lab.

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 1+1 Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Cambridge 39 > Mass. Prof. Ascher H. Shapiro, in Charge

Fluid Mechanics Division

MASSACHUSETTS, UNIVERSITY OF hk Engineering Research Inst., Amherst, Mass. Dean George A. Marston, Director

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY kh

Dept. of Civil Engineering, East Lansing, Mich.

Dr. Emmett M. Laursen, Asso. Professor

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF ^5 Dept. of Civil Engrg., 320 West Engrg. Bldg. Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. E. F. Brater

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF 46 Dept. of Naval Architecture and Marine Engrg.

1+50 W. Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.

Prof. R. B. Couch, Chairman

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF (see St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory)

MINNESOTA, UNIVERSITY OF 164

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering

St. Paul 1, Minn.

Prof. A. J. Schwantes, Head

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY 46 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Rolla, Mo. Prof. E. W. Carlton, Chairman

MONTANA STATE COLLEGE Agricultural Experiment Station

Bozeman, Montana

Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head

Agricultural Engineering Dept.

47

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK CO. 47 Hydraulic Laboratory, Newport News, Va.

Mr. C. H. Hancock, Director

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 48 Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Bronx 53> N. Y. Prof. John Happel, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50

Dept. of Engineering Mechanics, New York 53.> N. Y. Dr. Glen N. Cox, Chairman

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY 50 College of Engineering, Dept. of Meteorology

and Oceanography

University Heights, New York 53, N. Y.

NO. CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND ENGINEERING 51 University of North Carolina, Dept. of Engineering

Research, Raleigh, North Carolina

Prof. N. W. Conner, Director, Engineering Research

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 51 Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Fargo, No. Dak.

Mr. W. J. Promersberger, Chairman

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 51 The Technological Institute, Evanston, 111. Dean Harold B. Gotaas

NOTRE DAME, UNIVERSITY OF 53 College of Engineering, Notre Dame, Ind.

Dr. M. J. Goglia, Dean

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY 53 Robinson Hydraulic Laboratory, Columbus 10, Ohio

Prof. S. R. Beitler, Director

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY 55 Agricultural Engineering Dept., Stillwater, Okla.

Prof. E. W. Schroeder, Head

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 55 Dept. of Civil Engineering, Corvallis, Oregon

Dr. Charles E. Behlke

OREGON STATE COLLEGE 55 School of Forestry, Corvallis, Oregon

Mr. C. W. Dane, Assistant to the Dean

PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY 56 Ordnance Research Lab., Garfield Thomas Water

Tunnel, P.O. Box 30, University Park, Pa.

Dr. Benjamin L. Snavely, Acting Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 57 Agricultural Experiment Station, Lafayette, Ind.

Mr. H. J. Reed, Director

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 School of Chemical Engineering Lafayette, Ind.

Dr. Edward W. Comings, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 58 Civil Engineering Dept., Lafayette, Ind. Prof. K. B. Woods, Head

PURDUE UNIVERSITY 59 Jet Propulsion Center, Dr. Maurice J. Zucrow, Dir.

vi
REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION 59

101+8 Potomac St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C.

REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED 59

101+8 Potomac St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. Mr. Stanley F. Reed, President

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6l

|Allenspark, Colo., Prof. C. J. Posey, Dir. (Winter address: State Univ. of Iowa, Iova City)

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY 6l

Miss. River at Third Ave., S.E., Minneapolis, Minn.

Dr. Lorenz Straub, Director

SOUTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF 67

Civil Engineering Dept., Columhia, S. C. Dr. Harold Flinsch, Head

STANFORD UNIVERSITY 67

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Stanford, Calif. Prof. Ray K. Linsley, Executive Head

Hydraulic Laboratory

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 68 Experimental Towing Tank

711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Mr. Hugh W. MacDonald, Acting Director

TEXAS, A AND M COLLEGE OF 6k

Dept. of Oceanography and Meteorology

College Station, Texas

Dr. Dale F. Leipper, Head

TEXAS, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Austin 12, Texas

Dr. Walter L. Moore, Directing Head

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY

Engineering Experiment Station, Logan, Utah

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director

WASHINGTON, STATE COLLEGE OF

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Lab., Pullman, Wash

Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head

WASHINGTON, UNIVERSITY OF 80

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Seattle 5, Wash.

Prof. R. B. van Horn, Head

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION (see U.S. Government)

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE

Woods Hole, Mass.

Dr. Paul M. Fye, Director

81

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE 82

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester 9, Mass.

Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director

U. S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE

Soil and Water Conservation Research Division

Beltsville, Md. D . C. H. Wadleigh, Chief

FOREST SERVICE

ALASKA FOREST RESEARCH CENTER 98 Box 7hO, Juneau, Alaska

Mr. R. F. Taylor

CALIFORNIA FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 98

P. 0. Box 21+5, Berkeley 1, Calif.

Mr. R. Keith Arnold, Director

INTERMOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA. 101 Forest Service Building, Ogden, Utah

Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director

NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA. 102 Motcyrs Ave., Upper Darby, Pa.

Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director

102

PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOREST AND RANGE EXP. STA. 103

P. 0. Box 1+059, Portland 8, Oregon

Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director

ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STA.10U

221 Forestry .Bldg., Fort Collins, Colo.

Mr. Raymond Price, Director

SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA.

P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. Mr. Joseph F. Pechanec, Director

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, PORTLAND

Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory

79 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon

The District Engineer

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, ST. PAUL

1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House

St. Paul 1, Minn. The District Engineer

WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION

P. 0. Box 631, Vicksburg, Miss.

The Director

OFFICE OF THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS Washington 25, D. C. Mr. F. B. Slichter, Chief, Engineering Div.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

Hydraulics Branch

Mr. Carl F. Izzard, Chief

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

National Hydraulics Laboratory

Washington 25, D. C.

WEATHER BUREAU

Hydrologic -Services Div., Wash. 25, D. C. Mr. William E. HIatt, Chief

107

SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STA. 107

2026 St. Charles Ave., New Orleans 13, La. Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director

76 DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS

BEACH EROSION BOARD 108

5201 Little Falls Road, N.W., Wash. 16, D. C. 78 The President

111

111+

115

133

13*

135

135

vii
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 138 Water Resources Division

Washington 25, D. C. Mr. Luna B. Leopold, Chief Hydraulic Engineer

BUREAU OF RECLAMATION lk3

Division of Engineering Laboratories Denver Federal Center, Denver 2, Colo.

Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Asst. Commissioner and

Chief Engineer

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

DAVID TAYLOR MODEL BASIN lk6

Washington 7, D. C. The Commanding Officer and Director

U. S. NAVAL BOILER AND TURBINE LABORATORY 157

Naval Base, Philadelphia 12, Pa. The Commanding Officer and Director

NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST STATION 157

3202 E. Foothill Blvd., Pasadena 8, Calif.

The Commander

OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH 158

Washington 25, D. C.

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY 159

Hydraulic Data Branch, Knoxville, Term.

Mr. Albert S. Fry

CANADIAN LABORATORIES

H. G. ACRES AND COMPANY, LTD. l6k

Niagara Falls, Canada

Mr. I, W. McCaig, Hydraulic Engineer

ALBERTA, UNIVERSITY OF

Dept. of Civil Engineering, Edmonton, Canada

Prof. T. Blench, Head

BRITISH COLUMBIA, UNIVERSITY OF Hydraulics Lab., Vancouver 8, Canada

Prof. H. C. Gunning, Dean Faculty of Applied Science

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO

620 University Avenue, Toronto 2, Canada

Mr. J. B. Bryce, Hydraulic Engineer

LaSALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY

0250 St. Patrick St., Ville LaSalle, P.Q. , Can.

Mr. E. Pari set, Director

MONTREAL, ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE Hydraulics Laboratory, 2500 Guyard Ave. Montreal 26, Canada

Prof. Raymond Boucher, Head, Div. of Hyd. Engrg.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL Division of Mechanical Engineering

Montreal Road, Ottawa 2, Canada

Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

Dept. of Engineering Science, Guelph, Canada

Prof. C. G. E. Downing, Head

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY

Hydraulics Laboratory, Kingston, Ont., Canada

Prof. R- J. Kennedy, Directing Head

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Toronto 5 5 Canada

Prof. G. Ross Lord, Head

viii
HYDRAULIC RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(2255) GROUND WATER, RESOURCES AND RECHARGE, IN THE RICE GROWING AREA OF ARKANSAS.

(b) Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station

cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey

and U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. Kyle Engler, Head of Agricultural

Engineering, Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) A l6-inch vertical recharge well is sur- rounded "by test wells for the purpose of

observing hydraulic information and for

sampling chemical quality and bacterial

analyses. A series of tests of short du- ration have been run using treated surface water as recharge media. This water

has been copper sulphated to kill plankton,

treated with alum to clock out collodial

materials, chlorinated to kill bacteria,

and areated to remove free air. This

treated water has given satisfactory re- sults in the tests. The next step will

be removal of treatments to see what the

minimum treatment will have to be. A

straight 26-inch, sand packed recharge

well has been completed and will be tested

(g) The project is not developed to a point

for satisfactory reporting.

(h) "Artificial Recharge Experiments in the

Grand Prairie Region of Arkansas", R. T. Sniegocki, WATER for Texas, Proceedings of

the Third Annual Conference on Water for Texas, Sept. l6-l8, 1957, pp. 75-76. "Ground Water Recharge in Arkansas", Kyle

Engler, 55th Annual Proceedings Association of Southern Agricultural Workers, pp.

52, 1958. "Plugging by Air Entrainment in Artificial

Recharge Tests", R. T. Sniegocki, paper

presented at National Water Well Association Meeting, Wash., D. C, Nov. 6, 1958

(U. S. Geological Survey, Little Rock

Arkansas )

UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS, Civil Engineering Dept.

(27^1) ROCKEFELLER FILTRATION PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. R. Heiple, Head, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Arkansas,

Fayetteville, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research has been used for three master's theses to date.

(e) This project involves a study of the re- moval of turbidity and bacteria from surface water supplies using coarse grained

media (l/V to 1"). The variables investigated included: (l) Depth of bed; (2)

size of media; (3) shape and nature of

media; (k) effect of head of water on filter bed; and (5) rate of filtration.

Laboratory model investigations are com- plete with long range field study under

way for the past year.

(f) Completed.

(g) Field studies have disclosed that turbidity

from normal surface waters may be substantially reduced by filtration, without prior

treatment, through a coarse grained material such as pea gravel. With a l6-inch

bed of l/V-l/2" gravel as a filter media

and operation at a rate of l/lO gallon per

sq ft per minute the average efficiency of

turbidity removal is well in excess of 50 percent and has achieved 90 percent efficiency on occasions. Such a filter has a capacity for effective long range opera- tion without development of appreciable

head loss or the need for cleaning and

with minimum attention. Such filtration

will also remove at least 50$ of total

bacteria present in normal waters . Filtration efficiency is most effective in

low turbidity waters where particle size

is predominately colloidal.

(h) Several articles are now ready for release,

but the date of publication has not been

determined. Such material may be available upon request at a later date.

THE BALDWIN-LIMA-HAMILTON CORPORATION, Hydraulic

Turbine Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 271, 2050, 2500,

3006, and 3007, should be addressed to Mr. W. R. MacNamee, Chief Engineer, Hydraulic Turbines and

Marine Products Division and Mr. A. W. Madora,

Supervisor, Hydraulic Research Laboratory, BaldwinLima-Hamilton Corp., Philadelphia k2, Pa.

(271) ADJUSTABLE AND FIXED BLADE PROPELLER-TYPE HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) To improve performance of present designs,

and to extend the range of application of

this type turbine. Propeller runners of

various designs in combination with modified turbine settings are methodically

tested in the 11-inch cavitation flume. Efficiency output, cavitation, runaway

speed, hydraulic thrust, and hydraulic

blade torque are measured.

(g) Results provide data for improvement of

existing design and information for de- signs which extend the range of application.

(2050) PUMP TURBINE LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Pump-turbines of various specific speeds

1
have been designed and tested in settings

hydraulically similar to proposed field installations. The performance characteristics of efficiency, discharge, runaway

speeds, horsepower, cavitation, thrust data for thrust hearing, and wicket gate torques,

(g) Results provide data for the design of fu- ture proposed installations and modifications to existing designs.

(2500) AXIAL FLOW PUMP LABORATORY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Axial flow pumps of various specific speeds

have been designed and tested. Investigations pertaining to the number of impeller

blades, proper diffuser vane angle, and

intake conditions, have been completed.

Performance characteristics of efficiency,

discharge, horsepower, runaway speeds and

blade torques have been obtained.

(g) Results provide data for the design of fu- ture proposed installations, and modifications to existing designs.

(3006) NIAGARA RIVER PROJECT, LEWISTON POWER PLANT.

(b) Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Official contract acceptance tests.

(e) A complete homologous model has been tested

encompassing the operating conditions ex- pected in the field in its entirety.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results obtained generously exceed all

guaranteed conditions as requested by the customer in the specifications.

(3007) AIR TEST FLUME.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The purpose of constructing an air test

flume is for the expediency in obtaining

basic information pertaining to flow patterns of model pumps, turbines, and pump

turbines at both inflow and outflow and

for other component parts . The information obtained will be utilized In determining blade shapes and contours, suitable

angles at entry and exit of model runners and pumps.

POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE OF BROOKLYN.

(3008) ORIFICE AND TUBE TESTING APPARATUS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Matthew W. Stewart, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, 333 Jay Street,

Brooklyn 1, New York.

(d) Student experimentation.

(e) An apparatus with transparent sides for the study of flow through various shaped tubes

and orifices. Both submerged and free jet

flow may be studied.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Engineering

Division.

(15^8) SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HYDRODYNAMICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst,

of Technology, Engineering Div., Pasadena,

California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Studies of cavitating and noncavitating

flow; dynamic behavior of cavitation

bubbles; theoretical and experimental

studies of cavitation damage.

(h) "Physical Effects in Cavitation and Boiling

by M. S. Plesset, Symposium, Naval Hydrodynamics, National Academy of Sciences,

National Research Council, Publication 515 (1957), PP. 297-318.

"Ion Exchange Kinetics - A Nonlinear Diffu- ( slon Problem. I", by F. Helfferich and

M. S. Plesset, Journal of Chemical Physics,

28, No. 3, March 1958, pp. kl8-k2k.

"Ion Exchange Kinetics - A Nonlinear Diffusion Problem. II. Particle Diffusion

Controlled Exchange of Univalent and Bivalent Ions", by M. S. Plesset, F. Helfferich and J. N. Franklin, California

Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Re- ! : port No. 85-9, June 1958. "Cathodic Protection in Cavitation DamageTests of Mild Steel in a Salt Solution",

by M. S. Plesset, B. C. Bass, and R. Hickling, Calif. Inst, of Technology, En- gineering Div. Report No. 85-IO, Nov. 1958. "Unsteady Supercavitating Flows", by T. Y. Wu, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engineering

Div. Report No. 85-11, (in press).

"The Growth of Vapor Bubbles in Rapidly

Heated Liquids", by S. A. Zwick and M. S. Plesset, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Report No. 85-12, in preparation.

(l8l6) FORCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBMERGED HYDRO- FOILS UNDER CAVITATING CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Milton S. Plesset, California Inst,

of Technology, Engineering Div., Pasadena, ji California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) Studies of hydrofoils.

(h) "A Note on the Cavity Flow past a Hydrofoil in a Liquid with Gravity", by Blaine

R. Parkin, Calif. Inst, of Technology, En- gineering Div. Report No. V7-9, Dec. 1957. "Numerical Evaluation of the Force Coefficients for Supercavitating Hydrofoils", by

Zora M. Lindberg, Calif. Inst, of Technology, Engineering Div. Report No. U7-11, in

preparation.

"Experimental Investigations of Three-Dimensional Effects on Supercavitating Hydrofoils", by R. W. Kermeen, Calif. Inst, of

Technology, Engineering Div. Report No. ^7-12, in preparation.

2
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

(2502) MECHANICS OF CAVITATION DAMAGE.

(c)

(a)

(e)

National Science Foundation.

Dr. A. T. Ellis, Asso. Prof, of Applied

Mechanics, Calif. Inst, of Technology,

Pasadena, California.

Project includes field investigations (see

ref. 1 under (e)), and is "both experimental and theoretical. It is primarily basic

research, hut it is anticipated that it

will also have applications. The work

will be the basis of two doctoral theses.

The purpose of the project is to determine

the detailed mechanism of mechanical damage by cavitation and to attempt to corre- late this with field results.

Preliminary work has been completed by

Prof. Khapp, showing details of high-speed

photography while the damage was actually

taking place.

The following experiments are contemplated:

(l) Generate spherical shock waves of

known strength in water by the electric

discharge method and record these photographically by a high-speed Schlieren system; (2) determine reflection and refraction of these waves at the solid-liquid

interface by means of photoelastic techniques; (3) record transient pressures by

means of piezoelectric pickups and oscilloscopes presently available with a frequency response to 25 megacycles; and (k) generate

shock waves in water by collapse of simple vapor or gas bubbles and record these as in Item 1, which will provide calibration.

High speed photographic equipment will be

used for combined photoelastic and

Schlieren pictures at framing rates up to

one million per second.

The physical manner in which aluminum is damaged by cavitation has been observed.

Shock waves in water due to cavitation

bubble collapse have also been observed,

and quantitative measurements will soon be

made. Theoretical analysis describing the

collapse of a cavitation bubble in contact with a solid boundary is nearly complete.

Strain waves in metals have been photographed by means of photoelastic bonded

apoxy resins. This technique will be

applied later to studying the behavior of

metals during cavitation damage. This is

a new technique of general interest which

has never been accomplished before.

(27^6) HYDRODYNAMICS OF UNDERWATER BODIES.

(g)

00

(c)

(d)

Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Vito A. Vanoni, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

California.

Experimental and theoretical investigations . Investigations of the mechanics of hydrodynamic phenomena involved in the motion

of underwater bodies, including (l) studies

of forces on such bodies in cavitating and

(h)

noncavitating conditions; (2) investigations of the detailed mechanics of the

fluid motions giving rise to the above

forces

"An Experimental Determination of Dynamic

Coefficients for the Basic Firmer Missile

by Means of the Angular Dynamic Balance",

by Taras Kicenluk, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report No. E73-3, June 1957-

"An Experimental Determination of Dynamic

Coefficients for the Basic Firmer Missile

by Means of the Translational Dynamic

Balance", by Taras KLceniuk, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech. Report

No. E73-9j May 1958.

(3009) CAVITATION SIMILITUDE.

(b)

(c)

U)

(e)

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

Prof. A. J Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, Calif.

Experimental program of basic unclassified

work. To determine the effect of the various

thermal properties on cavitation in a venturi tube. It is known that cavitation

similitude parameters based upon the vapor pressure of the liquid at the bulk temperature are misleading since the pressure in

the cavity may be less or may exceed this

value depending on air content, speed,

size, thermal conductivity, etc. To investigate this question, a simple test loop

with a venturi-section made with glass

windows has been constructed and run with

water. In the future, other fluids will

be used. Measurements of cavity pressure,

air content, temperature, are being made.

Results in water ranging in temperature

from 70° to 200° show that the cavity pressure can depart appreciably from the value

at the bulk temperature. The results are still incomplete and inconclusive.

FULLY CAVTTATED HYDROFOIL NEAR A FREE

SURFACE.

Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

Prof. V. A. Vanoni, A. J Acosta, Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech,

Pasadena, California.

Unclassified basic research.

Experimental investigation of the lift and

moment of a fully cavitating two-dimensional flat plate hydrofoil near a free surface. Pressure distributions and cavity

proportions for various angles of attack,

cavitation numbers and depth in chords are being found. Basic research, part of

which is being done as the thesis for an advanced degree.

(3011) CAVITATION IN AXIAL INDUCERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Prof. A. J. Acosta, Calif. Inst, of Tech.,

Pasadena, California.

(g)

(3010;

0>)

(c)

(a)

(e)

3
(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Experimental; unclassified. A test circuit and associated equipment

suitable for investigating the flow

through two-inch diameter axial inducers

was made. A large number of experiments were conducted on inducers ranging in

blade angle at the tip from 6° to 12°. The solidity and tip clearance was also

varied over an appreciable range. The

objectives of these tests were to observe

the cavitating flow patterns in the impellers studied so as to gain insight as to the detailed flow processes occurring

in these devices , to obtain design information, and to see whether any simple

physical model of the cavitation breakdown process could be found. Suspended for the present.

"Experimental Study of Cavitating Axial

Inducers", by A. J. Acosta. Second Con- ference of Naval Hydrodynamics, in

preparation.

CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Sedimentation

Laboratory.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Division of Agricultural

Sciences, Dept. of Irrigation and Soil Science.

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATION IN COACHELLA VALLEY,

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Cooperative between the Coachella Valley

County Water District, Coachella, Calif.;

U. S. Salinity Laboratory, Riverside,

Calif.; U. S. Bureau of Reclamation,

Boulder City, Nev.; and this laboratory.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of Calif. Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Field investigations; applied research and

design.

(e) To develop and Improve techniques for ob- serving shallow ground water levels and

movement, for reclamation of saline and

sodic soils, and for drainage design. New

experiments being planned to develop more

rational criteria for drainage design.

(g) Techniques and criteria developed have re- sulted in land being adequately drained

before problems of salinization developed.

(27) HYDROLOGY OF WATER SUPPLIES IN CALIFORNIA.

(27V7

(h

(c

(d

(e

(27^8

(h

(c

(d

(e

STUDY OF THE DESIGN OF LOW DROPS AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CAPACITY OF FLOOD CHANNELS.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conserva- tion Service, Berkeley, Calif.

Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Sedimentation Laboratory, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

Experimental investigation carried on by

graduate students.

The work is carried out in a specially

designed tilted flume to obtain information for use in connection with the de- sign of flood control channels

Tests have been completed for two drop

heights

STUDY OF RELATIONS BETWEEN THE TRANSPORT

OF SEDIMENT AND THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTER- ISTICS OF STREAMS.

U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural

Research Service.

Prof. Vito A. Vanoni, Prof. Norman H. Brooks, Calif. Inst, of Tech., Pasadena,

Calif.

Experimental and analytical basic re- search.

' This work, the experimental part of which

will be carried on in laboratory flumes,

is an extension of the program of sedimentation research which has been carried

on by the Sedimentation Laboratory for some time: The program is devoted primarily to a study of the roughness and sedi- ment transport in alluvial streams with

anti-dunes and standing surface waves, which are usually associated with Froude

numbers in the vicinity of one or slightly

greater.

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(1058)

(h)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Laboratory project coordinated with similar

work of Dept. of Irrigation, University of

Calif., Davis, and with work of California

Forest and Range Exp. Sta., U. S. F. S. Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of

Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

Experimental; applied research. Factors in watershed management that influence the disposition of precipitation

and yield of useable water. Soil and water

factors in change of vegetation from brush

to grasses and forbs, control of consump- tion use by phreatophytes, experiments in

watershed paving.

Evidence found of modest increases in

useable water supply with vegetation

manipulation on semi-arid watersheds.

SOIL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS IN RELATION TO

IRRIGATION.

Coordinated laboratory studies with field

observations of water transfer in soils. Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of

Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

Continuing laboratory and field studies;

basic and applied research.

Study of the soil properties and management practices which affect the flow of water into and through soils, the storage

of water in soils and evaporation from

soil, and soil compaction.

Inactive in 1958. Work will be resumed in

1959-

"Use of Infiltration Equation Parameters

to Evaluate Infiltration Differences in

the Field", D. Swart zendruber and M. R. Huberty, Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union

39: 8^-93, 1958.

k
(1303) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF IRRIGATION DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

College of Engineering, Univ. of Calif.,

Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of

Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Continued analysis of the operational characteristics of pipe water distribution

systems . Principally concerned with auto- mation in the operation of low pressure

systems

(2504) DYNAMICS OF WATER FLOW IN SATURATED SOILS, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE DESIGN OF

DRAINAGE SYSTEMS.

(b) Laboratory project - coordinated with

similar work of Dept . of Irrigation, Davis,

Calif.

(c) Prof. A. F. Pillsbury, Chairman, Dept. of

Irrigation and Soil Science, Univ. of

Calif., Los Angeles 2k, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Mechanics of flow of water through soil and into drainage facilities.

(g) Mid-point recession rates of water table

between drain tile lines has been found to

be a good index of subsurface drainage

adequacy.

(h) "Shallow Ground Water and Tile Drainage in

the Oxnard Plain", by J. D. I Sherwood and

A. F. Pillsbury, accepted for publication

In Trans. Amer. Geophysical Union.

"Wetting Expansion of Drain Tile and

Effects Upon Water Entry", by A. F. Pillsbury, R. E. Pelishek, and Nathan

Buras. Submitted to ASAE for publication.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. College of Engineering,

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. J. W. Johnson, Dept. of En-, gineering, Hydraulic Laboratory, Hesse Hall, University of California, Berkeley k, California.

(h0) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF GAS-SOLIDS MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research,

design.

(e) The flow characteristics of a gas-solids

mixture (Alumina catalyst and air) have

been investigated in a 17 mm I. D. glass

conduit for various gas flow and solids

flow rates. Pressure drops across test

sections have been accurately measured for

a series of air flow rates in which the

solids to air ratio is varied from zero to 11.0 pounds of solids per pound of air.

The solids are introduced into the flow

system through a mixing nozzle fed by a slide valve controlled weighing tank, and

have a size distribution varying from par- ticles less than 10 microns to particles

greater than 220 microns. Investigation on the metering of solids -gas mixtures by

nozzle and Venturi -tubes has been carried

out. Studies on the heat transfer to flowing gas-solids mixtures have been carried

out and are being continued. Metering and

heat transfer studies are being continued

using fixed size glass spheres.

(g) Equipment for the study of the heat transfer characteristics of flowing mixtures

has been modified to study the behavior of

very dense mixtures

(h) "Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures in a Circular Tube", by Leonard

Farbar and Morgan J. Morley, Industrial

Engineering Chemistry, Vol. k^ , p. 11^3j

July 1957-

"Heat Transfer to Flowing Gas-Solids Mix- tures Using Solid Spherical Particles of

Fixed Size", by C. A. Depew, M. S. Thesis,

1957, University of California Library,

Berkeley, Calif.

(280) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT.

(b) Laboratory project and U. S. Corps of

Engineers

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Various fundamental problems in relation

to sediment transport have been studied,

and efforts have been made to apply the

results of research to solve practical

problems

(f) Suspended.

(g) The changes in the bed-load relationships

are studied as they result from high sedi- ment concentrations near the bed. No re- sults are available as yet

(h) "Effects of Heavy Sediment Concentration Near the Bed on the Velocity and Sediment

Distribution", H. A. Einstein and Ning

Chien, University of California Institute

of Engineering Research Report, Series 33; Issue No. 2.

(529) LITTORAL SEDIMENT FLOW UPON A BEACH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (d) Field, laboratory; experimental and theoretical research.

(e) The object of this investigation is to study the regimen of l8 beaches in the

vicinity of San Francisco. The beaches

studied are Point Reyes Beach, Drakes Cove

on the south side of the Point Reyes

peninsula, Stinson Beach near Bolinas Bay

midway between Drakes Cove and the

Golden Gate, and several beaches along the

coast south of the Golden Gate extending

from the Cliff House at the north end of Ocean Beach to Rockway Beach 11 miles to the south. The beaches have been occupied

at intervals from 2 weeks to 3 months for the past two years. The beaches build

forward during spring and fall and erode

back during winter and spring. The grain

size is k0 to 75 percent coarser and the

5
sorting about 10 percent poorer in spring

than in fall. The "beaches north of the

Golden Gate may advance and retreat as much as 100 feet in the course of a year whereas those south of the Gate rarely migrate more than 50 feet in the course of a year. The berms are one to two feet higher in winter and spring than in summer and fall. The average grain size on Point

Reyes Beach is about 600 microns, at Drakes Cove and Stinson Beach, 200 microns, 275 microns at the Cliff House and U25 microns

at Rockway Beach. The sorting on all the

beaches ranges mainly between 1.25 and 1.30 except at Drakes Cove where the average is 1.18. Berm height averages about l6 feet

at Point Reyes Beach, 8 to 9 feet at Drakes Cove and Stinson Beach and 11 feet

at the Cliff House and 13 feet at Rockway

Beach. Sand on all the beaches evidently

migrates both up and down during the course of a year, but data are lacking as to which is the prevalent direction of

drift except at Point Reyes Beach where most of the drift comes from the mainland

to the east of Tomales Bay.

(h) "Beaches near San Francisco, California

1956-1957", by Parker D. Track, Univ. of

California Publ. Inst. Engineering Research, Series ik, Issue 21, 101 pages, November 1958.

(155M SEA WATER RESEARCH.

(b) State of California.

(c) Prof. E. D. Howe, 177 Richmond Field Sta.,

University of California, Richmond, Calif.

(d) Experimental, theoretical, field investigation, and pilot plant; basic research,

applied research, design and operation.

(e) The purpose of this Investigation is to discover whether there is available any method for the large-scale, low-cost de- mineralization of sea water. Operation of the solar stills was con- tinued, with an additional wick-type still

in operation. Also, a small project was carried out on the use of paraffin wax as a heat absorber and -storage material.

The data on the large Low-TemperatureDifference plant is being extended to the

study of carry-over of gas and brine.

The U.C.L.A. program of work on the use of reversed osmosis was continued and a larger unit has been constructed. Work

was initiated at Berkeley on a means for constructing high strength osmotic membranes. The Berkeley development con- sists of the use of bundles of parallel

fibers with flow parallel to the fibers.

By using synthetic materials which swell

in water, it has been possible to get

down to pore sizes of the order of a few

Angstroms. Present efforts are directed

toward reducing these pore sizes.

(g) Detailed results may be obtained from the progress reports published by the Inst,

of Engineering Research.

(h) "Research on the Demineralizing of Water",

Proceedings of the 1958 Annual Dairy

Industry Conference, U. C, Davis,

January 27, 1958. "Status of Sea Water Conversion Research",

Trans, of the Amer. Geophysical Union,

Vol. 39, No. 3, June 1958, pp. ^ho-kl.

"Upgrading of Brackish Waters", Proceedings on Conference on Quality of Water

Irrigation, Jan. 1958, Water Resources

Center Contribution No. lh. "Water for Industrial Use: Prospects of

its Being Obtained by De-Salinization of Sea Water", prepared for the 2nd Annual Water Resources Conference, Montana State University, Missoula, Mont., June 28, 29, 1957- Paper prepared for publication but exact title and publication date unknown.

"Progress in Conversion of Saline Water",

Journal American Water Works Association,

Vol. 50, No. 3, March 1958. "Fresh Water from Saline Sources", Chapter

in book "An Introduction to Solar Energy",

edited by A. M. Zarem, Pub. McGraw-Hill

Book Co. Also published in Natural Re- sources Volume 1957, UCLA.

(1823) THE MECHANICS OF BOTTOM SEDIMENT MOVEMENT WITH OSCILLATORY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) To obtain experimental information on the

criterion for initial and general movement

of bottom sediment by wave action. Prototype conditions of the relative motion of water and bed were simulated by use of an oscillating plate In still water.

(g) A theoretical solution has been found for

•the turbulent boundary layer flow along

an oscillating surface and was empirically

checked for the smooth bottom. A solution

has been found for the rough wall, but must be checked for various different

types of roughness.

(h) "Stability of Oscillatory Laminar Flow

Along a Wall", by Huon LI, USA Corps of

Engineers B.E.B. Techn. Memo. No. W]

,

July 195^. "Mechanics of Bottom Sediment Movement due

to Wave Action", by Madhav Manohar, USA

Corps of Engineers B.E.B. Tech. Memo No.

75, June 1955. "Turbulent Flow Near an Oscillating Wall",

by G. Kalkanis, USA' Corps of Engineers

B.E.B. Tech. Memo. No. 97, July 1957.

(1825) WIND WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental Information on the

factors of wind velocity, wind duration, water depth, bottom slope, and bottom

roughness as related to wave generation

and wind tide produced in shallow water of

limited extent. A glass-wall channel 70

ft long, 15 inches deep, and 12 inches

wide has been constructed for this study.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Effects of Reefs and Bottom Slope on Wind

Setup in Shallow Water", by E. G. Tickner,

6
IER, University of California, Series 71, Issue 10, February 1958. "Transient Wind Tides in Shallow Water",

by E. G. Tickner, IER, Univ. of Calif.,

Series 71, Issue 11, September 1958.

(1829) STUDY OF INCLINED GAS-LIQUID FLOW IN TUBES

(b) Laboratory research project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic.

(e) Collection and correlation of data on several diameters of tubing at inclinations from horizontal to vertical.

(f) Completed.

(g) One-inch diameter smooth and rough tubes

tested. Paper in preparation.

(h) "Two-Phase Flow in Rough Tubes", by D. Dhisholm and A. D. K. Laird, Trans. ASME,

Vol. 80, 276, 1958.

(2058) STUDY OF EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS IN A

TURBULENCE COLUMN.

(b) Laboratory project, thesis study.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Exchange of various properties are studied

and compared for various properties in a column with reproducible turbulence pattern.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The column is constructed. Sediment distributions are observed for various de- grees of turbulence. One of the major re- sults is the fact that a high velocity

jet is much less efficient in creating

large scale turbulence than wall friction

in open channel flows

(2059) STUDY OF BED-LOAD MOTION IN A FLOW SUB- JECTED TO COMPOSITE FRICTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; thesis study.

(e) A granular bed is developed between a system of obstructions such as piles. It

is attempted to determine the part of the

flow resistance which determines the rate of sediment motion.

(f) Experimental work completed.

(g) In a thesis study limitations are investigated to the independence of frictional

drag forces.

(2062) STRESS- STRAIN RELATIONSHIPS FOR SHEAR IN A SAND-WATER MIXTURE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The relationship is determined in an es- pecially constructed rotating shear device

for various normal pressures. The results

will be used to predict the behavior of a granular stream bed subjected to high

shear by a flow.

(g) Results have been obtained. Work is now concentrating on the analysis of the re- sults .

(2063) METHODS OF DETECTING AND TRACING THE

MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study has as its objectives study of

velocity variations observed in tracing

the flow of liquids through porous media,

development of methods and tracers for field determination of water movement

underground, and application of these

methods to location and measurement of seepage from canals.

(g) A study was made of five sands to relate

the medium dispersion constants to pore

size distributions, which were determined

from moisture tension curves. No well defined relation could be established.

(h) "Studies of Flow Dispersion in Porous

Media", by Leung-ku Lau, W. J. Kaufman,

G. T. Orlob, and D. K. Todd, IER, Series

No. 93, Issue No. k, Univ. of Calif., 67

pp., July 1958.

(2261) WAVE REFRACTION RESEARCH.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Dept. of the Army,

Washington, D. C. (d) Laboratory.

( e ) In shallow water the velocity of a water

gravity wave depends upon the depth of water as well as upon the length of the

wave. When it travels in shoaling water

it bends. This refraction changes the wave height and direction. Powerful graphi

cal and analytical tools are available for use by the engineers; however, there is an almost complete lack of evidence as to their accuracy. The purpose of this con- tract has been to perform laboratory exper- ments to check the validity of the techniques used in practice. The first series

of tests was performed in a ripple tank;

these showed that the techniques were fairly reliable from a practical standpoint. A series of tests has been made in

a model basin 150 ft by 6k ft by 2-| ft deep

The results of these tests have been published. Tests have been conducted on the

formation of multi -crest waves as periodic

waves pass into shoal water, and the re- sults have been found to compare favorably

with theory.

(h) "Model Study of Wave Refraction", by R. L. Wiegel and A. L Arnold, Tech. Memo. No. 103, Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, 31 PP-j Viec. 1957-

(2262) ANCHORING FORCES RESEARCH.

(b) Shell Development Company.

( d ) Laboratory

(e) Model studies are being made of the forces

in mooring lines of specially designed

anchored vessels at sea. Tests are being

made with uniform wave conditions.

(2265) FORCES ON ACCELERATED CYLINDERS.

(b) Engineering Foundation and laboratory

project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurement of drag coefficients and flow

7
configurations about cylinders during ac- celerated motion in fluids as related to wave forces as cylinders

(h) "Forces on Cylinders in Constant Linear

Acceleration and Uniform Motion in Water",

A. D. K. Laird, C. A. Johnson, R. W. Walker. Journal Waterways and Harbors

Division, Am. Soc. Civil Engineers (in press )

(2505) EFFECT OF SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN STREAM

CHANNELS.

(b) University project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Alluvial flows in channels with artificially secured banks are studied systematically for their tendency to meander as expressed by the development of alternate

bars. It is the aim of this study to de- velop criteria for stability.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The Important parameters seem to be the

Froude's number, the depth-width ratio and

the size and uniformity of the bed sedi- ment .

(2506) SEDIMENT MOTION IN SILT CARRYING STREAMS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An alluvial stream with a bed material in

the sand sizes or coarser follows relationships generally called bed-load formulas.

This study tries to find what the corre- sponding laws are if the bed sediment con- sists mainly of particles in the silt

sizes as fines.

(g) The transport of silts coarser than 5 nii- crons seem to follow laws very similar to

those for fine sand.

(2507) SAND DEPOSITS IN CANALS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The relationships are sought governing the deposit of various sediment sizes and

types of lined canals under various flow

conditions. Of particular interest is any resulting change of the effective channel

roughness and of its flow capacity.

(g) The case of fine sediment on a rough bottom

has been solved. The case of coarse sedi- ment on a smooth bottom is being investigated.

(2508) SHIP WAVES IN WATERWAYS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To obtain experimental information on the

characteristics of waves generated by

ships in shallow water. Such information

is of value in the problem of wave wash

and bank erosion in waterways. Ship models

are towed at various speeds in water of

various depths and the wave characteristic

measured at various distances from the

sailing line.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Ship Waves in Navigation Channels", by

J. W. Johnson, Proceedings of the Sixth

Conference on Coastal Engineering, pp. 666-690, 1958.

(2509) NON-STEADY FLOW ANALOGY.

(b) Department of Water Resources, State of

California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) By means of an electric analog model of

the San Francisco Bay and the SacramentoSan Joaquin Delta Region, the feasibility

of barriers and channel works is being investigated, with the purpose of providing

a greater flow of fresh water southward in

the Central Valley.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tidal amplitude changes which should' be expected due to the imposition of each of

several proposed salinity barriers have

been predicted, and are in accordance with

analytic results where these are available.

Prototype tidal amplitudes, phases, and

currents were duplicated in the analog

model within three to five percent at all major points. A new type of square-law

resistor has been developed which takes

into account changes in the water depth.

(h) "The Theoretical Basis for Non-Linear

Electric Analogs for Open Channel Flow", James A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering Re- search, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif.

"An Electric Analog Model Study of Tides

in the Delta Region of California", James

A. Harder, Inst, of Engineering Research,

Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif.

(2750) DROP STRUCTURE WITH SELF-DRAINING STILLING

BASIN.

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; development.

( e ) Stilling basins with permanent pools are dangerous to playing children and make

mosquito breeding places, both undersirable

in inhabited areas. A stilling device Is developed which is self draining and which

is efficient at widely varying tailwater

conditions

(f) Completed.

(g) Solutions for a range of cases have been

found and some have been constructed.

(h) "Tailwater Characteristics of Drop Structures", by G. Kalkanis, IER Series ES6o¥+, Issue No. 1, April 1958.

(2751) DEVELOPMENT OF A TRASH RACK AND INTAKE

STRUCTURE TO BARREL TYPE SPILLWAYS.

(b) U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Barrel type spillways can highly increase

the effectiveness of small flood control

retaining basins, if they can be prevented

from plugging by floating trash. An effective intake and trash rack is developed

from the viewpoint of clogging.

(f) Completed.

8
(g) A syphon-type intake with low intake velocity appears to provide for the most desirable hydraulic and trash conditions.

(h) Project report in preparation.

(2752) REVOLVING FISH SCREEN.

(b) California Dept. of Fish and Game.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Development and testing of a revolving

fish screen which continuously rotates in

front of a hydraulic cleaning device.

(f) Completed.

(g) Head-loss coefficient found to he about

6.0.

(h) Final report forwarded to Dept. of Fish

and Game, Sacramento 19, Calif.

(2753) HYDRAULIC BREAKWATER.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Determination by model tests of the mechanisms by which hydraulic breakwaters

dampen water gravity waves.

(g) Three-dimensional tests in a model basin

show that the effect of wave refraction

due to the currents generated by the hydraulic breakwater is of primary importance. For certain conditions the area in

the lee of the breakwater can be made to

be almost free of waves, while for other

conditions the waves behind the breakwater

will be higher than if there were no hydraulic breakwater in operation.

(275I+) UNDERWATER MISSILES.

(b) U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China

Lake, California.

Experimental; applied research.

The determination of the trajectories of

missiles fired vertically under the influence of water gravity waves and currents

Completed.

Analysis of data has been completed.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHOBS TO TRACE SEDIMENTS

USING RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(b) U. S. Corps of Engineers.

(c) Prof. H. A. Einstein, Univ. of Calif.,

College of Engineering, Berkeley h, Calif.

(d) Experimental; theoretical and field.

(e) Radioactive materials are sought which can

be permanently attached to sediment grains

from the sand to the clay sizes. The instrumentation is to be developed by which

these tagged sediments can be observed in

prototype water courses, particularly in

the San Francisco Bay.

(g) Scandium-^6 and gold-198 have been found

to be the best suited materials. The instrumentation for field detection of radio

activity has been developed, and some field tests are completed.

(h) "First Annual Progress Report on the Silt

Transport Studies Utilizing Radioisotopes",

by R. B. Krone, 117 pp., December 1957-

Obtain from author at U.C.E.F.S., 1301 South

h-6 Street, Richmond, California.

( 3012 ) RADIAL FORCES IN A RADIAL FLOW CENTRIFUGAL

PUMP.

(a)

(e)

(2755:

0>)

(a)

(g)

00

; 3013

)

oo

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

Radial forces on the impeller of a radial

flow centrifugal pump were measured and

were correlated with forces evaluated from

the measured pressure distribution in the

volute of the pump. A mixing analysis was made of the flow conditions in the volute.

The volute pressure distributions and re- sulting radial forces were predicted. The

analysis was extended to show the influence

of the mixing In the volute on the pump

performance.

"Centrifugal Pump Radial Load", by R. E. Rolling, M.S. Thesis, January 1958. "Pressure Distribution in the Volute of a

Radial Flow Centrifugal Pump", by J. J. Carlson, M.S. Thesis, June 1958.

ARTIFICIAL INCREASE OF FRICTION IN ALLUVIAL

CHANNELS.

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Experiment al

Decrease of flow velocities and conse- quently prevention of erosion in alluvial

channel with limited capacity can be

effected by Increasing artificially the

friction. Low sills placed on the banks at properly

determined intervals, result to a uniform

dissipation of the excess energy along the

channel

(3014) ENERGY DISSIPATION IN LINED CHANNELS. 00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

California State Dept. of Public Works,

Division of Highways, San Francisco Office.

Experimental.

Drops on the bed of lined channels to re- duce longitudinal slopes proved uneffective. The purpose of the study was to develop a type of structure which would

dissipate the excess energy more effectively.

Completed. An arrangement consisting of three pairs

of sills placed on the banks of the channel

at equal spacings of about 30 feet down- stream from each drop proved satisfactory.

Project Report "Los Gatos Channel Energy

Dissipators" in preparation.

(3015) EDDY DIFFUSION IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Water Resources Center and Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, Univ. of Calif.,

Berkeley, Calif.

(c) Prof. G. T. Orlob, U12F Hesse Hall, Univ.

of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

(d) Experimental verification of theories of

eddy diffusion in statistically homogeneous

flow. Basic research for doctoral thesis.

514561 0 - 59 - 2 -
(e) Objectives of investigation included de- velopment of technique of determining

scale of eddies and turbulence intensity

and the experimental verification of the

Kolmogoroff-von Weizsacher similarity

principle and the Richardson "Four-thirds

Law. " The theory of eddy diffusion by

continuous movements as originally derived

by Taylor provided the basis for the ex- perimental determination of scale and tur- bulence intensity. A broad open channel

with a rough bottom served to produce a turbulence which was statistically homo- geneous in two dimensions. Dispersion

patterns of floating polyethylene discs were analyzed in relation to scale, tur- bulence intensity, energy dissipation,

Reynolds number, and Schmidt number. The

coefficient of eddy diffusion was related

to each of these factors

(g) A simple method of determining eddy scale

and turbulence intensity from particle

dispersion patterns was developed. The

Kolmogoroff-von Weizsacher similarity

principle was verified experimentally.

(h) "Eddy Diffusion in Open Channel Flow",

Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, Jan. 1959- "Eddy Diffusion in Open Channel Flow",

contribution No. 19 Water Resources

Center, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.,

January 1959-

(3016) ARTIFICIAL ROUGHNESS IN OPEN CHANNELS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental thesis for Master of Science.

( e ) The purpose of the study was to determine

the effect of the spacing of a center row of piles on the carrying capacity of a channel and to compare the friction

losses of a solid wall to those obtained

from the above series of tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) The drag force obtained by computation

from theory was compared to the actual

measured force per linear foot and a pres- entation of the separation and vortex formation theory was made. The mutual interference due to the spacing of the piles

has been found and given in relation with

the dimensionless parameter, spacing over

diameter, of the central row of piles.

(h) "Artificial Roughness in Open Channels",

by Aristides C. Liukopoulos, Master of

Science Thesis in Engineering.

(3017) HELIUM AS A GROUND WATER TRACER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this work is to determine

the feasibility of helium as a ground water tracer. Included in the study have

been methods of adding helium to water,

methods of recovery and analysis, and rate of loss of helium from ground water.

( g ) Helium was traced through 188 feet of con- fined aquifer. The breakthrough curve of

helium was found to lag behind the breakthrough of chloride tracer. A pressurevolume apparatus has been constructed and

tested for separating and analyzing dissolved helium gas concentrations of 0.00^

to 1.5 ppm in water.

(3018) GROUND WATER INFLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Investigation of seepage from leveed

rivers during high stages into adjacent

agricultural lands. An electric analogy

model is being constructed to study flows

under various boundary conditions, through

layered soils, and through anisotropic

media.

(3019) ANALOG MODELS FOR HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

(b) Committee on Research in Water Resources,

University of California.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; design and

development

(e) Electric analog elements to represent all

major hydraulic features of a flood con- trol project are being designed and con- structed, with the purpose of devising a tool enabling hydraulic engineers to op- timize the design and operation of flood

c ont rol syst ems

(3020) BOUNDARY LAYER FRICTION IN THE DOLPHIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Purpose is to elicit whether there is an anomaly in skin friction of dolphins.

( 3021 ) A HYDRAULIC STUDY OF SUSPENSION AND TRANSPORT OF ORGANIC SEDIMENTS IN HIGH-RATE

PONDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Field Station, University of California,

Richmond, California.

Field investigation; design and operations.

The velocity of flow is to be varied from

0 to 2 feet per second in a high rate sewage stabilization pond. Observations

will be made of the formation, sedimentation, suspension, transport, and ultimate

oxidation of organic sediments as a function of flow velocity.

(g) New project--upper limiting velocities for total sediment transport appear to be about 1 foot per second. Studies of lower

velocities are in progress.

(h) "Studies of Photosynthetic Oxygenation

Pilot Plant Experiments", William J. Oswald, Edwin M. Lee and H. B. Gotaas,

Univ. of Calif., I.E.R. Series kk No. 9, pg. 115, January 1958.

(3022) FLOATING BREAKWATER.

(b) U. S. Navy Civil Engineering Laboratory.

(d) Analytical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Analytical and experimental studies of

(d)

(e)

10
(g) new concepts of floating breakwaters.

Several new concepts have been Investigated. One of these systems consisted of a series

of long plastic tubes (slightly buoyant)

connected side by side and filled with

water. The effectiveness of the system

was remarkable for wave lengths of the

order of one-half the tube length, or less.

(3023) PRESSURE GENERATED WATER WAVES.

(a)

(e)

(s)

National Science Foundation.

Experimental; basic research.

This is a study of the coupled waves gen- erated by a pressure area moving over the water surface, both two dimensional and

three dimensional; in addition, analytical

studies are being made of long waves. The cnoidal wave theory has been reduced

to the form that rapid calculations can

be made with it, using curves and tables.

Laboratory tests in three dimensions have

been made to determine the limit of the

effect of surface tension. Tests are now being conducted well within the gravity

wave regime.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, Department of Naval

Architecture

(3024

(b

(c

(a

(e

(g

(h

(3025

(*

(c

(a

(e

(h

STABILITY OF VESSELS IN A SEAWAY.

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

Mr. John R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bldg.

T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search. A study of the effect of the seaway on the transverse stability and capsizing of

ships

Studies of stability of a ship in a longitudinal seaway have been completed.

"Stability and Rolling of Ships in a Following Sea", by J. R. Paulling, Jr.,

Univ. of Calif., IER Report, Series 121, Issue 1, August 1958.

STABILITY OF TUNA CLIPPERS.

University of California.

Mr. J. R. Paulling, Jr., Room 224, Bldg.

T-3, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search. A study of the transverse stability of a

class of fishing vessels while operating

in a seaway. The transverse stability of tuna clippers

while operating in a seaway may be appre- ciably less than that computed by the designer using conventional methods.

"Certain Factors Influencing the Trans- verse Stability of Tuna Clippers", to be

presented at the Second World Fishing Boat Congress sponsored by FAO of UN, Rome,

Italy, in April 1959-

(3026!

(V)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(3027;

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

(3028)

(c)

(a)

(e)

SHIP RESISTANCE IN UNIFORM WAVES AS A

FUNCTION OF WAVE STEEPNESS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

Experimental ( laboratory )

A series of experiments were performed to study the effect of wave steepness on the

resistance of the ship. The 5-foot model,

Series 60 of 0.60 block coefficient, was towed in waves five feet long at nine

different wave heights so that the wave

steepness H/X. varied between 0.0684

(1:14.6) and 0.0146 (1:68.5). The resistance of the ship in still water was meas- ured in a separate experiment so that the

added resistance due to the oncoming waves could be computed.

Completed.

The results indicate that the added re- sistance coefficient depends upon the Froude

number and the steepness of the waves. The

lower the Froude number, the higher the

added resistance coefficient. For a given

Froude number, the added resistance coefficient increases as the 1.9 power of the wave height.

"Ship Resistance in Uniform Waves as a Function of Wave Steepness", by 0. J. Sibul

and G. Reichert, Univ. of Calif., IER Re- port, Series 6l, Issue 14, June 1957-

MOTION OF SHIPS OF SHALLOW DRAFT IN LONG- CRESTED PROGRESSIVE WAVE SYSTEMS.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

Theoretical; basic and applied research. An investigation was made of the oscillations of a long ship of shallow draft

placed broadside to a long-crested pro- gressive wave system. Later the methods

developed were applied also in case the

ship is subject to a uniform translational

motion in a direction perpendicular to the wave crest. The method used is based on an integral equation approach.

Completed.

"Motion of Ships of Shallow Draft", by

R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of Calif., IER, Series

6l, Issue 10, December 1956. "Motion of Ships of Shallow Draft with For- ward Velocity", by R. C. MacCamy, Univ. of

Calif., IER, Series 6l, Issue 15, May 1958.

A GAGE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE

DISTRIBUTION ON 5 -FOOT SHIP MODELS IN WAVES.

David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley 4, Calif.

Applied research; design.

The gage is flush-mounted so that the flow

around the model is not disturbed. The

active diameter of the gage is 1/4 inch;

the frequency response from 0 to 2,500

cps, and sensitivity from 0.1 inch up to

11
12 inches of water. The gage is of capacitance-type and is to be used in conjunction with an ionization transducer patented

and manufactured by Decker Aviation Co. (f) Suspended.

(h) Report is in preparation.

( 3029 ) REPRODUCTION OF RECORDED OCEAN WAVES IN A

SHIP MODEL TOWING TANK.

(b) National Science Foundation (a grant for the purchase of equipment ) and University

of California research funds.

(c) Mr. 0. J. Sibul, Dept. of Naval Architecture, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley k, Calif.

(d) Basic research; applied research, design.

(e) The work undertaken under this program was

the design and construction of a power and

control system for the existing wave generator, such that a recorded ocean wave in a desired scale could be reproduced in the

towing tank. The system utilizes a magnetic tape input to servomecnanism which

makes the wave -generator follow a pre- scribed time-distance curve.

(h) "Reproduction of Recorded Ocean Waves in

a Ship Model Towing Tank", by M. H. Dost,

Univ. of Calif., IER, Series 6l, Issue 16,

May 1958.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Research is based on long range flow and

meteorologic record. Flow and precipitation data on U. S. and Canada stations were statistically investigated in order

to obtain river regime characteristics.

Other climatic, geologic and botanic data,

will be included, depending on availability.

(g) Classified discharges and precipitation

for long range gauging and meteorologic

stations are calculated. Characteristic

parameters for river classification of

the area are obtained.

(3032) REGULATION OF SEVERAL RIVERS FOR COMBINED MAXIMUM FIRM POWER ON SEVERAL STATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) A study is made to facilitate economic

design of hydro-power developments and

storage dams in cases outlined above.

(g) A graphical method is obtained to determine the theoretical regulation of flow

simultaneously on several rivers by reservoirs of given volumes in order to obtain

maximum combined firm power on several

stations working in a single system.

CASE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Dept. of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. Boris S. Browzin, Case In- stitute of Technology, Cleveland 6, Ohio.

(3030) TRANSIENT FLOW THROUGH POROUS INCOMPRESSIBLE MEDIA WITH VARIOUS BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.

(b) National Research Council of Canada.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The unsteady laminar flow was reproduced

by a highly viscous liquid flowing between

closely spaced translucid plates on a number of models with geometric boundaries

representing various types of earth dams on impervious foundations and earth massives crossed by open channels, when hydraulic boundary conditions are of transient character with respect to the time.

(g) An approximate function, relating by dimensionless parameters the shape and the

position of free surface of flow through

an earth dam following rapid reservoir

drawdown, the degree of drainage and the

time to the geometry of an homogeneous

dam, was obtained theoretically and con- firmed by experiments.

(h) "Transient Flow Through Earth Dams", pre- liminary report . Proceedings of the 10th

Canadian Soil Mechanics Conference, Sec- tion ll+, p. 59 j Ottawa.

(3031) THE VARIATION OF HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS AND

THEIR INFLUENCE ON RIVER REGIMES IN THE GREAT LAKES-ST. LAWRENCE DRAINAGE AREA.

COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY, Civil Engineering Sec.

(55) SNOW COURSE MEASUREMENTS AND FORECAST

ANALYSIS.

(b) Soil Conservation Service, Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Homer J. Stockwell, Soil Conservation

Service, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins

Colo.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Systematic measurements of depth and water

content of snow at high elevations in

Colorado mountain areas for the purpose of

forecasting the runoff of the principal

rivers of the state in the interest of

irrigation, power, domestic supplies, and

other uses. The use of electrical resistance soil moisture units is being tested

to determine a factor of soil moisture

deficiency for water supply forecast purposes . (g) Snow measurement data are correlated with

runoff. Once the relationship is established, the snow measurement data are used

to predict the runoff for the coming season. (h) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

General Series Papers --Monthly Snow Sur- vey Reports for the Rio Grande, Colo, and

Platte-Arkansas Drainage Basin.

(821) GROUND-WATER FLUCTUATIONS AND THEIR RELA- TION TO PUMPING.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. Bittinger, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

12
(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work consists of semi-annual measurements of the depth to the water table in

about 260 observation wells in the Arkansas

and South Platte Valleys in Colorado. Observation wells are strategically located

in pumping areas. Data on power consump- tion are also gathered for comparison with

water-table elevations. The work is co- ordinated with the Ground Water Branch, U. S.G.S.

(g) Favorable weather in 1957 and 1958 has re- sulted in significant recoveries of the water table in nearly all areas of the

South Platte and Arkansas Basins. However,

areas with limited recharge possibilities

continued to decline.

(h) "Water Table Fluctuations in Eastern

Colorado", by W. E. Code, Colo. State Univ.

Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 500-s, 3k pp., August 1958. "Leaky Reservoir Aids Water Table", Colo. Farm and Home Research, Vol. 9> No. 1, pp. 3~^> summer 1958.

( 107*0 HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental; applied and fundamental.

(e) This study consists of several phases.

The first phase, which has been completed,

was development of generalized design

criteria for stilling basins for cantilevered pipe flow. The stilling basin is a pre-shaped scour hole in an alluvial bed

armorplated with well graded riprap. The

second phase of the study, which is in progress, is to investigate the efficiency

of the armorplated, pre-shaped stilling

basin in scour control for different

boundary geometry.

(g) Scour in alluvial beds increases with an increase in channel width. The contributing factor to the increased rate of scour

is growth and vortex action of secondary

currents transverse to the direction of

jet flow. Armorplating of channel banks

is essential to stability of alluvial

channels. Decreasing the slope of the

channel banks increases the effectiveness

in scour control of the armorplated, preshaped stilling basins and banks

(h) "Analytical Study of the Mechanics of Scour

for Three-Dimensional Jet", by Y. Iwagaki,

G. L. Smith and M. L. Albertson, Colorado

State University, Civil Engineering Dept.,

(in preparation).

"The Manifold Stilling Basin", by G. R. Fiala and M. L. Albertson, Colo. State University, Civil Engineering Dept., Re- port No. CER58MLA35.

(I837) SEALING OF IRRIGATION CANALS BY BENTONITE

SEDIMENTING.

(b) U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service,

several irrigation companies.

(c) Mr. R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Asst. Geological

Engineer, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(d) Applied research and development; both

field and laboratory investigations.

( e ) Research and development investigations are being carried on at five field sites in

operating canals: (l) Twin Lakes (Colo,)

site in fractured rock; (2) Coors Farm

(Colo.) site in sand and gravel; (3)

Coachella Canal (Calif.) site in dune sand;

(k) Lateral 1 (Wyo. ) site in dune sand;

(5) Lateral 19-3 (Nebr. ) site in loessial

soil. Purpose of research and development

activities is to develop practical and

effective canal sealing methods for irrigation canals in a representative range of

pervious materials and operational conditions . (g) As a result of development work to date, two normally satisfactory methods for sealing irrigation canals have been developed.

Additional development work is needed, but

in general the two methods are : ( 1 ) For

fractured rock- -multiple dam method involving use of bentonite and saw-dust, and

(2) for sandy and loessial soils --Wyoming

method involving use of bentonite-water

mixture with harrowing of canal bottom and

sides during the bentonite ponding and

sealing procedure.

(h) "Interim Report on the Bentonite Sediment

Sealing Activities in the Trans-Mountain

Diversion System of the Twin Lakes Reser- voir and Canal Co.", by R. D. Dirmeyer, Jr., Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec,

Report No. CER58RDDI5, April 1958. "Interim Report on Bentonite Sediment

Sealing Activities in Lateral E-65-19-3

of the Central Nebraska Public Power and

Irrigation District", by R. D. Dirmeyer,

Jr., Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering

Section, Report No. CER58RTS25, Aug. I958. "Report on Laboratory Testing of the

Sediment -Sealing Method", by E. C. Newman,

Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec,

Report No. CER57ECN19, August 1957- "Report on Laboratory Testing of the

Sediment -Sealing Method", by R. T. Shen,

Colo. State Univ., Civil Engineering Sec,

Report No. CER57RTS20, August 1957-

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL CONSTRICTIONS IN A

SLOPING FLUME.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) The study is divided into two stages.

The first stage, which has been finished, was to study the backwater caused by the

construction of a channel constriction in

a tilting flume having a rigid bottom.

The second stage of the study, which is in progress, is to study the effect of an alluvial bed on the backwater and also the

maximum scour around the model highway

abutments making up the constriction. The

experiment work is conducted in a 150 foot

13
(2277]

long, 8 foot wide flume. Both the sedi- ment and the water are recirculated in this system. A uniform flow is established

before the abutments are placed in the

system. The change of water surface con- figuration and the change of bed configuration are measured throughout the testing

period. The degree of contraction caused

by the abutments varies from 0.5 to 0.1 The hydraulics of open channel flow through

constrictions has been classified as a result of this research. The energy loss

has been subdivided into three parts

normal, mixing, and excess. The distribution of these three losses is known. Empirical curves were derived for estimating the maximum backwater found in the

laboratory. A practical method for estimating the maximum backwater for prototype

conditions is presented. The maximum

scour depends primarily upon the degree of

contraction, the Froude number and the

normal depth of the unobstructed flow and

the geometry of the abutments.

STUDY OF EVAPORATION FROM SOIL SURFACES IN TERMS OF SOIL AND MICR0METE0R0L0GICAL

FACTORS

(h)

(b) Contributing project to Western Regional

Research Project W-32, "Basic Hydrological

Factors Relating to Water Conservation."

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research, part of which has been used for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) The project is a comprehensive study of

moisture transfer from soil by evaporation

from the soil surface. The immediate

objectives of the investigation are to evaluate the variables known to affect

evaporation from soil in order to determine

those that are most important in the field,

and secondly to search for relationships

among the pertinent variables which will

permit quantitative estimates of evapo- ration from a given soil under prevailing

ambient conditions.

(g) There is a critical water-table depth for

soils. When the water-table is below this

depth, the rate of upward movement of the water is greatly reduced and is only

slightly affected by ambient variables.

The critical depth can be related to moisture characteristics of the soil.

When the surface of the soil becomes dry

(for any reason), the rate of evaporation

is only slightly affected by ambient

variables and may even be inversely related

to the corresponding evaporation rates

from a free water surface.

The rate of water loss from a soil profile

can be reduced by any surface treatment

that reduces the capillarity of the surface

pores. One effective treatment Is a gravel

mulch, another is an application of some types of surfactents.

At present no economical treatment for large scale use has been found.

"Factors Affecting Evaporation from Soils

in Contact with a Water Table", by R. A. Schleusener, Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado

State University, 1958.

"The Role of Hysteresis in Reducing

Evaporation from Soils in Contact with a Water Table", prepared for American Geo- physical Union by R. A. Schleusener and

A. T. Corey, 1958.

(2278) METHODS OF GENERATING A COMPLEX SEA.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

David Taylor Model Basin.

Mr. Robert E. Glover, Civil Engineering

Sec, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Theoretical; applied research.

The research is directed toward the develop- ment of ways and means to produce in a wave basin seas which will permit the

testing of model ships under conditions

representing those encountered by ships on the ocean under storm conditions. A new type of wave generator was developed

which promises to have the ability to produce a replica of an actual storm sea in a circular or rectangular wave basin. The

replica sea would cover essentially the

entire area of the wave basin.

Final report in preparation.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY OF THE VORTEX

TUBE SAND TRAP.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural

Research Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 95-

(2510) RESEARCH DIRECTED TOWARD THE STUDY OF LOW

LEVEL TURBULENCE.

(b) Air Force Cambridge Research Center.

(c) Prof. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental; basic research to be used

towards a doctoral thesis.

(e) Measurements of mean velocity, mean temperatures, turbulence intensities and turbulent shear stress profiles were made for

turbulent air flow over a plane, rough

boundary which was heated. A new wind

tunnel with low ambient turbulence level

and a test section 6 x 6 x 72 ft was de- signed and partially completed.

(g) For the rough, heated surface the velocity

defect law for the outer regime of the

boundary layer follows the same law for a smooth boundary provided the displacement

thickness includes the variation of density

with temperature. The temperature distribution can be expressed by a wall law and

a temperature-defect law analogous to the

velocity- distribution laws.

(h) "Turbulent Boundary Layer Over Heated and

Unheated, Plane, Rough Surfaces", by G. Chanda, Ph.D. Dissertation, Scientific

Report No. 1, AFCRC TN-58-1+28 (Astia-AD

ik
152599). May 1958, Report No. CER58BC21,

131 PP- "Wind Tunnel for the Study of Turbulence in

the Atmospheric Surface Layer", by J. E. Cermak, (in preparation).

(2512) MODEL STUDIES FOR BOCONO DAM.

(b) R. J. Tipton Associated, Engineers, Inc.,

Denver, Colorado.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort

Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental model study; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the model studies was to obtain information concerning the action

of water flowing over and through the

proposed dam and appurtenant works. Pre- liminary studies of the stilling basin

were made in a 2-ft wide glass-walled

flume and over-all performance of the spillway examined on a general model; both

models were constructed to a scale of

1:49-2. For the river-outlet studies a

separate model was built to a scale of

1:20 with a transparent plastic end sec- tion for the elbow.

( f ) Completed.

(g) A suitable stilling basin was developed

for spillway flows up to 10,000m3/s. The

piers on the spillway crest were modified

to minimize fin formation on the spillway

face, and a rating curve was obtained for

free and gate controlled flows. The flow

characteristics and pressure distribution

in the vicinity of the downstream end of

the river outlets were examined and found

satisfactory. An evaluation was made of

the effect of stilling basin operation on pressures within draft tubes which discharge directly into the stilling basin.

(h) "Model Studies for Bocono Dam, Venezuela,

South America", by Kersi S. Davar and M. Sh. Amin, Colorado State Univ. Research

Foundation, Report No. CER58ARC2U, May

1958.

(2513) WATER AND SEDIMENT MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR

EPHEMERAL STREAMS.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Exp. Sta.

,

Agricultural Research Service, Colorado

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins , Colorado

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The continuing phases are to further de- velop measuring flumes of trapezoidal

shapes for the purpose of measurement on steep slopes and for a large range of flows. Test results from models are being compared

with prototype behavior.

(g) Very good correlation of model prototype

results have been obtained. Examination

of prototype data reveals that the approach

velocities change from super-critical to subcritical for increasing discharges. The relationship of depth in the contracted

section to discharge does not change for

the different approach conditions,

(h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow

Measurement", by A. R. Robinson and A. R. Chamberlain, Colorado State Univ., Report

No. CER58ARR39, November 1958.

(2514) STUDY OF RESISTANCE TO FLOW AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. D. B. Simons, Hydraulic Engineer, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental, theoretical and field investigation; basic and applied research. Some phases of the study are being used to develop masters and doctoral theses; however, the investigation is basically a U.S.

G.S. research project.

(e) This investigation consists of a laboratory

study which will be followed by a field

study of (a) resistance to flow in alluvial

channels, (b) sediment transport theory,

including the effect of very fine sediment

on resistance to flow and sediment transport, and (c) the theory of rapid flow

phenomenon in alluvial channels.

(g) Relationships describing alluvial channel

flow phenomenon and the regimes of flow

and forms of bed roughness have been developed based on flume data. The effect of

small concentrations of very fine sediment

on resistance to flow and silt-sand sedi- ment transport has been and is being investigated. An equation for bed load

transport, applicable when ripples or dunes

exist, of the form % = (l - ^)Vsh/2 has

been developed and verified in which:

is the bed load, \ is the porosity of bed

material, Vs is the average velocity of

the ripples and/or dunes, and h is the average amplitude of ripples and/or dunes.

(h) "A Study of Roughness in Alluvial Channels",

by D. B. Simons, E. V. Richardson and M. L. Albertson will be published as U.S. G.S. Circular.

"A Study of Roughness in Alluvial Channels",

by D. B. Simons and E. V. Richardson,

presented to A.S.C.E. for publication,

November 1958.

(2516) ANALYTICAL STUDY OF ALLUVIAL CHANNEL

ROUGHNESS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. H. K. Liu, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Analytical; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this research is to establish

a suitable discharge formula for flow in

alluvial channels. Considerable field and

laboratory data have been analyzed. Literature on turbulent shear flow near rigid

boundaries has been critically reviewed.

(f) Completed.

(g) A new formula for mean velocity of alluvial

streams has been formulated. It can be

written as V = CaD5^

where V is the mean velocity, D the depth of flow, S the energy gradient, Ca, x and y are

15
functions of the bed configuration and the mean size of the bed material. The formula can be reduced to BlasluB 1 formula for

turbulent flow near rough plane bed. In most cases the formula yields satisfactoryresult . (h) "Analytical Study of the Roughness of Al- luvial Channels", by Shoi-Yean Hwang, M.S. Thesis, Colorado State Univ., August 1958.

"A Discharge Formula for Steady, Uniform,

Turbulent Flow Carrying Granular BedMaterial Load in Open Channels", by H. K. Liu and S. Y. Hwang presented at Portland

Convention of A.S.C.E. and submitted to

A.S.C.E. for publication.

(26^9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

FOR IRRIGATED LANDS.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service,

Page 95.

(2760) METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and U. S. Weather Bureau.

(c) Mr. Maxwell Parshall, Civil Engineering

Section, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Field investigation.

(e) The work is being done to obtain a precise

long time record of climatological elements.

The elements observed are: maximum, minimum

and current air temperature, wet and dry

bulb temperatures for dew point temperature

and relative humidity, soil temperatures at

3, 6, 12, 2k, 36 and 72 inches, wind direction and velocity at 65 ft and 15 in. above surface, barometric pressure, evapo- ration from a free water surface, water

temperature at surface (maximum, minimum

and current), precipitation, cloud cover, dew and frost.

(g) New extreme values of temperature have been

recorded recently. The long time mean

temperature is increasing. Precipitation

varies widely with no long time trend ap- parent . (h) Summary of 70 year's record of Meteoro- logical Data in process of publication.

(2761) A STUDY OF THE ECONOMIC EFFECT OF CON- TROLLING WATER USE IN AN AREA WHERE SUR- FACE AND GROUND WATER RIGHTS APPLY TO A

SINGLE SUPPLY.

(b) Colorado Agri. Expt. Sta. and U.S.D.A. Region Project W-i-2, (revised).

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering

Sec, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The engineering phase of this study has as its purpose the determination of the interrelationships of ground water and surface water in an area where both are used for

irrigation. An area in the South Platte

Valley has been chosen for this study. The

economic phase will be concerned with the

implications of various types of legislative

controls which may be applied to the situation.

(g) Investigation of surface rights and pumping

plants indicates that the potential capacity

of aJ

irrigation pumps in the study area

is considerably greater than allowable sur- face water diversions from the river. These pumps all draw upon underground water that

would otherwise contribute to river flow,

and under previous court decisions are therefore subject to injunction if surface

rights are injured. Nearly all wells were

drilled at least 50 years after the most

junior surface right.

(h) "Engineering Aspects of Ground Water Con- ditions in Bijou Valley, Colo., Together

with Comments on Applicable Types of

Legislation", by W. E. Code, W-k2 Progress

Report, 22 pp., 1958. "Understanding Colorado's Ground Water

Problems, The Physical Picture", by M. W. Bittinger, "The Legal Picture", by E. J. Farmer, "The Economic Picture", by I. F. Davis. (To be published by the Colorado

Agri. Expt. Sta., 1959 .

(2762) CURRENT METER INVESTIGATION.

(b) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil

Engineering Sec . , Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) To determine the effect on the performance

of various types of current meters of: (l) Several intensities and scales of turbulence; (2) proximity of the current meter

to a water-air interface; (3) proximity of

the bed to the meter; and (h) the orientation of the meter with respect to the

flow. The meters being tested are the

standard Price and Pygmy and several models

of a new vane meter which have various

numbers and shapes of vanes. The vane meters were designed by Mr. Frazier, U.S. G.S., Columbus, Ohio.

(f) Suspended.

(h) "Behavior of Experimental Current Meters in Still Water and Turbulent Flows",

Administrative Report by A. R. Chamberlain

and C. B. Ham, February 1958.

(2763) EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) National Science Foundation and laboratory

project

(c) Dr. M. L. Albertson, Director, Colorado

State University Research Foundation,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Meandering Characteristics of Alluvial

Rivers", by H. Nagabhushanaiah, Masters

thesis, Colo. State Univ., May 1958. "Secondary Circulation in Open Channels",

by Y. W. Wang, Colo. State Univ., May 1958.

16
(2765

(b

(c

(2767

(d

(e

(2768

(c

(d

(e

2|--ft deep, by 60-ft long

§27610 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A TILTING FLUME.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. E. Chamberlain Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Design and construction.

(e) A 2-ft wide,

steel- frame flume has been designed and con- structed. The flume is supported so that any slope from horizontal to a maximum of

about 10 percent can be easily obtained.

Flow is recirculated through a 4,000 gpm

centrifugal pump. The walls of the flume are clear plastic the full length of the

flume and the floor is l/4-inch stainless

steel plate.

Design completed and construction is nearly

completed.

FLOWMETER CALIBRATION.

The Martin Company.

Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Section, Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

Experimental; applied research.

Calibration of turbine type flowmeters

which range in size from 3/l6 in. to 12 in. for the Titan ICBM program.

EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Mr. J. R. Barton, Civil Engineering Section,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

Laboratory and field.

Project involves the making of a color film

on open channel flow in connection with

highway drainage problems for educational

purposes

CUMBAYA BYPASS STRUCTURE.

R. J. Tipton Associated Engineers, Inc.,

Denver, Colorado.

Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo. Experimental; applied research.

The bypass is a unique underground struc- ture which conveys water around a power- house into a tunnel 7^ meters below for use

at such times as the powerhouse units may

not operate. The model study is to check

adequacy of original design of manifold

stilling basin, a basin which dissipates

kinetic energy of flow by diffusion of submerged jets.

(g) The stilling basin as designed would perform satisfactorily, however modifications

are necessary in the conduit approaching

the stilling basin.

(h) "Report on a Hydraulic Model Study of the

Bypass of the Cumbaya Project, Quito,

Ecuador", by S. Karaki and S. Ayoub, Report

No. CER58SSK30.

(2769) EVALUATION OF FLOWMETERS FOR THE MARTIN

COMPANY, DENVER DIVISION.

(b) The Martin Company, Denver, Colorado.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) The purpose of the project is to carry out tests on the dynamic, kinematic, and general performance characteristics of various

types of flowmeters to be Inserted in pipelines. The flowmeters to be considered are the Gulton, Gentile Tube, and Maxson Ultrasonic, impact strain gauge, turbine rota- meters. The fluids under consideration are water, liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen,

JP-k fuel, RP-1 fuel, and MEL-O-5606 hydraulic fluid.

(h) ."Evaluation of the Effect of Approach

Tubing Size Upon the Calibration of 3/4-

Inch Turbine Flowmeters", by M. W. Bittinger, CER57MWB32, November 1957- "Evaluation of the Effect of Viscosity on

the Calibration of Several Flowmeters", by

Fred Videon, CER58ARC5, February 1958.

(2770) DETERMINATION OF SHEAR STRESS BY MEASURE- MENT OF THE ELECTROKENETIC POTENTIAL.

(b) Research Corporation of New York.

(c) Prof. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) Electrokinetic potentials between two electrodes placed in the wall of a precision

glass pipe are amplified after passing

through an electrometer tube circuit and

displayed on an oscilloscope. The displayed signal frequencies are being studied

for the cases in which the water flowing

through the tube is in a laminar state,

transition state, and turbulent state.

(2771) DISTRIBUTION OF A WETTING AND NON-WETTING FLUID PHASE IN A POROUS SOLID.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. A. T. Corey, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The primary objective of this project is to determine the effect of rate of displace- ment on the distribution of wetting and

non-wetting fluid phases in porous solids.

Particular emphasis is placed on the situation occurring when a non-wetting phase

displaces a wetting phase at various rates. The ultimate aim is to obtain basic information which will enable better techniques

to be devised whereby field situations involving flow in porous media can be studied

by laboratory models

(f) Project is in a preliminary stage involving

design of equipment and incidental experi- ments to characterize the porous solids

employed.

(2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN

FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

17
Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 96.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

Cooperative project; Colorado Agricultural

Experiment Station and Agricultural Re- search Service. See U. S. Department of

Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, page 96.

(3033) DETERMINATION OF PROPER IRRIGATION WELL

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND MAINTENANCE PRACTICES FOR OBTAINING MAXIMUM ECONOMICAL

LIFE AND PERFORMANCE.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. M. W. Bittinger, Civil Engineering

Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

applied research.

(e) The study is to determine the extent and

causes of partial and complete failures of

irrigation wells in Colorado and to develop

recommendations for construction methods,

materials, maintenance and repairs of irrigation wells.

(g) Review of literature available indicates a wide variance in recommendations for ma- terials in irrigation-well construction,

and in maintenance methods

(3034) EFFECT OF FLUVIAL HYDRAULICS ON TRANSPORT

OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS.

(h) U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Dr. A. R. Chamberlain, Chief, Civil Engineering Sec . , Colorado State University,

Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Office research; applied and basic.

(e) The purpose of the study is to bring to- gether knowledge from the fields of diffusion of heat, mass and momentum, ad- sorption and absorption of radioactive

materials to sediments In streams, and

alluvial channel hydraulics. The results

of these studies will be used in developing

a program of experimental and theoretical

research on the relationships of fluvial

hydraulics to the movement of radioactive

materials in alluvial channels.

(3035) CONSEQUENCIES OF RESTRAINT ON MOTIONS OF A

MODEL SHIP.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the

Navy.

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this project is to obtain

experimental data on the influence of

restraint on the model motions resulting

from wave trains acting on a model ship.

Initially the model motions will be re- strained and the forces and moments on the

model caused by the waves will be measured.

A new type wave probe will be used to measure the wave field in the vicinity of

the model.

(g) Activity to date has been confined to de- velopment of instrumentation. These include the improvement of a capacitance

probe which does not touch or disturb the water surface. Six transistorized probe

units will be used to measure the waves In

the vicinity of the model. Comparison of

the records with a record of the undisturbed wave will yield information on the

influence of the ship on the waves. A six

component balance has been constructed to measure the forces and moments on the re- strained model.

(3036) THE LONGITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES

AND MOMENTS ON A RESTRAINED MODEL IN WAVES.

(b) S-3 Panel of Hull Structure Committee,

Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Mr. E. F. Schulz, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The primary objective of this project is to impose pitching and heaving displace- ments (separately) varying sinusoidally In

time upon a model ship and to measure the

forces and moments as a function of time.

The models are segmented and attached to

an oscillating strongback by means of a stiff spring. The force on each end of

the segment is sensed by means of an SRh

strain gage. The simultaneous records of

the forces on the seven segments may be

used to construct a longitudinal shear

curve. The longitudinal bending moment is found by graphical integration.

(g) The pitching and heaving experiments on a five- foot model of a T2-SE-A1 tanker have

been completed. The model was oscillated

at seven frequencies at rest and at three

speeds of advance. The results are being

analyzed and will be compared with the

analytical findings of Haskind, Havelock

and Grimm.

(3037) STUDY OF ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER PHENOMENA IN A WIND TUNNEL.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. J. E. Cermak, Civil Engineering Sec,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) Measurements of mean velocities and mean

temperatures together with turbulence intensities and correlations have been made

over a smooth, plane, heated or unheated

surface. The objective of the program is to relate the turbulent boundary layer

structure to the thermal stratification

obtained by heating.

(g) Heating of the turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds number has been found to produce the following effects: (l) Increase

the coefficient of drag; (2) increase the

18
eddy viscosity; and (3) increase the corre- lation between vertical and horizontal

velocity fluctuations.

(3038) SCOUR BELOW CULVERT OUTLETS.

(b) Association of American Railroads.

(c) Mr. G. L. Smith, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; fundamental.

(e) Systematic measurements were made of the

velocity profile of a submerged jet impinging upon a normal boundary to determine

its influence on jet diffusion. The ve- locity profile was measured for the various

zones of diffusion and along the boundary.

The pressure profile was measured radially

along the boundary from the point of stagnation to a point where the mean radial

velocity is approximately zero.

(g) The behavior of the water jet was the same

as that found by others for an air jet

impinging upon a normal boundary. The error curve serves as a satisfactory repre- sentation of diffusion profiles for water

jets.

(3039) MAKEO DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Erik Floor and Associates, Inc., Chicago,

Illinois

(c) Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; assist design.

(e) The purpose of the model study of the Makio Dam spillway, to be constructed in Japan,

is to check the hydraulic performances of

an original and alternate spillway design

and to introduce changes as required. The

spillway is for a reservoir impounded by a rockfall dam 80 meters high; located on

the left bank of the river.

(g) Modifications to the spillway approach and

chute have been made. The choice of

stilling basin has been made with modifications thereto.

(30^0) STUDY OF SPUR DIKES FOR HIGHWAY BRIDGE

OPENINGS.

(b) State Highway Departments of Mississippi

and Alabama.

(c) Mr. S. Karaki, Civil Engineering Section,

Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Spur dikes in connection with highway

bridge openings are used to eliminate

scour adjacent to abutments and piers. The

flow which would normally cause an eddy

near the abutment is made to approach the

bridge opening as normal as possible. The purpose of this phase of the study is to

determine the best shape and location as well as length of spur dike for a given

set of conditions which might be prevalent

at a bridge opening.

(g) An apparent shape and location has been de- termined for one set of conditions in the

testing flume.

MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN ARID

AND SEMI -ARID AREAS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Department of Commerce

(c) Mr. R. A. Schleusener, Civil Engineering

Sec, Colo. State Univ., Fort Collins, Colo.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to develop procedures for estimating the frequency and

magnitude of peak rates of runoff from

watersheds in arid and semi-arid areas.

(g) Basic data have been collected and analysis

is being continued to delimit the basic

factors that control flood events In arid

and semi -arid areas.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 2285, 2777,

30^2 to 301+5, incl., should be addressed to Prof.

Marvin Bogema, School of Civil Engineering, Applied

Hydraulic Laboratory, Lincoln Hall, Cornell Univ.,

Ithaca, New York.

(2285) QUADRANT EDGE ORIFICE STUDIES.

(b) ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Study of the quadrant edge orifice for discharge measurements at low Reynolds

numbers. Reproducibility. Effect of size.

Effect of diameter ratio. Influence of

pipe roughness. Tap location. Both oil

and water used.

(h) "Studies on the Quadrant Edge Orifice", Peter L. Monkmeyer, M.S. Thesis, Cornell

University, September 1956.

(2773) ROLL WAVES AND SLUG FLOWS.

(b) Basic Research.

(c) Dr. Paul G. Mayer, School of Civil Engineering, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N. Y. (d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The cause and subsequent development of

intermittent flows in open channels are studied and analyzed. Two distinctly

different wave train phenomena are noted.

These are designated as Roll Waves and

Slug Flow. Roll Waves result from the

interaction of surface tension and gravity

forces and are characterized by transverse

ridges of high velocity and intermittent

quiescent zones. Slug Flows result from

instabilities which cause the transition

from supercritical laminar flow to turbulent flow and are characterized by a succession of highly agitated surges.

(g) A theory has been established. The experimental data is analyzed and the pertinent

characteristics of Roll Waves and Slug

Flow are presented in terms of significant

dimensionless parameters.

(h) "A Study of Roll Waves and Slug Flows in

Inclined Open Channels", Paul G. Mayer,

19
Ph.D. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Sept. 1957.

(2777) FLOW NOZZLES AND ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION.

(b) Public Service Electric and Gas Co.

( d ) Experiment al

(e) Calibration of four 2.8-inch, four k.$-

inch flow nozzles, and one 7-5 orifice

plate. All meters installed in 12-inch

pipe and calibrated with two sets of up- stream and downstream pipe.

(f) Completed.

(301+2) VARIABLE AREA FLOW METER.

(b) ASME Research Committee on Fluid Meters; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of variable area flow meter

with floats of different weights.

(f) Completed.

(30^3) ORIFICE PLATE CALIBRATION.

(b) General Electric Company.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Calibration of six orifice plates in 2k- inch pipe, p = .2, .3, .k, .5, .6, and .7.

(30kk) FLOW NOZZLE CALIBRATION.

(b) Ingersoll Rand.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Calibration of 1.250 and 1.500-inch long

radius ASME flow nozzles.

(f) Completed.

(3045) SUBMERGED FLOW UNDER A SLUICE GATE.

(b) Laboratory.

( d ) Experiment al

( e ) A study of the effect of rounding the

sluice gate lip on the discharge coefficient when operating under low head differentials. Eight conditions of entrance rounding were considered.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Submerged Flow Under a Sluice Gate: The

Effects of Entrance Rounding", William Don

Lash, M.S. Thesis, Cornell Univ., June 1958.

UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, The Engineering and In- dustrial Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Per Bruun, Coastal Engineering

Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FLa

(2296) INVESTIGATION OF EXISTING DATA ON TIDAL

ENTRANCES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Washington, D. C. (d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To analyze existing data on tidal inlets,

including estuaries in order to relate

tidal characteristics, tidal prism, Inlet

area, littoral drift, and pertinent

factors to the controlling depth and shoaling tendencies of tidal inlets.

(2297) FIELD STUDY OF BEACHES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

( e ) Beach profiles and configurations of shore

line on protected and unprotected coasts in Florida are being investigated. The purpose is to obtain data from the Florida

shore line. From these data basic information will be derived and they will be

used as a basis for practical coastal pro- tection design.

(2298) MODEL STUDY OF DESTRUCTION OF WAVE ENERGY

BY VERTICAL WALLS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) The destruction of wave energy by vertical

walls is being studied in the Laboratory's new wave tank.

(2781) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT DEERFIELD

BEACH.

(b) City of Deerfield Beach.

(c) City Manager, Deerfield Beach, Florida.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations was to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Deerfield Beach

and to secure some technical data based

upon which recommendations could be made

for immediate relief of the acute erosion

problem. The plan of research involved

investigations of changes in the shore line

and beach profiles

(f) Completed.

(2782) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT BAKER'S

HAULOVER.

(b) Dade County Park Department.

(c) Dade County Park Department, Miami, Fla.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations was to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Baker's Haulover

and to secure some technical data based

upon which recommendations could be made

for immediate relief of the acute erosion

problem. The plan of research involved

investigations of changes in the shore

line and beach profiles.

(f) Completed.

(2783) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT FT. PIERCE

BEACH.

(b) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District.

(c) Ft. Pierce Beach Erosion District, Ft. Pierce, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations was to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Ft. Pierce Beach

20
and to secure some technical data based

upon which recommendations could be made

for immediate relief of the acute erosion

problem. The plan of research involved investigations of changes in the shore line

and beach profiles,

(f) Completed.

(h) Results are published in Technical Progress

Report No. 7, Vol. XII, EIES, Univ. of Fla.

(30k6) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT CASEY KEY.

(b) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota

County, Florida.

(c) Board of County Commissioners, Sarasota

County, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Casey Key and to

secure some technical data based upon which

recommendations can be made for immediate

relief of the acute erosion problem. The

plan of research Involved investigations of

changes in the shore line and beach profiles.

(f) Field study and analysis hare been completed.

(30^7) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT LIDO KEY.

(b) City of Sarasota.

(c) City Manager, City of Sarasota, Florida.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The purpose of the investigations is to

secure information about the actual situation of the erosion of Lido Key and to secure some technical data based upon which

recommendations can be made for immediate

relief of the acute erosion problem. The

plan of ^research involved investigations

of changes in the shore line and beach profiles.

(f) Field study and analysis havebeen completed.

( 30U8 ) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY AT RAGGED KEYS.

(b) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law.

(c) J. W. Moore, Attorney-at-Law, Miami, Fla.

(d) Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) To secure information as basis for recom- mendations on establishment of fills at Ragged Keys and to furnish Information on the influence of channels in the develop- ment . (f) Field study has been completed.

(301+9) MODEL STUDY OF THE APPLICABILITY OF FIBER- GLASS MATERIAL IN COASTAL STRUCTURES.

(b<) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, Ohio.

(c) Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark, Ohio.

(d) Experimental basic research.

(e) Study of applicability of Fiberglas ma- terial in coastal structures.

(f) First tests scheduled for December 1958.

(3050) COASTAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF BAKER'S HAULOVER INLET.

(b) Dade County, Florida.

( c ) County Engineer, Dade County, Florida.

(d) Field investigation and model study; applied

research.

(e) Investigate possibilities of Improving navigation conditions at Baker's Haulover Inlet

caused by high current velocities and to evaluate the situation in regard to the

inlet's contribution to the erosion of the

sea shore on both sides of the inlet.

(f) Field study has been completed. Model

under construction.

(3051) BASIC STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN WIND

AND WATER BEHAVIOR IN COASTAL WATERS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Field and laboratory study; basic research.

(e) A combined field and laboratory research

program analyzing the effect of sloping

offshore profiles as compared with bodies

of water with constant depth; study of the

combined setup by waves and wind for different standard profiles. Experiments will

be carried out in the new wave tank of the

Coastal Engineering Laboratory.

(f) Actual tests will be started early in 1959-

GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Hydraulics Lab.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 291, 158^, 1852,

I855, and 2529, should be addressed to Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia

Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.

(291) FLOW OF WATER OVER HIGHWAY EMBANKMENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; partly sponsored by U.S.G.S.

( e ) Experimental data are being obtained on the discharge characteristics of an embankment-shaped weir. Emphasis has been placed

on free discharge over smooth- surfaced em- bankments. Data have been obtained on the

influence of embankment height and tail- water submergence. Detailed velocity sur- veys have been made to define the boundary

layer between the upstream edge of the up- stream shoulder and the crown. Tests are being made on a l:9.-scale model in a 3-ft wide flume.

(f) Experimental work on effect of roughness

underway.

(g) It has been established that the discharge

characteristics of an embankment can be

related to the theoretical equation of discharge for a broad-crested weir by means

of the discharge-displacement boundarylayer thickness. Data and procedures for

computing the thickness of the boundary

layer at the control section have been determined as a means of generalizing the

discharge equation for various shapes,

sizes and roughness of embankments.

(h) "Discharge Characteristics of an Embankment

Shaped Weir", Master's Theses by Gunnar

Sigurdsson, 1956; Sherwood P. Prawel, 1959; available on loan from Price Gilbert Library,

Georgia Institute of Technology. Third

21
Master's Thesis, by J. Davidian, in preparation. Summary report also in preparation.

(1331) THE DIFFUSION OF FOREIGN PARTICLES IN A

FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project; sponsored by the

National Science Foundation.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta, Georgia.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

dissertation.

(e) The diffusion of macroscopic foreign

particles is being studied In a diffusion

column in order to determine the difference in diffusion of the foreign particles

and the fluid. The diffusion mechanism is created by a pattern of pulsing jets. The amplitude and frequency of the pulse of

the jets is controlled. The foreign particles are ion-exchange resin beads to which

are attached radioactive cesium molecules.

Particle concentration within the column

is determined by gamma- ray radiation count.

(f) The diffusion measurements with the foreign

particles is nearly complete.

(1584) FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Library search re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus original research

as required. Original experimental work

for one thesis (F. H. Ruggles).

(e) A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of

weirs and spillways. Initial phase includes the preparation of bibliography and

the collection and analysis of experimental

data from all known sources. Objectives

include the publication, in generalized

form, of available experimental data.

(1852) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR

PLATE WEIRS IN RECTANGULAR CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project; partly sponsored by

the U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental and analytical; research for two master's theses and one graduate re- search problem.

(e) An investigation of the comprehensive discharge characteristics of the basic sharpedged, rectangular-notch weir. An attempt

to evaluate by experimental means the

influence of the several variables ex- cluded by restrictions on the standard

weir formulas. Tests cover a full range of notch widths, weir heights, and heads.

Investigation limited to free flows of water at normal temperatures

(h) "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular,

Thin-Plate Weirs", by Carl E. Kindsvater

and Rolland W. Carter, American Society of

Civil Engineers Journal of the Hydraulics

Division, Paper No. 114-53 J December 1957-

(1855) TRANQUIL FLOW THROUGH SEVERAL OPENINGS IN

AN OPEN- CHANNEL WIDTH CONSTRICTION.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is to establish principles of

flow division at a multi-opening width con- striction. A l4-foot wide by 80-foot long

flume is being used in the experimental

investigation. Channel shape, degree and

pattern of boundary roughness and constriction geometries will be varied. Boundary

conditions considered will be governed by

highway bridge practice.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2529) UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

(b) Water Resources Division, Surface Water

Branch, U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Re-analysis and correlation of existing

data; original experimental research and

analysis

(e) A fundamental investigation of the me- chanics of uniform flow in open channels,

with emphasis on the influence of channel

shape. Experimental work is being con- ducted in a variable -slope 90-ft long

flume, 18 in. deep and 3-5 ft wide.

(3052) DEZ RIVER DAM SPILLWAYS.

(b) Resources and Development Corp., 50 Broadway, New York, New York.

(c) Dr. M. R. Carstens, School of Civil Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta 13, Ga. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) An arch dam, 600 feet high is being de- signed for a narrow gorge of the Dez River

in Iran. Two circular conduit spillways are placed on one side of the canyon. The

horizontal portions of the two spillways

are placed one above the other and discharge a free jet from the canyon wall.

The inlet is a typical ogee section with

Tainter gates followed by a horizontal

passage which discharges into a vertical

shaft. All hydraulic features of the

spillways are being investigated with the

model.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

(3053) MODEL STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC SMALL SCALE

DELTAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. H. A. Thomas, Jr., Civil and Sanitary

Engineering Dept . , Harvard University,

Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental, supplemented by field studies

for a doctor's thesis.

(e) The salient objective of the investigation

is to elucidate the hydrodynamic environ- ment controlling the formation of inclined

bedding in sedimentary strata. Studies

22
(3051+)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

are being made to determine the interrelationship between current velocity,

depth of water, thickness of cross-stratified units, particle texture, and the

mechanism of turbulence at the site of

deposition. Information is also being

sought on the mechanics of the formation

of "scour and fill" structures in sedimentary rocks.

HYDR0L0GIC ASPECTS OF OVERALL DESIGN OF MULTI-PURPOSE, MULTI-UNIT, WATER RESOURCE

SYSTEMS.

Research project in Graduate School of

Public Administration, Harvard University.

Prof. Harold A. Thomas, Jr., Division of

Engineering and Applied Physics, Room 223,

Pierce Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass

Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search. Examination of various approaches to analysis of physical input-output relationships in complex multi-unit, multi-purpose

river basin systems. Includes feasibility

of determining optimum system design through

use, singly or in combination, of (l) simple

mathematical models applied to the deterministic case, (2) queuing theory for the

stochastic aspects, and (3) simulation of

system operations on high-speed electronic

computers. Also, includes analysis of use of synthetic hydrology in simulation oper- ation in obtaining meaningful data on

system yields and shortages for a combination of different outputs. The role of

the operating policy on system design, including the effect of forecasting, is also

being studied.

Only preliminary results obtained thus far on simulation procedures and simple mathematical model for deterministic case.

UNIVERSITY OF HOUSTON, Dept. of Chemical Engineering.

(2303) ENTRAINMENT IN TWO-PHASE GAS-LIQUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering

Dept., University of Houston, Houston,

Texas

(d) Experimental, theoretical, basic research, master's thesis.

(e) A study of the factors which control the

entrainment of liquid into a concurrent

gas phase for annular flow. Purpose of

the study is to gain an understanding of

the entrainment mechanism and to relate

the entrainment and the drop size distribution to system geometry, fluid properties and flow rates.

(g) A probe technique has been developed and

data obtained over a wide range of fluid

rates in one- and three-inch tubes for the

system air-water. A preliminary correlation

has been prepared.

(h) "Entrainment and Pressure Drop for

(3055)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Horizontal Two-Phase Flow of Air and Water",

by Moye Wicks, III, M.S. Thesis, 1958. Ob- tainable on interlibrary loan.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF FILM FLOW AND HEAT TRANS- FER IN FILM CONDENSATION.

Laboratory project.

Prof. A. E. Dukler, Chemical Engineering

Dept., University of Houston, Houston, Texas

Theoretical; basic research.

The velocity distribution equations of

Deissler are redeveloped for thin films

and applied to the prediction of film

thickness and film coefficients for con- densation in turbulent and laminar flow. Differential equations have been developed.

Solutions using an electronic computer are now in progress for a wide range of con- ditions .

UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO, Engineering Experiment Sta.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. l859> 2080,

3056, and 3057 5 should be addressed to Associate

Director, Prof. C. C. Warnick, College of Engineering, and Projects Nos. l86l, 1862, 230U, and

2786, should be addressed to Prof. G. L. Corey,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of

Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

(1859) A STUDY OF EFFECTIVENESS OF CANAL LININGS

AND SOIL SEDIMENTS IN CONTROLLING SEEPAGE

LOSSES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Field investigation; basic and operational

research.

(e) Different types of canal linings are being

studied and various ways of evaluating

performance are being considered especially

ideas for measuring canal seepage from both

lined and unlined canals.

(g) Six years of field work have been completed

on seepage loss characteristics and per- formance of experimental canal linings. New devices for seepage measurements are being developed.

(h) Annual progress report is available for

limited distribution.

(1861) THE IMPROVEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF STREAM- FLOW MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with

Agricultural Research Service, being carried

on under the Agricultural Experiment Sta.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A gage to measure flow over a weir which

has approach velocity is being developed.

(g) Several gages have been laboratory tested.

Relationships between gage height and discharge is being evaluated.

(1862) DETERMINATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF FROM WATER- SHED CHARACTERISTICS.

23
(b) Laboratory project, being carried on under

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Experimental; applied research.

A study of the hydrological factors affecting the Moscow Mountain Watershed as it applies to the total water use in the area. Completed.

"A Water Balance Study of Two Small Watersheds", G. L. Bloomsburg, University of

Idaho, M.S. Thesis, 1958.

A STUDY OF RIME ICE AND SNOW CAPPING ON HIGH ALTITUDE PRECIPITATION GAGES.

Laboratory project; in cooperation with U.

S. Weather Bureau, Bureau of Reclamation,

Corps of Engineers, Soil Conservation

Service and City of Moscow. Field investigation; basic and applied

operational research.

Several experimental gages have been in- stalled to obtain basic data on snow

capping. An electrical means of heating

the orifice of the gage is being studied.

Field gages have been in operation for

three years and new special heated-orifice

gages have been placed in operation.

Several pieces of weather measuring equip- ment have been incorporated into the

project the past year. Annual progress report is available on limited loan basis.

LOCATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with

federal agencies and power companies

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied operational research.

(e) A complete system for reporting six or more

hydrologic data is being studied and basic

parameters of snow are being considered

for conversion into time delay circuits for

transmission by radio.

(g) Preliminary circuit designs have been

worked out and mock up models of the

system's developed prototype installation

has been started.

(h) "Preliminary Design of Hydrologic Data Telemetering Equipment", L. A. Beattie,

G. G. Hespelt, and L. M. Maxwell. A

progress report not for public disclosure.

(3057) CONSERVATION OF WATER FOR RANGE STOCK.

U)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; applied operational

research.

Experimental stock watering ponds in desert areas will be lined and evaporation control measures applied to see if extension of water supplies can be developed economically.

Project was activated in October and sites

have been selected for testing work.

MECHANICS OF WATER CONTROL ON STEEP IRRI- GATED LAND.

Laboratory project; under investigation in

Agricultural Experiment Station.

Field investigation; applied research for mast er ' s the si s

To test the characteristics and effectiveness of water control structures and de- vices used on farms. To evaluate the re- sistance to erosion of irrigated soils. To develop improved devices and techniques for

control of erosion and to Increase ef- ficiency in application of water. Field tests were made on furrow erosion

with varying slopes in discharges.

A publication is being prepared in the

form of an M.S. Thesis.

FARM IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES.

Laboratory project; cooperative with Bureau

of Reclamation under the Agricultural Ex- periment Station.

Field investigation; basic and applied re- search. To evaluate irrigation efficiencies on actual farms to aid in planning of a water

use on irrigation projects. To consider

efficiency from aspect of farm operations

and not just consumptive use of crops

Project has been in progress about one year by C. Tyler in a new irrigation tract near Rupert, Idaho, called the Northside

Pumping Division of the Minidoka Project.

TELEMETERING HYDROLOGIC DATA FROM MOUNTAIN

ILLINOIS STATE WATER SURVEY DIVISION.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 556 to 56O, incl.

2315, 2535, and 3059, should be addressed to Mr. R. H. Harmeson, Peoria Lab., Box 717, Peoria, 111.

(552) SEDIMENTATION OF ILLINOIS RESERVOIRS

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Agricultural Research Service, Soil Conserva- tion Service, and University of Illinois

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. R. L. Corinth, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) For design of water-supply reservoirs, measurements of sediment accumulation on lakes in Illinois. Sediment samples are analyzed and complete surveys of watershed

soil type, slopes, land use, and conserva- tion practices are made.

(g) Results of Lake Decatur, 111., show corre- lation between rate of sedimentation and

land use on watershed.

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. k, 7, 8, 9,

10, 12, 15, l6, and 18; sedimentation

surveys of Spring Lake, Ridge Lake, Lake

Chautauqua, Carbondale Reservoir, Lake

Bracken, West Frankfort Reservoir, Lake

Calhoun, Lake Springfield, and Lake

Carthage, respectively.

"Water and Land Resources of Crab Orchard

Lake Basin", Bulletin 1+2. "Correlation of Reservoir Sedimentation

and Watershed Factors, Springfield Plain,

2k
111.", Report Investigation 37-

553) RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with U. S. Army Signal Research and Development Lab.

(c) Mr. G. E. Stout, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

vd) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Radar is being used to determine precipitation quantitatively. Emphasis is being

concentrated on the measurement of raindrop size distribution at Miami, Fla.; Corvallis, Ore.; Champaign, 111.; Bogor,

Indonesia; and Majuro, Marshall Islands,

to determine climatic variation of drop

size

(g) Data being collected.

(h) Reports of Investigation Nos. 13, 19, 21,

27, 29, and Circular k9 of Water Survey;

final report dated March 31, 1958.

555) EVAPORATION IN ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory pro ject

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, 111. State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are made of evaporation at four stations in northern, central, and

southern Illinois. Vapor pressure gradients

are obtained at Urbana. Evaporimeters con- structed and installed adjacent to pans

for year-round records

(h) Measurements published in Climatological

Data, Illinois Section.

556) PERMEABILITY OF GRADED SAND MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Permeabilities of known mixtures of graded

sand are measured to determine functional

changes

(f) Suspended; to be resumed in 1959 or i960.

(g) Sand mixtures containing 60 to 70 percent

of fine material in ko to 30 percent of coarser from 2 adjoining sieves of the \f~2~ series have less permeability than the

material of the fine screen alone. Evidence accumulates that the permeability is not much influenced by the amount of voids

but greatly by the size of the smallest

opening between sand grains.

557) TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Critical flow is determined to define con- ditions under which turbulent flow occurs outside well screens.

(f) Suspended; to be resumed in 1959 or i960.

(g) In flow through granular media, the

Reynolds number cannot be calculated from

ordinary formulas. By assuming a critical

Reynolds number as existing at the de- termined critical flow conditions, the

corresponding pore size can be calculated.

This has been done in preliminary tests,

but further work is needed to obtain a correlation with screen analysis.

(558) STUDY OF CAUSES AND PREVENTION OF SAND BOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Sand boils occurring during floods in

levied districts are mapped, classified,

and sampled. Also sampled are river and

nearby well waters

(f) Suspended. Dependent upon flood conditions

in river.

(g) From chemical analyses and temperature

measurements, it was found that the water

flowing in typical sand boils (those free from pipe connections towards the river) is different from the river water and similar

to well water in neighboring wells . Such

sand boils can be stopped from flowing by

damming them up to a level that is below

that of the river stage. They are not caused by leaks through the levee

(559) ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE OF GROUND WATER,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigation; basic research.

(e) Experimental pilot plant consists of river

intake, control tower with chlorination

equipment, flow-measuring devices, and

pumping equipment; two pits. One pit is

gravity fed, has kO x 62.5 ft bottom area, 1:2 side slopes, surface at bottom is 8 ft below river pool stage. Second pit is fed

by 3 mgd. pump, has 20 x 75 ft bottom area, 1:3 side slopes, bottom surface is 5 ft below river pool stage. A model of 1/8

pit (centerline to diagonal) is being used

to study different types of pits and variations in ground water gradients.

(g) Pits in operation for eighth winter. Present season is third successive without

intermediate cleaning of pea gravel filter

media. Filter media calculated to have

sufficient unsilted capacity remaining to complete season's operation. Operating

data show slight decrease in average rate of Inflow due to silting of filter media.

(h) Report covering all operations since inception is being prepared.

(560) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE PEORIA,

ILLINOIS, DISTRICT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To determine the ground water resources of

the district; inventory of wells made, including construction and logs of wells.

Ground water levels are measured continuously, pumpage data collected, river stages

and rainfall recorded, physical and chemical analyses for changes in composition of

ground water are made, areas of infiltration are determined, and all data are correlated with consideration of local

ground conditions.

( g ) To date conservation measures have shown

514561 o - 59 - 3 - 25
more effect than artificial recharge.

(56l) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN EAST ST. LOUIS AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Walton, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) To evaluate the ground water resources of

American Bottoms (E. St. Louis region).

Ground water levels are measured continuously. Pumpage, river stage, and rainfall

data are collected; chemical quality of

ground water is measured. Areas of infiltration are to be determined and all data

correlated with consideration of local

conditions. Statistical studies have been

made of the service lives of municipal

wells

(843) GROUND WATER RESOURCES IN JO DAVIESS,

STEPHENSON, AND CARROLL COUNTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine ground water resources of

area, water level contours of sandstone

aquifers, transmissibility and storage

coefficients of aquifers, and quantity of water available were obtained.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Data Indicate piezometric surface conforms

generally with topography, with a 500-foot

drop in about 30 miles with no apparent

withdrawal. Sandstone aquifers overlain

by 100 to 300 feet and more of impervious

limestone

(1092) HYDR0L0GIC CYCLE EVALUATION.

(b) Laboratory project; cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from rain gage networks (gathered

under Project 553) together with information from 5 stream gaging stations and 5 ground water level recorders are being

maintained. Data will be used in analyzing storm rainfall-runoff relationships on small watersheds and effect of runoff on water table. Analysis in progress.

(1335) GROUND WATER INVESTIGATION IN THE CHICAGO

AREA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. H. F. Smith, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field study on variations of natural re- sources . Investigation of artesian well

field with wells 1200 to 2200 feet deep,

locally heavily pumped. Study of ground water level recession, interferences,

transmissibilities, effect of additional

demands

(g) Results determine recession and give good

data for future prediction. Collection of

data continuing,

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(1342) STUDY OF CORROSION AND DEPOSITION RATES WITH DIFFERENT FLOW RATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. T. E. Larson, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

Experimental.

One-half inch pipes of different materials

are In service. Changes in flow due to corrosion and at constant head are being

measured.

Abandoned; lack of personnel.

(a

(e

(f

i

(1865) HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DROP-INLET SPILLWAY

STRUCTURES FOR SMALL RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Agricultural Research Service, Soil Con- servation Service, and University of 111. Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. H. W. Humphreys, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research ' for development and design.

(e) To determine the most desirable proportions

and shapes of drop-Inlet spillway struc- tures that have unique flow characteristics : and to develop anti-vortex devices. To provide the necessary information on flow re- lations and discharge coefficients so that

these structures may be economically

designed. Initial phases of study concerned

with hydraulics of square risers with free discharge. Effect of lip or crest shape

and anti-vortex devices being studied.

Second phase to include the complete spill- ! way. Experimental apparatus constructed

and tests are being conducted on the com- plete spillway,

(g) Hydraulics of various types of flow possible in square risers are well defined as well as some of the effects of non-square

crest shape.

(231^) ELECTRICAL ANALOGUE OF CHICAGO GROUND WATER

CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tap water about 2 inches deep is held on a paraffin base. The boundary of the de- pression cone is given by a metal band.

Wells or well groups are marked geographically by metal rods. These are charged by

electrical voltage in proportion to existing

or planned pumpage . A separate probe measures the location of equal potential

lines which correspond to equal heights of

ground water levels. Variations in perme- ability are represented by variations in water depth and determined by comparison

with the actual ground water levels as found in observation wells.

(2315) INTERFERENCE BETWEEN RECHARGE PITS.

26
(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) A recharge pit has been built about 200 ft from the pit mentioned in project 559 and

the mutual influence of the two pits is studied by a series of observation wells

between the pits.

(g) Two pits in operation. To date no interference has been detected.

(2532) EVAPORATION RETARDATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. W. J. Roberts, Box 232, Urbana, 111.

(d) Field investigation; applied research,

design.

(e) Experiments with monomolucular chemical

films to retard evaporation from a 3-acre

pond and a 230-acre lake in Illinois.

Laboratory studies continuing on smaller

containers

(g) Analysis in progress.

(2533) MOISTURE INFLOW STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. G. Semonin, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Computation of moisture inflow of Illinois

and subsequent correlation with precipitation. Moisture and wind data obtained

from RAOB data.

(f) Analysis nearing completion.

(253U) DENSE RAIN GAGE NETWORK PROJECTS.

(b) Field and laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Data from four rain gage networks, con- sisting of 50 gages in 1+00 square miles,

10 gages in 100 square miles, 51 gages in

'ykk square miles, and 11 gages in 8 square

miles. Obtained to study: (l)Rainfall

variability; (2) frequency of point and

areal mean rainfall; (3) area-depth re- lations; (k) variation of point rainfall

with distance; (5) areal representativeness of point rainfall; and (6) reliability

of areal mean rainfall estimates.

(f) Static; awaiting new data.

(2535) FILTERING THROUGH COARSE MATERIALS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Various sizes of rounded gravel and of

broken limestone have been studied in tile

rings in the bottom of both recharge pits

under field conditions, to determine limit

of coarseness of filter material. Further

work is planned in the laboratory with

control of the variables involved.

(g) Field studies indicate filtering occurs through materials up to 3/^-inch size.

(2787) PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Recurrence intervals of heavy precipitation

in periods of 1 to 10 days duration are being determined on an annual and seasonal

basis for Illinois, using data from 39 sta- tions for a UO-year period. Average re- lations with definition of their reliability

are being calculated for sections of similar storm climate. Several statistical ap- proaches used for frequency analysis are being evaluated.

(f) Analysis completed and report written.

(h) "Frequency Relations for Storm Rainfall in

Illinois", State Water Survey Bulletin U6.

(2788) METEOROLOGY OF FLOOD-PRODUCING STORMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. F. A. Huff, Illinois State Water Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Investigation of meteorological conditions

associated with flood-producing storms in

Illinois to obtain basic data for reliable

definition of time and space distribution

of such storms and for calculation of

probable maximum rainfall.

(f) Analysis progressing on storm area-depth

relations, orientation of storms, seasonal

and geographic distribution, synoptic

weather types, topographic influences.

(3058) HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEVERE

RAINSTORMS.

(b) Field investigation; applied research.

(c) Mr. D. M. A. Jones, Illinois State Water

Survey, Box 232, Urbana, Illinois.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Field surveys and detailed analyses of

severe rainstorms in Illinois. Analyses

based upon radar, synoptic weather, and

field survey data and includes area-depthduration relations, antecedent rainfall

evaluation, isohyetal for peak periods of

storm, etc.

(f) Continuing project.

(g) Analyses completed on 11 storms since 1951-

(h) Illinois Water Survey Reports of Investigation Ik, 2h, 27, and 35-

(3059) THERMAL LOADINGS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SURFACE WATERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental laboratory and field investigations; applied research.

(e) To determine the relationships between

temperature, water usage, stream assets,

and stream recovery capabilities.

ILLINOIS STATE WATERWAYS DIVISION, Springfield.

(1863) EROSION CONTROL, ILL. SHORE OF LAKE MICH,

(b) State of Illinois.

27
(c) Mr. Thomas B. Casey, Chief Waterway Engineer, Division of Waterways, Dept. of Public Works and Buildings, 201 West Monroe Street, Springfield, Illinois.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To obtain and correlate basic data on the

erosion processes along the Illinois Shore

of Lake Michigan to the end that future

efforts toward the prevention of erosion

might he founded upon a more definite and

factual basis with a consequent greater

degree of assurance that the works will

serve the intended purposes

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Soil and Water Conservation

Engineering Laboratory, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. B. A. Jones, 100 Agricultural

Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(2316) RUNOFF FROM SMALL AGRICULTURAL AREAS IN

ILLINOIS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) Experimental and field investigation; basic

research.

(e) To determine frequencies of peak rates and

total amounts of runoff from agricultural

watersheds of 25 to 1,500 acres; to determine maximum rates of runoff from agricultural watersheds in different soil asso- ciation areas in Illinois; to compare run- off from agricultural watersheds under

accepted soil conservation practices with

watersheds cultivated without soil conser- vation practices. Watersheds of ^5-5; 63,

82, and 390 acres near Monticello, 111. are covered with a rain gage network, and

runoff is measured at weirs and spillway

structures by water level recorders. Maxi- mum stage recorders are installed at field

structures on 8 watersheds in Champaign,

Piatt, Vermilion, and Ford Counties on watersheds ranging in size from U5 to 1,1+00 acres. Model studies and field calibrations are made on the field structures.

Crop yields are determined laterally from

the tile lines.

(2789) LABORATORY MODEL STUDIES OF CONSERVATION

AND DRAINAGE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation in the laboratory

applied and basic research.

(e) To investigate the performance of soil and water conservation structures by means of

hydraulic model studies, to study water

flow patterns Into surface drains and to determine the cause of failures and remedial measures of certain conservation structures under flood conditions.

(g) Three subprojects were completed during

1958 and are reported in the publications

listed in "h" below.

(h) "A Study of the Effect of Crack Width at Tile Joints on Soil Movement into Drain

Tile Line", by B. A. Jones, Ph.D. Thesis,

University of Illinois, June 1958. (Avail- 1 able on loan )

"A Study of the Critical Flow Criteria for the Determination of Discharge from Circulai

Conduits", by J. A. Replogle, M.S. Thesis,

University of Illinois, August 1958. (Available on loan.

"Hydraulics of Single Outlet Surface Inlets"

by R. D. Black, Paper 58-506 presented at the Winter Meeting of the American Society

of Agricultural Engineers, December 1958.

"The Effect of Crack Width at Tile Joints

on Soil Movement into Drain Tiles Lines",

B. A. Jones, Paper 58-508 presented at the

Winter Meeting of the American Society of

Agricultural Engineers, December 1958-

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Civil Engineering Dept.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 1589, 2085 to

2088, incl., 2318, 2790, 3060 to 3062, incl., should

be addressed to Prof. J. C. Guillou, Civil Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, Urbana, 111.

( 56U ) HYDROLOGY OF URBAN AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Illinois State Water Survey.

(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, Univ. of 111., Urbana, 111

(d) Experimental, theoretical, and field investigation; applied research and design.

(e) Rainfall-runoff study of an urban watershed,

having an effective drainage area of h.k'y square miles and a population density of

lh persons per acre. Runoff is measured by

a U.S.G.S. stream gage and precipitation

by a network of fourteen rain gages stra- tegically located In and out of the watershed. New types of evaporimeter are being

developed and check results are being made,

(h) "Hydrologic Studies of Urban Watersheds,

Rainfall and Runoff of Boneyard Creek,

Champaign-Urbana, Illinois", by Ven Te Chow,

Civil Engineering Studies, Hydraulic Engineering Series No. 2, University of Illinois .

(2317) A STUDY OF DRAINAGE OF SOME ILLINOIS SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project cooperative with ARS,

U. S. Department of Agriculture.

(d) . Field Investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine on different soil types the

effect of tile spacing and depth on (l) water table as measured by drawdown wells,

(2) on crop yields; to verify present tile

depth and spacing formulas for soil types

investigated; and to compare physical labo- ratory measurements with field measurements . The rate of water table drawdown is measured in wells perpendicular to tile

lines. Field permeability and laboratory

permeability measurements are made as well

as physical analysis of the soil type.

28
(1589) OPEN CHANNEL METER.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Dept.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) This study is concerned with a critical

depth meter which may he economically

built in a sewer after the sewer has been

in service. Preliminary tests and analyses

have been completed. Tests are underway

using a l6-inch diameter pipe, with

adjustable slope, and lucite test section.

Laboratory results agree favorably with

theoretical indications.

(1591) DETERMINATION OF WATERWAY AREAS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Illinois Division of Highways and Bureau

of Public Roads.

(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois,

Urbana 111

(d) Analytical and field investigation;

applied research and design.

(e) To determine the discharge of water which

will reach openings of highway drainage

structures, such as bridges and culverts

and to provide a simple but scientific

procedure for use of engineers in establishing the economical and adequate size

of opening.

(g) Six preliminary reports and two field

reports have been prepared. The field

reports are: "Preliminary Report of the Study of

Culverts at Petersburg, 111. " "Preliminary Report of the Study of

Channel Relocation and Culvert Problem at Florence, Illinois."

The preliminary reports are

"A Compilation of Formulas for Waterway

Area Determination."

"A Historical Review of Engineering Studies

of Waterway Area Determination."

"Annotated Bibliography of Waterway Area

Determination.

"A Survey of the Current Practice of Water- way Area Determination Employed by Different State Highway Agencies in the United

States.

"The Development of a Tentative Procedure

for the Determination of Waterway Areas."

"Simplification of a Tentative Procedure

for the Determination of Waterway Areas."

(h) Publications not yet available to the

public

(2085) CALIBRATION AND USE OF CERTAIN INLET

GRATES.

(b) Illinois Division of Highways.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Full scale model tests of four standard

Division of Highways inlets. Original and

revised inlet grate designs have been

tested.

(h) Publication as a Bulletin of the Engineering Experiment Station is in progress.

(b

(d

(*

(f

(h

(2087

(b

(d

(e

(f

(2088

(b

(d

(e

(f

(2318

(b

(d

(e

(h

(2319

(b

(c

(d

(e

(g)

(h)

(2086) A STUDY OF FISHWAYS.

Departmental graduate study.

Laboratory investigation; basic research.

Scale model tests of a pool -type fishway

to investigate efficient orifice design

and ladder pool length.

Completed.

Laboratory report has been completed.

EFFECTIVENESS OF SUBWAY GRATINGS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE.

Departmental special study.

Laboratory investigation; applied research.

Full scale model tests of two subway

grating designs are being tested in

standard Illinois Division of Highways,

Type II inlet frame. Suspended temporarily.

DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF RECTANGULAR TYPE INLET BOXES.

Departmental study.

Laboratory investigation; basic research.

Scale model investigation of rectangular

inlet box with long lucite discharge pipe to verify or disprove the weir-orifice

discharge theory.

Suspended temporarily.

FAUBER BRIDGE MODEL STUDY.

Departmental graduate study.

Laboratory investigation; applied research.

A design has been developed whereby a three tube culvert and an energy dissipator

may replace an inadequate highway bridge.

Model studies have been conducted to verify the proposed design.

Final report in preparation.

FREQUENCY STUDY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA.

Departmental study.

Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111

Basic and applied research. A survey of existing literature and

applications of the probability law to the

distribution of hydrologic data. The

method of analysis -thus developed is being

applied to small watersheds in the State of Illinois in order to expose the runoff

characteristics of the watersheds.

Results include development of theoretical

procedure of analysis, derivation of

characteristic values of the probability

law, plotting of actual data, and derivation of characteristic indexes of the

runoff data. "Discussion of Frequency of Discharges

from Ungaged Catchments," by Ven Te Chow, Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 963-966, Dec. 1957- "Discussion of a Nomogram for Lognormal

Frequency Analysis," by Ven Te Chow, Trans.

Amer. Geophys. Union, Vol. 38, No. 6, pp. 962-963, Dec. 1957- "Frequency Analysis in Small Watershed

Hydrology, " by Ven Te Chow, Agri . Engrg.

,

29
Vol. 39, No. h, pp. 222-225 and 231, April

1958.

(2790) SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY STUDY.

("b) Departmental graduate study.

(d) Laboratory investigation; applied research.

(e) Model investigation of flow conditions on the apron below the spillway crest and

above the spillway channel. The purpose of the investigation is to determine the

geometries of the apron and the necessity

of a critical depth control at the entrance to the spillway channel.

(3060) OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTER

DRAINS.

(b) American Association of Railroads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Literature study and experimental investigation of characteristics of flow through

granular filters and perforated drain pipe.

(3061) FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF REND LAKE SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project and class problems.

(d) Model investigation of uncontrolled apron

t ype s pi llway

(e) 1:50 scale model of approach section,

spillway and energy dissipator.

(3062) INVESTIGATION OF INFILTRATION THROUGH

GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Post doctoral research by Dr. Shigeru

Tanaka

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of advance of wetted front

and attendant pressure temperature and

moisture conditions. The test apparatus

consists of an instrumental vertical

cylinder filled with Ottawa Sand and subject to rates of infiltration.

(3063) THEORETICAL STUDY OF PROFILES OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW.

(b) Departmental study.

(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) Mathematical analysis of the profiles of

gradually varied flow in artificial open

channels

(f) Completed.

(g) A mathematical method of integration was developed. Bakhmeteff's varied- flow func- tion table was extended to cover the range of application required by the new method.

(h) "Integrating the Equation of Gradually

Varied Flow," by Ven Te Chow, Proceedings,

ASCE, Vol. 8l, No. 838, pp. 1-32, Nov. 1955 and discussion in Vol. 83, No. HY1 , pp. 9-22, Feb. 1957-

(306U) FLOW PATTERNS NEAR THE CRACK IN TILE

DRAINS.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for

Prof. E. J. Monke.

'(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois, , Urbana, 111.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic

research for doctoral thesis. !

( e ) A study of the flow patterns around a circular drain. In the study use was made of an electrical analog model, a physical

hydraulic model for one half the tile in e]» sand bed, and a mathematical analysis with

numerical approximations.

(f) Completed.

(g) The results indicate: Darcy's law is applcable to the surface of seepage existing

along the peripheral opening of a nearly

empty five-Inch circular drain; the effective gain in head in the empty drain was slightly greater than the diameter of the

drain which was located in a saturated,

homogenous medium k ft. deep, 100 ft. apart , and 8 ft . above an impervious layer

when the outer boundary was circular, the

effective potential gain was less than the

diameter of the drain and varied with the nearness of that boundary; the efflux from the medium of a three-dimensional model

varied, not only with drain-opening width,

but also with the hydraulic conductivity

of the flow medium; and the unsymmetrical

drain opening effected by sealing part of

the circumferential drain opening gave higher discharges near the drain than in

the cases where the openings were symmetrical.

( 3065 ) STUDY OF A TORNADO MODEL FOR DESIGN

PURPOSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for

Mr. G. E. Martin.

(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111.

(d) Analytical and field investigations; basic

research for doctoral thesis.

(e) An attempt is being made to correlate the

laws of thermodynamics, atmospheric

physics, dynamic meteorology, and fluid

mechanics with the available data from

actual tornados and to construct a model

tornado from these data for design pur- poses that is compatible with the theory.

The facilities of both the Civil Engineering Department and the Illinois State Wate. Survey, including a weather radar, are available for use in this study.

(3066) THE MECHANICS OF SQUARE ELBOW LOSSES.

(b) Graduate project, doctoral thesis for

Mr. R. D. Black.

(c) Prof. V. T. Chow, University of Illinois,

Urbana, 111

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) This is a study of the factors that con- tribute to the loss in energy experienced

by the flow of water as it passes through

an abrupt angle and size reduction such as that of a plugged "tee." The study will

be conducted by means of hydraulic models.

30
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, Fluid Mechanics and

Hydraulics Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 13^3 and 2083

should be addressed to Prof. W. M. Lansford, 219

Talbot Laboratory, and Projects Nos. 2320, 2536, and 2537 should be addressed to Prof. J. M. Robertson, 125 Talbot Laboratory, University of

Illinois, Urbana, 111.

(131*3) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION STUDY IN A FLOOD- PLAIN CHANNEL.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Basic research.

(f) Inactive - being reactivated.

(2083) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN AN OPEN CHANNEL HAVING A TRIANGULAR CROSS SECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic research.

(e) Data were obtained from a channel artificially roughened.

(g) Investigation reactivated, additional data

being taken.

(2320) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER IN A DIFFUSER.

b) Laboratory project.

d) Experimental and analytical; basic research,

(e) Effect of adverse pressure gradient on the

development of a turbulent boundary layer

is being studied in a 10-degree conical

diffuser. Air is the fluid medium being

used.

(g) Thesis completed; additional tests in progress

(2536) STUDY OF HOMOLOGOUS TURBULENCE.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Basic research.

(e) The nature of turbulence, its production

and dissipation, are to be studied in the

simplest possible shear flow. This is to

be produced in plane Couette flow in which

the shear is constant and tbe turbulence

homogeneous but not isotropic.

(g) Tests and analysis under way; report being

written.

(2537) WATER EXIT HYDROBALLISTICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Basic research; experimental.

(e) Information on water exit behavior of

ellipsoidal bodies of fineness ratios k to

12 is being obtained photographically.

(g) Tests underway. Effects are found to be

small, velocity first increases and then

decreases as body exits. Significant

amounts of water are carried out with the

body.

IOWA INSTITUTE OF HYDRAULIC RESEARCH, State University of Iowa.

(66) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RALSTON CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Department of Agriculture,

U. S. Geological Survey.

(c) Prof. J. W. Howe, Department of Mechanics

and Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research, and masters theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 3-square-mile area measured

by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall

records at five automatic recording sta- tions collected by Soil Conservation Service. Continuous records since 1924 of

precipitation, runoff, groundwater levels,

and vegetal cover.

(g) Yearly records available for examination a't Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research.

(h) Reports prepared annually since 1924

available in files at the Iowa Institute

of Hydraulic Research. Summary of 33 year

record in progress.

(67) COOPERATIVE SURFACE-WATER INVESTIGATIONS

IN IOWA.

(b) Cooperative with Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; collection of basic

stream-flow data.

(e) Stream- flow and sediment measuring stations

maintained throughout the State of Iowa cooperatively on a continuous basis.

Records collected by standard methods of

U. S. Geological Survey.

(g) Records of stream flow and sediment discharge computed yearly.

(h) Records contained in Water-Supply Papers

available through offices of the Geological

Survey.

(68) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, RAPID CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with Geological Survey.

(c) Mr. V. R. Bennion, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Field investigation; applied research and masters theses.

(e) Study being made of relation between rainfall and runoff over a small area. Discharge from a 25-square-mile area measured

and flood runoff on main sub-basins determined by U. S. Geological Survey; rainfall

records at four automatic recording sta- tions collected by U. S. Weather Bureau. Continuous records since 19^1 of precipitation, runoff and ground-water levels.

(g) Rainfall records published in Weather

Bureau Climatological Bulletins and surface

runoff and ground-water levels published

in Geological Survey Water-Supply Papers.

(73) MEASUREMENT OF TURBULENCE IN FLOWING WATER.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

31
(a)

(e)

(g)

00

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

00

(81)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical.

Instruments, primarily electrical in

operation, are being developed to measure

the charcteri sties of turbulent flow under

a wide range of laboratory and field con- ditions. Both sensing and computing

elements are involved.

Complete analysis of the sensing element

operation and the circuit performance and

descriptions of finished instruments are presented in the publications below.

"Operating Manual for the IIHR Hot -Wire

and Hot-Film Anemometers", P. G. Hubbard,

S.U.I. Bulletin 37, 1957-

(79) CAVITATION.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical; basic research

and graduate thesis.

Basic information is sought on cavitation

for systematically varied boundary conditions. Tests are conducted in two variable- (h) pressure water tunnels and a special cavitation tank. Studies of high-velocity submerged jets are being continued, with

supplementary measurements of pressure

fluctuations in air; instrumentation is being developed for measurement of the

correlation between the velocity and pressure fluctuations to make possible prediction of the incipient cavitation index for given mean-flow conditions. Previous measurements of the pressure distribution

around cavitating rounded, blunt, and hollow head forms are being extended in one tunnel to various angles of yaw. Previous measurements on a grid of normal cylinders

are being extended through use of dynamome- ter in other water tunnel. Cavitating flow (1107)

about a rotating cylinder in a normal strenm is being investigated.

"Pressure and Velocity Fluctuations in a (b)

Submerged Jet", S. 'r. Carr, M. S. Thesis,

February 1958.

"The Drag of Cavitating Cylinders Arranged ( c

in a Straight Grid", J. J. Geist, M. S. Thesis, February 1959-

MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research

and David Taylor Model Basin, Dept. of the

Navy.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Theoretical; basic research,

(l) A theory of stream functions for general three-dimensional flow has been

developed and published. (2) The develop- ment of a method for the determination of

flow about bodies of revolution and sym- metrical two-dimensional forms in arbitrary

states of motion, based on solutions of

integral equations of the first kind, has

been completed and a description of the

method will be submitted for publication.

(3) An analog computer for potential flow,

consisting of an array of electrical

resistances, has been constructed. A manua]

describing its application has been prepared

BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT ON SMOOTH AND ROUGH SURFACES.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

Purpose of work is to determine the relations between boundary-layer characteristics for smooth and rough boundaries of

arbitrary shape. A critical study of the

boundary layer on a smooth flat plate in zero pressure gradient has been completed

and a report written. The boundary layer

on a smooth circular cylinder with axis

parallel to the stream, in a zero pressure

gradient, has also been investigated.

"Effect of Transverse Curvature on Turbulent-Boundary-Layer Characteristics",

Y. S. Yu, Journal of Ship Research, Dec. 1958.

(1102) HISTORY OF HYDRAULICS.

(85M

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(b)

(c)

(e)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

(1875)

(b)

Institute project.

Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. To trace the historical development of the

important theories of hydraulics, covering

the fundamental ideas of the science, the

critical periods of its development, and

the personalities whose contributions were of major importance.

TRANSPORTATION OF SEDIMENT AS SUSPENDED AND TOTAL LOAD.

Laboratory project; formerly cooperative

with Office of Naval Research, Department

of the Navy.

Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research; Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research.

To determine the suspended and total load

as a function of hydraulic and sediment

parameters

Completed. An empirical relationship has been found

for both suspended and total load as a function of the velocity and depth of flow,

the shear velocity, the sediment size, and

the fall velocity.

"The Total Sediment Load of Streams", by

E. M. Laursen, Amer. Soc. Civ. Engrs., Vol. 8k, No. HY1, February 1958.

CHARACTERISTICS OF STABLE EDDIES.

Laboratory project, partially supported by

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

32
(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Distributions of velocity, pressure and

turbulence are being measured in an air

tunnel throughout the vicinity of separa- tion zones produced by abrupt changes in

flow section to the end of establishing

the primary eddy characteristics as functions of the boundary geometry.

(g) Mean eddy patterns behind normal plates

have been investigated. Preliminary

study has also been made of the flow pat- tern produced by a normal wind curtain. Mean eddy patterns at pipe inlets and behind bluff bodies. Additional measurements

on the hydraulic jump have also been made.

(h) "Penetration of a Jet into a Counterflow",

by T. R. Krishna Rao, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Feb. 1958. Available

on loan. "Discussion of Turbulence Characteristics

of the Hydraulic Jump", by P. G. Hubbard,

Journal of Hydraulics, ASCE, Nov. 1958.

(2091) RESEARCH ON SHIP THEORY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy and Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers.

(c) Dr. Louis Landweber, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine the laws governing the forces,

moments, and motions of ships in smooth and disturbed seas, in order to furnish design

data to the naval architect. A towing tank

10 feet wide, 10 feet deep, and 300 feet long has been constructed. Theoretical

work on the added-mass coefficients and the

forces and moments on bodies is under way. The rolling of ships is being investigated.

(h) "Irrotational Motion of the Liquid Sur- rounding a Vibrating Ellipsoid of Revolution", E. 0. Macagno and L. Landweber,

Journal of Ship Research, June 1958.

"A Three-Parameter Family of Two-Dimensional

Forms Oscillating in a Free Surface", L. Landweber and Matilde Macagno, Journal of

Ship Research; to be published.

"The Added Masses of Prolate Spheroids

Accelerating Under a Free Surface", M. R. Bottaccini, Ph. D. Dissertation, to be

available as an IIHR report.

(2320) A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS.

(b) Iowa Highway Research Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Prof. D. E. Metzler, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The purpose is to determine the flow characteristics of box culverts.

(f) Completed.

(g) Variation in culvert performance described.

Advantages of "broken back" culvert

indicated,

(h) Bulletin in press.

(2322) EFFECT OF RESERVOIR STORAGE UPON SUPERFLOODS.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical, master's thesis.

(e) To find what effect reservoirs of various

characteristics will have in decreasing

the peak of Increasingly greater superfloods . (g) A. quick approximate method has been devised

which takes the principal variables into account

(h) "Investigation of Storage Effects of

Reservoirs Subjected to Superfloods",

Yuan-po Kou, M. S. Thesis, State University

of Iowa, Feb. 1958. Available on loan.

(2324) ANALYSIS OF FLOW PATTERNS FOR SHARP-CRESTED

WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Analytical and experimental; basic research

for doctor's and master's degrees.

(e) Determination of streamline configuration

by means of relaxation process and electrical analog computer for various relative

heights of weirs, supplemented by experimental study for relatively low weirs and

sills.

(f) Experimental study of low weirs and sills

completed.

(2328) INVESTIGATION OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey,

Department of the Interior.

(c) Dr. Hunter Rouse, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental research.

(e) Initial purpose is to determine effect of

areal distribution of roughness elements on resistance in both subcritical and super- critical flow. Tests are being conducted

on cubical elements cemented to floor of

30-foot tilting flume in varying concen- tration.

(h) "The Effect of Free Surface Instability on Channel Resistance", by Herman J. Koloseus,

Doctoral Dissertation, Aug. 1958, State University of Iowa. Obtainable from University Microfilms, 313 N. 1st St., Ann

Arbor, Mich.

(25^0) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS.

(b) Cooperative with Iowa Highway Research

Board and U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To investigate the pattern of general scour caused by contracting the flow section at

33
a 'bridge crossing.

Completed.

Depth and shape of the scour hole are a function of the geometry of the bridge site

and the ratio of the flow in the normal

stream and on the floodplain.

"Scour at Bridge Crossings", by E. M. Laursen, Iowa Highway Research Board Bulletin, submitted for publication.

DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS FOR USE IN ANALYZING APERIODIC SIGNALS.

Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied research.

The purpose is to improve the analysis of

turbulent velocity and pressure fluctuations .

THE DECAY OF TURBULENCE IN A ZERO-MOMENTUM

WAKE.

Cooperative with the Office of Naval Research, Department of the Navy.

Dr. Philip G. Hubbard, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Primarily experimental.

Powered models are driven through a towing

basin, and the wake is explored with a hotwire anemometer.

In the initial stages. Only sample measurements are available.

STUDY OF BACKWATER CURVE DATA.

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Analysis of experimental data; basic, master's thesis.

Analysis of backwater curves incidentally

obtained in UOO-foot variable-slope flume

of Rocky Mountain Hydraulic Laboratory.

"Study of Backwater Curves in a Triangular

Channel", by K. P. Singh, M. S. Thesis, State University of Iowa, Aug. 1958- Available on loan.

PREDICTION OF RUNOFF FREQUENCY FROM PRECIPI- TATION AND INFILTRATION FREQUENCIES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Statistical.

Exploration of possibility of estimating

frequencies of rare floods based on combination of observed frequencies of precipitation and infiltration.

First phase complete.

Good correlation for a small, a medium, and

a large watershed found.

M. S. Thesis, by M. A. Chowdhury, 1958.

EXTENSION OF WIND TUNNEL STUDIES ON PRESSURE

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(2797

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3067

(a

(e

(f

(g

(h

(3068

(b

(a

(e

(3069

(b

(c

(d

DISTRIBUTION ON FLAT ROOFED RECTANGULAR

BUILDINGS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Experimental, basic research, master's

thesis.

Rectangular, flat-roofed building models

having height :width ratios from 1/2 to 6 and length: width ratios from 1 to k exposed

to uniform wind velocity in tunnel. Pressure variations at 3 orientations observed.

Completed.

Negative pressures over roof increase until

building height is six times its down wind

width.

M. S. Thesis by Wm. S. Hartley, 1958.

OPTIMUM SHAPE OF 90° CHANNEL. BEND IN RECTANGULAR

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Experimental for M. S. thesis.

Bend width varied through 50-percent in- crease to determine optimum proportions.

A STUDY OF THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT INFIL- TRATION RATES ON THE RALSTON CREEK AND

RAPID CREEK WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Analytical, statistical correlation.

To determine the effects of antecedent

precipitation, rainfall duration and intensity, temperature, and season on infiltration rates on Ralston and Rapid Creeks.

Completed.

Graphical correlations with above variables.

M. A. Thesis by Merwin D. Dougal and M. S. Thesis by Jyuh Sheng Chang, 1958.

DETERMINATION OF DYNAMIC FORCES ON FLASHBOARDS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Experimental for M. S. Thesis. Measurement of dynamometer of moment exerted by water flowing over flashboard.

INSTALLATION OF GRADED RIP-RAP FOR PROTEC- TION OF PIERS AND ABUTMENTS AGAINST SCOUR.

Graduate project.

Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; applied, for master's thesis.

Methods of placement and areal extent necessary for effective protection will be

studied.

3^
(3070) ASPIRATIVE EFFICIENCY OF VARIOUS CHIMNEY

SHAPES.

(b) Graduate project.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; applied, for master's thesis.

(e) Investigation of possibility of using winds

to move air through pipe systems for evapo- rative stabilization of pavement subsoils

makes it necessary to test efficiency of

"chimney" shapes.

(3071) MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR SURFACE ROUGHNESS.

(h

(c

(a

(3072

(h

(c

(e

.3073

Graduate College, Civil Engineering Dept. Prof. C. J. Posey, Engineering Building, Iowa City, Iowa. Developmental; applied.

Design and construction of equipment to evaluate roughness parameters for range of

surface roughness of interest to hydraulic

engineers

SCOUR AT RELIEF BRIDGES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa. Experimental; master's thesis.

To determine the amount and rate of scour

at relief bridges.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN MEANDERING CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Lucien Brush, Jr., Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental; basic research and graduate

thesis

(e) To determine the amount of transport occur- ring in meandering channels of different

curvature

(307*0 WAKE OF ZERO MOMENTUM FLUX.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Mr. Arthur Toch, Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Distribution of velocity, mean and turbulent, and of pressure is to be measured in

the field of flow created by flow past a

bluff, axisymmetric body with a centrally

located jet for the particular condition

of zero momentum flux.

(3075) ANNULAR JETS IN GROUND PROXIMITY.

(b) Cooperative with Office of Naval Research,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Lawrence R. Mack, Iowa Institute of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research and graduate theses.

( e ) The distributions of mean velocity and mean pressure in the flow and on the

boundaries near an annular jet are being

studied for four cases: (l) A stationary

(3076)

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

annular jet impinging against a rigid

ground plate; (2) an annular jet impinging against a rigid ground plate in the presence of an ambient transverse flow

(wind tunnel study); (3) a stationary

annular jet directed against a nearby water surface; and (k) an annular jet

traveling over water.

EFFECT OF EAVES ON PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND RECTANGULAR BUILDING MODELS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. J. W. Howe, Dept. of Mechanics and

Hydraulics, State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa. Experimental; basic research.

Varying widths of eaves on roofs having

several different pitches tested in wind

tunnel.

IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agricultural

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. H. P. Johnson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Iowa State College, Ames, la.

(2330)

00

(a)

(e)

(2331)

00

(a)

(e)

(2333)

00

(a)

(e)

DEPTH, SPACING AND HYDRAULICS OF TILE

DRAINS.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; master's and doctor's

thesis

Analytical and physical approach is being

studied to determine depth and spacing of

tile drain by analyzing geometry of systems

and soil characteristics. Work is coopera- tive with that of Dr. Don Kirkum, Soil

Physics Department of Agronomy, and which

is primarily analytical nature. Studies

of effect of tile misalignment and observations of nature of flow in experimental

field tile lines are being made.

ESTIMATIONS OF SURFACE RUNOFF FROM

AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical; applied research; doctoral

thesis

The surface runoff volume for individual

storms is being estimated by superimposing

infiltration curves on the rainfall histogram. Data from point rainfall records

are being analyzed. Hydrographs from

watersheds of up to 25 square miles are being analyzed.

IMPROVEMENT OF SURFACE DRAINS WITH TILE BLIND INLETS.

Laboratory project.

Field Investigation; design.

Field study is being made to determine the

effect of different tile backfill materials

on the flow of water into the tile drains.

35
(2331+) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(t>) Laboratory project, cooperative with ARS, USDA.

(d) Field Investigations; applied research,

design.

(e) Measurements are being made of watershed

rainfall and surface runoff on ten agricultural watersheds. Sediment measurements

are being made in six small reservoirs in

the gaged watersheds.

(3077) INFILTRATION CAPACITIES OF FAYETTE SILT LOAM FROM HYDROLOGIC DATA.

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Analytical statistical study, master's

thesis

(e) Correlation of antecedent moisture and

cover with infiltration rates based on data

taken from La Crosse, Wisconsin, runoff

plots

(3078) LOW FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF STREAM IN NORTH

CENTRAL AND WESTERN IOWA.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Analytical study, master's thesis.

(e) An analysis of the frequencies of given

discharges from selected streams in the

above area. An attempt is being made to relate parameters such as rainfall to the

flows at times of the year when pumping

from streams for irrigation may have

detrimental effects.

IOWA STATE COLLEGE, Department of Agronomy.

(3079) MOVEMENT OF WATER IN SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Don Kirkham, Soil Physics, Dept. of

Agronomy, Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa.

(d) Theoretical and applied research.

(e) Work is being done on the movement of

ground water in soil, particularly in the

saturated phase. Work has also been

initiated on the use of the mass spectrome- ter for studying the movement of water through soil and plants using deuterium as a tracer.

(h) "Potential and Capacity of Concentric

Coaxial Capped Cylinders", Journal of

Applied Physics, Vol. 28, pp. 724-731, 1957- "Graphs and Formulas for Cross Product

Bessel Functions", Journal of Mathematics

and Physics, January 1958. "Seepage of Steady Rainfall Through Soil

into Drains", Trans. Amer. Geoph. Union.

Vol. 39, pp. 892-908, October 1958.

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, Department of Engineering

Mechanics

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. David W. Appel, Dept. of

Engineering Mechanics, University of Kansas, Lawrence , Kansas

(3080) TRANSMISSION AND DISSIPATION OF SURGES IN ELASTIC TUBES.

(b) Sohio Pipe Line Company and Department of

Engineering Mechanics.

(d) Basic research; theoretical and experimental

investigation. Also M. S. thesis.

(e) This is a basic study of the speed of pro- pagation and rate of dissipation of surges

in liquid- filled elastic tubes. Comparisons

are being made between theoretical evaluations of these characteristics and observed

yalues on long oil pipe lines. Additional

data are to be obtained from laboratory

experiments on tubes having very elastic

walls

(g) The celerity of both positive and negative pressure surges was found to be independent

of surge amplitude in an oil pipe line. The

losses in transmission of surges were found

to be greater than predicted theoretically

for viscous dissipation alone, though of

the same order of magnitude. The results

indicate that a surge technique may be used

for locating leaks in oil pipe lines.

(308i; DIFFUSION OF A JET FORMED AT AN ABRUPT ENLARGEMENT IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLOW.

(b) Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neemah, Wis.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The characteristics of the mean flow

through abrupt two-dimensional expansions

are to be determined in a recirculating

water tunnel. The stability of the eddy

formed in the corner of the expansion is also to be investigated.

(3082) MEASUREMENT OF LOW VELOCITIES IN WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Development

(e) An instrument is being developed for measuring low velocities in small, hydraulic

models which will utilize the known relationship between frequency of shedding of

vortices in the wake of a circular cylinder

and the velocity of flow.

THE JAMES LEFFEL AND COMPANY.

(3083) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. Robert Groff, The James Leffel and

Company, k26 East St., Springfield, Ohio.

(d) Experimental and applied research.

(e) Model turbines using Francis, propeller

and impulse design, testing for power and

efficiency at various speeds; and under

wide range of conditions and requirements

pertaining to performance and installation

setting. Study of draft tubes design and

improvements possible by this means.

(f) Active.

36
LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering. DIKES.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. W. J. Eney, Head, Dept. of

Civil Engineering, Director, Fritz Engineering

Laboratory, or Prof. J. B. Herbich, Chairman,

Hydraulics Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania.

(1602) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN CONDUIT BENDS.

(b

(d

(e

(f

(1603

(b

(d

(f

(2339

(b

(d

(e

(25^3

(b

(d

(e

(3081+

(d

(e

(f)

:3085)

(b)

(d)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; undergraduate special problem. Study of a rectangular bend with a central

dividing wall, by means of electricalanalogy has been completed.

Inactive

BUTTERFLY VALVE STUDY.

CDC Controls Services, Inc., Hatboro, Pa. Experimental; applied research.

Completed.

BUCKET-TYPE ENERGY DISSIPATOR CHARACTERISTICS.

Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter,

Inc., 600 North Second Street, Harrisburg,

Pennsylvania.

Experimental; for general design.

Suspended.

STUDY OF CONDUIT EXIT PORTALS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; M. S. Thesis.

General pressure-distribution study

completed. Tests of square and circular conduit with

free-jet, horizontal apron, and three different wall flares, have been completed.

STUDY ON IMPROVING DESIGN OF A HOPPER

DREDGE PUMP.

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engrs.

Experimental and applied research.

The project has been divided into four

phases: (a) Model tests of the existing

dredge pump; (b) recommendation for design

changes of the dredge pump; ( c ) model

investigation of the modified design of

the dredge pump; and (d) analysis of the

investigation and final recommendations.

Phase A active.

STUDY OF SCALE EFFECT BETWEEN MODEL AND PROTOTYPE SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Graduate students project.

1:100 scale two-dimensional model built of

Chief Joseph Dam. Prototype crest pressures will be compared with the data

obtained on the model

(A

(a)

(e)

(f)

Laboratory project.

Theoretical and experimental.

The project has been divided into three

phases; (l) literature survey; (2) theo- retical analysis; and (3) experimental

study to determine the proper proportions

and alignment of the dikes.

Phase 1 active.

MARYLAND UNIVERSITY, Institute for Fluid Dynamics

and Applied Mathematics.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. M. H. Martin, Director, Inst, for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, Univ.

of Maryland, College Park, Maryland.

(3087) EFFECT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS ON TURBULENT

SHEAR FLOWS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental. Francis R. Hama, Principal

Investigator.

(e) Investigate systematically the effect of

spacing of two-dimensional roughness

elements on the drag increase in a two- dimensional wind tunnel.

(g) Velocity distribution and drag formula for

smooth plate have been determined with

excellent correlations

(h) "Experiment on Turbulent Shear Flows in

Smooth Two-Dimensional Tunnels", M. Stevenson, Progress Report No. 1, Institute

for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics,

Tech. Note BN-IV7, July 1958.

(3088) TRANSITION FLOW PATTERNS.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Air Force Office of Scientific Research.

Basic experimental and theoretical re- search. John R. Weske, Principal Investigator.

Results of initial experimental work have

furnished a basis for the theoretical

treatment of three-dimensional transition

patterns and related behavior of vortices.

Completed.

"Calculation of the Cross-Stream Wave Length of the Three-Dimensional Transition Pattern in the Boundary Layer Along a Flat

Plate" and "On the Origin and Mechanism of Vortex Motion at the Inlet of Intakes

Placed Near a Flat Surface." In preparation.

(3086) INVESTIGATION OF DESIGN CRITERIA OF SPUR

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Civil and Sanitary Engineering, Hydrodynamics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 577, 25^6, 25^7,

25 U8, 2801, 2803, and 3089, and requests for re- prints and Technical Reports should be addressed

to Dr. Arthur T. Ippen, Prof, of Hydraulics,

Hydrodynamics Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute

37
of Technology, Cambridge 39 .> Massachusetts.

(307) STABILITY OF FLOW STRATIFIED DUE TO DENSITY DIFFERENCES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 3 Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate

research.

(e) 1. Theoretical and experimental investigations have been made on steady-state uniform

density current flows including determination of velocity distributions, resistance

laws and interfacial stability. 2. Investigation of control structures for stratified

flow. 3- Investigation of vertical intake structures for stratified flow.

(g) Phases (l) and (2) have been completed. In phase 3 vertical intakes for a two layer

stratified system having a density differ- ence of the order of one percent are being

investigated experimentally. Interface

drawdown curves and critical discharge

rates have been obtained for various intake

geometries

(h) "Submerged Sluice Control of Stratified

Flow," by D. R. F. Harleman, R. S. Gooch,

and A. T. Ippen, Proc. A.S.C.E., Journal

of Hydraulics Division, No. 2, April 1958,

paper No. 1584.

(577) CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLITARY WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Experimental investigation of solitary wave characteristics in a horizontal channel. Measurements of attenuation for various

bottom roughnesses. Investigation of

amplitude change, profile deformation and

breaking characteristics of the solitary

wave on a sloping beach. Measurement of

unsteady velocities in the boundary layer

region. Experimental investigation of wave characteristics in the transition

between oscillatory and solitary waves. Investigation of the unsteady boundary

shear due to the passage of a solitary

wave

(f) Completed.

(g) Instantaneous force measurements by means of a shear plate on the channel bottom

have been made. A comparison with average resistance coefficients obtained from

attenuations records was made and satisfactory correlation was found. Due to the

unsteady nature of the flow under the

solitary wave, the instantaneous shear stresses cannot adequately be described by

steady state relations except at the point

of zero acceleration under the crest.

(h) "The Damping of the Solitary Wave from

Boundary Shear Measurements," by A. T. Ippen, and M. M. Mitchell, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No. 23, June 1957.

(1355) CAVITATION INCEPTION FOR STEADY MOTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy

(c) Professor J. W. Daily, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Study of cavitation inception for steady

motion for systematic variation in boundary

layer development and in the turbulence

level in the zone of minimum pressure.

(f) Completed.

(g) The working section of a closed jet water

tunnel is arranged so that the boundary

layer growth is controlled by a systematic

change of its shape. Provision is also

made for control of turbulence level, pressure intensity and air content. Experiments Involving the effect of velocity

variation on incipient cavitation and on

the influence of dissolved air content have

been completed. Information on the turbulence of the flow in the cavitation region

has been obtained by high-speed photographs

of the cavitation bubbles.

Explorations in the boundary layer were made to determine the local mean pressure

intensities and their relation to the local

velocity and turbulence. This investigation included one case of uniform boundary

roughness

(h) "The Influence of Roughness on the Inception of Cavitation," by D. Benson, S.M. Thesis, September, 1958.

(l609) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE SORTING OF BEACH

SEDIMENTS BY WAVE ACTION.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, U. S. Army Corps of

Engineers

(c) Prof. P. S. Eagleson, Hydrodynamics Lab. Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Quantitative study of the sorting action

and selective transport of beach material

by shallow water waves moving on a granular

beach.

(g) Equipment consists of a wave channel 30 in. wide, 36 in. deep and 100 ft. in length

together with a piston-type wave generating

mechanism. The wave generator is controlled

by a hydraulic servomechanism which permits

continuous variation of both wave amplitude

and frequency during operation. A systematic series of observations of

velocities of spherical bottom sediment

particles for a horizontal bottom and two beach slopes has been completed for various

surface roughnesses including a smooth

beach. The data are shown to verify a derived equation of net sediment motion.

Studies of smooth bottom resistance involving direct measurement of boundary shear

stress and boundary layer velocity distribution have been completed. Measure- ments of the equilibrium characteristics

of sand beaches are currently being made

(h) "Motion of Discrete Bottom Sediment Particles due to Shoaling Waves," by P. S. Eagleson, L. A. Peralta, and R. G. Dean,

Beach Erosion Board, Tech, Memorandum No. 104, February 1958.

38
(l88l) WAVE FORCES ON OFFSHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Humble Oil and Refining Company, Houston, Texas

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39> Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Objective is the determination of the

design forces to be expected on offshore structures subjected to shallow water wave

action.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests have been completed on a series of

vertical cylinders in waves of various

characteristics. Lift and drag measurements

have also been made on horizontal and vertical cylinders with variable submergence and

on basic shapes such as spheres and cylinders . Various configurations of buoyancy members

for a movable platform have been tested to obtain dynamic forces when the platform is rigidly fixed. Tests have been extended

to include a study of mooring cable forces on a floating platform subjected to wave

forces

An experimental and analytical study of

the dynamics of a submerged hollow sphere

moored by a cable have also been made

Measurements of horizontal and vertical

components of the cable tension have been

obtained as a function of wave frequency

and length. Particular attention was de- voted to conditions near resonance where

the natural frequency of the moored object

equals the forcing frequency of the wave.

(h) "Experimental and Analytical Studies of Wave Forces on Offshore Drilling Structures.

Part II: Buoyancy Components for Floating

Platforms," by D. R. F. Harleman, W. C. Shapiro, and T. A. Marlow, II, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report No.

2k, June 1957- "Investigation on the Dynamics of Moored

Structures in Waves," by D. R. F. Harleman,

and W. C. Shapiro, Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Technical Report No. 28, July 1958.

(2103)

(231+1

(b

(c

(a

(e

ENERGY DISSIPATION IN STILLING BASINS AND DOWNSTREAM EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. D. R. F. Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental; graduate and undergraduate

theses.

(e) General study of energy dissipation in

stilling basins and erosion conditions

downstream.

(g) Hydrodynamic forces on a single baffle

pier have measured as a function of the

initial Froude number and the distance

between the toe of the hydraulic jump and

the pier. Additional studies have also

been made on the effect of arrangement and

position of baffle piers in stilling performance.

(h) "Application of Baffle Pier Hydrodynamics

in Stilling Basin Design, " by D. W. McDougall, S. B. Thesis, June 1958.

(f

(h)

(25^6;

FLUID MECHANICS OF TURBOMA.CHINERY COMPONENTS.

Office of Ordnance Research, Department of

the Army.

Prof. J. W. Daily and Prof. R. E. Nece,

Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Mass. Experimental; basic research.

Investigation of problems connected with

the several secondary effects in a turbomachine such as seal ring friction and

leakage, rotor-to-wall clearance effects,

and vane tip clearance.

Completed.

The investigation was concerned with the

effect of roughness, chamber dimensions and

disk shape on disk friction. Torque tests

were conducted over a wide range of disk

Reynolds numbers for smooth and rough disks

of 19 3/1+ inches diameter rotating within

a symmetrical casing at various disk-towall clearances at a constant small tip

clearance. Both plane and tapered disks were tested. Pressure and velocity distribution measurements within the chamber were made for correlation with theoretical

and experimental determinations of frictional torque.

"Effects of Roughness and Chamber Dimensions

on the Induced Flow and Surface Resistance

of Enclosed Rotating Disks," by R. E. Nece,

Sc.D. thesis, 1958. "Roughness and Chamber Dimension Effects on Induced Flow and Frictional Resistance of

Enclosed Rotating Disks," by J. W. Daily

and R. E. Nece, Technical Report No. 27,

M. I.T., Hydrodynamics Laboratory, 1958.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FLOW WITH DILUTE FIBER

SUSPENSIONS.

(b) Technical Association of Pulp and Paper

Industries

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Basic investigation of the hydrodynamic

features of paper fiber suspensions.

(g) Following a survey of existing knowledge

of the fluid mechanics of the flow of

fiber suspensions as related to the flow

in paper making machines, an experimental

program was initiated for investigating

the hydrodynamic characteristics of fiber

suspensions in fully developed shear flows

and in non-shear fields for both the

laminar and turbulent ranges. Measure- ments of energy loss were made for wood

pulp fibers and synthetic fibers flowing

through circular tubes of different

diameters. This data was correlated with

velocity distributions and turbulence

records obtained with one wood pulp fiber.

(h) "Techniques for Velocity and Turbulence Measurements in Fiber Suspensions," W. W. Troutman, S. M. Thesis, Sept. 1958.

"The Characteristics of Flow with Dilute

Fiber Suspensions; A Progress Report on Work under TAPPI Project 93", by J. W. Daily and G. Bugliarello, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Note No. 2, December 1957-

39
(25V7) CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CIRCULAR HYDRAULIC

JUMP.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; graduate

theses

(e) A study of the characteristics of the circular hydraulic jump which is formed by

axially symmetrical supercritical flow

from a source or to a sink.

(g) A lucite water table has been constructed

to obtain supercritical flows issuing

radially outward from a source or directed

inward toward a sink. By proper control

of tailwater hydraulic jumps circular in

plan view are created. Measurements of

depths and velocities are being made for

comparison with the momentum equations for

the two types of jumps described above and

with analytical expressions for water sur- face profiles in the supercritical radial

flow regime.

(h) "Transition Phenomena in Radial Free Surface Flow," by W. B. Davis, S. M. Thesis,

September 1958.

(2548) MECHANICS OF WASTE WATER DIFFUSION.

(b) U. S. Public Health Service.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

( e ) An investigation of various turbulent

diffusion processes- for application to waste disposal in tidal estuaries.

(g) Experimental facilities have been con- structed to study the diffusion of salt concentration in a one -dimensional field

of uniform turbulence. Turbulence is created mechanically in a body of water

contained in a 32 foot long channel by

means of a stack of expanded aluminum

sheets oscillating vertically with amplitudes up to one inch and frequencies up to six cycles per second.

Concentrations versus time are measured

and recorded electrically at various

stations by means of probes sensitive to the

changes in resistivity of the saline solution. Experiments have been made to determine: rate of energy dissipation,

longitudinal and vertical turbulent diffusion coefficients, as a function of amplitude and frequency of oscillation.

Experiments are being made to determine

the longitudinal distribution of salinity

in a uniform basin with fresh water inflow

at one end and a constant ocean salinity

maintained at the other end. Salinity

distributions are determined for various

fresh water inflow rates and turbulence

levels in the flume and compared with

solutions of the diffusion equation.

(h) "Mass Transfer Rates in a Turbulent Fluid

Body," by J. M. Jordaan, Sc. D. Thesis, June 1958.

(2801) INTERACTION OF WAVES WITH FLOATING BODIES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the

Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Analytical and experimental study of the

interaction of floating bodies and waves. Results to be applied to development of

movable breakwaters for shallow and deep water waves

(g) Initial studies were concerned with experimental verification of wave-maker theory

and a precise determination of the reflection characteristics of the 100 ft. wave tank used in this program. The following

problems are currently under experimental

investigation: (a) Breakwater efficiency

of a semi-immersed circular cylinder in a train of regular waves; (b) wave genera- tion characteristic of a circular cylinder

oscillating vertically about a semiimmersed position. Corresponding analytical

solutions of these problems are being

obtained by means of a high speed digital

computer

(h) "Forced Small -Amplitude Water Waves: A

Comparison of Theory and Experiment," by

F. Ursell, R. G. Dean and Y. S. Yu, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory Technical Report

No. 30, July 1958.

(2802) EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF WAKE MECHANICS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, David Taylor

Model Basin, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A study of the effect of trailing edge

geometry on the characteristics of the

wake of a thin flat plate with particular

emphasis on transverse plate vibrations.

(g) The water tunnel is complete and contains

a 7 l/2 in. by 9 in. closed jet test section.

Instrumentation for force and turbulence measurement is under development

(h) "Design of a Closed Jet, Open Circuit Water

Tunnel for the Study of Wake Mechanics,"

by G. H. Toebes, F. E. Perkins, and P. S. Eagleson, M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory

Tech. Note No. 3, April 1958.

(2803) PROXIMITY EFFECTS ON DRAG COEFFICIENTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. R. E. Nece, Hydrodynamics Lab., Mass.

Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 .> Mass.

(d) Experimental, undergraduate theses.

(e) Study of resistance of submerged objects

due to variations of geometry of group

spacing.

(f) Completed.

(g) Drag coefficients for the center one of

three equally spaced circular cylinders

aligned normal to the free stream velocity

were determined at a Reynolds number of

2 by 10^ for a range of lateral spacings

Tests were performed in a free surface water channel. Experimental procedures

check the drag coefficient of a single

cylinder in an infinite fluid.

(h) "Variation of Drag Coefficient for a Circular Cylinder due to Geometrical

Arrangements," by G. Mueller and R. Tweedie, B. S. Thesis, June 1958.

ho
(3089)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(3090)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF EROSION IN CURVED

CHANNELS.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture.

Experimental; basic research.

Investigation of boundary shear stress distribution in curved, open channels to determine degree and extent of protection

required in natural streams. Study is concerned with the effects of

flow rate, channel slope, shape, roughness,

and curvature upon the boundary shear

stress distribution in curved, open channels. A trapezoidal channel of variable

slope is being constructed as the test

facility; initial testing will be with a single 60 0 curve.

MODEL OF PUMPING PLANT FOR CHARLES RIVER

BASIN (BOSTON) DRAINAGE CONTROL.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Metropolitan

District Commission.

Prof. D. R. F Harleman, Hydrodynamics Lab.,

Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39 , Mass. Experimental.

Model study to determine forebay and pump

suction intake geometry for high capacity,

low head axial flow pumps

Model reproduces portion of Charles River Dam and Ship lock through which flow is admitted asymmetrically to pumping station

forebay. Methods of uniformly distributing

flow to six pump units are under investigation. Problems of air-entrainment at the

suction intakes will also be studied.

(g)

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department

of Mechanical Engineering.

(1901) THREE-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

IN A FREE VORTEX DIFFUSER.

(234U

(b

(c

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Prof. Y. Senoo, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39 > Mass. Theoretical and experimental; applied research. Theoretical and experimental study of the

flow in a free vortex diffuser.

Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. 1+2.

AT0MIZATI0N STUDY.

Laboratory project.

Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mechanical Engineering Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39 .> Massachusetts.

Experimental and theoretical; applied

research for S.M. and Sc.D. Theses.

Study of the atomization of liquid streams injected into high-velocity gas streams. Simplified theoretical models of the various phenomena are used to guide experimental

programs. Considerable instrument develop- ment has been accomplished in course of

work. A theoretical study of the dynamics of

break-up of a large liquid droplet in a gas stream predicts that such break-up will

occur at a critical value of the Weber

number. Experimental verification has been

achieved. A photometric device for measurement of mean droplet size in high velocity gas streams has been developed. A high-speed,

rotating mirror camera is also being

developed to study detailed size spectra.

(2550) BOUNDARY LAYER FLOW NEAR THE CORNER OF TWO INTERSECTING PLANES.

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2552

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2560

(a

(g)

(h)

Office of Ordnance Research.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, M.I.T., Room 3-261+

,

Cambridge 39? Massachusetts.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

The laminar boundary near the corner of a rectangular duct is being investigated

from the point of view of velocity profiles,

skin friction, transition, and effects of

pressure gradients.

Experimental work completed. Analytical

work nearing conclusion.

TWO-PHASE FLOW STUDIES IN PIPES.

Babcock and Wilcox Research Center,

Alliance, Ohio. Prof. S. W. Gouse, Jr., Mechanical Engineering Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, Room

3-161+ , Cambridge 39, Massachusetts.

Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for Master's and docotr's thesis.

Determination and prediction of pressure

drop in two phase flow in a vertical tube.

Investigation of flow regimes.

INVESTIGATIONS OF HEAT TRANSFER TO FLUIDS

FLOWING IN RECTANGULAR DUCTS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. C. Hoagland, Mech. Engineering

Dept., Mass. Inst, of Technology, 77 Mass. Ave., Cambridge, Mass. Analytical and experimental studies of

laminar flow heat -transfer. Experimental

studies of turbulent flow in rectangular

ducts

Overall objectives : To provide a means of predicting the heat transfer characteristics of flows in rectangular tubes with

specific interest in application to com- pact heat exchanger surfaces. Analytical

studies of laminar flow problems, both

fully developed and entrance region flows. Experimental velocity investigations for turbulent flow with heat transfer-momentum

analogy solution for heat transfer characteristics . Laminar Flow: Fully developed laminar

flow with heat flux numbers to be 2.9 and

independent of aspect ratio.

"The Secondary Flow in Rectangular Ducts",

by Raphael Moissis, S. M. Thesis, M.I.T., June 1956.

514561 0 - 59 -4

1+1
"Fully Developed Laminar Flow Forced Con- vection Heat Transfer in Rectangular Ducts with Uniform Heat Flux", Henry Cheng, S. M. Thesis, M.I.T., September 1957.

(2805) LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYER IN OSCILLATORY FLOW.

(b) General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison

Division of General Motors.

(c) Prof. P. G. Hill, Mechanical Engineering

Dept. Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge

39 > Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search, Sc. D. thesis.

(e) Apparatus to produce a flow consisting of a steady flow plus a sinusoidal oscillation,

with and without adverse pressure gradient.

(g) Good agreement between theory and experi- ment for intermediate frequencies.

(h) Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. k^,

available after April 1959-

(2806) GEAR PUMP STUDY.

(b) Chandler Evans Company.

(c) Prof. K. R. Wadleigh, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search and design.

(c) Study of the performance characteristics

and losses in aircraft gear pumps to permit

optimization of designs for specific per- formance requirements.

(g) Predictions of mechanical friction and

fluid friction losses and of fluid leakage

losses agree well with experimental data. Techniques of using these models and experi

mental data to optimize design variables

have been developed.

(2807) THE HYDRAULIC ANALOGY APPLIED TO COMPRES- SIBLE FLOW IN THE PARTIAL ADMISSION TURBINE.

(b) Office of Naval Research and United States Naval Underwater Ordnance Station.

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-U82, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search for master's and doctoral theses.

(e) In a partial admission turbine the nozzle

flow through the rotor blading constitutes

an unsteady flow field. The purpose of

this Investigation is to study this flow

with the ultimate goal of recommending

design improvements. The flow field is varying both in time and in space and is therefore very complex. In order to ex- plore theoretical approaches to the flow

field the feasibility of experimental

models based on Interferommetry and the

hydraulic analogy to compressible fluid

flow is here explored. The hydraulic

analogy proved a superior approach and an unsteady flow water table simulating the

turbine flow has been constructed and suc- cessfully tested. The water flow experimental data has been very successfully

correlated with the theoretical analysis

of shock and rarefraction wave propagation

in the rotor channels. The theoretical

(3091)

00

(c)

study of the complex two-dimensional field

at the nozzle exit has been limited but

has shown good qualitative correlation wHj

experimental data. In order to explore

wide ranges of design point, blading geom< try, nozzle design and shroud configurati( ; the use of photo-stereo techniques with

machine reduction of water height data is being experimentally explored.

(g) The water table has been shown to be an accurate reproduction of the compressible 'I flow gas case. (h) "Nonsteady, Two -Dimensional Flow in a Partial Admission Turbine - The HydraulicAnalogy", by Helge Kolbjorn Heen, Sc. D. Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.,

September 5, 1958. "Fuels and Prime Movers for Rotating

Auxiliary Power Units", by Robert W. Mann,

Report No. 121, Dynamic Analysis and Con- trol Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology

Cambridge, Mass.

FLUIDIZED FLOW OF GAS-SOLID SUSPENSIONS I! ACCELERATING AND DECELERATING PASSAGES.

Laboratory research.

Prof. A. H. Shapiro, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Room 3-264, Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) Experiments and theory for the flow of

fluidized suspensions in nozzles and diffusors

- (3092) JET-PIPE VALVE STUDY.

(b) Wright Air Development Command, U. S. Air

Force.

(c) Prof. S. Y. Lee, Dept. of Mechanical Engrg

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts

(d) Research.

(e) Study the pressure flow characteristics of! conventional and unconventional jet-pipe

valves for both compressible and incompres

ble fluids. Study the effect of geometry

to the steady-state characteristics. De- termine optimum design for a given applica

tion.

(g) Jet-pipe of conventional design was con- structed. The steady-state characteristic; were measured as the relative sizes of the

jet and receiving holes were varied. Modi] fied jet-pipe was designed with the aim of improving the performance.

(h) "Steady-State Characteristics of a ShortStroke Jet-Pipe Valve", W. R. Brown, S. B. Thesis, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, May 1958.

(3093) FLOW BEHAVIOR IN AN ANNULUS FORMED BY TWO

CONCENTRIC CYLINDERS WITH THE INNER CYLIN- DER IN ROTATION.

(b) Lincoln Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge 39 > Massachusetts.

(c) Prof. Joseph Kaye, Mechanical Engineering

Department, Room 1-210, M. I.T., Cambridge

1+2
(g)

39 j Massachusetts.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for M. S. and Sc. D. degrees.

(e) The objective of this research study is to

determine the type of flow behavior which

exists in an annulus between two concentric

cylinders when the outer cylinder is sta- tionary and the inner cylinder is set in

rotation. Both adiabatic and diabatic flow

in the axial direction will be superimposed (3096) on the rotation. The entrance region of

such differential flow will also be examined

experimentally and theoretically.

(g) Adiabatic and diabatic flow measurements

have been made for the fully- developed flow

region.

(h) "Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow Between Con- centric Rotating Cylinders ", E. C. Elgar,

September 1956.

"An Experimental - Theoretical Study of

Heat Transfer in an Annulus with an Inner Rotating Cylinder", K. Becker, Sept. 1957.

"Modes of Adiabatic and Diabatic Fluid

Flow in an Annulus with an Inner Rotating

Cylinder", J. Kaye and E. C. Elgar, Lincoln

Laboratory, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

February 15, 1957-

; 309*0 CYCLONE SEPARATOR RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Joseph L. Smith, Jr., Room 3-266, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied re- search for master's and doctoral degrees.

(e) The research is directed toward an understanding of the vortex flow in cyclone

separators and of the relation between the

flow and the overall pressure and separa- tion parameters of the cyclone.

(g) Understanding has been gained from experimental observations and particularly from

an application of the previously developed

theory of rotating flows.

J095) WINDAGE AND PUMPING LOSSES IN GAS PARTIAL- ADMISSION TURBINES

(b) Office of Scientific Research, U. S. Air Force

(c) Prof. Robert W. Mann, Room 3-W32, Mass.

Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

(e) Experimental evaluation of windage losses

in a partial admission turbine. The windage losses in a partial admission turbine

can be a controlling factor in their

design, especially since shroud and blading geometry most suitable for increasing

the efficiency of active flow from one or several nozzles is such as to cause high

windage losses in those portions of the

rotor not in the active flow. In this

investigation experimental torque measure- ments will be made over a wide range of

Reynolds numbers for progressive variations in blading aspect ratio and solidity

and shroud axial and radial clearance.

Analytic models which conform to the

experimental results will be generated in

order to generalize the experimental data. Experimental work under way.

"Fuels and Prime Movers for Rotating

Auxiliary Power Units", by Robert W. Mann,

Dynamic Analysis and Control Laboratory,

Report No. 121, Mass. Inst, of Tech.,

Cambridge, Massachusetts.

REFLECTION OF A MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCK

BY A MAGNETIC "WALL".

Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39 , Mass. Thesis work.

This is an experimental investigation of

the behavior of a strong- shock wave as it

penetrates a region within which an intense

magnetic field has been established. It is proposed to study the interactions processes (reflection and transmission of the

wave) at the boundary. The apparatus is now being constructed.

(3097) STUDIES OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SHOCKS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(b) Cambridge Air Force Research Center.

(c) Prof. Osman K. Mawardi, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39 > Mass.

(d) Thesis work.

(e) A preliminary theoretical study, on the

basis of continuum theory, has been com- pleted in order to establish the dynamics

and structure of a hydromagnetic shock

wave. The analysis indicates the dependence of the state of the gas upstream and

downstream of the shock as a function of

the magnetic field, the pressure and tem- perature of the ionized gas. A prediction

has also been made for the expected behavior of the electric and magnetic fields

in the vicinity of the shock. The apparatus required for the experimental verification of this analysis is now being con- structed.

(3098) FILM CONDENSATION OF VAPOR IN HORIZONTAL

TUBES.

(b) American Society of Mechanical Engineers,

Whirlpool Corporation.

(c) Prof. A. L. Hesselschwerdt, Jr., and Prof.

John C. Chato, Dept. of Mech. Engineering,

Mass. Inst, of Technology, Cambridge 39? Mass

(d) Theoretical and experimental research for

doctoral thesis.

(e) The purpose of the work is to analyze the

fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer

phenomena occurring during condensation in

a horizontal tube; and to develop a com- plete description of the process that will

correlate reasonably well with the data

obtained by experiments. The experimental

work is designed primarily for the study

of the fluid mechanics of the system.

(g) No complete results are available yet on

h3
(h)

the present phase of the work

"Film Condensation of Vapor in a Horizontal

Tube", J. B. Chaddock, Refrigerating Engineering, 65, No. k, 31, 1957-

AXIAL INDUCERS FOR TURBO-PUMPS.

General Electric, Westinghouse, and Allison

Division of General Motors.

Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39? Mass. Theoretical and experimental; applied

research. Tests to determine the suitability of a procedure for designing an anti -cavitation

inducer.

Design theory developed. Tests being made.

Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. kk. Available after February 1959-

THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN COMPRESSOR

CASCADES. PART I: EFFECT OF SKEWED FLOW

AT BLADE EXTREMITIES.

General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison

Division of General Motors.

Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mech. Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Tech., Cambridge 39, Mass

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search for Sc.D. thesis.

Study of the effect of the flow approaching

a blade row which occurs near the walls.

Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. k6. Available after September 1959-

THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN COMPRESSOR

CASCADES. PART II: EFFECT OF INCREASED DIFFUSION AT BLADE EXTREMITIES.

General Electric, Westinghouse, Allison

Division of General Motors.

Prof. E. S. Taylor, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology,

Cambridge 39, Mass. Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search for Sc.D. thesis.

Flow in a compressor cascade with retarded

axial velocity. Measurements of velocity, pressure distribution and boundary layer.

Predictions of flow angles and stall appear to be possible.

Gas Turbine Laboratory Report No. kd. Available after October 1959-

(d)

(e)

UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS ENGINEERING RESEARCH

INSTITUTE.

(256l) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES IN WESTERN MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) Cooperative with the U. S. Soil Conserva- tion Service, U. S. Weather Bureau, and U.

S. Geological Survey. Student assistance

financed by Faculty Research Grant.

(c) Prof. George R. Higgins, Engineering Re- search Institute, University of Mass.,

Amherst, Mass.

Experimental; field and laboratory; for

design of watershed yield, flood peak reduction, and general information.

Rainfall and runoff studies will be made

on small drainage areas in western Massa- chusetts which when combined with other

hydrologic factors such as temperature,

evaporation, vegetal cover, ground water,

etc., will provide a better basis for

design of small reservoirs with regard to

yield and flood peak reduction.

MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil

Engineering.

(2122) DEVELOPMENT OF THE BOUNDARY LAYER IN THE ENTRANCE TO A PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. R. Henry, Dept. of Civil Engineer

ing, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Velocity and pressure measurements obtaine

to determine flow conditions at the entran

of a pipe.

(f) Completed.

(g) Present theories corroborated. Assymetry

of velocity profiles appears to be a permanent characteristic.

(h) Publication forthcoming.

( 2125 ) SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN RUNOFF WATER FROM

SMALL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineer

ing Dept., Michigan State University, East, Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Field investigation; for design.

(e) Samples of runoff water are collected at periodic intervals and more frequent

intervals during flood flow to determine

the concentration of sediment being transported. Runoff gaging stations serviced b; USGS. Dense network of 22 recording raingages for 25 square mile area in two water

sheds

(g) Sediment content of runoff is low.

(h) "Hydrologic Studies of Small Watersheds In: Agricultural Areas of Southern Michigan", [ Report No. 1, Deer-Sloan Basin, A. D. Ash,,; et al. Water Resources Commission, State jj of Michigan, 77 PP, 1958.

(2126) SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineer-j

Ing Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Experimental; field investigation, applied ; research.

(e) To study the effect of bedding, bedding an

moling, bedding and tile, and tile drainage on crop yields in a submarginal farming area. Crop yields in a grain-grain

kk
(2127)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

hay-hay rotation are measured in increments

away from the drainage feature. Two rod tile lateral spacing has given the

highest crop yields. A 60-foot tile

spacing ranks second.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE STABILITY AND DURA- BILITY OF SUBSURFACE DRAINS PLACED IN MUCK.

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Experimental, field investigation; applied

research. Four lateral underdrains were placed in

muck (Ph6.5). Concrete and clay tile in one- and two-foot lengths. Perforated

steel pipe in eight-foot lengths and per- forated fibre pipe in six-foot lengths were installed in 1952. Elevations of the ground surface and the

underdrains are taken annually. Quality

of material is checked at four-year intervals . The soil surface subsided 0.8 to 0.9 feet the first year, with little subsidence

since. The underdrains settled about 0-3

feet the first year. Negligible since. Concrete drain tile from three manufacturers deteriorated by acid action. Con- siderable rusting was noted on galvanized

steel. Hay blinding material was in

excellent condition.

"Stability and Durability of Underdrains

in an Organic Soil", R. Z. Wheaton, et

al. Quarterly Bulletin, Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan

State Univ., Article No. 40-63, pp 555-

560, February 1958.

(3102) WATER REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. Z. Wheaton, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.^

(d) Experimental, field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Four" areas are protected against natural

rainfall during the cropping season. Pre- cision irrigation is practiced to maintain

four levels of available water in the soil.

Meteorological, evapotranspiration and

evaporation data is also collected.

(g) The highest level of available water

(range between 70 and 100$ in the surface

foot) gives the highest yield of potatoes.

Consumptive use peak rate of 0.18 inches

per day.

(3103) A STUDY OF SECONDARY FLOW IN THE BEND OF A

CLOSED CONDUIT.

(b) Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Chung-sheng Cornelius Shih, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

(d) Theoretical; basic Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Mathematical analysis of flow in the bend

of a closed conduit

(31010 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR FROST PROTECTION

OF PLANTS.

(h)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(3105)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station.

Prof. E. H. Kidder, Agricultural Engineering Dept., Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Experimental, laboratory and field investigation; applied research.

To determine the application rates and re- peat frequency of water application to give

effective protection to plants against

frost damage.

Application rates of 0.1 inch per hour,

repeat frequency of 12 to 20 seconds has

protected truck crops against minimum

temperature of 19° F. "Frost Protection with Sprinkler Irrigation",

E. H. Kidder and J. R. Davis, Extension

Bulletin No. 327, Michigan State University,

Cooperative Extension Service, 12 pp, 1956.

SHEAR AND PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON DUNE- SHAPED BOUNDARIES.

Laboratory project

Dr. E. M. Laursen, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Michigan State University, East

Lansing, Michigan.

Experimental; basic research.

Since the bed of alluvial channels commonly

consists of ripples or dunes, the distribution of shear and pressure over these

roughness elements is of interest in regard

to both sediment transportation and re- sistance to flow. A 44- foot Lucite conduit

with schematic triangular dunes and air as the fluid will be used in the experimental

investigation.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Dept. of Civil Engineering

(2129) DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW CONTROL. 00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

(2809)

Rackham Research Grant. Prof. V. L. Streeter, 322 W. Engineering

Bldg., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,

Mich.

Experimental and analytical.

Determination of effectiveness of the

principle of single-orifice flow control

with a non-linear spring resistance as applied to open channels

Completed.

The general principle of a spring force

varying exponentially with displacement

and an orifice area varying exponentially

with spring displacement yielding sub- stantially constant flow control over the

design head range has been confirmed.

"A Flow Controller for Open or Closed

Conduits", V. L. Streeter, Trans. ASCE,

pp. 883-907, 1958.

ELIMINATION OF WAVE MOTION IN MENTOR

HARBOR, OHIO.

45
(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

The Mentor Har"bor Yachting Club. Prof. E. F. Brater, 320 W. Engineering

Bldg., Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Model study. A 1:50 model of the harbor area was con- structed. Prototype wave conditions were reproduced in the model and methods of

eliminating the objectionable conditions were tested.

Completed.

Three plans were found which reduced wave heights in the harbor by amounts varying

from 78 to 65 percent.

Report supplied to sponsor.

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, Ship Model Tank.

(3106) BARGE RESISTANCE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. L. A. Baler, Naval Architecture and

Marine Engineering, U50 West Engineering

Building, University of Michigan, Ann

Arbor, Michigan.

(d) Research.

(e) Effect of proportions and rakes in re- stricted waters.

(3107!

(c)

m

(e)

EXT. OF TMB SERIES 60, BULBOUS BOW INVESTIGATIONS

Project conducted for Student Research

Project sponsored in part by the Society

of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Mr. R. B. Couch, Chairman, Naval Archi- tecture and Marine Engineering, k^O West Engineering Building, University of Mich.. Ann Arbor, Michigan. An experimental project of applied re- search for graduate student courses. Parent models of TMB Series 60, block

coefficients of O.65, 0.70 and 0.75 are being fitted with bulbous bows of yjo, Gf>, and 9$ area. Resistance tests are being

run and flow studies made. Reports will

be prepared on completion of the work.

MISSOURI SCHOOL OF MINES AND METALLURGY, Depart- ment of Civil Engineering.

(317) VELOCITY STUDIES IN A VERTICAL PIPE FLOWING FULL.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Missouri.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

(e) Tests were conducted on vertical flow in

1/2 inch hard-drawn copper pipe to investigate flow with pipe flowing full and

under positive pressure.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The experimental results obtained were in

agreement with theoretical computations.

Continuing studies confirm the previous

results

'(h) "Velocity Studies in a Pipe Flowing Full",

R. F. Tindall. Master's Thesis, Missouri

School of Mines, 1950. (Available on loan. Je

(319) WEIR STUDIES.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. E. W. Carlton, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. (d) Experimental; basic research -for master '

thesis

(e) Tests on rectangular weirs were made to determine effect of velocity of approach

on the relation between crest depth and

critical depth of an imaginary open channel having same dimensions as the weir

opening

(g) Study produced a simple, accurate and quick

solution for plotting of M function.

Relationship between the M function and

the critical depth is logarithmic. This

greatly simplifies determination of critical flow where the critical depth is known

or vice versa. A relationship exists

between M function of channels of same shape but different dimensions. The

velocity of approach does not affect the

relationship between physical depth and

crest depth.

(h) "Calibration of weirs by means of critical

flow and specific energy," R. A. Rapp, Master's Thesis, Missouri School of Mines,

1950. (Available on loan.

(2578) CORRELATION OF WEIR CREST DEPTH AND WEIR

FLOW CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory Project.

(c) Prof. Clifford D. Muir, Civil Engineering

Department, Missouri School of Mines and

Metallurgy, Rolla, Mo. (d) Experimental.

(e) Tests on several cipoletti weirs were made

in order to determine the effect of weir

thickness, H/P ratio, and Froude's Number

on the ratio of crest depths to the critical depth of an imaginary open channel

having the same dimensions as the weir

flow section.

(g) This study indicated a definite relationship between the crest depth to critical

depth ratio and the Froude Number of the

imaginary channel. However, the ratio

tended to become constant at either high

or low Froude Numbers. The H/P ratio had

no noticeable affect on this relationship. A continuation of this study indicates

probable superiority of crest depth flow

relationships, when weirs having a narrow width with respect to head are being used.

(h) "Correlation of Weir Crest Depth Froude

Number, H/P Ratio, and Weir Thickness."

Paul Harrawood, Master's Thesis, Missouri

School of Mines, 1956. (Available on

loan.

k6
SDNTANA STATE COLLEGE, Agricultural Experiment

Itation.

inquiries concerning the following projects should

ie addressed to Mr. 0. W. Monson, Head, Agriculural Engineering Dept., Montana State College,

iozeman, Montana.

3108) FORECASTING OF WATER SUPPLY BASED ON WATER

EQUIVALENT OF SNOW AND OTHER HYDROLOGIC

FACTORS.

(b) Conducted for Montana Agricultural Experi- ment Station in cooperation with Soil

Conservation Service, USDA.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The present objective is to (l) forecast

maximum or peak discharge for flood con- trol and (2) to forecast recession from

peak to "base, or mean, flow as an aid to water commissioners and water users whose water rights are based on priorities.

(g) Progress up to present time indicates that

maximum or. peak discharge can he forecast

approximately. Forecasting of recession

has not yet proved reliable.

(h) Annual reports to Western Regional Research

Conference and to Federal Examiner, O.E.S.

3109) IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY STUDIES.

(h) Montana Agricultural Experiment Station in

cooperation with U. S. Bureau of Reclamation.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Development of a formula to guide irrigator

in the application of the amount of water which can he stored within root zone for

use by crop. Intended for irrigation by

surface flooding methods of irrigation.

(g) Formula gives size of stream Q (cfs) in terms of length and width of strip, rate

of water intake, slope or gradient of

field, and a roughness factor depending

on density of vegetation.

Formula:

Q [ 36OOKD ]

5/2 3/2 w 37*

(h) Annual reports to Western Regional Research

Service and to Federal Examiner, O.E.S.

3110) REDUCTION OF SEEPAGE IN CANALS BY APPLICA- TION OF BENTONITE.

(b) Laboratory project in cooperation with

Cameron Ditch Co. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Bentonite applied in a slurry by sedimentation method proved inefficient when canal was constructed through coarse gravel with

insufficient fine material to trap the

bentonite.

(g) Four miles of ditch in coarse gravel was treated with 12 inch compacted earth

lining reduced seepage by about 75$.

Bentonite treatment may be necessary.

NEWPORT NEWS SHIPBUILDING AND DRY DOCK COMPANY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. C. H. Hancock, Hydraulic

Laboratory, Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock

Company, Newport News, Virginia.

(123) HYDRAULIC TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines, using either Francis

or propeller type runners, are tested for

power and efficiency at various speeds.

(12k) METER CALIBRATION TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish calibration curve for determining correction for various rates of

flow. Meters are tested at various rates

of flow by weighing tank method. Time is recorded electronically by decade counters.

(896) VANE MOMENT TESTS ON ADJUSTABLE BLADE

RUNNERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Tests are to determine vane moment diagrams.

The turbine load is applied by an electrical dynamometer and the gate openings

are controlled by a governor. The blades

adjust automatically and the blade moment

is measured by a spring dynamometer.

(901) SHIP MODEL RESISTANCE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

( e ) Scale ship models are towed to determine

the effective horsepower, bare hull,

required by the ship. Because of their

small size, several models may be towed in

a short period of time thus allowing much

preliminary work to be done on the choice

of lines . The final lines are checked by

the David Taylor Model Basin. To eliminate

a large portion of this preliminary testing,

a schedule of systematic models was arranged in which the beam- draft ratio,

the displacement-length ratio, and the

prismatic coeffident are varied over a wide range. Towing this set of models is

continuing and when completed will provide

design data for a standard offset series

covering a wide range.

(1132.) HYDRAULIC PUMP TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model pumps, centrifugal and propeller types, are tested at constant speeds

for head developed, power consumption, and

efficiency at various rates of discharge.

Cavitation tests are sometimes conducted

by lowering the suction head to a point

where the developed head and efficiency

hi
break down.

(1133) CAVITATION TESTS OF HYDRAULIC TURBINE

MODELS.

(t>) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Scale model turbines are tested on cavitation stand to determine sigma at which

cavitation starts. By the use of a Plexiglas throat ring and a Strobolux light

synchronized with the shaft rotation,

visual observations are made to determine

the location on the blade where cavitation

starts. Tests also run to determine runa- way speeds at low sigma values.

(2582) AIR TESTS ON HYDRAULIC TURBINE MODEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Plexiglas hydraulic turbine model is tested

with air. Smoke and tufts are used in the

flow visualization studies. Velocity and

pressure distribution studies are made

using a sensitive differential manometer. The gate moments obtained from the pressure distribution will be checked with a strain gage dynamometer.

(3111) PUMP-TURBINE TESTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design data.

(e) Pump-turbine models are to be tested on this new facility. A previously tested

pump model has been tested to verify calibrations. A previously tested turbine

model is now being readied for this stand to further correlate calibrations. This

stand will be adaptable for either pump or turbine model tests as well as pump-turbine

model tests . Cavitation as well as per- formance tests can be made on this facility.

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Chemical Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 2135, 2583, 2584,

2812, 3113, and 3118 should be addressed to Prof.

J. Happel, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, New York

University, University Heights, New York 53* N. Y.

(2135) EFFECT OF A CYLINDRICAL BOUNDARY ON RIGID

SPHERES SUSPENDED IN A MOVING VISCOUS

FLUID.

(f) Completed.

(g) At low Reynolds numbers the experimental

results indicate very good agreement with

existing theoretical treatments; however,

at high Reynolds numbers marked deviations

occur. Equations are presented which predict the drag on the sphere and the pressure drop due to the presence of a sphere.

It has been established that the boundary

effect is constant at increasing fluid

velocity and that the deviation from theory

at high Reynolds number is due solely to inertial effects. An equation is presented

which predicts the drag on one sphere in

the presence of a second sphere as a func- tion of the center-to-center distance be- tween the two spheres.

(2583) EFFECT OF PARTICLE CONCENTRATION ON PRES- SURE DROP AND SEDIMENTATION VELOCITY IN DILUTE BEDS OF PARTICLES.

(b) Grants from Texas Company and American

Chemical Society; laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

thesis.

(e) The slow translational motion of dilute

beds of particles settling through a viscous fluid subjected to the influence of

cylindrical boundaries Is being studied.

This will ultimately enable a theoretical

prediction of the effect of particle con- centration on pressure drop and sedimentation velocity in beds of particles.

(g) The fluid velocity for a large number of

field points within a cylindrical containei

has been computed for a spherical particle

settling at six evenly spaced locations

along the cylinder radius. The velocity

field for all locations has also been

obtained from the computed points by

interpolation.

(25 84) THE MOTION OF TWO SPHERES FOLLOWING EACH

OTHER IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Grant from the American Petroleum Research

Fund of the American Chemical Society;

laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis.

(e) Determination of the terminal settling

velocity of two equal size spheres moving

parallel to their line of centers as a function of the ratio of sphere diameter m

center-to-center distance, and Reynolds

number. An attempt to verify existing

theoretical solutions of this problem for

the case of "creeping motion" as well as to determine the magnitude of inertial

effects which are present at higher

Reynolds numbers.

Completed.

At Reynolds numbers less than 0.2 the

experimental results agreed closely with

existing theory and showed that the terminal velocity of a sphere falling in the presence of another equal sphere in a viscous fluid is greater than the velocity

of one sphere falling alone. This .

(b) Grant from Texas Company; Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis. (f)

(e) A study of the effect of a cylindrical (g)

boundary on rigid spheres suspended in a moving fluid as a function of the Reynolds

number, sphere to cylinder diameter ratio

and sphere eccentricity by measurement of

drag on spheres and pressure drop caused

by their presence.

48
phenomenon is due to interaction forces

between the two spheres which become greater

as the distance between spheres becomes

less; the interaction forces reach a maxi- mum when the spheres are touching.

At Reynolds numbers greater than 0.25 where

inertial effects cannot be neglected, the two spheres were found to attract each

other; the contribution of the inertial

effects to the drag on each sphere was found to be approximately equal to (l + 0.11 Re) in the Reynolds number range from

.3 to .7- (h) "The Motion of Two Spheres Following Each

Other in a Viscous Fluid", Robert Pfeffer, Master's Thesis, 1958 (available on loan).

(2812) THE MOTION OF A RIGID SPHERE IN A FRICTION- LESS CYLINDER.

(b) Grant from the American Petroleum Research

Fund of the American Chemical Society;

laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research for the master's degree.

(e) Investigation was undertaken to develop a

sphere and cylinder model which will serve

as a basis for further theoretical studies

of assemblages of particles. Stokes

equations of viscous flow were assumed to apply to the motion of a rigid sphere

along the axis of an infinitely long cylinder. Solution of the problem was carried

out under the postulate that the fluid

shear on the cylinder wall is everywhere

zero.

(f) Completed.

(g) An exact solution has been obtained in the

form of an infinite set of linear simul- taneous equations for the coefficients in

the Stokes stream function. Experimental

work involved the measurement of the drag

on a sphere suspended in a fluid having a parabolic velocity distribution at infinity. Results show that the measured

drag is in good agreement with the theoretical predictions.

(h) "The Motion of a Rigid Sphere in a Frictionless Cylinder", Paul A. Ast, Master's

Thesis, 1958 (available on loan).

(3112) DISSIPATION OF ENERGY DUE TO SOLID PARTICLES SUSPENDED IN A VISCOUS LIQUID.

(b) National Science Foundation Grant.

(c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Establishment of the conditions of applicability of Einstein's viscosity equation;

applicability of relation between pressure

drop and weight of a fluidized bed.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Dissipation of Energy Due to Solid Particles Suspended in a Viscous Liquid", H. Brenner, Physics of Fluids 1, 338-^6 (1958).

(3113) THE MOTION OF TWO SPHERES PERPENDICULAR TO THEIR LINE OF CENTERS IN A VISCOUS FLUID.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research for the master's degree.

(e) This work will continue previous studies on the motion of two spheres in a viscous

fluid. Experiments will be conducted in a five foot tall, sixteen inch diameter glass

column. These large dimensions will minimize any errors due to the wall and end

effects. Two one-quarter inch spheres will

be dropped side by side and the forces of

repulsion between them will be measured;

the study will be carried out using spheres

of various densities and fluids of various

•viscosities

(3114) SLOW VISCOUS FLOW PAST A SPHERE IN A

CYLINDRICAL TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A theoretical treatment is developed for

the slow flow of a viscous fluid through a cylindrical container within which a small

particle is confined; the sphere is situated in an arbitrary position within the

cylinder and moves at constant velocity

parallel to the walls.

( f ) Completed.

(g) Approximate expressions have been derived

which give the frictional drag, rotational

couple, and permanent pressure drop caused

by the presence of the obstacle in the

original Poiseuillian field of flow as a function of the ratio of sphere to cylinder

radius and fractional distance of the particle from the longitudinal axis of the

cylinder. The results are directly applicable to devices such as the falling ball

viscometer when the sphere is eccentrically

located.

(h) Brenner, H. and Happel, J., Journal of

Fluid Mechanics k, Part 2, 195 (1958).

(3115) SOLUTION OF OSEEN'S EQUATIONS FOR FLOW PAST AN OFF- CENTERED SPHERE IN A CYLINDER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research for doctoral

degree

(e) It is the purpose of this project to determine the sidewise force exerted on an offcentered sphere in a cylinder. This will

be obtained by satisfying the boundary

condtions in the solution to Oseen's equations for fluid flow.

(3116) FLOW FROM A POINT SOURCE INTO A PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Howard Brenner, Department of

Chemical Engineering, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Theoretical; basic research for the

h9
(3117)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(3118)

00

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

master's degree.

The development of laminar flow in a pipe

from a symmetrically placed point source,

at low Reynolds numbers, has been investigated as a basis for further theoretical

studies of assemblages of such point

sources. Stokes equation of viscous flow were assumed to apply to the case of axisymmetrical motion in an infinitely long

cylinder. The solution of the problem was obtained under the assumption that there

is no motion' of the fluid with respect to

the wall and that at large distances from

the source (i.e. at infinity) the field must be parabolic.

An exact solution has been derived by the

method of reflection resulting in an infinite series expressing Stokes stream func- tion as a function of position. A plot of constant stream lines versus position

along the cylinder was obtained.

NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS THROUGH A FLUIDIZED

BED.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Howard Brenner, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, New York University.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

To determine the pressure drop in a fluidized bed by using a fluid that gives Bingham flow. A thick suspension of Illinois

yellow clay In water is being used as a fluid. The data will be used in the

designing of fluidized beds.

VISCOUS FLOW IN MULTIPARTICLE SYSTEM: SLOW MOTION OF FLUIDS RELATIVE TO BEDS OF SPHERICAL PARTICLES.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical; basic research. A mathematical treatment is developed on the basis that two concentric spheres can

serve as the model for a random assemblage

of spheres moving relative to a fluid. By

using appropriate boundary conditions

which apply to the model a closed solution

was obtained which satisfies the StokesNavier equations omitting inertia terms. Completed.

The analytical solution enables the rate

of sedimentation or alternatively pressure

drop to be predicted as a function of

fractional void volume.

Happel, J., AIChE Journal, k, 197 (1958).

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Fluid Mechanics Laboratory.

(1912) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SIDE WEIR.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. A. H. Griswold, New York University, New York 53, N. Y. (d) This is an applied research project In which a theoretical analysis is being

checked experimentally.

(g)

(3119)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

A test program has been completed that

included tests of two widths of channel two

lengths of crest and two crest heights.

The analysis of this data is underway.

VELOCITY AND BOUNDARY LAYER DISTRIBUTION OF FLOW IN A SMOOTH CIRCULAR PIPE.

Laboratory project.

Prof. Glen N. Cox, Chairman, Engineering

Mechanics Dept., New York 53, New York.

Experimental; basic research for master's

thesis

The purpose of this investigation was to study the velocity distribution and the

mixing length for flow of water in a 2.5 diameter brass pipe having a well rounded

entrance. Velocity traverses were made at numerous sections using a small pitot tube. Suspended.

The experimental data showed that the mixing length extended for a distance of

approximately k-6 pipe diameters from the entrance. "Velocity and Boundary Layer Distribution

of Flow in a Smooth Circular Pipe," John F. Farrell , Jr . , New York Univ . , New York 5 3 , New York, June 1958 (unpublished thesis).

NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, Department of Meteorology and

Oceanography.

(2356

(b

(c

(a

(e

(h

(2357

(a

(e

SHIP MOTIONS PROJECT.

David Taylor Model Basin, Department of th

Navy.

Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53, New York.

Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research.

Studies of the theory of a stationary

Gaussian process as applied to the motions

of ships in waves; experimental and theoretical determination of co-spectra and

quadrature spectra.

Theoretical studies of cross spectra, and

theoretical papers on wave theory and ship

motion theory.

"Certain Probabilities Associated with Bow

Submergence and Ship Slamming in Irregular

Seas," Leo J. Tick, Journal of Ship Research, 1958.

WAVE PROJECT.

Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy.

Prof. Willard J. Pierson, Jr., Research

Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University Heights, New York 53, N. Y. Theoretical and experimental, and basic

and applied.

Attempt to formulate the zero crossing

problem of a stationary Gaussian process and solve it for spectra like those of

ocean waves.

50
(g) Excellent results have been obtained.

(h) "Theoretical and Observed Results for the

Zero and Ordinate Crossing Problems of

Stationary Gaussian Noise with Application

to Pressure Records of Ocean Wave", by S. Ehrenfeld, N. R. Goodman, S. Kaplan, E. Mehr, W. J. Pierson, R. Stevens, and L. F. Tick, Tech. Report, College of Engineering, New York University, 1958.

(3120) OFFICE OF NAVAL RESEARCH OCEAN ATMOSPHERE

INTERACTION AND WAVE PROJECT

(b) Geophysics Branch, Office of Naval Re- search, Department of the Navy.

(c) Prof. Gerhard Neumann, Professor of

Oceanography, and Prof. Willard J. Pierson,

Jr., Research Associate Professor of Meteorology, New York University, University

Heights, New York 53, N. Y. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) Study of the generation and propagation of waves in deep water; of wave observation

and forecasting techniques, of waves as a three variable stationary Gaussian process, and of non-linear random models of waves

Study of the circulation of the oceans as described last year is continuing. A

study of the capillary wave spectrum is still under way.

(g) A study of swell records obtained by J. E. Dinger at N.R.L. at Barbados is under way. Important non-linear results are being

applied to the study of the Project SWOP

data.

(h) "The Directional Spectrum of a Wind Generated Sea as Determined from Data Obtained

by the Stereo Wave Observation Project",

by Joseph Chase, L. J. Cote, W. Marks, E. Mehr, W. J. Pierson, Jr., F. C. Ronne, G. Stephenson, R. C. Vetter, and R. G. Walden.

Revised report to appear in Journal of

Marine Research.

"A Non-linear Random Model of Gravity

Waves", by Leo J. Tick, 1958. Technical

Report for the Office of Naval Research.

NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND

ENGINEERING OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA,

Department of Engineering Research.

(1636) RAINFALL, INTENSITY, DURATION, FREQUENCY, CURVES FOR NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Chas. Smallwood, Dept. of Engineering Research, North Carolina State College,

Raleigh, N. C. (d) Experimental work consists of collecting

information on rainfall.

(e) The collection and analysis of data per- taining to intensity, duration and fre- quency of rainfall in North Carolina.

(h) Information will be published later.

NORTH DAKOTA AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Agricultural

Engineering Department

(3121) PREFABRICATED DITCH LININGS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Harold Holmen, Assistant Agricultural

Engineer, Agricultural Engineering Dept.,

North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo,

North Dakota.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) Four mil polyethylene lining was used in

irrigation ditches to determine its

durability and usefulness in preventing

seepage.

(g) Results of one year's work indicate that

surface linings must be well anchored and

may last more than one season. One half

of the linings were removed at the end of

the season and showed some damage.

NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, The Technological

Institute

(2361) FATE OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN SURFACE WATERS.

(b) U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

(c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell, Jr., Northwestern

University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

research of Mr. Ivor Thomas.

(e) Study of the fate of fission products when

injected into the Chicago Sanitary Ship

Canal near Lemont, 111. Two injections

have been made and the data have been

analyzed to obtain longitudinal dispersion

coefficients

(h) Final report to A.E.C. being prepared at present

(2586) DISPERSION OF FLUID IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Professor Robert B. Banks, Northwestern

University, Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical, experimental.

(e) Packed column apparatus permits sampling of

fluid flow to determine effects of dispersion, diffusion and convection on the change

in solute concentration. One-dimensional

studies have been completed; experiments

in progress on radial flow apparatus.

(g) A theoretical analysis of the problem

indicates that the phenomena is described

by an equation similar to the heat conduction equation. A correlation between the

longitudinal dispersion coefficient and

Reynolds number has been obtained.

(h) "Dispersion in Porous Media", Akio Ogata,

Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University,

August 1958.

(28lU) TORQUE CHARACTERISTICS OF A BUTTERFLY GATE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. S. Hamilton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

51
(d) Theoretical and experimental; master's

thesis

(e) Pressure patterns were obtained for a

"butterfly sluice gate "by model tests, flow

nets and conformal mapping.

(f) Completed.

(g) Theoretical and experimental pressures in

agreement; a suitable mapping function was

found.

(h) "Pressures on a Curved Sluice Gate - An

Application of Conformal Mapping", Fuat

Odar, M.S. Thesis, Northwestern University,

August 1958.

(28l6) UNSTEADY FLOW ABOUT CYLINDERS AND SPHERES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Theoretical, experimental; master's degree

research.

(e) An experimental apparatus is under con- struction which will allow determination

of unsteady forces on submerged bodies.

Velocities, accelerations and forces will

be measured for flows around cylinders and

spheres

(f) Commencing.

(2818) DIFFUSION IN TIDAL ESTUARIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Carlos G. Bell and Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern University, Evanston,

Illinois.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; doctoral

thesis.

(e) Experimental work is being conducted in

long, variable slope channel, modified to simulate a tidal estuary. Test results

will be interpreted in the light of turbulent diffusion coefficients obtained by

measurement of the longitudinal distribution of fluid tracers

(h) "Diffusion in a Vertically Homogeneous

Tidal Estuary", P. J. Huiswaard, Ph.D. Thesis, Northwestern University, Aug. 1958.

(2819) NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Robert B. Banks, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Theoretical; for master's thesis.

(e) Analysis of existing data of flow of non- Newtonian fluids in pipes.

(f) Completed.

(g) A correlation has been obtained between the

pipe friction factor and a modified

Reynolds number.

(h) "Correlations of Newtonian and Non-New- tonian Fluid Flow Behavior", by J. W. Curtis, M. S. Thesis, Northwestern Univ.,

August 1958.

(2820) OBSERVATIONS IN TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUIDIZED

BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, Illinois.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Photographic study of an approximate two- dimensional bed to observe bubble growth

factors and the onset of slugging.

(2821) PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUIDIZED BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111

(d) Experimental; doctoral thesis.

( e ) Use of radiation absorption to determine

density variations and describe particle

motion and agglomerative tendencies.

Physical characteristics as a function of

bed position to correlate and explain heat

and mass transfer.

(g) Bed densities from gamma ray absorptions

available

(2822) HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN FLUIDIZED BEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. W. T. Brazelton, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111.

(d) Experimental, basic research.

(e) A study considering usual variables of

particle size, gas rate, settled bed height

but giving particular attention to parame- ter of bed position. Similar conditions

are maintained for heat and mass transfer

for comparative purposes.

(g) Effect of longitudinal position has been

demonstrated for case of heat transfer. To

test same for mass transfer.

(2824) RANQUE-HILSCH VORTEX TUBE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. M. Brown, Northwestern University,

Evanston, 111. (d) Experimental, basic research; for doctoral

thesis

(e) Investigate flow pattern, pressure, temperature, velocity vector throughout vortex

flow region. Explain resulting temperatures

(h) "The Ranque-Hilsch Vortex Tube", William

Alfred Scheller and George Martin Brown,

Ind. Eng. Chem. h9, 1013-16 (1957)-

(3122) TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN THE FLOW OF GASES AROUND SINGLE SPHERES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. George Thodos, Northwestern Univ.,

Evanston, 111. (d) Experimental applied research; doctoral

research for Mr. Yin-Chao Yen.

(e) Studies are to be initiated for obtaining

experimental data associated with the

simultaneous transfer of momentum, heat and mass from single spheres surrounded by a

gas flowing past it. In this connection

it is proposed to utilize a suspended

sphere made of a diatomaceous earth and

capable of absorbing significant quantities

of liquids. In addition this material

should be capable of permitting the fluid

to flow to the surface by means of capillary

52
action. With this condition, a constant

rate of drying should prevail. Consequent measurements of temperature and buoyant

effects, in conjunction with the rate of mass transfer should permit the evaluation

of the transport processes which occur

simultaneously,

(f) Commencing.

(3123

0>

(c

(a

(e

(f)

(g)

FLOW PARAMETERS IN HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION FOR SEVERAL BEARING SHAPES.

Laboratory project.

Prof. S. Raynor and Prof. A. Charnes,

Technological Institute, Northwestern

University, Evanston, 111. Theoretical; basic.

In the case of hydrostatic lubrication the

designer of thrust bearings has to make

decisions regarding the shape of pads,

location of oil holes, and configuration

of oil grooves. In this paper several pad

shapes and associated oil inlets were In- vestigated using conformal mapping techniques to obtain the total load carrying

capacity, flow rate of oil, oil film thickness, pressure and velocity distribution.

Completed.

The pressure and velocity distribution as well as the total load carrying capacity

were computed for: (l) Circular plates

with central hole; (2) square plates with

central hole; (3) elliptical plates with

oil groove; and (k) infinite strip with

central hole

UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAME, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

(2827) OBLIQUE RATINGS OF A CURRENT METER,

(f) Completed.

(h) "The Use of a Current Meter in Turbulent

and Divergent Channels", by S. Kolupaila,

.Comptes Rendus et Rapports, AIGG, Assemblee

Generale de Toronto, 1957- Gentbrugge

1958, Vol. 1, pp. 1+37-W)-. Some reprints

available

(312*0 HISTORY OF HYDROMETRY IN THE UNITED STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. S. Kolupaila, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame,

Indi ana.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Development of water measurement technique

by U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, U. S. Geological Survey, U. S. Lake Survey,

universities and power companies. Com- parison with the European development.

(f) Completed.

(h) Publication pending.

(3125) UNSTEADY LAMINAR BOUNDARY LAYERS ON ARBITRARY CYLINDERS WITH VARIABLE PHYSICAL

PROPERTIES AND SUCTION OR INJECTION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. K. T. Yang, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre

Dame, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical investigation.

(e) Project deals with solutions to unsteady

laminar boundary-layer equations with

special attention to the effects of variable

physical properties and surface suction or injection on laminar boundary-layer characteristics. Exact solutions are first

obtained for a specific unsteady free- stream velocity distribution. The results

may then be generalized to any free-stream

velocity distribution by means of an integral procedure.

(hj "On Certain Similar Solutions to Unsteady

Laminar Boundary-Layer Equations in Low- Speed Flow", by K. T. Yang, Journal of the

Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 7, July 1958.

THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY, Mechanical Engineering

Department

(3126) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF AIR THROUGH DUCTS LINED WITH INSULATING

MATERIAL.

(b) The Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., Newark,

Ohio.

(c) Mr. Aubrey I. Brown, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(e) Use of high air velocities in insulated

ducts of modern air-conditioning systems

calls for data on the friction factor and

the relative and absolute roughness of

various duct liners at air velocities up to 6000 feet per minute. Results of the tests

show characteristic variations in those

factors at various air velocities to be slightly different than for air flow

through unlined metal ducts. The results

of these tests have contributed to the

development of a duct liner which offers a frlctional resistance to air flow that com- pares very favorably with that of ordinary

galvanized-iron ducts of similar inside

cross-sectional dimensions.

(3127) CAPACITY TESTS OF SAFETY AND RELIEF VALVES.

(b) ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee,

National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors.

(c) Mr. Paul Bucher, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(e) A research and test program which has

developed standardized methods of testing

and rating pressure relief valves which has

been adopted by The ASME Power Boiler Con- struction Code, The ASME Low Pressure Heating Boiler Construction Code and The Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels. The

Code requires that the above tests be con- ducted in an approved laboratory by ap- proved personnel. The Mechanical Engineering Department of the Ohio State University

has participated in this program for twenty

53
years

(3128) VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION IN THE INLET REGION

OF TWO CO-AXIAL CYLINDERS WITH THE INNER

ONE ROTATING.

(c) Mr. L. S. Han, Mech. Engineering Dept.,

The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, L. Powers.

(e) An analytical investigation using the

method of von Kannan's integral equation.

( 3129 ) TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN A HOMOGENEOUS

MATRIX CONTAINING HEAT SOURCES AND SINKS.

(c) Mr. S. M. Marco, Mech. Engineering, Dept.,

The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, Charles K. Smith.

(e) This investigation accomplished the development of equations for the description of

temperature fields in a matrix containing

heat sources and sinks such as a homogeneous

fuel-moderator nuclear reactor cooled by

tubes through which a coolant flows. The

resulting equations are so arranged that

they may be used for design purposes.

(3130) NATURAL CONVECTION BOILING HEAT TRANSFER OF WATER IN VERTICAL RECTANGULAR DUCTS.

(c) Mr. S. M. Marco, The Mech. Engineering Dept.

The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

(d) Ph.D. Dissertation, Hi Chang Chai

(e) An experimental investigation of the effect

of temperature difference, ratio of the

length of the sides of the rectangular

openings, additive agents, water level,

feedwater temperature and scale on the heat transfer rate was conducted. It was found

that two distinct ranges of the variable At exist. Two equations for the heat transfer

coefficient as a function of the temperature difference At were developed. One equation is valid for one range of the

function At/De where De is the equivalent diameter.

(3131) FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS

FOR HEATED HORIZONTAL FLAT PLATES ADJACENT

TO A HEATED VERTICAL FLAT PLATE.

(c) Mr. S. M. Marco, The Mech. Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, V. Torbert.

(e) The heat transfer coefficient on a horizontal flat plate is affected by the

heated column of air flowing over the

vertical heated plate which is adjacent to

it. The results are applicable to the

computation of heat transfer from small

prismatic bodies such as transformers used

in electronic circuits.

(3132) TEMPERATURE AND VELOCITY PROFILES FOR HEAT TRANSFER TO AIR IN TURBULENT FLOW IN A

CIRCULAR DUCT WITH CONSTANT WALL TEMPERATURE.

(c) Mr. S. M. Marco, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, Paul Schumann.

(e) Equations based upon Deissler's variation

of the Reynold's Analogy for the Heat- and

Momentum-Transfer are developed and they

are being compared with extensive experimental data obtained with high temperature

(up to 800° F) air, flowing through a 1-3/1+ in. diameter tube at Nre up to 10^. It it anticipated that the results will be useful

for predicting temperature profiles in circular ducts with heat-transfer between the

duct wall and the flowing fluid.

(3133) CALIBRATION OF PRIMARY FLOW METERING.

(c) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) Calibrations conducted for various industries . (e) Facilities are available in the Dept. of

Mechanical Engineering for conducting calibrations on orifices, flow nozzles, and

other types of primary elements used for flow metering purposes. Water is used as the calibrating medium. Calibrations are made on a weight-time basis. The maximum

capacity of the equipment is approximately ten cubic feet of water per second. In determining the coefficient of discharge an accuracy of 0.25 percent of the average determined by calibration is held. Upon

completion of the calibration a complete

engineering report is prepared and submittec to the sponsor.

(313^) STUDY ON 10-INCH MULTI-PLATE STRAIGHTENING

VANE.

(b) Bailey Meter Company.

(c) Mr. Charles F. Sepsy, Mechanical Engineerin

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(e) Flow measurement as used in acceptance test and performance monitoring must be accom- plished with an accuracy considerably bette

than present commercial limits, in fact,

within a fraction of 1$. This means the

flow itself must be uniformly turbulent at the measuring point. If whirls, swirls or other disturbances are present because of

the geometry of the preceding piping, they

must be eliminated completely before reaching the orifice, flow nozzle, or other type

of primary element installed for metering

purposes. A study was made on a new type

of flow straightener, the Multi-Plate Vane,

which provides a uniformly turbulent flow

at the primary element. The flow straight- ener was developed by the Bailey Meter Co.

( 3135 ) THE EFFECT OF OBLIQUETY ON THE COEFFICIENT

OF DISCHARGE OF A THIN PLATE ORIFICE.

(c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, S. W. Angrist.
(e) To determine what effects (if any) thin

plate orifices set at angles not perpendicular to the direction of flow will have on the coefficient of discharge. The test work included 3 angles from the vertical

20°, k0° , and 65° and 3 different ratios

of orifice size to pipe size. The Reynolds

number range over which these data were collected were from 50,000 to 1+00,000 with water as the flowing medium. This work

will he of interest in the metering and gas turbine fields.

(3136) COEFFICIENTS OF DISCHARGE FOR ANNULAR

ORIFICE PLATES.

(c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, C. W. Wolgemuth.

(e) An experimental investigation of the coefficient of discharge of various types of

annular orifices and of orifices mounted

oblique to the flow. The influence on the

coefficient of discharge of various geo- metrical properties of the orifice. The

flow Reynolds number and tap location are being evaluated.

(3137) SUPERSONIC INTERNAL FLOWS WITH HEAT

ADDITION.

(c) Mr. R. H. Zimmerman, Mechanical Engineering

Dept., The Ohio State University, Columbus,

Ohio.

(d) M.Sc. Thesis, Floyd Bridge.

(e) An analytical investigation to predict the

flow characteristics, total pressure loss

and required area change during supersonic

flow with heat addition. Various special

cases of constant area, constant density, constant velocity, etc. are to be studied.

OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Engineering

Department

(2365) HYDR0L0GIC STUDIES ON SMALL GRASS-COVERED

WATERSHEDS.

(b) Agricultural Experiment Station coopera- tive with Agricultural Research Service.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements are being made to provide

hydrologic data on total watershed runoff

and peak rates of runoff from three small

grass-covered watersheds (17 to 206 acres)

In north central Oklahoma. Highway culverts, modified by the addition of weir

sills, are being used as runoff measuring

devices

(g) Intensive model tests of culverts equipped

with weir sills completed. Eight year

data on precipitation and runoff completed.

(h) "Runoff from Small Watersheds in the

Reddish Prairie Grasslands of Oklahoma",

W. 0. Ree and F. R. Crow, Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin

(in press).

(2828) THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MONOMOLECULAR FILMS

FOR REDUCING EVAPORATION FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. F. R. Crow, Oklahoma State Univ.,

Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, Stillwater, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Studies are being made on evaporation pans, existing farm reservoirs and plastic lined

experimental evaporation reservoirs to develop methods of application and determination of effectiveness of hexadecanol

and octadecanol films for reducing evaporation. Effect of wind on stability of mono'- layers is being studied in low-speed laboratory wind tunnel.

(g) Evaporation reductions of hcrfo have been ob- tained using a slurry method of applying

film to experimental pond. Curves have

been developed relating wind speed and re- quired film application rate.

(h) "Chemicals for Controlling Evaporation from

Open Water Surfaces", F. R. Crow and E. R. Daniel, Trans. ASAE, First Edition, 1958.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, School of Forestry.

(3138) SAMPLE ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR USE IN DETERMINING MAXIMUM FLOW IN WESTERN OREGON

STREAMS.

(b) Project conducted for partial completion of

requirements for Master of Science degree.

(c) Mr. C. W. Dane, O.S.C. School of Forestry,

Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Sample roughness coefficients for use in

Manning's formula were computed from field measurements on 28 stream bottoms in central western Oregon. Streams varied from 50- 5,000 cfs maximum flows.

(f) Completed.

(g) Values of the roughness coefficient computed

and photographs of stream bottoms at low water levels taken.

(h) "Sample Roughness Coefficients for Use in

Determining Maximum Flow in Western Oregon

Streams", thesis filed in Library, Oregon

State College, Corvallis, Oregon.

OREGON STATE COLLEGE, Hydraulic Laboratory.

(2829) MODEL INVESTIGATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL OUTLET FOR DOWNSTREAM MIGRATING FISH AT PELT0N

DAM, OREGON.

(b) Portland General Electric Co., Portland, Ore. (c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis,

Oregon.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

55
(e) Scale model of artificial outlet tested in

model reservoir to determine: (l) Typical

patterns of flow in reservoir as affected

by discharge from penstocks; (2) effect of

artificial outlet upon magnitude and direction of forebay currents; (3) effective

limits of zone influence of the artificial

outlet in the forebay and; (k) optimum

flows into the artificial outlet for satisfactory operation.

(f) Completed.

(g) Unstable flow patterns observed in reser- voir but reasonably consistent trend discovered in surface laying. No measureable

effect of artificial outlet flow upon forebay current patterns . Limits of zone of

influence of artificial outlet was limited

to area in which no appreciable circulation currents existed. Cptimum flow into

skimmer was maximum design flow of 200 cfs. (h) Limited number of final reports submitted

directly to sponsor. No additional copies

available.

Oregon.

(d) Experimental; design, development.

(e) Tests to determine nature of flow into pump suction well and pump suction bells at various flows and operating combinations of

six vertical circulating pumps.

(311*2) HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS OF PROCESS PUMP SUC- TION LINES.

(b) General Electric Co. (c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) Tests to determine flow patterns at suction

flanges of certain process pumps at the

Hanford Atomic Energy Plant.

(g) Developmental results.

(h) Information may be obtained from the sponsor to whom a limited number of reports have

been submitted.

(3139) BULL RUN DAM NO. 2 SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(b) City of Portland, Oregon.

(c) Dr. C. E. Behlke, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis, Ore.

(d) Experimental, development.

(e) Model studies to determine flow patterns

at the suction flanges of several process

pumps were performed. Models were principally constructed of 5-inch I.D. lucite

tubing.

(f) Completed.

(g) Design Improvements.

(311*0) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FALL CREEK FISHWAY.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Division 8, Portland, Oregon.

(c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Jr., Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Oregon State College,

Corvallis, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Model studies of fishway carrying water

from outlet of 5-foot square box culvert.

Studies were made to determine wall

heights of fishway when carrying flows

equal to and exceeding culvert design

capacities

(f) Completed.

(g) Required wall heights found to be only

slightly greater than those estimated in

preliminary design. Pier in diverging

outlet of fishway was found to provide

satisfactory distribution of flow across

crest of outlet baffle.

(h) Limited number of reports submitted

directly to sponsor. No additional copies

available

(311*1) HYDRAULIC MODEL TESTS, PRIMARY PUMP SUCTION WELLS HANFORD WORKS.

(b) General Electric Co. (c) Dr. Roy H. Shoemaker, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Oregon State College, Corvallis,

THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY, Ordnance Re- search Laboratory, Garfield Thomas Water Tunnel.

(259U) SCALE EFFECTS ON THE INCIPIENT CAVITATION CONNECTED WITH LOCAL SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

(c) Mr. J. William Holl, Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) The inception of cavitation on isolated

surface irregularities were investigated

experimentally and theoretically. The

prime variable was the relative height of

roughness, h/8, where h is the height

of roughness and S the boundary layer

thickness in the vicinity of the roughness.

Circular arc and triangular- shaped, two- dimensional roughnesses were studied. The

roughness varied in height from .002 to

.500 inches.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results of tests showed significant variations of the incipient cavitation number

with both size and velocity. The experimental results also showed that when the

boundary layer thickness is 70 times

greater than the height of a triangular

roughness, the Incipient cavitation number

can be as great as 0.3- Thus for comparable

conditions the incipient cavitation number

of any smooth streamlined body of practicalinterest would be increased very significant

when an irregularity is located in the re- gion of minimum pressure.

(h) "The Effect of Surface Irregularities on Incipient Cavitation", J. W. Holl, 0RL TM

5.31+10-03, June 1958.

(2832) MEASUREMENT OF FORCES ON A MODEL IN A WATER

TUNNEL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. T. E. Pierce and G. B. Gurney,

56
Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, Pa.

(d) Experimental; developmental.

(e) The problem concerns the measurement of

forces on models in a water tunnel over a velocity range up to 80 fps, pressure

ranges of 3 to 60 psia.

(g) Methods for waterproofing strain gages permitting application to flooded internal

balance systems satisfactorily developed. A three-component internal balance (lift,

pitching moment, and roll) for use with

8-inch diameter models has been success- fully used under cavitating and non-cavitating conditions. The drag link now incorporated in the pylon mounting strut is being incorporated in the internal system. A smaller balance measuring lift, drag,

pitching moment, and rolling moment for use with string-mounted models up to about k inches in diameter is under construction.

(2833) EXCITATION OF CAVITY RESONANCE BY WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. E. Bland, Dr. E. J. Skudrzyk, Ord- nance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, Pa. (d) Primarily experimental, some theoretical;

basic research.

(e) Experiments involving the excitation of

cavity resonance by water flow past an opening will be undertaken in both the

large and small water tunnels. Test investigations to begin early in 1959-

(2d3h) INCIPIENT CAVITATION UNDER UNSTEADY

CONDITIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. J. Eisenhuth, Ordnance Research

Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pa.

(d) Theoretical; experimental.

(e) This investigation is concerned with the

unsteady interaction between propeller

blades and the wakes of stationary control

surfaces. The particular goal is to learn

the effects on incipient cavitation of pro- peller blades when passing through these

wakes

(f) Completed.

(g) Theoretical predictions were made of the

influence on the non-steady pressure per- turbations on a blade row as a result of

periodic wakes shed from an upstream blade

row. These predictions were compared with

some cavitation experiments on a propeller.

The results indicate that the experimental

values of pressure perturbations are some- what lower than theoretically predicted

values. The general trend, e.g., the influence of wake width and wake spacing, is in substantial agreement between theory

and experiments.

(h) "The Unsteady Wake Interaction in Turbomachinery and its Effect on Cavitation", Hsuan Yeh, J. J. Eisenhuth, ASME Paper

No. 58-A-llU, December 1958.

(31^3) REDUCTION OF SKIN FRICTION DRAG.

(b) Laboratory project sponsored by the Bureau

of Ordnance.

(c) Mr. A. F. Lehman, Ordnance Research Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University,

University Park, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Investigations into the reduction of skin

friction drag on submerged bodies through

boundary layer control. Actual test investigations scheduled for summer 1959-

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, Agricultural Experiment Station.

(2595) A MODEL STUDY OF BREATHERS IN TILE LINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. E. J. Monke, Agr. Engineering Dept.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research; master's thesis.

(e) Investigations were made to determine

whether breathers are necessary in tile

lines

(f) Completed.

(g) An advantage of not using breathers in tile

lines 'Is that greater discharge can be

obtained for heads in the range between

open channel flow and pipe flow. (h) "Effect of Breathers on Flow Characteristics

in Tile Drains Laid on Steep Slopes", by

H. R. Honeyfield, M.S. Thesis, (available

at Purdue Library )

(2596) THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT

STUDIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, SWC, ESW,

USDA and Purdue University.

(c) Mr. L. Donald Meyer, ARS, Agr. Engr. Bldg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; development; operation.

(e) Methods of simulating rainfall, using the

kinetic energy of the drops as the primary

comparison, have been investigated. A

portable rainfall simulator has been de- signed, constructed, and is in use as a tool to aid in the rapid evaluation of

factors that influence runoff, erosion, and

infiltration. Commercial spray nozzles are used to apply intensities of 2jt and 5 inches

per hour to standard runoff study plots.

Construction of the simulator in units

makes it possible to vary the number and

size of plots that are covered simultaneously. Present use of the simulator is primarily for qualitative evaluations of

various topographic soil, water, crop, and

management factors under controlled field

conditions

(h) "Rainfall Simulator for Runoff Plots", by

L. Donald Meyer and Donald L. McCune in

Agricultural Engineering, Vol. 39, pp. 6kk

to 61+8, October 1958.

"An Investigation of Methods for Simulating

57

514561 0-59-5
Rainfall on Standard Runoff Plots and a Study of the Drop Size, Velocity, and

Kinetic Energy of Selected Spray Nozzles ", by L. Donald Meyer in Special Report Wo.

8l, Eastern Soil and Water Mgmt . Research

Branch, SWC-ARS, U. S. Dept. of Agri.,

Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, Md.

(2597) THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE ON RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Helmut Kohnke, Agronomy Dept ., Purdue

,

University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Runoff and soil erosion will "be measured

from 15 watersheds in five different

tillage systems . These systems involve

two surface soil treatments and three subsoil treatments, including subsoil fertilization and vertical mulching. A complete

hydrologic analyses of these small watersheds will be used to evaluate the effects

of tillage on soil moisture, evapo-transpiration, crop growth and yield, runoff,

and soil losses.

(2835) PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF WATER TABLE CONTROL IN SANDY SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Walter D. Lembke, Agricultural Engineering Dept . , Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) At two sites where water table control is

being practiced, the distance from the

soil surface that the water table can be

held is being measured.

(2837) TREATMENT OF SURFACE WATERS FOR DOMESTIC

USE ON THE FARM.

(b) Laboratory^ project

(c) Prof. A. C. Dale, Agr. Engineering Dept.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The effectiveness of treating pond water

through slow sand and diatomaceous earth

filters is being determined.

(h) "Treatment of Pond Water for Farmstead

Use", by C. R. Amerman, M.S. Thesis.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Chemical and

Metallurgical Engineering.

(31 MO JET SPRAY DRYER.

(b) Swift and Company and the Purdue Research

Foundation.

(c) Prof. Stanford W. Briggs, Dept. of Chemi

cal Engineering, Purdue University,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental; applied research for master's

thesis

(e) The application of the jet spray dryer to the drying of milk is being studied. The

effect of operating variables including

temperature, velocity, and concentration

of milk on the particle size and quality

of the dried product are currently under

investigation.

(311+5) FLOW OF NON-NEWTONIAN FLUIDS.

(b) Shell Fellowship Committee of the Shell

Companies Foundation, Inc. (c) Prof. C. 0. Bennett, Dept. of Chemical

Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette,

Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation;

basic research for Ph.D. thesis.

(e) A survey of the literature on the fluid

mechanics and the heat transfer phenomena

of non-Newtonian fluids is under way, and

plans for the experimental apparatus are being completed.

PURDUE UNIVERSITY, School of Civil Engineering.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana and Bureau of Public Roads.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Experimental; for design, for master's

theses

(e) The purpose of the research is to study

systematically the hydraulic efficiency of

waterways under arch bridges, to provide

a criterion for determining the proper clear span of arch bridges so as to compensate

for the loss of efficiency at high flows,

and to provide a method for computing the

backwater upstream of arch bridges.

(g) Testing of small scale models in 6 in. wide

12 ft. long tilting flume in progress. Design of 5 ft. wide 6k ft. long tilting

flume completed.

(h) Monthly progress reports.

(28i+0) MECHANISM OF TURBULENCE IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engrg.,

Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; for Ph.D. theses

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of the mechanism of turbulence in free surface flow. The analytical part of the

project will investigate important flow

characteristics such as the spectrum of

turbulence, correlation of velocities in

the turbulent field, degree of isotropy,

and the various velocity functions. The

experimental portion of the program will

make tests coincident with theoretical

studies

(g) Precision test flume designed. The flume has variable longitudinal slope and changeable cross section. The cross section may

be triangular, rectangular or trapezoidal

with different widths and side slopes.

Other instruments specified.

58
(2841) STUDY OF RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS FOR HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DESIGN IN INDIANA.

(b) State Highway Department of Indiana.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ., Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Analysis and field Investigation.

(e) The purpose of the research is to study the

hydrology of watersheds less than 100 sq. miles throughout the State of Indiana, to improve the existing methods for estimating

the runoff from small watersheds, and to

improve the present methods of design of

highway drainage structures servicing small

watersheds

(f) Temporarily inactive.

(g) Runoff and rainfall data have been collected.

(31^6) HYDROMECHANICS OF FLUID COLLECTOR SYSTEM

IN POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Purdue Research Foundation.

(c) Dr. J. W. Delleur, School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.

(d) Theoretical, and experimental; for Ph.D. thesis

(e) Analytical and experimental investigation

of the hydrodynamics of flow patterns

around horizontal fluid collector systems

in porous media. Theoretical investigation will include two- and three-dimensional

analyses. Theoretical considerations will

be based on existing data and concepts

drawn from investigation with electrical

analog. The analog instrument is designed

to indicate equipotential curves for various water table and permeability conditions.

(g) Extensive European literature is being

compiled.

( 31^7 ) GEOHYDRAULICS

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Messrs. J. W. Delleur and A. L. Simon,

School of Civil Engineering, Purdue Univ.,

Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Geohydraulic theory is being developed as a science based on Fluid Mechanics and

Hydrogeology. Quantitative analyses are developed. A bibliography includes principal works of European scientists and

others

URDUE UNIVERSITY, Jet Propulsion Center.

(237J+) THE MECHANISM OF TWO PHASE FLOW OF ANNULAR

LIQUID FILMS IN A VERTICAL TUBE.

(b) Project Squid, Contract Nonr-l858(25 )

(c) Dr. M. J. Zucrow, Jet Propulsion Center,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search for doctoral thesis.

(e) This problem Is concerned with the ana- lytical and experimental study of the

mechanism of the downward flow of a liquid

film on the inside wall of a vertical circular tube with co-current gas flow in the

core of the tube. The gas static pressure

drop caused by the liquid film, and the

magnitude and frequency of the waves on the

surface of the liquid film have been de- termined experimentally,

(h) "Project Squid Progress Report," April 1958,

and October 1958 and references therein.

REED RESEARCH FOUNDATION.

(31^8) THE STREAMING OF BLOOD IN VEINS AND ARTERIES OF LIVING ANIMALS.

(b) National Heart Institute, under Grants H-2402 and H-2^03(c).

(c) Mr. Johann Martinek, Reed Research Foundation, 10U8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington

7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Steady and non-steady flow of viscous

liquid in rigid and elastic tubes.

(g) It was considered premature to analyze the

rheological aspects of the blood of the

veins and arteries in the beginning of this

study. Hence the blood is considered

throughout as a viscous fluid described by

the Navier-Stokes equations. The veins and

arteries are described as either rigid or elastic tubes. In Part 1., the mathematical

nature of the tube walls in steady and un- steady flows is critically examined. Only

solutions compatible with the initial con- dition and giving resistance (drag) are acceptable physically. Such acceptable

solutions are given for unsteady flow in

rigid and elastic tubes respectively.

(h) "The Streaming of Blood in Veins and

Arteries of Living Animals", by H. de Beaumont, Johann Martinek, and Gordon C. K. Yeh, Progress Report, Research Grants H- 2^02 and H-2402(c) for the period Aug. 1. 1956 to Oct. 31, 1957, Nov. 1, 1957.

REED RESEARCH INCORPORATED.

(2850) RESEARCH TO WORK OUT A THRUST DEDUCTION EVALUATION OF THE SUBMARINE ALBACORE (THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOTAL HARMONIC VELOCITY FIELD AROUND A GENERAL ELLIPSOIDAL SUB- MARINE WITH ONE PROPELLER).

(b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships

Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 10^8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The construction of the exterior Neumann

function, sometimes called Green's function

of second kind, is reported.

(f) Completed.

(g) The construction of the Green's function

of the second kind was possible because the Green's function of first kind was secured

59
in Final Report I. The result of Final

Report I is here applied in the general

form of the expansion for the case of the

exterior Neumann problem related to the

general ellipsoid. Thus the construction

of the Neumann function amounts in fact in

this case to the consideration of a unique

sink at a running point exterior to an ellipsoid with the hydrodynamic boundary

conditions. In view of this, additional

necessary details are given not contained

in Final Report I in reference to the Green's function of first kind pertaining

to the Dirichlet problem. Then the Neumann

function for the general ellipsoid is de- rived. Final Report II is terminated with

considerations of general nature and interest which are concerned with the construc- tion of the most general types of solutions

in terms of the derived Green or Neumann

function.

(h) "Final Report II on Research to Work out a Thrust Deduction Evaluation of the Submarine Albacore (The Construction of the

Total Harmonic Velocity Field Around a General Ellipsoidal Submarine with One Pro- peller)", by Johann Martinek, Henry de Beaumont and Gordon C.K. Yeh, Cont. No. Nonr 2192(00) to David Taylor Model Basin,

August 1, 1958.

(2851) THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE TOTAL HARMONIC VELOCITY FIELD AROUND A GENERAL ELLIPSOIDAL

SUBMARINE WITH ONE PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 1048 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) The Green's function for a Dirichlet pro- blem related to ellipsoids has been con- structed. So far, only bodies of simple

shape with certain idealized propellers

have been solved by the authors and others

in an ideal fluid field obeying the Laplace

equation. These self-propelled bodies have

been essentially confined to shapes of

point or axial symmetry (spheres, spheroids). In this study solutions for the more general problem of self-propelled

bodies with plane symmetry such as ellipsoids in ideal fluid fields which have been

non-existent so far have been derived.

Such plane symmetry is the least idealized

case with regard to submerged vessels of

real shapes. A summary of known classical

results is given and clarified. A new

method pertaining to homothetic ellipsoids was then developed and some of the classical results are rederived. This was done

in order to find if possible a formulation

which may lend itself to the construction

of theorems of the same nature as the

several sphere theorems developed by the

authors in previous reports. A discussion

follows dealing with the homothetic ellipsoid study, with the aim of elucidating

clearly the difference between the Dirichlet

and the Neumann problem. The last phase of

this study presents the Green's function of

first kind for the ellipsoid in a form

suitable for numerical computations.

(f) Completed.

(g) The exterior' Green 's function of first kind

(Dirichlet problem) for the general ellipsoid has been derived for the first time.

(h) "Final Report I on The Construction of the

Total Harmonic Velocity Field Around a General Ellipsoidal Submarine with One Pro- peller", by Johann Martinek, Henry de Beaumont and Gordon C. K. Yeh, Contract Nonr lM+5(00), to David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics

Research Program, December 31, 1957.

(2852) THEORETICAL STUDIES ON STEADY FLUID MOTION

UNDER A FREE SURFACE

(b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships

Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 1048 Potomac Street, N. W. , Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Theoretical studies leading to applications

on steady and certain unsteady fluid mo- tions under a free surface.

(g) The first part of this study establishes a new theorem for expressing the disturbance

function of an n-dimensional field satisfying the Helmholtz equation due to the presence of a hyperplane boundary in terms

of the undisturbed function. In the spe- cial case of a field satisfying the Laplace

equation in three dimensions, the boundary

conditions include those in hydrodynamics,

heat, magnetism, and electrostatics. In the second part of this report, the disturbance potential due to the presence of

a slightly curved free surface (approximating a plane free surface) is expressed

in terms of the potential due to any simply

harmonic oscillatory motion of an Inviscid

incompressible and irrotational fluid flow

in an unlimited domain. By superposition

of such oscillatory potentials, time-dependent potentials for a more general fluid

motion under a free surface are obtained. A special case of the theorem derived in

Part I expresses the disturbance velocity

potential In an unli mi ted domain due to the presence of a plane boundary complying to the radiation condition with the constant factor zero or positive.

(h) "Final Report on Theoretical Studies on Steady Fluid Motion under a Free Surface",

by J. Martinek and G. C. K. Yeh, Contract Nonr 2^73(00) (Bureau of Ships Fundamental

Hydrodynamics Research Program, NS 715-102).

"Disturbance of a Many-Dimensional Field

Satisfying the Helmholtz Equation Due to the Presence of a Hyperplane Boundary", by

G.C.K. Yeh and J. Martinek. Proceedings of

the Royal Society, Series A, Mathematical

and Physical Sciences, Vol. 246 No. 1246

(August 19, 1958) pp. 423-428.

(2853) ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF SHIP SLAMMING.

60
(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy (Bureau of Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research Program).

(c) Dr. Gordon C.K. Yeh, Reed Research Inc.,

10U3 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7,

D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A survey of existing literature has been

carried out pertaining to analytical work

on slamming with or without consideration

of ship elasticity, and on transverse impact on beams and plates. The differential

equation has been established for the pure pitching motion of an elastically supported

cantilever beam according to the principle

of work and energy. The analysis of the

motion and stresses of a free-free beam

subjected to various impact loads has also

been formulated in terms of the characteristic functions representing the normal

modes of vibration of a uniform beam.

Further analysis which is now in progress

pertains to equations of motions for plates

under impact and in particular solutions

for both beams and plates which simulate

certain aspects of ship slamming.

(31J+9) THEORETICAL STUDIES ON STEADY FLUID MOTION

UNDER A FREE SURFACE - II.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(c) Dr. Gordon C. K. Yeh, Reed Research Inc.,

10U8 Potomac Street, N.W., Washington 7,

D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Theoretical studies leading to applications

on steady and certain unsteady fluid mo- tions under a free surface.

(g) In Final Report I on Steady Fluid Motion

under a Free Surface, a theorem of con- siderable generality pertaining to the

Helmholtz equation in the presence of a hyperplane boundary was derived. A spe- cial case of the theorem expresses the

disturbance velocity potential in closed

form in terms of any given potential in an unlimited domain due to the presence of a plane boundary with the radiation boundary

condition with the constant k zero or positive. For problems where k is negative in

the boundary condition, the general sphere

theorem derived by Yeh, Martinek and

Ludford in a previous report has been used

for slightly curved free surface boundary

conditions. The study which is in progress

now is to complete the general theorem men- tioned above by extending It to include

the plane boundary with conditions cover- ing the negative values of k.

(3150) INTERACTION FORCE BETWEEN A PROLATE

SPHEROID AND AN AXIALLY SYMMETRIC VORTEX RING IN POTENTIAL FLOW.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin (Bureau of Ships

Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program )

(c) Mr. J. Martinek, Reed Research Inc., 101+8 Potomac Street, N. W., Washington 7, D. C. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Formulation of force experienced by a deeply submerged prolate spheroid in a potential flow due to an axially symmetric vortex ring located exterior to the

spheroid. Computation of a numerical

example by the use of data corresponding to one of Weitbrecht's test models.

Several investigations in the literature

deal with the forces on obstacles due to discrete sources, sinks, and higher order

singularities, as well as spreads of such

singularities in steady and also particular cases of unsteady flows. All those

investigations, however, apply only for cases where the singularity representation

of the body in the given fluid field is known. A generalization of Lagally's

theorem to a spread of axially symmetric

singularities in the presence of a spheroid is now under study.

ROCKY MOUNTAIN HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(2ll+0) EVALUATION OF OPEN- CHANNEL FRICTION LOSSES.

(b) National Science Foundation, Water Re- sources Division of the U. S. Geological

Survey, and the State University of Iowa

cooperating.

(c) Prof. C. J. Posey, Director, Rocky Mountain

Hydraulic Laboratory, Allenspark, Colorado

(summer), State University of Iowa, Iowa

City, Iowa, (winter).

(d) Experimental; basic.

(e) Variable slope flume long enough to permit

accurate evaluation of open-channel friction losses is being tested at slopes into

the steep range, determining normal depth

and velocity distribution for batten and

rolled natural-type roughnesses in triangular and trapezoidal cross-sections.

(f) Active experimentation during summers,

(h) "Resistance Experiments in a Triangular

Channel" by R. W. Powell and C. J. Posey,

presented at the Hydraulics Division meeting, Oct. 1958 ASCE Convention, and pending

publication in Proceedings. Preprints

available

ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY

OF MINNESOTA.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 100, 211+3, 2lkk,

2l!+8, 2603, 26o4, 2606, 2607, 2610, 2855, 2857,

2858, 2859, and 3151 to 3165, inclusive should be

addressed to Dr. Lorenz G. Straub, Director, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Mississippi

River at Third Avenue S.E., Minneapolis ih, Minn.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398,

1929, 2386 and 2860, which are conducted in co- operation with the Agricultural Research Service,

should be addressed to Mr. Fred W. Blaisdell,

Project Supervisor, Watershed Technology Research

Branch, Soil and Water Conservation Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, St. Anthony

61
Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Minneapolis ik, Minn.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 985 , 2923, and

292i+, which are conducted in cooperation with the

Corps of Engineers, should "be addressed to the

District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District,

St. Paul, Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, Minnesota.

(100) AIR ENTRAINMENT RESEARCH.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Investigation of self-aeration of high

velocity open-channel flow. Air concentrations distributions in the flow have been

measured for equilibrium aeration conditions in smooth channel for discharges up

to 10 cfs and slopes up to and in (985)

artificially roughened channels for discharges up to 15 cfs and slopes up to 75 °- (f) Discontinued.

(g) Air concentration distribution in both

rough and smooth channels indicates that

the flow consists of two parts: (l) Open (ll68

channel flow in lower region with air distributed by turbulent mixing, (2) an upper (b

region consisting of water clumps and droplets carried through nominal surface by

intense transverse velocity fluctuations. Mean air concentration is a function of (d

slope and discharge. Both effective depth

and mean velocity increase with air con- (e centrat ion.

(ill) CLOSED CONDUIT SPILLWAY.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the (f

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. (1398

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design. (b

(e) Tests have been made on three different

sizes of Lucite pipe set on slopes ranging

from 2.5$ to 30$ to verify the similarity

relationships. Information on discharges, (d pressures, and flow conditions has been

obtained. Characteristics , performance, (e

losses, and pressures in the hood drop

inlet are currently being studied.

(g) Theory has been developed, verified, and

published. Generalized methods for analysis and reporting results have been developed. Pipe culverts laid on steep slopes

will flow completely full even though the (

outlet discharges freely. A conduit on (g

either steep or flat slopes will flow full

if the hood inlet is used, the hood being

formed by cutting the pipe so that the crown projects beyond the invert by 3/^ of (1929

a pipe diameter. Minimum circular and

square drop inlet sizes and heights have (b

been determined for a conduit slope of 20$. Entrance loss coefficients vary with drop

inlet size and height.

(h) "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways,

Part I Theory and Its Application" by Fred (c

W. Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 12, Series B, (d

January 1952, revised February 1958. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillway, Parts II through VII, Results of Tests on Several Forms of the Spillway", by Fred W. Blaisdell, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory Technical Paper No. 18, Series B, March 1958. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part VIII, Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests, Part IX, Field Tests" by Fred W. Blaisdell,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Tech. Paper No. 19, Series B, March 1958. "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways, Part X, The Hood Inlet" by Fred W. 'Blaisdell and Charles A. Donnelly, St. Anthony Falls

Hydraulic Laboratory, Technical Paper No.

20, Series B, April 1958.

FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT

LOCKS.

See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul,

Minnesota, page Ilk. A STUDY OF CANTILEVERED OUTLETS.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

Pipe outlet conduits for small spillways

are frequently cantilevered beyond the toe of the earth dam. Attempts will be made to determine quantitatively the size of the scour hole to be expected under various

field conditions.

Suspended.

STRAIGHT DROP SPILLWAY.

Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab. Experimental; generalized applied research

for design.

This spillway is used as a grade control structure in ditches and streams. The

study will result in general design rules

for the spillway and outlet. Outlet studies

have been completed. Present studies are to determine spillway performance and ca- pacity with various approach channel shapes

Suspended.

No method has yet been found by which the

discharge coefficient can be related to the

variables

DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

in cooperation with the Agricultural Re- search Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Prof. Philip W. Manson, University of Minn.,

St. Paul Campus, St. Paul, Minnesota.

Experimental; generalized applied research

62
for design.

(e) The junction losses in drain tile flowing

full are determined for laterals of different sizes entering mains of different sizes

at various angles. The laterals enter the

main at the center line. Additional tests have been made with the crowns (or inverts)

of both main and lateral in the same plane.

(g) Tests have been completed on sharp edge

junctions entering the main at angles

varying in 15 degree increments from 15 degrees to 165 degrees. Both the lateral,

and the main are completely full. The tests cover all possible combinations of

discharge in the lateral and the main.

Laterals having areas l/l, l/2, l/i+, l/T

and l/l6 that of the main have been tested.

The data are being analyzed and a compre- hensive report is planned. A sound color

motion picture film is in process of pre- paration.

(21^3) EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF SURFACE WAVE

ABSORPTION.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) Procurement of experimental data on per- formance and power requirements of pneu- matic and hydraulic breakwaters.

(g) Hydraulic breakwater tests have been com- pleted. Pneumatic breakwater tests of two geometrically similar models are under way. - Preliminary results indicate that the

pneumatic breakwater is somewhat more

efficient than its hydraulic counterpart

for attenuations up to 70 per cent

(2lhk) EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) Investigation of the basic mechanism of

the ventilation of surface-piercing bodies,

such as circular cylinders and streamlined

lifting struts. Scale effect is of particular interest.

(g) Fundamental studies of the ventilation of

streamlined, lifting struts indicated that

the submergence Froude number and submergence ratio can be used for correlating

ventilation data at high yaw angles. At low angles, ventilation inception was also

dependent on the character of the water

surface, and minimum velocities were de- termined for which ventilation would not occur even for very severe conditions.

Hysteresis effects were investigated and

correlated satisfactorily with the Froude

number and submergence ratio.

(h) "Ventilation of Bodies Piercing a Free Surface" by J. M. Wetzel. Paper presented

at Second Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics,

Washington, D. C. August 1958.

(2ll+8) AIR-WATER MIXTURES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental research and analysis.

(e) Horizontal conduits involving flow of air

bubbles in water are considered. Both a straight conduit and conduit with two godet

bends were studied experimentally. Bubble

distribution, friction factor and velocity

profile were examined.

(f) Completed.

(g) A method for predicting pressure drop in

horizontal pipes with bubble, separated

and slug flows has been developed which is probably more useful than the existing

Lockart-Martinelli correlations for these

flow regimes. Information was also ob- tained on bubble size distribution and

velocity profiles in bubble-type flows.

(h) "Two-Phase Flow Studies in Horizontal

Pipes" by Walter James and Edward Silberman, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony

Falls Hydraulic Laboratory Project Report

No. 60, September 1958.

(2386) GENERALIZED DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS FOR SUPERCRITICAL VELOCITIES.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory.

(d) Experimental; generalized applied research

for development and design.

(e) Studies will be made to develop a transition and to determine the rules for its

design. The transition will be used to

change the flow cross section from circular

to rectangular when the velocities are supercritical

(f) Suspended.

(2603) WATER TUNNEL AIR CONTENT STUDIES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Evaluation of Improved method for controlling content of free air contained in water

tunnel. System involves separation and

extraction of large circulating air bubbles, controlled maintenance of small air

bubbles (cavitation nuclei) and measurement

of the free air content. Influence of air content control on cavitation inception

and acoustic noise is sought.

(h) "A Study of the Influence of Gas Nuclei on Cavitation Scale Effects In Water Tunnel Tests" (with an Appendix, A Sonic Method

of Measuring the Concentration of Undissolved Gas Nuclei in Water), by J. F. Ripken and R. M. Olson, University of Minn.,

St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Project Report No. 58, February 1958.

(260^) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

(b) State Road Department of Florida and Bureau of Public Roads.

63
(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Procure experimental data on frcition coefficient for 2k-inch and 36-inch concrete pipe with (l) joints similar to field con- ditions and (2) smooth joints. Tests were performed on both machine-made and Vibrocast pipe

(f) Completed except for report.

(g) Results indicate that 36-inch machine-made

pipe with joints similar to field installations had Darcy f value of about 0.0155

(n = 0.011); with smooth joints f was about

0.0150 (n = 0.0108). In tests of 36-inch

Vibro-case pipe f varied as a function of

Reynolds number for both "field" and smooth

joints; resulting curves were approximately

parallel to smooth-pipe curve. Field

joints produced f value about 3 percent

higher than smooth joints.

(2606) PRIEST RAPIDS MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Ephrata, Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of the Priest Rapids

Development Project on the Columbia River

is reproduced to study the hydraulic design

of the spillway, powerhouse and fish facilities .

(2607) PRIEST RAPIDS ( COFFERDAM MODEL).

(h)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington; Merritt-Chapman and Scott, con- tractors . Experimental; design and operation.

A distorted model, scale 1:60 vertical and

l:l80 horizontal is used to determine the

placement of the various stages of cofferdam construction. Measurements of channel

velocities to assure passage of fish migrants during all phases of construction.

Completed.

Good correlation between distorted model

and prototype has been confirmed.

(2610) LABORATORY WAVE PROFILE RECORDER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Study of sonic-ranging type profile re- corder for specialized laboratory use.

(g) A developmental program is in progress to produce a water surface-wave recording

instrument based on the sonic ranging principle in air. Preliminary tests show the

equipment capable of recording the profile

of a simulated wave, constructed of solid

material, to within 6 percent under extreme

conditions. This error can be reduced to less than 1 percent through a simple geo- metric construction. Many common wave

conditions can be recorded directly within

2 or 3 percent over the entire wave. Peak

and troughs are within 1 percent under all

conditions. It is expected that tests on

a moving towing carriage will produce small

additional error due to the relative motion

of the carriage with respect to the water.

(2855) PRIEST RAPIDS EAST BANK FISH FACILITIES

MODEL.

(b) Public Utility District of Grant County,

Ephrata, Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:24 scale model of Priest Rapids fish

ladder, junction pool, gravity intake

system, and attraction water supply channel

including experimental design of all diffusion chambers, also a 1:48 model of the

gravity intake system. For design and

•operational studies.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report in preparation.

(2857) EFFECT OF BLOCKS ON HYDRAULIC JUMP,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis

( e ) To measure force on sills and blocks in

hydraulic jump for generalized design

criteria for stilling basins.

(f) Completed.

(g) Blocks and sills of various shapes and

arrangements permit a reduction in the

downstream depth. Theory and analysis of

data provide criteria upon which to base

design.

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump in a Horizontal Flume

With Obstructions" by Torkild Carstens, Master's Thesis, 1958, on file at the

University of Minnesota Library.

(2858) DESIGN OF WEIR FOR CONSTANT CHANNEL

VELOCITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; master's

thesis

(e) Investigation of weir shape to provide

arbitrary approach velocities in weir

channel.

(f) Completed.

(g) Results indicate that a weir can be de- signed for a specified constant approach

velocity throughout the range in head. The

research included designs of weir to pro- vide specified approach velocities as a function of head.

(h) "Weirs for Controlling Velocities in Channels With Sides Sloped Part of the Depth"

by Robert L. Gordier, Master's Thesis,

March, 1958, on file at the University of

Minnesota Library.

(2859) RESISTANCE TO FLOW THROUGH STRATIFIED GRANULAR MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; master's thesis.

(e) To measure additional loss occurring at the

interface of a stratified medium.

(f) Completed.

(g) An additional loss occurs at the interface

of two media differing in size above that

6k
which occurs in the separate media. The

additional loss is a function of the sizes

of the media and upon the flow discharge,

(h) "Flow Through Permeable Media With An Interface" by Junn-Ling Chao, Master's

Thesis, 1958, on file at the University of

Minnesota Library.

(2860) CALIBRATION OF MEASURING WEIRS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept.

of Agriculture, in cooperation with the

Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station

and the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Lab.

(d) Experimental; determination of rating

curves

(e) A portion of the stream and the weir used

to measure the flow in certain steep

streams of Northern Vermont are being

modeled to experimentally design and calibrate the installations.

(2923) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR WALTER F. GEORGE LOCK, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul,

Minnesota, page Ilk.

(292k) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR BARKLEY LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER.

See U. S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul,

Minnesota, page 115.

(3151) DERBENDI KHAN MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago, Govern- ment of Iraq.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:100 scale model of the Derbendi Khan

Project on the Diyala Sirwan River in Iraq

to study and Improve the operation of the

flip bucket spillway and the irrigation

release valves. A 1:25 scale model of 96-

inch "Howell Bunger" fixed cone release

valve to arrive at optimum design of the

deflector hood.

(f) Completed.

(g) Ski jump deflector designed that will

handle a kO to 1 range of discharges.

(3152) KARADJ REREGULATING SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Govern- ment of Iran.

" (d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of Karadj Reregulating

Dam and Spillway to study the operation of

the spillway.

(3153) FLOW ABOUT BODIES AT SMALL CAVITATION

NUMBERS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) The project is currently being directed

toward study of two-dimensional, supercavitating bodies. A two-dimensional free- jet

tunnel is being used for experimental work.

(g) Theoretical results for lift and drag on flat-plate hydrofoils and for drag on such

bodies as wedges and circular cylinders in

a free -jet at cavitation numbers down to

zero have been verified experimentally.

(h) "Experimental Studies of Supercavitating

Flow About Simple Two-Dimensional Bodies In

a Jet", by Edward Silberman, to appear in an early issue of the Journal of Fluid

Mechanics

(315U) SHIP TOWING.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Measure (l) pitching of ship model in regu- lar head seas and (2) pitch damping coefficient for model towed in still water.

(f) Completed.

(g) With Froude number of 0.2 maximum pitch

angle achieved with relative wave lengths

( \ /L) of 1.3. With Froude number of 0.1

a peak pitch angle occurred for \ /L=l.l

after which the angle decreased and then

increased to a higher peak at \ /L = l-55j

the second peak was probably due to wall

interference. Declining angle tests indicated that pitch damping coefficient

varied inversely with towing speed.

(3155) FLUID JETS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental and analytical; basic research.

(e) This project Involves study of the dispersion of a jet discharged into a stream of

moving fluid, the angle between the jet and

fluid being a right angle or other angle

and the jet and stream being of the same or different fluids. The associated loss of

energy and diffusion of momentum are also

of interest.

(3156) WANAPUM SPILLWAY STUDIES.

(b) Harza Engineering Company, Chicago; Public

Utility District of Grant County, Ephrata,

Washington.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A l:lM+ scale sectional model of spillway

for Wanapum Power Project on Columbia River

to arrive at optimum stilling apron design.

Authorization for a 1:120 scale comprehensive model of project.

(3157) PASSAMAQUODDY INTERNATIONAL TIDAL POWER

SURVEY.

(b) New England Division, Corps of Engineers.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Investigate stability, shape and permea- bility of dams constructed in deep water with tidal currents.

(f) Complete except for report.

(g) Preliminary results indicate that rock fill

dams with either relatively impermeable

core or impermeable blanket can be con- structed. Permeability of core type is

65
dependent on velocity of tidal current,

depth of water, available materials and

method used to deposit core materials.

Both "barge dump and truck dump methods are feasible for placement of main quarry-run material in blanket type dam. Except for

final closure barge dumping of the main

rock fill was necessary for core type dams. Water depths up to 275 feet were considered

in the study.

(3158) FLOATING BREAKWATERS.

(b) U. S. Naval Civil Engineering, Department

of the Navy, Eleventh Naval District.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Primarily a study whose objective is to develop new ideas for floating type devices

intended to attenuate ocean type incident waves

( 3159 ) HYDRAULIC STUDIES OF BAIE COMEAU PAPER

MACHINE.

(b) The Ontario Paper Company, Ltd., Thorold,

Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To study flow patterns resulting from com- bination cascaded miter bends and vaned

dividers

(3160) MISSION DAM SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

(b) British Columbia Engineering Company,

Vancouver, B. C, Canada.

(d) Experimental; design and operation.

(e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the

flip bucket spillway for the Mission Dam on the Bridge River in British Columbia to study the operation of the spillway.

(3161) HYDRAULICS OF SEWER DROPSHAFTS.

(b) City of St. Paul, Minnesota.

(d) Experimental.; applied.

(e) Investigate relative merits of sewer drop structures for discharges up to 1000 cfs and drops up to about 100 feet

(3162) PIT0T TUBE TESTS.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Louisville.

(d) Experimental; applied.

(e) Calibration tests have been made on four

large Pitot tubes in a towing channel at speeds ranging from 2 to 15 feet per second.

(f) Completed.

(g) Information was obtained on the coefficient,

effect of supporting-strut geometry, and

effect of nose shape. Data yielded high

values of and excessive variation in the

Pitot tube coefficients, apparently due to the short spacing between static holes and

both the blunt support strut and conical

nose. Fairing of leading edge of strut resulted in considerable improvement.

(3163) SEDIMENT ANALYSIS BY ULTRASONICS,

(b) U. S. Department of the Interior,

Geological Survey; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) The eventual purpose of this project is the

development of a field instrument capable

of measuring sediment concentration, mean

size, and size distribution. The thesis

investigation was confined to the laboratory

phase of this work.

(f) Completed.

(g) A laboratory method for determining con- centration, mean size, and size distribution

of an unknown sediment sample was developed

for use with particle diameters above about

50 microns. The method is based on the

assumption that attenuation of a sound wave

is a linear function of concentration and, for the particular experiments used in the

thesis, that the particle diameters are distributed in accordance with the lognormal law. The method involves measuring

the attenuation in a given sample at two or more frequencies in the range from 2.5 to

25 megacycles. From the measured attenuations, the desired properties of the sedi- ment can be found through a process of

curve fitting. The method is very rough at present and needs to be extended to smaller ill particles

(h) "The Use of Ultrasonics in the Measurement

of Suspended Sediment Size Distribution and

Concentration", by Gordon H. Flammer, Ph.D. Thesis, August 1958, on file at the Univ.

of Minnesota Library.

(3164) SCOUR AROUND BRIDGE PIERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

(e) Prediction and measurement of ultimate

depths of scour around known shape and size \ of pier.

(f) Experiments just started.

( 3165 ) CHARACTERISTICS OF TURBULENT FLOW THROUGH A I RECTANGULAR-BAR BAFFLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical; master's thesis.

( e ) To determine the head loss in a bar baffle

as governed by the clear spacing, bar width,

and bar depth.

(f) Experimental study in progress.

INTER-AGENCY SEDIMENTATION PROJECT IN COOPERATION WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

(19k) A STUDY OF METHODS USED IN THE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT LOADS IN STREAMS.

(b) Subcommittee on Sedimentation, Inter-Agency

Committee on Water Resources. Personnel of

the Corps of Engineers and U. S. Geological

Survey are actively engaged on the project.

(d) Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . (e) Plans and specifications to facilitate the

manufacture of suspended sediment and bed

material samplers, particle-size analyzers

and associated laboratory apparatus have

been prepared. Approved designs available

66
include a hand-operated sediment sampler

weighing 4 pounds, a medium-weight sediment

sampler (62 pounds), heavy sediment samplers

(100 and 300 pounds), a sediment sample

splitter, a bottom withdrawal tube, a handoperated bed material sampler, a heavy bed

material sampler (100 pounds), and a particle-size analyzing apparatus using

visual-accumulation sedimentation tubes

for sand samples

(g) Tests are in progress on an automatic

single-stage suspended sediment sampler for flashy and intermittent streams . Prototype

tests on an intermittent pumping and set - tling-type sampler were started at a field

testing station. Tests are progressing on experimental apparatus developed for de- termining suspended sediment concentration

and particle-size distribution by means of pressure differential and acoustical de- vices . (h) "Some Fundamentals of Particle Size Analysis", Report No. 12, 55 pages, 1957-

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Civil Engineering

Department

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Harold Flinsch, Civil Engineering Dept., University of South Carolina, 745 Sumter

St., Columbia, South Carolina.

(4) THE DEVELOPMENT OF SURFACE WAVES BY WIND.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental research.

( e ) Research on the theories of surface wave

origin and growth, on measurements in the

laboratory and in nature, and on the com- parative results of theory and measurement

Experimental equipment has been developed

particularly for the recording of wave

height and period, and is being developed

for the recording of wave direction.

(g) A device for telemetering wave direction

records has been completed.

(1631) THE EFFECT OF WAVES ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental research.

(e) Research on beach slopes and contours, in

the laboratory and in nature. A new wave tank for 8 directions is under

construction,

(g) General formulas have been developed, which

are now being applied to the Carolina capes and shores

(1907) SHIP STABILITY AND ROLLING PERIOD.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) General theoretical and experimental re- search.

(e) Rolling period and metacentric height

relationships are studied, in the

laboratory and in nature, for stationary

and moving ships, in -still water and under

wave action,

(g) Model experiments have been assembled in a brief report. Additional data under wave

" action are being assembled.

STANFORD UNIVERSITY, Department of Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1944, 1945, and

19^6, should be addressed to Prof. Ray K. Llnsley;

Projects Nos. 2150, 2151, and 26l4 to Prof. John K. Vennard; and 2863, 2864, and 3166 to Prof. Byrne

Perry, Stanford University, Department of Civil

Engineering, Stanford, California.

(1944) STUDY OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING RESERVOIR

EVAPORATIONS.

(b) U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Field investigation; applied research;

Engineer Thesis.

(e) A small-scale radiation integrator patterned

after Cumming's model is being designed and

tested.

(g) Previous field work at campus reservoir is complete. Analysis of data underway.

Tentative analysis of reservoir study

indicates no significant difference from

conclusions of Lake Hefner study.

(1945) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

(b) U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Statistical analysis; applied research.

(e) Hourly rainfall intensities in Northern

California for a two-year period are cor- related with various topographic and

climatological parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) A relation having a correlation coefficient

of 0.88 and standard error of 0.77 inch

per hour was derived. A rainfall intensity

map for Northern California was completed.

(1946) SYNTHESIS OF HYDR0GRAPHS FOR SMALL AREAS.

(b) National Science Foundation.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research; Ph.D. Thesis.

( e ) An attempt to develop a universal method

for estimating the runoff hydrographs from

small areas

(g) A simplified theory for non-equilibrium

conditions has been compared with experimental results taken under controlled

laboratory conditions. A statistical

analysis of data from several typical

basins has been started. A more compre- hensive analysis for non-equilibrium flow

with lateral inflow is underway.

(2150) STUDY OF FLOW FROM A SLOTTED PIPE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; Engineer Thesis.

67
(f)

Extension of manifold port problem to con- tinuous slot. Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

MODEL STUDY OF PETERS DAM CHUTE SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental ; engineer thesis.

Comparison of spillway performance and

design predictions.

Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

PIPE FRICTION IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. degree.

Comparison of friction processes for steady

and unsteady states. Experimental work completed; thesis being

written.

FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

National Science Foundation.

Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search. An attempt is being made to develop more

general analytical methods than are now

available for non-steady seepage flow with

a free surface, e.g., the seepage through

an earth dam. Theoretical work now in progress.

GRAVITY EFFECT ON POTENTIAL FLOW WITH A

FREE SURFACE.

Laboratory project and Office of Naval

Research.

Theoretical; basic research.

Extension of two-dimensional potential

flow analysis to include the effect of

gravity in the free surface boundary con- dition.

Analysis complete.

"Methods for Calculating the Effect of

Gravity on Two -Dimensional Free Surface

Flows", B. Perry, Ph.D. Dissertation 1957.

HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

U. S. Bureau of Public Roads.

Experimental and analytical; Ph.D. thesis.

Attempt to develop analytical methods for

predicting phenomena observed.

Experimental program started.

STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Experimental

Towing Tank.

(3^0) HYDROFOILS AND HYDROSKIS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. Daniel Savitsky, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) A continuous series of theoretical and ex- perimental studies of the basic hydrodynamic processes involved in the planing action of

seaplane hulls and seaplane alighting gear

such as hydroskis and hydrofoils. In particular, the pressure distribution, wake

main spray formation, steady and unsteady

state loads and dynamic stability are being

studied.

(g) Basic studies have been completed on the

pressures, wake, loads, and main spray asso- ciated with simple prismatic planing sur- faces and hydroskis. Studies are currently

underway on the steady and unsteady forces on surface piercing supercavitating hydrofoils, and on the longitudinal dynamic

stability of hydrofoil systems suitable for

water-based aircraft.

(h) Seventeen papers on the results of research

conducted under the subject contract have

been prepared and published. The titles of

the two most recent publications are:

"On the Main Spray Generated by Planing Surfaces", by Daniel Savitsky and John P. Breslin, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Tech. Report No. 678, Jan. 1958

"The Force Characteristics of Surface Piercing, Super Cavitated, Dihedral Hydrofoils",

by Peter Ward Brown, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology Report

No. 698, November 1958.

(2153) EVALUATION BY COMPUTATIONAL METHOD OF THE THRUST DEDUCTION AND WAKE FRACTION OF A

SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The purpose of this investigation is to

develop a working computational method on

a sound physical basis for the evaluation

of the wake fraction and thrust deduction

of a ship propeller. This work, which is carried out on a "Victory" ship is re- stricted to the potential flow case, where

the wavemaking effects as well as the

viscous effect are omitted. By representing the hull by a discrete sink-source

distribution and using the inflow propeller

velocities based on a doublet representation of the propeller with cylindrical vortex sheets, a general expression for the evaluation of the strength of the hull

singularity is developed. Furthermore

under the assumption of a sink disc distribution for the propeller, expressions

for the thrust deduction and wake fraction

are developed in closed form. Numerical

work was carried out on a Victory ship.

(f) Suspended since the results of the strength

of singularity obtained by the solution of

a system of 51 (or 31 or 25) linear algebraic

equations do not actually represent the

afterbody of the hull.

(g) General expressions for the evaluation of

68
the strength of the singularity system

representing the hull are developed taking

into account the inflow propeller velocities (for circumferentially uniform and non- uniform thrust distribution) , the presence

of the free surface and forward velocity.

These expressions give the essential

material for the evaluation of thrust de- duction and wake fraction which have "been expressed in closed form results as functions of complete elliptic integrals,

(h) "Analytical Expressions for Thrust Deduction and Wake Fraction for Potential Flows",

by Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing

Tank Report No. 717, Dec. 1957, Journal of

Ship Research, Vol. 2, No. 1, June 1958.

(215*0 INVESTIGATION OF SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Prof. B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky, Experimental

Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Tech., 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The development of a method of calculation

for predicting ship motions caused by head

or following seas. Towing tank tests of

ship forms differing widely from the forms

currently used in practice, in search of

considerable improvement in seakeeping

qualities of ships.

(g) The linearized theory of ship motions in

head or following seas was completed and

computations were made for eight ship

models for comparison with experimental

results. These results were reported in a paper by B. V. Korvin-Kroukovsky and

Winnifred R. Jacobs at the Nov. 1957 meeting of the Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers. The work is being organ- ized for the continuation of this project

with the objectives of investigating non- linear effects on ship motions and also to investigate the motions with six degrees

of freedom in oblique seas.

(2155) SEAKEEPING QUALITIES OF SHIPS AT ALL HEAD- INGS TO WAVES.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) To investigate the coupled responses of

ship models at all headings to waves in

order to assist in the prediction of sea- keeping qualities and to evaluate means of

reducing or controlling ship motions so as to increase sea speeds. Two self-propelled

and rudder-controlled ship models of the

same proportions but different forebody

form are being tested at various headings

to regular long-crested waves. Coupled

motion responses are being measured and

parallel analytic studies are being made

of equations of motion for ships with six

degrees of freedom.

(g) A new apparatus for measuring model motions

at oblique headings to waves has been

tested and has performed satisfactorily.

The six motions of a model in regular waves

are obtained over a range of speeds.

(h) "New Facilities at Stevens for Research on Seakeeping Qualities of Ships", E. Numata,

P. G. Spens and A. L. Muley, International

Shipbuilding Progress, September 1958.

(2156) MOTION AND STABILITY OF HYDROFOIL SYSTEMS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

( e ) To determine the longitudinal stability

characteristics of tandem hydrofoil con- figurations in waves, including the effects

of unsteady forces and moments. The re- sulting motions of the system and the

loadings on the foils can then be determined.

(g) A theoretical analysis of motion in smooth water has been completed. An analysis of

the forces and moments in waves has been

completed and tests have been made, the re- sults of which compare well with the theory.

The results have been incorporated into a study of motions in waves, which has been

completed. A study has also been made of

the drag of hydrofoils in unsteady motion,

together with a study of the surface waves created by oscillating and translating

surface pressure distributions. Further

studies of motion in waves using unsteady

flow theory haye been carried out

(h) "The Drag of Hydrofoils in Unsteady Motion",

by Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank

Report No. 6l7, June 1958, submitted to the

Journal of Ship Research.

(2387) BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) Calculation of bending moments in waves, taking into account dynamic effects of ship

motions and forward speed, for comparison

with experimentally determined bending

moments. Prediction of bending moments in

irregular waves and comparison with irregular tank wave results. Extension to measurements of model bending moments at a range of headings to long-crested regular

waves

(g) Fairly good agreement has been obtained

between calculated and observed bending

moments in head seas, giving theoretical

confirmation of reduction of moments under

dynamic conditions of forward speed and

pitching and heaving motions. Tests at

69
(2389:

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

oblique headings to waves have shown that

horizontal "bending moment can become large

in relations to vertical bending moment

while torsional moments are relatively

small

"The Analytical Calculation of Ship Bending

Moments in Regular Waves", Winnifred R. Jacobs, Journal of Ship Research, June 1958. A report on bending moment tests at oblique

headings to waves is in preparation.

PERFORMANCE AND DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT.

Office of Naval Research, Dept. of the Navy.

Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research. To investigate the scaling of performance

of hydrofoil craft of different sizes in

different seas and to develop a general

method for the evaluation of the stability

of various hydrofoil configurations while

in the preliminary design state. Three different scaling methods have been

applied to representative craft, and a measure of their performance in different

seas has been obtained. Motion spectra in

different irregular seas were determined

for each scaling and probabilities of

broaching determined. Derivation of the

equations of longitudinal and lateral dynamic stability has been accomplished for

tandem systems employing either flat foils or dihedral surface-piercing foils.

"Methods for Estimating the Longitudinal

and Lateral Dynamic Stability of Hydrofoil

Craft", by P. Kaplan, P. N. Hu, and S. Tsakonas, Experimental Towing Tank Report

No. 691, May 1958.

(2390) CONTROLLED FINS FOR REDUCING SHIP PITCHING.

(b) Bureau of Ships, Dept. of the Navy ( DTMB

Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied re- search.

(e) To determine the most desirable action of

controllable fins at the bow or stern of

a ship to reduce pitching in regular and

irregular head seas.

(g) Analytical studies indicate that a combinaxion of fixed fins at the bow and oscillating fins at the stern seems most promising

"in reducing ship pitching motions; model

experiments have verified these findings.

(h) "Pitch Reduction by Oscillating Stern Fins",

P. G. Spens, Ship Behavior at Sea, Second

Summer Seminar, Experimental Towing Tank

Report No. 708. Final report In preparation.

(2391) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC PRESSURE FIELD NEAR A ROTATING PROPELLER BLADE AND FORCES APPLIED TO CERTAIN SIMPLE, NEAR- BY BOUNDARIES.

(h)

(h)

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute

of Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N.J.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical studies of the hydrodynamic

field about propeller-like singularities

have been undertaken because of the increasing concern of naval architects with

propeller-excited ship vibration, parallel

to the axis.

(f) Project continuing.

(g) Studies utilizing doublet distributions to represent the thrust and torque loading

have been completed and through the efforts

of Dr. S. Tsakonas of the ETT Staff the

results are expressed in terms of tabulated

elliptic integrals. The effect of blade

thickness has been recently included and is found to be essential in explaining the

character and magnitude of experimental

results obtained with a ship model propeller.

Calculations of the vibratory forces and moments on a doubly infinite flat-plate

parallel to the axis of a propeller have

been completed. These show that for a propeller having three blades or more, the

force and moment on the plate are zero. A

thin elastic plate will, nevertheless, vibrate and a formula to calculate the

amplitudes is given. "A Theory for the Vibratory Effects Pro- duced by a Propeller on a Large Plate", ETT Preliminary Report 689. A final paper on the free-space pressure field is in preparation. See also Proceedings of Third U. S. National Congress

of Applied Mechanics, June 1958.

(2393) MOTIONS AND BENDING MOMENTS OF SHIPS IN

WAVES.

( b ) Bureau of Ships , Department of the Navy

(DTMB Technical Supervision).

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and analytical; applied research.

(e) Measurements of motions and external bending moments and shear of a jointed model

of a high-speed naval vessel underway in

irregular head waves in a towing tank. Results will be analyzed by cross-spectral

techniques to determine frequency response

functions

(g) Pilot studies indicate that when cross- spectral techniques are applied to the

analysis of moderate irregular wave data,

the resulting frequency response functions

show good agreement with response functions

obtained from regular wave tests.

(h) "Ship Model Tests in Irregular Waves with

a Broad Spectrum", J. F. Dalzell, Experimental Towing Tank Note No. V7I, April 1958.

"The Analysis of Model Test Results in

Irregular Head Seas to Determine the Amplitude and Phase Relations to the Waves", by

70
J. F. Dalzell and Y. Yamanouchi, Second

Summer Seminar on Ship Behavior at Sea,

Experimental Towing Tank Report No. 708.

ite '•4 (2615) FORCES AMD MOMENTS ON SUBMERGED BODIES BELOW WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank,

1 Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Eoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

( e ) To measure the forces and moments acting on

ts submerged bodies moving obliquely to the

crests of regular waves, and to compare the

:d ! results with available theory.

(g) Slender-body theory has been applied to

Is determine the forces and moments acting on

a submerged body and also on a surface ship

moving normal to the crests of regular

waves. Additional work has been carried

out for a submerged body moving obliquely

with respect to the waves, and the results

check with those obtained by more refined

theories. The forces have also been found

on body-appendage combinations by application of the same theory. Further theoretical studies of forces and moments on other

configurations are continuing. The model

and balance system to be used in the experimental study have been prepared. Dynamic

calibrations are being carried out in prep- aration for the tests in the new threedimensional wave facility.

(h) "Application of Slender Body Theory to Forces Acting on Submerged Bodies and Surface Ships in Regular Waves", by Paul

Kaplan, Journal of Ship Research, Vol. 1, No. 3, November 1957.

"The Forces Acting on Slender Submerged

Bodies and Body-Appendage Combinations in

Oblique Waves", by Paul Kaplan and Pung

Nien Hu, to be published in Proceedings of

the Third U. S. National Congress of

Applied Mechanics, 1958.

(2616) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE TRANSIENT FORCES PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, , Stevens Inst

of Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Theoretical study of the forces produced

by a rotating propeller as represented by

rotating bound vortices in the neighborhood

of bodies representable by doublet distributions and source-sink distributions;

analysis limited to first order effects.

(g) Formulas for the transverse vibratory force

generated by an m-bladed propeller (offset

from a body of revolution) have been found. Numerical evaluations have been made; report in preparation.

(2617) THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE VIBRATORY THRUST

PRODUCED BY A SHIP PROPELLER OPERATING IN

THE WAKE OF A HULL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Existing methods for computing the axial,

vibratory thrust produced by a ship pro- peller operating In a circumferentially

variable wake, assume that the forces on the blade elements are developed instantaneously, i.e., only quasi-steady forces

are considered. This study attempts to determine the influence of unsteady effects

on the accuracy of the predictions of ex- isting methods.

(f) Completed.

(g) "A Theory for the Quasi-Steady and Unsteady

Thrust and Torque of a Propeller in a Ship

Wake", by Paul D. Ritger and John P. Breslin,

Report No. 686, July 1958.

(2865) EFFECT OF SPEED AND FULLNESS ON HULL BENDING MOMENTS IN WAVES.

(b) American Bureau of Shipping.

(c) Mr. Edward V. Lewis, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711

Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine to what extent, if any, different longitudinal strength standards

should be adopted for ships of different

fullness and service speeds. The hull midship bending moments of three models with ' block coefficients ranging from 0.68 and

0.80 were measured in regular and irregularhead and following seas.

(g) Experimental results show that dynamic midship hull bending moments in regular model

length waves vary with fullness at low

speeds according to the trend predicted by

standard static calculations.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2866) AN ANALYTIC STUDY OF THE PRESSURE FIELD NEAR COUNTER-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of

Technology, 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) In regard to the problem of mitigating the

vibratory hydrodynamic forces applied by

a ship propeller, the free-space field of

a counter-rotating propeller has been

studied. The study is divided into two

parts: (l) The effects from each propeller

are summed as though they were Independent;

and (2) an approximate treatment of the

effect of blade interaction is attempted,

(h) Report in preparation.

(3167) THRUST DEDUCTION IN VISCOUS FLOW FOR A

BODY OF REVOLUTION.

71
(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing (3170)

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street. Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical applied research, (b)

(e) Approximate methods for the rapid evaluation of the viscous component of the thrust (c)

deduction for a body of revolution. The

viscosity will be taken into account by

modifying the- shape of the body by the (d)

corresponding displacement thickness, (e)

(3168) STUDY OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHIP DAMPING.

(b) Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

( e ) To evaluate the damping force acting on a local strip of an oscillating ship, includ- (f)

ing all the three-dimensional flow contri- (g)

butions. The effect of forward speed on the total damping will also be determined.

(g) Study has shown that local force and moment

on a submerged oscillating spheroid differ

appreciably from that found using two- dimensional flow values, depending upon

frequency and location of local observation

point. Work is continuing to find infor- (h)

mation for the Michell (thin) ship, and

curves of two-dimensional damping values were prepared. Since all of the above is for zero speed of advance, the investigation of speed effects is being pursued.

(h) "Progress Report on Research: Three- (3171)

Dimensional Strip Damping of Ships", by

Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank Note

No. October 1958. (b)

( 3169 ) WAKE FORMS BEHIND HIGH SPEED PLANING ( c ) SURFACES.

(b) Bureau of Aeronautics, Department of the (d)

Navy. (e)

(c) Mr. Robert L. Van Dyck, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An experimental study is being conducted

in order to determine the surface contours of the wake shapes developed by planing

forms associated with high-speed water- based aircraft. This work was undertaken (g)

because of the lack of accurate information concerning the wakes of planing forms

operated at high speeds, high angles of

attack, and heavy loadings. The effect of

vee-bottom angle, chine flare, and step

shape will be evaluated in addition to the

above-mentioned parameters,

(g) The first tests are currently underway. (3172)

Small, longitudinally- curved models of two- inch beam are being towed at a thirty-foot (b)

radius on a large rotating-arm apparatus

Measurements of the wake cross-sections ( c ) are made with vertical probes which are manually adjusted by an observer riding

with the model.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE INCEPTION OF VENTILATION ON SURFACE PIERCING BODIES.

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics

Washington, D. C. Dr. John P. Breslin, Technical Director,

Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Inst, of

Tech., 711 Hudson St., Hoboken, N. J. Experimental research. Interest in the phenomena of ventilation of

the flow on the "suction" side of surfacepiercing bodies has stemmed from the fairly

recent interest in the behavior of seaplane

alighting gear and the strut and foils on hydrofoil boats. Tests on two different

surface piercing struts have been conducted

to determine the way in which ventilation

starts and to obtain force measurements in

both the ventilated and rion-ventilated

condition.

Completed. Report submitted for approval.

Identification of modes of inception for

ventilation has been made and conditions

for both Inception and closure determined

for two strut models. Analysis of side

loads on ventilated model shows applicability of fully cavitating theory to the

prediction of the behavior of this force

and Froude number.

"An Exploratory Study of Ventilated Flows

About Yawed Surface-Piercing Struts", by

J P. Breslin and R. Skalak, Report No. 668, Oct. 1957. (NASA Memorandum of same title will appear early in 1959).

THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THRUST DEDUCTION OF A PROPELLER WORKING BEHIND A THIN SHIP.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J. Theoretical; applied research.

It is intended to study analytically the

importance of the parameters involved in

the thrust deduction problem. Functional

relationships of thrust deduction with the

axial clearance and vertical position of

the propeller will be developed for various

thin ship configurations and compared to each other. Project is in the process of development.

Mathematical procedures have been developed

for the thrust deduction force in the case of a thin ship having a longitudinal wedge

shape with a flat plate bottom, as well as with a wedge cross-section when the pro- peller is situated at the maximum sub- mergence of the stern.

LIFT ON A SLENDER BODY OF REVOLUTION.

David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J.

72
(d) Theoretical; "basic research.

(e) Analytical study of the lift force acting

on a slender "body of revolution at an angle

of attack, assuming the flow about any

cross section on the after portion of the

"body contains a vortex separation region.

Methods of slender-body theory and integral

equations used to determine the force and

the variation of the force with the "body

form parameters

L73) HTDROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF SUPERCAVI- TATING HYDROFOILS

("b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Theoretical analysis of the conditions for

the occurrence of hydroelastic instabilities (i.e. divergence and flutter) of

supercavitating hydrofoils (two-dimensional

case) as functions of angle of attack,

cavitation number, elastic axis location,

elastic spring constant, and other pertinent physical characteristics.

(317^) SUPERCAVITATING HYDROFOILS WITH GENERALIZED

OSCILLATORY MOTIONS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytical studies of the forces acting on supercavitating hydrofoils with any type

of oscillatory motion. Techniques of

mapping are to be used, in the two-dimensional case, and consideration will be

given to the infinite cavity case and also

to the finite cavity case, taking account of cavity volume changes.

(3175) STUDY OF VIRTUAL MASS FOR VERTICAL SHIP

VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin (Structural

Mechanics), Bureau of Ships, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Review of theory and experiment.

(e) Reviews of the basic literature, both

theory and experiment, related to the

virtual mass associated with vertical ship

vibration. Object is to indicate valid

formulas for determining virtual mass from

available data, and if this is insufficient

or inaccurate, to recommend appropriate

test program for proper determination.

(g) Extensive literature survey carried out and results discussed in draft of report.

Effects of gravity waves, viscosity, surface tension and compressibility were con- sidered. Results of study show theory

overestimates experimental virtual mass, thereby leading to probable source of

errors in comparison of computed and ex- perimental natural frequencies for low

modes

(3176) THEORY OF LATERAL MOTIONS OF SHIPS IN WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Paul Kaplan, Experimental Towing Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson

Street, Hoboken, N. J. (d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Analytical study of the lateral motions of

surface ships with three degrees of freedom in oblique waves. This will Include

the evaluation of the virtual mass, damping, and dynamic coupling for a surface

ship in oscillatory motion, as well as the

hydrodynamic excitation forces and moments

due to the oblique waves. The free surface

influence on the hydrodynamic forces will

be included in the above

(3177) STUDY OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC STATIC AND

DYNAMIC FORCE AND MOMENT RATE COEFFICIENTS

FOR SURFACE SHIPS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin, Bureau of Ships,

Department of the Navy.

(c) Dr. Stavros Tsakonas, Experimental Towing

Tank, Stevens Institute of Technology, 711 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To determine the hydrodynamic characteristics which are essential in the course stability of surface ships. This problem

leads first to the investigation of whether

or not the rotating arm facilities are re- liable sources for the determination of

the dynamic as well as the static hydrodynamic characteristics. Secondly, to study the hydrodynamic behavior of a flat plate having a profile area and geometry

of that of the surface ship and compare results with that of the corresponding

configuration of the surface vessels.

Finally, to correlate experimental results

with that of the existing theories on low

aspect ratio thin airfoils.

(f) Project is almost at the stage of completion, pending the question of the Inter- ference effect of hull and skeg configuration. Shortly, a preliminary report will

be sent to the David Taylor Model Basin.

(g) The comparison of the results obtained by

interpolation of the rotating arm with

that obtained by a straight course experi- ment shows excellent agreement in all five cases of surface ships as well as the

corresponding flat plate configurations.

It can be decisively concluded that the

straight course motion can be considered

as intermediate between a large turn to the right and large turn to the left. Therefore, the hydrodynamic static and dynamic coefficients can be obtained by the

rotating arm facilities as well. The hydrodynamic behavior of the flat plate

73

514561 0 - 59 -6
compared with that of the surface ship con- figuration shows interesting similarity. In particular, the yawing moment results

show good agreement in the general trend

and in magnitude, whereas the lateral force

shows some general trend but an increase

in magnitude. This increase in magnitude

can be explained in the light of the

boundary layer separation at the leading

edge of a thin and slowly moving plate.

The comparison of the obtained results

with that of the low aspect ratio wing

theories reveals the existing analogy of a surface ship to a low-aspect ratio wing,

with the load-waterline length as chord

and twice the draft as the span,

(h) Preliminary report will be submitted shortly to David Taylor Model Basin.

TEXAS A AND M COLLEGE, Department of Oceanography

and Meteorology.

(2868) INVESTIGATION OF STORM SURGES ALONG THE SOUTH SHORE OF NEW ENGLAND.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army, Contract DA-49-055-clv-eng-56-4.

(c) Professor Robert 0. Reid, Project Supervisor.

(d) Numerical analysis ; applied research.

(e) Numerical and graphical procedures are utilized in the evaluation of storm surge behavior in schematic (mathematical) models

of Narragansett Bay, Long Island Sound and

Buzzards Bay, particular attention being

devoted to Narragansett Bay. The numerical

work is being carried out using an IBM 650

computer. Numerical studies of astronomical tides in Narragansett Bay are also

being carried out

(g) A numerical procedure for computation of water level changes in coastal bays and

estuaries has been utilized for estimating

the potential storm surges in Narragansett

Bay, Long Island Sound, and Buzzards Bay

for a selected design hurricane. The nu- merical calculations are based upon the

quasi-linear, one-dimensional equations of

motion and continuity. In the numerical

evaluation of storm surge generation over

the continental shelf, the equations are modified so as to allow for long shore

dispersion of energy in an approximate

manner. The calculations for the modification of the surge as it enters the bay

include the provision for energy loss by

bottom friction and energy gain by wind

stress over the bay. In the calculations

for Narragansett Bay, the latter is regarded as a network of interconnecting channels,

each of which are considered to be of uniform width and depth. The method of calculation has been "calibrated" by using the

known data for the September 21, 1938,

hurricane as a control. The calibration

involves the selection of appropriate friction, reflection, and refraction conditions

for the system, which will allow the best

fit of the numerical results with the con-; trol data,

(h) Final report in preparation.

( 2869 ) INVESTIGATION OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH

PREDICTION OF STORM-INDUCED WATER LEVELS. [

(b) U. S. Weather Bureau, Dept. of Commerce, Contract CWB-9559.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor.

(d) Theoretical with verification from existini data; applied and basic research.

(e) The generation of two-dimensional surges i deep water for a moving radially symmetric

storm, including the effects of the earth 1

: rotation, is being investigated analytical; In addition the modification and generatio'

of surges on a continental shelf of variab?

depth is being investigated numerically,

with the aim of comparing computed water

levels at shore with those observed for

past hurricanes along the U. S. coast (Eas coast and Gulf coast areas).

(g) Analytical and numerical methods of evalua> tion of storm surges for deep and coastal [ waters have been investigated for several

simplified mathematical models. The

coastal models include the cases of con- stant depth and linear variation of depth

with distance from shore. The effect of t' earth's rotation is included in these

studies

(h) "Effect of Coriolis Force on Edge Waves:

I. Investigation of the Normal Modes" by

R. 0. Reid, Journ. Mar. Res. (in press).

"Effect of Coriolis Force on Edge Waves:

II. Specific Examples of Free and Forced

Waves", by K. Kajiura, Journ. Mar. Res. (in press).

(2870) MODEL STUDY OF SURGE ACTION IN A PORT.

(b) Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy

Project NR O83-O36, Contract N7 onr-48702.

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) To collate results and conclusions from a model study of long period wave action in

Table Bay Harbor, Cape Town, South Africa.

(f) Complete.

(g) The nature of the surge phenomenon has

been uncovered. Its reproduction in an engineering model and experiments to con- trol it are described. It is shown that

effects on shipping can be brought under

control by suitably containing the existir

harbor within an outer basin of tight mole

construction.

(h) "Research and Model Studies on Range Actic

in Table Bay Harbour, Cape Town", by B. W. Wilson. Paper due for presentation to

S. A. Inst. C. E. (Johannesburg, S. A.), June 1959 (publication pending).

(2871) DIFFRACTION OF PLANE GRAVITY WATER WAVES

IN THE PRESENCE OF A HORIZONTALLY SUB- MERGED CIRCULAR CYLINDER.

(b) Department project.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm. )
(a)

(e)

(g)

'2872)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

00

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Experimental; basic research; Ph.D. Dissertation (R. Ellis).

To determine the nature of the pressure

changes brought about at the bed boundary

by the presence of a horizontally submerged

circular cylinder, fixed transversely in

the path of a uniform train of waves in water of uniform depth.

Experiments have been conducted in a wave tank for generating water waves in which

wave pressures have been measured at a number of locations at the bottom of the

tank relative to a horizontally submerged

circular cylinder, fixed transversely at different elevations in water of various

depths. The ratio of the root -me an-square pressure in the presence of the cylinder to

that in the absence of the cylinder is found to vacillate with distance symmetrically on either side of the cylinder. An

empirical formula which satisfactorily

predicts the pressure change has been de- rived but the theoretical solution of the

problem has not yet been attained.

LONG WAVES GENERATED BY ATMOSPHERIC DISTURBANCES IN AN OPEN OCEAN.

U. S. Weather Bureau, Contract No. CWB-9071.

Prof. R. 0. Reid, Project Supervisor and

Chairman (Faculty Comm.).

Theoretical; basic research; Ph.D. Dissertation (K. Kajiura).

To determine the nature of long waves generated in an open ocean by travelling

atmospheric disturbances.

Completed.

The nature of the response of the water

surface and layered interface of a two- layered ocean of infinite expanse to the

wind and pressure effects of a radially

symmetric storm such as a hurricane or typhoon has been determined. Important

parameters are the ratio of the storm speed

to the free wave speed and the scale of

the storm. The corlolis force is shown to

be important in shallow water. In deep water the influence of atmospheric pressure

dominates that of wind stress; in shallow water the reverse is true. "Response of a Boundless Two-Layer Ocean

to Atmospheric Disturbances" by K. Kajiura,

Ph.D. Dissertation, A and M College of

Texas, May 1958.

COMPUTATION OF DESIGN STORM-TIDE FOR THE

NEW YORK BAY AREA.

Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army and New York District, Corps of

Engineers, Contract DA-l+9-055-civ-eng-58-9

Dr. B. W. Wilson, Project Supervisor.

Numerical analysis; applied research.

This project concerns the correlation of

observed effects in New York Bay with the

characteristics of known storms and its

application to the prediction of stormtides for a design hurricane.

Least squares multiple regression correlation of known storm-tide elevation at the

mouth of New York Bay with antecedent storm

characteristics (wind stress and pressure

gradient ) at a number of off-shore stations

has been undertaken with data for four

storms, tabulated at 20 minute intervals.

The derived coefficients of correlation

have been used in the prediction formula

to predict the time-sequences of water level

change at the bay-mouth for each of the

four storms as a check on the validity of

the formula. The formula has then been

applied to the case of a design hurricane

travelling on a given path at six possible

speeds. High speed digital computer techniques have been used for this study,

(h) "The Prediction of Hurricane Storm-Tides

in New York Bay", by B. W. Wilson, Pre- liminary Report No. 165-1, Texas A and M

Research Foundation, January 1959-

( 3178 ) WAVE VARIABILITY AND WAVE SPECTRA FOR WIND- GENERATED GRAVITY WAVES.

(b) Beach Erosion Board, Corps of Engrs., U. S. Army.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm.).

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic and

applied research; Ph.D. Dissertation (C. L. Bretschneider )

(e) To analyze ocean wave records both for the

marginal and joint distributions of heights,

lengths, and periods of the waves. Thence

to investigate the wave energy spectrum

and Its relation to the wind speed and the wave age. To revise wave forecasting

relationships in the light of the findings

and compare derived spectra with other

known forms

(f) Completed.

(g) It was found that both wave height and wave length variability conformed to a Rayleigh

distribution. A derived distribution function for period variability was verified by

the data. A theoretical summation function

for joint distributions was also verified

by the data. From this a family of theoretical energy spectra was derived. Wave

height, length, and frequency spectra were

evolved in terms of generation parameters

such as wind speed and fetch. Wave forecasting relationships were re-examined and

revised.

(h) "Wave Variability and Wave Spectra for

Wind Generated Gravity Waves" by C. L. Bretschneider, Ph.D. Dissertation, A and M

College of Texas, August 1958, 219 PP-

(3179) MOORING OF SHIPS EXPOSED TO WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, U. S. Navy, Contract No. NR O83-O36.

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator.

(d) Theoretical; basic and applied research.

(e) To investigate the motion of a drifting

ship under the influence of waves in head

and beam seas in water of various depths;

hence to determine the kinetic energy that

must be absorbed through the tendency of a ship to drift in contact with offshore structures in exposed locations; finally

75
to consider the nature of ship motion in waves when restrained by mooring ropes.

(f) Completed.

(g) Problem has been investigated on the basis

that a ship can be simulated by a rectangular block of equivalent displacement. Treatment determines ship surge, heave and

pitch in a head sea of uniform long-crested

waves and sway, heave and roll in a beam

sea. Most critical conditions of approach

of a ship to a berth in an exposed location

apply in broadside on-movement in a beam

sea. The kinetic energy to be absorbed

depends on whether structure is permeable

to the waves or reflects them. The non- linear problem of the surging of a moored

ship under mooring restraints is analyzed.

(h) "The Energy Problem in the Mooring of Ships

Exposed to Waves", by B. W. Wilson. Paper

presented at The Princeton University Conference, Oct. 20-21, 1958 (publication

pending )

(3180) PROBLEMS CONCERNING THE LAYING OF A SUB- MARINE LIQUID-SULPHUR PIPELINE IN THE GULF

OF MEXICO.

(b) Freeport Sulphur Company, New Orleans, La.

(c) Dr. B. W. Wilson, Principal Investigator.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Sponsor required information on four questions: (l) History of bottom erosion in

the area of proposed pipeline near Grand

Isle, La.; (2) effects of hurricane waves

on pipeline and desirable depth of burial

of latter; safe elevations of shore establishments; (3) vertical and lateral stability of the pipeline in the sediments; and

( k ) longitudinal stability of the pipeline

under thermally induced forces.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Coastal Engineering Problems in the Laying of a Submarine Liquid-Sulphur Pipeline

in the Gulf of Mexico", by B. W. Wilson,

Final Tech. Report No. 187-I, Texas A and M

Research Foundation, December 1958, 153 PP-

(3181) GRAVITY- CAPILLARY WAVES IN WATER AT A

VIBRATING BOUNDARY.

(b) United Gas Pipeline Co. Fellowship.

(c) Prof. R. 0. Reid, Chairman (Faculty Comm.).

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research;

M.S. Thesis (C.S. Wells).

(e) To examine the nature of gravity- capillary

waves in water developing transversely to

a vibrating boundary.

(f) Completed.

(g) The oscillation of cone and wedge-shaped

cylindrical plungers in water at high fre- quency was found to induce standing edge waves transverse to the water-plunger

boundary. It was found that this phenome- non had been discovered by Faraday and

interpreted by Rayleigh as a non-linear

mechanism capable of existence in several

distinct modes. It was found that the

resulting standing water-wave system was unstable and capable of developing subharmonic as well as super-harmonic modes

of oscillation in relation to the forcing I I frequency. The wave length- frequency

relationship of the waves in the fundamenj tal mode was found to agree satisfactorily' :

; with Kelvin's analysis for gravity-capil-

|

lary waves of small amplitude,

(h) "Transverse Gravity-Capillary Waves near (j Vibrating Boundary", by C. S. Wells, M. S,i Thesis, A and M College of Texas, January

1959-

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS, Department of Civil Engineer:^.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 9hQ, 2l62, 239i 2397, 2629, and 287U, should be addressed to Dr. Walter L. Moore, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas.

(9^8) DIFFUSION OF A TWO-DIMENSIONAL SUBMERGED

JET.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Basic experimental.

(e) An investigation is being made of the dif-j

fusion of momentum in a two-dimensional j€ as influenced by the proximity to a plane j boundary. Apparatus was constructed for :

i measuring the velocity field in the diffu-3"

j sion region of an air jet 0.05 ft. thick

and 3-0 ft . wide with a plane parallel

boundary at various distances from the axij of the jet.

(f) Inactive.

(2l6l) CHARACTERISTICS OF A HYDRAULIC JUMP AT AN

ABRUPT CHANGE IN BOTTOM ELEVATION.

(b) University of Texas Research Institute and:: Bureau of Engineering Research.

(c) Prof. C. W. Morgan, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of Texas.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Experimental determinations are made of til flow characteristics at two-dimensional

channel drops and rises. The velocity

distribution and surface profile will be

deteunined throughout the length of the

jump for various relative changes in bottc

elevation. The longitudinal location of

the jump in relation to the change in bot- tom elevation will be varied over a broad If range in distinction to previous related

Investigations In which relative location

of the jump was held constant.

(g) Results for the abrupt drop are complete

and have been published. For a given

entering Froude number lying between 2 and

8 three types of jump may form, the type 1 and its longitudinal location depending

only on the relative downstream depth.

The velocities near the bottom below the

drop are always less than the mean velocity in the downstream channel for the

jump type of maximum height. Experimental! measurements have been made on the relatedl investigation for an abrupt rise.

(h) "The Hydraulic Jump at an Abrupt Drop", by) W. L. Moore and C. W. Morgan, Proceedings,!

76
A.S.C.E., Vol. 83, No. HY6, pp. 1 1+49-1-21,

Dec, 1957-

2162) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES, WALLER CREEK WATERSHED.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Measurements of rainfall and runoff for a

1+ square mile and a 2 square mile portion

of the Waller Creek watershed are "being

made to provide basic information for estimating runoff from small urban watersheds

in the Southwest area. Two streamflow

stations and a rain gage net are in operation. Studies of the correlation between

runoff, rainfall, and the characteristics

of the drainage basin are being made by

various proposed methods to serve as a base

for comparison with the data as it is col- lected from the stream.

(f) Active (M.S. Thesis on analysis).

(g) Careful estimates of the peak discharges at the gaging station were made by various

proposed methods based on measurable characteristics of the basin. These results

will be of interest to compare with observed

peak discharges in later years when the

record is long enough to be significant.

(h) "Peak Discharge Predictions for Waller

Creek at 23rd Street at Austin, Texas", by

William H.S. Diehl, M.S. Thesis, Jan., 1959.

i) RESISTANCE OF PIERS IN FREE SURFACE FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental (thesis).

(e) An investigation Is being made of the drag

resistance of piers as a function of shape,

relative submergence, spacing, and Froude

numbers. The pier resistance is being cor- related with the head loss for flow in a channel

(g) A phase of the investigation has been com- pleted for Froude numbers less that 0.5 with cylindrical piers at various submergence and spacing. An investigation of the

resistance of H section piers at various

orientations and longitudinal spacings has

been completed. Another phase has been

completed which demonstrates that the velocity gradient along a cylindrical pier ef- fects the drag coefficient. The local drag

coefficient decreases along the pier in the

direction toward the end of the pier where

the velocity is high. The reduction in

drag coefficient is related to a dimensionless measure of the velocity gradient along

the cylinder.

(h) "An Experimental Investigation of the Drag

Characteristics of Model H-Section Bridge

Piers", Donald R. Van Sickle, M.S. Thesis,

May 1958.

(2397) EFFECT OF UPSTREAM DEVELOPMENT ON THE RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS IN THE SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation (thesis).

( e ) For a selected watershed rainfall and run- off relations before the period of upstream

development are being analyzed. The relations obtained for this period will be

applied to the rainfall records after the

upstream development and the predicted

runoff compared with the actual runoff,

(g) Sources of data have been located, the

available information tabulated, and a method of evaluating the runoff devised

that appears to be reasonable . Multiple

correlation diagrams have been developed

which may be used with storm rainfall re- cords to predict the annual runoff of the

selected watershed for the period before

upstream development

(2629) A MECHANICAL TURBULENCE INDICATOR FOR

LIQUIDS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Experimental instrument development.

(e) There is need for a relatively simple de- vice to give a quantitative measure of the

degree of turbulence in a flowing fluid.

Electrical instruments commonly measure the

root mean square of the turbulent fluctuations as an indication of the intensity.

The instrument being developed measures the

maximum turbulent fluctuation as an indication of the intensity. The instrument is similar to a l/2-inch diameter Prandtl

velocity tube except that it has two stagnation openings; the conventional one which

gives the mean stagnation head and an additional one which leads through a sensitive

check valve and accumulator to a manometer

tube. The check valve and accumulator

elements are located in the tube less than

3/8 of an inch from the stagnation opening to minimize inertia effects.

(g) The instrument has been built and a mem- brane for the check valves developed. Tur- bulence data measured in a hydraulic jump

and in a circular jet appear reasonable in

relation to published data for similar

flows. Calibration of the instrument with

controlled pressure fluctuations at various

frequencies indicate satisfactory response provided the instrument itself is prevented

from vibrating. Turbulence measurements

in a hydraulic jump and a circular jet are to be repeated.

(287I+) AN INVESTIGATION OF THE SCOUR RESISTANCE

OF COHESIVE SEDIMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Engineering Research, University

of Texas.

(d) Analytical and experimental (laboratory).

(e) An attempt is being made to evaluate the scour resistance of cohesive sediments by

means of a standardized scour test. An approximate analysis indicated that a nominal value of the shear stress at sediment

surface could be obtained for radially out- ward flow between a circular disc and the

sediment sample. An apparatus was con- structed with which the net force on the

circular disc and the rate of flow could

be adjusted to desired values and measured.

77
Tests showed that the measurement of the

net force on the disc became inaccurate at low rates of scour, thus giving an unreliable determination of the shear at incipient scour. The apparatus was revised to measure the rate of scour beneath a vertical circular jet. A correlation of the

variables based on a dimensional analysis

shows promise of giving consistent results. A third test to measure the shear stress

on the soil -at incipient scour has been

devised but not tested. It is planned that

results from this test can be correlated

with various soil parameters commonly used

in soil mechanics. It is hoped that as a minimum an arbitrary scale can be set up

for comparing the scour resistance of various cohesive sediments and that possibly

this scale can be related to flow parameters for other situations and to other

measurable soil properties

(3182) LONG TIME FLUCTUATIONS IN STREAM RUNOFF.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Dr. Carl W. Morgan, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Texas, Austin 12, Texas. Analytical and field study.

Values of runoff from selected drainage

areas in the lower Mississippi River basin

and in basins of the rivers emptying

directly into the Gulf of Mexico were

studied. Variations in the runoff values

for each stream were considered and these

trends compared with solar variations

The relative sunspot numbers were used as the measure of solar variations and were

correlated with the mean annual runoff.

Further correlations are being made with

different "lag" periods between solar

activity and surface runoff.

The gradual shifting of the centers of run- off excess and deficiency is consistent

rather than random and appears to represent

a gradual cyclic change in the runoff pattern. It appears that the locations of

the centers of runoff deficiency is following roughly the same path that it did some

22 to 2h years previously. Correlation

coefficients of +0.2 to +0.5 are obtained

for selected rivers in Mississippi, Alabama,

Georgia and Arkansas when sunspot numbers

in the 11-year sunspot cycle are correlated

with runoff. Texas streams do not give

significant correlation with the 11-year

sunspot cycle but give better correlation

if runoff is compared with the double sun- spot cycle in which sunspot numbers are assumed as negative in alternate cycles.

"Surface Runoff in the Gulf Coast Area in

Relation to Solar Activity", by Carl W. Morgan, Ph.D. Dissertation, June 1958.

UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY, Engineering Experiment

Station.

(3183) DYNAMICS OF FLOW IN STEEP, ROUGH, OPEN

CHANNELS.

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory research. Dean F. Peterson, Jr., Dean of Engineering

Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Experimental, theoretical, and field inves

tigation; basic research. A doctoral

thesis is now under way. A basic study of parameters involved in

flow in steep, rough channels where the

roughness is a relatively appreciable part

of the depth, and where flow may be in

channels sufficiently steep that critical

or super critical flow becomes an importar

factor. The work is basic, however, it could have widespread application to steep

mountain streams, especially in the westei

United States. A forty-eight foot long

sloping flume, two feet wide, has been ussj to study flow conditions under a number oi roughness arrangements and for slopes rang ing from one percent to eight and a half

percent for various discharges.

Three regimes of flow seem to be involved,

One, a regime of relatively tranquil flow;: two, a regime in which the roughnesses

begin to act as distributed free overfallf! and may exercise control; and three, a regime in which the roughnesses are essen^ tially skimmed over by super critical floi Tentative parameters delineating these

three regimes have been proposed as have 1, partial set of parameters for describing

flow in the tumbling regime.

( 3181+ ) FLOW TO A PARTIALLY PENETRATING WELL IN A]i UNCONFINED AQUIFER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dean F. Peterson, Jr., Dean of Engineerin

Utah State University, Logan, Utah.

(d) Experimental; basic research. A doctoral

thesis is under way.

(e) The effect of drawdown relative to depth

of penetration, well diameter, and rela- : tive thickness of aquifer on flow into am

idealized well system is being studied

using a combination electrical and membrane analogue and an electrical resistan:

analogue computer.

(g) The various factors have been arranged in

dimensionless form and curves showing the, functional relation between these parameters developed.

(3185) HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE IRRIGATION.

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory research.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering Experiment Station, Utah State Univ.,

Logan, Utah. Experimental, theoretical; basic research A basic study of the phenomenon of water

advance over the soil where the intake

varies with time. A doctoral thesis has been completed and

the report is being written. The .study was based primarily upon the phenomenon

observed by using considerations . A

second study is currently under way where

a mathematical approach is used and com- j puting machines are used to evaluate the I

78
00

3186)

00

(c)

00

(e)

(d

(e

(f

complex differential equations.

"Hydraulics of Irrigation Water Application

as Affected by Soils and Other Factors ", Proceedings, First Intersociety Conference

on Irrigation and Drainage, April 1957- Publication pending. "The Importance of

Hydraulics of Surface Irrigation", Paper

1788, Journal of the Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proceedings, American Society

of Civil Engineers, September 1958.

EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER IN A NON-HOMOGENEOUS, ANISOTROPIC MEDIA.

Laboratory research.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah.

Experimental, theoretical; basic research.

Two masters theses have been completed.

A variable resistance network has been

developed wherein problems of non-homogenous anisotropic flow can be evaluated.

This network has been used to establish the

procedure, validity, and accuracy of solutions which can be expected from this

approach. ' Boundary conditions necessary

before unique solution and the method of

application of boundary conditions have

been studied.

"The Development of an Electrical Analog

for Non-homogeneous Anisotropic Soils" by

Kenneth Craig (Master Thesis).

INVESTIGATION OF THE HYDRAULIC AND MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRINKLERS.

Laboratory research.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director, Engineering

Experiment Station, Utah State University,

Logan, Utah. Experimental

The basic criterion in the study was to "reduce the turbulence in mechanical sprinklers in order to improve the range. Completed.

Several rather simple modifications in the

commercial product could be modified to materially increase the range

STEADY FLOW TOWARD AN UNCONFINED WELL.

Laboratory research.

Dr. Vaughn E. Hansen, Director,

Experiment Station, Utah State

Logan, Utah.

Theoretical.

Unconfined flow toward a well i complex because of the existenc

surface. The objective of this

rive at a more sound mathematic

tion o"f the flow which will des streamline distribution.

Engineering

University,

s extremely

e of a free

is to ar- al evaluacribe the

be addressed to Dr. E. Roy Tinney, Head,

The R. L. Albrook Hydraulic Laboratory,

Division of Industrial Research, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.

(1689) STUDY OF FLUID FLOW IN PIPE NETWORKS.

(b) Designers and managers of water and gas distribution systems.

(d) Analyses by analogue and digital computers.

(e) Studies of distribution systems by the

Mcllroy Pipeline Network Analyzer. Analyses have been made of the water supply

systems for over 30 cities. Gas systems

have also been analyzed as well as the cool- ing system of a large hydro plant. An analysis has been developed whereby some of the problems not readily solvable by the

Mcllroy Analyzer can be carried out on an IBM 65O digital computer.

THE INFLUENCE OF LOGGING OPERATIONS ON RUN-OFF FROM PRECIPITATION.

Laboratory project.

Analytical with field investigation.

The run-off from watersheds on which extensive logging has been made is being con- ducted to determine the correlation between

run-off and logging in regions where the

rainfall is heavy and regrowth rapid.

(f) Inactive.

(2165)

00

(d)

(e)

(2631) ROCKY REACH HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Chelan County Public Utility District No. 1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:75 model 109 ft by hO ft has been con- structed of 7500 ft of the Columbia River

to study construction phases and the opera- tion of the complete development of the

Rocky Reach site. Studies have been com- pleted on the cofferdam layouts and tests

are now underway on the operation of the

spillway and fishway entrances. In addition, a ±:kk.9 scale model of two bays of

the spillway has been constructed in a large glass sided flume to determine

specifically the design of baffles on the apron and skip buckets on the ogee.

(h) Status reports to the client.

(2632) PRIEST RAPIDS PENSTOCK GATE STUDIES.

(b) Pacific Coast Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) A 1:18 model of fixed wheel intake gates

for the Priest Rapids Hydroelectric Project

has been constructed to determine the hydraulic downpull for several lip designs

A generalized study has also been made to investigate various designs of intake gates

with a view toward a more economical design

of gates and gantry cranes,

(h) Report to client.

THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, The R. L. Albrook (2633) WATER WALL FOR ATOMIC REACTORS.

J Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

(b) General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic

Products Operation.

79
(a)

(e)

(f)

(h)

00

(a)

(e)

Experimental; design. A 1:3 model of a large manifold has "been constructed to determine the hydraulic sta- bility, flow patterns, and pressure losses.

Completed.

Final report to client.

(2876) BROWNLEE FISH BARRIER.

(b) Idaho Power Company.

(d) Analytical and experimental.

(e) An analytical development was pursued to

determine the forces and three-dimensional

shape of a 2800 feet long and 120 feet deep

fish harrier that was built in the Brownlee

hydroelectric development reservoir. The

solution of the differential equations

developed was carried out on an IBM 650

digital computer. In order to check the

theory, a 1:150 scale model of the fish

barrier was built. The model was also used

to design the anchorage system.

(f) Completed.

(h) Final report being published by the Idaho Power Company.

(2877) FISHWAY MODELS.

(b) Chelan County PUD No. 1. (d) Experimental; design.

(e) Two 1:12 scale models have been built of

the fish transportation facilities for the

Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development. One model is of the upper end of the ladder and

orifice section of the facility and the

second model is of the tri furcation at the

junction of the powerhouse and spillway.

(h) Report to client.

(2878) HYDRODYNAMICAL STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Theoretical

A mathematical analysis of segmental flip

buckets has been developed using free streamline theory. Analysis shows the

relation between the dimensions of the

bucket, the thickness of the nappe, the

face angle of the dam, and the exit angle

of the jet. Evaluation of the integrals

arising from the conformal transformation

is being made using an IBM 650 digital

computer.

(2879) HYDRAULICS OF LEVEL IRRIGATION.

(b)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project cooperative with the

Department of Agricultural Engineering.

Theoretical and experimental.

Analysis is being developed to define rate

of advance and recession of the water front on a level irrigation border taking into account the infiltration. A tilting flume

75 feet long, 3 feet wide and 2 feet deep

has been erected. A mechanical apparatus

to simulate infiltration is being installed.

(3189) D0WNC0MER FOR ATOMIC REACTOR.

(b) General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic

(a

(e

(h

(3190

(b

(a

(e

(3191

(b

(d

(e

(f

(h

(3192

(a

(e

Products Operation.

Experimental; design and operation.

A 1:6 model of a downcomer for cooling water from atomic reactors has been built

to study methods of increasing the capacity

of existing units. Status report to client.

PUMP SUCTION WELLS.

General Electric Company, Hanford Atomic

Products Operation.

Experimental; design.

A 1:10 model of a multiple pump suction

well is being built with model pumps instal- led to study flow patterns into and through- out the walls at various depths of pools

TRES MARIAS SPILLWAY MODEL STUDIES.

Centrals Electricas de Minas Gerais S.A.

,

State of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Experimental; design. A 1:100 model was built of the Tres Maria's Project to Investigate the design, of the

spillway chute and to perfect a suitable energy dissipating bucket at the down- stream end of the spillway chute. Completed.

Washington State Institute of Technology.

Technical Report No. 10, November 1958.

ADVANCE OF A SHALLOW LIQUID FRONT DOWN A

DRY CHANNEL.

National Science Foundation Grant. Theoretical and experimental; basic researcl Mathematical analysis of equations is being

conducted. Experiments will be conducted

in a tilting flume to supplement and verify

the theoretical approach.

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, Charles W. Hydraulics Laboratory.

Harris

(2637)

0>

(c

(d

(e

(f

(h

(2884

(d

(e

INFLUENCE OF PROXIMITY OF ORIFICES TO EACH

OTHER ON THEIR DISCHARGES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Joseph C. Kent, University of Wash.,

Seattle 5 > Washington.

Experimental; for master's thesis.

Discharge of orifices placed close together compared to similar orifices placed

remotely.

Completed.

Thesis by Tsu Kai Chu is on file at the

University of Washington Library.

A MODEL STUDY OF THE SPILLWAY SYSTEM FOR THE SOUTH FORK T0LT RIVER DAM.

City of Seattle, Board of Public Works.

Dr. E. P. Richey and Prof. H. S. Strausser,:

Univ. of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.;

Experimental; for design. A 1:1+8 scale model study of a spillway

system composed of a morning-glory

80
(f

(g

(2887

(c

(4

(e

(f

(h

(2888

(3193;

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f

(g

(319U

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

00

spillway, a horseshoe conduit, steep chute

and stilling basin. The conduit was to operate with a free surface throughout the

design flow range. Completed.

Design was completed on basis of tests.

COMPARISON OF RIGID PLATE WAVE GENERATOR WITH FLEXIBLE PLATE WAVE GENERATOR.

Engineering Experiment Station, Univ. of

Washington, Seattle 5> Washington.

Dr. Joseph C. Kent, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5 5 Washington.

Experimental, theoretical; master's thesis.

Performances of flexible plate wave genera- tor analyzed and compared with rigid plate

wave generator

Completed.

Thesis by Takao Hirota is on file at the

University of Washington Library.

ANALYSIS OF STATUS OF LONG-TERM PREDICTION

OF STREAMFLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. T. H. Campbell, 201 More Hall, Univ.

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

Experimental; basic research.

Comparative study of approaches which have

been proposed for a long-term forecasting

of streamflow, with a view to determining

usefulness of each. This study probably

will continue over a long period of time.

A MODEL STUDY OF THE SECOND STAGE DIVERSION

FOR THE HIGH GORGE DAM.

City of Seattle, Department of Lighting.

Dr. E. P. Richey, Profs. H. H. Chenoweth

and W. M. Miller, Univ. of Wash., Seattle 5, Washington.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:50 scale model of the diversion works

to be used during the second-stage construc- tion of the Gorge High Dam was built to de- termine a diversion plan that would be safe

with respect to water surface elevations,

velocities and other open-channel phenomena.

Completed.

Design was completed on basis of tests.

MINOR LOSSES IN VISCOUS FLOW.

Engineering Experiment Station, University

of Washington, Seattle 5, Washington.

Prof. H. K. Moritz, Univ. of Washington,

Seattle 5 3 Washington.

Experimental, theoretical; master's thesis.

Theoretical expansion loss in viscous flow

compared to experimental results.

Completed.

Excellent agreement obtained between the

theoretical and experimental analyses.

Thesis by S. H. Siddiqul is on file at the

University of Washington Library.

(2k08) OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Office of Naval Research and National

Science Foundation.

(c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurements have been made in the open ocean of wave elevation and slopes in the two directions, up-down wind and crosswind. A special buoy was used which supported,

vertically, three resistance wire sensing

elements. Data to be analyzed so as to indicate the average asymmetry of ocean

waves under various wind conditions . ( In particular, the departures of the elevation

and slopes from the Gaussian distribution

are to be studied. ) Initial results have

been reported. Measuring circuits are now

being redesigned for Improved and more

reliable operation and data presentation

being made more suitable for analysis by

hi-speed computers. Future measurements

are to be made from fixed installations

such as towers In bays or other inshore

areas

(g) Initial results were subject to considerable experimental error. Slope distributions

agree roughly with other reported works

Elevation distributions and elevation-slope

correlations are qualitatively as expected.

(h) "Some Recent Observations of Sea Surface

Elevation and Slope", by Harlow G. Farmer. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Technical Report Ref. No. 56-37, June 1956.

( 3195 ) TWO-DIMENSIONAL SPECTRUM OF WIND GENERATED

WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

(c) Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Mass.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) One- and two-dimensional spectra are to be

obtained for wind generated waves in the

vicinity of Buzzards Bay, Mass., and from

some other installations where larger

ocean waves may be obtained. Comparison

of the above spectra are to be made in order

to determine usefulness of the small wind

seas as models of the large seas characteristic of the open ocean. Present plan is to use arrays of sensing element detectors

for determining the directional spectrum.

(3196) EVALUATION AND USE OF NIO SHIP BORNE WAVE

RECORDER. 00

(<0

(d)

(e)

WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION.

Office of Naval Research, Department of

the Navy.

Mr. Harlow G. Farmer, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts.

Experimental; applied research.

Experiments are to be conducted to determine the expected overall accuracy of the

instrument. To be investigated are the

effects of the presence of the ship, the

effect of the ship motion on the indicated

pressures and accelerations and the best

81
(g)

way to combine the data to arrive at the wave spectrum. The instrument has been

used on the Atlantis and is now being

installed on a larger and more serviceable

ship for the above tests. From observations aboard the Atlantis, a comparison was made with hindcasts for a number of sea conditions. Observed wave

records were consistently and appreciably

lower than the hindcasted seas. The differences may result in part from both

sources

Auswertung van Seegangsregistrlerungen des Forschungsschiffes "Atlantis" mit dem "Ship

borne wave recorder" sowie Verglelch mit

entsprechenden Seegangsberechungen aus den

Windverhaltnissen (hindcasting). Van H. Walden und H. G. Farmer, Deutschen Hydrographischen Zeitschrift, Band 10, Heft k, 1957-

(3197) HYDRAULIC MODELS.

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

Dr. Alan J. Faller, Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution Woods Hole, Mass. Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

The study of thermally and mechanically

driven circulations in rotating systems

with special emphasis upon analogy with

geophysical phenomena.

Models representing certain features of the ocean circulation such as western boundary

currents. Thermally driven models resem- bling the large-scale atmospheric circulation.

"Some Examples of Stationary Planetary

Flow Patterns in Bounded Basins"; Stommel,

Arons, and Faller; Tellus, 10, 2, 179-187.

WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, Alden Hydraulic

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. L. J. Hooper, Director,

Alden Hydraulic Laboratory, Worcester Polytechnic

Institute, Worcester 9> Mass.

(1963) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foxboro Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes

from 1" to 36" diameter magnetic flow meters

(21+11) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Foster Engineering Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory calibration of various sizes

from 2" to 2k" diameter.

(2638) METER CALIBRATION.

(b) Penn Instrument Div. - Burgess-Manning Co.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Calibration of both open flow nozzles and

venturi meters from 6" to 30" diameter

pipe.

(26U5) ELMHURST DAM - WATER SUPPLY.

(a)

(e)

(f)

(2647)

(b)

(e)

(f)

(f)

(2890)

(*)

(a)

(e)

Thomas H. Wiggin.

Experimental; for design.

A 1/50 model of the original spillway,

section of dam, new spillway and river bed

downstream was constructed. Flow studies were conducted on walls, deflectors and energy dissipators.

Completed.

SHERMAN HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

New England Power Service Co. A l/kO model of the dam, spillway, spillway

chute, powerhouse and river bed was con- structed. Studies included means of increasing capacity of spillway and allied

structures as well as results of same

Completed.

(2889) POTOMAC PROJECT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A distorted model with a vertical scale of

l/80 and horizontal scale of l/20 was con- structed of a section of the Potomac River.

The velocity distribution and heat transfer

characteristics of the river in the area near the intake and outlet of the power

plant were studied.

(h) Report being written.

(2897) ELRAMA POWER PLANT.

(b) Stone and Webster Engineering Corp.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A distorted model with vertical scale of

l/90 and horizontal scale of 1/30 was con- structed of a section of the Mbnongahela

River upstream and downstream of the power

plant. Velocity distribution in the area of the intake and outlet as well as heat

transfer characteristics of the river were

determined.

Report being written.

NEW JERSEY ZINC COMPANY.

Albright and Friel, Inc. Experimental; for design. A 1/250 horizontal scale and l/80 vertical

scale model of a section of the Delaware

River was constructed to study the flow

pattern in the area of the New Jersey Zinc

plant

(g) Tests in progress.

(2891) PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD.

(b) Pennsylvania Railroad.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1/200 horizontal scale and a l/60 vertical scale model of a section of the

82
Deleware River was constructed. The flow

pattern in the river near the Pennsylvania

Railroad pier is being studied.

(g) Tests in progress.

(3198) METER CALIBRATION.

(h) Simplex Valve and Meter Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Calibration of venturi meters in lV pipe.

(f) Completed.

(3199) 10- INCH SWING CHECK VALVE.

(b) Atwood and Morrill Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Evaluation of pressure transients due to variation in operation of the valve. The

test series included several modifications

of both valve and piping. A 10" centrifugal pump in the test line was used for

producing flow opposite to the gravity

system of the laboratory.

(f) Completed.

(3200) 10- INCH SWING CHECK VALVE.

(b) Westinghouse Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Evaluation of pressure transients due to operation of the valve. Several types of

valve internals were studied during the

program. A 10" centrifugal pump was included in the piping to produce flows in a reverse direction to the gravity system of

the laboratory.

(f) Completed.

(3201) 10-INCH CENTER GUIDED CHECK VALVE.

(b) Westinghouse Electric Company.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A series of tests will be performed to measure pressure surges during operation of

the valve. A centrifugal pump in the line

will be used to reverse the flow during

part of the tests.

(3202) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT (PASSNY).

(b) Uhl, Hall and Rich.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l/50 scale model of a section of the

Niagara River has been reproduced including

the area for the water intakes for the

development. The model intakes are duplicated along with gate structures and the

two underground conduits leading to the

outlet structure at the power canal. The

power canal along with the Tuscarora pump- generating station and the Lewiston power

station are represented. Studies of water

level in canal and conduit for various

operating conditions are being made.

(g) Tests in progress.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, College of Agriculture,

Department of Irrigation.

(21) STUDY OF HYDRAULICS OF SPRINKLING SYSTEMS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott and Prof. J. R. Davis,

Department of Irrigation, University of

California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental; operation.

(e) To evaluate sprinkler irrigation vs surface irrigation with respect to water

application, relative production, and

effect of fertilizers, a field comparison

of these two methods for production of

mountain hay was made on two adjacent 27- acre established hay fields. Rate of

advance and recession were measured in

irrigated borders, and uniformity of water distribution determined for the

sprinkler system. Field performance and

annual costs of the two systems were then

compared. Laboratory studies were also

conducted on sprinkler nozzles to evaluate

(l) present methods of measuring discharge

from sprinkler nozzles, (2) the effect of

nozzle geometry on the coefficient of

discharge, and (3) the influence of Im- pinging jets on the uniformity of distribution of water.

(g) Comparisons of sprinkler and surface

irrigation methods on mountain hay showed

that surface methods of irrigation are more economically feasible than sprinkler

methods for the conditions studied. Water

application efficiency for irrigated

borders reached 77 percent . The method of

measuring sprinkler discharge by fitting

a tightly fitting hose over the nozzle

proved inaccurate, by as much as 15 percent. Water must discharge freely into

atmospheric pressure if reliable measure- ments are required.

The effect of the ratio of the length of

the converging section of a nozzle to the

length of the straight bore on the coefficient of discharge was apparent only at ratios less than 3:1 for four nozzle sizes

tested. Generally, the smaller the ratio,

the smaller the coefficient of discharge.

A system of three impinging jets allowed

the creation of many shapes of distribution patterns, by merely changing the

geometry of the system. Performance of

this system was superior to that of a single circular nozzle.

(h) "Spray Characteristics of Water From

Three Impinging Jets", by J. M. Langa, and

J. R. Davis. Paper presented at Annual

Winter Meeting, Amer. Soc. Agr. Engin.,

Chicago, December 1958. "Spray Characteristics of Water From

Three Impinging Jets", by J. M. Langa.

Unpublished Master of Science thesis,

Department of Irrigation, 1958.

(23) HYDROLOGY OF IRRIGATION SUPPLIED IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. R. H. Burgy, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis,

83
California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

applied research and operation.

(e) Studies were continued on the hydrologic

effects of various watershed practices.

Additional data were collected from several

large storms during the latter part of 1957-

58 season. Structural modifications were made to several gaging stations to permit

greater accuracy in measurements of total

outflow from the test areas. Work is nearing completion on a new electrical control

system which provides timing synchronization for rainfall and runoff measurement on

a series of major watersheds. Further

instrumental work has included the installation of soil moisture units and of access

tubes for neutron meter measurements of

soil moisture. Frequency studies of longer

precipitation records have been started

together with other intensive studies of

changes in hydrologic characteristics on managed small watersheds

(g) Analysis of data is continuing to determine

the hydrologic responses attributable to vegetation management on pilot watersheds.

Methods and procedures to isolate specific

hydrograph changes are being selected and

will be applied to determine the redistribution of runoff under altered conditions

on the watershed. These data support con- clusions as to the effectiveness of con- verted vegetation on managed watersheds in

controlling soil movement and in increasing

the quantities of water yield.

(h) "The Erosion Hazard in Obtaining Increased water Yields on Dry Lands ", by R. H. Burgy,

presented at Amer. Soc . Agr. Engineers,

51st Annual Meeting, Soil and Water Erosion

Session, Santa Barbara, June 23-25, 1958. "Interception Losses in Grassy Vegetation",

by R.H. Burgy, C.R. Pomeroy, Amer. Geophys.

Union Trans. 39(6 ) :1095-HOO, Dec. 1958. "Water Yield as Influenced by Watershed

Management", by R. H. Burgy, Jour, of the

Irrigation and Drainage Division, Proc.

Amer. Soc. Civ. Engin., Paper 1590, April

1958.

(2k) MEASUREMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER AND IMPROVE- MENT IN FARM IRRIGATION STRUCTURES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Prof. W. A." Hall, and

Prof. J. R. Davis, Department of Irrigation,

University of California, Davis, California.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The project on measurement of rate of flow

in aluminum sprinkler pipelines was com- pleted. Attempts were made to devise an inexpensive totalizing meter for use on pump discharge pipes by the use of a small

by-pass meter. Investigations of plastic ditch liners were

also continued during 1958. A comprehen-

sive study on the hydraulics of furrow

irrigation systems was conducted in the

field and laboratory,

(g) Results of the studies on measurement of

rate of flow in aluminum sprinkler pipelines

indicated that an eccentric orifice plate

could be easily installed in a pipe or a pressed-on coupler fitting resulting in an accurate inexpensive method of measurement. Rational equations for flow of water in

forrows and borders have been developed and

evaluated during the year. Measurements of

furrow infiltration showed that the rate of

water movement into soil depends on the

furrow size and shape, the condition of the

soil surface in the furrow, and the time of

season or number of prior irrigations. Furrow shape and hydraulic roughness depended upon either flow rate or velocity of

flow. Data are also being collected and

analyzed from artificial roughness studies

in irrigation borders. Performance parameters of irrigation systems have been defined

to establish standard and more realistic

methods of evaluating the performance of

irrigation systems

Evaluation of seepage control, weed control,

installation procedure, and economic feasibility of polyethylene ditch liners indicated that in general, films k mils and

thicker appear to be economically feasible

as ditch liners on coarse textured soils

and to have an effective life of 3 years or

longer. Hydraulic studies of these ditch

liners Indicate that considerable reductions in ditch size may be possible with

plastic liners due to the relatively low

hydraulic roughness,

(h) "Performance Parameters of Irrigation

Systems", by W. A. Hall, paper submitted

for publication in Agricultural Engineering.

"Characteristics of Flow in Irrigation

Furrows", by J. R. Davis, Ph.D. thesis,

Michigan State University, 1958. "Plastic Films for Lining Irrigation Ditches

by J. A. Corry, paper presented at 51st Annual Meeting, ASAE, Santa Barbara, June

1958.

(25) PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS AFFECTING

SOIL INFILTRATION RATES.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. L. D. Doneen, Prof. D. W. Henderson

and J. W. Biggar, University of California,

Davis, California.

(d) Experimental and field; basic and applied

research.

(e) Investigations on soil and water management

practices have been continued in the field

and laboratory. A new lysimeter experiment

has been initiated concerned with salt

balance and leaching requirements of

chloride and bicarbonate waters. Infiltration rates will be measured and composition

of the leachate made at regular intervals.

A new investigation has been started on water quality in relation to irrigation of

peat and muck soil. Studies on the addition

of amendments to water for its improvement

are continuing. Salt removal from a diato- maceous soil by leaching into tile drains

has been investigated in the field.

Field investigations concerned with causes of phytophthora root rot of tomatoes were

8k
continued. Methods of improving slow rates of water penetration were investigated.

(g) Results of the investigation concerned

with the effect of changing from one water

quality to another show that these changes

in water quality often impair infiltration.

This study is designed to predict when this

will occur and procedure necessary for

improvement or prevention. Changes in

salinity "before and after leaching are

"being evaluated by the saturation extract

technique. Studies concerned with the

fixation of boron by soils and its relation to the boron concentration in irrigation water indicate that wetting and drying drastically change boron fixation by

soils. Field investigations show that most Phytophthora root rot of tomatoes is caused by slow internal drainage of the

soil, largely because of naturally occur- ring dense subsoils at depths of 2 to h feet. Chemical amendments and subsoiling

show little promise of improving slow

rates of water penetration into soils

according to field studies. Evaluation of

rotation experiments showed significantly

low infiltration rates with continuous

potatoes and double cropped (mostly green- manured) treatments than with single cropped. In a field test, yields of corn, castor beans and cotton were improved by

double furrowing between, rows or flood

irrigation as compared to conventional

single furrow irrigation. A permanent

grass cover crop for four years has improved the infiltration rate of a sandy

soil in a peach orchard as compared to clean tilled. Improved water management

is often the best approach to problems of

slow water penetration and internal drainage in soils planted to field crops.

(h) "Studies on Water Quality Criteria", by

L. D. Doneen, Proc. Quality of Water for Irrigation, Water Resources Center Contribution No. 1^, University of California,

1958.

"The Relation of Fertilizers to Soil and

Ground Water Salinity, " by J. W. Biggar,

Proc. Quality of Water for Irrigation', Water Resources Center Contribution No. ik,

University of California, 1958. "Influence on Soil Permeability of Total

Concentration and Sodium in Irrigation

Waters", by D.W. Henderson, Proc. Quality

of Water for Irrigation, Water Resources

Center Contribution No. Ik, University of

California, 1958. "Effect of Rotation with Green Manuring

and Irrigation on Physical Characteristics

of Hesperia Sandy Loam", by W.J. Flocker,

J. A. Vomocil, M.T. Vitum and L.D. Doneen,

Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 50:251-25^, 1958.

(1819) DRAINAGE IN RELATION TO IRRIGATION.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis,

California.

(d) Experimental and field investigation;

basic and applied research,

(e) A field study of drainage problems in the

Tulelake lease lands, Tulelake, California,

has been underway since 1953* this area high water table levels and subsequent

salinity build-up has become apparent over

the years since irrigated agriculture was

initiated. Experiments have been made to determine the most effective method of

draining this area in order to relieve

this situation. A cooperative study was started during the summer of 1958 in

Solano County to determine the effect of

introducing surface water to an area for- merly nonirrigated or irrigated by pumped

supplies. An investigation was conducted

.at the Imperial Valley Field Station to determine drainage characteristics of the

soils and other factors relative to the

high water table situation found in cer- tain areas. In addition to this field

study, a voltage network laboratory study

has been started on analyzing ponded water

flow rates into tile lines which are placed at various depths in profiles typical of those found In the soils of the

Imperial Valley. A drainage study to de- termine the best way to reclaim tidal lands was continued during 1958.

(g) The drainage-salinity study during 1958 on

the Tulelake lease lands indicated that

tile drains would effectively control water table levels but would be hindered

by inadequate outlet facilities. The

soils In the lease lands are unique be- cause of very high permeability in the

first five feet. However, since they

cover about 20,000 acres, drainage is an important feature of their management

Data are being gathered from areas in

Solano County where drainage problems are developing. By this means corrective measures can be instigated before such

problems reach serious proportions.

Most of the soils at the Imperial Valley

Field Station are permeable and permit

efficient operation of tile. Salt buildup was indicated in some areas. Lined

ditches have been recommended to reduce

seepage contributions. The data obtained

during the investigation at the Field

Station will aid planners of future drainage systems. The analog studies will have more widespread use in the Valley in giving more reliable criteria for specifying

the most efficient depth for drains in

these soils.

(h) "Machinery For Soil Drainage", by P. A. Boving, California Agriculture 12(6), 1958. "Drainage Problems in the San Joaquin

Valley", by L. G. Wilson, J. N. Luthin and

F. B. Clendenen, University of California,

Davis, California, 1958.

(2055) THE PHYSICS OF SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. J. N. Luthin, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis,

California.

85
(d) Laboratory and theoretical studies; basic

research.

(e) Analog studies were made to determine the

optimum depth for drains in stratified

soils under ponded water conditions . The water table drawdown relationships of

Kirkham-Gaskell were modified to account

for the change of drainable porosity with

tension giving a more realistic approach

to studies of falling water tables. Water

table shapes have been predicted with

greater accuracy when using this modified

relationship. The resistance network

analog has been used to study the water

table shape and rate of drop.

In studying soil drainage the relationship

between water removable and water table

depth must be known with a degree of ac- curacy which is not usually obtained by

ordinary techniques. An improved technique

for obtaining this information has been

devised by utilizing the outflow data ob- tained from soil columns during drainage.

This technique is quite useful when such

liquids as glycerine are used in tank model

investigations. The new technique is more

time consuming than established ones.

(g) The evaluation of maximum flow rates into

drains will be useful in determining the

capacity of tile drains which are located

at variable depths in a stratified soil.

The adaptation of rapid analog techniques

to evaluate water table drawdown will provide information leading to better design

of drainage facilities.

(h) "The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage,

Part II. Proposed Criteria for Spacing of

Tile Drains", by J. N. Luthin, submitted

for publication in Agr. Engineering.

"The Falling Water Table in Tile Drainage,

Part III. Factors Affecting the Rate of

Fall", by J. N. Luthin, and R. B. Worstell,

submitted for publication in Agr. Engineering. "An Improved Resistance Network Analog for

Drainage Studies", by R. V. Worstell, sub- mitted for publication in Soil Science.

"Flow Into Drain Tubes in Soils Whose Con- ductivity Decreases with Depth -- an Analog

Study", by G. S. Taylor and R. V. Worstell,

manuscript prepared to be submitted to Proceedings of Soil Science Society of

America.

(2056) THE HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF WELL

CASING PERFORATIONS.

(b) California Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Prof. V. H. Scott, Department of Irrigation, University of California, Davis,

California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Static and pumping condition differences of

individual aquifers at various depths were studied in relation to drainage, water

quality and water supply. Analyses of

several well waters were made to determine

possible causes of corrosion in steel and

aluminum pipe lines and in well casings.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(g) Tables for estimating electric power cost for pumping irrigation water were revised.

CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of

Civil Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. T. E. Stelson, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, Carnegie Institute of Technology,

Pittsburgh 13, Pennsylvania.

(183U) AIR-WATER FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) An investigation to determine the amount of

air that can be carried by flowing water. Experiments are conducted with air-water

mixtures flowing in pipes at different

slopes past various transition sections.

(206U) VIRTUAL MASS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Measurement of virtual mass of bodies in

fluids with free and fixed boundaries.

(h) "The Virtual Mass of Cylindrical Bodies at a Free Surface", T. E. Stelson and J. P. Murtha, Proceedings of Fifth Midwestern

Conference on Fluid Mechanics, p. 330-336,

1957. "Dynamic Response of Floating Bridges to

Transient Loads", J. P. Romualdi, E. D'Appolonia, T. E. Stelson, Proc. Third

U. S. National Congress of Applied Mechanics, p. 227-232, 1958.

(2275) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES.

(b) Laboratory project - Freeman Fellowship.

(d) Basic experimental and analytical research.

(e) Determination of energy losses, solid and

liquid velocities, concentration of solids,

and characteristics of flow.

(2276) UNSTEADY FLOW THROUGH CONDUITS, WEIRS AND

ORIFICES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical for undergraduate thesis. (e) Analysis of steady- flow characteristics

from measurements with unsteady flow.

(2759) FLOW INTO VERTICAL SHAFTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Evaluation of the characteristics of flow

entering a vertical shaft for various geo- metric and hydraulic conditions.

(3203) PRESSURE SURGES IN CLOSED CONDUITS.

(b) Laboratory project - National Science

Foundation Fellowship,

(d) Experimental and analytical for Master's

86
Thesis.

(e) Determining the effect of pipe geometry on

the transmission and reflection of pressure

surges

(3204) EFFECT OF AIR ENTRAPMENT ON FLOW THROUGH ROUGHENED PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) A model study to determine the effect of

entrapped air on the flow characteristics

of unlined tunnels

(h) "A Basic Model Study Simulating Effects of

Air Entrapment in Unlined Water Tunnels

Through Rock", F. T. Mavis and F.Bustamante,

Trans. Seventh General Meeting I.A.H.R. p. c6 1-5, 1957-

(3205) FLOW OF LIQUID-SOLID MIXTURES IN INCLINED

PIPES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Determination of energy losses, slurry

velocities, concentration of solids, and

characteristics of flow in inclined pipes.

(3206) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INCLINED

ELLIPTICAL WEIRS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) An investigation to determine the headdischarge and head-pressure relationships

for sharp-crested inclined elliptical weirs.

UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT, Hydraulic Research

Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department.

(1078) HYDR0L0GIC FACTORS INFLUENCING RAINFALL- RUNOFF RELATIONSHIPS ON SMALL WATERSHEDS IN EASTERN CONNECTICUT.

(b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept.

(c) Prof. K. C. Tippy, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Rainfall and runoff measurements are being

taken on small watersheds varying In size

from h to hOO acres

(1080) STUDY OF HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF CURB INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project, State Highway Dept.

(c) Prof. V. E. Scottron, Box U-37, University

of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are continuing on the influence of

plan form of parallel bar gratings on hydraulic capacity. Field tests are also

being conducted.

(g) A report has been issued to the Connecticut

Highway Dept. on the design of parallel bar

gratings. A paper covering a portion of

this report is published in Annual Report

of the Connecticut Society of Civil Engineers, Hartford, Conn., March 1955-

(2073) A STUDY OF SIDE FLOW INTO GUTTERS AND

CHANNELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. V. Scottron, Box U-37, University of

Connecticut, Storrs, Conn.

(d) Experimental and analytical.

(e) Work is continuing on the hydraulics of

rectangular channels with sloping bottoms

and uniformly entering side flow.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, Applied Physics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1876, 2335, 3207 and 3208, should be addressed to the Director,

Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins Univ.,

8621 Georgia Avenue, Silver Spring, Md. Inquiries

concerning Project l877 should be addressed to the

McDonnell Aircraft Corp., Box 5l6, St. Louis 3, Mo.

(1876) ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC OPERATION OF HYDRAULIC

(FORCE) AMPLIFIER TRANSFER VALVES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied

research and development.

(e) Designed to develop a set of linearized

differential equations to describe the

operation of single and double nozzle type

hydraulic force amplifier, transfer valves.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The linearization of differential equations

complete. Have been completed and compare favorably with experimental results.

(h) Present phase completed; refer to APL/JHU

TG-198 "Electro -Hydraulic Valve Study", by

Ahrendt Instrument Co.

(1877) ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDRAULIC SERVO- MECHANISMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied

research and design.

(e) Phase (l) covers derivation of equations

required in Item 1876 above. Phase (2) covers the application of simple linearized

equations to study the effects of complex

mechanical loads and oil compressibility.

Phase (3) covers the use of more sophisticated describing function techniques to analyze the nonlinear characteristics of

transfer valve while operating in a closed

loop and driving complex mechanical loads

and including the effects of oil compressibility. Phase (3) includes single stage

and two-stage hydraulic transfer valves.

The work under Phase (3) is being carried

out by McDonnell Aircraft Corporation,

St. Louis, Mo., under technical cognizance

of APL/JHU.

(f) Phase (2) completed. Phase (3) single

stage valve completed, two-stage valve

suspended.

(g) Phase (2), linearized differential equa- tions produce reasonable correlations

87
between experiment and theory for small

changes In variables. Phase (3) describing

function techniques have been successfully

applied to transfer valve hysteresis, spool

~ reaction forces, and square root characteristics, etc.

(h) Phase (2) no unclassified report. Phase

(3) Contract NOrd 12826. Single Stage

Valve; McDonnell Aircraft Corp. reports

1+580 and I+58I. Two Stage Valve; McDonnell

Aircraft Corp. reports 5278 and 5279-

(2335: APPLICATION OF SWITCHING TECHNIQUES TO HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied de- velopment and design.

(e) Study of the dynamic properties of an ac- celeration switching hydraulic servo while

operating in a closed loop under the presence of various external loads and environmental conditions on the transfer valve and

output actuator.

(g) The use of a two stage transfer valve and actuator as' a double integrating switch has

been found to have superior static and

dynamic performance characteristics under

normal and adverse environmental conditions

(ambient temperature to 700° F) over the

proportional flow control valve.

(h) "Acceleration Switching Hydraulic Servo",

APL/JHU CM-843, by Jdhn Chubbuck.

"Design and Performance Criteria of the

Acceleration Switching Hydraulic Servo" , APL/JHU CF-2652, by W. Seamone. "Performance Characteristics of the Acceleration Switching. Hydraulic Servo" APL/JHU CM9^+5 > by W. Seamone.

(3207) ACCELERATION SWITCHING HYDRAULIC SERVO- MECHANISMS UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL

CONDITIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Experimental, applied development and

design.

(e) Extend to regions of extreme high temperature, a servomechanism capable of high

force or horsepower requirements. The

power amplifier, prime mover and feedback

transducer must operate under the environmental conditions, while electronic amplifiers and associated circuitry are placed

in a protective area.

(g) Three sets of tests have been completed, two being at North American Aviation Co. in Downey, California, while one was held

at Boeing Aircraft Co., in Witchita,

Kansas. These tests had oil temperatures

up to 500F° and ambient air temperatures up to 750F°. The acceleration switching

valves used performed reliably and relatively bias free under the condition of

oil varnishing and sludging in these high

temperature ranges. These valves, as well

as hydraulic cylinders and feedback transducers were commercially procured and as a servo system showed dynamic stability and

servo closed loop bandpass within 15$ of

room temperature value. Extensive work is necessary to replace all elastomeric seals

in this system. Further effort in this

servo area awaits completion of a high

temperature test facility at APL/JHU.

(h) "Hydraulic (Acceleration Switching) Servo Dynamic Performance Under Extreme High

Temperature Environment" by W. Seamone and

K. E. W. Dunlng. APL/JHU CF-2737 dated

June 17, 1958.

(3208) HYDRAULIC SERVOMECHANISM CHARACTERISTICS UNDER EXTERNAL FORCE DISTURBANCES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(d) Theoretical and experimental, applied re- search.

(e) Hydraulic Servomechanisms are primarily

used in high power devices subjected to external force disturbances of random

nature. Typical servomechanisms using

linear proportional hydraulic servovalves

as well as acceleration switching valves were loaded by an external dynamic force

(up to 50 cps ) and the reaction of the

servo noted.

(f) Completed.

(g) The servo torque stiffness is a decreasing

function of frequency for a linear servo using a transfer valve with good low signallevel performance. The limiting value of

stiffness is that of a blocked actuator with only the oil and actuator compliance

contributing to the servo stiffness at the

high frequencies. Some of the linear valve

servos had low stiffness in the low fre- quency region but approached the nominal

limiting stiffness of the blocked actuator

condition at high frequencies

The acceleration switching servo shows very

high stiffness in the low frequency region, appears slightly softer in the Intermediate

frequency range, and approaches the nominal

limiting stiffness of the blocked actuator

for the high frequency condition. Repeatability was good between two valves.

The effect of dither on servo stiffness may

either Increase or decrease the stiffness

depending on valve tolerance and frequency

in question.

(h) "An Experimental Study of Hydraulic Servo Torque Characteristics as a Function of

Frequency" by W. Seamone and L. A. Wenrich,

APL/JHU CF-2753 dated September 23, 1958.

88
M. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURE

j RESEARCH SERVICE, Soil and Water Conservation

Research Division.

EASTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

Runoff and Erosion Control Section .

(1966) IMPROVED SYSTEMS FOR CONTROL OF RUNOFF AND

EROSION.

(b) Cooperative with the following state Agricultural Experiment Stations and other

agencies for use throughout the 31 Eastern

States: Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa,

Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi,

Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Wisconsin. Some studies under this project are reported in more detail as cooperative

research under the respective states.

(c) Dr. L. B. Nelson, Eastern Soil and Water

Management Research Branch, Plant Industry

Station, Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental and field investigations,

both basic and applied for development and

design.

(e) The purpose of these studies is to obtain

fundamental information on the mechanics

of rainfall runoff and erosion, to determine the effects of the basic factors - climatic, topographic, soil and cover on runoff and soil loss, and to evaluate

various soil and water management practices

from the standpoint of runoff and erosion

control in the humid region. Erosion con- trol practices including terracing and

strip cropping are developed and improved

to function effectively in the present day

multiple -row-power system of fanning. The

relationships and evaluations secured from

the studies are combined into equations or graphs for estimating runoff and individual

field soil loss for use in the design of

conservation farm plans and in determining

probable sediment production for use in

watershed protection programs. Grass waterways are studied from the standpoint

of establishment and maintenance and their

use coordinated with grade stabilization

structures and supporting erosion control

practices. Methods for the establishment

and maintenance of vegetation for erosion

control on areas of exposed subsoil, including roadside areas are under development. The integration of soil and water

management and erosion control practices

are studied on individual fields and in

farm-sized units to determine and improve

their practicability for farm use. Im- proved techniques and devices are developed to facilitate the making of required

research measurements. The work is carried

on in carefully controlled laboratory and

fractional acre plot studies and on primary unit or field sized watersheds in

different erosion control and management

practices. Both meteorological and hydrological measurements are made. The basic

data are assembled In a central statistical laboratory for placement on punch

cards for machine and graphical correlation

analysis

(g) A universal method for estimating field

soil loss has been developed. The erosion

potential of rainfall using first order

Weather Bureau Station data has been com- puted for about half of the humid region.

Additional data on runoff and soil loss

under different soil management methods was secured during the year. Part of this was secured with the recently developed field

plot rainfall simulator.

(h) "Surface Mulch, Mulch Tillage Help Control

Erosion on Corn Fields", H. L. Borst and

H. J. Mederski, Ohio Farm and Home Research

42(305); 26-27 (1957).

"Conservation and Tobacco", C. S. Britt and

C. S. Slater, What's New in Crops and Soils

lO(U): 9-10 (1958).

"Mulch Tillage Definitely Cuts Runoff",

J. R. Carreker, Whats New in Crops and

Soils, 10(5): 13(1958).

"Effects of Good Management Following Soil

Erosion", G. R. Free, Soil Sci. Soc. Proc.

21:1*53-^56 (1957).

"Conservation Methods for the Upper Mississippi Valley (Fayette Soil Area)", 0. E. Hays and R. E. Taylor, U.S.D.A. Farmers'

Bui. 2116, 12 pp. (1958).

"A Fertility Survey of Exposed Subsoils

from Highway Roadbanks of Northwest Georgia

B. F. Hendrickson, Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv. 13: 27-28 (1958).

"Spacing of Level Terraces in Western Iowa"

W. E. Larson and F. W. Schaller, Agr. Engin

39:20-23 (1958).

"Rainfall Simulator for Runoff Plots", L.D. Meyer and D. L. McCune, Agr. Engin. 39: 6U+-61+8 (1958).

"Development of a Rainfall Simulator", L. D Meyer and D. L. McCune, Purdue Univ. Engr.

Bui. Res. Series No. 136 (1957).

"Building Sounder Conservation and Water

Management Research Programs for the Future

L. B. Nelson, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

Vol. 22, No. k, July-August 1958. "Highway Erosion Control Problems in North- west Georgia", E. C. Richardson, E. G. Diseker, and B. H. Hendrickson, Soil Con- servation, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, October 1958. "Factors Affecting. Rainfall Erosion and

Their Evaluation", D. D. Smith, Inter. Un. Geod. and Geo., 11th Gen. Assembly, Toronto Canada 1957, 1: 97-107, 1958. "Factors Affecting Sheet and Rill Erosion",

D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier, Trans. Amer. Geo. Un. 38(6): 889-896 (1957).

"Winter Cover Crops", Russell E. Uhland,

Jour. Soil and Water Conserv. 13: 207-21*+ (1958).

"Effect of Rainfall Characteristics on Erosion", W. H. Wischmeier, et . al., Purdue

University Engr. Bui. Res. Series No. 136

(1957).

"Evaluation of Factors in the Soil Loss Equation", W. H. Wischmeier, D. D. Smith

and R. E. Uhland, Agr. Engin. 39(8): 1+58-

1+63, hik, (1958).

"Rainfall Energy and Its Relation to Soil

Loss", W. H. Wischmeier and D. D. Smith,

89
Trans. Amer. Geo. Un. 39(2): 285-291,

(1958). "Current Concepts and Developments in

Rainfall Erosion Research in the United

States", D. D. Smith and W. H. Wischmeier,

Proc. Fifth International Congress of Agr.

Engr., Brussels, Belgium, 1958.

Soil-Plant Relationships Section .

(26) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN COACHELLA

VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.

See University of California, College of

Agriculture, Division of Irrigation and

Soils, page h.

(2172) MOVEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND

SALTS IN UNSATURATED SOIL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. L. A. Richards, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(h) "Soil Moisture", L. A. Richards and S. J. Richards, Year book of Agriculture (USDA)

1957, SOIL, p. 1+9-60. "Analysis of Soil Water-Content Changes

Following the Irrigation of Alfalfa", Gen

Ogata, L. A. Richards and W. R. Gardner,

manuscript

"Solutions of the Flow Equation for the

Drying of Soils and Other Porous Media",

W. R. Gardner, Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

23: 1959 (in press).

( 2173 ) EVAPORATION FROM FIELD SOILS IN THE PRES- ENCE OF A WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Ronald C. Reeve, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A study that is being conducted at selected

field sites to develop a reliable method

for measuring evaporation from soils in

the field and to determine the applicability of the theory for evaporation from

soils in the presence of a water table to

the solution of field problems.

(261+8) EVALUATION OF THE LEACHING REQUIREMENT THEORY FOR CONTROLLING SOIL SALINITY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. C. Reeve, U. S. Salinity Laboratory,

P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Involves the measurement of both inflow

and outflow of both water and salt from

soil columns in lysimeters in which crops

are grown under varying water table depths

and irrigation regimes. To test the va- lidity of the leaching requirement theory

for controlling soil salinity and to de- termine the effects of soil salinity and water table conditions on the growth of

crops

(g) Experimental results add support to the

leaching requirement theory.

(2900) ENTRY OF WATER INTO SOILS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. W. R. Gardner, P. 0. Box 672, Riverside, California.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.

(e) The diffusion equation is applied to the movement of water into soil. The effect

of water content and soil properties on intake rates is determined. The influence

of exchangeable sodium and salinity of

irrigation water is also included.

(h) "Solutions and Tests of the Diffusion

Equation for the Movement of Water in

Soil", W. R. Gardner, and M. S. Mayhugh,

Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 22:197-201,

1958.

"The Effect of Electrolyte Concentration

and Exchangeable Sodium Percentage on the

Diffusivity of Water in Soil", W. R. Gardner, M. S. Mayhugh, J. 0. Goertzen,

and C. A. Bower, (in preparation).

WATERSHED TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH BRANCH.

(150) EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHEDS STUDIES.

See also Stanford University Project 19^6, page 67.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experi- ment Stations, Soil Conservation Service,

U. S. Weather Bureau, U. S. Geological

Survey, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Bureau of Public Roads, Stanford University,

University of Iowa, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, Central and Southern

Florida Flood Control District, and the

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company.

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory; for design of Watershed Protection and Flood

Prevention Projects and general information in planning farms for soil and water

conservation.

(e) Rainfall and runoff are measured on watersheds ranging from 1 to 75,000 acres. In addition to rainfall and runoff measurements, studies are made on small Govern- ment-operated areas of evapotranspiration,

moisture storage, moisture transmission

through the soil, hydrologic effect of

physiography, tillage, and ground surface

conditions, vegetal covers and soils and

geology, and the effect of conservation

farming on runoff, erosion and the hydro-

[| logic performance of underlying aquifers, ! as well as the characteristics of flood

runoff from agricultrual watersheds. Hydrologic records of various kinds are being obtained on some 130 watersheds at

Safford and Tombstone, Arizona; Ft". Lauder

dale and Vero Bea.ch, Florida; Watkinsville

Georgia; Iowa City, Iowa; College Park and

Hagerstown, Maryland; East Lansing, Michigan; Oxford, Mississippi; McCredie,

Missouri; Hastings, Nebraska; Newell,

90
South Dakota; Albuquerque and Santa Rosa, New Mexico; Cohocton and Dutchess County, New York; Coshocton, Ohio; Stillwater,

Oklahoma; Eiesel (Waco), Texas; Blackshurg,

Virginia; Moorefield, West Virginia; Colby,

Fennimore and LaCrosse, Wisconsin; Montpelier, Vermont. Other studies include (l)

analysis and interpretation of accumulated

records and (2) development of procedures

for generalizing synthetic unit hydrographs

for watersheds primarily under 3000 acres in size and (3) unit established at Lincoln,

Nebraska cooperatively by U. S. Soil Con- servation Service, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation and U. S. Agricultural Research Service to develop methods for estimating the

influence of watershed protection programs upon water yields.

Processing of the large backlog of accumu- lated hydrologic data has been continued.

During 1958 a publication entitled "Annual

Maximum Flows From Small Agrigultural Watersheds in the United States" was distributed.

Tabular data in this publication includes

the maximum discharge for each year and the

annual maximum volume for periods of 1, 2,

6, and 12 hours and 1, 2, and 8 days for

each of more than 300 experimental watersheds. This publication is a supplement

to the document entitled "Monthly Precipitation and Runoff From Small Agricultural

Watersheds in the United States" distributed in 1957- Summarization for the third

document to be entitled "Selected Runoff

Events" from approximately 50 watersheds

is in process. It will give precipitation

and runoff detail for selected major storm

events on each of the watersheds. With the

completion of the last publication, processing of the large backlog of hydrologic data

will be substantially completed. Only data

from a few watersheds requiring special

studies for weir calibrations, etc. will

remain. The detailed data for substantially

all watersheds is available to all users at the offices of the various project locations. No further processing and distribution in quantity of data obtained prior to 1955 will be necessary after the third publication is completed. Some progress has

been made in the analysis of data. Riesel, Texas analysis resulted in development of

a promising method of estimating antecedent

soil moisture for use in the prediction of

runoff by means of rainfall runoff relationships. At Coshocton, Ohio it has been

found that of the water infiltrating into

the small upland fields about 11 inches reappears as streamflow below drainage

areas of about 1,000 acres, thus demonstrating the importance of the underlying

aquifers in the functioning of watershed

protection measures. Analysis of data

from small gaged watersheds in California

resulted in a method for predicting the

magnitude and frequency of flows from un- gaged upstream watersheds in certain areas in that State. Studies of records from

experimental watersheds in Texas, Nebraska,

and Ohio have shown that, in periods of

unusually heavy rainfall In these areas, the effects of conservation practices on volumes of storm runoff are relatively

insignificant once the soil profile is thoroughly wetted. At the Tombstone, Ari- zona experimental watershed, where the 60

square mile watershed is served by about

one raingage per square mile and where

coverage has been made with the radar

equipment of the Institute of Atmospheric

Physics, studies have shown that the average diameter of "single cell" storm areas

is less than a mile. This finding is of

considerable significance in understanding

the rainfall patterns and rainfall-runoff

relations in the Southwest. From the data

of several experimental watersheds in

Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado a method

was developed for synthesizing stream flow

hydrographs for small arid land watersheds.

The Cooperative Water Yield Procedures

Study at Lincoln, Nebraska, initiated in

1957> was continued. This study has in some Instances made clear the need for

longer and more detailed hydrologic records

and data. Additional watersheds have been instrumented

on range land areas near Newell, South

Dakota; on mixed use areas in the Piedmont Area and Ridges and Valleys Area in Virginia; on pasture near Moorefield, West Virginia in the shale area; and on mixed

land use areas near Danville , Vermont

(Headquarters for the Vermont work were moved from ^Montpelier to Danville). Collection of hydrologic records were reinitiated

on a 4380 acre watershed at Riesel, Texas,

(h) "Leaching Loss", F. R. Dreibelbis and J. L. McGuinness. What's New in Crops and Soils,

10(7): 2k, kk (1958).

Discussion of "The Effect of Non-representative Sampling on Linear Regressions as Applied to Runoff", by D. W. Potter (Trans.

38: 333-3^0, 1957), J- L. McGuinness and

D. L. Brakensiek. Amer. Geophys . Union

Trans. 39: 1+97-^98 (1958).

"Runoff from Small Watersheds", J. A. Allis

and L. L. Kelly, Soil Conservation, pp l6k66, March (1958).

"Fitting a Generalized Log-Normal Distribution to Hydrologic Data", D. L. Brakensiek

and J. L. McGuinness. Amer. Geophys. Union

Trans. 39: U69-U73 (1958).

"Raindrops and the Watershed - A Coshocton

Story", L. L. Harrold. Land and Water - Friends of the Land Jour. 3(3): 3-7, (1957)-

"Plant Nutrient Losses in Lysimeter Percolates", F.R. Dreibelbis and J. L. McGuinness.

Agron. Jour, i+9 : 523-527, (1957).

"Average Monthly Percolation from the Cosh- octon Monolith Lysimeters, I938-I955", F.R. Dreibelbis. Jour. Soil and Water Conserv.

12: 85-86 (1957).

"Lysimeter Checks on Empirical Evapotranspiration Values", L. L. Harrold. Agri

Engin. Vol. 39, PP- 9^-97, Feb. (1958).

"Least Squares Fitting Equations for a Normal, Log-Normal and Extreme Value Distribution", D. L. Brakensiek. Research

Report No. 30h. Jan. (1958).

91
"Discussion of the Various Methods Used to Determine Plotting Positions, Following the

Logarithmic -Normal (Hazen) Theory of Distribution of Hydrologic Data", E. L. Neff. Research Report No. 308. Feb. (1958). "We're Losing a Fanning Empire - South

Florida's Organic Soils are Sinking Fast",

D. S. Harrison and J. C. Stephens. What's New in Crops and Soils, Vol. 10, No. (k):

35, (1958). Also Fla. Agri. Exp. Sta. Sun- shine State Research Report 3 (l): 10 (1958)

illus

"Annual Maximum Flows from Small Agricultural Watersheds in the United States",

distributed by SWCRD as a working tool,

(1958).

"Evaluation of Dew Amounts", L. L. Harrold

and F. R. Dreibelbis. Internatl. Geod. Geophys. Union, 12th Assem. Gen. Toronto,

1957, 2: 1+60-U65, (1958) illus.

"A Retention Index for Rainfall Runoff

Relationship", Ralph W. Baird, M. A.Hartman,

and J. B. Pope. Research Report No. 309- April (1958).

"The Effects of Land-Use Practices on Runoff, Erosion and Crop Yields as Evaluated

by Small Single-Crop Watersheds", J. L. McGuinness, L. L. Harrold, F. R. Dreibelbis.

Research Report No. 310. June (1958).

"Antecedent Soil Moisture Index from Daily

Precipitation", M A. Hartman, R. W. Baird,

J. B. Pope, and W. G. Knisel. Research

Report No. 312. July (1958).

"Runoff -- How Fast and How Much", J. B. Burford and J. H. Lillard, Soil Conservation, 2U-l+:8l-83 (II-I958). Paper presented

before meeting of Soil Conservation Society

of America by R. V. Keppel and Joel E. Fletcher at Asheville, N. C, Oct. 1958.

(1723) THE HYDRAULICS OF CONSERVATION STRUCTURES.

See St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory

Projects Nos. Ill, 1168, 1398, 1929, page

62; 2386, page 63; and 2860, page 65. (b) Cooperative with the Oklahoma and Minnesota

Agricultural Experiment Station, the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory, and

Illinois State Water Survey, Urbana, 111.

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; applied research for develop- ment and design.

(e) Research dealing with the design, construction, and testing of structures for control-

' ling and conserving soil and water are car- ried out under this project. Field studies

are made to determine the causes of deterioration of drainage ditches, terrace outlets, and hydraulic structures that have

failed in service. Laboratory experiments

in methods of preventing such deterioration

are supplemented by field tests of those measures or devices that appear promising.

Models of hydraulic structures are built

and tested in the laboratory; and when the

design has been developed to seemingly

satisfactory operation, full-scale struc- tures are tested before they are recommended

for field use. At the Stillwater, Oklahoma

Outdoor Hydraulic Laboratory tests are being

made to establish friction coefficients of

various crops for use in the Manning channel flow formula, and studies are being

continued on the use of highway culverts

for measuring flow rates . At the St

Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory studies were continued on the capacity and performance of the hood inlet to the closed conduit

spillway and on the hydraulic design characteristics of drain tile. Cooperative

studies on drop inlets were initiated with

the Illinois State Water Survey at Urbana,

Illinois.

(g) Investigations of a drop inlet entrance and

a combination anti-vortex baffle and debris

guard for the entrance were carried out at the Outdoor Laboratory at Stillwater, Okla. The tests were run on a 30-inch square drop

inlet entrance to a 2l+-Inch diameter closed

conduit spillway. The combination anti- vortex baffle and debris guard consisted

essentially of an 8-foot square wood box

with 2-foot sides, inverted over the drop

inlet, and with the lower sides of the box

supported one foot below the crest of the

drop inlet. A wood grid prevented trash

from entering the inverted box from the

bottom. This design is in current use by

the Soil Conservation Service in Oklahoma. Tests showed that, when clean, the guard

had little adverse effect on the weir coefficient. However, when trash had accumu- lated about the guard, there were substantial reductions in discharge. Complete

information on the tests is being distributed in a Research Report.

The theory and results of tests conducted

at the St. Anthony Falls Laboratory on closed conduit spillways were assembled in

a four-volume publication which has been

supplied to pertinent Soil Conservation

Service offices and is available for all

agencies and individuals interested in

closed conduits. Studies of the hood drop

inlet for closed conduit spillways were initiated at the St. Anthony Falls Hydraulie Laboratory. This inlet consists of a drop box which discharges through a hood

entrance to the conduit. In the study,

the premise is that the drop box will con- trol the head and the hood entrance insure 1 a full flowing conduit. Preliminary tests

show that the performance of the spillway

was related to both the size and height of

the drop inlet. Further tests are necessary to develop recommendations for the

best dimensions of the various elements.

At the outdoor hydraulic laboratory near

Stillwater, Oklahoma, further information

was obtained for design of diversion and terrace channels to carry specified flows

when planted to crop vegetation. Using two, channels of 0.1 percent slope and row direction parallel to the channel length

axis, tests were conducted to determine

differences in retardance values of wheat

at heading stage due to row spacing.

Manning's N values were O.38 for 7-inch

92
row spacing and 0.20 for lU-Inch spacing

at flows of 0.25 cfs/foot of width. At 1.5 cfs/ft of width, hoth conditions had

N values of about 0.l6. Applicability of

the "N vs VR" method of design developed at Stillwater was further tested using the

same two channels, one planted in short "common lespedeza" and the other in medium

length "weeping lovegrass." Analyses of

these data are not complete, but a report

covering the 16 different experiments during the last h years is under preparation

for release within the next several months

Model studies were conducted to test the

suitability of selected road culverts for use in streamflow measurement. It was

found that a combination of a small V notch

and the culvert entrance made a satisfactory control for both low and high flows. The culvert capacity was reduced 5 percent

or less depending upon the height and location of the V notch. This may have an important bearing on lessening costs of

flow measurements.

Studies are being initiated in cooperation

with the Illinois State Water Survey Division at Urbana on horizontal circular plate

anti-vortex devices on drop inlets. The

experimental apparatus has been designed

and is being installed. Plans for the ex- perimental program have been completed and

the models are under construction,

(h) "Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - Part X, The Hood Inlet", F. W. Blaisdell

and C. A. Donnelly. Tech. Paper No. 20,

Series B. University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Hyd. Lab., April (1958).

"Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - Parts II through VTI. Results of Tests on Several Forms of the Spillway", F. W. Blaisdell. Tech. Paper No. 18, Series B, University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls

Hydr. Lab. March (1958).

"Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - Part VTII, Miscellaneous Laboratory Tests; Part IX, Field Tests", F. W. Blaisdell,

Tech. Paper No. 19* Series B by University

of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls, Hydr. Lab. March (1958).

"Hydraulics of Closed Conduit Spillways - Part I Theory and Its Application", F. W. Blaisdell, Tech. Paper No. 12, Series B by

University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls

Hydr. Lab. Revised, Feb. (1958).

(2175) SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS, STREAMS AND

VALLEYS.

(b) Cooperative with State Agricultural Experiment Stations in Mississippi, Nebraska and

New York, with the Univ. of Mississippi and

with Massachusetts Institute of Technology

at Boston, Massachusetts.

(c) Mr. Austin W. Zingg, Watershed Technology

Research Branch, Plant Industry Station,

Beltsville, Maryland.

(d) Experimental; field and laboratory, for

design of Watershed Protection and Flood

Prevention Projects and general information

in planning farms for soil and water

conservation,

(e) Field and laboratory studies are made to determine sediment sources in watersheds

,

the character and amount of sediment car- ried out of watersheds, the nature and rate

of movement in channels, the nature and rate of streambank erosion, and the nature

and rate of deposition of sediment in channels, on flood plains and in reservoirs and

harbors. Field studies generally are con- fined to watersheds of less than 100 square miles in area. Evaluation studies are made

of various types of control measures to de- termine their effectiveness in reducing

sedimentation damages. The work is oriented

to meet the immediate and specific needs

for information for planning and design of

watershed treatment programs in connection

with soil conservation and flood prevention

work. Studies are being carried on from

field headquarters at Oxford, Miss.; Lincoln

and Hastings, Neb.; and East Aurora, New

York.

( g ) Computations based on surveys of soils and

land use, indicate an average annual gross erosion rate of about ik tons per acre on

a sub-watershed of 5l8 acres in the Pigeon

Roost Creek Experimental Watershed, near

Oxford, Mississippi, while 3-^ tons per

acre were measured as the sediment yield

from this area during the first year of

sediment sampling., suggesting a sediment

delivery rate of about 2k percent for this

sub-watershed. During the same year the

sediment yield from a sub-watershed of

35-6 square miles in size was 7.^- tons per

acre. These are some of the first data to become available from the recently expanded

research location in Mississippi, and al- though not conclusive with respect to long- term trends, they do indicate something of

the magnitude of sediment quantities de- livered to downstream points.

Resurveys of selected gullies in Lafayette,

Carrol and Tallahatchie Counties, Miss.,

indicate 1 to 9 inches erosion per year on

the bare area above catchment structures

This is considerable variation from 2-inchper-year rate commonly used in estimating

this type of erosion for design of sediment

storage requirements in flood-water detention structures in the Loess Hills and Terraces Problem Area. Further refinement

in gully classification is needed for de- termining the significance of gullies as sediment sources. Streamgaging and stream bed observations

on Pigeon Roost Creek have revealed a very

pronounced discontinuity in the depthversus-flow relationship. At one of the

gaging stations, for instance, there are two distinct stage -discharge relationships

which overlap at stages between k and 5 feet. Within this transition range of

stage the flow at times may be twice what

it is at other times at the same gage

height, with no perceptible change in stream cross-sectional area. The discontinuity is clearly due to much lower re- sistance to flow at some stages than at

93
other and appears to be related to the type

of sand dune formations on the stream bed.

It has not been possible thus far to collect a sufficient number of sediment sam- ples to describe changes in sediment load

with respect to the stage hydrograph but

the phenomena of the shifting rating curve may prove to be an important point in

understanding process of sediment movement

in sand bed channels . Ten stock ponds in

the Pieree, South Dakota Land Utilization

Area, were resurveyed during the past year

to determine sediment yield from their

watersheds since the Soil Conservation

Service survey of June 19^5- Precipitation

and rainfall intensity data for the period

1939 through 1955 have been plotted and

studied for relating sediment yield to precipitation parameters.

Sedimentation surveys were made on 8 stock water ponds in the Bluestem Hills Problem Area near Emporia, Kansas, in cooperation

with the Soil Conservation Service to es- tablish a base for estimation of sediment

yields from various range sites in this

area. Studies to compile information on the

volume-weight of reservoir sediment were

continued in Illinois and Kansas. The

radioisotope sediment densitometer developed

by the Bureau of Reclamation under auspices

of the Federal Interagency Committee on Water Resources, Sedimentation Subcommittee, was field tested on Sabetha Reservoir in Kansas for comparison with the standard

mechanical sediment sampler. Some opera- tional difficulties were encountered but

the experience indicated that an instrument

embodying a source of nuclear radiation can

be used successfully in measuring the spe- cific density of reservoir sediments. Fur- ther work along this line is projected.

About seven miles of Buffalo Creek channel, near Buffalo, New York, were Investigated

in connection with periodic appraisal of

the effectiveness of stone riprap on this stream as a means of streambank erosion

control . Areas of bank erosion and damage

to revetments were measured, classified as to extent and located relative to stream

bends. Deposition areas were also noted

and their positions located with respect

to the descriptive elements of channel

geometry. The results were summarized

with observations of other years and pre- sented in a technical paper. Studies on the variation of fluid shear

stress along the perimeters of channels of

varying alignment were initiated under a research contract with Massachusetts Insti- tute of Technology. This research is de- signed to provide basic information on the

distribution and magnitude of forces which

cause stream channel erosion and to develop

improved criteria for designing channel

stabilization measures. The investigation

is being carried on primarily by means of

model studies in simulation of conditions

encountered along Buffalo Creek Channel.

"Needed Research in Sedimentation", by

W. C. Ackermann. Trans. AGU 38: 925-927

(1957).

"Importance of Sheet Erosion as a Source

of Sediment", L. M. Glymph, Jr. Trans. AGU

38: 903-907 (1957).

"Preliminary Report on the Stage-Discharge

Relationship for Pigeon Roost Creek Near

Byhalia, Mississippi", Bruce R. Colby. Re- search Report No. 311. July (1958).

WESTERN SOIL AND WATER MANAGEMENT RESEARCH BRANCH.

(151) LINING OF IRRIGATION CANALS AND RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project; Agricultural Research ; Service, Utah State University, and Bureau

of Reclamation cooperating.

(c) Dr. C. W. Lauritzen, Agricultural Research

Service, Box 177, College Hill, Logan, Utah' (d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) Linings for irrigation canals and reservoirs are being tested to develop more ef- fective and lower cost methods of reducing

seepage losses in irrigation systems. The

investigation includes: (l) Evaluation

of physical properties of lining materials.

(2) model testing of linings in an outdoor!

laboratory; and (3) field testing at se- lected sites to determine relative durability under varying subgrade and climatic

conditions

(g) A built-up asphalt lining, consisting of

alternate layers of sprayed asphalt and

treated jute burlap, has shown good dura- ; bility as an exposed lining. Installation'! costs vary with site conditions but have

been lower than costs for concrete or pre-j

fabricated asphalt linings. Installations!

have been made at a number of locations to test durability under widely varying cli- 1 matic conditions. Additional installation1 to extend the range of test site condition; are planned.

(h) "Built Up Asphalt Linings for Canals and

Reservoirs", C. W. Lauritzen and F. W. Haws, American Society of Agricultural

Engineers paper, December, 1957-

(2177) WATER REQUIREMENTS IN IRRIGATED AREAS OF

THE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with West- ern States' Agricultural Colleges, State Engineers, Soil Conservation Service, and Bureau of Reclamation.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Room 1131, Bartlett

Bldg., 215 W. 7th Street, Los Angeles,

California.

(d) Field experiments and office analysis.

( e ) ( 1 ) To determine the consumptive use of I water by agricultural crops and native

vegetation and water requirements for

irrigated crops. (2) To compile and pre-, pare for publication available data relat

ing to irrigation requirements and con- sumptive use as determined by field exper: ments. (3) To estimate water requirement

from climatological and other data.

(g) Normal rates of consumptive use and irrigation water requirements have been

9 h
estimated and provisional reports prepared

for several western states and Colorado

River Basin. These values have been com- puted by the Blaney-Criddle formula:

U = KF. Where U is a consumptive use in

inches, K is an empirical coefficient

based on experimental measurements and F

is a factor determined from monthly mean

temperatures and percent day-time hours.

(2179) EVAPORATION AND CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER

INVESTIGATIONS IN THE SAN FRANCISCO BAY AND

ADJACENT AREA. 00

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project, cooperative with Div.

of Water Resources, State of California;

and the Corps of Engineers, San Francisco

Bay District, U. S. Army.

Mr. Dean C. Muckel, P. 0. Box 180, Berkeley,

California.

Field investigation.

To determine rates of evaporation from

fresh water surfaces, the consumptive use of fresh water by marshland vegetation

(tules and cattails), and the consumptive

use of water by salt grass at varying

depths to water table in the San Francisco

Bay and adjacent areas.

(2180) EVAPORATION LOSSES FROM RESERVOIRS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the State of California and County Flood Con- trol Districts.

(c) Mr. Harry F. Blaney, Room 1131, Bartlett

Bldg., 215 W. 7th Street, Los Angeles,

California.

(d) Field investigation.

(e) To determine evaporation losses from reservoirs and lakes in California and compile

and prepare for publication reliable evapo- ration and related data measured since 19^+5 in cooperation with the State Engineer of

Calif. Field measurements are being made

in cooperation with the State and local

agencies on fifteen stations ranging in

elevation from 240 feet below sea level at Salton Sea to 9,19^4- feet at Kaiser Pass in

the Sierra-Nevada Mountains.

(g) Monthly evaporation from pans, temperature,

humidity, wind movement, and precipitation

are being compiled for the various stations.

Evaporation from Lakes ' surface is being

computed by reduction factors. In the

mountain areas, records are being kept at Shaver Lake (elevation 5,376 feet); Hunt- ington Lake (elevation 6,954 feet); Florence Lake (elevation 7,3^5 feet); Kaiser

Pass (elevation 9,19^ feet).

:2l8l) STORAGE OF WATER UNDERGROUND FOR IRRIGATION

IN CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Leonard Schiff, P. 0. Box 513, 3813 Chester Avenue, Bakersfield, California.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) To determine the factors affecting the per- colation rate on water-spreading areas, and to devise ways and means to increase

the percolation rate. In some soils the

percolation rate decreased during spreading, and the objectives are to determine

the cause of the decrease and to find

practical methods of maintaining the high

Initial rates. Field tests are being made

on test ponds and strips,

(h) "Some Methods of Alleviating Surface Clogging in Water Spreading with Emphasis on Fillers", Leonard Schiff and C. E. Johnston,

American Geophysical Union Transactions

39:2, p. 292-297, April, 1958.

( 2185 ) SPRINKLING AS A METHOD OF APPLYING WATER

TO IRRIGATED FARM LANDS, ITS PROBLEMS AND

LIMITATIONS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. C. H. Pair, P. 0. Box 835, Boise, Idaho.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The objectives of this study are: (l) To obtain more precise information for the

design, layout, Installation and operation

of sprinkler irrigation systems on various

soil types, slopes and crops under various

weather conditions; (2) to determine the

effect of sprinkling upon various soils

and crops; (3) to determine the economic

limitations in the use of sprinkler irrigation systems; and (k) to assist in the

development and testing of better sprinkler equipment and more efficient operating

procedures . Work is continuing on items

(l) and (2) of (e) along with testing pressure regulating valves for use In sprinkler

systems

(h) "Design is Important with Sprinklers",

Idaho Farmer, p h, June, 1958.

(2279) LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDY ON THE VORTEX

TUBE SAND TRAP.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station

and Agricultural Research Service, USDA.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research; field

evaluation; for design.

(e) Tests will be continued on methods and de- signs of sand traps. Tests have been com- pleted on full scale vortex tubes using

laboratory facilities. Efficiencies of

trapping sediment under various conditions

are being computed. Tubes of different

shapes and sizes were tested. Field

evaluations of existing sand trap installations are being planned.

(g) Tubes of different shapes seem to operate

equally well. The critical points of de- sign seem to be the size and length of

tube. The efficiency of trapping varies

with the velocity of flow and the size of

material being moved.

(h) Report in progress.

(26J+9) DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE DESIGN CRITERIA

FOR IRRIGATED LANDS.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Colorado State University.

95
(c) A. R. Robinson, R. W. Nelson, R. E. Brooks,

Agricultural Research Service, Colorado

State University, and N. A. Evans, Colorado

Agricultural Experiment Station, Fort Collins , Colorado

(d) Experimental; applied research for field

design.

(e) Both field and laboratory studies are being

made to determine the relationship of discharge, farm water supply, physical fea- tures of the drain systems, and drainage

characteristics of the soil. Another ob- jective is to check the theoretically de- rived relationships between soil drainage

properties and the shape of the water table

after drainage. Work is underway to determine if a detailed knowledge of the geome- try and hydraulic conductivities of the

soil system in a small area can be extra- polated to a large area to enable the

rational design to be made. This study

makes use of electric analog technique.

(g) Present indications are that a relationship

exists between the variables listed in (e) so that the water yield from a drainage

system can be predicted with reasonable

accuracy. An electronic computer is being

utilized to determine relative hydraulic

conductivities over an area of known geome- try and piezometric head distribution.

(h) "Drainage Research in Colorado", N.A. Evans and A. R. Robinson, ASAE paper, Dec, 1957- "Laboratory Research and Interceptor Drains",

Jack Keller and A. R. Robinson, ASCE, Irrigation and Drainage Division paper, June,

1958. "Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity in

Unstable Soils with the Piezometer Method",

R.W. Nelson, ARS Special Report, Oct., 1958.

(2650) EFFECT OF WATER TABLE DEPTH ON IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS AND YIELD OF LAHONTAN ALFALFA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The water use and growth of alfalfa as re- lated to varying water table depths, soil texture and irrigation regimes are being

evaluated in field lysimeters

(2651) DRAINAGE INVESTIGATIONS IN THE NORTH SHORE AREA OF CARSON LAKE, NEVADA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station, Soil Con- servation Service and Truckee -Carson Irrigation District.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Drainage investigations are being conducted

in an irrigated area north of Carson Lake

to determine the causes for drainage problems in the study area and to develop improved equipment and procedures for con- ducting investigations and methods for

alleviating drainage problems.

(2652) UTILIZATION OF AVAILABLE WATER SUPPLIES IN THE COLORADO RIVER BASIN OF NEVADA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Nevada

Agricultural Experiment Station and the

Soil Conservation Service.

(c) Mr. Victor I. Myers, Nevada Agricultural

Experiment Station, Reno, Nevada.

(e) A study to determine the present disposition of water in the Colorado River Basin

within Nevada and to evaluate the potential water supply available for beneficial use

in this basin.

(2653) CONSUMPTIVE USE, WATER SUPPLY AND IRRIGA- TION STUDIES IN SANTA BARBARA COUNTY,

'CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with the

U.S.B.R., the U.S.G.S., and the Santa Bar- bara County Water Users Association.

(c) Mr. Paul Nixon, USDA Agricultural Research

Service, Lompoc, California.

(d) Basic and applied research.

(e) Objectives are: (l) To obtain basic data

on consumptive use of water by irrigated

crops and native vegetation; (2) to determine the contribution of rainfall and re- turn waters from irrigation to the ground water supply; (3) to make irrigation efficiency studies to improve irrigation prac- tices .

(2901) LABORATORY STUDY OF GRAVEL FILTER DESIGN

FOR IRRIGATION WELLS.

(b) Agricultural Research Service, U.S.D.A. cooperative with Colorado State University.

(c) Mr. E. Gordon Kruse, Agricultural Research

Service.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Laboratory studies are being conducted to:

(l) Determine the relationship of packaquifer ratios and pack and aquifer gradations for stable conditions, and (2) de- velop generalized criteria for the selec- |j tion and placement of gravel pack material

(g) Preliminary results indicate pack-aquifer

ratios ranging from h to 12 are satisfac- j tory for uniform materials. Non-uniform

gravel packs make it possible to use larger pack-aquifer ratios.

(2902) DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF WATER

MEASURING DEVICES.

(b) Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station, i Agricultural Research Service, USDA.

(c) Mr. A. R. Robinson, Agricultural Research

Service, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The present phases of this project are concerned with the development and calibration of trapezoidal measuring flumes.

It is anticipated that flumes of this de- sign will find wide use for both irrigation and general hydrologic measurements.

(g) Preliminary tests have shown that these

flumes may be superior to those with

96
rectangular cross-sections. They will

operate under higher degrees of submergence

without connections to the free -flow relationships being necessary. The general

shape tends to more closely fit that of a natural or irrigation channel so that con- struction problems are simplified,

(h) "Trapezoidal Flumes for Open Channel Flow

Measurement", A. R. Robinson and A. R. Chamberlain, ASAE paper, December, 1958.

3209) CONSUMPTIVE USE OF WATER BY CROPS IN

ARIZONA.

(b) Cooperative with the Arizona Agricultural

Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Leonard J. Erie and Mr. Karl Harris,

P.O. Box 232U, Phoenix, Arizona.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) The objectives of this project are to:

(1) Determine consumptive use of new crops;

(2) Keep consumptive use measurements up to

date as varieties and production changes

take place and; ( 3 ) Develop better information on peak period uses and to obtain

soil moisture tensions at certain stages

of plant development.

3210) RECHARGE OF UNDERGROUND AQUIFERS USING GRAVEL FILLED SHAFTS.

(b) Cooperative with the Calif . Agr. Exp. Sta. and the Calif. Dept. of Water Resources.

(c) Mr. Eldred S. Bliss, P.O. Box 513, 3813

Chester Avenue, Bakersfleld, California.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) Project objectives are: (l) To determine

the feasibility of injecting water directly

into aquifers through gravel filled shafts

as a means of recharging underground reservoirs; (2) to study the factors affecting

the injection rate through such shafts; (3) to study how clogging can be prevented or alleviated.

(h) "Infiltration and Permeability under Pro- longed Submergence as Influenced by Chemical Characteristics of Water", E. S. Bliss,

C. E. Johnson and Melvin Jons, Paper, West- ern Society of Soil Science f>feeting, Logan,

Utah, June, 1958.

3211) THE RATE OF ADVANCE OF IRRIGATION WATER IN FURROWS AS A FUNCTION OF MEASURABLE PHYSICAL FACTORS.

(c) Mr. H. Schull, Southwest Irrigation Field

Station, Brawley, California.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) The project has as its purposes: (l) To develop a mathematical expression, either

numerical or graphical, from which the rate

of advance of irrigation water down furrows

may be accurately predicted; (2) to outline

a procedure by which the expression developed may be utilized in the design of fur- row irrigation systems.

3212) THE HYDRAULICS OF CYLINDER INFILTROMETERS

(b) Cooperative with the Department of

Irrigation, University of California, Davis,

California.

(c) Mr. Charles T. Bourns, Department of Irrigation, University of Calif., Davis, Calif.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) The objectives are: (l) To determine the

hydraulics of flow from cylinder Infiltrometers; (2) to evaluate and describe the

necessity for use of buffer zones both in

uniform and stratified soils as related to depth and method of installation; (3) to evaluate the effects of various procedures

or techniques of installation and of test

conditions on the hydraulics of flow from

cylinder infiltrometers.

(3213) DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR FIELD MEASURE- MENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY OF SOIL

STRATA.

(b) Cooperative with Calif. Dept. of Water Resources, Soil Conserv. Serv. and Irrigation

and Soil Conserv. Districts.

(c) Mr. W. W. Donnan and Mr. V. S. Aronovici, Pamona Irrigation Laboratory, Pamona, Calif.

(d) Experimental, applied research.

(e) The research objectives of this project are to develop a relatively simple field device

for use in measuring hydraulic conductivity

of soil beneath a water table and to test

the device under field conditions. Methods

and techniques for use in the field are to

be developed.

(h) "Drainage of Agricultural Lands Using Inter- ceptor Lines", W.W. Donnan, ASCE Irrigation

and Drainage Division paper, June, 1958.

(321*0 BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR EROSION CON- TROL AND WATER CONSERVATION ON THE IRRIGAT- ED LANDS OF WESTERN NEBRASKA.

(b) Project cooperative with the Nebraska

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. N. P. Swanson, 201 Agr. Engrg. Bldg.

,

Univ. of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebr.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) The objectives of the study are: (l) To determine the design requirements for a basin irrigation system on a field slope

of three percent or more, to prevent damage to the irrigation system and eliminate

erosion from high intensity rains of a 5- year frequency; (2) to measure intake

rates, rates of advance, irrigation application efficiencies and distribution ef- ficiencies with various crops at different

times during the growing season and; (3) to determine what facilities are needed to dispose of the excess precipitation.

( 3215 ) DETERMINATION OF THE QUANTITY AND EFFECTS

OF PLAYA LAKE SEDIMENTS RETAINED IN MULTI- PLE PURPOSE WELLS USED FOR GROUND WATER RECHARGE AND IRRIGATION IN THE HIGH PLAINS OF TEXAS.

(b) Cooperative with the High Plains Underground Water Conservation Dist. No. 1, Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. and the Soil Conserva- tion Service.

97
(c) Mr. M.E. Jensen and Mr. W. Clyma, USDA

Southwestern Great Plains Field Station,

Bushland, Texas.

(d) Experimental, field research.

( e ) The primary objectives of the study are

(l) To determine the quantity of sand, silt

and clay entering recharge wells during the

recharge operation from Playa flakes; (2) to

determine the quantity of sand, silt and

clay pumped from multiple -purpose wells

during the pumping cycle of a recharge

operation and; ( 3 ) to determine the changes

in specific yield of study wells resulting

from retained sediments.

(h) "What Happens to Sediments in Playa Lake Waters when used for Underground Recharge

in Multipurpose Wells", M.E. Jensen and W. Clyma, publication in the Cross Section

(Texas Hi-Plains Underground Water Conser- vation District Paper).

(3216) PERFORMANCE OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE INSTAL- LATIONS IN THE LOWER RIO GRANDE VALLEY OF

TEXAS.

(h) Cooperative with the Texas Agr. Exp. Sta.

Soil Conservation Serv. and the Lower Rio

Grande Valley Soil Conservation Districts.

(c) Mr. L. R. Ussery, Texas Agr. Ext. Sta.,

P.O. Box 157, Weslaco, Texas.

(d) Experimental, field research.

(e) The purpose of the study is to measure the

influence of drains on depths to and fluctuation of ground water tables. Actual

field data will be related to present de- sign criteria and empirical drain spacing

formulas

(3217) HYDROLOGIC STUDIES OF GROUND WATER IN RED

RIVER VALLEY OF NORTH DAKOTA.

(b) Project cooperative with the North Dakota

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. Rome Mickelson, Henry Bldg.,Room 19, P.O. Box 806, Grand Forks, North Dakota.

(d) Field research.

(e) The objectives of the study are: (l) To determine the water table levels in a seg- ment of the problem area; (2) to evaluate

artesian and downward flow condition in the

area; ( 3 ) to determine the direction of

ground water flow and extent and benefits

of natural and artificial drains existing

in the area; (h) to study ground water

quality in observation wells in the area

and; (5) to study and analyze the physical

and chemical properties of soils in the

area as related to the water transmissibillties of the soil substrata.

(3218) SOIL EROSION AND ROUGHNESS CHARACTERISTICS UNDER FURROW IRRIGATION.

(b) Project cooperative with the Washington

Agricultural Experiment Station.

(c) Mr. S. J. Mech, Irrigation Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington.

(d) Field research.

( e ) The influence of soil management and water

intake on erosion under furrow irrigation

is being studied. Some of the variables

being considered are cropping practices,

moisture levels and slope. The variation

of the roughness coefficient (Manning N)

is being studied.

(f) Active.

(g) "Influence of Soil Management and Water

Intake on Erosion under Furrow Irrigation",

S. J. Mech, ASAE paper, June, 1958.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Alaska Forest Research Center.

(2654) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON PHYSICAL CHARACTER- ISTICS OF SALMON STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST

ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. F. Taylor, Forester in Charge,

Alaska Forest Research Center, P.O. Box 7^0, Juneau, Alaska.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) In developing the timber resources of the

region, it is essential that adequate steps

be taken to safeguard the important fisheries resource. The objective is to determine whether logging, carried out in accord' ance with provisions required by the Forest Service to protect salmon spawning streams, causes physical changes to the watershed

and stream regimen which might be harmful

to the stream for salmon protection. The

following factors are being investigated:

(a) Changes in the stream regimen; (b)

erosion and sedimentation; (c) stream chan- nel change; (d) accumulation of debris in

streams; (e) change in stream bottom material; and (f) water temperature and pH.

(g) The first, or calibration, phase of this

study has resulted in information on the

hydrological characteristics of undisturbed

streams in a glaciated region with heavy

precipitation

(h) "Effect of Rainfall on Stream Flow in

Southeast Alaska", L.W. Zach, Alaska Forest Research Center Technical Note No. k, 3 PP- 1950.

"The Relationship Between Precipitation and Stream Flow on a Typical Southeast Alaska

Stream", G.A. James, Alaska Forest Research Center Technical Note No. 2h, 3 pp., 1955-

"The Physical Effect of Logging on Salmon

Streams of Southeast Alaska", G.A. James,

Alaska Forest Research Center Station Paper

No. 5, U9 pp., 1956.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

California Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(26l) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, California

Forest and Range Experiment Station, P. 0. Box 2V5, Berkeley 1, California.

98
(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

( e ) Purposes are ( 1 ) to determine how watersheds function: what happens to the precipitation, and how water and soil move- ment are influenced by conditions of vegetation, soil, geology, and topography; and

(2) to develop methods of watershed management, including treatment of areas denuded

by fire, to insure maximum yield of usable water and satisfactory flood runoff and

soil erosion control. Major work center is the San Dimas Experimental Forest situated

in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern

California. Here rainfall and runoff are measured on two major drainage areas, on 10

large and 7 small watersheds within these

areas, and on 2k experimental plots. Sedimentation is measured from the major drainages, small watersheds, and plots. Vegetation cover on the watersheds is mostly mature brush or chaparral, unburned for 39 years or more. However, in 1953 about one- third of one large watershed was burnedover by wildfire and in 1938 one-fourth of

another large watershed, 3 small watersheds,

and 9 plots were denuded by wildfire. Fif- teen other plots are equipped to obtain de- tailed information on the disposition of

rainfall from annual grass, native scrub

oak- chaparral, and 30-year-old Coulter pine

plantation. Twenty-six large lysimeters

furnish comparisons 'of water use and surface runoff control by five species of na- tive shrubs, one species of pine, and a bunch-grass associatelon. Climatic data

are obtained from several meteorological

stations. Measurements to determine kinds,

rates, and volume of soil movement (soil,

rock, and organic debris ) are made at eight

study sites on brush covered slopes in the

Los Angeles River watershed. After normal

erosion rates have been established, the

above sites will be used to evaluate ef- fects of promising cover improvement practices upon soil stability.

(g) New tests of applied watershed management

to increase water yield from mountain wild

lands were carried forward on the San Dimas

Experimental Forest. Vegetation is being

changed on selected portions of two calibrated watersheds. Two adjacent watersheds

are being mainatained as untreated controls.

In Monroe Canyon, a watershed of 875 acres, the trees and large shrubs on about 15 acres of the woodland-riparian zone along

the main channel were removed, stumps were

poisoned, and the remaining broad-leafed

vegetation was sprayed with silvicides.

About 65 additional acres of canyon bottom

vegetation is being treated similarly during the current winter. In 100-acre Bell

watershed No. 2, kO acres of brush on the

side slopes having soil over 2-1/2 feet

deep was sprayed with silvicides by helicopter. Good coverage and excellent leaf

kill was accomplished but it is expected

additional annual sprayings will be required to kill the resistant brush species.

Preliminary observations indicate that the

partial removal of woodland-riparian vege- tation in Monroe Canyon increased summer

streamflow. A test to compare soil mois- ture measurement with a neutron probe, Col- man electrical resistance units, and gravimetric sampling was conducted at the San

Dimas lysimeters. The homogeneous soil in

these tanks provides ideal test conditions.

Total water content in six feet of soil

under grass cover as determined by the

three methods referred to above was 17-7)

17. 7j and 17.6 inches respectively. These

results indicate the accuracy of the new neutron probe technique. A study in brushcovered plots before and after killing the

shrubs with 2,4,5-T has shown that evapora- tive losses were greatly reduced as a re- sult of the treatment . The brush was dense

scrub oak-chaparral with a good litter

cover on 12 feet of soil. Available moisture at the start of the wet season and

annual rainfall were nearly the same during

each of the years immediately before and

after treatment. Water losses were reduced

to about one-half during the wet (winter) season and to about one-third during the

dry (summer) season by killing the brush.

Average daily evapo-transpiration was re- duced from O.Oi+6 to 0.02^ and from 0.052

to 0.018 inches per day for the wet and dry

seasons respectively. Studies of soil ero- sion (soil, rock, and organic debris) were made during 5 years on brush-covered slopes

in the San Gabriel Mountains. Debris mov- ing down the slopes was caught in troughs

placed on contour and flush with the ground

surface. Amounts and rates of debris movement varied widely between seasons and

sites. The primary debris sources con- tributing to sediment problems in the Los Angeles River drainage proved to be the

steep southerly slopes above rejuvenated

stream channels ( channels in which downcutting has been renewed by geologically

recent uplift of the mountain fault block).

These slopes produced an average of U.3 tons of material per acre annually. Dry season ( summer and fall ) movement averaged

about twice that of the wet season (winter)

during the period of study,

(h) "Research by the U. S. Forest Service, San

Dimas Research Center", by P. B. Rowe, Proceedings, Conference on Sediment Problems

in California, Committee on Research in Water Resources, University of California,

Berkeley, California, pages 23-25, Nov. 26-27, 1956. "More Good Water-Research at San Dimas Ex- perimental Forest Applying Fundamentals to Entire Watersheds," by Walt Hopkins, Calif. Forest and Range Exp. Station, Misc. Paper

No. 22, 6 pp., illus., March 1958. "Reversal Indicator for a Water Leval Recorder, " by Lowell A. Andrews, Engineering

News -Record, June 19, 1958. 'Growth of Native and Exotic Plants Under

Controlled Temperatures and in the San Gabriel Mountains California, " by Henry

HelLmers and William C. Ashby, Ecology 39

(3): tL6-428, July 1958.

99
"From Forest Influences to Applied Watershed Management in Southern California, " by

Walt Hopkins, J. D. Sinclair, and P.B. Rove. To he published in Proceedings, 1958 Annual- Meeting Society of American Foresters.

"Tests of Applied Watershed Management to Increase Water Yield - San Dimas Experimental Forest," by P. B. Rowe. To be published

in Proceedings of Second Annual Meeting,

Arizona Watershed Program.

"Summer Slides and Winter Scour - Dry Wet Erosion in Southern California Mountains,"

by H. W. Anderson, G.B. Coleman, and P. J. Zinke, California Forest and Range Experiment Station Technical Paper No. ikk, 1958. "Improved Determination of Rainfall Rates

in Mountain Watersheds." (Abstract) Bull.

Amer. Meteorol. Soc. 39(3): 176, 1958, by

E. L. Hamilton.

(2U15) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, NORTHERN

CALIFORNIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. R. Keith Arnold, Director, Calif. Forest and Range Expt. Sta., P.O. Box 2k5

Berkeley 1, California.

(d) Experimental; field investigations; basic

and applied research.

(e) The aim is to develop a hydrologlc base for

land management decisions. The hydrologlc

effects of wildfires, of attempts at con- version of brushlands to grass, and of logging and other land uses are to be evaluated. Present studies emphasize development of

methods of management of high elevation

snowpacks for maximum control and yield of

water. Major work center is in Berkeley

with 18 studies being conducted throughout

northern California in the headwaters of

the Kings, American, Yuba, Truckee, and

Feather Rivers. At Teakettle Snow Laboratory in the Kings River Basin five small

watersheds are under calibration for evaluation of streamflow and sedimentation.

In the Onion Creek Watersheds in the American River Basin, five streams are being

gaged and sediment measured. Snow accumu- lation and soil moisture are being measured

in logged and unlogged forest and in brush

areas, at both Onion Creek and Castle Creek.

Castle Creek in the Yuba River Basin is being gaged, suspended sediment measured,

and basic snow physics studies are under

way. Daily meteorological measurements are being taken at three stations and radiation

and snow physics at the headquarters sta- tion.

At Sagehen Creek in the Truckee River Basin

sediment and streamflow and their effects

on fishlife are being studied in coopera- tion with the Department of Zoology, Univ.

of Calif. Also the effects of conversion

of brushfields to forest are being studied.

At Swain Mountain Experimental Forest in

the Feather River Basin snow and soil moisture are being measured in forests to be

cut in strips and blocks this year. In all, snow accumulation is being measured at 68

special snow courses, soil moisture at 56

plots

(g) Electronic computer was used to test various measures of forests as they affect snow

accumulation. The measures tested ranged

from a single-valued index of forest cover

(cover density) to 7-variable expression

of the same forest cover. The evidence was

that forest variables were improved when we specifically designed them to index the

separate effects of forests on solar radiation received at the snow surface, back

radiation from the trees, and interchange

of energy between forests, clouds and sky.

Many of the forest effects are not linear;

forest effects are much better indexed when

this is taken into account in the analysis, tests were made of ways of simplifying snow sampling at snow courses. For the test

course the Onion Creek course we found that

the median snow water equivalent of five

points was found to be practically as good

a measure of snow at snow course as is the mean of 17 points, both in estimating the

"true" mean of the course and for predicting the flow of a nearby stream. Evaporation from snow was measured in small

polyethyline pans near Wishon Dam in the

Kings River Basin. Evaporation for the

winter 1957-58 was 2.3 inches for a large

exposed open area and 0.2 inches for small

forest openings; 2.2 inches of condensation

was measured under forest canopies. Snow measurement in red fir stands at Swain

Mountain Experimental Forest showed most

snow left on June U-5, 1958 in small forest

openings, next most in mixed old and young

forests, next most in open old red fir, and

lesser amounts In denser stands and a large

opening; no snow was left In an open snow

course

A study of the relation of sediment production of 75 watersheds to soil erodibility

and other sediment causes was started. Measurements of summer soil moisture losses

at the 56 forest and brush plots were made

using the nuclear soil moisture device.

With two complete outfits one was always

in operation.

(h) "Progress in Snow Management Research in

California," Henry W. Anderson, 26th Annual Western Snow Conference Proc. 1958. "Progress Report 1957-58, Cooperative Snow Management Research," Henry W. Anderson,

Calif. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. 56 pp. illus., processed. June 30, 1958. "Rain-Snow Flood Sources, Meteorologically

Defined," Henry W. Anderson, (Abstract).

Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc. 39(3): 17U5, 1958. "Forest Effects on Floods in the Northwest,

Henry W. Anderson and Robert L. Hobba, (AbS' tract), Trans. Amer. Geophys. Union 39: 50^

1958. "Forest Shade Related to Snow Accumulation,

Henry W. Anderson, Raymond M. Rice and

Allan J. West, 26th Annual Western Snow Conference Proc. 1958. "Decrease in Lightning-Caused Forest Fires

Through Cloud Seeding," Arnold Court, (Abstract). Bull. Amer. Meteorological Soc.

100
39(3): 179, 1958. "Selection of Best Snow Course Points,

Arnold Court, 26th Annual Western Snow Con- ference Proc. 1958' "Watershed Management - An Annotated Bibliography of Erosion, Streamflow, and Water

Yield Publication by the California Forest and Range Expt . Sta. " Clark H. Gleason, CF and RES Tech. Paper 23, 79 pp. illus.,

January, 1958. "Soil Vegetation Survey of a Central Sierra

Snow Zone. Watershed, " Robert E. Nelson,

Calif. Forest and Range Expt. Sta. Misc.

Paper 21, pp. illus. December, 1957.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Reed W. Bailey, Director, Inter- mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden,

Utah.

(2903)

(a)

(e)

(g)

STUDIES OF HYDROLOGIC PROCESSES ON FOREST,

BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN UTAH AND SOUTHWESTERN IDAHO.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

Studies include the determination of variability and probability of amount, rate,

duration, time of occurrence, and depth- area and depth-area-intensity relations of

gross rainfall and snowfall; determination

of forces and factors affecting water con- tent, accumulation, movement, and melting

of snow; determination of forces, factors,

and soil profile characteristics affecting

the capacity of soil and rock mantles to absorb and store soil water and the extent

to which storage functions can be altered

by modifying the soil, vegetation, and as- sociated soil organisms and animals; determination of forces and factors involved in water loss by evaporation and evapotranspiration processes and the effects of altering vegetation and site conditions on these

processes

Maintained seasonal records at 20 rainfall

recording stations and on three snow courses and yearlong precipitation records at eight

stations in northern Utah. Records show a marked correlation between increases in

elevation and precipitation: from 21 inches

at i+,300 feet to 53 inches at 8,000 feet. Operated ten precipitation storage gages, ten seasonal and one yearlong recording

rain gage, and conducted snow surveys at five locations in central Utah. Analyses

of snow accumulation data in northern Idaho

show that maximum snow water equivalent ac- cumulation increases with and is most influenced by elevation. Significantly lower

amounts of water accumulate under increasing densities of forest canopy. Snowpack

water equivalent on north aspects exceeds

that on south exposures . A sine curve on

which north aspects are represented by the

high point of inflection and south aspects

by the low point describes these relationships. Evapotranspiration losses in moun- tain-brush for one year exceeded that of aspen by 1.5 inches based on the depletion

of soil mantle moisture at the end of the

growing season.

(2905) IMPROVED WATERSHED MEASUREMENTS AND EVALUA- TION TECHNIQUES FOR FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) This study is to develop and test an in- strument to detect and record the occurrence of free-water in snow and its ponding on the soil surface during the snowmelt period.

(g) A successfully operating instrument was constructed and tested in a limited number

of situations.

(2907) METHODS OF PREVENTING WATERSHED DETERIORA- TION ON OPERATED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RE- LATED RANGELANDS IN IDAHO AND MONTANA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop, apply, and evaluate the

hydrologic and soil stabilizing effects of

modified logging practices and improved

post -logging measures on sediment production from operated ponderosa pine forests on granitic soils in southwestern Idaho

and on peak flow discharges and sediment

production in dense snowpack forests in

northern Idaho and Montana.

(g) Sediment production measurements over a k- year period show that careful road location

coupled with adequate safequards in skidtrail stabilizing treatments apparently

will permit logging operations consistent

with good watershed management in areas of

loose granitic soils on steep topography.

In 16 logged compartments the areal extent of logging disturbance ranged from 3.6 to 9.1 percent of the total areas. Haulroads

constituted 58 percent of the disturbed

area, skidtrails 29 percent, and landings

13 percent.

METHODS OF REHABILITATING FLOOD AND SEDI- MENT SOURCE AREAS ON DAMAGED FOREST, BRUSH, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

Laboratory project.

Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research,

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods and

techniques of controlling excessive surface

runoff and sheet and rill erosion from

seriously depleted or inadequately protected sloping forest, brush, and related rangelands; and to develop and evaluate methods

of stabilizing eroding cut and fill slopes

bared by construction or other disturbances

to lessen sediment production.

(2908)

(a)

101
(g) Following treatments of contour trenching,

fertilization, and reseeding, ground cover re-establishment showed marked improvement

in southern Idaho. Game-proof exclosures

on depleted and eroding range in Montana were established to test the effects of

natural recovery of vegetation, contour trenching and reseeding, and reseeding

without trenching. Soil movement plots

equipped with catchment tanks were installed.

Analyses of. records from l6 plots for the

past 11 years show that overland flow is

related inversely to ground cover, and sedi- ment eroded is directly related to the amount of overland flow. These new data

confirm earlier findings that ground cover densities of 65 percent or more are re- quired to prevent soil erosion and hold

runoff to a safe level of about 5 percent

under the impact of major summer storms.

(h) "Parrish Canyon, Utah: A lesson in Flood

Sources", Richard B. Marston, Jour, of Soil

and Water Cons. 13: 165-167, 1958.

"The Davis County Experimental Watershed

Story", R. B. Marston, Intermountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station Publication.

Processed 37 pp. 1958.

(2909) METHODS OF IMPROVING WATER YIELDS FROM

FOREST, BRUSH, ALPINE, AND RELATED RANGELANDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

basic and applied research.

(e) Studies to develop and evaluate methods of

converting vegetation types on well-drained

slopes to increase amount or improve timeliness of water yields, without accelerating erosion, increasing flood and sediment

discharges or impairing water quality; to develop and evaluate methods for artificially controlling snow accumulation snd melt

to improve timeliness of water yields from

subalpine range areas

(g) Continued calibration of paired watersheds

for the vegetation conversion study. A

snowdrifting fence constructed In the subalpine zone induced snowdrifts that per- sisted 10 days later than undrifted adjacent

snowfields. The induced drift was short and

mounded in appearance, which suggests that

variable cross-winds may have reduced its

length.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. Ralph W. Marquis, Director,

Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, 102 Motors

Avenue, Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.

(656) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, DELAWARE- LEHIGH-EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project; in cooperation with the

Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters

and U. S. Geological Survey.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

(e) A study was started in 19^8 on the Delaware-! Lehigh Experimental Forest, Monroe County,

Pa. , to determine the water economy for a 1,530-acre watershed covered with scrub oak. The cover i6 now being converted by plant- 1 ing and fire protection to conifers and the

effect on water relations is being measured.; (g) A 5 -year planting program was started in

1956. The watershed was calibrated on the

basis of the first six years' daily climatic and streamflow record by relating

monthly, seasonal, and annual discharge to rainfall and air temperature. A paper

describing these relationships is in preparation.

(966) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, P0C0N0 EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies have been started on the Pocono Experimental Forest, Wayne County, Pa., to

determine effects of forest management

practices and logging operations upon the

quantity and quality of water yielded by a

small watershed. Installations have been 1 established to measure precipitation,

streamflow and rainfall interception.

(1187) FROST STUDIES IN THE NORTHEASTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of land use and

condition upon type and depth of frost

formation. Periodic observations of frost

type and depth, snow depth, and water con- tent were made on 186 plots throughout the

Northeast during the winters 1950-51 and

1951-52.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Influence of Land Use and Forest Conditions on Soil Freezing and Snow Depth,

Robert S. Pierce, Howard W. Lull, Herbert

C. Storey, Forest Science k: 246-263, 1958.

(1188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, WEST VIRGINIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Studies were started in 1951 on the Fernow

Experimental Forest, Tucker County, W. Va. ; to determine the effect of different level! of cutting practices, different logging

methods, and different forest uses upon | water quantity and quality. Nine watersheds have been equipped with streamgaging

stations and rain-gages.

(g) Following six years of record taking, and

analysis for calibration, treatment of one ' 1 group of five watersheds was started in

May 1957- I

102
Treatments will be completed in 1958 and

the study to determine their effect on

streamflow.

(h) "Calibration of Five Small Forested Watersheds/' K. G. Reinhart, Trans. Amer. Geo. Union 38: 933-936, 1958.

(2kl9) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, HUBBARD BROOK EXPERIMENTAL FOREST, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) The objective is to determine the effect of

forest type, condition, and treatment on

quantity and quality of streamflow. Studies

are conducted in plots and experimental

watersheds on the 7500-acre experimental

forest in the White Mountains at West

Thornton, New Hampshire.

(g) Three weirs have been constructed and climatic stations established.

(h) "How Type of Soil Frost Affects Infiltration," George R. Trimble, Richard S. Sartz,

Robert S. Pierce, Jour. Soil and Water

Conserv. 13: 8l-82.

(2910) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, LEADING

RIDGE WATERSHED, PENNSYLVANIA

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with the

School of Forestry, Pennsylvania State University and the Pennsylvania Department

of Forests and Waters.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) A cooperative study was started in 1957 to

determine the effect of forest cover and

treatment on quantity and quality of

streamflow in the oak-hickory type in Pa.,

and to study associated and basic soil- water relationships

(g) Three experimental watersheds have been

selected, weirs have been constructed, and

a climatic station established.

(h) "Forest Watershed Management Research in

the Ridge and Valley Section of Penn.,"

Irvin C. Reigner, William R. Byrnes, E. F. McNamara, Northeastern Forest Expt. Sta.

7 pp., 1958.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

1 Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment

; Station.

in virgin Douglas-fir has been measured

for five years by means of trapezoidal

flume stream gates. These observations

provide a pretreatment calibration which

will be carried on for three years or more. Planned treatments will test effect of two

systems of timber cutting on water yield

and erosion. In i960 it is planned to construct roads

in one of the three watersheds to supply

information on sediment yields. Survey for

these roads began in 1957 and the timber

sold in 1958. Bull Run watershed in cooperation with City

of Portland Water Bureau. Pretreatment

calibration measurements now being taken on three small watersheds within the Bull Run

watershed, source of Portland's water supply. Cover is virgin Douglas-fir. Stream- flow is being measured by trapezoidal

flumes. Results of this study will help

determine the future management policy on the watershed.

(2911) INFLUENCE OF FOREST COVER ON INTERCEPTION OF PRECIPITATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest. A study

of interception in old-growth Douglas-fir

was begun in the summer of 1957- Net pre- cipitation is measured by moving rain gages located at six representative sites; measurements of gross precipitation are being made in adjoining cutover areas.

(2187) EFFECT OF CATTLE GRAZING ON EROSION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Starkey Experimental Forest and Range,

northeast Oregon. Study to determine the

effect of heavy, moderate and light graz- ing on erosion, sediment production and

runoff. Sediment catchment basins have

been constructed in small drainages, one in each of six pastures in which are tested

three rates of grazing and two systems of

management : deferred-rotation and season- long use. Major effect on erosion will be determined by volume of sediment accumulated in the basins . Study now in its fourth

year.

(2912) EFFECT OF LOGGING ON EROSION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

Jj be addressed to Mr. R. W. Cowlin, Director, Pacific

u Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,

;; P.O. Box i+059, Portland 8, Oregon.

(969) EFFECT OF LOGGING, CLEARCUTTING AND OTHER

FOREST OPERATIONS ON STREAMFLOW.

1 (b) Laboratory project.

'. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest, McKenzie

River drainage, west central Oregon. Streamflow from three small experimental watersheds

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; basic and applied

research.

(e) Wenatchee River drainage, central Washington. Soils derived from three major parent

materials were sampled and are being ana- lyzed to determine their basic physical

and chemical characteristics. Parent materials are Swauk sandstone, basalt and

granite

(3219) INFLUENCE OF OPENINGS IN CONIFEROUS FOREST

ON SNOWMELT.

103
("b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Northeastern Oregon. A study to relate

maximum snow accumulation and rate of snow

melt to several physiographic and vegetative factors. Fifty plots in each of two

elevational ranges (1+000-5000 ft. and 5000- 6000 ft.) studied in the winter of 1957-58.

(3220) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study to test the efficacy of hexadecanol

in reducing evaporation. Two standard

Weather Bureau pans used; one treated, the

other a control.

(f) Completed.

(g) Hexadecanol reduced evaporation by k.2 percent during the spring and summer months near Portland, Oregon.

(3221) EROSION FROM TRACTOR SKID ROADS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A study in southwest Oregon to relate ero- sion and runoff from tractor skid roads In logged forests to several soil, physiographic and climatic variables. The essential purpose of the study is to determine under

what conditions tractor logging results In excessive erosion.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Raymond Price, Director, Rocky

Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Room

221 Forestry Building, Fort Collins, Colorado.

(376; WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, MANIT0U EXPERIMENTAL FOREST.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Studies of the influence of grazing, timber

cutting, and revegetation of depleted water- shed lands upon water supplied, erosion and

sedimentation, to solve problems in management of watershed lands of the Rocky Moun- tain Front Range such as: (l) Runoff and

erosion from natural storms on bunchgrass

plots; (2) runoff and erosion from natural

storms on young pine plots; (3) effect of

type conversion on runoff and erosion from

small watersheds; (k) effect of logging

intensities on snow accumulation in ponderosa pine-Douglas fir type; and (5) characteristics of runoff from cloudburst storms on a large watershed,

(h) Annual report, 1957? Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

(657)

(b)

(d)

(e)

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field Investigations; applied research.

(e) (l) To determine influence of lodgepole

pine and spruce-fir forests and of the

management of these forests on the yield of I water. (2) To evaluate the alpine snow- fields of the Colorado Rockies with respect

to their contribution to summer streamflow. -J (3) To measure the rate of snow accumulation in natural catchment basins under

alpine conditions. This is the pretreatment

calibration of a series of drift sites, part

of which will be supplemented by drift

fences at a later date to test the effective

ness of such structures in enlarging and

deepening such alpine snow drifts.

(g) The cutting and removal of half of the timber from one 71^-acre watershed was com- pleted in 1956. Eighty percent of this treatment was complete in 1955- For the years 1956 and 1957 the increase in water yield attributable to the timber harvest

was 30 percent or 2^0 acre-feet. The 3 years of 1956-58, taken together, show no statistically confirmable affect on the

annual peak rate of discharge. The following data were taken for the third summer on

an alpine snowfield in the Front Range of

Colorado: Water equivalent, rate of depletion and relation between depletion rates and weather factors. A study of the mois- ture exchange between an alpine snow surface and the atmosphere showed that under

conditions prevailing during the last of

August 1957) the snow pack gained moisture

at the rate of 1,300 gallons of water per

acre of snow per week. This study also

showed a close agreement between the volume

of melt water as computed from ablation and density and that measured from plastic lysi- meters . A repeat of this experiment during very dry weather in July 1958 showed a net loss from the snow of about l600 gallons on water per acre of snow per week. In neither

case did moisture exchange exceed k percent

of the total weight of snow available for ablation.

(h) Annual report, 1951, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, TEMPE, ARIZONA. 1

(377) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, FRASER

HYDR0L0GIC LABORATORY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; basic and applied research.

The purpose is: (l) To study the disposition of rainfall as influenced by watershed I vegetation; (2) to determine the influence

of various types of forest and grassland I vegetation as well as vegetation modified

by cultural treatment such as grazing and

timber harvest, on streamflow, water use, water loss, and erosion and sediment yield; j: (3) to determine for phreatophytic vegetation (water-loving plants) the amount of water used, methods for reducing water use by phreatophytes or for replacing them with j more useful plants; and (k) for mixed coni- I fer and chaparral types of vegetation to

101+
determine the hy&rologic characteristics of

natural watersheds and the effect of cover modification upon water yields, soil sta- bility and other resource values.

At Sierra Ancha Experimental Watersheds in

central Ariz., rainfall, runoff, and ero- sion are measured on three watersheds in

the pine-fir vegetation type at high elevation, on two watersheds in the ponderosachaparral type, and from four watersheds in

the grassland- chaparral type at intermediate elevation, and on nine small watersheds

in the semidesert-chaparral type at low ele- vations. Water use by different types of

plants in various soils is studied on eleven large lysimeters . Three watersheds have

also been established in the pure ponderosa

pine type and two in the mixed conifer type

to test the effects of logging practices

upon water yield and soil stability. Gaging stations for four watersheds in the pure chaparral type are also available to evaluate watershed-game interrelations.

One cluster of two watersheds and another

cluster of three watersheds are available

for testing the effect of manipulating chaparral cover. Supplemental studies are de- termining the proper use of chemicals, fire

and mechanical treatment for manipulating

shrub in the type. Ecology of Tamarlx pen- tandra is under investigation. Germination,

seedling survival, and rate of spread studies were continued. A field apparatus em- ploying the infrared analyzer for detecting

moisture has been used for detailed measurements of evapo-transpiration of phreatophyte

types.

(g) Pine-fir, bottom vegetation was removed on

80 acres af an experimental watershed. The

cleared area was planted to perennial grass in the interest of comparing consumptive

use from forest and grassland types . Chaparral watersheds were found to yield stream- flow from February until May. Sporadic,

intermittent small flows following rains

during July, Aug., and Sept., produced

gravel loads indicating up to 200-300 cubic

yards per section.* Sampling in representative Arizona chaparral stands indicates

total shrub canopy densities ranging from

40 to 65 percent ; with shrub live oak

(Quercus turbinella) making up from 55 to

80 percent of the total shrub cover. Sprouting rarely occurs from tamarisk roots; therefore, if plants are initially cut below the root crown, sprouting will be avoided. This fact is of considerable importance in mechanical clearing.

(h) "An Infrared Apparatus for Measurement of

Transpiration", by J. P. Decker and J. D. Wein, in Symposium for Phreatophytes by

Phreatophyte Subcommittee of PSIAC, 1958,

(Processed)

(I969) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(b) Cooperative study with Bureau of Land

Management and Geological Survey,

(d) Applied research.

(e) Evaluation of range-watershed conditions on small watersheds in the San Luis drainage

of the Rio Puerco. Three contiguous watersheds, ranging from 338 to 555 acres located about 8 mi. north of the San Luis commu- nity and west of the Rio Puerco main channel provide the study area. Water and sedi- ment inflow are measured in small reservoirs formed by earthen dams. Precipitation a- mounts and vegetation changes are periodically measured over the watersheds. The

preliminary survey and investigation phase

is completed; and watershed boundary fences

installed and four years of data have been

collected under uniform grazing conditions

during the six month over-winter period

(Nov.l to May l). Soil elevation measurements have been obtained on the three watersheds for purposes of determining soil losses from the alluvial soils. Rising stage

sediment samplers have been installed on the three watersheds

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(1971) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with Bu- reau of Land Management, Bu. of Reclamation,

USGS, and Fish and 'Wildlife Service.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of exclusion of

livestock grazing on erosion and runoff

from semidesert lands in western Colorado.

(g) Pretreatment measurements were made in 1953

and '54 of infiltration and erosion, using

the Rocky Mtn. infiltrometer . Measurements

during the treatment period started in 1958

and will be continued at 5-yr. intervals.

(21+20) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To compare the amount of soil moisture withdrawal under aspen, spruce, and mixed grass- weed type. Measurements were taken in 1955 > 1957 and 1958. Three sites were sampled in

each type. Seven gravimetric samples were taken at random on' a 30-ft grid superimposed

on each site. Samples were taken approximately July 1 and Nov.l, the difference in water content representing gross use by vege - tation. Water use values will be adjusted

for current precipitation. Samples were taken in 1-ft increments to a depth of 8 ft.

( g ) Preliminary findings are as follows

Inches of Water Used*

Mixed

ifear Aspen Spruce Idaho Thurber

fescue fescue grass

weed

1955 L957 20.94

17.14

15-30

13-70

10.14 9.86

9-34

*Based on sites where moisture content was

at or above wilting point both spring and

fall.

105

514561 0-59-8
(h) Annual reports of the Rocky fountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(2188) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO.

(d) Laboratory project.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Soil moisture studies. Colman soil electrical units were installed at 3-inch depth

intervals from the 1-1/2 inch soil depth to bedrock or to a depth beyond any anticipated

moisture penetration. Recording and standard gages were used to measure precipitation. Moist pinyon- juniper zone ( 17-inch

annual precipitation). A record of precipitation and soil moisture was maintained

under three ground-cover conditions; under

pinyon trees and in a woodland opening; in

grassland; and in a bared area kept free of

vegetation by chemical spraying. Dry pinyon- jumiper-sagebrush zone (13-inch annual

precipitation). A record of precipitation

and soil moisture was maintained under four

conditions: native sagebrush under protection from livestock grazing; and in crested

wheatgrass under 25 percent utilization,

under 75 percent utilization, and under full

protection from cattle grazing.

(f ) Field study terminated at Pine Flat (moist

pinyon- juniper zone) on July 1, 1958, and

at Cebolla Mesa (dry pinyon- juniper sage- brush zone) in the Spring of 1958.

(h) Annual reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

(2657) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, GRAND JUNCTION, COLORADO.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To determine the effect of range conditions

and related factors on sediment production

and runoff on three mountain grassland

water-sheds in western Colorado. Range

condition is being measured by means of 20

or more 3-step transects on each watershed.

Ninety degree V-notch weirs are used to

gage the watersheds which vary in size from

86 to 272 acres. Water samples are taken

several times daily during snowmelt and

periods of storm runoff for determination

of suspended sediment; bed load is measured

in the weir ponds

(h) Annual Reports of the Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station.

(2658) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic and applied research.

(e) (l) To determine how heavy grazing of bluegrass range in the Black Hills has influenced soil structure . The study involves measurement of bulk density and pore space of soil inside and outside of livestock

enclosures. (2) To study basic soil-water

relationships under dense ponderosa pine in

the Black Hills and to determine how

thinning influences amount of water available for streamflow. The study involves measurement of precipitation in the open, throughfall precipitation under thinned and

unthinned pine, stem flow, and soil moisture. (3) To establish Black Hills pre- cipitation and streamflow characteristics

from existing records.

(f) Active; Items 1 and 3 data being prepared

for publication, item 2 continuing.

(h) Annual Report, 1957, Rocky Mountain Forest

j and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins,

Colorado.

(2913) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with Coco- nino National Forest, Flagstaff, Arizona.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Calibration of 12 small watersheds, 6 in

ponderosa pine type, 3 in alligator juniper

type, and 3 in Utah juniper type. A newly

designed modified trapezoidal Venturi flume

is being used to measure discharge from

these steep ephemeral streams. Precipitation measurements are being taken.

(g) The following amounts of precipitation were measured on the watersheds

Water Type

Year Ponderosa Alligator Utah Juniper

Pine Juniper

1957 31.5^ 23.91 20.63

1958 36.95 29.00 22.87

Annual Report, 1957 5 Rocky Mountain Forest

and Range Experiment Station, pp. l6-l8.

(3222) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of the disposition of precipitation

in the Utah juniper type, including measure- ments of precipitation, interception, surface runoff, and soil moisture budget by

stand density class.

(3223) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH FORT COLLINS, COLORADO.

(b) Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Expt . Sta.

(e) A physical evaluation of mechanical erosion

control practices, established on the Trout Creek Watershed, Salida District, San Isabel National Forest, Colo., on depleted

lands in the Colorado Front Range. The fol- lowing soil associations are represented:

Edloe-Stecum association derived from granite, Chubbs-Laporte (limestone). Trout Creek-gano-Heath (shale and sandstone), Buena Vista-Rods-Outcrop (Trachyte).

(g) Exploratory studies finished. The main

field investigations will start in' spring

1959-

(3221+) BEAVER CREEK WATERSHED PROJECT.

(b) Laboratory project, cooperative with

106
Coconino National Forest, Flagstaff, Ariz.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Rainfall interception by nine densities of

pole-size ponderosa pine.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

(380) WATER RESOURCE AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

RESEARCH.

(b) Laboratory project. For general public use

and information.

(c) Mr. J. F. Pechanec, Director, Southeastern

Forest Experiment Station, U. S. Forest

Service, P. 0. Box 2570, Asheville, N. C. (d) General investigation of forest influence

in the southeastern United States, including fundamental hydrologic research and

applied research in watershed management

(e) To determine the effect of forest vegetation and land management practices on the

components of the hydrologic cycle, including the effects on water yield and quality.

To develop methods of watershed management

which will result in the greatest benefit

from the land and water resources of the

southeastern United States. Most of the experiments and hydrologic data

collection is carried out on the 5600-acre Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, located in

the zone of maximum precipitation in the eastern United States (Nantahala Range of

the Southern Appalachians). Eighteen individual watersheds whose streamflow is being

continuously gaged provide the basis for

the experimental program. The laboratory

has 10 recording and 6l non-recording

(standard) rain gages, 1 recording ground- water well, k recording hydrothermographs,

1 recording anemometer, and 1 evaporation

pan. Water samples for quality analysis

are collected from selected watersheds on a dally and storm period basis. On the Calhoun Experimental Forest, near

Union, S.C., research is concerned with the

problems and factors involved in rehabilitating Piedmont soils. Studies include measurement of the soil moisture regime

under different cover types, and different

densities of vegetation, hydrologic pro- perties of forest soils, and index values

of runoff and sediment production from

several small watersheds. The forest has

5 recording and 15 standard rain gages as well as a standard Weather Bureau weather

station.

Research projects include: (l) Evapotranspiration from forest land, hydrologic ef- fects of reducing basal area 50 percent,

(2) rehabilitation treatment of experimental watersheds formerly used In studies of

mountain farming, woodland grazing, and ex- ploitive mountain logging, ( 3 ) type conversions on drained slopes, (k) precipitation'

network requirements for small Southern

Appalachian watersheds, (5) soil moisture

regime in relation to evapotranspiration,

and (6) operating forest pilot watersheds

to demonstrate proper location and layout of

logging roads

(g) Studies of woodland grazing, mountain farming and improper logging have demonstrated

the extremely detrimental effects of poor

land management on water quality and storm

peaks. Ten to fifteen years data furnish

information on the time required for adverse effects to show up. Various types of forest

cuttings on selected watersheds have yielded

information on annual and seasonal water

balance, storage and depletion of groundwater, and the use of water by forest vegetation. For example, removing all forest

vegetation from a small watershed gave in- creases in streamflow equivalent to 60 percent of the average pre -treatment flow,

with increases gradually subsiding as the

forest regrew. Piedmont studies are showing that the or- ganic layers of forest soil are a valuable

diagnostic tool for timber and watershed

management. Also through studies of soil

moisture under different types of cover, information is being obtained regarding con- sumptive use of water, percolation rates,

and seasonal storage potentials of forest

soils

(h) "Pine and Hardwood Forest Water Yield" by

John D. Hewlett. Jour. Soil and Water Con- servation, v. 13, No. 3} May 1958. "Timber, Water and Stamp Creek" by P. E. Black and P. M. Clark. Southeastern Forest

Expt. Sta. 1958. (Processed).

"Interception in an Old-Field, Cove-Hardwood Stand" by P. E. Black. Manuscript in

preparation, 1958. "Moisture Held in Pine Litter" by Louis J. Metz. Jour. Forestry v. 56, No. 1, Jan. 1958.

"The Calhoun Experimental Forest" by Louis

J. Metz. Southeastern Forest Expt. Sta. (1958). (Processed).

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, FOREST SERVICE,

Southern Forest Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Philip A. Briegleb, Director,

Southern Forest Experiment Station, 2026 St. Charles

Avenue, New Orleans 13, Louisiana.

(291k) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, Tallahatchie

Research Center, Oxford, Mississippi.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service, Agricultural

Research Service, and Univ. of Mississippi.

(d) Field investigation of runoff and erosion

from small experimental watersheds on forest and potential forest lands; basic and

applied research.

( e ) A total of 12 small natural headwater catchments, two to four acres in size, have been

installed in batteries of three to determine

107
runoff and erosion from old fields , depleted upland hardwoods, mature upland hardwoodpine, and loblolly pine plantations. The

watersheds will he calibrated some years before treatments are applied. Related

studies include soil moisture-tree growth

relationships

(g) Watershed studies - operative only one full

year. Radial growth of shortleaf pine cor- related with number of days after start of

spring growing season and available moisture in upper four feet of soil.

(h) "Soil Moisture Content and Shortleaf Pine

Radial Growth in North Mississippi," D. C. McClurkin, Forest Science M3): 232-238,

1958. "Hydraulic Inserter for Soil Moisture Units,"

J. L. Thames, Soil Science 86 ( 3 ) :156-159,

1958.

(3225) WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, CENTRAL

OZARKS RESEARCH CENTER, HARRISON, ARKANSAS.

(b) Laboratory project, in cooperation with

Soil Conservation Service and Univ. of Ark.

(d) Field investigations of hydrologic effects

of land conversion from hardwood forest to native range, applied research.

(e) Duplicate runoff plots 12 x 100 feet were installed on woodland not grazed, woodland

grazed, and woodland converted to range by

aerial spraying and grazed. The study will measure effects of conversion and grazing

on runoff and erosion, changes in litterhumus character, soil moisture, and surface

soil physical properties.

(3226) SOIL MOISTURE RESEARCH, VTCKSBURG RESEARCH

CENTER, VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI.

(b) Waterways Expt . Sta., Corps of Engineers,

U. S. Army.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations, basic

and applied research on factors affecting

soil moisture.

(e) Project is aimed at development of a soilmoisture prediction method based on field

studies throughout the United States and

possessions. Present studies include re- finement of prediction methods, environmental factors, problem soils, and methods

and techniques.

(g) A workable soil-moisture prediction method

has been developed for use in vehicle trafficability ratings without previous contact with the soil.

(h) "Summary of the Development of a Soil Mois- ture Prediction Method, " by Arthur W. Krumbach and Forest W. Stearns, Vicksburg

Research Center, Southern Forest Experiment

Station, 1+0 pp., Nov. 1957-

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Beach Erosion Board.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the President, Beach Erosion Board,

5201 Little Falls Road, Washington l6, D. C.

(l8l) EQUILIBRIUM PROFILE OF BEACHES AND STUDY OF MODEL SCALE EFFECTS.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experimental

(e) Equilibrium beach profiles will be determined experimentally for waves up to 6 feet in height in a prototype tank; the waves will be modeled at a 1 to 10 scale in small

laboratory tanks for various median diameter

sand sizes to determine scale effect.

(g) Some light specific gravity material (coal)

has been obtained for use in a small wave

channel in tests of beach deformation under

wave action to compare with large scale tests using sand in the large tank. The

specific gravity of the coal (average 1.5)

has been modeled by the settling velocity

relationship to give corresponding characteristics of the material- in the large tank.

(660) OBSERVED WAVE CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) To secure a more thorough knowledge of the

characteristics of ocean waves. A number of

electrical recording wave gages have been

installed in coastal waters and these re- cords are analyzed for significant height

and period.

(g) The new plastic wave gages, replacing neo- prene coated aluminum channel type have

been installed for two months. Satisfactory

operation is being experienced. The new plastic gage at Steel Pier, Atlantic City, New Jersey has been treated with anti-foul

ing paint in an effort to provide longer

operating periods before sea-growth fouls

and thereby reduces the gage accuracy. A

wave spectrum analyzer utilizing a revolving tape head (rather than forming a segment

of the tape into a loop, and repeatedly

cycling the loop) is being constructed and

tested.

(h) "Hurricane Wave Station for the Gulf of

Mexico," BEB TM No. 98, June 1957.

(975) METHODS OF BY-PASSING SAND PAST INLETS.

(b) Laboratory project..

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study methods and requirements for pumping sand past inlets and to determine the

applicability of the methods in stabilization of beaches adjacent to inlets. A

study is being made of the sand by-passing

operations carried out at Port Hueneme,

California and Lake Worth, Florida. Data

are being obtained on the operation of a stationary sand transfer plant located on

the north jetty of Lake Worth Inlet, Fla. These data include periodic hydrographic

surveys south and north of the inlet, wave

data, sand samples, detailed records of

pumping operations, and detailed records of entrance channel maintenance. Additional survey data taken at Hueneme are being ana- lyzed and a report prepared. Study is being

made of the possibility of adapting

108
commercial instruments utilizing a radioactive source to measure density of material

pumped in "by-passing.

(976) ESTABLISHMENT OF CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF ARTIFICIAL BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Theoretical ; applied research.

(e) To develop criteria for construction of

teaches by artificial means. The present

phase of this general study involves the measurement of a natural beach slope and

determines its response as a function of

those forces normally incident upon the

shore such as wave height and period, angle

of wave approach, tide, and direction and

magnitude of littoral current. By statistical methods the relative importance of the

forces or combinations of forces may be

evaluated.

(g) Computing machine techniques are being ap- plied to the statistical evaluation of the

importance of the forces. Preliminary re- sults indicate that this technique for ana- lyzing and evaluating data will determine

the relative importance of the variables

involved.

(977) DEVELOPMENT OF WAVE HEIGHT AND WAVE DIREC- TION GAGES.

(b) Laboratory project.

( d ) Experiment al ; development

(e) To develop wave height and wave direction

gages for use In securing accurate records

of wave characteristics.

(g) The plastic type wave gages, replacing the neoprene coated aluminum channel type, have

been installed in all Beach Erosion Board

ocean wave gage recording stations ( 5 sta- tions). The first six months of use indicate satisfactory operation.

(2190) STUDY OF EFFECT OF A GROIN SYSTEM ON THE RATE OF LITTORAL MOVEMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) To study the effect of groins on the rate of littoral drift passing a groin system.

Installation of test set-up in the Shore Processes Test Basin has been completed.

Initial tests consist of waves generated at a 30-degree angle to the sand beach. Meas- urement of material movement is being made

at the down beach end.

(g) A new series of tests, starting from a 1 on

10 beach slope, show that the drift rate along a 1 on 10 slope is about 1,200 pounds

per hour before the slope has adjusted to the imposed wave conditions. After slope

adjustment the drift rate is reduced to

about kdO pounds per hour. These tests indicate that introduction of a small amount of clay into the beach material increases

the drift rate slightly. Also the rate at which sand is fed on to the updrift end of

a beach 100 feet in length affects the rate

of sand movement into the traps at the

downdrift end.

(2192) REGIONAL STUDIES OF THE SOUTH SHORE OF LONG

ISLAND, NEW YORK; ATLANTIC COAST OF NEW

JERSEY; AND THE DELAWARE-MARYLAND-VIRGINIA

SHORE LINE FROM CAPE HENL0PEN TO CAPE

CHARLES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigations; basic research.

(e) To compile all existing factual data pertinent to shore processes on a regional scale. Report to consist of four chapters; geomor- phology and shore line histories, littoral

forces, littoral materials, and summary and

conclusions. Subject matter to include

physiography, geological development of the

shore region, sources of littoral materials,

waves, tides or water level fluctuations,

currents, physical characteristics of the

littoral materials, interrelation of sedimentary properties, relation to properties

of littoral materials to position in the

littoral zone, and changes in shore line

confi guration. (g) All chapters for New Jersey completed ex- cept for editing. Geomorphology, shore

line history, and littoral forces, of south

shore of Long Island completed except for

editing.

(2193) SHORE PROTECTION PLANNING AND DESIGN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Design.

(e) The purpose of this project is to supple- ment and revise the Beach Erosion Board's

Technical Report No. h, "Shore Protection

Planning and Design" as new data and techniques are developed for use in the solution of coastal engineering problems.

(g) The first addenda sheets to Technical Re- port No. k were compiled and dispatched to recipients of this report. The second ad- denda sheets are being compiled which include revised or supplemental data on dune

stabilization, beach fill design, sand bypassing plants, forces on pilings, hurricane design data, wave run-up and overtopping data, and breakwater design data.

(2195) RE-EXAMINATION OF ARTIFICIALLY NOURISHED

AND CONSTRUCTED BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To study the behavior of beach fills placed

to nourish and protect adjacent shores. A

selected number of beach fills are being

re-examined.

(g) Survey and sand sample data taken at Harrison County, Mississippi were analyzed to determine the behavior of beach fill placed

along 25 miles of shore from an offshore

borrow source. Material losses since place- ment of beach fill in 1951 have been slight.

Shoaling of the borrow area has been slow

and limited to material to silt sizes.

(h) "Behavior of Beach Fill and Borrow Area at Harrison County, Mississippi," G. M. Watts,

109
Beach Erosion Board Tech. Memo. No. 107, Ik pages, August 1958.

(2659) WAVE FORCES ON PILES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research, design.

(e) To determine the nature and magnitude of

forces on piles caused by breaking and non- breaking waves.

(g) First draft of report completed. The re- port gives the forces on a 3-foot section

of a 12-inch pipe pile caused by waves, both breaking and non-breaking. Wave periods were varied from 3-75 to 16 seconds; wave heights from 2 to 6 feet, and water

depths from 5 to l6 feet . The position of

the sensitive section of the pile was varied

from 5 • 3 feet above the bottom of the wave

tank to above the still water level.

(2660) WAVE TANK STUDY OF QUANTITY OF SAND IN SUS- PENSION IN THE SURF ZONE (INCLUDING TEMPER- ATURE EFFECTS).

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A vacuum pump type suspended sediment sam- pler has been used to collect suspended

sand samples under various laboratory con- ditions of waves, water temperature and

sand. A large field sampler has been used

to obtain suspended samples in the prototype wave tank. The purpose of the study

is to determine the relationships between

wave, water, and sand characteristics and

the amount of material maintained in sus- pension and hence available for longshore

transport by currents.

(g) A first draft of a report on suspended

sampling tests through 1957 has been com- pleted. Additional tests of temperature

effects on suspended sediment were carried

out during 1958. One purpose of these warm water tests was to determine the effect of sand ripples on suspended sediment.

Comparison of the results of these 1958 tests and of previous cold water tests show

that the shoreward displacement (creep) of

sand ripples Is faster in cold water than

in warm water. The tests also show that coarser and heavier material is in suspen- sion near the sand ripple crest.

(2661) WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) Wave run-up is determined experimentally

by various waves for different types of

shore structures. Effect of both structure roughness and permeability is being investigated.

(g) A method was derived for determining wave run-up on composite slope structures and structures with berms. Relatively largescale data are being taken (with waves

about 3 to ^ feet in height ) in the large wave tank on run-up on rubble structures

in connection with another study. These

data will then be compared with data from

small scale studies to determine the possible existence of a scale effect. Large

scale tests on run-up on Lake Okeechobee

Levees (see project 2917) have shown that a definite scale effect exists, at least for

smooth Impermeable slopes. These tests show an increase in run-up over that observed

for small scale laboratory tests of up to 25$ depending upon sixe of wave and slope,

(h) "Wave Run-Up on Composite Slopes", Thorndike

Saville, Jr., Proc. Sixth Conference on Coastal Engineering, Council on Wave Re- search, Engineering Foundation, 1958.

(2916) WAVE AND SURGE FORECASTING RELATIONSHIPS

AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) To determine methods of predicting wave and storm surge characteristics.

(g) Methods of developing surge predictions for

hurricanes have been reviewed, extended and

summarized. Revisions to previously adopted

wave forecasting relationships have been de- termined to better account for additional wave data. Wave records from a wide variety

of locations have been utilized in a statistical analysis of the probability distributions of wave heights and wave periods; and

a family of wave spectra which allows for an arbitrary linear correlation between

wave height and wave period squared is suggested.

(h) "Revisions in Wave Forecasting: Deep and

Shallow Water", by C. L. Bretschneider.

Proceedings Sixth International Conference

on Coastal Engineering, Ch. 3, PP- 30-67, 1958. "Engineering Aspects of Hurricane Surge", by

C. L. Bretschneider. Proceedings Technical

Conference on Hurricanes, Miami Beach, Fla.,

American Meteorological Society, Nov. 19-20,

1958.

(2917) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP AND OVERTOPPING

ON LAKE OKEECHOBEE LEVEES.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Jacksonville,

Fla.

(d) Model study; for design.

(e) A 1 to 2.5 scale model of the proposed Lake

Okeechobee levee design (l on 3 and 1 on 6 slopes ) has been tested under wave action

up to k feet in height (10 feet prototype)

to determine heights of wave run-up and

quantities of wave overtopping for two crest elevations. Results will be compared with

those in smaller laboratory flumes (l to 30 model) to determine existence of any scale

effect.

(g) Testing has been completed, the results are being analyzed, and a report prepared. The

results indicate a 10$ increase in wave runup for the 1 on 6 slope over that observed

with small-scale laboratory tests, and a 20$ increase for the 1 on 3 slope. A por- I tion of this increase is due to different

roughness conditions in the two laboratory

110
tests, the absolute roughness of hoth scale tests being the same, as smooth board

slopes were used for both scales. A few tests were run at the large scale using

the smooth slope roughened with a single

layer of O.U-mm sand to give an indication

of the degree of this effect. This roughness for the 1 on 3 slope decreased the

scale effect increase from 20$ to 15$. The

increase in scale for the large scale test was about ten times that of the small scale test and the actual prototype conditions

are 2-1/2 times larger than the large scale

test; consequently the run-up must again

be proportionately increased to take ac- count of this further increase in scale. Accounting for this added increase and

assuming the observed roughness correction

for the 1 on 3 slope applies to all slopes,

and considering data previously obtained

on a 1 on 15 sand beach, the results may

be extended to give an increase in run-up

over that observed for laboratory tests

for Lake Okeechobee prototype conditions

of Ojo for a 1 on 15 slope, 9$ for a 1 on 6 slope, l8$ for a 1 on 3 slope, and 27$ for

a 1 on 1-1/2 slope. Prototype conditions

for which these increases would be applicable are for waves of about 8 to 10 feet in height. The tests indicate the existence of a very large scale effect for over- topping measurements, amounting to an average increase of 40$ for some of the

large scale tests. The scale effect for

overtopping generally increases with a de- crease in overtopping rate.

(3227) DEVELOPMENT OF INPLACE SEDIMENT DENSITY

GAGE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field, development.

(e) To develop an inplace gage to determine

density of material under water in shoal

areas (navigation channels, reservoirs,

etc. ). (g) A gage has been developed consisting of a probe housing a radioactive source and a counter. The gage has been field tested

in several areas, and performed satisfactorily. A report is being prepared.

(3228) MODEL TESTS OF WAVE SETUP ON BEACHES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

( e ) To relate increase in water level at the

shore due to wave action alone to the

incident wave characteristics and shore

hydrography

(g) Laboratory data taken on a relatively

gentle slope (about 1 on 70) show a wave

setup as great as 3 feet for 30-foot waves. Data on steeper slopes (l on 3 and. 1 on 6)

show no wave setup at all. Tests are con- tinuing on intermediate slopes.

(h) "Model Study of Wave Setup Induced by

Hurricane Waves at Narragansett Pier,

Rhode Island", John C. Fairchild, The

Annual Bulletin of the Beach Erosion Board,

Office, Chief of Engineers, July 1958.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Portland, Bonneville Hydraulic Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos . 405, k06, ^-07, 2662, 2665, 2666, 2919, 2920, 2921, and 3229 should

be addressed to District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, Walla Walla, Bldg. 602, CityCounty Airport, Walla Walla, Wash., and Projects

Nos. 1462, 1466, 3230, and 3231 should be addressed

to District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer District,

Portland, 628 Pittock Block, Portland 5, Oregon.

( h.05 ) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:100-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces 2.7 miles of the Snake River at the dam site. The proposed structures include a 6-unit powerhouse ( 3-unit initial

installation), 10-bay (tainter-gate con- trolled) spillway, 86- by 675-foot navigation lock and facilities for migrant fish.

The latter include two fish ladders, 16 ft. wide on north bank and 2k ft. wide on south

bank, and a powerhouse collection system.

Auxiliary flow for both ladders and collection system will be provided by low-head

pumps . Studies will be made to determine

flow conditions during various construction

stages and with proposed structures installed.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests of first-step cofferdam were com- pleted. Results indicated that realignment

of upstream corner of cofferdam would reduce

backwater effect and lower water-surface

elevations along face of cofferdam. Movable

bed studies were made to assist in estimating amount and location of erosion in prototype. Effect of rock groins along river

bank opposite cofferdam were investigated

as an aid to fish migration during firststage construction. General flow conditions were observed with the proposed structures

installed. Three tailrace alignments were investigated and tests were made to determine best alignment of north fish ladder

wall. Two-foot sills installed in end bays

of spillway provided downstream flow at spillway entrances to fishways. Secondstage cofferdam tests showed that realignment of downstream leg of cofferdam improved

conditions for fish passage and reduced

velocities along toe of downstream fill.

Conditions for fish passage at low flows were Improved by additional forebay exca- vation and using skeleton units to pass a portion of river flow. Tests of final de- sign structures were made to provide project

operating data. Uniform spillway operation

produced the best over-all conditions

Tests of several designs of the river out- let to navigation lock were made to

111
determine probable wave heights and tall- water variation during lock emptying,

(h) Five memorandum reports have been issued;

others are in preparation.

(1+06) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY, SNAKE

RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:40-scale model consists of a 3-bay

section of the 10-bay spillway. Tests were made to determine hydraulic performance of

the proposed spillway and stilling basin

and to develop revisions in design that

would improve performance or reduce con- struction and maintenance costs.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Satisfactory design of spillway and stilling basin and determination of crest rating, pressure data, and method of gate operation

were accomplished.

(h) Memorandum reports are in preparation.

(1+07) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR NAVIGATION LOCK, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Two models are being used to test performance of the proposed design for the hydraulic system and develop modifications for improvement if necessary. A l:25-scale

model will reproduce the 86- by 675 -foot

lock chamber, culvert systems, and portions

of the upstream and downstream approach

channels. A l:l6-scale model of a single

lateral culvert of the lock filling system

was used to determine designs that will

produce uniform flow distribution from the

culvert ports.

(g) Offsets in lateral culvert walls were re- vised to improve flow distribution. Con- struction of lock model was completed and

tests begun. At maximum initial head, 103

ft, the lock chamber fills in approximately

11 min and empties in 13 min with a 4.0-

min filling valve schedule and 2.2-min

emptying valve schedule. Maximum hawser

forces of 4 to 6 tons, depending on resonance, have been observed with 11 040-ton

barge tow at maximum initial head. Positive pressures exist downstream from the

filling valves. Final design tests are in progress

(h) Memorandum reports are in preparation.

(1462) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:80-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduced 2.7 miles of the Columbia River

at the dam site. The original layout con- sisted of a circular-arc, 30-bay spillway,

a 22 -unit powerhouse, and 86- by 675 -foot

navigation lock, a rock-fill nonoverflow

section, and facilities for passing fish over the dam. Maximum head was 90 feet. Revised layout had a straight 23-bay spillway. Purposes were to study the structures

alignment and flow conditions affecting

navigation, power generation, cofferdam

placement, rock-fill dam construction, and

fish passage.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Four major layout plans were tested and the

most economical plan that effected satisfactory hydraulic conditions was selected. Tests indicated ability to reduce length of

spillway and to reduce forebay excavation

by 30 feet. Data relative to water-surface

elevations and velocities in the tailrace,

and the effects of excess fill placed in

the forebay have been obtained. Flow con- ditions during various stages of construc- tion and with the project completed have

been observed with special attention given

to navigation and fish migration problems.

Tests were conducted to compare flow con- ditions in model and prototype with the

1957 peak discharge of 643,500 cfs when all

flow was through spillway. Test was re- peated with five powerhouse units operating,

expected Installation at time of 1958 high

water. Additional studies of flow conditions In downstream approach to navigation

lock were made with extensions to contract plan guard wall of 200, 400, and 600 feet.

(h) Thirty memorandum reports have been issued; one is in preparation.

( 1466 ) MODEL STUDY OF THE DALLES DAM NAVIGATION

LOCK, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model of the 86- by 675-foot

lock chamber including its culvert systems

and portions of the upstream and downstream

approach channels was reproduced. Maximum

lift Is 90 feet. Studies were made of various types of filling and emptying systems

to determine the most advantageous design

from the standpoints of rate of operations,

degree of turbulence, and economy. The

several proposed plans included lateral

culverts within the lock chamber combined

with several locations of intake ports,

longitudinal culverts, and outlet ports.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Designs have been selected for all features

of the lock. A valve-opening schedule of

4 minutes resulted in a filling time of

12.5 minutes and a maximum hawser force of

8 tons without supplemental use of the up- stream lock tainter gate. The lock emptied

in 16 minutes. Studies have shown that

staggered valve operation will reduce maxi- mum hawser stresses. Operational tests of

the final design were made with several

heads and barge positions using a 4-minute

valve-opening schedule. One combination

of head and barge position corresponds to conditions of prototype tests performed in

112
December 1957.

(h) Seven memorandum reports have been Issued; one is In preparation.

(2662) GENERAL MODEL STUDY OF JOHN DAY LOCK AND

DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model constructed to an undistorted l:80-scale will reproduce the

Columbia River from Mile 213-7 to 216.8. The structures will be at approximately

Mile 215.6. Investigation of flow conditions will be conducted for construction

stages and for completed project in the

interests of design, navigation, fish migration, and power.

(g) First-stage cofferdam tests indicated that

cofferdam should be raised to protect

against 700,000 cfs design flow; one cell

could be eliminated at downstream end of

cofferdam; and one cell should be added at upstream end to protect the toe of the up- stream fill. Second-stage cofferdam studi®

are in progress

(h) Memorandum reports are in preparation.

(2665) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR POWERHOUSE INTAKE

GATES, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The l:25-scale model contains a test unit

consisting of intake and scroll case with

emergency closure gates and gate slots. The middle closure gate is reproduced in

plastic with a synchronous -motor-operated

lifting mechanism to simulate prototype

operating speed. Provision was made to measure pressures on the gate lip with

several lip designs. Tests are being made

to determine the gate design producing the

least downpull force during emergency clo- sure . (g) Tests have been made on a l:25-scale model

of one unit of Chief Joseph powerhouse to correlate model downpull forces on intake

gate with tests made at Chief Joseph power- house during 1955- Correlation was made to obtain a basis for evaluating tests of Ice Harbor powerhouse intake gates. The powerhouse intake gate for Ice Harbor Project

has been tested with 12- and 20-inch lip

extensions and with 30- bxi^- ^-5 -degree lips.

(h) Memorandum report on Chief Joseph tests has

been issued. Report of Ice Harbor tests is

in preparation.

(2666) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR DAM FISH LADDERS, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:10-scale model reproduces a Ul-pool

tangent of the 1 on 16 slope, 21+-foot-wide,

south fish ladder in addition to the 6-pool

orifice control section of the south fish

ladder. Investigations are concerned with

fish ladder surge and its elimination and

the size and locations of orifices in the

control section (no overflow) to function

with a 5 -foot change in pool elevation without creating undesirable flow conditions.

Model was modified to include l6-foot-wide

orifice control section and pools of 16- foot -wide 1 on 16 slope fish ladder to check

design of orifice control section and determine flow characteristics in typical fish

ladder pool.

(g) Results with 2U-foot-wide fish ladder indicated that surge would occur within operating range of fish ladder unless a weir

crest approximating a sharp edge was used.

Surge was reduced with a contracted weir.

Uniformity of heads in control section was" obtained by varying the spacing of orifices

in alternate baffles. Flow conditions in

typical pool of l6-foot-wide ladder were satisfactory and plunging flow continued to

a head of approximately 15 inches on a weir.

Uniformity of heads in control section of

l6-foot-wide ladder was obtained by varying

the spacing of the two orifices in each

baffle. Model was revised to reproduce 16-

foot-wide, 1 on 10 slope fish ladder. Flow

patterns in typical pools were observed and

surge studies made. Tests are in progress

to determine effect of reducing length of

weir in l6-foot-wide fish ladder.

(h) Two memorandum reports have been issued;

others are in preparation.

(2919) MODEL STUDY OF CHANNEL IMPROVEMENT PLANS,

PAL0USE RIVER, COLFAX, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l;i+0-scale flume model will be used to determine the extent of channel enlargement

and modification, levees, flood walls, and

revetments necessary to protect the town of

Colfax, Washington, from the following

higher-than-record discharges: 14,500 cfs in the South Fork, 16,800 cfs in the

Palouse River above the mouth of the South

Fork, and 28,000 cfs in Palouse River below

the mouth of the South Fork. Space limitations require sharply curved channels of

varying cross section which are further re- stricted by bridge piers at several locations . (g) Model design and construction were continued.

(2920) MODEL TESTS OF SERVICE GATE SEALS, EAGLE

GORGE DAM, GREEN RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Seattle, Corps

of Engineers, Seattle, Washington.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A square bulb, "J" type rubber seal with and

without a brass chafing strip cast into the

bulb was tested to determine: (l) Maximum

satisfactory clearance between retainer bar

and sealing plate; (2) maximum seal and

113
support plate clearance that will be

closed by the force from the top seal; and

(3) friction factors. Heads of 100, 150,

and 200 feet were tested.

(g) Apparatus for determining seal clearances was constructed and tests made. It was found that l/2-in. clearance could be used

betwen the retainer bar and seal plate.

To prevent leakage around the side seal at its point of intersection with the top seal

it was found necessary to eliminate clearance between the side seal and support

plate. Friction tests performed by Los Angeles District Laboratory indicated that

friction factors were higher for the brassclad seal.

(h) Memorandum report is in preparation.

(2921) MODEL STUDY OF ICE HARBOR SPILLWAY STOP LOG, SNAKE RIVER, WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:20-scale model of a single bay of Ice Harbor spillway dam will be installed in

an existing Laboratory flume. Structural

features of stop log will be reproduced

and facilities will be provided for direct measurement of hydraulic load on stop log

as it is lowered into place in high velocity flow.

(g) Design was completed.

(3229) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY FOR JOHN DAY DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Walla Walla,

Corps of Engineers, Walla Walla, Wash.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1 : 1+1. lit— scale model of three bays of the

spillway dam will be used to determine the

hydraulic characteristics of the proposed

spillway and stilling basin and to develop

revisions in design to improve performance

or reduce construction costs.

(g) Design and construction of model were com- pleted.

(3230) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CHANNEL IMPROVE- MENT AT BONNEVILLE DAM, COLUMBIA RIVER, OREGON AND WASHINGTON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:130-scale, undistorted, fixed-bed model

reproduces 5-6 miles of the Columbia River

at the dam site. The original layout includes existing structures and river bed

( survey made in summer and fall of 1958 ) • Tests will be made to study methods of improving navigation conditions in the ap- proaches to Bonneville Lock,

(g) Model design and construction were initiated.

(3231) MODEL STUDY OF COUGAR DAM OUTLET STILLING

BASIN, SOUTH FORK, McKENZIE RIVER, OREGON.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Portland,

Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:25-scale model includes 10li-5 feet of

13.5-ft-dia. regulating tunnel, portal and

transition to 20-ft-wide open concrete

chute, transition from chute to 30- ft -wide

stilling basin through 150-ft-radius bucket

and 1500 feet of downstream channel and

overbank topography. Tests are being made

to check the adequacy of the original de- sign and develop modifications if required.

(g) Flow conditions in tunnel and through portal

and transition to 20-ft-wide chute were satisfactory for the design flow of 6000

cfs. However, the 30-ft-wide stilling

basin did not dissipate the energy of the

flow sufficiently to prevent considerable wave run-up on riprapped walls of the down- stream channel. Various baffle sizes,

arrangements, and positions and designs of

end sill have been investigated to reduce wave run-up. Tests are in progress with a 50-ft-wide stilling basin.

U. S. ARMY ENGINEER DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

St. Paul.

IN COOPERATION WITH ST. ANTHONY FALLS HYDRAULIC LAB.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to the District Engineer, U. S. Army

Engineer District, St. Paul, Corps of Engineers,

1217 U. S. Post Office and Custom House, St. Paul 1, Minn.

(985) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR HIGH-LIFT

LOCKS.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, U. S. Army,

Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To develop adequate criteria for the design

of filling and emptying systems for highlift locks. Tests will be conducted in

prototype locks, in model locks for definite

projects, and in a general lock model simulating a maximum lift of 150 feet.

(f) Discontinued; the project has been transferred to the U. S. Army Engineer Waterways

Experiment Station.

(g) Construction of a recorder unit for use on prototype lock studies was started. Work

was limited to units for measurement of pressure and stage. These measurements will be transmitted by means of a compressed

air medium and an electronics system to the

recorder unit

(2923) FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR WALTER F. GEORGE LOCK, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER.

(b) U. S. Army Engineer District, Mobile, Ala.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Walter F. George lock will be 82 feet wide by lt-50 feet long with a lift of 88 ft. The filling and emptying systems include

sill intakes, side-wall culverts, a split

system of chamber laterals, and discharge

Ilk
outlets located riverward of the lock and

downstream from the spillway section of

the dam. Because of poor foundation material at the site, lock culverts will not he located at a low elevation relative to the downstream pool. It is planned to have

the culverts submerged only 8 feet helow

tailwater

A section of the culvert at the valve was tested in a pilot model at a scale of 1 to

2k. 2k to determine whether the culvert

Immediately downstream should he modified

to alleviate low pressures. The complete

hydraulic system was tested in a general

model at a scale of 3 "to 100.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests in the general lock model indicated

that the lock could he filled in 13 min.

and that the maximum hawser pull on a tow would he 5 tons. The size of the culvert

downstream from the filling valves was not

changed. Negative pressure in each sidewall culvert, which had occurred when the

filling valve was partially open, was raised to positive "by a reduction in ca- pacity of the chamber lateral system and

hy having the region of low pressure lo- cated near the first chamher lateral. A

partial recirculation occurred during the

period of critical pressures. Vortex

action in the upper approach was stopped

hy fins located perpendicular to the flared

guard wall Hoisting forces were measured

on a tainter valve in the pilot model. The

effect on force of variations in the size

of the gap at the top seal of the valve

was determined.

(292k) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEMS FOR BARKLEY LOCK, CUMBERLAND RIVER.

(h) U. S. Army Engineer District, Nashville,

Term.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Barkley lock will he 110 feet wide and

800 feet long with a dual culvert system

and a maximum lift of 73 feet. Intake port

manifolds will he located in the upstream

approach walls and hottom lateral culverts

in the lock chamher. Both culverts will

discharge into the stilling hasin of the

adjoining spillway. Tests in the model,

huilt to a scale of 3 "to 100, determined

the adequacy of the hydraulic system and

developed necessary improvements.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Model tests indicated that at the normal

lift of 57 feet the lock could he filled

in 11.5 minutes and emptied in 13 minutes

with a maximum of ahout 5 tons hawser pull

on "barge tows in the lock and with satisfactory conditions in the hydraulic system. Two methods were used to eliminate nega- tive pressures downstream from the filling

valves in the partially open position. A

relatively slow valve time of 8 minutes

huilt up the chamher water surface and the

downstream culvert pressure, and the location of each filling valve near the first

chamher lateral caused a partial

recirculation and pressure rise.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

Waterways Experiment Station.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to The Director, Waterways Experiment

Station, Corps of Engineers, P. 0. Box 631, Vickshurg, Mississippi.

(218) CONDUIT INTAKE MODEL TESTS.

(h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

.the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Scale models are heing used for a general

study of the hydraulic characteristics of

entrance curves for (l) a gated tunnel

having a rectangular entrance with floor

at same elevation as approach channel

(entrance flared in three directions), and

(2) a rectangular conduit in which parallel

side walls are extended upstream from the entrance and only the roof is flared (en- trance floor at same elevation as approach

channel). Tests involve determination of pressures and discharge coefficients. A

study of rectangular conduits with entrance flared in four directions has "been com- pleted. Tests are in progress on an en- trance in which only the roof is flared.

(g) In the investigation of entrances flared in

three directions hest performance was oh- tained with an entrance, designated as type

L, the upstream portion of which follows

the elliptical curve

*! + _ii_ = i D

2 (0.32 D)2 while the downstream portion followed the

curve, *! + _ii_ = i D2 (0.16 D)2 where D is the dimension of the conduit

in the direction concerned.

(236) MISSISSIPPI BASIN MODEL.

(h) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Dept. of

the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The project provides for construction and

operation of a model of the Mississippi

River Basin including the Mississippi, Ohio,

Missouri, White, Arkansas, and Red Rivers,

and their principal trihutaries. All existing and proposed flood-control reservoirs,

dikes, floodwalls, and other pertinent

works will he reproduced. The model area

comprises 200 acres, and measures lj-,500 feet

east and west, and 3,900 feet north and

south. Completed construction consists of

the Upper Mississippi River from Hannihal,

Missouri, to Helena, Arkansas; the Missouri

Riv.er from SIdux City, Iowa, to the mouth;

the Arkansas River from Blackburn Dam Site,

115
Oklahoma, to Pine Bluff, Arkansas; the Ohio

River from Louisville, Kentucky, to the

mouthj the Cumberland River from Old Hickory

Dam, Tennessee, to the mouth; and the Ten- nessee River from Pickwick Dam to the mouth.

The topography of the streams and flood

plains are "being reproduced to a horizontal

scale of 1:2,000 and vertical scale of

1:100. Water-surface elevations are meas- ured by electrically operated stage devices

with the recorders located in central con- trol buildings. Stream flow is introduced

and controlled by automatic instruments

called inflow controllers . The model was designed to aid in the development of co- ordinated basin-wide plans for flood con- trol and operation of flood-control struc- tures . (g) The extent of model operation each year is determined by the testing programs requested

by Districts and Divisions that have opera- ble sections on the model. Tests were con- ducted during the current year for the U.S. Army Engineer Divisions, Missouri River,

Ohio River, and Lower Mississippi Valley.

Verification tests of the Missouri, Ohio,

Tennessee, and Mississippi Rivers were con- ducted, and some special tests made to de- termine the effects of installing a highway

fill in the flood plain of the Mississippi

River near St. Louis, Missouri.

(425) COMPREHENSIVE MODEL STUDY, DELAWARE RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Philadelphia, Corps of Engineers,

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

(d) Experimental j for design.

(e) To develop and test plans for reduction of

shoaling in several ranges of the navigation channel, the entire Delaware River es- tuary from the Atlantic Ocean to Trenton is reproduced in the model which is of the

fixed-bed, silt-injection type, with scale

ratios of 1:1,000 horizontally and 1:100

vertically. Tides and tidal currents are reproduced by automatic tide generators.

Observed prototype salinities are reproduced

in the Delaware Bay portion of the model,

and provisions made for the injection of

silt, and for measuring silt deposits.

Studies are also made of salinity intrusion

and the dispersion and dilution of wastes discharged into the estuary.

(f) Active.

(g) Proposed channel realignments in three

reaches of the river above Philadelphis

were tested by observing surface and sub- surface current directions and shoaling

characteristics in each. It was concluded

that the channel alignments in each reach

should be selected primarily on the basis of

construction costs and proximity of navigation facilities to the channel. Should

these considerations be equal for all plans

tested for each area, one realignment in

each reach appeared to afford a slight ad- vantage over the others.

(h) "Delaware River Model Study; Report No. 3,

Effects of Proposed Channel Enlargement be- tween Philadelphia and Trenton; Appendix A: Tests of Alternate Alignments of Specific

Reaches and Closure of Burlington Island

Back Channel." U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Memoran- dum No. 2-337 (in publication). (Will be

available on loan.

)

(67U) MODEL STUDIES OF FORT RANDALL DAM, MISSOURI

RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist,

Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:100 comprehensive model was used to determine effects on velocities of depth and

curvature of the approach channel; to in- vestigate flow over the chute-type, taintergate- controlled spillway, and develop a good stilling basin design; and to study

flow conditions in the exit area. A 1:50

outlet stilling basin model was used: To develop a satisfactory stilling basin below

the eight 28-foot-diameter conduits which

were being used for diversion during con- struction and which will' eventually be incorporated in the powerhouse substructure; to verify the design of the stilling basin

for the four 22-foot-diameter flood-control

conduits to insure satisfactory operation

under present and future tailwater conditions; and to determine the limit of re- quired tailrace paving and the necessity

for bank protective works by study of cur- rents and wave action. A 1:25 intake and

flood-control conduit model was used to de- termine the character of flow for various

reservoir levels; measure loss coefficients

of the intake structure; Investigate pressures in the transition section; and determine the effects of partial gate operation

upon downpull and oscillation of the gates

and upon air requirements.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Spillway and Outlet Works for Fort Randall

Dam, Missouri River, South Dakota; Hydraulic

Model Investigation, " final report in publication. (Will be available on loan.

(993) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The cavitation characteristics of such ele- ments as baffle piers, steps in stilling

basins, spillway and conduit gate slots,

and offset joints are studied in either a vacuum tank or a variable -pressure, closedjet water tunnel. A review of literature

is under way to evaluate the many variables

that affect cavitation results.

(99*0 EFFECTS OF MODEL DISTORTION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

( e ) A general study was made to determine the

116
hydraulic effects of various types and de- grees of model scale distortion on velocity

distribution and other hydraulic conditions,

with the ultimate aim of establishing limits of permissible distortion for the various types of models. Tests are in progress

of a rectangular flume having a 90-degree

bend with provisions for changing the ver- tical scale to provide a distortion of 0 to 10.

(998) STUDY OF WAVE FORCE ON BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general investigation of wave phenomena

and resulting forces is to be conducted in

a wave tank to develop formulas, supported

by experimental data, from which wave pressures on impervious surfaces, vertical and

inclined, can be determined.

(999) STABILITY OF RUBBLE-MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble-mound structures are studied in a

5- by k- by 119- foot wave tank to develop

formulas, supported by experimental data,

from which the design of safe and economical breakwaters can be determined. In ad- dition to quarry stone, tetrapods, tetrahedrons, tribars, and other specially molded armor units are being studied.

(g) The results of stability tests in pellmell -placed protective cover layers of quarry stone, tetrapods and tribars are represented with very good accuracy by the

formula

7 H

r

r

K. (S - l) 3 cot a

A r where W is weight of individual armor

units, 7 is the specific weight of the armor uni?s, H fs height of selected de- sign wave, Sr is the specific gravity of

armor units relative to the fluid in which

the structure is located (7r/7w ), a is

the angle of the breakwater face, measured

from the horizontal, and K^ is a dimensionless coefficient,

(h) "Design of Quarry-stone Cover Layers for

Rubble-Mound Breakwaters; Hydraulic Model

Investigation," U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Research Report

2-2, July 1958. (Available on loan or for purchase at 75 cents per copy.

)

(1002) EFFECTS OF SCALE AND OPERATING TECHNIQUES

ON HARBOR WAVE ACTION AND BREAKWATER

MODELS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are conducted in flumes and harbor

model basins to obtain information that

will allow more accurate determination of

optimum scales for wave models, and the effects of different scale and operating

techniques on the accuracy of model results.

The efficiency of flexible-element wave filters is being investigated to facilitate

continuous operation of wave flumes. Resonant chambers for harbor entrances and at- tenuation of waves in a three-dimensional

model are being studied.

( 100k ) INSTRUMENTATION.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C.

( d ) Experiment al ; development

(e) Various types of measurement and control

equipment for use in hydraulic studies are being developed. These include equipment

for measuring direction of water flow and

an acoustic flow meter.

(f) Inactive.

(1207) MODEL STUDY OF PENSTOCK INTAKE AND SLUICE COASTER GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study of relative merits of various penstock intake and sluice coaster gate

lip shapes, seals, and recesses is being

conducted. The investigation includes de- termination of downpull effects of changes

in gate lip shape, length and shape of

seals, size and shape of the recess in the

face of the dam, and need for an air vent in the entrance. The 1:20 model of the

sluice coaster gate is being tested in com- bination with a typical sluice which includes a slide gate, standard entrance

curves conforming to the elliptical equa- tion

(x

2/D2

) + (y

2/(D/3 ) 2

) = 1.

(1211) MODEL STUDY OF H00SIC RIVER, NORTH ADAMS, MASSACHUSETTS.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engineers, New York, N.Y.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:30 model was used to verify the hydraulic design for improvement of certain sec- tions of the North and South Branches of

Hoosic River in North Adams, Massachusetts,

and to determine whether changes should be

made for safety, increased efficiency, or

economy. The flow In the major portion of

these channels will be below critical depth.

The model was used to check such design

features as channel alignment, transitions,

superelevation in bends, characteristics of

weirs, stilling basins, drop structures,

the treatment of intakes and outlets, wall

heights, and elevations of bridges.

(1212) MODEL STUDIES OF OUTLET WORKS, OAHE DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, SOUTH DAKOTA.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

117
District , Omaha, Corps of Engineers, Omaha,

Nebraska.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Hydraulic performance of the outlet works

for Oahe Dam was studied on three models

A 1:60 model reproducing the downstream

ends of the six 18. 25-foot-diameter outlet

tunnels, the stilling basin, and portions

of the discharge and pilot channels; a 1:25

model of the portion of one tunnel upstream

of the central control shaft, including the

intake; and a 1:25 model of one of the con- trol shafts, containing tandem vertical -lift gates, and the tunnel downstream therefrom.

(g) A two-stage stilling basin utilizing a 22- foot -high weir was developed for dissipation of flows from the six tunnels. Hydraulic conditions were suitable for a single stage basin but foundation conditions

dictated use of the two-stage basin with

its lower walls. Tests demonstrated undesirable conditions to be caused by flow

down the bulkhead slot in the intake struc- ture and resulted in provisions being made

for sealing this slot. The horizontal curve in the upstream section of tunnel did not cause sufficient unequal flow distribution

to create problems in the control section.

Consideration was given to use of a gate

having upstream seals in tunnels 5 and 6 which are to provide fine regulation. However, uncertainties as to possible harmful

effects of violent vortex action in the

gate slots led to adoption of a downstream

seal gate with a U5 -degree lip.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1467) ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC EXPERIMENTAL DATA

(MODEL AND PROTOTYPE) AND DEVELOPMENT OF DESIGN CRITERIA.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical (model and prototype) and field

investigations; for design.

(e) A general study to develop, analyze, and

disseminate to Corps of Engineers establishments, hydraulic design criteria to in- sure adequate capacity, economy of con- struction, and safe and satisfactory operation. Criteria are developed from model

and prototype tests relating to the design

of spillways, outlet works, gates and

valves, channels, and navigation structures. Program also includes prototype tests in

cooperation with other Corps of Engineers

establishments

(g) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" charts have

been prepared on torque and discharge coefficients for butterfly valves, friction

factors for concrete-lined channels, and

hydraulic forces on vertical lift gates.

Design aid charts have also been prepared

on sequent depths for rectangular channels

and the effects of altitude on barometric

pressure. Prototype measurements were made

of piezometric pressures along the Enid

Dam flood control conduit, sluice gate vibration at Pine Flat Dam, and miter gate

operating forces at Cheatham Lock.

(h) "Velocity Forces on Submerged Rocks," "Pro- totype Spillway Crest Pressures, Chief

Joseph Dam, Columbia River, Washington, " and

"Index to Hydraulic Articles, 'Civil Engineering, * 1930-1955/' U. S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Miscellaneous

Papers 2-265, 2-266, and 2-291, issued in

April, July, and Oct. 1958, respectively.

(Available on loan. ) "Hydraulic Design Criteria" Issue No. 8. (Available for purchase

in limited quantities.

ik'jk) OPERATING FORCES OF MITER-TYPE LOCK GATES.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department

of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A general study to collect basic data on operating forces of miter-type lock gates

and to determine the effect of various ele- ments upon these forces is being conducted

in a 1:20 model. A lock chamber 110 feet wide is reproduced with provisions for vary- ing the length up to 600 feet on each side

of the gate. Forces required for operation

of miter gates were measured for variations

of the following elements: gate leaves,

speeds and accelerations of operation, sub- merged depths, recess shapes, bottom clearances, chamber lengths, and nonsynchronous

operation of gate leaves. Variations in

the type linkage driving the gate were also

investigated.

(g) Three types of linkages were used in determining the operating forces of miter-type

lock gates: the Panama Canal, the Ohio

River, and the modified Ohio River linkages. In all tests the maximum recorded torque

occurred as the gates entered the mitered

position in the closing cycle. The Ohio

River linkage developed torques greater

than did the other two linkages. The maxi- mum torques of the modified Ohio and Panama

linkages were practically equal which seems logical since both linkages have no angu- larity between strut and sector arms in the

mitered position.

In all tests, the recorded torques decreased

as the submergence was lowered by l/2-foot

increments from k.O feet to 1.0 foot in the

models

The recorded torques decreased as the time

of operation was increased in increments of

6.7 seconds from 10.1 and 13 -^ seconds to kO.Z seconds.

The effect of chamber length for the modified Ohio River linkage was determined by

varying the model length from 15 to 30 feet in the 5-foot increments. In general the

torque decreases as the chamber is lengthened. In model tests the effect of wave

action upon torque was negligible except

for the 30 -foot chamber where waves of

small amplitude but great length caused

torques equal to or greater than those re- corded as the gates entered the mitered

position.

Barges simulating a 9-foot draft were installed at 25, 50, 75, and 100 feet below

the gates in the 600-foot chamber of the

118
modified Ohio River linkage. The barges

aided in reducing wave action and torques

as the gates entered the mitered position.

( 11+75) SIPHON ACTION AT PUMPING PLANTS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This study is being conducted to aid in de- veloping design criteria for pumping plants

that depend on development of siphonic ac- tion in the discharge side of the pumps in

order to yield the required discharge.

Full-size models of a 6-inch and 12-inch

plastic discharge line were tested. Variables investigated during the tests were: rates of flow, water levels in the discharge

side of the pumps, slope and length of the

riverward leg, and venting conditions at the crown.

(f) Testing completed.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1735) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE RUN-UP ON SHORE STRUCTURES.

(b) Resident Member, Beach Erosion Board, Corps

of Engineers, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted in a wave flume,

using a scale of 1:17, to investigate the

relation between water level, crown elevation, wave height, wave period, and beach

slope and wave run-up on selected types of

shore structures used to prevent erosion

caused by wave action.

(f) Suspended.

(g) Tests of the vertical-wall structure indicate that small changes in wave period do not affect appreciably the height of wave

run-up. Also, test data indicate that increasing the depth of water at the top of

the beach (base of structure) has little ef- fect on the height of wave run-up. For wave

steepness values (H/L) between 0.01 and

0.11 relative run-up values decrease from

about 3-5 "to 0.7. Methods of determining

run-up on composite slopes (including slopes

with berms ) were developed. Run-up on rubble slopes was found to decrease with an increase in either roughness or permeability

for the conditions tested. A scale effect

is indicated by the large-scale tests, run- up and overtopping being larger than values

predicted from small-scale tests.

(1738) MODEL STUDY OF GATES AND STILLING BASIN, GREENUP LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer

District, Huntington, Corps of Engineers,

Huntington, West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. Additional phases

of the study involved measurements of hydraulic forces acting on a submergible-type

spillway tainter gate and a girder-type

emergency gate in the lock, both constructed to a scale of 1:25.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests indicated a stilling basin consisting

of a horizontal apron with a single row of

baffle piers and a stepped end sill to be

the most satisfactory of the basins investigated. Maximum bottom velocities in the

exit area below this basin did not exceed

k feet per second for normal tailwater con- ditions. Tests of the submergible tainter

gate revealed satisfactory performance of

the original design. Maximum downpull on the gate was approximately 100 kips and no uplift forces were recorded. Maximum vertical displacement of the gate was in the

range of 0.15 inch (prototype) at random

frequencies in the range of 0.0 to 2.0 cy- cles per second. Tests of the emergency

lock gate revealed unsatisfactory performance for the curved crest gate of original

design. At high tailwater conditions, the

gate oscillated violently in a vertical

direction and was uncontrollable. Of the

many revisions to the emergency gate tested,

the most satisfactory consisted of a triangular-crest-shaped gate with a l-on-3

sloping upstream crest. This gate was sta- ble throughout the range of operation and

tailwater. Maximum downpull was in the range of 215 kips and maximum uplift was

about 50 kips. Vertical displacement of

this gate was about 0.l6 inch (prototype)

with random frequencies in the range of 1.0

to 2.5 cycles per second.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1739) MODEL STUDY OF GATE AND STILLING BASIN, MARKLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing hOO feet of the approach area, a portion of the

spillway crest and stilling basin, and 800

feet of the exit area was used to examine

the hydraulic performance of the spillway

weir and stilling basin. A second phase of

the study involved measurements of hydralic forces acting on a submergible-type

spillway tainter gate.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests indicated that a stilling basin con- sisting of a sloped apron with a single row

of baffle piers and a dentated end sill

performed most satisfactorily of the various

basins investigated. Maximum bottom velocities in the exit below this basin did not exceed 6 feet per second for normal tail- water conditions. Tests of the submergibletype tainter gate revealed that the original

design gate performed satisfactorily. Maxi- mum downpull on the gate was about 100 kips

and no uplift forces were recorded. Maxi- mum vertical displacement of the submergible

119
gate was in the range of 0.22 inch (prototype) and random frequencies in the range of 0.0 to 3-0 cycles per second were en- countered,

(h) Final report in publication.

(1979) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, BULL SHOALS

DAM, WHITE RIVER j ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little

Rock, Arkansas.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The spillway was constructed with a steppedtype stilling basin designed to spread the

jets issuing from the conduits. After a period of operation the steps were damaged

by cavitation. A 1:12 model was used to develop a satisfactory method of repairing

the basin for conduit discharges; a 1:50

section model was used to check the performance of the modified basin with spillway

discharges

(f) Completed.

(g) The most feasible measures developed in the

models to p'revent further damage to the

stilling basin consisted of an upward-sloping ramp replacing the first three of the

four steps of the horizontal basin, but

with it installed the original k- foot -high

end sill did not satisfactorily dissipate

conduit -flow energy. With an adequate end

sill height (10 or 12 feet), a row of 8- foot-high baffle piers and a short apron

just below the original basin were neces- sary to prevent erosion of the exit channel

at low flows.

(h) "Stilling Basin Modifications, Bull Shoals

Dam, White River, Arkansas." U.S. Army

Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Tech. Report No. 2-488, Nov. 1958. (Available on

loan.

(1982) MODEL STUDY OF OLD RIVER LOW-SILL CONTROL

STRUCTURE, OLD RIVER, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Old River low-sill control structure will control flow into Old River, which

links the Mississippi and Atchafalaya Rivers, so that Mississippi River flows will

be divided between the lower reaches of the

Mississippi and Atchafalaya. Flow through

the structure will be regulated by eleven,

multiple-leaf, vertical-lift gates. Tests of a 1:36 model were made to study the

over-all performance of the structure with

special attention to flow conditions at the

abutments and the effectiveness of the

stilling basin in dissipating energy under

all tailwater conditions.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(1980) MODEL STUDIES OF TABLE ROCK DAM, WHITE

RIVER, MISSOURI.

(b) Dist. Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer District,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little Rock,

Arkansas

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 section model of the stilling basin

was used to determine the adequacy of the

basin for spillway flow, and a 1:12 model of

one conduit and about 150 feet of the stilling basin width was used for tests of the

basin under conduit flow. Current patterns

and velocities around the training walls

and in the powerhouse area were studied in

a 1:100 general model. A 1:20 conduit model was used to develop an effective outlet

portal.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that stilling basin action

under spillway flow would be improved by

alterations In the size and arrangement of

the baffle piers. One training wall can be

made 10 feet lower and as much as 50 feet shorter without affecting basin action materially. With the low tailwaters that will

be present during conduit discharges, the

jet emerging from the conduits was poorly

dispersed and the baffle piers were subjected to relatively high velocities. Increas- ing the flare of the side walls at the outlet and use of upward sloping deflector and

splitter blocks in the portal improved flow

conditions. Serrations in the spillway

bucket were tested but did not contribute

materially to stilling action; therefore,

the conduit outlet portals were made flush

with the adjacent surfaces of the spillway

bucket

(h) "Spillway and Conduits for Table Rock Dam,

White River, Arkansas; Hydraulic Model In- vestigation, "final report in publication.

(Will be available on loan.

(198*0 MODEL STUDY OF CONTROL GATE FOR TUNNEL NO.

k, FORT PECK DAM, MISSOURI RIVER, MONTANA.

(b) Dist. Engr., U.S. Army Engr. Dist., Garrison, Corps of Engrs., Riverdale, North Dak.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests to study methods of eliminating cavitation on the port liner and vibration of

the cylinder gate in the main control shaft

of tunnel No. k were conducted on a 1:25 model. Discharge capacities, pressures,

air demand, and gate vibration were determined for the existing cylinder gate installation.

(f) Completed.

(g) The most satisfactory alterations to the

existing structure consisted of addition of

a 12- or 15-inch offset below the discharge

ports with six 12-inch-diameter vents below

the offset. This design eliminated the

negative pressures noted in the port areas

of the existing structure, and greatly improved pressure conditions in the area below the offset. Pressure surges at the cy- linder gate also were reduced.

(h) "Control Gate Tests for Fort Peck Dam Tun- nel k, Missouri River, Montana; Hydraulic

Model Investigation, " final report in publication. (Will be available on loan.

(I985) DEVELOPMENT OF TURBULENCE METER.

120
("b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; development.

(e) The investigation is being conducted to de- velop instruments that will: (l) Indicate

the speed and direction of fluid currents

at shallow depths and high velocities; (2)

receive signals from (l) and separate them

into (a) instantaneous velocity and direction, ("b) mean velocity and direction, and

(c) the root-mean-square deviations from

the mean.

(f) Temporarily suspended.

(1986) SALT WATER INTRUSION AND RELATED PHENOMENA.

(t>) Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, Corps of

Engineers ( correspondence should be ad- dressed to Mr. C. F. Wicker, Chairman,

Committee on Tidal Hydraulics, U.S. Army

Engineer Dist., Philadelphia, Corps of

Engineers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania).

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine the effects of salinity and

related phenomena on the vertical distribution of currents and shoaling characteristics in estuaries, tests are being made

in a lucite flume 327 feet long, 1.5 feet

deep, and 0-75 foot wide. One end of the

flume is connected to a 25 -foot -square tidal

basin in which any desired tide may be pro- duced and in which the salinity may be con- trolled. The opposite end is connected to

a fresh-water source. Combinations of tidal range, tidal period, source salinity, mean depth, and fresh-water inflow are studied. A total of five tests were made

during the year. The results are being

analyzed; however, no conclusions have been

reached at this time.

(1987) MODEL REPRODUCTION OF PROTOTYPE EROSION

BELOW STILLING BASINS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Initially, the investigation to develop a model technique for simulating scour below

stilling basins will be conducted on a model of a selected dam with provisions for

studying sands of different sizes in the

channel below the stilling basin. Later,

models with two or more different linear

scales will be constructed to verify findings using suitable bed materials.

(1988) WATER TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BED FORMS AND

ROUGHNESS

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A laboratory flume, in which water temperatures can be varied to simulate normally

experienced summer and winter temperatures,

is being constructed for investigating the

effects of water temperature on stream-bed

forms and roughness of various types of

bed materials.

(21+26)

(b)

MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION LOCK, LOUISIANA. PORT ALLEN,

(<!) (e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

( 2hZJ

)

(a)

(e)

(f)

[2k2Q)

(b)

(a)

(e)

President, Mississippi River Comm., Corps

of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design. A new channel in the Gulf Intracoastal

Waterway from Indian Village to Port Allen,

Louisiana, includes a navigation lock in

the Mississippi River levee at that point.

Several designs for the lock ports were tested in a preliminary culvert and single

port model constructed to a l:25-scale

ratio. The major investigations were con- ducted in a 1:25 model reproducing 150 feet

of upstream approach, intake manifolds,

1,250 feet of lock chamber, culverts, lateral ports, outlet manifolds, and 1,000 feet of downstream topography.

Completed.

Revised designs were developed for the In- take and discharge manifolds. A 2-footdeep recess was installed in front of each

of the k6 lock chamber wall ports to reduce

hawser stresses during filling operations. A two-speed valve schedule for filling, and

a single-speed valve schedule for emptying

the lock were developed. The final design

permits the lock to be filled or emptied

under all possible head conditions (including a maximum head differential of k-5 feet)

with hawser stresses within the 5-ton limit.

At average operating head (ll feet), the

filling time with tow in lock chamber will

be 6 or 7 minutes; emptying time, approximately 6 minutes.

"Port Allen Navigation Lock, Gulf Intra- coastal Waterway, Plaquemine-Morgan City

Route, Louisiana; Hydraulic Model Investigation, " final report in publication.

(Will be available on loan. )

MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, ABIQUIU DAM, RIO CHAMA, NEW MEXICO.

Dist. Engr., U.S. Army Engr., Dist., Albuquerque, Corps of Engineers, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Experimental; for design. A 1:20 model reproduced the 12-foot-diame- ter outlet tunnel including the control

section consisting of twin gate passages and a flip-bucket energy dissipator. Of

particular interest were the transitions

between the rectangular gate passages and

the circular tunnel.

Testing completed. Final report in preparation.

MODEL STUDY OF SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Savannah, Corps of Engineers, Savannah, Ga. Experimental; for design.

The investigation is being conducted in a model which reproduces the following; (l)

That portion of the Atlantic Ocean, adjacent

to the harbor entrance, from Caliboque Sound

on the north to Was saw Sound on the south;

(2) the Savannah River and its flood plain

121

514561 0-59-9
to the head of tide at Ebenezer Landing;

and (3) that portion of the Intracoastal

Waterway which crosses the area included in

the model. The model is of fixed-hed con- struction with scale ratios, model to prototype, of 1:800 horizontally and 1:80 ver- tically. Automatic tide generators are used to reproduce tides and tidal currents throughout the harbor, and salt water is used in the model ocean to reproduce the

effects of density difference on current velocities and distrihutions . Shoaling

studies are made by injecting finely ground

gilsonite into the model to reproduce the

patterns of shoaling as observed in the

prototype, following which the effects of

proposed improvement plans on shoaling pat- terns may he observed and evaluated. Studies are also made of the effects of pro- posed improvement plans on dispersion and

dilution of contaminants discharged into

the harbor

(g) Tests of plans designed to reduce shoaling

in the harbor, or to shift the location of

major shoals to areas where dredged spoil

disposal can be accomplished without difficulty, indicate that diversion of fresh water would greatly reduce shoaling, and

off-channel sediment traps, used in con- junction with tide gates, would be effective in localizing shoaling, thus reducing

maintenance dredging costs.

(2U29) MODEL STUDIES OF THE CORNWALL ISLAND AND

BARNHART ISLAND-LAKE ST. FRANCIS REACHES,

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two fixed-bed models were used to study

plans for navigation improvement in the

lower portion of the International Rapids

section of the St. Lawrence River. A 1:100

model of the Cornwall Island Reach repro- duced all features of the river from just

below the tailrace of the proposed Bamhart

Island powerhouse to about the mid-point of

Cornwall Island, and included portions of

both the north and south Cornwall Island

channels, Polly's Gut, and the entrance to Grass River locks. A model of the Barnhart

Island-Lake St. Francis Reach, built to

scales of 1:300 horizontally and 1:100 vertically, reproduced a greater area upstream

and downstream of Cornwall Island. Both

models were used to study navigation con- ditions in the approach to the Grass River

locks, proposed plans for excavations in

both Cornwall Island channels to effect

navigation improvement in South Channel,

and to determine conditions that will be

encountered by navigation during the con- struction of the project features in the

Cornwall Island Reach.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) A satisfactory navigation channel and

stage-construction steps covering various

work phases were developed.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

2U31) MODEL STUDIES OF STILLING BASIN, WARRIOR

DAM, WARRIOR RIVER, ALABAMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two section models were used to study the

hydraulic characteristics of the spillway

and stilling basin designs for this pro- posed navigation structure: (l) A 1:20 model reproducing 1+00 feet of the approach

area, a portion of the spillway crest, left

embankment, and stilling basin (2 full gate

bays and adjacent half bays), and 800 feet of the exit area; and (2) a 1:60 model of

the center section of the spillway and

stilling basin reproducing one full gate

bay and adjacent half bays. The studies were particularly concerned with length and

elevation of stilling basin, type and spac- ing of baffle piers, end sill height, and

riprap protection below stilling basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) The model test revealed that, although the

performance of the spillway and stilling

basin as originally designed was generally

satisfactory, some improvements could be

effected. Tests on the 1:20 model indicated that flow at the upstream abutment of

the spillway was improved by addition of a curved training wall. The capacity of the

original spillway crest was found to be in

close agreement with the computed capacity.

However, the use of straight-line construc- tion (revised design) gave similar discharge

capacity and effected economies in construction.

The most satisfactory stilling basin design

consisted of a horizontal apron with two

rows of baffle piers and a stepped end sill. Tests of the stilling basin training wall

indicated that the wall height can be re- duced 10 feet, and the radius of its curved

downstream end can be reduced 15 feet without affecting flow conditions below the

structure. Tests also were conducted with

the curved portion of the wall removed en- tirely, and little change in flow conditions was noted. However, erosion at the end of

the straight wall was somewhat greater than

with the flared walls. Tests indicated

that the riprap blanket below the end sill can be horizontal and shortened Ik feet. Bottom velocities measured in the approach

to the spillway revealed a need for some riprap protection immediately upstream from

the structure

Hydraulic forces measured on one of the

spillway tainter gates revealed maximum uplift and downpull values of about 8 kips.

Visual observation revealed no vibration off the model gate. Tests of stop logs to be

used for emergency gate repairs and in

passing drift indicated that they will

create no adverse conditions in the stilling basin.

(h) "Stilling Basin for Warrior Dam, Warrior

River, Alabama; Hydraulic Model Investiga- I tion." U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Expt

Station, Tech. Report No. 2-1+85, July 1958.

122
(Available on loan.)

(2^32) MODEL STUDIES OF WALTER F. GEORGE (FORMERLY

FORT GAINES) LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE

RIVER, GEORGIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Mobile, Corps of Engrs., Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Two models were used to study the hydraulic

characteristics of the spillway and stilling basin, orientation of spillway and

powerhouse in the river channel, excavation

required above and below powerhouse and

spillway, and the alignment and location of

the lock from the standpoint of satisfactory entrance conditions. A 1:80 model re- produced the entire prohlem area, Including

1,500 ft of the approach area, the spillway,

and navigation lock and 3>500 ft of the

exit area; and a l:kO model of the center section of the spillway and stilling basin

reproduced one full gate bay and adjacent

half hays

(f) Completed.

(g) The orientation and alignment of the lock,

dam, and powerhouse were found to he satisfactory. The spillway as originally de- signed was not as efficient as computations

had indicated, and an underdeslgned weir

was developed that provided the desired ca- pacity. A split-level stilling basin that

takes advantage of natural foundation con- ditions was demonstrated to provide as satisfactory stilling action as the original level, horizontal basin. Tests showed

that one stilling basin training wall could

be eliminated and the height and length of

the other considerably reduced. Economies

in the excavation of the exit area were

also found to be feasible

(h) "Walter F. George Lock and Dam, Chattahoochee River, Alabama and Georgia; Hydraulic

Model Investigation", final report in publication. (Will be available on loan.

)

(21+3*0 MODEL STUDY OF VERMILION BAY, LOUISIANA.

(b) Department of Public Works, State of La. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Vermilion Bay, on the Louisiana coast, is connected with the Gulf of Mexico through

the deep and narrow channel of Southwest

Pass, and is part of a bay system consisting of East Cote Blanche, West Cote Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays. The Vermilion

River and several smaller streams flow into

Vermilion Bay, but their combined discharges are too small during the summer to prevent intrusion of saline Gulf waters

into the bay through Southwest Pass, thus

ruining the bay for irrigation purposes.

On the other hand, because of barrier reefs

and the discharge of the Atchafalaya River,

the waters of East Cote- Blanche, West Cote Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays are fresh

enough for irrigation purposes during most

of the year. The plan of improvement con- templates closure of Southwest Pass in an attempt to bring the salinity of Vermilion

Bay into agreement with that of the other

hays

A fixed-bed model, to linear scales of

1:100 vertically and 1:2,000 horizontally,

reproduced a part of the Gulf of Mexico,

Vermilion, East Cote Blanche, West Cote Blanche, and Atchafalaya Bays, and portions

of the tributary streams. Provisions were included for reproducing salt-water, as well as fresh-water, flow.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Effects of Proposed Closure of Southwest Pass on the Regimen of Vermilion Bay, La.; Hydraulic Model Investigation", final report

in publication. (Will be available on loan).

(2673) MODEL STUDIES OF BARKLEY LOCK AND DAM, CUMBERLAND RIVER, TENNESSEE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Nashville, Corps of Engrs., Nashville, Term.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model, reproducing the Cumberland

River from mile 29. k to 32.2, the lock,

dam, and powerhouse, is being used to investigate flow characteristics in the ap- proaches to the lock. A 1:36 model, re- producing the riverward downstream lock

wall including the culvert manifold which

discharges into the spillway stilling basin,

a discharge manifold discharging through

the stilling basin, five spillway bays, 32U

feet of approach channel, and 596 feet of

exit channel, was used to investigate flow

characteristics in the stilling basin and

exit channel. The proposed design for the

lock filling and emptying system was tested

in a 1:33 model simulating the upper ap- proach channel, Intake manifolds in both

walls serving culverts 16 feet square, lateral culvert diffusers in the lock chamber

floor, and port manifolds In the spillway

stilling basin for discharging flow from

hoth culverts. The emergency lock gate is being studied in a 1:25 model which reproduces the gate, gate sill, and portions of

the upstream lock approach and the lock

chamber downstream from the gate. This model will be used to determine : ( 1 ) Hydraulic

forces on and stability of the gate under

various flows including free flow over the

lock miter sill; (2) hydrostatic forces on the gate in various positions; (3) gate

wheel reactions and sill roller reactions

at given positions; and (k) head loss

through the bridge decking.

(g) A satisfactory stilling basin and lock cul- vert discharge manifold were developed.

(267I+) MODEL STUDY OF CALUMET RIVER LOCK, SOUTH

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Chicago, Corps of Engrs., Chicago, 111.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Calumet River Lock in South Chicago is part of a project for widening and deepening the Calumet -Sag Channel, and important

link in the Great-Lakes-to-the-Gulf-Waterway. The lock will be 1,000 feet long,

123
110 feet wide, and will provide a depth of

12 feet over the sills. Normal lifts will

be of the order of 5 feet; however, extreme conditions can produce head differentials

as great as 9 feet. Also, normal opera- tion will require lifts from the navigation

pool to lake elevation but reversal in head

during periods of low lake level is possible. Filling and emptying of the lock will

be accomplished between the leaves of sec- tor gates, supplemented by loop culverts

around the lakeside sector gates. Filling

and emptying characteristics were studied

on a 1:20 model which reproduced the immediate approaches and entire lock. Provi- (g)

sions were made for mechanical operation

of the sector gates and automatic recording of pertinent data.

(f) Completed.

(g) A schedule of operation for combined cul- vert and sector-gate filling was developed

which permits the lock to be filled in

about 6.5 minutes, with hawser forces less

than the 5-ton limit, under a normal head

(5 feet), and in about 8.5 minutes with

maximum hawser stresses of 6.4 tons under (2678)

maximum (9 feet) head. The lock can be

emptied through the sector-gate center opening in 6.4 minutes, with a maximum haw- (b) ser stress of 4.2 tons, under a 5-foot

head. Under reverse head conditions, the

lock can be filled satisfactorily through (d)

the sector-gate center opening if the gates (e)

ar.e stopped 2 minutes after they have

started opening. However, this results in

a long filling time which can only be

shortened by permitting hawser stresses of

7 or 8 tons

(h) "Filling and Emptying Characteristics of

Calumet River Lock, Calumet-Sag Project,

Illinois; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"

final report in publication. (Will be

available on loan.

)

( 2675 ) MODEL STUDIES OF DARDANELLE LOCK AND DAM, ARKANSAS RIVER, ARKANSAS.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Little Rock, Corps of Engineers, Little

Rock, Arkansas

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Three models are being used for the investigation. A 1:120 model reproduces the structures and 4,000 ft of approach channel

and 8,000 ft of exit channel. The approach (g)

channel is molded in concrete to overburden

contours while the exit channel is molded

in concrete to bedrock contours but has the

overburden topography molded in pea gravel

to facilitate revision of the channel con- figuration. Currents are measured around (2679)

the lock approaches for all arrangements

of structures; forces against barge tows in

the lock approaches are recorded; and some (b)

type of lightweight material is introduced

into the model to reveal sedimentation (d)

tendencies. A 1:50 section model reproduc- (e)

ing one full and two adjacent half bays of

the spillway and stilling basin is being

utilized for studies of the adequacy of the

weir and stilling basin design. This model

has a glass side so that flow patterns can

be observed directly. A 1:25 model repro- ducing 700 feet of upstream lock approach

channel, the guide wall, the lock culvert

intakes, the lock culverts through the filling valves, and three adjacent spillway

bays (the downstream portions of the lock

culvert and lock chamber are reproduced

schematically) is being used to develop a satisfactory lock intake system and approach

channel. Provisions were made for mechanical

operation of the culvert valves and auto- matic recording of pertinent data. Tests in the general model have established

the best relative locations for the lock,

spillway, and powerhouse and the best lock

wall arrangement. Stilling basin length

and end-sill height and two crest pier nose

designs were investigated in the section

model. A satisfactory lock intake design

has been developed in the 1:25 model, but vortex conditions in the approach channel

have not been completely eliminated.

MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. 4l, LOUISVILLE, KENTUCKY.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Louisville, Corps of Engineers, Louisville,

Kentucky.

Experimental; for design. A fixed-bed, 1:120 model reproduces a sixmile reach of the Ohio River including ad- jacent overbank areas, the locks and dam

structures, and all bridges and other struc- tures that might affect flow conditions.

Investigations are being made to : Deter- mine the effects of location, size, and

alignment of the dam on stages and currents in the upper pool; determine the effects of

location, size, and alignment of a new ap- proach channel on navigation and surge con- ditions; determine the best location for a new navigable span on the Pennsylvania Railroad bridge; determine a method of operating the dam for optimum navigation conditions; study navigation conditions in the

lower approach as affected by flow through

dam, powerhouse, and lock-emptying system;

and provide a means for navigation interests to satisfy themselves as to the ac- ceptability of the proposed plan by observing the model in operation. Tests indicate that replacing the two pro- posed beartraps with a gated structure would have no effect on flow conditions.

The effect on flood stages of raising the

dam 2 ft would be small.

MODEL STUDY OF PANEL GATES, OLD RIVER OVER- BANK STRUCTURE.

President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Experimental; for design.

The Old River overbank structure will help

to control diversion from the Mississippi

River to the Atchafalaya River during flood

stages. The structure will consist of a

124
low weir with crest elevation of 52.0 msl

surmounted by piers and panel gates for

controlling discharge. The spillway will

contain 73 gate bays with clear widths of

hk feet. Each bay will be fitted with 15 panels measuring 2 ft 10-1/2 inches by 18

ft. The panels will be hinged to the super- structure above the weir and will seal

against the weir at the lower ends. The

gates will be operated by a crane cable

attached to the lower ends of the panels. A 1:8 section model of the spillway and

stilling basin, reproducing one full bay

and about 36 percent of each of the two ad- jacent bays , was used to determine the

maximum lifting cable stresses that may be

induced under any of the possible operating

conditions, to measure the maximum hinge

pin reaction, to observe whether the panels

will seat properly when operated in flowing

water, and to determine the effectiveness

of the stilling basin under maximum flood

conditions

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests confirmed the computed cable stresses,

and revealed a maximum hinge pin stress of

^0,300 pounds on the left pin of the center panel when all panels to either the right

or left of the center panel were raised.

The panels tended to float at the larger

openings. Stilling basin action was improved by relocating the baffle piers down- stream from their original position.

(h) "Old River Overbank Structure, Forces on Panel Gates; Hydraulic Model Investigation,"

final report in publication. (Will be

available on loan.

)

(2680) MODEL STUDY OF HURRICANE TIDES IN NARRAGANSETT BAY, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div., New England, Corps of Engrs., Boston, Mass.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:1,000 horizontally and

1:100 vertically, reproduces all of Narragansett Bay and an ^adjacent portion of the

Atlantic Ocean. An automatic tide genera- tor reproduces normal tides throughout the

model, and a separate, manually operated

generator reproduces hurricane tides of the

desired characteristics at the bay entrance. Numerous barrier plans for prevention of

hurricane-tide damage have been proposed.

The relative and absolute effectiveness of

these plans in reducing hurricane-tide

elevations throughout the bay system were determined and the effects of the best plan

on such important factors as tidal circulation, pollution, salinity, and shoaling for

normal conditions are under investigation.

Fresh water only was used in the model during tests of the proposed barrier plans,

but both salt and fresh water are being

used in the tests to determine the effects

of the best barrier plan on all significant

factors for normal conditions. Model ap- purtenances consist of automatic tide gages to record both hurricane-tide and normaltide elevations at critical points, recording salinity meters, recording dye meters

for observing pollution and/or flushing

characteristics, current velocity meters,

and equipment for simulating shoaling of

the channels and other navigation facilities,

(g) Results of supplementary tests to determine

the effects of the most satisfactory plan

developed for reducing hurricane-tide

heights in the bay area on salinity, pollution, and shoaling indicated that: (l) Sa- linities would be slightly reduced at the

surface and increased at the bottom; (2)

the plan would have no measurable effect on shoaling within the bay system; and (3) pollutants discharged into surface strata would move downstream more rapidly than

under existing conditions, while those discharged at or near the bottom would move downstream more slowly than under existing

conditions

(2681) LARGE SCALE TESTS OF RUBBLE- MOUND BREAKWATERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Tests are being conducted by the Beach Erosion Board, under the supervision of the

Waterways Experiment Station, to investigate the effects of model scale on the re- sults of experimentally determined criteria

for the design of rubble-mound breakwaters.

Stability tests will be made of breakwater

slopes of 1 on 1-1/2 and 1 on 2-1/2, using

wave periods of 3-36, 5-60, and 7-87 seconds. Tests in the Beach Erosion Board

wave flume ( 15 ft by 20 ft by 635 ft) are being conducted using a linear scale of 7-5 to 1 based on the tests conducted in the

Waterways Experiment Station 5- by k- by

119-foot wave flume. Stability tests have

been conducted in the Waterways Experiment

Station small wave flume (l ft by 1.5 ft by

9h ft) using a scale of 0.5 to 1 based on tests conducted in the 5- by h- by 119-ft wave flume. Therefore, data on the sta- bility of rubble-mound breakwaters will be

available for three different linear scales,

0.5 to 1, 1 to 1, and 7-5 to 1.

(2682) SACRAMENTO BARGE CANAL LOCK MODEL STUDIES, SACRAMENTO RIVER, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer, Dist.,

Sacramento, Corps of Engrs., Sacramento,

California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Sacramento Barge Canal Lock is part of

the proposed improvement for the Sacramento

River Deep Water Ship Canal. The project

plan consists of (a) a deep water channel

from Suisan Bay to Washington Lake, 30 ft deep at mean low water, 200 feet wide in

tangents, and 300 ft wide in curves and

through existing channels, (b) a 70-acre,

30-foot-deep harbor at Lake Washington, (c) a connecting barge canal from Washington

Lake to Sacramento River, 13 ft deep and

120 ft wide with a navigation lock 86 by

125
600 ft , and a combination highway and railroad bascule bridge. The maximum anticipated lock lift is 21.1 ft. A minimum

depth of 13 ft is provided over the upper

and lower gate sills. Because of the pos- sibility of a reversal of head, sector

gates were selected for the lock and also

are to be used as the means of filling and

emptying the lock. Flow will pass directly

into or from the lock between the gate

leaves as they are opened. In addition the

gate leaves and recesses have been designed

so that flow will pass between the faces of

the leaves and the walls of the recesses, thereby providing three flow passages at each end of the lock. The immediate ap- proaches and entire lock were reproduced in

a 1:20 model. Provisions were made for mechanical operation of the sector gates

and automatic recording of pertinent data.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) A sector-gate-opening schedule was developed

which reduced longitudinal hawser stresses

on a ^-barge tow to about 5 tons for nor- mal lifts of 12 ft or less and 6 tons for a maximum lift of 21 ft. The time of filling

for a full range of heads varied from 9-6

to 10.2 minutes. Emptying the lock was

less critical than filling and a single

rate of operation was found to be satisfactory. Emptying could be accomplished for all tows under a full range of heads in

12.8 minutes with hawser stresses of less

than the 5 -ton limit.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2683) MODEL STUDY OF SURGES, LONG SAULT CANAL,

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engrs., Buffalo, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Surges that could occur in the intermediate

pool of Long Sault Canal between Eisenhower

and Grass River Locks through accidental

failure of the upstream lock (Eisenhower

Lock) gates were studied in a fixed-bed

model built to linear scale ratios of 1:200

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. The

model reproduced all pertinent features of

the portion of Long Sault Canal extending

from just upstream of Eisenhower Lock to

the downstream end of the Grass River Lock. Included in the model were Eisenhower and

Grass River Locks, Dike No. 6, and the

18, 000- foot -long intermediate pool.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that the maximum height of the

surge above normal pool elevation would be

U.5 feet at the downstream lock when closing of the emergency lift gate of Eisenhower

Lock was started 10 minutes after the miter

gates failed and closure was completed in

19 additional minutes. For these conditions, the design height of the Grass River

Lock walls is adequate to contain the

surges produced. However, if water were prevented from flowing onto overbank areas adjacent to the canal, surges at Grass River Lock would increase to ih.k ft above

normal pool elevation,

(h) "Surges in the Intermediate Pool of Long

Sault Canal, St. Lawrence River; Hydraulic

Model Investigation." U.S. Army Engineer

Waterways Experiment Station Technical Re- port 2-1+89, Nov. 1958. (Available on loan.)

( 2685 ) MODEL STUDY OF WAVE ACTION, SUPERIOR ENTRY, DULUTH- SUPERIOR HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,. St. Paul, Corps of Engrs., St. Paul, Minn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:150 fixed-bed model reproduces all the | navigation approach channel and harbor

breakwater structures as well as the inner

harbor dock area serving Superior, Wisconsin, and includes adjacent lake and shoreline areas to permit reproduction of storm

waves from all critical directions. In- vestigations are being made: to determine

the reasons for the wind-wave problems that

exist and cause ship damage in the vicinity

of the Superior Entry; and to develop the most effective remedy possible so that navi- gation and docking hazards now prevailing

will be adequately remedied.

(g) Results of a wave -re fraction study indicate

that storm directions between N5^°E and

N62°30'E are critical for this harbor. Tests performed to date show that severe wave action now obtains along the Great Northern Railway ore docks during storms from these directions. Remedial plans

studied involve detached breakwaters at twoi separate plan locations . Each of these

plans had its southeast limit 300 ft southeast of the center line of the navigation

approach channel. The southeast limit of

the inner breakwater is located 2,100 ft lakeward and the southeast limit of the outer breakwater is located 2,800 ft lakeward of the existing harbor entrance. Pre- liminary analysis of test results indicates

that if the inner breakwater location is suitable from the standpoint of navigation,.; a breakwater section about 1,150 ft in

length will provide adequate protection to

the harbor. However, if the outer break- water location is selected, the breakwater ! length required will be approximately 1,35C

feet. Plan alignments resulted from analy-j ses which established minimum volume of

material with respect to length.

(2686) MODEL STUDY OF W00NS0CKET FALLS DAM, BLACK- STONE RIVER, RHODE ISLAND.

(b) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div.

j

New England, Corps of Engrs . , Boston, Mass

j (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 fixed-bed model reproduced the Blacl: stone River from about 1,600 ft above to

about 600 ft below the dam, and included , provisions for measuring pressures on the

downstream side of the dam. The floodcontrol project channel improvement include; reconstruction of the dam and rock excavaj

tion between the toe of the dam and a brid^

just downstream to minimize submergence of j!

126
(f)

(h)

the dam. Tests were made to check the de- sign for the reconstruction, determine the most effective plan for the rock excavation,

determine head losses in the reach above

the dam, adequacy of the channel upstream

of the dam, and capacity of the hridge

openings downstream.

Completed.

Model tests indicated that the original de- sign would provide adequate protection

against the design flood. It was found

that the proposed design would result in

less head loss below the dam and under the

South Main Street hridge than had been com- puted, resulting in lower water-surface

elevations upstream of the dam for the de- sign discharge. Tests also showed that

the amount of rock excavation below the

dam could be reduced without affecting

water-surface elevations above the dam, and

that the head losses between the dam and

the bridge could be increased appreciably

before flood stages upstream of the dam

would be affected seriously. Although the

design of the improvement plan within the

reach was controlled to a large extent by

existing structures, any improvement that

could be effected in the banklines immediately upstream of the dam would tend to improve flow distribution over the dam and

lower headwater elevations

"Blackstone River Flood-control Project at Woonsocket, Rhode Island; Hydraulic Model

Investigation." U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report

No. 2-468, December 1957- (Available on

loan.

(2925) ULTRASONIC FLOW MEASUREMENT.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Depart- ment of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Various types of ultrasonic equipment will

be investigated in a 24-inch by l4-inch con- duit, with full and partial flow, to determine the relative accuracy of each type. Tests to date have been concerned with the

adjustment and modification of test equip- ment .

(2926) FLOOD-CONTROL MODEL, LOWER MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The Mississippi River flood-control model

is of the fixed-bed type with a horizontal

scale of 1:2,000 and a vertical scale of

1:100, and reproduces the Mississippi River

from Helena, Arkansas, to Donaldsonville,

Louisiana, the Arkansas -White, Yazoo, and

Red-Ouachita backwater areas, the Old

River channel from Angola to Barbre Landing, Louisiana, the Atchafalaya River and

Basin to the Gulf of Mexico, and the Mor- ganza and West Atchafalaya Floodways. Tests were conducted to determine the ef- fects of side-channel closures on slopes

and velocities within the main channel, and

on water-surface elevations upstream during

floods

(f) Inactive.

(2927) MODEL STUDY OF NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, TROY LOCK AND DAM, HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engrs., New York, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Navigation conditions at Troy Lock are ad- versely affected by the facts that the lock

and dam are the upper limit of tidewater in

the Hudson River, and a branch of the Mohawk

River enters the Hudson in an upstream direction just above the lock. Tests to de- termine the most effective and economical

plan for eliminating the hazardous navigation conditions at the upper entrance to

the lock were conducted in a 1:100 model of

the pertinent reach of the Hudson and the

lower 1,800 feet of the Mohawk branch. The

model included the lock and dam, all bridge

piers within the model limits, and sufficient overbank area to reproduce flood

flows. A remote-controlled towboat with tow was used to determine the effect of

currents on tows entering and leaving the

locks

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Tests indicated that plans for the improvement of navigation in the upper approach

should include the removal of the west

guide wall, increase in the length of the

guard wall, and the lowering of the top

elevation of the ports in the guard wall.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(2928) MODEL STUDY OF LOWER REACHES, ARKANSAS RIVER NAVIGATION PROJECT.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Vicksburg, Corps of Engrs ., Vicksburg, Miss.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Several alternate routes have been proposed

for the lower miles of the navigation

project between Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and

the Mississippi River. A fixed-bed model

with scales of 1:600 horizontally and 1:100

vertically, and reproducing pertinent portions of the Mississippi River channel, the

White River channel, and the Arkansas River

channel, and adjacent overbank areas, will

be used to determine the effects of stage

fluctuations, overbank flow, channel alignments, and other hydraulic features on the

proposed routes for the lower reaches of

the navigation channel and on the location

and alignment of the entrance from the

Mississippi River. The investigation will

also serve to determine the necessity for special studies in connection with the project.

(f) Suspended.

(2929) MODEL STUDY OF NEW RICHMOND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

127
Huntington, Corps of Engineers, Huntington,

West Virginia.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 model reproducing three miles of

the Ohio River and the main and auxiliary

locks together with the dam structures was used to : determine the best arrangement of

the locks and appurtenant walls; study ap- proach conditions under various river flows

and methods of operation of dam control

gates; develop modifications required to

overcome any undesirable conditions; and

demonstrate to navigation interests the

acceptability of the proposed design from a navigation standpoint

(f) Testing completed.

(g) Results indicate that the locks and lock

walls could be moved 50 feet landward without affecting navigation conditions within

the approaches

(h) Preparation of report in progress.

(2930) MODEL STUDIES OF SPILLWAY AND STILLING

BASIN, LOCK, AND NAVIGATION CONDITIONS, JACKSON LOCK AND DAM, TOMBIGBEE RIVER, ALA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dlst.,

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Alabama.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) Four models were used to develop profiles

and capacities of a fixed-crest and a gated

spillway, dimensions of the stilling basins

below each, to study currents and velocities in the lock approaches, and to investigate the lock filling and emptying system

and effect of lock operation on conditions

in the approaches. A 1:36 model of a sec- tion of the approach area, fixed-crest

spillway, stilling basin, and exit area, and a 1:50 model of a like section of the

gated spillway were tested. Navigation

conditions at the locks were investigated

in a 1:120 model of a 2.2-mile reach of the

river including the lock and dam and ap- proach channels. The effects of currents

and velocities on tows entering or leaving

the lock were observed, and modifications

in lock or channel configurations were tested to modify any undesirable conditions

noted. A 1:25 model of the complete filling and emptying system with an outlet sys- tem discharging riverward of the lock was used to study various locations, designs,

and numbers of lock chamber wall ports.

Filling and emptying times were determined,

and culvert pressures, surging, hawser

stresses, and vibration of the valves were

measured.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The original designs of the gated and fixedcrest spillways were satisfactory. A horizontal stilling basin with sloped end sill was selected for the gated spillway; be- cause of the relatively deep tailwater below the fixed-crest spillway, no basin is required. Tests in the navigation model

showed that navigation within the approaches to the locks would be satisfactory but that

some dredging along the left bank would be

required to improve navigation conditions

for tows passing over the fixed-crest weir.

Studies in the lock model showed that the

lock can be filled in 11 minutes with tows in the chamber, and In 8 minutes with no

tows, and emptied in 9-5 minutes. Hawser

stresses were less than the 5 -ton limit,

and turbulence during filling was not ob- jectionable,

(h) Final reports in preparation.

(2931) MODEL STUDY OF SOUTHWEST PASS, MISSISSIPPI

RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New Orleani Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine the effectiveness of proposed

improvement works (jetty extensions, channel realignments, and contraction works) in

eliminating or reducing the periodic main- tenance now required In order for deepdraft vessels to navigate the jetty and bar

channels of Southwest Pass; the lower 12 miles of the Pass and the adjacent area of

the Gulf of Mexico are reproduced in a fixed-bed model to scale ratios of 1:500

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Tides,

tidal currents, littoral currents, and wave

action in the Gulf of Mexico, and salt- and

fresh-water flows in Southwest Pass and the

bar channel are reproduced in the model.

Shoaling studies are made by introducing

various mixtures of plastic materials into

the model to simulate prototype shoaling

materials and thus reproduces in the model

the patterns and distribution of shoaling

that occur in the prototype.

(g) Tests of proposed plans for reducing shoaling in the jetty and bar channels indicate

that plans involving a curved realignment

to the jetty channel, and plans involving

relocating the bar upstream from ends of

the jetties, would greatly reduce or elimi- nate shoaling for the existing depth of -35 feet. However, these plans would not be as effective for the authorized project depth

of -kO feet without additional works in

Southwest Pass.

(2932) MODEL STUDY OF HUDSON RIVER, NEW YORK.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist. New York, Corps of Engrs . , New York, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A fixed-bed model, 1:100 vertically and

1:1,000 horizontally, is being used to de- |j termine the source of material shoaling the: Hudson River in the vicinity of Edgewater

and Weehawken piers and the most effective means of reducing or eliminating this shoal

ing. The model reproduces Upper and Lower New York Bays, Raritan Bay, Hudson River to] Hyde Park, East River to Throg's Neck, and

tributaries flowing into the modeled bodiesi of water. Provisions are made to reproduce

tides, fresh-water discharge, salinity intrusion, and shoaling.

(g) Tests made to date indicate that excessive j shoaling in the navigation channels of

128
Hudson River, including the Edgewater-

.Weehawken channel, is attributable to

(1) a predominance of upstream flow along

the "bottom, for all fresh-water discharges up to and including 30,000 cubic feet per

second, from the Battery to or upstream

from the George Washington Bridge, which

causes a progressive upstream movement of

sediment, and (2) the effects of the

Hudson River, together with the restricted

cross section at the George Washington

Bridge, the combination of which tends to locally destroy the progressive upstream

movement of sediment, thus resulting in a high shoaling rate. Tests of improvement

plans indicate that a sediment basin in

the upstream portion of the EdgewaterWeehawken channel would be effective in

localizing shoaling, a similar basin in

the 48-foot project channel would not be very effective in reducing shoaling elsewhere, and closure of the Hudson River to westward flow would reduce shoaling in

the Hudson River navigation channels

(2933) STUDY OF HARBOR DESIGN.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) A testing program is being prepared to determine general criteria for designing

harbors and harbor works to obtain opti- mum protection from wave action. Program

will include both wind waves and seiches,

and wave refraction and diffraction as applied to harbor and breakwater planning

will be investigated.

(293k) DESIGN OF RUBBLE WAVE ABSORBERS.

(b) Office of the Chief of Engineers, Department of the Army, Washington, D. C. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Rubble wave absorbers are to be studied

in a wave flume to determine criteria for

the design and construction of such structures. The study will include investigation of the effects of slope and shape of

face of the structure, and size, shape,

volume, and porosity of materials on the

wave-absorbing characteristics of the

structure.

•(2935) MODEL STUDY OF BUFFALO HARBOR, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:125 model was used to determine (l)

the feasibility of relocating the navigation approach channel to the harbor, and

(2) whether a detached breakwater is nec- essary to reduce storm-wave action at the

proposed new entrance of the approach

channel. The model reproduced about 13-2

square miles, including nearly all of

Buffalo Harbor and sufficient adjacent

lake area to permit reproduction of storm

waves from all critical directions.

Currents caused by discharge from Lake

Erie into Niagara River are simulated.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Tests performed to date indicate that a detached breakwater about 1,800 feet in

length having its southeast limit along

the west edge of the proposed navigation

approach channel, about 2,500 feet lakeward of the outer harbor breakwater, will

provide adequate protection to the harbor

against storm-wave action.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2936) MODEL STUDY OF BARCELONA HARBOR, LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The site of the proposed harbor, located

on the south shore of Lake Erie, is ex- posed to waves from west-southwest clockwise to north-northeast. A fixed-bed, 1:6b

model was used to develop a system of

breakwaters to protect pleasure and fishing

craft from these wind-generated waves

The model reproduces a sufficient area in

the harbor vicinity, upshore and downshore

and lakeward, to permit generation of waves

Various breakwater schemes were installed

in the model and wave heights measured. Currents generated by waves breaking near

the navigation opening were studied.

(f) Tests completed.

* (g) Tests indicate that wave action In the pro- tected area is appreciably lessened by re- ducing the width of the navigation opening

from the proposed 200 ft to 150 ft. Also

it was determined that an arrowhead-type

breakwater system would provide adequate

protection for small craft, but the west leg should be realigned, and the east leg

shortened 200 feet from that originally

proposed,

(h) Final report in preparation.

(2937) MODEL TESTS OF CULVERT TAINTER VALVES FOR

NEW LOCK NO. 19, MISSISSIPPI RIVER, KEOKUK, IOWA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Rock Island, Corps, of Engineers, Rock

Island, Illinois.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Flow through the 14.5- by 14. 5 -foot longitudinal culverts In each wall is regulated

by reverse talnter valves. Trial opera- tion in the prototype disclosed that when

the valves are operated at greater than

two-thirds angular opening, a pulsating

load is transmitted through the strut arm, resulting in reversal of load on the gear train of such severity that remedial action

is necessary if normal valve operation to the completely open position is to be tolerated. A 1:12 model was utilized to de- termine causes of hydraulic downpull, uplift, and load pulsations and to develop

modifications which would reduce these hydraulic loads to acceptable magnitudes.

(f) Inactive pending results of field tests on

129
proposed modifications.

(g) Modifications to structural members of the

valve resulted in elimination of load re- versals on the hoist and reduction in load (29^+0) variations

(2938) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, TOWNSHEND DAM, (b) WEST RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (d)

Garrison, Corps of Engineers, Riverdale, (e)

North Dakota.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model reproducing a portion of the

spillway approach channel, a section of the (f)

dam, the spillway and its outlet channel, (g)

and the outlet tunnel, including intake and

outlet, was used to: (a) calibrate the

side-channel spillway and determine the ef- fectiveness of its upstream portion; (b)

study flow conditions in the approach, over the spillway, and in the outlet channel;

(c) determine the effect of submergence of

the crest on the discharge; (d) determine

the minimum amount of rock excavation necessary in the approach area; ( e ) determine

if the spillway channel wall properly con- fines the flow to the discharge channel;

(f) study the effects of tunnel discharges

downstream of the dam; and (g) determine

the water-surface profiles throughout the

model

(f) Completed.

(h) "Spillway and Outlet Works, Townshend Dam, West River, Vermont; Hydraulic Model In- vestigation," final report in publication.

(Will be available on loan.

(h)

(2939) MODEL STUDY OF STILLING BASIN, EAST BARRE

DAM, WIN00SKI RIVER, VERMONT.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New York, Corps of Engrs., New York, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design. (29^1)

(e) A 1:8 model that reproduced the downstream

end of the outlet tunnel, the outlet portal, stilling basin, and about 80 ft of (b)

the outlet canal was used to study means

of increasing the discharge capacity of the (d)

existing East Barre Dam so that it will (e) pass safely a maximum probable flood of

900 cubic feet per second based on recently

revised meteorological and hydrological

data.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests revealed the existing stilling basin

to be inadequate for discharges greater

than U50 cubic feet per second. Satisfactory performance was obtained by widening

the downstream end of the basin by increasing the flare of the side walls, deepening

it about 5 ft > adding a row of 2.67-foothigh baffle piers, and terminating the

basin with a stepped rise to the exit channel. These revisions increased the length

of the basin by 11. 5 ft. (h) "Outlet Works Stilling Basin, East Barre (g)

Dam, Winooski River, Vermont; Hydraulic

Model Investigation," final report, U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station

130

Miscellaneous Paper 2-293, November 1958. (Available on loan.

MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY, McGEE BEND DAM, ANGELINA RIVER, TEXAS.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., Fort Worth, Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas

Experimental; for design.

To verify spillway discharge coefficients

and computed length of weir, tests were con- ducted on a 1:12 model of a section of the

spillway and approach and exit areas. Completed. Two basin designs for the spillway weir

were tested, one having a 30-foot-wide

paved surface providing a two-way road

across the spillway, and the other a 15- foot- wide, one-way road, paved surface. In both

designs the upstream edge of the paved surface formed the crest line and was 0.5 foot higher than the downstream edge. Flow con- ditions were satisfactory and capacity was slightly greater than had been computed

with both designs. The greater slope of

the 15 -foot-wide weir probably caused the

discharge coefficient at heads up to k feet to be slightly greater than that of the

wider weir. At heads greater than 5 feet, a more favorable coefficient was obtained

with the wider weir; this Is attributed to

use of a l-on- 1! sloping upstream face with

this weir. Tests indicated that erosion of

the exit channel, expected under relatively

high flows, will not affect the capacity of

the structure

"Spillway for McGee Bend Dam, Angelina

River, Texas; Hydraulic Model Investigation."

U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment

Station Miscellaneous Paper No. 2-26U,

April 1958. (Available on loan.)

MODEL STUDIES OF KEYSTONE DAM, ARKANSAS

RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Experimental; for design.

Several models are being used to determine

the adequacy of design of the stilling

basin, weir, and training walls; the best

spacing for the nine flood-control sluices;

and the alignment and outlet design of the

sluices. A 1:100 general model is being

used to study flow patterns in the approach

and exit channels, develop a satisfactory

alignment of the right training walls, and

determine the required spacing of the floodcontrol sluices. A 1 : 36 spillway section

model is being used for the stilling basin

and sluice alignment tests. Final refine- ments in the sluice outlet design, if needed, will probably be developed in an existing conduit model at a scale of about 1:20

or 1:25. The section model tests established the

height, location, and spacing of the baffles; the height and location of the end

sill; the elevation of the basin floor; and
the shape of the conduit outlets. Satisfactory flow conditions around the abutments

and training walls have been established

by revisions developed in the general model.

(2942) OLD RIVER ROCK-FILL CLOSURE DAM MODEL

STUDIES.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., New Orleans, Corps of Engineers, New

Orleans, Louisiana.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Initial closure of the present Old River

channel will be accomplished by dumping

rock, weighing more than two tons, into low

velocity water. A 1:10 section model re- producing 100 ft of the length of the fill was used to test the stability of the down- stream slope under critical flow conditions

and to determine the maximum amount of seepage that will occur. Carefully graded

limestone rock with a specific weight of

about 168 pounds per cubic foot was used

in the tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) Minimum section required for stability was

determined. Seepage data were obtained.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3232) MODEL STUDY OF FILLING AND EMPTYING SYSTEM, OLD RIVER LOCK, LOUISIANA.

(b) President, Mississippi River Commission,

Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, Mississippi.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Old River lock will be 1,250 by 75 ft with

a minimum depth of 13 ft over the sills.

Under normal operating conditions, lifts

are not expected to exceed 15 ft but pro- visions were made for a lift of 32 ft which

could occur with the low- sill control

structure inoperative. Manifold intakes

in the approach walls lead to longitudinal

wall culverts which discharge into the lock

chamber through side ports at the bottom

of the chamber. The discharge manifold

consists of two floor laterals with side

ports from each of the two longitudinal

wall culverts. Reverse tainter valves are used for flow regulation. A 1:25 model

was used to study the hydraulic characteristics of the filling and emptying system.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) Optimum number and location of ports, valve

schedules, and manifold designs were determined.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(3233) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY BULKHEADS, GREENUP

DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineers, U.S. Army Engineer

Districts, Huntington and Louisville, Corps

of Engineers, Huntington, West Virginia,

and Louisville, Kentucky.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 model of a solid, girder-type bulkhead with upstream and downstream skin

plate and lifting beam was used to determine the vertical forces acting on the

bulkhead and lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing water.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The bulkheads and lifting beam when tested

as single units were unsatisfactory. Force variations as the bulkhead neared the spillway sill resulted in vertical oscillation

of the bulkhead. However, when four bulkheads were coupled as a unit as proposed

for prototype usage, satisfactory performance obtained. Downpull forces did not ex- ceed 25 kips with the bulkheads vented and

85 kips with no venting of the bulkheads.

The unit was stable for all conditions investigated.

(h) Final report in preparation.

(323^) MODEL STUDY OF PASNY INTAKE, NIAGARA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) The hydraulic investigation of the PASNY

intake structure was conducted on an existing model used previously to study the development of power and the preservation and

enhancement of the scenic spectacle at Niagara Falls. The model was constructed

to linear scale ratios, model to prototype,

of 1:360 horizontally and 1:60 vertically

and reproduced that portion of the Niagara

River from the Falls upstream to and include

ing part of Lake Erie.

(f) Completed.

(g) Tests showed that the proposed PASNY intake

would not affect the distribution of flow

between the American and Canadian channels

around Grand Island and between the American and Canadian Falls. Flow velocities in

the vicinity of the intake would be slightly increased.

(h) Preparation of final report in progress.

(3235) MODEL STUDY OF PIKE ISLAND LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120, fixed-bed type, comprehensive

model, reproducing about k miles of the

Ohio River and the locks and dam structures,

will be used to select the most favorable

site location by studying approach conditions under various river flows, and to develop modifications required to overcome

any undesirable conditions at selected site.

(3236) MODEL STUDY OF MAXWELL LOCKS AND DAM,

M0N0NGAHELA RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa. (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed type, comprehensive model,

reproducing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures,

will be used to study approach conditions

under various river flows and methods of

operation of control gates; to determine

131
effects of design modifications; to develop

modifications required to overcome any un- desirable conditions; and to demonstrate to navigation interests the acceptability of

the proposed design from a navigation

standpoint

(3237) MODEL STUDY OF OUTLET WORKS, BLACK BUTTE

DAM, STONY CREEK, CALIFORNIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Sacramento, Corps of Engineers, Sacramento,

California.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A l:l6 model, reproducing 160 ft of the

tunnel, the energy disslpator, irrigation

diversion outlets, and 560 ft of the exit

channel, is being used to determine: (a)

The most economical dimensions for the com- bination energy disslpator and irrigation

diversion structures; (b) the extent of

armor plating required at the south side

canal intake slot for protection against

cavitation forces; (c) the inside dimensions and lip elevation of a flip bucket

that will give a satisfactory flow and ero- sion pattern in the downstream exit channel;

(d) pressures on the irrigation outlet

gates; and (e) the effect of irrigation diversion schemes on flow conditions with and

without diversion.

(g) The performance of the energy dissipator as originally designed was not satisfactory in

that a partial hydraulic jump formed in the

bucket over a wide range of flows. Energy

dissipation in the partial jump was incomplete and high velocities boiled over the

bucket lip. Proper flip bucket action de- veloped only at very high heads

(3238) MODEL STUDY OF EUFAULA DAM, CANADIAN RIVER, OKLAHOMA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Tulsa, Corps of Engineers, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:36 section model, reproducing one full

bay and two flanking half bays of the 520- foot-long, gated spillway, the horizontal

stilling basin, and approach and exit channels, will be used to determine the ade- quacy of design of the stilling basin elements, and to investigate pressure conditions on the spillway crest.

(3239) MODEL STUDY OF SPILLWAY CREST GATE, STILL- ING BASIN, AND BULKHEAD, NEW CUMBERLAND

LOCKS AND DAM, OHIO RIVER, PENNSYLVANIA.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:25 section model reproducing kOO feet of the approach area, a portion of the

gated spillway crest and stilling basin,

and 800 ft of the exit area is being used

to examine the hydraulic performance of

the spillway weir and stilling basin. A

second phase of this study involves measrements of hydraulic forces acting on a

submergible-type spillway talnter gate. A

1:25 model of a truss-type bulkhead with an upstream skin plate and lifting beam is being used to determine the vertical forces

acting on the bulkhead and lifting beam as they are lowered in flowing water,

(g) Stilling basin tests revealed unsatisfactory

basin action for certain tailwater conditions. Alteration to the baffle piers and

end sill had no apparent effect in improving performance, but unsatisfactory basin

action could be avoided by proper gate

operation. The submergible-type spillway

tainter gate performed satisfactorily,

downpull forces did not exceed 70 kips, and

maximum vertical displacement of the gate

was approximately 0.05 inch (prototype).

Random frequencies in the range of 0.0 to

1.5 cycles per second were encountered. Tests of the bulkhead indicated that the

original design bulkhead and lifting beam

are satisfactory for all conditions investigated. Maximum hydraulic forces

ranged from 250 kips downpull to 50 kips

uplift. The bulkhead and lifting beam were very stable with no tendency for vertical movement

(3240) MODEL STUDY OF CANACADEA CREEK, H0RNELL, NEW YORK.

(b) Department of Public Works, State of New

York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A highway bridge is proposed for construc- tion across Canacadea Creek just upstream

from the existing Seneca Street bridge. In order to pass flood flows under the new

bridge, the existing Seneca Street weir,

located just upstream from the existing

bridge, should be removed and a similar structure constructed just upstream from

the proposed bridge. Principal problems

to be resolved by the model study are de- termination of the optimum crest elevation

for the replacement weir and the need for

superelevation of the channel bottom in a bend downstream of the bridge.

(321+1) MODEL STUDY OF SEICHE ACTION, DULUTH- SUPERI0R HARBOR, LAKE SUPERIOR.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

St. Paul, Corps of Engrs., St. Paul, Minn.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) To determine whether a practical plan can

be developed for reducing the resonant re- sponse to lake seiches that occurs in

Duluth-Superior Harbor and entrance channels, tests will be made on a fixed-bed

model constructed to scales of 1:1,000

horizontally and 1:100 vertically. Waves and currents will be simulated.

(32U2) MODEL STUDY OF C0NNEAUT HARBOR, OHIO, ON

LAKE ERIE.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Buffalo, Corps of Engineers, Buffalo, N. Y. (d) Experimental; for design.

132
(e) A 1:125 fixed-bed model will be used to de- termine the influence of seiche currents (d)

individually and in combination with short- (e)

period wind-wave action in causing damage

to ships navigating or berthed in Conneaut Harbor (located on the south shore of Lake

Erie about 30 miles southwest of Erie, Pa.).

The model reproduces about 7-3 square mi.

including all the area within the harbor

and sufficient adjacent lake area to permit

reproduction of storm waves from all critical directions. A circulating system in- (h)

stalled in the model will permit simulation

of currents through and past the harbor

which result during periods of seiche on the lake.

I 32^3) MODEL STUDY OF LOCKS AND DAM NO. h, MONONGAHELA RIVER.

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Pittsburgh, Corps of Engrs., Pittsburgh, Pa.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:120 fixed-bed, comprehensive model, re- producing about 2.5 miles of the Monongahela River and the locks and dam structures will be used to determine the effects of

modifications to the existing locks and

dam on navigation conditions, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions.

(32^6)

(324*0 MODEL STUDY OF COLUMBIA LOCK AND DAM, CHATTAHOOCHEE RIVER. (b)

(b) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist., (c)

Mobile, Corps of Engineers, Mobile, Ala.

(d) Experimental; for design. (d)

(e) A 1:100 fixed-bed-type, comprehensive mod- (e)

el, reproducing about 1.5 miles of the

Chattahoochee River and the lock and dam

structures will be used to study navigation

conditions within the lock approaches and

the head on lower lock gate during lockemptying operations, and to develop modifications required to overcome any undesirable conditions found. The following two section models are also being used in the

investigation to develop final spillway

profiles and stilling basin dimensions: a (h)

1:36 model of the fixed-crest spillway re- producing 250 feet of the approach area, a

36- foot-wide portion of the spillway and

stilling basin, and 300 ft of the exit ( 32^7

)

area; and a 1:27-2 model of the gated

spillway, hOO ft of the approach area, a (b)

portion of the spillway crest and stilling

basin (one full gate bay and two half (c)

piers), and kOO ft of the' exit area.

(a)

(e) I

S. DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, CORPS OF ENGINEERS,

(ffice of the Chief of Engineers.

32^5) FLOOD VOLUME STUDIES.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of

Army, Washington, D. C. (c) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Sacramento, California.

Theoretical Investigations; basic research.

Procedures and generalized criteria are developed which will facilitate rapid and rela- tively accurate determinations of flood

volume frequencies where recorded data are unavailable to support separate frequency

determinations. Special emphasis is being

placed on low-flow frequency analysis.

Procedure development will include synthetic determinations for ungaged areas. "Analysis of Flood Frequencies by Seasons",

by Sacramento District, Technical Bulletin

No. 1, October 195k. "Coordination of Flood Volume Frequency

Statistics", by Sacramento District, Technical Bulletin No. 2, July 1955- "Flood Volume Frequencies for Pacific Coast Streams," by Sacramento District, Technical

Bulletin No. 3, March 1956. "Ten-Year Storm Precipitation in California

and Oregon Coastal Streams", Sacramento

District, Technical Bulletin No. h, May

1957- "Long-Duration Runoff Volumes", by Sacra- mento District, Tech. Bulletin No. 5, July

1958. "Stream Flow Volume-Duration-Frequency

Studies", by Wash. Dist., Tech. Report No.

1, June 1955.

RUNOFF FROM SNOW MELT.

Office, Chief of Engineers, Dept. of the

Army, Washington, D. C. Division Engineer, U. S. Army Engineer Div.,

North Pacific, Portland, Oregon.

Theoretical investigations; basic research.

Research studies involving application of

an electronic computer (IBM 650) in the

forecasting of flow of streams in which

snow melt is a dominant factor. Derivations of basin runoff storage constants in

areas of heavy snow accumulation will be used in developing procedures for routing

snow melt contributions by means of the

65O computer in connection with day to day

regulation of multi-purpose reservoir projects . "Snow Hydrology, " prepared by the U. S. Army Engineer Division, North Pacific Div., June 1956.

DEVELOPMENT OF HYDROLOGIC EQUIPMENT.

Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of

Army, Washington, D. C. Director, Waterways Experiment Station,

Vicksburg, Mississippi.

Field and laboratory investigations; basic

research.

Development or adaption of instruments and

equipment for hydrologic purposes, including radio facilities, when such needs can- not be satisfactorily met through normal

procurement and contracting procedures

Information is assembled regarding characteristics and costs of equipment available

for hydrologic use, and investigations are conducted to improve or adapt available

133
equipment to meet hydrologic requirements.

Involves development of a precipitation

gage capable of several months unattended

operation in remote areas where rain and

snow data are required promptly for use in

reservoir regulation. Also involves development of a water stage keyer device for use in remote unattended stations requiring very little power. The keyer is required

to convert water stage readings into a form suitable for automatic radio trans- mission.

(h) "Development of Hydrologic Equipment," U.S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River, Technical Bulletin No. 1, June 1957- "Telemetering Hydrologic Data," by Francis

P. Hanes, Journal of the Waterways and

Harbors Div., ASCE, Vol. 83, No. WW3, Sept. 1957. "Operating Characteristics of Keyer P-8,

Waterways Experiment Station, CW-173 Project Bulletin 58-2, June 1958.

(3248) FREEBOARD CRITERIA FOR DAMS AND LEVEES.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of

Army, Washington, D. C. (c) Division Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Div.,

Missouri River, Omaha, Nebraska.

(d) Theoretical Investigations; basic research.

(e) Development of rational procedures and

generalized criteria for use in estimating

freeboard requirements for dams and levees,

giving due consideration to wind characteristics, configuration and depth of water

body involved, characteristics of embank- ment affected, and other important factors.

Generalized charts will be prepared from

which design wind conditions over water

surfaces may be obtained. Pertinent problems will be reviewed, factors that govern freeboard determinations will be discussed,

and procedures and criteria will be pro- posed for use in estimating freeboard al- lowances .

(32U9) RESERVOIR WATER LEVEL RECORDER.

(b) Office, Chief of Engineers, Department of

Army, Washington, D. C. (c) District Engineer, U.S. Army Engineer Dist.,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Field and laboratory investigations; basic

research.

(e) Development of a more accurate and satisfactory method of measuring and recording water levels at high dams, in order to facilitate more accurate measurement of lowflow releases. The principal problem is to overcome substantial measurement errors occasioned by differences in water temperature in recorder wells of high dams and

coincident temperatures at various levels

in the reservoir. Studies will include

(l) design standards to insure provision

of sufficient intakes to keep the differential between reservoir levels and stilling wells insignificant, (2) installation

of a circulating device in the stilling

well to insure that temperatures in the

well will closely approximate reservoir

temperatures , ( 3 ) simultaneous measurement

of water temperatures in stilling well and

reservoir, and the determination of neces- sary correction factors, and (4) improve- ment of means of making accurate reservoir

level measurements without use of stilling

wells

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, BUREAU OF PUBLIC

ROADS.

(1074) HYDRAULICS OF STILLING BASINS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 13.

( 1945 ) ESTIMATING RAINFALL INTENSITY FROM TOPO- GRAPHIC PARAMETERS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 67.

(2066) STUDY OF OPEN CHANNEL RESTRICTIONS IN A

SLOPING FLUME.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 13-

(2320) A STUDY OF THE FLOW CHARACTERISTICS OF HIGHWAY CULVERTS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page 33-

(2435) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

Cooperative with National Bureau of

Standards. See page 135-

(2540) SCOUR AT BRIDGE CROSSINGS.

Cooperative with Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research. See page 33.

(2604) FULL-SCALE TEST OF CONCRETE PIPE.

Cooperative with St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 63.

(2767) EDUCATIONAL FILMS ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 17.

(2839) HYDRAULICS OF RIVER FLOW UNDER ARCH BRIDGES

Cooperative with the Oregon State College.

See page 56.

(3041) MAGNITUDE AND FREQUENCY OF FLOODS IN ARID

AND SEMI -ARID AREAS.

Cooperative with Colorado State University.

See page 19.

(3140) HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FALL CREEK

FISHWAY.

134
Cooperative with the Oregon State College.

See page 56.

(3166) HYDRODYNAMICS OF FLOW INTO CURB INLETS.

Cooperative with Stanford University. See page 68.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, NATIONAL BUREAU OF

STANDARDS, Fluid Mechanics Section.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

he addressed to the Chief, Fluid Mechanics Section,

National Bureau of Standards, Washington 25, D. C.

(159) MODEL LAWS FOR DENSITY CURRENTS.

(h) Waterways Experiment Station, Corps of

Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; hasic and

applied research.

(e) To determine model laws for models involving the motion of stratified liquids. The two major problems are (l) the motion of a heavy liquid initially confined in a "lock"

when released into a long channel containing a stationary, lighter liquid, and (2)

the motion of a heavy liquid from a "sea" into a long channel with either still or flowing lighter liquid.

(h) "Form Characteristics of Arrested Saline

Wedges," hy Garbis H. Keulegan, NBS Report

5^2, October k, 1957.

"The Motion of Saline Fronts in Still Water, " by Garbis H. Keulegan, NBS Report

5831, April 1, 1958.

"The Mixing Action of Wind Induced Waves,"

by Garbis H. Keulegan (in preparation).

(1V78) WIND WAVES.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Includes mathematical and experimental

studies of (l) wind tides (setup), (2)

growth of wind waves, and (3) surface trac- tion of wind on wavy surfaces

(21+35) HYDRAULICS OF PIPE CULVERTS.

(b) Bureau of Public Roads.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine hydraulic characteristics of

various types of culvert entrances and to develop inlets of improved design.

(2^36) FLOW OVER HYDROPHOBIC MATERIALS.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) To determine augmented dissipation of hydrophobic disks and plates oscillated in

various fluids.

(3250) INERTIAL FORCES IN UNSTEADY FLOW.

(b) Office of Naval Research, Department of the

Navy.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of inertia and drag coefficients of cylinders and plates when sub- jected to a varying monotonically varying

flow.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, WEATHER BUREAU.

Inquiries concerning Projects Nos. 1011, 1015, 17^,

171+5, 1751, 2U37, 2hk0, 2kkl, 2kk2, 2hh3, 29U3,

29I+U, 29^5 and 3251, should be addressed to Mr. William E. Hiatt, Chief, Hydrologic Services Div.

,

U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C.

(1011) SHORT RANGE SNOWMELT FORECASTING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; operation and applied

research.

(e) To develop relations between streamflow

resulting from melting snow and appropriate

meteorological parameters using a statistical approach.

(g) Testing has been limited due to scarcity of

required data.

(1015) MEASUREMENT OF EVAPORATION.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research.

(e) Studies are directed toward the derivations

of reliable procedures for estimating

evaporation from reservoirs ( existing and

proposed) and land surfaces, utilizing

readily available meteorological data and

pan evaporation observations.

(g) Water-loss project at Lake Mead applying

methods and techniques developed at Lake

Hefner has been completed and the final

report has been published. This project,

like the Lake Hefner study, was a coopera- tive investigation involving Bureau of

Reclamation, Navy, Geological Survey and

Weather Bureau. Another such study was made at Felt Lake, on contract with Stanford University, and

the observational program has been com- pleted. These data have been analyzed and

a report is being prepared for publication. An average annual lake evaporation map was prepared for the Delaware River basin area and will be published in the Hydrologic

Investigations Atlas series of the U. S. Geological Survey. An evaporation atlas is being prepared for

the United States. The atlas will include maps of (l) average annual Class A pan

evaporation, (2) October-May Class A pan evaporation as percent of annual, (3) average annual free-water (lake) evaporation,

(k) October-May free-water evaporation as percent of annual, (5) annual Class A pan

coefficients, and (6) coefficient of variation for Class A pan evaporation.

Evaporation studies are being made at the

135
Silver Hill Observatory, Md. An insulated

BPI pan has been installed to study the

transfer of heat from the pan to the ground;

heat flux plates have been attached to the

standard BPI pan in order to obtain a con- tinuous record of the heat flux. Class A

pans made of monel metal and stainless steel

are being compared with the standard galvanized iron pan. A study of evapotranspiration has been

initiated. The purpose is to develop an accounting method for estimating soil-moisture deficiency. Test on two basins has

indicated that the soil-moisture deficiency

provided an improved antecedent index for rainfall-runoff relations. The procedure

is being tested on a third area and then a report will be prepared.

(Yjhh) DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER FORECASTING METHODS.

(b) River Forecast Centers for: Ohio River

Basin, Cincinnati, Ohio; Susquehanna and

Delaware River Basins, Harrisburg, Pa.; Lower Missouri River Basin, Kansas City,

Mo.; Tennessee River Basin, Knoxville,

Tenn.; Columbia River Basin, Portland, Ore.; Middle and Upper Mississippi River Basin,

St. Louis, Mo.; Arkansas and Red River

Basins, Tulsa, Okla.; New England and Hudson River Basins, Hartford, Conn.; South

Atlantic and East Gulf Basins, Augusta, Ga.; and Middle Atlantic Basins, Washington,

D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is to develop modern river forecast procedures

for all ranges of flow for various streams of each basin. Procedures include: (l)

Rainfall-runoff relations involving con- sideration of the physics of soil moisture,

vegetative reception, transpiration, evapo- ration and geological features of the basins; (2) snowmelt forecasting relations

involving consideration of the physics of

snow and heat transfer; (3) unit hydrographs; and (h) streamflow routing procedures, based upon adaptations of basic

hydraulic principles, using electronic or mechanical analogues.

(g) Forecasting procedures have been developed

for key points; refinement of these procedures and development for other basins are under way.

(17U5) WATER SUPPLY FORECASTS FOR WESTERN UNITED

STATES.

(b) Work being conducted in following field

offices: River Forecast Center, Portland,

Oreg.; Water Supply Forecast Unit, Salt

Lake City, Utah; River Forecast Center, Kansas City, Mo., and Weather Bureau Office,

Sacramento, California.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; opera- tion and applied research.

(e) The purpose of these investigations is the

development of precipitation-runoff relations for water supply forecasting

utilizing statistical methods to correlate

precipitation during the winter with runoff

during the melting season.

(g) Water Supply Forecasts are prepared for

about 350 points in the Western United

States. These forecasts of water-year and

residual flow are released in Monthly Water

Supply Forecast Bulletins, January through

May. This research program is of a con- tinuing nature designed to improve and ex- tend the present forecasting service.

(1751) MAXIMUM STATION PRECIPITATION.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army.

(d) Analysis of data.

(e) Tabulations of maximum recorded 1-, 2-, 3-,

6-, 12-, and 24-hour precipitation, for

automatic recording rain gage stations, by

states

(h) Twenty-one states completed and published

as parts of Weather Bureau Technical Paper

No. 15; California, Arkansas, Texas and

Minnesota in process.

(1993) PRESSURE JUMP LINES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Morris Tepper, Office of Meteorological

Research, U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington

25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Investigate the properties of and the

mechanisms producing pressure jump lines

in the atmosphere. These lines, identified

by means of discontinuities in microbarograms, have been found to be correlated very stongly with severe local storms. The study is based on (l) observational

data collected from a special field program, and (2) theoretical models in which

the pressure jump line is interpreted as a gravity wave propagating on an inversion

surface between stratified atmospheric

layers

(g) Medium scale atmospheric disturbances

(Mesostructures ) are consistently found

which are well ordered and move with

chronologic continuity from one hour to the

next. Local weather is directly associated

with the passage of these mesostructures.

(h) "History and Measurement of the Two Major

Scottsbluff Tornadoes, June 27, 1955," by

W. H. Hoecker, Jr., accepted for publication in the Bulletin of the American Me- teorological Society.

"Mesoanalysis of a Tornado-Producing Situation in Texas, May 25-26, 1955," by W. Smitt

accepted for publication in the Bulletin

of the American Meteorological Society.

"Squall Lines, Pressure Jump Lines and

Atmospheric Gravity Waves," by M. Tepper,

Swiss Aero Review, January 1958. "Tornadoes," by M. Tepper, Scientific

American, May 1958. "Mesometeorology - the Link Between the

Macroscale Atmospheric Motions and Local

Weather," by M. Tepper, in publication,

the Bulletin of the American Meteorological

136
:ff t j i /

(b)

IS

ter

8i (e)

x-

(h)

Society.

UNITED STATES STORM CHARACTERISTICS PROJECT.

Soil Conservation Service , Department of

Agriculture

Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

Studies to provide rainfall data for de- sign criteria in estimating required ca- pacities of hydraulic structures. Work includes: (l) Development of a generalized

relationship between depth, area, duration

and frequency for areas up to 1+00 square

miles, durations of 20 minutes to 2k hours,

and return periods from 1 to 100 years; and

(2) development of a generalized portrayal

of the probable maximum precipitation for

areas up to hOO square miles, and durations up to 2k hours in the United States west of

longitude 105

"Rainfall Intensity-Frequency Regime - Part

I - The Ohio Valley" (actually the quadrangle bounded by longitude 80 and 90 W, and latitude 35 and ho N. ), U.S. Weather

Bureau Technical Paper No. 29. Part 2 is Southeastern United States; part 3 is Middle Atlantic Region, part- k will be North- eastern United States, and part 5 will be

Great Lakes Region.

U38) STORM TIDE PREDICTIONS.

(b) Laboratory projects.

(c) Mr. D. Lee Harris, Scientific Services Div.,

U. S. Weather Bureau, Washington 25, D. C. (d) Theoretical and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) The differences between the observed and

predicted tides during storms are being

studied with the goal of improving the ac- curacy of storm tide forecasting.

(g) Empirical methods of forecasting these

inundations are being developed and used

in the Weather Bureau's hurricane and storm warning service. Continued improvement in

these forecasts is expected to result from

this research.

"The Hurricane Surge," by D. Lee Harris,

Proceedings of Sixth Conference on Coastal

Engineering, pp 96-llU, 1958. "Ocean Surface Waves Produced by Some Recent Hurricanes," by Arthur Pore, Monthly

Weather Review, Vol. 85, pp 385-392. "Hurricane Audrey Storm Tide," by D. Lee Harris, National Hurricane Research Project Report No. 23, Washington 25, D. C.

kkO) REGIONAL FREQUENCIES OF SELECTED HURRICANE

CHARACTERISTICS.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

(e) Collection, analysis, and presentation of

available observations pertinent to hurricane minimum pressure, direction of movement, speed, wind- structure and other characteristics, and their relationship to each

other, over Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

waters adjacent to coasts,

(f) Completed.

(h) Report to sponsor in preparation.

(241+1) HURRICANE RAINFALL AND ITS QUANTITATIVE

FORECASTING.

(b) Corps of Engineers, Department of the Army,

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; applied

research and design.

Collection, analysis, and effective pre- sentation of existing data on hurricane

rainfall and development of methods of

forecasting the intensity and quantity of

rainfall from future hurricanes for design

of protective works, planning of evacuation

procedures, etc.

(2kh2) HURRICANE WIND ANALYSIS.

(e)

U)

(e)

(21*3)

(t>)

(d)

(e)

Corps of Engineers, Department of Army.

Theoretical and field investigation; ap- plied research and design.

Development of methods for obtaining de- tailed wind speeds and directions in hurricanes just above the sea-surface indirectly from available data, which Is mostly

on land. Also construction by indirect means of detailed analyses of the winds

over specific areas of the sea where the energy of the wind develops waves and tides

damaging to specific coastal areas.

RADAR-RAINFALL PROJECT.

Laboratory project in cooperation with

Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla., and Texas A and M College, College Sta., Texas. Experimental operation.

Integration of the instantaneous PPI scope

image over time by photographic process to provide a pattern of accumulated rainfall

over an area that can be calibrated with

key rainfall observations for the period of

integration. To be used in flood forecasting with other radar intelligence.

"Applications of Radar Weather Observations

to Hydrology," by Stuart G. Bigler and

Richard D. Tarble, Texas A and M Research

Foundation, College Station, Texas, Nov. 1957.

"Use of Radar in Field of Hydrology, " by

Richard D. Tarble and Leslie F. Conover. Proceedings, Sixth Weather Radar Conference

(Supplement), Cambridge, Mass., 1957-

"The Use of Radar in Determining Flood

Potential Precipitation Areas," by Richard

D. Tarble and Stuart G. Bigler. Paper

presented at 158th National Meeting of the

American Meteorological Society, Monterey,

California, June 1957

^2943) RADAR BEACON FOR REPORTING RAINFALL.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) A compact device capable of being installed

In relatively remote areas within line of

sight of a radar. Activated by a tipping

bucket rain gage and pulse signal from the

(*:

137

514561 O-59-10
(g)

(h)

00

(a)

(e)

(g)

00

(d)

(g)

00

(325i;

00

(d)

(e)

radar, instrument transmits delayed pulse

which appears on radars cope indicating

accumulated amounts of precipitation. Additional investigations underway for applying beacon principle to the reporting of

river and tide stage, and radioactive snow water equivalent gage. Initial field installation now operational,

additional "beacons being built.

"The Use of a Radar Beacon for Reporting

Precipitation", by Richard D. Tarble and

Dewey R. Soltow, paper presented at Annual

Spring Meeting of American Geophysical

Union, Washington, D. C, May 1958.

PROBABLE MAXIMUM PRECIPITATION OVER CALIFORNIA BASINS.

Corps of Engineers, Dept. of the Army.

Design and applied research.

Estimate of probable maximum precipitation

over basins in California based on simple

model of wind flow up orographic slopes,

checked against December 1955 floodproducing storm, combined with non-orographic storm precipitation.

Estimates furnished sponsor. Methods being

refined.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY.

(69O) DISCHARGE THROUGH MULTIPLE OPENINGS

(291+5) MECHANICAL FLOOD ROUTING ANALOGUE.

Laboratory project.

Field investigation; operation and applied

research. A mechanical analogue has been developed

which will solve flood routing based on a variable lag and variable storage factor

(K). The analogue can be operated by one person and the size is such that it can be

placed on a desk. The pilot model has been constructed and

will be tested thoroughly in order to de- termine refinements necessary. "Mechanical Analogs and Graphical Flood

Routing, " by Max A. Kohler, Proceedings of

the American Society of Civil Engineers,

Journal of Hydraulics Division, Paper No. 1585, April 1958.

RAINFALL DISTRIBUTION AS DETERMINED BY

RADAR.

U.S. Geological Survey.

Experimental; applied research.

Using time-lapse film of the radar PPI

scope, various methods of determining the

areal distribution of rainfall intensity

are being tested. A 50- square -mile basin,

heavily instrumented with recording rain

gages, is used as a control basin. To be

used for flood forecasting and storm

studies

Radar intelligence can considerably im- prove the estimates of areal distribution

of rainfall over large areas. Special

techniques will have to be developed for areas as small as 50 square miles or less.

00

(c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Laboratory project.

Mr. H. J. Tracy, U. S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Experimental; applied research.

Laboratory studies to define the distribution of flow through multiple bridge open- ings with any given natural distribution

and varied number, size, and location of

openings

Laboratory tests and analyses completed;

report in preparation.

(1221) STEADY STATE ELECTRIC FLOW NET MODELS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. R. Bennett, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Applied research.

(e) Preparation of electric flow net models

using graphite paper, conductive paints,

etc. Includes design and construction of a variable resistor grid analogous plotter.

(1755) CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND CHANNEL STREAMS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. W. Carter, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Compilation and analysis of the data col- lected in a 1,900-foot reach of the Elkhorn

River in Nebraska to evaluate bed roughness, extent of scour and fill, and sediment movement

(h) Report in preparation.

(176U)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

(1995)

COMBINED PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND HYDRAULIC

STUDIES.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U. S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Field and office research.

Hydraulic and physiographic factors con- trolling slope and pattern of natural river

channels

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOIL MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Irwin Remson, U. S. Geological Survey,

Trenton, N. J. (d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) A comparative study of all commercially

available instruments for measuring soil

moisture, possible design of new instru- ments .

(1998) DEVELOPMENT OF INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

| FOR SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION OF GROUND WATER.

(b) Cooperative with the State of Arizona.

(c) Mr. H. E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tucson, Arizona.

138
(d) Applied research.

(e) To adapt instruments and techniques for solving problems of the occurrence of water

in alluvial fill; including electrical re- sistivity methods , electric logging, and

deep well current meters

2000) GHYBEN- HERZBERG LENS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. Dan A. Davis, U. S. Geological Survey,

Honolulu, T. H. (d) Field investigation.

(e) Study of ground-water body in marine islands, to determine the relationship of

fresh water storage to the geology of the

island, rainfall, head, tidal fluctuations,

leakage, and draft.

[2khh) REDESIGN OF PRICE CURRENT METER (INSTRUMENT

DEVELOPMENT).

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. H. Frasier, Equipment Development

Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, 1509

Hess Street, Columbus 12, Ohio.

( d ) Development

(e) To design a vane-type rotor for the Price

current meter that can be mass-produced

with identical rating calibration and be

affected little or not at all by vertical

velocity components and proximity to the water surface.

(g) Type and shape of rotor has been selected.

(21+V7) RECORDING CONDUCTIVITY OF WATER.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Quality of Water Branch, USGS, Washington,

D. C. (d) Laboratory and field study; applied research.

(e) Study of performance and utilization of a meter for determining and recording con- ductivity of water in a stream under field

conditions

(f) Inactive.

(h) "A Study of the Field Performance of a Con- tinuous Conductivity Recorder, " by J. D. Weeks, open file release.

(2687) AQUIFER ANALYTICAL METHODS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. R. H. Brown, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington, D. C. (d) Analytical; applied research.

( e ) To develop more versatile and comprehensive

methods of determining and evaluating aquifer

and ground-water reservoir hydrologic characteristics .

(2688) MECHANICS OF AQUIFERS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. J. F. Poland, U. S. Geological Survey,

Sacramento, California.

(a) Field investigation; basic and applied re- search.

( e ) To determine the principles and factors

(2689:

w.

(c

(a

(e

(2690

('b (c

(a

(e

(h

(2691

(b

(c

(a

(e

(2692

(c

(a

(e

(2694

(b

(c

(e

(h

involved in the strain, deformation, and

compaction of water-bearing rocks resulting

chiefly from changes in hydrologic environ- ment .

DIFFUSIONAL PROCESSES AND HYDRODYNAMICS OF SALT-FRESH WATER INTERFACE IN AQUIFERS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H.H. Cooper, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tallahassee, Florida.

Field and laboratory investigation; basic

and applied research. To determine the factors affecting the distribution of salt water in coastal aquifers

subject to salt water encroachment.

MICROSCOPIC FLOW THROUGH POROUS MEDIA.

Laboratory project.

Mr. E. S. Simpson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Mineola, L. I., New York.

Laboratory investigation; basic research.

To determine the factors affecting the pat- tern of microscopic flow of water and other

liquids through porous media.

Report now being written.

ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE THROUGH WELLS.

Cooperative with Arkansas Agricultural Expt.

Sta. and Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army.

Mr. P. E. Dennis, U.S. Geological Survey,

Little Rock, Arkansas.

Field investigation; applied research.

Study of the physical and chemical factors

affecting the introduction of water in

aquifers through recharge wells.

ANALOGUE COMPUTER FOR ANALYSIS OF GROUND- WATER FLOW SYSTEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H E. Skibitzke, U.S. Geological Survey,

Tucson, Arizona.

Theoretical study and instrument development.

Development of the physical and mathematical

theory of ground-water flow systems and con- struction of an analogue computer for ana- lyzing ground-water flow systems under

transient conditions.

Basic analog unit completed.

FLOW OF WATER OVER WEIRS AND SPILLWAYS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. C. E. Kindsvater, Georgia Institute

of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.

Library search, re-analysis and correlation

of published data, plus some original re- search. A comprehensive study of the discharge

characteristics of practical forms of weirs

and spillways. Objectives include the publication, in generalized form, of available

experimental data. "Discharge Characteristics of Rectangular

Thin-Plate Weir," by Carl E. Kindsvater and

Rolland W. Carter, Paper 1^53, Journal of

Hydraulics Division, Proceedings of

514561 O-59-ll 139
American Society of Civil Engineers, Dec. 1957- "Discharge Characteristics of Broad-Crested

Weirs," by H.J. Tracy, Circular 397, U. S. Geological Survey, 1957-

(2695) CONTINUOUS DISCHARGE RECORDS IN TIDAL

STREAMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R.A. Baltzer, U.S. Geological Survey,

k08 Capital Savings and Loan Building,

Lansing 68, Michigan.

Theoretical and applied research.

The objective of this study is to develop

methods of obtaining continuous discharge

records in tidal streams. Equations de- veloped from theoretical considerations

will be checked by field observations.

Several sets of field data are now being

used to verify the theoretical results.

Report in preparation.

EVALUATION OF EFFECT OF CHANNEL STORAGE ON PEAK DISCHARGE.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W.D. Mitchell, U.S. Geological Survey,

Champaign, Illinois.

Analytical and experimental.

The objective of the project is to develop

parameters that describe channel storage

effectively in an areal correlation of

peak flow. Report in preparation.

UNIFORM FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. H.J. Tracy, U.S. Geological Survey,

Atlanta, Georgia.

Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

A comprehensive laboratory study of uniform

flow in open channels

Data collection is in process.

PARAMETERS CONTROLLING THE SHAPE AND PAT- TERN OF NATURAL STREAM CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. M. G. Wolman and Dr. L. B. Leopold,

U.S. Geological Survey, Washington 25, D.C. Basic research.

The effect of discharge, load, grain size,

and slope will be studied in a small channel free to adjust both bed and side walls.

Report in preparation.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS.

Field project (cooperative with Bureau of

Reclamation)

Mr. D.M. Culbertson, U.S. Geological Survey, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Field observations and theoretical analysis.

Field and theoretical investigations of the

methods, equipment, and computations used

for determining sediment movement and the

theory of sediment transport. Specifically

included are studies on sampling techniques;

the effect of water temperature on sediment transport; the relationship of roughness to

sediment discharge, slope, and width-to- depth

ratio; the effect of Kolk action on the

vertical distribution of velocity and sediment; the revaluation of Von Karman's Universal Constant of momentum exchange for

sediment -laden flow; the influence of sus- pended sediment on vertical distribution of

velocity; the influence of ice cover on sediment transport; the influence of cobblebed streams on total sediment transport;

and other related sediment transport problems . (g) Evaluation of the equal-transit -rate (ETR)

method of measuring suspended-sediment discharge indicates the method is satisfactory

when properly used. Tests of a new (petrolatum-type) surface bed-material sampler

give results that compare favorably with

the core-type of sampler. The modified

Einstein procedure is adequate for computing

total load when water temperature is near

freezing. In general low values of roughness are associated with low temperatures

and high sediment loads on Middle Loup

River at Dunning, Nebraska.

"Investigations of Some Sedimentation Characteristics of a Sand-bed Stream, " by D. W. Hubbell and others, open file release. One additional report completed, to be published

in the near future.

ROUGHNESS AND WATER- SEDIMENT MOVEMENT IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Dr. D. B. Simons, Geological Survey, Colo. State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

Basic and applied research.

Attention is currently directed to the de- termination and correlation of factors

which influence water- sediment movement and

roughness in alluvial channels under se- lected laboratory conditions. Subsequent

studies will be conducted for the purpose of defining (l) variation in roughness pro- perties with the range in standard deviation and skewness exhibited by bed material

in natural streams; (2) influence of fine

suspended sediments on roughness and sedi- ment transport; (3) relation of these findings to channel geometry; and (k) adaptation of findings to conditions in natural

streams

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(2703) EVAPORATION SUPPRESSION.

(h)

(2702)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

CD)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Work coordinated with, and executed in con- junction with that of "t^ie Southwest Research

Institute and various local groups.

Mr. G. E. Harbeck, U. S. Geological Survey, 1 Denver, Colorado.

Basic and applied research.

Evaporation from test reservoirs, both with 1 and without monomolecular surface films, is

' being measured. Laboratory tests will be

made to determine the effects of

ihO
(291+7)

(b)

monomolecular films on emlssivity and re- flectivity and on the vertical humidity

profile.

STUDY OF AGGRADATION AND DEGRADATION IN ALLUVIAL CHANNELS.

(d)

(e!

(29^8;

oo

Cc]

(d)

(e)

(29U9;

(c;

(d)

(<0

(2950)

00

( c ;

(d)

(e)

00

(3252)

00

(c)

(d)

(e)

Geological

Laboratory project.

Dr. Lucien M. Brush Jr., U.S. Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

A study of channel and hydraulic parameters

associated with aggradation and degradation

in Muddy Creek, near Baggs, Wyoming.

ANALOGUE MODEL ANALYZER FOR STEADY- STATE GROUND-WATER FLOW PROBLEMS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. R.W. Stallman, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical study and instrument develop- ment . Design and development of a variableresistance grid analyzer for use in ana- lyzing steady-state ground-water flow pro- blems in which the transmissibility varies

in space. Basic unit completed.

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER.

U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Experimental; equipment development.

The objective is to investigate the feasibility and build one meter to measure discharge^ in a natural stream by ultrasonic

means

Feasibility study completed.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL ROUGHNESS

IN NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CHANNELS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. Thomas Maddock Jr., U.S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Field and laboratory studies, original and

other investigations will be analyzed in

terms of sediment movement, channel roughness, shear distribution in channel prism

and other effects on shape of natural

channels

Report in preparation.

INTERRELATIONS OF LANDFORM MORPHOLOGY, DIRECT STREAM RUNOFF AND GROUND WATER

DRAINAGE.

Laboratory project.

Dr. Charles W.C. Carlston, U.S. Geological

Survey, Washington 25, D. C. Basic research.

Evaluation on the effects of geology on drainage density and groundwater drainage;

the effects of relief on runoff characteristics; and the relations of drainage

density to direct runoff and ground water

drainage

(h) Report in preparation.

(3253) CHANNEL STABILITY IN AN EPHEMERAL STREAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Dr. Luna B. Leopold, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. (d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) In an ephemeral stream (arroyo), measurements are being made on the following: stress on rocks during a flow, extent of

scour and fill, location of bars, and

cross-sections at certain locations.

(325I+) DISPERSION IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3255

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3256

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3257

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3258

(b

(c

(d)

Atomic Energy Commission.

Mr. R. G. Godfrey, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Field and analytical studies. To measure and relate dispersal patterns to channel geometry, fluid properties, and

flow characteristics.

Initial field tests in progress.

ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER.

U. S. Geological Survey.

Mr. R.W. Carter, U.S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Instrumentation.

To redesign, adapt, and repackage the

electromagnetic flow meter currently used

by the U.S. Navy to measure velocities in

an open channel.

The Navy instrument has been field tested.

EFFECT OF ROUGHNESS CONCENTRATION ON OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Mr. J.H. Koloseus, U. S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa. Analytical and experimental.

To investigate the effect of bed roughness

on open channel flow by increasing the con- centrations of 3/l6-inch cubes cemented on the flume floor. Laboratory tests in progress.

MEASUREMENT OF TOTAL SEDIMENT DISCHARGE OF COARSE SEDIMENTS.

Laboratory project.

Mr. D. W. Hubbell, U. S. Geological Survey,

Lincoln, Nebraska.

Analytical; applied research. A review of the types of equipment current- ly used to measure sediment moving as bed

load and the preparation of a report cover- ing criteria for sampler design and use.

TRANSIENT FLOW IN A POROUS MEDIUM.

Laboratory project.

Mr. W. 0. Smith, U. S. Geological Survey,

Washington 25, D. C. Theoretical and experimental; basic re- search.
(e) To determine validity of Darcy's law under

non-steady state conditions of flow.

(f) Laboratory apparatus under development.

(3259) FLOW THROUGH UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, U.S. Geological Survey,

Denver, Colorado.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic and

applied research.

(e) To determine by hydraulic model experiments

the liquid flow pattern resulting from flow

from a simulated disposal pit at the sur- face to the water table.

(f) Laboratory apparatus constructed; prelimi- nary tests run.

(3260) SOIL-MOISTURE EQUIPMENT.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Laboratory, U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

( d ) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Laboratory model and field comparative

study of techniques and of various com- mercially available instruments for meas- uring soil moisture. New equipment may

also be designed as result of study.

(g) Field and laboratory calibrations of neu- tron meter, tensiometers, moisture blocks

and sampling equipment. Design of some new equipment. Library research.

(h) "References on Soil-Moisture Measurement

Under Field Conditions," by A.I. Johnson

(mimeo.

(3261) MODEL STUDY FOR SALT WATER DIFFUSION.

(b) Laboratory study.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado, or Mr. H. H. Cooper, Jr., Research Engineer, U.S.G.S.,

Tallahassee, Florida.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Model study is being used to study diffusion at the interface between fresh and

salt water. Variable movement of interface

simulates effects of various amplitudes and

periods of tidal action.

(g) Design and construct plastic model and con- ductivity-recording equipment; one test run with fine-sand size glass beads completed.

(3262) SMALL-DIAMETER OBSERVATION-WELL EQUIPMENT

AND TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

(e) Design and evaluate equipment for recording depth-to-water in small-diameter wells; test in model well in laboratory and on ground-water wells under field conditions

(g) Design and construct model well; construct

small-diameter observation wells in field;

design and construct equipment to be

adapted to water-stage recorders on smalldiameter wells; evaluation on model well in progress

(h) "Powered Float for Recording Water Levels

in Wells of Small Diameter," by F.C.Koopman

and W. N. Palmquist, Water Resources Bulletin (internal publ. ) .

(3263) SPECIFIC YIELD AND RELATED PROPERTIES.

(b) Cooperative with the State of California.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab. U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; basic

and applied research.

(e) Theoretical laboratory and field study of

specific yield, and related properties,

such as moisture equivalent, field capacity

moisture tension, relative permeability

and time-drainage relationships, as related

to ground-water storage. Evaluation of

existing, and possible development of new, methods for determining these properties

(g) Library research; laboratory study in progress or completed of factors affecting

column drainage, centrifuge moisture

equivalent, moisture tension and relative

permeability

(h) The following reports are in process of

review:

"Specific Yield and Related Properties - An Annotated Bibliography, Part I," A. I. Johnson, D. A. Morris and R. C. Prill.

"Specific Yield and Related Properties - Research Progress Report, July 1, 1957 - June 30, 1958," A.I. Johnson, R.C. Prill

and D. A. Morris.

(326k) SUBSURFACE EXPLORATION EQUIPMENT AND

TECHNIQUES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A.I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

(d) Laboratory and field investigation; applied

research.

( e ) Evaluate and adapt subsurface exploration

equipment and techniques, such as gamma ray and electric loggers, fluid velocity and

conductivity loggers, temperature loggers,

power augers and core samplers, for solving

ground-water occurrence problems.

(g) Portable temperature logger nearly complete! core samplers designed and commercial model: procured and compared under field conditions; power augering equipment and techniques evaluated; evaluation in progress of gamma-ray, conductivity and temperature

logging equipment for salt-water encroach- ment problems . Library research In progress . (h) "References on Laboratory and Field Methods

in Ground-Water Hydrology," by A. I.Johnsor

(mimeo . )

(3265) MOVEMENT OF WATER ABOVE THE WATER TABLE.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Mr. A. I. Johnson, Chief, Hydrologic Lab.,

U.S.G.S., Denver, Colorado.

Ik2
(a)

(e)

(g)

Experimental; "basic and applied research.

Laboratory model study of infiltration of

fluids from surface pits into a thick un- saturated zone above the water table.

Model tank designed and constructed; sever- al test runs with beds of different particle size completed; library research; test

runs photographed by slide and movie.

Progress report in review. Silent lapsetime movie on second phase of model study

completed.

JOINT INTER-AGENCY INVESTIGATION

12951)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(h)

A STUDY OF THE DENSITY OF SEDIMENTS DE- POSITED IN RESERVOIRS.

Inter-Agency Committee on Water Resources,

Subcommittee on Sedimentation.

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,

Colorado

Experimental; applied research and develop- ment . Development of a radio-isotope-densitometer

to determine density of deposited sediments

in place.

Laboratory tests completed. Field tests

are now being made by interested agencies.

"Density Measurement of Saturated Submersed

Sediment by Gamma. Ray Scattering", Chemical

Engineering Laboratory Report No. SI -11,

U. S. Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF

RECLAMATION.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. Grant Bloodgood, Assistant Com- missioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado.

(1502;

iea i

i

STABLE CHANNEL STUDIES - TRACTIVE FORCES REQUIRED TO MOVE NONCOHESIVE MATERIALS.

(f) Completed.

(h) Preparation of report suspended.

(1777) SIPHON SPILLWAY STUDIES,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Combined field investigation and applied

research; for design.

(e) Develop an improved design for lower priming head and short priming time. Attempts

will be made to design a partialization

device to regulate the discharge of the si- phon by means of a self- regulating air intake, thereby enabling the siphon to operate more or less continually at reduced

flow rather than intermittently at full

capacity.

(g) Priming head for minimum operating discharge has been reduced to 25 percent of

the required in standard design; corre- sponding discharge is about 20 percent of

standard design.

(h) "Some Experiments with Emergency Siphon

Spillways", by W. B. McBirney, Paper 1807,

Journal of the Hydraulics Division,

American Society of Civil Engineers, Oct. 1958- Formal report to be prepared.

(2U5IO GATE SLOT STUDIES.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Characteristics of Gate Slots",

by J. W. Ball. Paper delivered at American

Society of Civil Engineers convention in

Portland, Oregon, June 1958. Reprints are available

(2^55) CASA COLORADO CHANNEL ALINEMENT - MIDDLE RIO GRANDE.

(f) 'Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2^57) EROSION AND TRACTIVE FORCE STUDY OF UNLINED

AND EARTHLINED CANALS.

(f) Field data and laboratory testing completed,

(h) Report in preparation.

(2705) TRINITY DAM - MORNING-GLORY SPILLWAY.

(f) Both model studies completed,

(h) Reports in preparation.

(2712) VAQUERO DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Twitchell

(Vaquero) Dam Outlet Works." Report Hyd-

^9, by D. Colgate.

(2718) TRINITY DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Trinity Dam

Outlet Works", Report Hyd-^39, by G. L. Beichley.

(2719) GLEN CANYON DAM SPILLWAY.

(b) Laboratory project

(d) Experimental; design.

(e) The model, built to a scale of 1:63.5, includes the tunnel spillways on both sides

of the river, the curved arch dam, the outlet works, the powerhouse and a section of

the Colorado River upstream and downstream

from the dam. The tunnel spillways are modeled in transparent plastic so that flow

conditions can be thoroughly investigated.

Other features being studied are the ap- proach channels to the spillway, the discharge capacity of the spillways, the pressures throughout the spillways, the flip

buckets and scour at the downstream portal

of the tunnels, and the effect in the river

when all structures are discharging.

(g) Alinements for the excavated spillway ap- proach channels, tunnel transitions between

the spillway crest and the inclined tunnel, new type flip buckets in new locations,

and other recommended features and procedures have resulted from the studies.

(h) Report to be prepared.

1^3
(2724) FRICTION FACTOR TEST IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS - WEBER-COULEE SIPHON.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2952) WOODSTON DIVERSION DAM - GENERAL STUDIES OF HEADWORKS AND SLUICEWAY STRUCTURES.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report in preparation.

(2953) STUDIES OF WIND WAVES ON CANALS.

(t>) Laboratory and field project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Laboratory and field studies are being con- ducted to develop relationships to predict

erosion produced by surface waves on canal, banks.

(g) Waves have been measured on field canals,

and wave characteristics have been correlated with channel characteristics, and wind

velocity and direction. Tests on earth

material from one canal have been completed

in the laboratory flume, and the' data have

been analyzed. Plans are being made to install wave and wind recording equipment on

a field canal. . (h) Progress report being prepared.

(2954) GLEN CANYON TUNNEL PLUG OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Air and hydraulic model studies are being

made to develop the rectangular bellmouth

entrance, the alinement of the 3 conduits

containing 7-x 10.5-foot regulating slide

gates, and the shape of the flip bucket at the end of the 4l-foot diameter tunnel.

(g) The bellmouth entrance shape and the con- duit alinement have been established. Per- formance is good with symmetrical or unsym- metrical gate operation at heads up to the

maximum of hlO feet. Tests on the flip

bucket are continuing.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2955) CAVITATION IN SUDDEN ENLARGEMENTS DOWN- STREAM FROM GATE VALVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being made at heads from 200 to U00 feet to determine the critical cavitation indexes for gate valves operating at partial openings and discharging into pipe

sections 1.5, l-75> and 2.0 times the nominal valve diameter.

(f) Testing in progress,

(h) Report to be prepared.

(2957) PAONIA DAM SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(2956; MURRUMBIDGEE-EUCUMBENE TUNNEL FIXED-WHEEL

GATE AND STILLING BASIN.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Hydraulic Model Studies of Tantangara Dam

Outlet Works," Report Hyd-M+1, by D.Colgate.

(f

(h

(2958

(f

(h

(2959

(f

(h

(2960

(b

(d

(e

Completed.

Report in preparation.

HOLLOW-JET VALVE STILLING BASINS FOR OUTLET

WORKS.

Completed.

Report in preparation.

STILLING BASINS FOR SLIDE GATE CONTROLLED

OUTLET WORKS.

Tests in progress. Report to be prepared.

FLAMING GORGE DAM SPILLWAY.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. A 1:36 scale model has been constructed to develop a satisfactory approach channel, crest section, tunnel transition and spillway, flip bucket, and outlet works.

Tests in progress. A satisfactory approach channel has been de- veloped, and good flow conditions through

the crest section and transition and through

out the spillway have been obtained by the

use of an unusual center spillway pier. Tests are being continued to determine other

hydraulic characteristics of the tunnel spill way, flip bucket, and outlet works.

(3266) GRAND VALLEY DIVERSION DAM.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for rehabilitation of an older type stilling basin.

(e) A 1:30 scale sectional model of the spillway was constructed to study the adequacy

of several methods of placing riprap at the

end of the spillway apron to prevent possible undermining of the spillway apron.

(f) Completed.

(g) The tests showed that well graded riprap,

with at least 75 percent o.f the individual

pieces 2 feet or larger in diameter, placed

to a depth of about k feet would provide

adequate protection.

(h) Memorandum report prepared.

(3267) CANAL INLET AND OUTLET TRANSITION STUDIES

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are in progress to determine the

angle of divergence or convergence from

pipe to canal or vice versa, and the effects

of the slope and elevation of the pipe with

respect to the canal.

(g) Testing in progress.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3268) PRINEVTLLE SPILLWAY AND OUTLET WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project,

(d) Experimental; for design.
(e) A 1:2^ scale model has been constructed and

tested to develop a single stilling "basin satisfactory for both spillway and for outlet works discharges. Tests on the spillway

were made to insure optimum flow conditions

throughout the spillway, in the outlet conduit, and in the downstream river channel.

(f) Testing completed.

(g) A basin using two dividing walls to direct

the outlet works flow through the basin was found satisfactory for either spillway or outlet works flows. Pressure cells were

used to measure the pressure fluctuation

acting on the stilling basin dividing walls

and on the chute blocks and baffle piers.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3269) EFFECT OF SHADE PRODUCED BY SUSPENDED SEDI- MENTS ON THE GROWTH OF AQUATIC WEEDS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for operation and maintenance.

(e) Three types of aquatic weeds have been

grown in eight 55-gallon drums under varying concentrations of suspended sodium base

bentonite. Weeds were grown in two drums

containing clear water for control and com- parison purposes.

(f) It is planned to make tests using a natural

reservoir sediment during next growing

season.

(g) Results of completed tests show that sodium

base bentonite had little effect on reducing growth of the aquatic weeds tested.

(h) Progress report in preparation.

(3270) SAN ACACIA DIVERSION - HEADWORKS AND

SLUICEWAY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design and rehabilitation.

(e) A 1:20 undistorted scale, movable bed, hydraulic model is proposed to study the

headworks and sluiceway. Tests will be

made to determine the arrangement of struc- tures that will reduce sediment inflow to

a minimum.

(f) Model being constructed.

(3271) CHANNELIZATION IN ALLUVIAL RIVERS USING

STEEL JACKS AND JETTIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are being made on a 1:140 horizontal

and 1:22 vertical scale movable bed model

to extend studies made under project (2^55)-

The model will have nearly constant jetty

field, channel, and flood plain widths.

Tieback jetties spaced at 500 feet will be

compared with those of lesser spacing to determine their effectiveness.

(f) Active; model study being started.

(3272) NAVAJO DAM SPILLWAY AND AUXILIARY OUTLET

WORKS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:48 scale model was constructed to

develop the design of the spillway entrance,

the spillway chute, the stilling basin, and

the auxiliary outlet works tunnel junction

with the spillway chute.

(f) Testing in progress.

(g) Tests are being made to correct the unequal

distribution of flow entering the stilling

basin. The poor flow distribution is caused

by the spillway entrance shape and the

steep and diverging spillway chute.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3273) NAVAJO DAM DIVERSION AND OUTLET WORKS

STILLING BASIN.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:24 scale model was constructed to de- velop the stilling basin which will be used

first for river diversion flows during the

construction period and, second, as the

permanent outlet works stilling basin.

(f) Completed.

(g) A satisfactory basin was developed for the

diversion flows which could be made over

into the permanent outlet works stilling

basin by the addition of certain concrete

features. It will not be necessary to re- move first stage concrete to obtain the

permanent basin.

(h) Report to be prepared.

(3274) CONSTANT HEAD ORIFICE TURNOUT,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) A 24-inch slide gate turnout is being calibrated by means of a 1:2 scale model. De- sign changes resulting from use of the turnout have necessitated an analysis and

calibration of the variables affecting the

discharge capacity.

(g) Results show that submergence of the orifice or of the upstream gate of the twogate turnout has a major effect on the discharge coefficient. A calibration curve for a 9-cfs standard turnout and several

comparative calibrations of modified turnouts have been obtained.

(h) Report in progress.

(3275) FRICTION FACTOR TESTS IN LARGE PRESSURE

CONDUITS - EKLUTNA TUNNEL, ALASKA.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Field investigation; design.

(e) Extension of data to provide information on friction factors for smooth interior finishes of concrete that can be consistently

produced with present day construction

methods. Tests have been completed on a 9-foot inside diameter concrete lined tunnel. Head losses were measured over a length of 2,53^ diameters. Average velocities of flow were determined from calibrated pressure taps in two turbine scroll

cases

(f) Tests and data analyses completed.

(g) Data were obtained for seven test discharges over a Reynolds Number range of

145
(h)

7.1 x lO5 to 4.6 x 10 . Friction factors

computed from the Darcy-Weisbach equation

ranged from 0.017 to O.OlU, respectively.

Report in preparation.

(3276) FOSS DAM OUTLET WORKS.

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental} for design.

The design of the outlet works stilling

"basin was developed on a 1:15 scale model

This basin must operate satisfactorily for

the high tail water which will exist durin

initial operation of the basin, and for extremely low tail water anticipated after

degradation of the downstream channel.

Completed.

Special appurtenances in the basin provide

satisfactory performance for a tail water

range of from 7 to 2k feet. Report in preparation.

(3277) HYDRAULIC DOWNPULL ON LARGE GATES,

(b) Laboratory study.

(d) Compiling past data; for research paper.

(e) Discussed in the paper are model studies in

which both the weighing method and the

pressure-area computation method were used

to determine hydraulic downpull. A detailed account is presented of one model study

in which the pressure-area computations

method alone was employed. Also, methods

and results of field measurements are discussed.

(f) Completed.

(h) Paper presented at ASCE convention, Portland, Oregon, June 1958.

(3278) CAVITATION OF CONCRETE SURFACE IRREGULARITIES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental; for research.

( e ) The cavitation producing potential of con- crete surface irregularities such as abrupt

offsets, protruding filler material, bug

holes, etc., is being investigated. The

test apparatus employs full-scale velocities and pressures.

(f) Tests are continuing.

(3279) LITTLE WOOD RIVER SPILLWAY.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Laboratory project.

Experimental; for design. A 1:2k scale model was used to develop a riprap lined trapezoidal stilling basin.

Completed. A minimum stilling basin was developed to provide satisfactory energy dissipation of

a nearly horizontal jet emerging from a spillway chute located above the basin

water surface level. Jet velocities ranged

from 30 to 63 fps. No report available.

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Experimental; for design. A l:lQ.k scale model is being used to deter; mine the cause of cavitation-eroslon .ex- perienced on the deflector blocks and

flared walls of the stilling basin, and to develop corrective measures

Preliminary tests show that cavitation was caused by excessive flare of training walls

and by insufficient streamlining of the

chute blocks

Report to be prepared.

g (3281) ISLAND BEND CONTROL GATES.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Authority,

Australia.

Experimental; for design.

Air and hydraulic model studies

made : ( 1 ) to develop a constri

downstream from the gate leaf t control of relatively low flows

heads, and (2) to determine the

index of a fixed-wheel gate.

Air tests indicate that a sharp

fice is preferable to a constri

having a curved entrance. Report to be prepared.

are being

cted section

o permit

under high

cavitation

edged oricted section

( 3280 ) GLENDO DAM OUTLET WORKS

(b) Laboratory project.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, DAVID TAYLOR MODEL

BASIN.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should s be addressed to the Commanding Officer and Director;

David Taylor Model Basin, Washington 7j D. C.

(709) THEORY OF WAVE RESISTANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) A mathematical study of the theory of wave

resistance for the purpose of establishing

methods for extending the theory to the

analysis of ship resistance. Studies will

include the general theory of waves in

liquids and will encompass a review of ex- isting theory and comparisons with existing

experimental data.

(g) A synopsis has been written on the application of theory to the calculations of wave

resistance.

Calculations were made to obtain general

information about wave resistance of sub- merged bodies of revolution. The forms

considered are ellipsoids, Rankine ovoids,

and a simple family of streamlined bodies. A report of this work is to be published.

(h) "The Wave Resistance of a Floating Slender

Body", by W. E. Cummins, dissertation pre- sented to American University, May 1956-

(710) RESEARCH ON MAIN INJECTION SCOOPS AND OVER- BOARD DISCHARGES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Investigations to determine the characteristics of a broad series of injection

scoops and discharges to provide design

lk6
data for use in design of future high-speed

ships

(g) An improved method for estimating the

velocity profile and thickness of a ship's

boundary layer is being developed.

(h) "Boundary Layer Investigation on the USS TIMMERMAN EAG152 ( ex-DD828 ) ", by C. L. Sayre, Jr. and R. J. Duerr, TMB Report

1170, to be published.

"Estimating the Thickness of the Boundary

Layer on the Hull of a Ship", by C. L. Sayre, in preparation.

(711) CAVITATION RESEARCH.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Research on the mechanism and effects of

cavitation phenomena including the physics

and analytical description of steady-state

cavities in real and ideal fluids and investigations of the inception of cavitation, the growth and collapse processes of

transient cavities, and the effects of

cavitation on the forces on underwater

bodies. Studies will be made on the application of linearized theory to problems in

cavitation. Additional studies will be

made on the effects of roughness elements on cavitation inception and of body form

on cavitation and degassing. Cavitating vortex cores as produced by shear flows

will be investigated. Such cavitating

sources have been observed on appendages

to ships and may be responsible for flow

noise excitation at high speeds.

(g) In one case the excitation of vibration of

a ship has been traced to cavitation on

rudder. (See DTMB Report 1188).

(h) "An Investigation of Flow Excitation of

Vibration of the USS FORREST SHERMAN, DD931",

by M. S. Mocovsky, R. J. Duerr and D. A. Jewell, TMB Report No. 1188, August 1958.

(1506) STIMULATION OF TURBULENCE ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Frictional resistance research.

(e) Development of a turbulence stimulating de- vice which will insure adequate turbulence

in the boundary layer over the entire length

of any ship model. Empirical and theoretical studies will be conducted to evaluate

the relative effectiveness of turbulence

rods, trip wires, sand roughness, isolated

stubs, noise makers and vibrators. Their

relative effectiveness will be calculated

by studying the model resistance and the

character of the boundary layer flow around

ship models as determined by the dye-method,

the chemical compound, and the hot-wire sur- vey method.

(f) Suspended.

(g) The work of the previous year was devoted

to the study of the stimulating effect of

studs and the development of the technique

of the chemical compound. The effect of

various stimulators on the BSRA model has

been established and the evaluations work

will compare the results for each stimulator

with the results obtained by the English

tanks. The evaluation of the stimulators

used is still continuing.

(1511) SERIES 60 SEAWORTHINESS.

(b)

(a)

(e)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental and theoretical.

Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the effect of changes in certain fea- tures of hull shape on the seaworthiness

characteristics of a series of ship models.

Three single screw ship forms of 0.60, 0.70

and 0.80 block coefficient have been adopted for this purpose. Tests to determine

,the motion and speed reduction characteristics of the 0.60 block model were com- pleted.

The phase between pitching and heaving mo- tion affects the seaworthiness characteristics such as wetness, slamming, and

speed reduction. Consequently this phase

relationship was further studied both ex- perimentally and theoretically.

(1512) EFFECTIVENESS OF BILGE KEELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Measurements of the amplitudes of roll versus rolling moment and frequency at or near resonance for a ship model with and without

bilge keels; the increase in resistance of

a model due to rolling and roll-induced

yawing; and the lift, drag, and torque de- veloped by fins. Data will be used in

arriving at criteria for the design of fin

stabilizers

(f) Completed.

(g) Roll tests have been made in the basin on

a ship model with and without bilge keels

Also, wind tunnel measurements have been

made to determine the effect of variation

in fin stabilizers on lift, drag, and

torque characteristics.

MANEUVERING CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE-SCREW

VESSELS.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Experimental testing. Measurements of side forces on propeller,

rudder, and hull of a single-screw ship

model during successive phases of starting,

stopping, and backing maneuvers.

(f) Inactive.

(g) A test program has been formulated. A sideforce dynamometer has been designed and

completed. Testing is expected to begin

when priority considerations permit.

(a)

(e)

(1517) VORTEX-EXCITED BODIES IN A MOVING STREAM.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Measurements have been made of fluctuating

lift and drag forces on 2 in. and k in. circular cylinders towed in miniature Model

Basin. Further work will include wind

tunnel investigations of the relationship
between Strouhal number and shape for a family of struts in an attempt to correlate

wake frequency and shape parameters . In addition, an investigation will be made of

the spanwise correlation of vortex shedding

on circular cylinders as a function of

Reynolds number.

(f) Completed. Further work being performed

under new item entitled, "Hydroelastic

Problems .

(g) For a rigid cylinder fluctuating lift coefficients of the same order of magnitude as the steady drag coefficient have been found

in the sub-critical range of Raynolds numbers. There is evidence for lack of two- dimensionality in the vortex shedding.

(h) "Vortex-Induced Vibration Studies," by M.S. Macovsky, TMB Report 1190, July 1958.

(1521) 36-INCH VARIABLE PRESSURE WATER TUNNEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin,

(a) New facility.

(e) Design ana construction of a 36-inch variable pressure water tunnel for investigation

of propulsion, cavitation, ana noise char- acteristics of propellers as well as tests

on sub-surface boaies. Interchangeable

test sections o.f open ana closea jet type

will be proviaea. The maximum aesign speea

is 85 f.p.s.

(g) Estimatea completion is summer of 1959-

(1522) WAVEMAKER STUDIES. 00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin.

Hyaroaynamic research ana facility aevelopment

Theoretical ana experimental studies of

surface wave generators to aevelop criteria

for the aesign ana construction of a largescale wavemaker installation. A program

of research on wave absorbers is also unaerway. Prerequisite to this latter investigation is the aevelopment of practical

means for evaluating the effectiveness of

a given absorber.

Completea. A small pilot moael of a pneumatic wave- maker has been aevelopea ana successfully

operatea. Improvement has been maae in

the means of controlling amplituae ana fre- quency of generatea waves. A much larger

pneumatic wavemaker has been installea in

the 1^0- foot moael basin, ana has been in

regular operation generating waves for

ship moael tests. A 51-foot wiae pneumatic

wavemaker has been installea in the aeep water basin. A methoa of making measurements ana aetermining wave absorption characteristics therefrom has been aevelopea

analytically. The accuracy with which wave

height can be aetenninea has been improvea

by the aevelopment of an electronic waveheight recoraer which operates on a change

of capacitance principle.

(1778) HYDRODYNAMIC NOISE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor moael Basin.

(a) Hyaroaynamic research.

(e) Investigations of the characteristics of unaerwater noise associatea with various

hyaroaynamic phenomena such as cavitation,

bubble oscillation, turbulence ana splashing.

(g) Experimental ana theoretical studies have

been maae of noise proaucea by cavitation,

splashing, oscillating air bubbles, ana

turbulence.

(h) "Measurements of Noise from Cavitating

Submergea Water Jets," by D. W. Jorgensen,

November 1958, TMB Report 1126. "Pressure Fluctuations on a Wall Aajacent

to a Turbulent Bounaary Layer, " by M. Harrison, TMB Report 1260, December 1958.

(1779) TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin.

(a) Frictional resistance research.

(e) A theoretical ana experimental investigation of the velocity profile ana wall

shearing stresses in turbulent bounaary

layer. In oraer to proviae a simple ana accurate aetermination of shear stress at the wall, the use of surface tube technique

for measuring this characteristic has been

investigatea in both zero ana aaverse pressure graaients.

(1780) BUBBLE FLOW STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin.

(a) Hyaroaynamic research.

(e) Theoretical computations of bubble paths

for various shapes to aetermine points of

collision ana conaitions for non-collision

will be maae. The validity of the theory

will be checkea experimentally in a few

cases

(h) "Motion of Rigia ana Fluia Spheres in Sta- tionary ana Moving Liquias Insiae Cylindrical Tubes," by W.L. Haberman and R.M. Sayre, TMB Report 11^3, October 1958.

(1781) ROTATING-ARM AND MANEUVERING BASIN.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) New facility.

(e) Design ana construction of a circular basin

of 260-foot diameter with a rotating arm whose raaius can be variea from 18 to 120

feet. To be usea for towing tests of sur- face ana sub-surface moaels. Also, aesign

ana construction of a maneuvering basin 350 feet long ana 230 feet wiae, equlppea with

traveling briage ana towing carriages, ana wavemakers for the purpose of making maneuvering tests on ship moaels.

(g) Construction contract awaraea in May 1956

with a completion aate in early 1959-

(1782) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Davia Taylor Moael Basin,

(a) Appliea research.

(e) Determination of ship motions in a regular

seaway when coupling exists between heave

ana pitch. The work is to be basea on the

lk8

1
linear theory and is a continuation of

work on uncoupled motion. It is intended

to extend the applicability of the linear

theory to a larger number of vessels of

various type.

(f) Inactive.

(1783) MATHEMATICAL SHIP LINES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) Development of a suitable method for the

mathematical determination of ship lines

which can he applied to a wide variety of

ship forms especially to those of modern

design.

(g) A method has been developed for the mathematical fairing of graphical lines. This

is a first step toward the development of

a flexible system of mathematical ship

lines. Future work is directed toward the

development of a system of mathematical

lines which will permit the derivation of

a hull form for a given set of parameters

(1786) STUDIES OF THE SLAMMING OF SHIPS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Computations and measurements of the maxi- mum pressure and impact forces on the bot- toms of slamming ships for the purpose of

developing design criteria to effect their

reduction.

(g) Studies with ship models were made to de- termine hydrodynamic impact forces on

ships . Regular and confused seas were

studied to determine conditions favorable

for slamming.

(h) "Preliminary Experimental Investigation of

Slamming," by V.G. Szebehely and S. H. Brooks, July 1952, TMB Report 812. "Hydrodynamics of Slamming Ships," by V. G. Szebehely, July 1952, TMB Report 823. "Hydrodynamic Approach to the Slamming of

Ships," V.G. Szebehely, Second Midwestern

Conference on Fluid Mechanics, Proceedings, page 89-97, 1952. "Slamming Due to Pure Pitching Motion, " by

M.A. Todd, January 1955, TMB Report 883. "Ship Slamming in Head Seas," by V. G. Szebehely and M.A. Todd, February 1955

TMB Report 913. "Model Experiments of Slamming of a Liberty

Ship in Head Seas," V.G. Szebehely and

S.M.Y. Lum, February 1955, TMB Report 91I+. "Progress in Theoretical and Experimental

Studies of Ship Slamming," V.G. Szebehely.

Conference on Ships and Waves, Council on Wave Research, 195^-

"On Slamming," by V.G. Szebehely, M.A. Todd, S.M.Y. Lum. Seventh International

Conference on Ship Hydrodynamics, 195^- "Slamming Pressures on Series 60 Forms,"

by M.D. Bledsoe (to be published), TMB

Report 99^. "Hydrodynamic Impact Measurements," by

V.G. Szebehely and E.E. Zarnick, First

Conference on Coastal Engineering Instruments, 1955-

"Experiments on Rotational Impact," by F. N

Schwartz and M. D. Bledsoe, TMB Report 111+5 (in review).

(1788) WAX DEVELOPMENT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) Development of a wax composition and manu- facturing techniques for the manufacture of

ship models up to 30 ft. on water-line

length

(f) Completed.

(g) The blend developed is entirely suited to

the climatic conditions existing in Wash.,

D.C. The strength of this material is such

that all types of models, including sub- marines, may be constructed and handled

with no greater care than is given to corre sponding wood models. Ninety-one models,

varying in length between 19 and 2k ft. and

in weight between 1,000 and ^+,500 lbs., and

four 30 ft. models have been successfully

manufactured and tested since the develop- ment of this new wax blend. The introduction of wax model construction technique

has resulted in a substantial saving in

time and cost of ship model manufacturing

at TMB.

(h) The following reports are being reviewed

prior to publication:

"The Development of a N-Butyl Methacrylate

Wax Blend for Manufacturing Wax Models at TMB," by W. Hinterthan.

"Development and Application of a Wax Com- position for the Manufacture of Experiment

al Ship Models," by H. Hinterthan.

"Methods to be Followed in the Blending of

Wax for TMB Wax Model Production, " Memorandum, by W. Hinterthan.

(1789) PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON SHIP MODELS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical research.

(e) Measurements of pressure distribution and

resistance with photographs of wave profiles and flow lines for a series of ship

models . Attempt will be made to develop

methods of calculation suitable for high

speed computors.

(g) A bank of diaphragm type pressure gages has been constructed to determine the pressure distributions, and tests on a specific model are in progress.

(2018) SERIES 60 - RESISTANCE OF VARIOUS RELATED

HULL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David

Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of resistance upon the coefficients of hull form for a practical range of single-screw ship forms is to be determined. The history of the project, the scope of the proposed series is given in

(h) for Series 57. The resistance results

of the original Series 57 models were some- what disappointing and therefore careful

1^9
thought was given to the problem of improving the original parents. As a result, new

parent forms have "been drawn out, together

with necessary contours and models run for

resistance. The new family was designated

number Series 60.

(f) Completed.

(g) It is believed that the new Series 60 con- tours now are such as to justify their use

as a starting point for future research in

a number of fields. Suggestions as to such

systematic research were made in the earlier

paper, and include the evaluation of the

effect of LCB position, L/B and B/H ratios

etc

(2019) PROPELLER EXCITED VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin and Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) Investigation, measurement and prediction

of propeller excited vibratory forces on

ship models

(g) Development of instrumentation and testing

techniques for a single screw vessel is nearing completion. During the past year

tests were conducted to measure the hydrodynamic transmission to the hull of vibratory forces induced by the propeller of a model of the "Gopher Mariner." The primary

objective was to refine the instrumentation

and techniques sufficiently to obtain re- petitive results. This has been accom- plished and it should now be possible to compare the vibratory characteristics of

models of similar type and dimensions. An extrapolation of data, using the third

power of the linear ratio yields higher

values of force than were measured in full

scale trials of the Gopher Mariner. Measurement of instantaneous pressure have

been made on the hull of the USS TIMMERMAN

and on the hull ci' a 30 foot model of that

vessel. Preliminary data Indicates that

the model measurements when similarly ex- trapolated also produce higher values than

were measured on board ship.

(2229) NEAR SURFACE EFFECTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynami c research.

(e) A mathematical study of the forces and mo- ments acting on bodies due to the proximity

of a free surface. The studies will include both the case in which the surface

is initially undisturbed and the case in

which there are disturbances originating

at a distance.

.(g) Methods have been developed for computing

the forces and moments acting on bodies of

revolution, both due to waves generated by

the body itself and to regular trains of waves

(h) 'The Forces and Moments Acting on a Body of

Revolution Moving in an Arbitrary Potential

Stream," by W.E. Cummins, Journal of Ship

Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1957, TMB Report

780.

(2230) THEORY OF SEAWORTHINESS

(b)

U)

(e)

(g)

(h)

00

(d)

(e)

(g)

00

(2232)

00

U)

(e)

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Hydrodynamic research. A theoretical and experimental study of

factors affecting the seaworthiness of

ships, for the purpose of developing procedures for predicting their motion. Tests have been completed on two geometrically similar ship models of different

lengths. The analysis of these tests will

aid in estimating the validity of model

tests for predicting full scale behavior. A ship model has been oscillated in heave

and pitch to determine the dependency of

the damping and added mass forces on speed,

frequency and amplitude of oscillation.

Comparisons will be made with theoretical

methods currently used to compute these

forces

"A Study of the Transient Pitching Oscillations of a Ship," Thesis, Univ. of Maryland,

August 1957.

(2231) HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS STUDIES.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Frictional resistance research.

Theoretical and experimental research on methods for analyzing and predicting the

frictional resistance of arbitrary rough

surfaces, especially the painted surfaces

of ship hulls. The geometrical characteristics of arbitrary rough surfaces are to

be analyzed by amplitude- frequency spectra

while the hydrodynamic characteristics are to be analyzed by similarity laws

The low frequency characteristics of the

roughness records necessitate the develop- ment of a low frequency spectrum analyzer.

The analytical procedures for predicting

the frictional resistance of arbitrary

rough surfaces from similarity laws have

been completed. A method has been derived

for predicting full scale resistance of

arbitrary rough surfaces from tests of model plates. Relations for the local skin

friction and shape parameter have been de- rived for use in calculating the develop- ment of turbulent boundary layers in pressure gradients for rough surfaces. Boundary layer measurements are being made in a wind tunnel on randomly rough surfaces

using a floating element dynamometer.

"The Frictional Resistance and Turbulent

Boundary of Rough Surfaces," by P. S. Granville, TMB Report 1024, June 1958.

PRESSURE AND VELOCITY DISTRIBUTIONS ON TWO- DIMENSIONAL AND AXISYMMETRIC THREE- DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

Potential flow research.

Investigate analytic techniques for determining the pressure and velocity distribution on two-dimensional and axisymmetric

three-dimensional forms. The solution is to be amenable to coding for UNIVAC computation.

150
(g) An iterative solution has been developed

and coded for the UNIVAC. The pressure

distribution for a number of bodies whose pressure distribution is known have been

completed and verified. Some difficulty is experienced however, with convergence in

certain portions of the calculations.

(2233) THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE IN BOUNDARY

LAYERS AND WAKES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Turbulence research.

(e) A study to investigate the behavior of the

basic turbulence quantities in boundary

layer and wake flows. Investigations of

the effect of background turbulence level

on the turbulence characteristics of the

wake behind two-dimensional forms and circular disks will be continued. Systematic measurements of a turbulent boundary layer

in adverse pressure gradients will be

undertaken.

(g) Experimental results indicate that the intensity decay and width increase of the

turbulent wake in its downstream course behind three-dimensional bluff bodies

(discs and plates) are in agreement with

those theoretically predicted. Future

tests will be extended to include practical

configurations which will be investigated

in both unpowered and powered conditions

Measurements of a turbulent boundary layer

in adverse pressure gradients include precise velocity profiles, local skin-friction

measurements with surface tubes, and hotwire anemometry.

(2234) SURFACE WAKES BEHIND TOWED STRUTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Hydrodynamic research.

(e) Research on the mechanism of plume and

wake formation of surface piercing struts,

including the determination of wave drag, spray drag, and induced drag for geometrically varied series.

(f) Inactive.

(g) Tests on a series of struts have been com- pleted.

(2235) LIBERTY SHIP SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Thorough seaworthiness investigations of a Liberty Ship and a modified Liberty Ship

Hull. The aspects of this investigation

includes speed reduction, ship motion, and

slamming. Model experiments have been con- ducted with 5-foot models in waves. This

work will be extended to 20-foot models

and full-scale sea trials.

(f) Inactive.

(2236) OSCILLATING PRESSURES IN THE VICINITY OF PROPELLERS

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; applied

research.

(e) Studies of the oscillating pressures on boundaries and in the free space produced

by propeller operation. The purpose of the

work is to determine the magnitude of the

hydrodynamic propeller excited vibratory

forces acting on ship's hulls and the effect of operating parameters.

(f) Completed.

(g) Experimental results have been completed.

(h) "The Measurement of Thrust Fluctuation and

Free-Space .Oscillating Pressures for a Propeller," by A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report 1107, January 1957.

"The Measurement of Oscillating Pressures

in the Vicinity of a Propeller, " b^ A. J. Tachmindji and M. C. Dickerson, DTMB Report

1130, April 1957-

(2237) LIFTING SURFACE THEORY OF PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the corrections on lifting line

theory which arise from the finite extent

of the blades.

(f) Application of an approximate lifting sur- face theory is completed. Development of

a rigorous theory temporarily inactive.

(g) The available results are being applied to propeller design methods.

(h) "Propeller Induction Factors," by W. B. Morgan, TMB Report 1183.

(2238) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF SHIFTING

THE LONGITUDINAL CENTER-OF-BOUYANCY (LCB) UPON THE RESISTANCE AND PROPULSIVE CHARAC- TERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORM OF SERIES 60.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

( e ) Four models for each of the five block

coefficients, to which the parent models

were built, were constructed from the Se- ries 60 contours. Resistance tests were conducted for each of these hulls to find

the effect on resistance of varying the

LCB. Concurrently, the relation between

the propulsion coefficients and LCB position was obtained from propulsion tests.

(f) Completed.

(g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the

propulsive coefficients has been obtained.

Also an optimum location of LCB for each

block coefficient, of this series, has been

established from the resistance characteristics of this hull.

(2239) PROPULSIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS - SERIES 60.

(b) Bureau of Ships; Maritime Commission; David

Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) The dependance of propulsion characteristics

upon the coefficients of hull form and pro- peller diameter for a practical range of

single-screw ship forms are to be determined. Series 60 parent models are used for

151
this project.

(f) Completed.

(g) The dependance of wake, thrust deduction,

propulsive coefficient, etc. upon the block

coefficient, propeller diameter, trim etc. has been obtained.

(2462) PITCH REDUCTION STUDIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To investigate the effect of horizontal fin

appendages on the motion of surface ships

in a seaway. A motion prediction theory is being developed and experimental investigations will be conducted.

(h) "Model Experiments with Fixed Bow Antipitching Fins," by G. P. St e fun, TMB Report

1118, submitted to the Journal of Ship

Research.

(2463) STUDIES OF LOW ASPECT-RATIO CONTROL SURFACES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; laboratory project.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Determine the aerodynamic characteristics

of a family of low aspect-ratio control

surfaces which can be used by the designer

of submarines and surface ships

Phase I is an investigation of a family of

all-movable control -surfaces. Phase II is an investigation of the same family with

plain flaps of different chord length.

(f) Phase I, completed; Phase II, active.

(g) The results of Phase I indicate that many

of the aerodynamic characteristics of low

aspect-ratio surfaces can be accurately

predicted from lifting surface theory.

(h) The results of Phase I and comparisons with

lifting surface theory are presented in DTMB Report No. 933.

(2k6k) THE EVALUATION OF THE EFFECT OF CHANGING

THE LENGTH TO BEAM (L/B) AND BEAM TO DRAFT

(B/H) ON THE RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND

PROPULSIVE COEFFICIENTS FOR THE VARIOUS RELATED HULL FORMS OF SERIES 60.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing.

(e) For each block coefficient (Cg) models are being built from the offsets of the model

with the optimum location of the longitudinal center-of-bouyancy. This model will

have been established by the program - "The Evaluation of the Effect of Shifting the

Longitudinal Center-of-Bouyancy upon the

Resistance and Propulsive Characteristics

of Various Related Hull Forms of Series 60." (f) Completed.

(h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance and Power of Variation in Ship Proportions," by

Dr. F. H. Todd, Mr. G. R. Stuntz, and Dr.

P. C. Pi en, Society of Naval Architects and

Marine Engineers paper was presented during

November 1957 meeting.

(2466) TOWING EQUIPMENT AND MOTION RECORDING

INSTRUMENTATION FOR SHIP MODEL TESTS IN

WAVES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin laboratory project;

specifically for TMB's proposed Maneuvering

Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) The purpose of the equipment and instrumentation is respectively, to tow models in waves and to measure and record various

types of model motions. Surface models will

be tested under partially- restrained conditions, the restraints being those of yaw

and sway; or, of yaw, sway, and roll. Model tests will be conducted in head and

following seas

(f) Specifications were completed while the de- sign of the equipment and instrumentation

is being done presently.

(2467) DEVELOPMENT OF OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH

VESSEL.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) Prediction and experimental determination

of the motion of research vessel in seaway.

(f) Completed.

(2468) EFFECT OF WAVES ON STANDARDIZATION TRIALS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental.

(e) To establish a method for determining the

conditions under which standardization

trials might be adversely affected. Experimental studies are underway on models of

three typical vessels of varying block

coefficients to determine the combination

of speed, wave length and wave height which

influence smooth water speed. As a byproduct, this work will furnish general information on factors governing speed reduction in a seaway. A theoretical method has

been developed to determine added resistance

due to waves. It is intended to compare experiment with theory.

(f) Completed.

(h) "Speed Reduction in Waves," by Margaret D. Bledsoe, TMB Report IO83 (awaiting publication).

(2469) INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON TESTS - SEAWORTHINESS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin

Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical.

(e) To obtain seaworthiness information for comparison purposes by means of a 10 foot fiber glass plastic self-propelled model of

the Series 60, 1.60 block coefficient form. The effect of self-propulsion on the motion

and speed reduction characteristics of this

model is compared with the effects previously studied by means of a gravity type towing arrangement. Comparison between re- sults obtained in three large basins (DTMB,

Wageningen, Haslar), equipped to handle 10

foot self-propelled models, will also be

152
made

(h) "Scale Effects on Ship Motions," "by V. G. Szebehely and G. P. Stefun, TMB Report 1099,

Sept. 1957-

(2^70) CAVITY RESONANCE.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical investigation

of the excitation of cavity resonance by

fluid flow.

(e) Studies to determine the mechanism of ex- citation of the cavity resonance "by fluid

flow past orifice will he undertaken. The

experimental investigation will employ the

low turbulence wind tunnel. The amplitude

of pressure fluctuations in the cavity will

be investigated as function of the size,

shape and number of orifices, as well as the turbulence characteristics in the

boundary layer flow.

(2V71) THEORY OF CONTRA-ROTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with the Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

( e ) Studies of the theory of contra-rotating

propellers without assumptions regarding

the orientation of the resultant induced

velocity.

(g) Application to open water and wake adapted

propellers

(h) "Effect of Propeller Pitch Changes on Torque

Unbalance of Contra-Rotating Propellers,"

by W. B. Morgan, DTMB Report 112k, March

1957.

(21+72) COOPERATIVE TESTS ON A VICTORY SHIP DESIGN.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin: Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference.

(d) Experimental testing; basic research.

(e) The investigation was authorized by the

International Committee on "Scale Effect on Propellers," and on "Self-Propulsion Fac- tors" as part of the international coop- erative test program in ship basins. The

International Committee will compare the

results from the various basins and present

a report to the coming International Conference. The tests will be carried out with a wax model of scale 1:23 equipped

with different kinds of stimulators. The

friction corrections will be calculated by

the various basins according to their

methods

(g) The specified program of model testing has

been completed. The required calculation

for the power predictions have to be done

before the evaluation work can proceed.

(h) Results have been reported to the Inter- national Towing Conference. A TMB Report

is being prepared comparing TMB results

with those of other basins.

(21+73) FRICTIONAL RESISTANCE OF GEOSIM MODELS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Skin Friction

Committee of the International Towing Tank

Conference.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) Representatives of the various towing tanks

of the ITTC have been unable to agree on a friction line. The Skin Friction Committee

of the ITTC was therefore directed to de- velop a universally acceptable "Engineering

Line" for use in extrapolating from ship

models to full-scale. Model resistance

data for geosim series are therefore being

assembled and analyzed according to each of

several currently proposed friction lines.

Resistance data for geosim models tested at TMB are being distributed to other basins

for analysis and TMB will analyze all model data from other tanks using the

Schoenherr formula.

(f) Completed.

(g) According to present status, the Schoenherr

line seems to represent a reliable average friction line.

(2k7h) CALCULATION OF GOLDSTEIN FACTORS FOR 3, k,

5 AND 6 BLADED PROPELLERS.

(b) Cooperative with Bureau of Ships.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Calculation of Goldstein factors, particularly for the case of large advance ratios

where the approximations made in the original equations are not valid.

(f) Completed.

(g) Application to propeller design.

(h) "The Calculations of Goldstein Factors for Three, Four, Five and Six Bladed Propellers," by A.J. Tachmindji and A.B. Milam DTMB Report No. 103^.

(2727) THE EFFECT OF HUB DIAMETER ON THE OPTIMUM

DISTRIBUTION OF CIRCULATION OF PROPELLERS.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Studies of the effect of hub diameters on the optimum distribution of circulation.

(g) Calculations have been completed.

(h) "The Calculation of the Circulation Distribution for Propellers with Finite Hub

Having Three, Four, Five and Six Blades,"

by A.J. Tachmindji and A.B. Milam, DTMB Report llUl, July 1957 and International

Shipbuilding Progress, September 1957-

"The Ideal Efficiency of Optimum Propellers

Having Finite Hubs and Finite Number of

Blades," by J. W. Shultz,Jr., DTMB Report

1148, July 1957.

(2728) SEAWORTHINESS OF U. S. COAST GUARD VESSELS.

(b) U. S. Coast Guard; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental (research and development).

(e) Three designs for a l60 ft. Water Patrol

Craft were investigated for seaworthiness

characteristics. Experiments were conducted for several wave conditions in order to determine the best design with respect to

amplitudes of motions and accelerations,

speed reduction in waves, wetness, etc.

(g) The effect of the LCB positioning on the

propulsive coefficients has been obtained.

153
Also an optimum location of LCB for each

block coefficient, of this series, has

been established from the resistance

characteristics of this hull,

(h) "Series 60 - The Effect Upon Resistance and Power of Variation in LCB Position," by

Dr. F.H. Todd and P.C. Pien, A Society of

Naval Architects and Marine Engineers

paper, May 1956.

(2729) HULL FORM RESEARCH BY USING A FLEXIBLE

MODEL.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Development and experimental work.

(e) A flexible model which can be quickly

changed to have any fullness and any shape

of section area curve is to be developed

first. The effect of section area curve parameters, such as t? , tA, CpF , C , L , Xj,, X^, etc., upon resistance will be

systematically investigated by using this

flexible model,

(g) The flexible model has been built and ex- perimental test work begun. Thirty re- sistance tests have been conducted during

the past fiscal year. Preliminary work

with this flexible model indicates Its adaptability for this work is satisfactory.

An analysis of the test results has not been completed.

(2730) MOLECULAR - PHYSICAL SKIN EFFECT.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental applied research.

(e) The frictional resistance of a "new" plate - consisting of a special molecular coating

will be compared with the frictional re- sistance of a hydraulically smooth brass

plate and of a mirror smooth glass plate.

The test equipment will be designed and

constructed to study wave and spray formation for the determination of the true wetted surface. The plate will be tested

with maximum speed of 15.O knots and with

various stimulation devices.

(g) The Nikuradse coated plates have been

tested. Significant resistance differences

between coated and non-coated plates have

been measured on a coated brass plate and

an uncoated aluminum plate. Since the con- tours of the leading and trailing edges of

the two plates vary considerably a doubt

is raised at whether the coating or the

difference in the contours caused the re- sistance differences. A stainless steel

plate having the same contours as the coat- ed brass plate has been constructed and

tested. The resistance of this plate has

been obtained and the relation between the

coated and uncoated plate will be the sub- ject of an additional report.

(2962) SHIP MOTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Field investigation (full scale trials).

(e) An account of seakeeping trials carried out jointly by the Royal Netherlands Navy and

the United States Navy with three destroyers.

(f) Completed.

(g) Measurements were made of motions of slamming pressures and of stresses. These were analyzed to determine the effect of the

seaway, of speed and of relative course. Evaluation of the three vessels was made

based on the foregoing.

(h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of

Ships in a Seaway, September 7th - 10th,

H. Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen.

(2963) SHIP MOTIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Outline of a method for testing models in

confused seas and for reducing the observed

data to given standard conditions. The introduction of standard conditions is necessary for the proper interpretation of ex- periments and for the purpose of comparing

. one model against another . The method will

also allow predicting the behavior of the

same model in other seaways which depart

not too strongly from the test conditions.

(f) Completed.

(h) Proceedings Symposium on the Behavior of

Ships in a Seaway, September 7th - 10th,

1957.> H- Veenman and Zonen - Wageningen.

(2966) STUDY OF BOUNDARY LAYERS OF SUBMERGED

BODIES OF REVOLUTION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental basic research.

(e) Experiments have been carried out on an elongated body of revolution in 8 x 10 ft. subsonic wind tunnel. The model consists

of a basic body of revolution with removable model deck, conning tower, and tail

control surfaces, to simulate the geometrical form of a submarine. The measurements consisted of boundary layer survey and

local skin friction measurements by surface

pitot tubes at various angular locations

throughout a range of speeds. Comparison

is being made with full scale results.

(h) "Measurement of Boundary Layer and Local

Turbulent Skin Friction on a Particular

Body of Revolution," by E.Y. Hsu, TMB Re- port 892 (1958).

(2967) CONTROL SURFACE FLUTTER.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic investigation.

(e) Experiments are being conducted with a flutter apparatus to determine flutter

speeds as a function of inertias, spring

and damping constants. The results will be

compared with a simplified rudder flutter

analysis which can then be applied to de- sign procedures.

(g) Computation underway. Testing complete.

(h) "A Control Surface Flutter Study in the

Field of Naval Architecture," by R. T. McGoldrick, and D.A. Jewell, DTMB Report

1222 in preparation.

15^
(2969) FLOW STUDIES ON THREE-DIMENSIONAL FORMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical basic research.

(e) Pressure distributions and flow studies

have been made in a wind tunnel on several

shapes similar to those of certain sonar

domes. Data will be used in predicting

those conditions of ship speed, yaw and

pitch which are conducive to cavitation on sonar domes.

(h) "Pressure Distribution About Four Sonar

Domes," by R. D. Cahn (report in prepara- tion )

(2970) STUDIES OF HYDRODYNAMIC LOADING ON BARE AND FAIRED CABLES.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental investigation; basic research.

(e) Measure the tangential and normal hydrodynamic forces acting on a long cylinder

towed at various angles to the stream over

a range of Reynolds numbers. Tests will

be made with various degrees of roughness

simulating stranded cable, and various

trailing-type fairing designs.

(2971) FULL SCALE TRIAL AND MODEL PREDICTION

CORRELATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental testing and re-evaluation of

existing test data.

(e) The accuracy of full scale power predictions from model test results depends upon

the selection of the proper roughness allowance ( AC ) to be used in model calculations.

The results of approximately 32 trial corre- lation tests will be analyzed and new model

tests conducted to compile data on the

variation of AC^ with ship type.

(g) This work has been started and is scheduled

for completion by July 1958- The presentation of a paper to the Society of Naval

Architects and Marine Engineers is projected.

(3282) RADIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PROPELLER THRUST FROM MODEL WAKE MEASUREMENTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Information concerning the radial distribution of thrust is needed for a propeller

operating behind a submerged body of revolution. The results of theory and experi- ment are compared. The experimental thrust

distribution was obtained from the axial momentum equation by applying appropriate

corrections for slip stream rotation and

contraction. The theoretical thrust distribution was obtained from the circulation

distribution of the propeller with a finite

hub.

(f) Completed.

(g) The radial distribution of propeller thrustload coefficient is calculated from experimental wake data obtained from towed and

self-propulsion tests on a body of revolution. The experimentally obtained thrust

distribution is in excellent agreement with

a theoretically calculated distribution.

Numerical integration yields a total thrustload coefficient which is in good agreement

with propulsion test results,

(h) "The Radial Distribution of Propeller Thrust

from Model Wake Measurements," by John L. Beveridge, DTMB Report No. H36, October

1958 (in preparation).

(3283) FUNDAMENTAL HYDROMECHANICS RESEARCH

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Applied research.

(e) Survey of work carried out under Bureau of

Ships Fundamental Hydromechanics Research

Program.

(g) Survey includes results obtained during the

period of 1952 to present.

(h) To be published in Journal of Ship Research,

SNAME, beginning August 1959-

(328k) HYDROFOIL SUPPORTED CRAFT.

(b) ~ Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical applied re- search.

(e) Obtain hydrofoil craft design criteria by

determining steady and unsteady forces on and motions of single and multiple hydrofoil configurations under the influence of

waves, ventilation, cavitation and mutual

interference

(3285) HYDROELASTIC PROBLEMS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental.

(e) Theoretical and experimental investigations

will be made of the interaction of fluctuating flows and the elastic motion of bodies.

Experiments will include: correlation of

shedding frequency and geometrical parame- ters of struts; span-wise correlation of

fluctuations in flow as a function of

Reynolds number and examination of the

parameters affecting the elastic response

of rudder-like forms

(3286) THEORY OF SUPERCAVTTATING PROPELLERS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search.

(e) Studies and design of propellers designed

to operate at high speeds.

(g) The prediction and experimental confirmation of the performance of such propellers

have been completed.

(h) "The Design and Performance of Supercavitating Propellers," by A.J. Tachmindji et al, TMB Report C-807 (Unclassified).

"Supercavitating Flow Past Bodies with

Finite Edge Thickness," by J.N. Newman, TMB Report 108l. "Centroid and Moments of Inertia of SC Sections," by W. B. Morgan, TMB Report 1193- "Optimum SC Section," by W. B. Morgan, TMB

Report C-856.

"The Design and Estimated Performance of a

155

514561 0 - 59 - 12
Series of Supercavitating Propellers", by

A. J. Tachmindji and W. B. Morgan, paper

to Second Symposium on Naval Hydrodynamics,

August 1958.

(3287) EFFECT OF STERN MODIFICATION TO A SERIES

60 VESSEL, RESISTANCE POWERING, WAKE DIS- TRIBUTION AND PROPELLER INDUCE VIBRATION.

(b) David Taylor Model Basin; Maritime Administration.

(d) Experimental testing and evaluation of

data for basic research.

(e) Models representing specific variations in stern shapes and designed for special instrumentation installation will "be built.

The basic design will be the Series 60,

0.70 Block Coefficient Parent. Six other

forms will be derived having systematic

changes in section shapes ( from extreme V

to extreme U) and for variation in waterline endings ( from fine to blunt ) . An

attempt will be made to develop formulation to mathematically express the stern

variations from the parent.

(g) The basic model has been constructed and

powering data has been obtained.

(3288) SHIP STABILIZATION.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The roll response of an AK cargo vessel

converted for use as a missile tracking

station has been simulated on an analog

computer to evaluate the stabilization

accomplished by passive anti-rolling tanks. A description of the simulation, the ship responses to regular wave action and some comparison with experimental values will

be presented In the report of the study.

(f) Substantially completed.

(h) "Analog Simulation of a Passive AntiRolling Tank System for a Missile Tracking

Station Vessel", (in preparation).

(3289) PITCHING MOTION OF A MARINER TYPE VESSEL

IN A STATE 5 SEA.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Continuous time histories of pitch amplitude experienced by the SS SILVER MARINER

in a state 5 sea were recorded for various

speeds in head seas and for various headings at top operating speed. The resultant information was transformed into energy

spectra and a number of statistics that

describe the ship's pitching performance

were computed.

(g) In head seas (state 5) pitching was moderate at 10 knots, increased to a maximum

at 13 knots and was least evident at top

speed, 21 knots. Bow seas (U5 0 relative

heading to waves ) produced greater pitch

amplitude than head seas and following

seas resulted in the least pitch amplitude,

for constant speed. Change of heading re- duced pitching motion to a greater extent than did change of speed.

(h) "Motions of the SS SILVER MARINER in a State

5 Sea", by N. H. Jasper and B. M. Wigle, TMB Report IO67, October 1956. "Technique for Conducting Full Scale Sea- worthiness Trials", Ships F-56, Bureau of

Ships Technical Film Report, Feb. 1957-

(3290) THE GENERATION OF OBLIQUE WAVES IN THE MODEL TANK.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic

research.

(e) The mathematics of mechanical oblique wave generation is discussed within the framework of some simplifying assumptions. The

limiting oblique angle of generation as a function of wave length and wave generator

length is determined. The phase differences

between waves from adjacent wavemakers re- quired to produce oblique wave fronts, for

different wavelengths are determined. A

laboratory experiment is used to illustrate

the properties of oblique waves in model

tanks. The limitations on oblique wave generation are discussed.

(f) Completed.

(g) (a) Maximum oblique angles for the TMB

Maneuvering Basin are determined; 38

0 for a wave length of ^0 feet, less for shorter

wavelengths - similar results for any tank

are found; (b) direction of travel of

oblique waves relative to tank boundaries

are given as a function of phase angle;

and ( c ) two banks of wavemakers at right

angles to each other will under certain

conditions produce the entire range of

oblique angles.

(3291) PREDICTION OF FULL SCALE SHIP MOTIONS FROM

MODEL TESTS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical; basic research.

(e) A procedure is developed for description of

full scale ship motions in irregular seas through knowledge gained from model tests

in oblique sinusoidal seas. Transfer func- tions of ship motions in sinusoidal waves

are used in conjunction with an irregular

seaway synthesized from sinusoidal wave

components to yield the energy spectrum of

ship motion.

(f) Completed.

(g) The technique for synthesizing any state of sea as a function of frequency and direction is given. Methods of model testing

to obtain the transfer functions are de- scribed. Derivation of the motion spectra | and statistics of motion are given.

(h) "On the Status of Complex Wave Generation

in Model Tanks", by W. Marks, TMB Report

IO69, September 1956.

(3292) EXPLORATORY STUDIES AND PLANS AT DTMB FOR MODEL TESTS IN 3 -DIMENSIONS.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) A rectangular ship model testing facility

156
is described. Advantages over existing

methods are discussed and new problems in

analysis of data are revealed.

(g) Segmented wave generators provide the ability to produce oblique waves. Programming

to individual wavemakers results in genera- tion of confused seas of almost any nature.

The rectangular basin offers opportunity

to test in any relative heading to the waves and even in cross seas. Problems in

analysis involve determination of the sea- way (in the tank) as a function of fre- quency and direction. Ship motions in con- fused seas may be random in nature and may

be analyzed by spectrum methods.

(h) "On the Generation of Waves in the TMB Maneuvering Basin, Part I, Long Crested

Regular Waves", by W. Marks, TMB Report

1192, 1958.

(3293) SURFACE SHIP SEAWORTHINESS SERIES.

(b) Bureau of Ships; David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Experimental and theoretical; basic re- search.

(e) Various hull forms will be investigated

with respect to their seakeeping characteristics in order to determine the effects

of hull variations on pitch and heave amp- litudes, speed in waves, wetness, etc. An

attempt will be made to correlate sea behavior with basic ship parameters such as beam-draft ratio, block coefficient, waterplane area or displacement-length ratio.

(g) A preliminary study of results obtained

from various model tests in waves indicates

that variations in pitch and heave amplitudes among the different models can be

attributed to variations of the average beam-draft ratios in the case .of heave, and

to variations of the modified displacementlength ratios in the case of pitch.

(h) "The Influence of Ship Form on Pitch and Heave Amplitudes", by G. P. St e fun, TMB

Report 1235, September 1958.

(329^) SEAWORTHINESS OF HYDROFOIL CRAFT.

(b) Bureau of Ships, David Taylor Model Basin.

(d) Theoretical research.

(e) A theoretical study of the vertical plane

motions of a hydrofoil craft in sinusoidal waves

(g) An earlier theoretical development of the

equations of motion for hydrofoil craft

has been extended to include unsteadiness

and non-linearities. Computer solutions

have been obtained for the pitching and

heaving motions in sinusoidal waves. Good

agreement with an available set of experimental results have been obtained.

(h) "The Theoretical Prediction of the Longitudinal Motions of Hydrofoil Craft", by

T. F. Ogilvie, TMB Report II38, Nov. 1958.

(2731) EFFECT OF PIPE ROUGHNESS ON ORIFICE METER

ACCURACY.

Cb) American Gas Association.

(c) American Gas Association, h20 Lexington

Ave., New York 17, New York.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This project is under the cognizance of the

A.G.A. Supervisory Committee to Study Pipe

Roughness. The scope of the project is,

initially, limited to investigation of the

effect of pipe roughness on two-inch meter

runs using water as a media.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL BOILER AND

TURBINE LABORATORY.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, NAVAL ORDNANCE TEST

STATION.

(2V76) HYDROBALLISTICS RANGE DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta., Attn: Genevieve W. Stubstad, Research

Engineer, 3202 East Foothill Blvd,,

Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) This project is part of a coordinated pro- gram involving several laboratories. The purpose of the program is to provide numerical values of all the hydrodynamic coefficients needed to calculate the trajectory

of a fully wetted missile and to evaluate

the test techniques employed for coefficient

determination by comparing calculated and

observed trajectories. This project is concerned with developing a technique for measuring accurately the detailed fully

wetted motion of free-flying momentum-propelled models as functions of time and de- termining the associated hydrodynamic

coefficients from the observed motions.

(f) Completed.

(g) A simple hydroballi sties range was established in which four degrees of freedom,

including missile range and vertical position and pitch and roll, could be measured.

The pure pitching motion of a neutrally

buoyant theoretical missile, the Basic

Firmer, was recorded photographically and

the associated hydrodynamic coefficients were determined by fitting the measured

motion with functions generated by the EASE

analog computer. The motion predicted from

simple theory using water-tunnel measurements and conventional estimates of the

hydrodynamic coefficients, was not in agree- ment with the observed experimental motion.

(h) "Pure Pitching Motion of the Basic Firmer

Missile", by G. W. Stubstad, China Lake,

Calif., 1 October 1958. (NAVORD Report

61+17, NOTS 2115. )

(3295) FORCED VENTILATION OF HYDROFOILS.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta , Attn: T. G. Lang, Code P80401, 3202 East Foothill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

157
(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) The tests are conducted on 2- and 3-(li1Iien- sional hydrofoils in the high-speed water

tunnel at the California Institute of Technology. The lift, drag, moment and pressure distribution are measured as a function of the angle of attack and gas-flow

rate. Various cross sections are tested

and the gas is exhausted from holes of

different size and shape at various locations .

( f ) Continuing

(g) Test results show that the ventilated pocket

does not travel upstream of the exhaust

hole unless a region of separated flow has

previously existed. The lift coefficient

of a 2-dimensional section can he changed

as much as O.k with gas exhaust . The slope

of the lift versus angle-of-attack curve is proportional to the ratio of the wetted

perimeters of the hydrofoil cross section

with gas exhaust and without. The effect

of aspect ratio on the lift curve slope is

the same in ventilated flow as in fully

wetted flow.

(h) "Water Tunnel Tests of an NACA O-Series Hydrofoil with Forced Ventilation", by K. Smith, T. G. Lang, D. E.^Argue. NOTS NAVORD

Report in progress.

(3296) HYDRODYNAMIC DRAG OF TORPEDOES.

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta.

Attn: T. G. Lang, P80401, 3202 East Foot- hill Blvd., Pasadena, Calif.

(d) Analytical, applied.

(e) Semi-empirical relations are developed from

reports of tests on the drag of a large

number of torpedoes and airships. These

are extended theoretically to show the

effect on drag of variations in nose shape,

tail shape, cylindrical length, roughness,

fin size, and cutoff diameters. The study

is based upon turbulent flow with no sepa- ration at the nose.

(f) Completed.

(g) At a given speed, the drag per unit volume

of a fully appended torpedo decreases as the tail-cone length becomes more stream- lined and as the cylindrical section length

increases. The optimum is not critical.

(h) "Hydrodynamic Drag of Torpedoes", by J. D.

" Brooks and T. G. Lang. NOTS NAVORD 5842 of

18 February 1958.

(3297) THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYDRODYNAMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR ADEQUATE TORPEDO STABILITY AND

RESPONSE

(b) Bureau of Ordnance, Dept. of the Navy.

(c) Commander, U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Sta.,

Attn: T. G. Lang, Code P80401, 3202 East Foothill Blvd. , Pasadena, California.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) The effect on torpedo stability and re- sponse of varying body shape, tail size,

rudder size, weight, center of gravity,

volume, and speed are studied. The conditions selected for this study are a linear

proportional control system and an instan- taneous rudder deflection.

(f) Completed.

(g) By varying the tail size and rudder size of

a torpedo, the stability and response can be made nearly independent of the body

shape and other parameters. Criteria are obtained for determining the fin and rudder

size of an arbitrary body shape in order to provide adequate stability and response.

(h) "Hydrodynamic Design Criteria for Adequate

Torpedo Stability and Response", by C. W. Sweat, to be published as a NAVORD Report.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY, OFFICE OF NAVAL

RESEARCH.

For sponsored projects see the following:

Project

(15^-8) Special problems in hydrodynamics. 2 (3009) Cavitation similitude. 3 C3011) Cavitation in axial inducers. 3 (2753) Hydraulic breakwater. 9 (2537) Water exit hydroballi sties . 31 (73) Measurement of turbulence in flowing

water. 31 (79) Cavitation. 32 (8l) Mathematical analysis of pressure

distribution. 32

(85*+) Boundary-layer development on smooth

and rough surfaces. 32 (1875) Characteristics of stable eddies. 32 (2091) Research on ship theory. 33 (25 1+l) Development of instruments for use in

analyzing aperiodic signals. 3I+ (2792) The decay of turbulence in a zero momentum wake. 3^ (307^) Wake of zero momentum flux. 35 (3075) Annular jets in ground proximity. 35 (3087) Effect of surface roughness on turbulent

shear flows . 37 (577) Characteristics of solitary waves. 38 (1355) Cavitation inception for steady motion. 38 (2801) Interaction of waves with floating

bodies. 40 (2802) Experimental study of wake mechanics. kO

(1901) Three-dimensional turbulent boundary

layer in a free vortex diffuser. 1+1 (2807) The hydraulic analogy applied to com- pressible flow in the partial admission

turbine . 42

(3120) Office of Naval Research atmosphere interaction and wave project. 51 (lOO) Air entrainment research. 62

( 2143 ) Experimental studies of surface wave

absorption. 63 (2144) Experimental and analytical studies of

hydrofoils . 63 (3153) Flow about bodies at small cavitation

numbers . 65

( 340 ) Hydrofoils and hydroskis . 68

(2864) Gravity effect on potential flow with

a free surface. 68

(2154) Investigation of ship motions. 69 (2389) Performance and dynamic characteristics

of hydrofoil craft. 70

158
(3m)

(2870)

( 3179

)

(21+08) (3195)

(3196)

(3197)

(1^78)

(2U36)

(3250)

Supercavitating hydrofoils with gener- alized motions.

Model study of surge action in a port.

Mooring of ships exposed to waves

Ocean wave measurements. Two-dimensional spectrum of wind

generated waves Evaluation and use of Nio ship-horne wave recorder.

Hydraulic models.

Wind waves

Flow over hydrophobic materials.

Inertia! forces in unsteady flow.

737^

7581

81

81

82

135 135

135

TENNESSEE VALLEY AUTHORITY, Hydraulic Data Branch.

Inquiries concerning all TVA projects should he

addressed to Mr. Albert S. Fry, Hydraulic Data

Branch, Tennessee Valley Authority, Knoxville,

Tennessee.

Hydraulic Operations and Tests Section .

(731) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK MODEL STUDY.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:50 model of the penstock and surge chamber was used to determine (l) the orifice size and characteristic shape to produce favorable pressure and water surface

elevations to be expected in the surge

chamber; and (2) the operational characteristics or the selected design.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) With the proper orifice between the riser

and the surge chamber as satisfactory re- sults can be obtained as with the differential riser type of surge tank.

(h) Report in preparation.

(739) CHEROKEE DAM, SLUICE RATING

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Measurement of discharges and differential

pressures in the sluices, supplemented by

model test data, will be used to establish

the discharge ratings for the eight sluices.

Tables of discharge for any gate opening at any headwater elevation within the operating range are to be prepared.

(7^5) FONTANA DAM, SLUICE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Model tests, checked by field measurements,

are to be used in determining the discharge

ratings for all anticipated operating con- ditions. Discharge tables for operating

purposes will be prepared.

(f) Model studies completed.

(758) CHEROKEE DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

of the structures and the effect of operation on the structures

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests. The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past eleven

years

(h) Report in preparation.

(759) DOUGLAS DAM, PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Periodic checks and observations will be

made on the various hydraulic appurtenances

to determine the operating characteristics

'of the structures and the effect of opera- tion on the structure.

(g) Measurement of pressures in the sluice barrel have been obtained and will be compared

with pressures obtained in model tests.

The apron and sluice barrels were inspected

in 1953 to determine the effect of intermittent operation during the past ten years.

(h) Report in preparation.

(762) SOUTH HOLSTON DAM, SURGE TANK PROTOTYPE CHECK TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped to allow testing in a manner similar to that

used in the model studies which established

the design. A check on the model accuracy

can thus be obtained.

(g) Tests made in February 1950, July and Oct. 1958.

(1038) HALES BAR DAM, SPILLWAY APPROACH STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests are made on a 1:65 model to determine

effect of the remains of cofferdam struc- tures upstream of the spillway on the spillway discharge and to determine amount of

the obstructions which should be removed.

(f) Model tests completed.

(h) Report completed.

FORT PATRICK HENRY DAM, SPILLWAY MODEL

STUDIES.

Experimental; for design. Tests were conducted on a 1:50 scale and

1:112.5 scale model to determine the apron

design, training wall dimensions, and other

related data.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) An apron using a single row of rectangular

baffle blocks was developed on the 1:50

scale model. This apron was then used In

the 1:112.5 scale model and the necessary

appurtenant structures developed. Of main

interest in the developed design was the

lack of training walls. Studies to determine the effect of vegetative growth on the

island areas below the spillway showed

which areas must be kept free of growth and

which may be allowed to grow up. Installation completed and instruction manual

(153M

(a)

(e)

159
partially completed and Issued,

(h) Report in preparation.

(119k) WATTS BAR LOCK PROTOTYPE TESTS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) The prototype installation was equipped

with piezometers to allow checking of cul- vert and port pressures and discharges.

The culverts and ports were designed from

model studies. Thus, measurement on the

prototype would provide model -prototype

verification data.

(f) Complete field tests were conducted in

1952.

(h) Reduction of data is being completed.

( 1796 ) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDIES.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets

draw water from and discharge into Watts

Bar Reservoir (Tennessee River). During

the warmer portions of the year this reser- voir becomes stratified and the inflowing

waters pass through the reservoir as density currents. By means of theoretical

considerations and field observations, the proper location and shapes for the intakes

and outlets were determined and the probable intake temperature calculated.

(g) Six-point recording temperature gages were

installed on the Tennessee, Clinch, and

Emory Rivers and data obtained during the

period of stratification in 1953 and 1954. Velocity and temperature profile measurements were made at eight sections in the

Clinch and Emory Rivers for period of

steady flow to define thermal density underflow. Theoretical analyses were made to show the benefits that could be derived by

the installation of a submerged dam in the

Clinch River below the mouth of the Emory

River to divert the density underflow up

the Emory River. Studies indicate that

temperature reductions effected by the structures will result in coal savings of

$100,000.00 annually. The cost of the

structures is about $400,000.00.

(h) "Thermal Density Underflow Diversion, Kingston Steam Plant," by Rex A. Elder and Gale

B. Dougherty, ASCE Proc. Paper 1583, Jour. Hydraulics Div., Vol. 84, No. HY2, April

1958. "Thermal Density Underflow Design and Ex- perience," by Rex A. Elder. Paper presented at Seventh Hydraulic Conference, Iowa

Institute of Hydraulic Research, Iowa City,

Iowa, June 16, 1958.

(1797) GALLATIN STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER IN- TAKE TEMPERATURE STUDY.

(d) Theoretical and field investigation; design.

(e) The condenser water intakes and outlets

are to draw water from and discharge into

the proposed Old Hickory Reservoir (Cumberland River). The entire setup is to be

analyzed to determine the type of flow con- ditions to be expected in the reservoir;

the temperatures to be expected at the inlets; and the best design for the inlets

and outlet structures.

(g) Single-point temperature recorders were installed at six stations which, in combination with turbine intake temperature record- ers at three upstream dams, will be used to determine temperature increases between

points on the Cumberland River for various

conditions. Data are being collected and

evaluated.

(h) "Thermal Density Underflow Design Experience," by Rex A. Elder. Paper presented at Seventh Hydraulic Conference, Iowa Inst, of

Hydraulic Research, Iowa City, Iowa, June

16, 1958.

(2241) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT - CONDENSER COOLING WATER CONDUIT LOSS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Longitudinal interior support was required

for 96-inch concrete pipe conduit. A study was made of the relative loss for a sixinch thick vertical concrete wall, I beams

separated by 4-1/2 inch pipe columns and I beams separated by streamlined 4-1/2 inch

pipe columns

(f) Laboratory studies completed; partial field

tests performed.

(2479) WILSON LOCK HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

( e ) The new Wilson lock will be 110 feet long,

675 feet center-to-center pintles with a 100-foot maximum lift. Three models are projected: A 1:36 scale model of a single transverse lateral with 12 ports to determine proper lateral and port designs; a l:l6 scale model of lock chamber, intakes,

culverts, gates, and other details to deter> mine overall designs.

(f) Laboratory model studies completed.

(g) The basic design for the filling and emptying systems was determined from the model

studies. Filling will be achieved through

the use of 6 lateral culverts each containing 12 equally spaced ports 3.5 ft high by

1.5 ft wide. The upper three laterals will

be fed from the landward main culvert and

the lower three laterals by the riverward

culvert. At minimum tailwater elevation

only 23 ft of water cushion is available at|, the bottom of the controlling reverse-flow || tainter valves. Dangerously low pressures !

: were eliminated by use of a fast initial

opening rate followed by a slow rate for

the major portion of the opening and by

modifications of the valve shape and of the

upper seal nose design. A stepped lateral j design was found necessary to produce stabL

flow conditions.

(h) Report on lock filling and enptying system

in preparation.

(2973) REVISION TO PRESENT WILSON NAVIGATION

LOCK.

160
(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Upon completion of the new Wilson Lock con- struction, the tailwater in the navigation

canal at the dam will he lowered 10 feet. To make the present two-lift lock operahle

under the new conditions, the lower chamber

floor will he lowered 10 feet and a new

filling and emptying system provided.

(f) Model studies have been completed to determine the exact hydraulic design to he used

in the renovations.

(g) The new filling system consists of a single

culvert located on the longitudinal centerline of the lock with ports located near

the bottom along both sides. The old

valves are much above tailwater elevations;

therefore, the culverts above tailwater

were reduced in cross-sectional area to minimize the air entrainment problems.

(h) Report in preparation.

2974) DEVELOPMENT OF IMPACT TUBE-PRESSURE TRANS- DUCER TURBULENCE PROBE.

(d) Experimental; applied research in field

investigations

(e) Development of a turbulence probe and aux- iliary analog computer for field use.

( f ) Development active

(g) Based on project (578) of Mass. Inst, of

Tech., a turbulence probe for use in natural streams is to be developed. An analog

computer which will produce autocorrelation

factors directly from the pressure cell

data is also under development.

(3298) NAVIGATION PROBLEMS IN CANAL BELOW WILSON

DAM.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 2-l/2-mile canal is to be deepened and

realigned to provide a more adequate ap- proach to the new lock. Steady discharges

in the neighborhood of full turbine capacity cause high-velocity flow across the

entrance and makes passage through a railway swing span bridge at the entrance to

the canal extremely difficult. The problem

is made even more acute by daily and hourly

fluctuations in the flows from the turbines

at the dam. A fixed-bed 1:100 undistorted

scale model was used to study the proposed

design. The model was studied photographically and by use of a radio-controlled tug

and barge train.

(f ) Laboratory model studies completed.

(g) Modifications at the canal entrance con- sisted of extending and broadening the

downstream point of land between the canal

and river, and placing six 32-foot diameter

sheet-piling cells, on 57-foot centers,

parallel to the river channel downstream

from the railway bridge. The effect of

these structures was to shield the entrance from the cross currents.

(h) "'Tidal' Navigational Problems Below Wilson

Dam, " by Rex A. Elder, paper presented at Annual Convention of Am. Soc. of C. E., New York City, October 1958.

(3299) WILSON POWERHOUSE EXTENSION, HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:28.5 scale model of two turbine intakes

and one spillway bay is to be constructed

to determine: (l) If there is a possibility

of air being drawn into the intakes; (2) if

changes will be required in the shape of

the intake mouths and trash rack arrange- ment to improve flow conditions; and (3) if

the flow through an adjacent spillway bay

will affect the flow into the intake.

(f) Model studies started.

(3300) HTWASSEE, PUMP TURBINE RATING.

(d) Field investigation; operation.

(e) Measurements of the discharge and differential pressures in the pump turbine scroll

case have been used to establish the discharge rating for the pump turbine over all

operating conditions. The discharge was measured by using Apalachia reservoir as a volumetric tank. Water was both pumped

from the reservoir and discharged into the

reservoir for a period of 12 hours . The

reservoir area was obtained from aerial

photographs taken at the beginning and end

of each test. Five recording gages were used to measure the reservoir level. From

these measurements the volume and corre- sponding discharge was computed.

(h) Reduction of data and report to be com- pleted.

(3301) KINGSTON STEAM PLANT, AIR DUCT TESTS.

(d) Experimental; for operation.

(e) A l:l6 scale model of the air duct system

supplying air to the furnaces of Units 5 through 9 was constructed to determine a reliable means of measuring the air flow

and possible modifications which would de- crease the pressure losses in the duct system. The problem was complicated by the

fact that a common intake was used for ducts

feeding adjacent units.

(f) Model studies completed.

(g) Adjacent duct effects were eliminated and

the pressure losses reduced by installing

curved vanes at the duct entrance and using

a partition wall to create essentially

separate air ducts.

(h) TVA report completed.

(3302) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, AIR AND GAS DUCT

TESTS.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model studies are being conducted to improve

flow conditions and reduce pressure losses

in the gas duct which will carry the gases from the furnace to the smoke stack for a 500-Mw unit. Calibration of the air foil

metering section in the forced-draft fan inlet ducts will also be made by model

studies

(f) Work in progress.

161
(g) Flow conditions are "being improved by use

of flow straighteners and vanes.

( 3303 ) WIDOWS CREEK STEAM PLANT, CONDENSER WATER

PUMP TESTS.

(d) Field investigations; operation.

(e) Condenser water pump acceptance tests on

four pumps for a 500-Mw steam turMne will

"be conducted to determine the flow, head,

and power requirements in accordance with

the latest ASME test codes for centrifugal pump and hydraulic prime movers modified to use pitometer traverses . Velocity measurements will be made in the 9-foot 6-inch

square concrete pump discharge conduit.

(f) Tests to he conducted in i960.

(33014-) DIGITAL TELEMETERING SYSTEM.

(d) Experimental; development.

(e) Telemetering systems for transmitting river

or lake stages have been installed at Johnsonville Steam Plant, Wilson Dam, and

Savannah. System utilizes a leased telephone line up to 15 miles long. The stage

is transmitted once an hour automatically

and either printed out oil a digital recorder or displayed on an electronic readout

device. Stage may be called for at any

time manually from the receiver.

(f) Installations completed.

(3305) REVERSE TAINTER VALVES.

(d) Experimental and field investigations;

operation.

(e) A resume was made of the hydraulic characteristics of the reverse tainter valves

for control of flows in the navigation

locks as they have been developed in the

United States from model and prototype

tests

(f) Completed.

(g) The studies indicate that the valves design

should have the following characteristics:

(l) The valve side seals should be In con- tact with the side walls during the entire

travel of the valve, (2) the valve should

be equipped with a sharp-edged lip and a streamlined strut arm, (3) a concave side

seal should be in contact with the side

walls during the entire travel of the

valve, (14--) the upper seal nose and valve

speed should be determined from model

studies, (5) emergency gate slots should

be sealed near the top of the culvert or

slot fillers should be used so as to form

a smooth culvert wall, (6) air vents should

be installed when low-pressure regions can- not be economically eliminated by change in

the hydraulic design.

(h) "Reverse Tainter Valves," by Rex A. Elder.

Paper presented at Portland Convention,

ASCE, Portland, Oregon, June 23, 1958.

Hydraulic Investigations Section .

(764) DETERMINATION OF SEDIMENT CARRIED IN SUS- PENSION BY TENNESSEE RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) To provide data for estimating effective

life of storage reservoirs, and loss of

soil from the land. Samples of water were collected periodically at stream gaging

stations in the watershed, analyzed to de- termine the sediment content, and correlated with river discahrge to determine the

suspended sediment load at each station.

(h) Report in preparation.

(765) EVAPORATION IN THE TENNESSEE BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) To provide data for estimating reservoir

losses and derive a general rule, applicable

to the Basin, permitting computation of

evaporation from pans at six locations in

Basin, together with standard meteorological readings.

(h) "Precipitation in Tennessee River Basin,"

published in monthly and annual bulletins.

(768) PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE RIVER BASIN.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

( e ) A comprehensive study of rainfall and other

weather phenomena for purposes of water dis-: patching and improvements in water control; storm studies as related to maximum precipitation, rainfall-runoff, spillway de- sign and operation, etc. (h) Monthly bulletin, "Precipitation in Tenn. River Basin." Also annual summary.

(769) RESERVOIR AND STREAM TEMPERATURES.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Study of water utilization and water movement as concerns industrial plant locations

and stream pollution. Variations in tem- perature from surface to bottom in reservoirs throughout the year are determined by

soundings, and by continuous recording

gages in natural streams.

(771) GALLERY DRAINAGE IN LARGE DAMS.

(d) Field investigations; design.

(e) Weirs are placed in main galleries and

drainage measured as check on tightness and

stability.

(785) SEDIMENTATION OF EXISTING RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; basic research.

(e) Selected ranges in reservoirs are probed

and sounded, volumetric samples are collect

ed and analyzed, quantity and distribution

of sediment are computed to determine de- position by stream, probable life of reservoir, effect of sediment storage on naviga-|

tion channels and sedimentation of down- stream reservoirs, and probable sedimenta- : tion in future reservoirs.

(786) WATER TRAVEL IN NATURAL STREAMS.

(d) Field investigations; applied research.

(e) Sanitary and chemical changes in water

162
during passage downstream are determined. A given mass of water is identified by

electrical conductivity or chemical titration.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(787) MOVEMENT OF WATER THROUGH LARGE RESERVOIRS.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Because of slow water travel, samples are collected by traverse through lake.

(f) No work done in recent years.

(g) Water entering a reservoir does not intermix with the rest of the reservoir, but

remains as a density current as a result of

the difference in temperature between the

inflowing water and that in the reservoir.

During certain seasons of the year, in Watts Bar Reservoir the cold water released

from Norris Reservoir passes upstream along

the bottom of the Emory River arm of the

former reservoir.

Hydrology Section .

(779) MAXIMUM POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION IN TENNESSEE

VALLEY.

(b) Cooperative with U. S. Weather Bureau.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Hydrometeorological analysis of large

storms with upward adjustments of controlling factors to maximum limits as applied

to the Tennessee Valley and subdivisions.

(g) Results to be published as one of current

series of hydrometeorological reports by

the U.S.W.B. and cooperating agencies.

(780) PERIODIC EVALUATION OF GROUND-WATER STORAGE.

(d) Theoretical; operation.

(e) By analysis of current records of stream

discharge, the volumes of runoff in ground- water and channel storage are determined

for use in operation of multi-purpose re- servoirs . (g) Results reported monthly and weekly within

the organization.

(2975) SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER IN THE TENNESSEE VALLEY.

(c) Mr. Reed A. Elliot, Chief Water Control

Planning Engineer, Tennessee Valley

Authority, Knoxville, Tennessee.

(d) Assembly and analysis of basic information

on water resources and uses, including

field investigation of water uses for irrigation, mining operations, industry, and

other purposes.

( e ) All available data are being analyzed to present a comparison of the water resource

of the area with the present and expected

1975 demand upon that resource. Problems

of shortage and conflict are being developed

and possible solutions suggested.

(g) No widespread shortages exist now or are expected by 1975j although some local shortages on smaller streams are anticipated.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3306) COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROJECT IN WESTERN

NORTH CAROLINA.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine water-land relationships for some of the principal soils used for agricultural purposes in western North Carolina

under important vegetative covers. Observations include rainfall, runoff, soilmoisture, potential evapotranspiration, and

actual evapotranspiration.

(e) A statistically designed rotation of four

covers on four small watersheds and a sep- arate evaluation of deep-rooted crop on a

'fifth watershed.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

reports on the project.

(h) "Soil Moisture Relations of Some Cultivated

Mountain Soils of North Carolina", by M. J. Gilbert. Master's Thesis, North Carolina

State College, Raleigh, 1953-

"A Simple Field Installation for Measuring

Maximum Evapotranspiration", by M. J. Gilbert and C. H. M. van Bavel; Trans. AGU,

December 195^-

(3307) PARKER BRANCH PILOT WATERSHED RESEARCH

PROJECT.

(b) Project conducted in cooperation with North

Carolina State College of Agriculture and

Engineering.

(d) To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed of an intensive farm de- velopment program designed to give the

optimum economic well-being of the people

using the land. Rainfall, runoff, suspended

and deposited sediment are observed, periodic

soils -land-use inventories are made, and

records of income summaries and public and

private investments are maintained.

(e) Project activities are divided into calibration, action, and evaluation phases.

(g) Results to date are summarized in annual

reports on the project. . (h) "Economic Use of Agricultural Resources in

Relation to Watershed Hydrology", by E. H. Lesesne and A. J. Coutu. Duplimat, TVA, June 1956. "Economic and Hydrologic Developments in

the Parker Branch Pilot Tributary Watershed Research Project", by E. L. Baum. Duplimat, TVA, October 1958.

"The Parker Branch Story. " A sound motion

picture prepared by N. C. State College and

TVA.

(3308) WHITE HOLLOW WATERSHED.

(d) To study the effect of changes in the

vegetal cover on a watershed taken out of

cultivation on the hydrologic factors of

runoff and soil erosion.

(e) Continuous record from 1935 of rainfall,

runoff, and suspended sediment, and periodic

determination of vegetal cover indexes.

(g) During the 21-year period 1935-1955, the

forest cover improvement in the watershed

163
00

resulted in greater watershed protection

with no measurable decrease in water yield,

no change in volume of either surface run- off or ground-water runoff, marked reductions in summer peak rates of discharge

with lesser reductions in winter rates, a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system, and

a 96 percent reduction in the sediment load. Report in preparation covering the vegetal

cover improvement influences on hydrologic

characteristics since 1935- "Evaluating Effects of Land-Use Changes on

Sediment Load," by A. J. Cooper and W. M. Snyder. Journal of the Hydraulics Div.,

Proceedings ASCE, No. HY1, February 1956. "Hydrograph Analysis by the Method of Least Squares," by W. M. Snyder. Proceedings,

ASCE, Vol. 81, Paper No. 79

, Sept. 1955-

(3309) PINE TREE BRANCH WATERSHED.

(a)

(e)

(g)

To determine the effects upon the hydrology

of the watershed by reforestation and ero- sion control measures.

Continuous' record from 19^1 of rainfall,

runoff, ground water, and sediment loads.

During the 10-year period 19^1-1950, the

cover improvement and erosion control in

the watershed resulted in a decrease in

surface runoff volumes and an increase in

ground-water discharges, marked reductions

in summer and winter peak flood discharges,

a reduction in overland surface velocities,

a prolongation of the period of draining of

surface runoff from the channel system,

and a 90 percent reduction in the sediment

load.

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA, Agricultural Experiment

Station.

(1929) DRAIN TILE JUNCTION LOSSES.

Cooperative with St . Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory. See page 62.

(2350) DRAINAGE OF AGRICULTURAL LAND BY PUMPING.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. Curtis L. Larson, Dept. of Agricultural Engineering, University of Minnesota,

St. Paul 1, Minnesota.

(d) Theoretical and field investigations; ap- plied research.

(e) The project has three phases: (l) The de- velopment of basic relations for planning

pump drainage systems, (2) the study of

rates of drainage, and (3) the study of

factors affecting the efficiency.

(g) Expressions for the amount of storage re- quired by automatic and non-automatic pumping plants have been developed. A new de- vice for measuring effluent from partially

filled pipes was developed in laboratory

tests

(h) "Five Years of Pump Drainage," by Curtis L. Larson, Land Improvement Magazine, Vol. 5,

(2576)

(b)

(c)

No. h, pp. 18-19, April 1958. "Study of Pump Drainage Systems in Minnesota, " by Curtis L. Larson and Deane M. Manbeck. University of Minn. Department of

Agricultural Engineering Report No. 202,

20 pp., December 1958.

CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT, AND PUMPING OF SHALLOW WELLS FOR IRRIGATION.

of Agricultural

St. Paul 1,

(a)

(e)

Field project

Prof. Evan R. Allred, Dept

Engineering, Univ. of Minn

Minnesota.

Field investigation; applied research and

development

The objectives of the project are: (l) To study and develop inexpensive methods for

construction of shallow irrigation wells,

(2) determine hydraulic permeability and

characteristics of various aquifers, and

( 3 ) to survey and determine extent and

availability of shallow ground water

sources for irrigation in Minnesota.

H. G. tory. ACRES AND COMPANY LIMITED, Hydraulic LaboraInquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. I. W. McCaig, Hydraulic

Engineer, H. G. Acres and Company Limited, Niagara

Falls, Canada.

(3310) FIRST MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE -DES-PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited - (d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Hydraulic model tests of intake to determine the minimum size of plug required to be blown through into the Passe Dangereuse

Reservoir, and the transition and gate dimensions required downstream to control the

flow of 18,000 cfs. (f) Tests completed. Prototype under construction.

(g) The model gave the minimum size of intake

plug and optimum dimensions of the transition required to distribute the water uniformly over the intake racks.

(h) Report to be submitted to the sponsor.

(3311) SECOND MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Dynamic tests on model of intake plug and

sump to determine the deposition pattern of : rock within the sump when the plug was blowr,

(f) Tests completed. Prototype under construe- \ tion.

(g) The model gave the optimum shape of sump

for trapping debris. It also yielded dynamic loads for use in the design of the

intake structure downstream.

(h) Report to be submitted to the sponsor.

16k
3312) THIRD MODEL OF INTAKE FOR CHUTE-DES-PASSES HYDRO-ELECTRIC DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Hydraulic model tests on intake plug opening to determine shape to reduce vortex

formation and the size and depth of floating

grid required to prevent drawdown of ice.

(f) Tests on plug shape completed hut test on floating grid still active.

(g) Model gave shape of intake opening that

greatly reduced vortex formation at low re- servoir levels.

(h) Report to he submitted to the sponsor.

(3313) MANIFOLD AND BRANCH LOSSES.

(h) Aluminum Company of Canada Limited, Quehec

Hydro-Electric Commission, Department of

Trade and Commerce, Ottawa.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Air model tests to find optimum manifold

junction shapes to give minimum losses with

five hranches angled at k-5 degrees, 60

degrees, or 90 degrees.

(f) Tests completed. Prototypes under con- struction.

(g) Tests showed that, in all cases, when the

manifold was excavated in rock, the most

economical arrangement utilized a constant manifold diameter, and that the optimum

faired entries into individual hranches

approximated to the natural efflux of water from the side of a pipe.

(h) Report in preparation.

(3314) SURGE TANK MODEL, BERSIMIS NO. 2 DEVELOPMENT.

(b) Quehec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Tests with electronically controlled surge tank model to find the optimum size of re- stricted orifice arid minimum surge tank

diameter for stable operation with constant station load.

(f) Tests completed.

(g) The model showed that approximately 70$ of

the velocity head in the supply tunnel at the surge tank tee was effective in reducing the minimum area required for stability.

If a smaller area was used, appreciable

undamped oscillations occurred in the tank,

and the magnitude of these increased with

decreasing surge tank area. The maximum

amplitude of the undamped oscillations was limited by friction in the surge tank orifice.

(h) "Application of Computer and Model Studies

to Problems Involving Hydraulic Transients, " by I. W. McCaig and F. H. Jonker, ASME Transactions Paper No. 58-A-lOl, 1958.

(3315) SPILLWAY MODEL, BERSIMIS NO. 2 DEVELOPMENT,

(b) Quebec Hydro-Electric Commission.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) Model tests of bucket spillway to find

minimum radius of bucket and optimum angle

of jet. Tests conducted using both flume

and three-dimensional models.

(f) Tests completed. Prototype under construction.

(g) The model showed that considerable economy

could be effected by reducing the radius of

bucket. The optimum angle for the jet was

30 degrees. The three-dimensional model

showed that no channel improvements were required downstream from the spillway to prevent the bucket being submerged by the

rising tailwater.

(3316) TURBULENCE STUDY.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental.

(e) Hydraulic model tests on conduit to determine pressure fluctuations at a -degree wye with the horizontal section flowing

partly full and water entering from an inclined branch.

(3317) MODEL OF DIVERSION AT WARSAK HYDRO-ELECTRIC

DEVELOPMENT, PAKISTAN.

(b) Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa,

Canada

(c) Hydraulic Engineer.

(d) Experimental, for design.

(e) Model tests to determine the sill level and

width of gap to be left in the concrete dam

for passing flood flows without flooding

construction upstream or damaging uncom- pleted and temporary works downstream. Ex- cessive velocities through the diversion

tunnel had also to be avoided.

(f) Tests completed. Prototype under construction.

(g) The tests gave the required dimensions of

the gap and showed that to avoid damaging

the downstream cofferdam the gap should be

as near to the left bank as possible.

(h) Report on model tests submitted to the

Department of Trade and Commerce.

UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(3318) AN EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF THE FLUID

PRESSURES EXERTED ON SPILLWAY FLOORS.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. T. Blench, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton,

Alberta.

(d) Experimental; basic research; master's

thesis

(e) Observe pressure distribution on spillway

floors throughout hydraulic jumps formed

completely and partially on chutes of

various slopes and prepare non-dimensional

pressure distribution diagrams for design

against hydrostatic uplift.

165
(f) Completed.

(g) Design diagrams were obtained for 1 upon 1, 2 and 3 slopes of chute for a useful range of nondimensional variables. The data were specially analyzed to compare with results

of other workers who observed jump dimensions but not pressures; they were found to

agree reasonably with those results in the

zone of overlap and to extend them.

(h) "An Experimental Determination of the Fluid

Pressures Exerted on Spillway Floors," by

J. M. Wigham. Part requirement for degree

of M.Sc. from University of Alberta.

UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA, Hydraulics Lab.

(lOkh) FRASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Works of Canada,

Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can.

(d) Experimental project to aid engineering

studies of navigation requirements involving river regulation and control

(e) An outdoor erodible-bed tidal river model

to study methods for improving and maintaining the navigation channels of the Fraser River estuary. Horizontal scale

1:600, vertical scale 1:70. The model oc- cupies approximately h acres of the campus and represents the tide-water reaches of

the lower Fraser River extending from its

seaward end at the Strait of Georgia to the

head of tide water at Sumas, a distance of

approximately 60 miles. Pitt River and

Pitt Lake (30 square miles in area) aore subject to tidal influence and are included

in the model. Natural tides and river discharges can be synchronized and simulated

on the model and are controlled automatically by electronic servo -systems . Sand

injection can be controlled automatically

as a function of river discharge. Instantaneous water surface slopes can be obtained

over the whole model by automatic electrically-recording point gauges situated at .controlling points. Natural river sand of

appropriate grain size is used for the bed

material.

(h) Progress and technical reports submitted

periodically to the Dept. of Public Works

of Canada.

(2737) CURVED CHANNEL FLOW.

(b) Laboratory project - financed by National

Research Council grant.

(c) Dr. A. W. Marris, Dept. of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research.

(e) An experimental investigation of the radial

distributions of temporal mean pressure and

velocity for fully developed turbulent flow

in two closed channels, of widely differing

width to mean radius ratios, was carried

out. Each channel of rectangular cross section was of sufficiently large depth to width ratio that the mean flow was two dimensional. Measurements were made for each

channel over a wide range of flow rates. The purpose of the study was to check, in

the case of a channel with small width to mean radius ratio: The free vortex distribution of pressure and velocity, and a velocity distribution developed earlier by

the author (Can. J. Physics, 3>+, 1134-llll6,

1956), as representative of the flow, and

to investigate for the channel with large

width to radius ratio, the occurrence of

boundary layer separation at the inner wall

and to study its effect on the velocity

and pressure profile.

( 3319 ) PUNTLEDGE RIVER POWER PLANT AND FISH

FACILITIES.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Fisheries, Canada,

Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

Engineering, University of British Columbia

Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Axperimental project to test the most satis

factory design of a stilling basin and

louver flume for salmon fry deflection, in

connection with the Puntledge River power

development on Vancouver Island, B. C. (e) An undistorted model of the modified stilling basin and a proposed flume to contain

louver screens, was constructed to a scale

of 1:10, using wood, steel plastics and

glass. The model was installed in a large

concrete flume In the hydraulics laboratory

and was operated in accordance with the

Froude Law for dynamic similarity.

(f) Completed.

(g) The test results provided answers to most

of the questions concerning the over-all

hydraulic behaviour of the stilling basin

and fish facilities.

( h ) A report will be prepared by the Department

of Fisheries, Canada.

(3320; PUNTLEDGE RIVER POWER PLANT AND FISH

FACILITIES.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Fisheries, Canada,

Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can.

(d) Experimental project to test the most satisfactory design of the salmon fry by- pass structure at the downstream end of the

proposed louver screen (already described)

in connection with the Puntledge River

power development on Vancouver Island, B.C.

(e) An undistorted model of the by-pass struc- ture was constructed to a scale of

using wood and plastic. The model was installed in a large steel and glass flume in

the hydraulics laboratory and was operated

in accordance with the Froude Law for dynamic similarity. Velocity distribution

and flow pattern studies were carried out.

166
(f) Completed.

(g) These supplementary tests provided more de- tailed information on the hydraulic "behav- ior of the by-pass structure itself.

(h) A report will "be prepared "by the Department

of Fisheries, Canada.

3321) HARBOUR BREAKWATER, CAMPBELL RIVER, B. C.

(b) Hydraulic model studies cooperative with

the Department of Public Works, Canada,

Vancouver, B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

(d) Experimental project to determine the most satisfactory breakwater location and aline- ment to protect a proposed enlargement of

an existing small boat harbour at Campbell

River, Vancouver Island, B. C. (e) An undistorted fixed-bed model of the harbour and off-shore ocean bed was constructed

to a scale of 1:100. The bed of the model

was accurately moulded with a thin layer of concrete placed on top of a compacted sand

filler. The model represented an area measuring 2,000 feet wide and 3,200 feet long and provided depths from 0 to hO feet in the prototype. It was installed in an outdoor concrete basin ^0 feet long and 20

feet wide. Tests were made on different

breakwater locations and alinements and the

wave effects in the inner harbour were

studied qualitatively for each combination

to determine the best layout. The wave generator consisted merely of a wood plank

12 inches wide, 2 inches thick and 15 feet

long, hinged and thus free to rotate about

its lower edge. The rocking movement pro- ducing the waves was facilitated by a long

handle attached to the plank. Templates

for controlling wave height and length were installed close to the generator and the

generator was oriented to conform to the

direction of the prevailing storm-wave

trains. Prototype data on wave heights and

lengths were rather limited and time was

not available for a complete prototype investigation. Wave reflections in the model

were eliminated by absorbing the wave

trains in loose gravel placed strategically

along the edges.

Completed.

The study was successful in guiding the

engineers toward a satisfactory breakwater

location and alinement

A report will be prepared by the Department

of Public Works, Canada.

(3322) ELECTRONIC TIDE-CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ERASER RIVER MODEL.

(b) A re-design and modification of the existing electronic control for tide generation,

undertaken jointly by the Department of

Electrical Engineering and the Fraser River

Model Project at the University of British

Columbia, and cooperative with the Depart- ment of Public Works, Canada, Vancouver,

B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Department of Civil

(a)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Engineering, Univ. of British Columbia,

Vancouver, Canada.

Improvement of electronic tide-control

equipment to ensure a consistently accurate reproduction of tidal phenomena, using a simpler and more compact design.

The new design utilizes a servo-driven tracking carriage which automatically follows the

edge of the tide curve plotted to scale and

painted on a ribbon of translucent plastic

sold under the trade name of "Perfectrace .

The carriage contains two panel lights, one being adjusted by a potentiometer to about

one half the intensity of the other. The

automatic lateral position of the carriage

is such that the beam of the brighter light

is partially obstructed by the edge of the

tide curve, while the other beam passes through the translucent portion of the

chart as it moves at the correct time scale

past the light beams. Both beams are fo- cussed by mirrors on to a photo-multiplier

tube after first passing through a buzzeroperated shutter which intermittently

blocks the two light beams. Any difference

or imbalance between the output voltages

produced by the shutter-modulated light

beams, produces a tracking error signal and

the servo system places the carriage in a neutral position such that these two voltages are equal, when the two light beams

falling on the photo-multiplier tube are of

equal intensity. This error signal is a drift-free A.C. signal, amplified by a servo amplifier to drive a two-phase A.C. servo motor which puts the carriage in the

neutral position.

Completed.

The modification has resulted in very ac- curate tide reproduction, trouble-free

operation and simpler adjustments. A technical note is being prepared by the

Fraser River Model Office, Department of

Civil Engineering, University of British

Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

(3323) CRITERIA FOR INCIPIENT MOTION OF BED SAND.

(b) Fundamental research cooperative with the

Dept. of Public Works of Canada, Vancouver,

B. C. (c) Prof. E. S. Pretious, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, Can.

(d) Laboratory project to aid hydraulic model

studies of river behaviour involving pro- blems of shoal and scour with respect to training structures for navigation improvements, bridge piers, etc.

(e) Flume studies were carried out to determine

the critical unit discharge as a function

of depth of flow, for natural Fraser River

sands, having median diameters of O.65 mm., O.kl mm., 0.32 mm., 0.20 mm., 0.155 mm., 0.10 mm., and 0.07mm. The depth of flow in

the flume varied from 0.1 to 0.6 feet for each of the sand samples used. The tests have been limited only to the incipient

motion or initial entrainment of the bed in

conjunction with the critical unit discharge.

The main purpose of this study was to obtain

(f)

(g)

(h)

167
a better knowledge of the mechanics of movement of the bed sand used as the mova- ble-bed material in the Fraser River Model. The flow was uniform at a constant slope of

0.001.

(f) First series of tests completed. Temporarily suspended.

(g) The results obtained from these studies are of considerable help to the research workers in determining the appropriate hydraulic conditions which would have to be imposed on any movable-bed study when using

a specified grade of natural Fraser River

sand; thus eliminating a possible trial

and-error approach.

(h) A technical note will be prepared by the Fraser River Model Office, Dept. of Civil

Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

THE HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER COMMISSION OF ONTARIO,

Hydraulic Model Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning projects Nos. 3324 to 3335,

incl., should be addressed to Mr. J. B. Bryce,

Hydraulic Engineer, Hydraulic Generation Dept.,

620 University Ave., Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada.

(3324) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - OGDENSBURG TO IRISHMAN'S POINT.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River between Ogdensburg and Leish- man's Point, a distance of 16.1 miles, was constructed to determine the design of

channel enlargements, the location of the

Iroquois Control Dam and a plan of river

control during construction of the St

Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is

still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the criteria stipulated by the Inter- national Joint Commission with respect to navigation and ice-forming velocities and

the seaway navigation channel was located.

The optimum arrangement and location for

the Iroquois Control Dam was determined.

A plan of river control during construc- tion was developed.

(3325) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - 0GDEN ISLAND

REACH.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Lawrence River reproducing 7-9 miles of

the river between the towns of Iroquois

and Morrisburg, was constructed to determine the design of channel enlargements

and a plan of river control during

construction of the St. Lawrence Power Project.

(f) Work is essentially completed but model is still active.

(g) Channel enlargements were developed which

met the ice-forming criteria stipulated by

the International Joint Commission and a satisfactory Seaway navigation channel was

located. A plan of river control during

construction was developed.

(3326) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - DEWATERING AND

CLOSURE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:500 x 1:100 scale model of the St. Law- rence River reproducing 13.8 miles from Cat Island to below the powerhouses was con- structed to develop plans for dewatering

the Long Sault Dam and the powerhouse and

to investigate conditions during the various stages of their construction.

(f) Work is completed but model is still active.

(g) Dewatering diversion channels were designed

in detail and a plan of construction de- veloped to preserve the necessary water

levels for existing navigation and ensure adequate discharge capacity in the various

stages of construction. Velocities in the

Seaway Channel were also investigated. The Power Pool filling operation was investigated in detail.

(3327) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODELS OF THE POWERHOUSE ICE SLUICES.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) Two 1:36 scale models were constructed of

the 75-foot and 50-foot ice sluices in the

powerhouse structure to determine the de- sign of the ice chute and the rating of the

drum-type gates.

(f) Work is completed and models dismantled.

(g) A hydraulic design for the Ice chutes was developed which produced a satisfactory

discharge of ice into the tailrace. A discharge calibration of the gates was ob- tained over the full operating range.

(3328) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - SECTIONAL

MODELS OF LONG SAULT AND IROQUOIS DAM.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) 1:50 scale sectional models of sluices at the Long Sault Dam and the Iroquois Control! Dam were constructed in a testing flume to determine the design of energy-dissipating

works and hydraulic loadings on gates.

(f) Work is completed and models discontinued.

(g) After many trials an energy-dissipater to produce a forced hydraulic jump was de- veloped for the Long Sault Dam which

168
performed satisfactorily under both con- struction and final operating conditions

Its performance was verified in a compre- hensive model. A somewhat similar energy dissipater was developed for a portion only

of the Iroquois Dam as its use was required

for the construction period only. Vertical

hydraulic loads on the Diversion sluicegates, tunnel port gates and spillway gates

at the Long Sault Dam were measured, as were

the loads on the Iroquois gates. Modifications were suggested for the Long Sault Dam

ports to increase capacity and for the port

gates to reduce downpull.

13329) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF THE LONG SAULT DAM.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design and operation.

(e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 52

ft x kk ft, was constructed of the entire

Long Sault Dam and the adjoining river

banks, and included the river channel both

upstream and downstream from the dam; its purpose was to verify the operation and

performance of the complete energy-dissipating works developed in a sectional model

and to obtain the discharge capacity of the

diversion sluices and tunnel ports to be

used during construction of the dam, and to obtain a discharge calibration of the final- sluiceways . (f) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) The model verified the satisfactory performance of the energy-dissipating works

over the full range of construction and

operating conditions. Modifications to the

diversion channels were indicated, and the

discharge capacity of the dam was obtained

for each stage of construction. A calibration of the final operating sluices was

obtained.

(3330) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - COMPREHENSIVE

MODEL OF IROQUOIS CONTROL DAM.

(b) Ontario Hydro and the Power Authority of

the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A comprehensive 1:80 scale model, size 130

ft x $k ft , of the complete Iroquois Con- trol Dam was constructed including 1 1/2

miles of river channel and the downstream

approach to the Iroquois lock. Its purpose

was to determine a plan of river control- during construction, a plan of dewatering,

the velocities at the cofferdams during

their construction, verification of the performance of energy-dissipating works, and

the discharge calibration of the sluiceways.

(f) Active.

(g) The dewatering plans were tested in the

model, and the velocities and currents that

would occur during construction of the cof- ferdam were determined. A plan of river

control was developed to maintain satisfactory levels and navigation conditions during

I69

the construction of the dam. The performance of the energy-dissipating works, which

had been developed in a sectional model, was verified. A discharge calibration of

the dam was obtained for the construction

period and gate opening patterns developed.

Performance data for operational use is still being obtained.

(3331) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF MASSENA INTAKE.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, location and

operation.

(e) A 1 :60 scale model, size $k ft x 21 ft, was constructed of the Massena Intake and

the upstream and downstream channels. Its purpose was to determine the alinement of

the structure, the design of energy-dissipating works, the port discharge ratings,

and the hydraulic loadings on both service

and emergency gates

(f) Work is completed and model removed.

(g) A satisfactory alinement of the structure

was obtained to minimize downstream scour and an adequate energy-dissipating device

developed at the outlet of the ports. The

hydraulic performance of the submerged

ports was determined and the hydraulic ver- tical loads on both the emergency and serv- ice gates were measured.

(3332) ST. LAWRENCE POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF POWERHOUSE WATER PASSAGES.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for operation.

(e) A 1:36 scale model of the water passages

for one of the units in the Canadian powerhouses was constructed to determine the

best location of piezometer connections for

Gibson tests, and to determine the vertical

hydraulic loads on the headgates.

(f) Work is completed and model discontinued.

(g) Locations for the Gibson Test piezometers

were selected from test results and the

vertical hydraulic loads on the headgates were measured for the full range of operating conditions.

(3333) ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL - TAILRACE AREA.

(b) Ontario Hydro and Power Authority of the

State of New York.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:60 x 1:80 scale model reproducing 2.5 miles of the St . Lawrence River from above

the powerhouses to below Polly's Gut, has

been constructed to develop the design of

an economic tailrace improvement and a suitable dewatering scheme.

(f) Work essentially completed but model still

active

(g) An economic tailrace enlargement was de- veloped in the model. A cofferdamming plan

to dewater much of the enlargement area was devised and the velocities at various

I
(333^)

(b)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(-*) (c)

(a)

(e)

(g)

stages observed.

CAMERON FALLS GENERATING STATION

NO. 7- UNIT

Ontario Hydro.

Experimental; for design. A 1:80 scale model of original 6 unit

powerhouse and the Unit No. 7 powerhouse

has been constructed to determine levels at cofferdam during construction, the aline

ment and grade of the tailrace excavation,

and the design and location of the log

slide.

Work completed and model removed.

(3335) RED ROCK GENERATING STATION MODEL.

(b) Ontario Hydro.

(d) Experimental; for design.

(e) A 1:80 scale comprehensive model of the

sluiceways, powerhouse and upstream and

downstream river channel has been constructed to determine the dewatering arrangement

for construction, velocities along cofferdams, energy-dissipating works at the

sluices, the rating of the diversion

sluices, ports and sluiceways, the tailrace

excavation, and location of log slide.

(f) Active.

(3336) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - NIAGARA RIVER MODEL.

Power Authority of the State of New York.

Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power Authority of the State of New York, The

Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, New York.

Experimental; for design and operation. An existing 1:250 x 1:50 scale model re- producing 5 miles of the Niagara River from

Buckhorn Island to below the Cataracts is being used to determine the location in de- tail of the intakes for the Lewiston Gen- erating Station, and to determine the nec- essary river excavation and improvement.

This model was previously used by Ontario

Hydro in the investigation of remedial

works necessary for the preservation and

enhancement of Niagara Falls and for the

location of the intake for the Sir Adam

Beck Generating Station No. 2 and the

necessary river improvement.

Work is largely completed but still in progress .

(3337) NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF INTAKES.

(b) Power Authority of the State of New York.

(c) Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power

Authority of the State of New York, The

Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, New York.

(d) Experimental; for design, development and

operation.

(e) A 1:60 scale model of a portion of the

Niagara River and the two large submerged

gathering tube intakes for the Niagara

Power Project has been constructed to de- velop the detailed hydraulic design of the

(f

( 3338

0>

(c

(a

(e

(f

(g

intakes and to determine their operating

performance

Work is largely completed but model is still active. A design has been developed which will pro- vide a minimum economic head loss and a minimum attraction for river ice.

NIAGARA POWER PROJECT - MODEL OF TRANSITION SECTION BETWEEN THE TUNNELS AND RECTANGULAR

CANAL.

Power Authority of the State of New York.

Mr. J. B. McMorran, Chief Engineer, Power

Authority of the State of New York, The

Coliseum Tower, 10 Columbus Circle, New York 19, N. Y. Experimental; for design. A 1 :60 scale model of 600 feet of the two approach tunnels, the transition section

and 4-50 feet of canal was constructed to determine the design of the transition

section to provide minimum energy loss. Work completed and model removed. A design was developed which produced a minimum economic head loss in the transition.

LASALLE HYDRAULIC LABORATORY.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Mr. E. Pariset, LaSalle Hydraulic

Laboratory, 0250 St. Patrick Street, Ville LaSalle,

P. Q. Canada.

(298U;

00

(a)

(f)

(h)

[2985)

(*0

(a)

(e)

MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE LACHINE RAPIDS SECTION.

St. Lawrence Seaway.

Model studies to verify the effects of the

construction of the Seaway.

The model representing a section of the St Lawrence River at the Lachine Rapids sec- tion was built at a scale of l/l25 vertically and 1/200 horizontally. The purpose

of the model was to check the effect of th< construction of the dyke, during its dif- ferent construction phases and after comj pletion on the water-level lines in the

river and to obtain the field of velocities!; for these cases and specially near the en- trance of the channel in Lake St. Louis.

The model Is completed.

Report issued to sponsor.

MODEL OF THE CHANNEL OF THE SEAWAY IN THE MONTREAL HARBOUR SECTION.

St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

Model studies to verify the effects of the

Seaway on the hydraulic conditions in the I Montreal Harbour.

This model represents the St. Lawrence River at the Montreal Harbour at a scale

of 1/200 horizontally and 1/125 verticallyl

It was built to verify the effect of the

construction of the dyke of the Seaway on I the water level in the Harbour. One

170
special point of the study was to determine

the pattern of surface velocities before

.and after the construction of the entrance

section of the Seaway in the Harbor.

(f) The model is completed.

(h) Report issued to sponsor.

2987) MODEL OF THE SPILLWAY OF THE LACHINE POWER

PROJECT.

(b) Model built for the Quebec Hydro-electric

Commission by Neyrpic Canada Ltd., and

operated with the full collaboration of

the "Ecole Polytechnique" of Montreal.

(d) The tests were carried out in order to ameliorate certain features of the design

of the structure to be built in nature.

(e) The model represents three gate-ways of the

spillway in a glass-flume. Special study

was to be made of the form of the piers to obtain a low contraction coefficient. The

main purpose of the model was to check the

extent of scouring at the downstream end

and to find ways of protecting the struc- ture against undermining.

(f) Completed.

(g) A special design was made of a small basin

downstream of the spillway in order to

form a jump and dissipate the energy.

(h) Report issued to sponsor.

2989) GENERAL STUDY OF THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

in plan of the dykes that permits to build

the cofferdam across high velocity currents,

(h) Preliminary report sent to sponsor.

(e)

(g)

2990)

(a)

(e)

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

Model tests to study the general hydraulic

problems of the Lachine Power Project.

The model built at a scale of 1:125 vertically, and 1:200 horizontally is used to study the problems brought about by the

construction of the Project. Main problems are the determination of the river

stages during the different phases of con- struction and after completion of the Project, the problem of the intake of the tur- bines and of the outlet of the draft tubes

in the tailrace, and finally, the problem

of the formation of an ice cover in the

forebay.

The study on model of the cofferdam and of

the water profile during the construction

phases is completed.

STUDY OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE COFFERDAM

FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search. Systematic investigations in a 11 ft wide

laboratory flume to determine the size of

rock necessary to advance a cofferdam by

end dumping of rock. A general theory was made to determine the entrainment of material at the toe of the dyke depending upon

the hydraulic characteristics of the flow. Special attention was given to closure of

gaps with high velocity currents.

It is found that it is possible to use this

type of cofferdam for Lachine with relatively small material by a special disposal

(3339;

(h)

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

THRUST EXERTED BY AN ICE COVER ON A RETAINING STRUCTURE.

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

Theoretical; applied research.

Study made to determine the thrust of a parcelled ice cover on a surface retaining

boom by taking all forces into account, i.e. hydrodynamics forces on the upstream edge

of the cover, friction forces caused by the

flow and the wind, gravity, and reaction of

the shores

Completed. A general formula with charts of utilization was derived for all cases. Report issued to sponsor.

(33^0) THERMAL STUDY ON ICE COVER IN RIVERS.

(a)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(33M)

(a)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(33^2)

(a)

(e)

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

Theoretical; applied research.

The study has been made to determine the

following points: (l) Variation of the

temperature of the water flowing under the

ice cover, caused by the heat generated by

friction losses, and (2) propagation of air

temperature waves through the cover. Completed.

This study has permitted to determine the

quantity of frazil ice that could be melted

in a river at a certain distance from the entrance of an ice cover. It also showed

in which way the fluctuations of atmospheric

temperature had to be taken into account in

this calculation.

Report issued to sponsor.

FORMATION OF AN ICE-COVER IN FRONT OF A DAM

BY TRANSPORT OF ICE FLOES.

Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

Basic research both theoretically and ex- perimentally.

To find the basic laws governing the formation of an ice-cover in front of a dam and

the similitude to be used on models for ice

transport. Systematic tests are made in a

flume with blocks of paraffin and polyethylene. Many cases are studied which are: formation of regular ice cover, jams, hanging dams, etc. The effect of the solid

discharge is taken into account. A general theory has been derived and ex- tensive tests are being made.

Preliminary reports issued to sponsor.

STUDY OF ICE SPILLWAYS FOR THE LACHINE POWER PROJECT.

Quebec Hydro -electric Commission.

Theoretical and experimental; applied re- search. A model at a scale of l:k0 was built.

Three types of spillways specially designed

are tried for that purpose : the rectilinear

type, the shaft spillway and the shaft

171
spillway with a training wall acting to form a vortex.

(f) The model is in operation.

(33^3) TRANSPORT OF FRAZIL ICE UNDER ICE COVERS.

(b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

( e ) A general theory was worked out starting

from the laws of transport of material in

suspension in turbulent flow to obtain the

quantity of frazil ice that will be trans- ported and deposited under an ice cover.

(g) The theory was applied to make calculations

for the form of the ice cover in the intake

channel of the Beaubarnois Power Plant.

The agreement with field measurements was remarkable

(f) Completed.

(h) Report issued to sponsor.

(33140 PRODUCTION OF ICE ON A FREE WATER SURFACE.

(b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) Theoretical; applied research.

(e) Establishment of a numerical and graphical

method to obtain rapidly the quantity of

ice formed on a free-water surface.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report issued to sponsor.

(33I+5) STABILITY OF THE DOWNSTREAM SLOPE OF A

ROCK DYKE SUBMITTED TO A HIGH FILTRATION

DISCHARGE.

(b) Quebec Hydro -electric Commission.

(d) Theoretical and experimental; basic research.

(e) Determination of the critical slope of a rock dyke for which a cave-in will occur when it is submitted to a high filtration

discharge. A section of a rock dyke was reproduced in a 2.5 ft laboratory flume

and a theory giving the characteristics of

the seepage zone and the limit of stability

of the rock at the toe of this zone was checked for different operating conditions.

(f) Completed.

(g) The experimental results agreed well with

the theory.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(33U6) MODEL STUDY OF THE CARILLON POWER PROJECT.

(b) Quebec Hydro -electric Commission.

(d) Experimental-applied research.

(e) The model of the Ottawa River at the

Carillon Site was built at a scale of

1:110 to study the hydraulic problems per- taining to the construction and operation

of the Carillon project. Main problems

are : study of the stages of the river during the construction of the crib type

cofferdams, effect of the ice floes during

spring flood on these cofferdams, economical study of the tailrace excavation, de- sign of energy dissipation at the outlet

of the spillways and effect of sudden

surges on the navigation channel.

(33V7) CARILLON LOCK MODEL STUDY.

(b) Quebec Hydro-electric Commission.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model of the lock, at a scale of 1:20

is used to make the modification of the water distribution system at the bottom of

the lock in order to overcome any undesirable conditions and to determine the law of

operation of the gates

(33U8) MODEL OF THE HART-JAUNE DEVELOPMENT INTER- MEDIATE SITE.

(b) Montreal Engineering Co., Ltd.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) The model at a scale of 1:25 represents the

bottom tunnel through the earth dam that

will also be used as temporary diversion " for the Project. The study is to determine

the discharge capacity of the tunnel, and

the design of the sill at the downstream

end of the free-surface channel, to avoid

its flooding by a jump.

(33^9) MODEL STUDY OF THE HART-JAUNE STORAGE DAM.

(b) Montreal Engineering Co., Ltd. (d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Two models were used for the hydraulic problems brought about by the construction of

this hydro-electric project. A model of one spillway pass was built in a flume to study

the risks of cavitation at small openings

of the gate. On the general model, at a

scale of 1:60, the following problems were

studied: Erosion downstream of the spillways, discharge coefficients of spillways,

and minimum size of the forebay.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report submitted to sponsor.

(3350) MODEL STUDY OF THE ENLARGEMENT OF ROUND

ISLAND.

(b) City of Montreal.

(d) Experimental; applied research.

(e) Study made to determine the effect on navigation in the Montreal Harbor of the en- largement of Round Island and its linkage

to St. Helen Island, thus cutting the flow

channel between these two islands.

(f) Completed.

(h) Report issued to sponsor.

(3351) STUDY OF AN AUTOMATIC SEWAGE REGULATOR.

(b) Laboratory.

(d) Experimental design.

(e) The problem of clogging of existing auto- matic sewage regulator with frequent interruption of service and the problem of both

upstream and downstream level control of

these types of regulators were studied

theoretically and experimentally on models.

(f) Completed.

(g) A new type of automatic sewage regulator

was designed, with no mechanism in sewage water and with simple control . The upstreanj

172
00

level control is made when the weight of water at a certain level on the top of the

cylindrical gate closes it. The downstream

control is obtained by an air vent connect- ing the interior of the gate with the down- stream level. When the water downstream

closes this air vent a vacuum is formed by

air entrainment inside the gate and it closes

The gate is patented by the laboratory.

EC OLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL, Hydraulics

Laboratory.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Prof. Raymond Boucher, Director,

Hydraulics Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique, 2500

Guyard Avenue, Montreal 26, Quebec, Canada.

(266)

00

(a)

(e)

(g)

(268)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

(2993)

00

(a)

(e)

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF DIFFERENT SPILL- WAY PROFILES.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research. In order to establish a comparison between

discharge capacities of different spillway

designs, systematic testing has been undertaken on scale models of existing and re- commended spillway profiles. Pressure distribution on spillway faces and coefficients of discharge are determined for

various heads up to the design head. The

effect of gate piers of various designs is also Investigated.

Studies have been conducted on eight different spillway models. It is proposed to test two more profiles before this investigation "is completed.

CALIBRATION TESTS OF A SHARP-CRESTED

PARABOLIC WEIR.

Laboratory project.

Experimental; applied research. To obtain the head-discharge curve and headcoefficient of discharge curve for a sharpcrested parabolic weir designed for a maxi- mum capacity of 3 cfs. The influence of

viscosity is also investigated. This weir

will be utilized to measure with precision

the discharge into a glass-sided channel

for scale model testing and open channel

flow studies.

This study has become active again in order to obtain additional data needed in the

study of the influence of viscosity.

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDY OF A LOG CHUTE FOR

THE MERCIER DAM, GATINEAU RIVER, QUEBEC,

CANADA.

Department of Hydraulic Resources, Quebec,

Canada.

Experimental; for design.

The logs floated on the Gatineau River vary

in length from k to l6 ft or more. The

width of the existing log chute is only 12

ft, and consequently it cannot be used

(f)

(g)

(h)

(299^)

00

(a)

(e)

(f)

00

efficiently for important logging operations. A 1:2k scale model has been built

to investigate the most economical design

of a new log chute. The model logs have

been reproduced to the same scale. The

roughness of the model downstream from the

spillway has been adjusted to verify the

slope of the water surface and the formation of jams experienced on the prototype.

Completed. Two adjacent spillway-gate openings each

having a width of 20 ft have been modified

in order to obtain an efficient log chute.

It has been found that a logway channel

should be excavated in the river bed down- stream from the spillway, therefore the two gate openings have been located where

the excavation required will be minimum.

Report has been submitted to sponsor.

HYDRAULIC MODEL STUDIES OF THE SPILLWAY FOR

THE LACHTNE POWER PROJECT.

Quebec Hydro -Electric Commission and Neyrpic

Canada Limited.

Experimental; for design.

A 1:7^.^ scale model of three spillway gate

openings has been built in a 30-in. glass

sided channel. These studies are being

carried out in order to improve certain

features of the design of the structure to

be built in nature . The form of the pier

noses has been carefully studied to obtain

a low coefficient of contraction. The main

purpose of these model tests was to check

the extent of erosion of the river bed

downstream from the spillway and to provide

means of protecting the structure against

undermining.

Completed.

Report submitted to sponsor.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, Division of Mechanical

Engineering.

Inquiries concerning the following projects should

be addressed to Dr. D. C. MacPhail, Director, Div.

of Mechanical Engineering, National Research Council, Montreal Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

( 20kl )

0>)

(a)

ST. LAWRENCE RIVER MODEL

REACH. CORNWALL ISLAND

(e)

(g)

St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

Experimental project for design and develop- ment . A l:kd0 by 1:96 scale model of five miles

of the St. Lawrence River in the vicinity

of Cornwall, Ontario, has been constructed

to study in detail the navigation and

power developments of the St. Lawrence Sea- way and Power Project.

The model is being used to study dredging

procedures for the project in its advanced

stage and, in particular, to determine the

quantity of dredging required to maintain

natural discharge distribution about Corn- wall Island for various channel improvements.

173

514561 O - 59 - 13
(h) Interim reports have been submitted to the

sponsor.

(3352) SAINT JOHN HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for harbour improvement.

(e) A survey of the harbour was undertaken

during the summer of 1958 to determine the movement and properties of the water masses.

On the basis of the survey data it is ex- pected that the reasons for silting in

certain areas will be found and recommendations made for improving the harbour.

(f) The survey has been completed with the ex- ception of wave data which will be obtained

during the winter.

(g) Data are being analysed and a preliminary

report has been prepared for the sponsor.

(3353) LAMEQUE HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Theoretical; for harbour improvement.

(e) On the basis of available data, recommendations were made for additional breakwaters

to improve the wave protection at the en- trance to a small harbor.

(f) Completed.

(g) Report issued to sponsor.

(335M PRINCE SHOAL LIGHTHOUSE.

(b) Department of Transport, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for design purposes.

(e) A 1:50 scale model of a lighthouse base,

which is proposed for Prince Shoal at the

mouth of the Saguenay River, was tested in

a simple wave flume to determine the best

shape for minimum wave breaking and run-up.

It is proposed that the base be made of

steel plate, floated into position and

filled with concrete. A sheet metal model

was towed in the Model Basin to determine

the towing stability.

(f) Completed.

(g) A report is being prepared for the sponsor.

(3355) PORT CARTIER HARBOUR.

(b) C. D. Howe Company, Montreal.

(d) Experimental; for design purposes.

(e) A 1:120 scale model of a proposed harbour, to be constructed on the north shore of the

St. Lawrence River about 15 miles southwest

of Seven Islands, was made to study the

merits of two different designs with re- spect to waves under storm conditions. The

location of wave absorbing beaches and a number of design details are to be studied.

(f) Testing programme starting.

(g) A report will be issued to the sponsor when

the work is completed.

(3356) CHANDLER HARBOUR, QUEBEC

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for harbour improvement.

(e) A 1:100 scale model of this harbour, which

is located on Chaleur Bay, has been

constructed to determine the best location

of additional breakwaters required to en- large the harbour.

(f) Tests are in progress.

(g) A report will be issued to the sponsor when

the work is completed.

(3357) INGALL'S HEAD HARBOUR, NEW BRUNSWICK.

(b) Department of Public Works, Canada.

(d) Experimental; for harbour improvement.

(e) This harbour, located on Grand Manan Island

in the Bay of Fundy, is inadequately pro- tected from north and northeast storms. A

1:80 scale model was constructed to study

improvements to the breakwater.

(f) Project completed.

(g) A report, recommending construction of new

breakwaters, has been issued to the sponsor.

(3358) ST. MAURICE RIVER MODEL.

(b) Shawinigan Engineering Company Limited,

Montreal

(d) Experimental; for river improvement.

(e) A model of a 2 1/2 mile section of the St. Maurice River, immediately below the new

Beaumont power development, was constructed

to scales of l:2k0 by 1:80. This section

of the river is to be excavated with a dragline to lower the tailwater at the

powerhouse. Model tests were made to de- termine the best procedure for excavating,

which would ensure the greatest lowering

of the tailwater when the first turbine was

operated, without encountering difficulties

during excavation, due to hydraulic phenome- na such as critical velocities, hydraulic

jump, etc.

(f) Project completed.

(g) A report has been issued to the sponsor Indicating the best plan of excavation.

(3359) INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEASURING FLUID PRES- SURE IN SEAWAY STRUCTURES.

(b) St. Lawrence Seaway Authority.

(d) Experimental and theoretical study for

design.

( e ) An experimental study, coupled with a theoretical analysis of wave propagation

in tubes, has been carried out on the "Air

Bubbler" system.

(f) Completed.

(g) Final report issued to sponsor.

(3360) ELASTIC WAVES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Theoretical and experimental study for basic research.

(e) An analysis of wave propagation in tubes.

Theoretical investigation of attenuation

and refraction of waves in a tube carrying

a steady state shear flow.

(f) Results for quadratic steady state velocity

distribution indicate unequal attenuation

of incident and reflected waves. Study

being continued.

(g) Preliminary report in process of preparation

17^
336l) RESEARCH ON THE DESIGN OF FISHING BOATS,

(b) Laboratory project.

(d) Experimental and theoretical to improve

design.

(e) This project is being undertaken in coop- eration with the Department of Fisheries,

Canada, to ohtain design data for improving

the design and economy of fishing craft. On the "basis of model test data obtained

on a typical modern West Coast combination

seiner and longliner, a new model was con- structed incorporating a number of advanced

features

(g) Tests on models are continuing and, in ad- dition, theoretical studies are being made

on design and economic aspects.

(h) Two papers were presented at the East Coast Fishing Vessel Conference, Department of

Fisheries, Nov. 1957 > and two more will be

presented at the Second World Fishing Boat Congress, Rome, April 1959-

(3362) WAKE SURVEY TESTS.

(*)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

For Society of Naval Architects and Marine

Engineers

Experimental

This study was undertaken as part of a re- search project sponsored by the Society of

Naval Architectures and Marine Engineers.

The wake velocity at the screw of a 1:1+0 scale model of the S.S. "Chryssi" has been

measured with pitot tubes for a number of

speeds and drafts with the model towed and

self-propelled.

The model tests are nearly completed and

the results are partly analysed. A report will be issued to the sponsor on

completion of the project.

ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, Department of

Engineering Science.

(21+92) RUNOFF FROM SMALL WATERSHEDS.

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(g)

(h)

(21+98)

Laboratory project.

Prof. D. F. Witherspoon, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental; applied research.

Relationship of precipitation and snow melt

to runoff characteristics on four watersheds of twenty acres each, under various

land use practices is being evaluated.

Winter surface runoff from watersheds with

good grass-legume cover is greater than

from watersheds plowed during the winter

season. "Measuring Watershed Runoff in Ontario,"

D. F. Witherspoon, and H. D. Ayers, Agricultural Engineering, No. 39:1+03-1+05, 1+11, 1958.

THE USE OF INFILTRATION DETERMINATIONS FOR RUNOFF ESTIMATES.

(2739!

(c)

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for masters

thesis

(e) The purpose of the project is to evaluate

the separate factors affecting infiltration

and to develop a technique for runoff estimation on a watershed utilizing infiltration data.

(h) "The Effect of the Water-Storage Capacity

of the Soil on Mass Infiltration," H. D. Ayers, and V.E.A. Wikramanayake , Canadian

Journal of Soil Science, No. 38:hk-k8, 1958.

PERMEABILITY OF THE SOIL IN THE FROZEN

STATE.

Laboratory project.

Prof. H.D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research, for masters

thesis

(e) Air permeabilities will be obtained of

soils at various moisture content in the

frozen state. The results will be used to

determine if there is a correlation of

moisture content and permeability of frozen

soils on experimental watersheds.

MAIN TILE DRAIN SIZES FOR COMPOSITE DRAIN- AGE OF BR00KST0N CLAY SOIL.

Laboratory project.

Prof. F. R. Hore, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

(d) Field investigation; applied research.

(e) Discharge measurements from lateral tile

drains in Brookston clay soil are being

made to determine the proper drainage coefficient to use in the design of main tile

drains and to determine the effect of lateral tile drain spacing on the drainage

rate

(3363) HYDR0L0GIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC SOIL.

(271+0)

(D)

(c)

(b)

(c)

(a)

(e)

Laboratory project.

Prof. R. W. Irwin, Ontario Agricultural

College, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation; applied research.

The study is being carried out to establish

criteria to be used in the development and

operation of the water control program for

organic soils. In the investigation, an attempt will be made to establish a hydrologic water balance for the field area by

measuring, recording and analyzing so far

as possible evaporation, seepage, transpiration, precipitation, water table elevation and ground water discharge through

tile drains

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. H. D. Ayers, Ontario Agricultural

QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY, Hydraulics Laboratory.

(201+1+) ECONOMICAL CONSTRUCTION OF SAFE PULPW00D

HOLDING GROUNDS.

(b) Pulp and Paper Research Institute of Can. Ltd., 31+20 University St., Montreal, Quebec,

175
(h

(3364

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3365

(b

(c

(d

(e

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(h)

Canada.

Prof. R.J. Kennedy, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Can. Applied research; experimental, field and

laboratory investigation.

Field and laboratory model investigation of

forces acting on various types of pulpwood

holding grounds

"Forces in Pulpwood Holding Grounds I,"

R.J. Kennedy, The Engineering Journal, Jan. 1958' Reprints available from (b).

LITTORAL DRIFT AND ITS EFFECT ON THE HAR- BOURS ON THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE ONTARIO.

The National Research Council of Canada.

Dr. Arthur Brebner, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Experimental and field; basic and applied

research.

Laboratory and field investigation of the

silting of harbours due to littoral drift.

Basic research on the process.

THE HYDRAULIC EFFICIENCY OF NEW AND USED

ALUMINUM PIPE AND TUBING.

Aluminum Laboratories Limited, P.O. Box 8h,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Dr. Arthur Brebner, Department of Civil

Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston,

Ontario, Canada. Field and laboratory investigations for the

design of aluminum lines.

Determination of the deterioration of aluminum pipe with length of service. For

basis of comparison with old pipe new pipe

in sizes up to 6"D has been tested with

water to Reynolds 5 x 105 and with air to

about Reynolds 107. Effect of jointing

incorporated in the pipe friction factor.

Corrosive attack on aluminum by various waters appears to be reduced considerably

when the water is flowing and not stagnant.

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3366) THE EFFECT OF WALL ROUGHNESS ON THE CAPACITY

OF PULPWOOD FLUMES.

Aluminum Company of Canada, Montreal,

Quebec, Canada.

Prof. S.S. Lazier, Dept. of Civil Engrg.,

Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Field investigation.

The testing of three pulpwood flumes of

differing wall roughness for friction loss. Completed.

"The Effect of Wall Roughness on the Ca- pacity of Flumes," Woodlands Research Index

109, Pulp and Paper Research Institute of

Canada, 3*4-20 University Street, Montreal,

Quebec, Canada.

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO, Dept. of Mechanical

Engineering.

(1298) DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS OF WEIR-TYPE

SPILLWAYS.

(3000

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(3001

(b

(c

(d

(e

(f

(g

(h

(3003

(b

(c

(d

(e

(3004

(b

(c

(d

(e

Laboratory project.

Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5 > Canada. Experimental; applied research for Masters

thesis

A long term research carried out with a view to systematizing discharge characteristics for spillways having various pier

spacings and proportions

Significant correlations obtained via

special plotting techniques. Report in

preparation.

STABILITY OF CANAL LININGS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5j> Canada. Experimental; applied research for masters' thesis

Six crushed rock sizes from l/k inch to 1-1/2 inch inclusive were tested on the

bed of a rectangular test channel for dynamic stability.

Completed.

Good correlation established between rock

size and competent velocity.

"Stability of Canal Linings," N. A. Qazi, Masters of Sc. Thesis, University of

Toronto, May 1958- (Available on loan.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTREME PRECIPITATION

AND FLOOD FLOW IN THE TORONTO AREA.

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

Office investigation; applied research for masters thesis. A study to correlate field data observed

during Hurricane Hazel.

Completed.

Correlation obtained between run-off and

precipitation.

Report in preparation.

ROUGHNESS PHENOMENA IN OPEN CHANNEL FLOW.

Laboratory project.

Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada. Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

An investigation into the mechanism of open channel roughness, with ultimate re- ference to distorted scale models.

FLOW CONFIGURATION IN A NUCLEAR REACTOR

CORE ASSEMBLY.

Laboratory project.

Prof. L.E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

Experimental; applied research for masters

thesis

A study involving air flow in a 10:1 scale

model to determine coolant flow configuration about a typical rod cluster, with

provision for simulating rod distortion.

176
3005!

(c)

(e)

GRADING OF PARTICLE SUSPENSIONS BY CEN- TRIFUGAL METHODS.

Laboratory project.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5j Canada.

Experimental; applied research for masters

thesis

A study of the dynamics of centrifugal

separation of fine particles from a liquid

carrier.

3367) AERODYNAMIC DOWNWASH FROM CHIMNEY STACKS

(b) Hydro-electric Power Commission of Ontario.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; applied research for design.

(e) Low speed wind tunnel (k ft by 8 ft by 36

ft long test section) designed and developed to analyze aerodynamic downwash ef- fects for a proposed steam generation

plant. Results will permit the evaluation

of stack height necessary to restrict the

amount of pollution from stack effluents.

(f) A further extensive programme is proposed,

including model and field tests for an existing plant.

(h) Interim reports to sponsor.

(3368) DIFFUSION OF GASEOUS PLUMES.

(b) Laboratory project.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.

(d) Experimental; basic research for doctoral

thesis

(e) An investigation of the diffusion of gaseous plumes under various atmospheric con- ditions .

(3369) HEAD GATE MODEL, CHUTE DES PASSES DEVELOPMENT, PERIBONKA RIVER, QUEBEC.

(b) Canadian Vickers, Ltd., Montreal, Canada.

(c) Prof. G. Ross Lord, University of Toronto, Toronto 5> Canada.'

(d) Experimental; for 'design and operation.

(e) A 1:2k scale model for investigating dynamic forces on vertical intake gates under

various load and operating conditions.

(h

( 3370

(b

(c

(a

(e

(f

(3371

(b

(c

(d

(e

(h

(3372

(*> (c

(a

(e

(g)

(h)

Interim report to sponsor.

HEAD LOSS IN PIPE STRAINERS.

Orr Associates, Limited, Toronto, Canada.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto, 'Canada. Experimental; for design improvement.

Extensive tests on standard design and

various modifications of Y-type pipe

strainers of small size.

Completed.

Simple changes in screen shape permitted

significant improvements in performance.

Reported to sponsor.

TEE LAKE OUTLET WORKS, NORTHERN QUEBEC.

Morrison, Hershfield, MLllman and Huggins,

Toronto, Canada.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto,

Toronto, Canada.

Model and field investigation for recon- struction design. Assessment of existing discharge capacity

and development of proper design for pro- posed reconstruction of bridge openings.

Completed.

Adequate capacity obtained consistent with

existing conditions and economy of con- struction and requirements.

Reported to sponsor.

SEWER INTERCEPTING CHAMBER.

Gore and Storrie, Limited, Toronto, Canada.

Prof. L. E. Jones, University of Toronto, Toronto 5, Canada.

Experimental; for design and operation. An investigation on a 1:10.5 scale model, to determine an intercepting chamber design

which would give satisfactory performance

over a wide range of design and field con- ditions and which would permit of convenient, inexpensive and trouble-free adjustability for any desired outflow distribution.

A simple design of considerable promise has

been developed which will be subjected to a greater range and variety of flow parameters . Preliminary report to sponsor.

177
SUBJECT INDEX

Accelerated motion, cylinders (2265) 7 Air entrainraent

flumes (100) 62 pipes (1303) 5 Air-water flow (183I+) 86 Air-water mixtures, closed channels (2ll+8) 63 Apparatus

observation well (3362) Ik2

orifice testing (3OO8) 2 precipitation gage (2080) 2h rainfall similator (2596) 57 rotating arm (1781) ll+8 sediment sampler (19M 66 ship models (1788) l-U-9 soil, measurement of hydraulic

conductivity ( 3213 ) 97 spray formation (2730) 15I+ tube testing ( 3008 ) 2 turbulence probe ( 297^- ) l6l water tunnel (79) 32 water tunnel (1521) ll+8 wave formation (2730) I5I+ wave gages (977) 109 wave generator (1522) ll+8 wave generator ( 2887 ) 8l wave profile recorder (26l0).. 61+ Atomization of gasex (23I+I+) 1+1 Backwater curves, analysis (279M 3^ Baffle piers,

basic research (993) Il6

cavitation (993) 116

Beach fills (2195) 109

Beaches

artificial (976) 109

by-passing sand, inlets (975) 108

equilibrium profile (l8l) 108

variation of profile (2297) 20 wave action (l8l) 108 wave action ( 529 ) 5 wave action (660) 108 wave action (1609) 38 wave action (1631) 67 Boundary layer

in corners (2550) 1+1 pipe entrance (2122) 1+1+ skin friction (3020) 10

submerged bodies (2966) I5I+ surfaces (85^) 32 turbulent (1779) 1^8

unsteady ( 2805 ) 1+2 Boundary shear stress (2770) 17 Breakwaters

floating (3022) 10

floating type (3158) 66 harbor, Campbell River, B. C. (3321) 167

hydraulic (2753) 9 Ingall's Head Harbour (3357) 17^

movable (2801) 1+0 pervious and impervious (998) 117 rubble-mound (999) 117 rubble-mound (268l) 125 Bubbles

diffusion (1780) lh8

drag and shape (1780) lh8

growth factors (2820) 52 vapor (15^8) 2 Canals

irrigation

linings (151) 9^

Canals

irrigation

linings (1966) 89 linings (151) 9I+ linings (1837) 13 linings (1859) 23 linings

seepage (1859) 23 seepage (3110) 1+7 stability (3000) 176 sand deposits (2507) 8 Cavitation (3153) 76 Cavitation

axial inducers ( 3011 ) k baffle piers (993) Il6

basic research (993) Il6

basic research

Calif. Inst, of Technology ( 15U8 ) 2 David Taylor Model Basin (711) lkf Iowa State University (79)(8l) 32 Waterways Experiment Station (993) 116 effect thermal properties ( 3009 ) 3 gate slots (993) 116

gate valves (2955) l1^

inception (1355) 38 incipient (2594) 56 incipient (283I+) 57 intake (67M Il6

mechanics of (2502) 3 noise (1778) ll+8 offset joints (993) Il6

offsets (3278) ll+6 outlet works, Glendo Dam (3280) ll+6 pipe bends (993) Il6

sluice gates (79) • 32 stilling basin steps (993).. Il6

turbines, models (1133) *+8 turbines, propeller (271) 1 water tunnel (79) 32 Waterways Experiment Station (993) Il6

Cavities, design criteria (21+70) 153

Cavity resonance (2833) 57 Channel improvement

Bonneville Dam (323O) llA

flood control (2919) 113

flood control

Hoosic River, Mass. (1211) 117 Middle Miss. River (236) 115 jetties (21+55) ll+3 navigation

Delaware River, Pa. (1+25) Il6 Fraser River (10U+) l66

St. Lawrence River (21+29) 122 Wilson Dam Canal (3298) l6l

Ogden Island Reach St. Lawrence River (3325)168

St. Lawrence River (3321+) 168

Channels (see Open Channels)

advance of liquid front (3192) 80

alluvial (2505) 8 alluvial (2516) 15 alluvi al aggradation (29I+7) ll+l bed roughness (251I+) 15 degradation (29I+7) ll+l flow velocities (3013) 9 hydraulics of (276I+) 17 hydraulics of (303I+) 18 roughness (2702) ll+0 conservation linings (1723) 92

178
(Channels

constricted flow (1855) 22 effect 90° bends (2797) 3^ film of flow (2767) 17 flood control (27*+7) ^

all lined; energy dissipation (30ll+) 9 St . Lawrence Seaway

Lachine Rapids Section (298I+) 170

Montreal Harbour Section (2985) 170

sediment concentration (2737) l66

sediment concentration (2763) l6

,7(5 side flow (2073) 87

velocity distribution (13^3) 31 velocity distribution (2737) 166

velocity profile (2763) 16 water-sediment movement (2702) lUO ^ Coefficients ^ : hydrodynamic (2U76) 157

hydrophobic disks and plates (2I+36) 135

5 Cofferdams

Dalles Dam, Oregon ( 11+62) 112 Lachine Power Project (2990) 171 Priest Rapids (2607) 6k

. Concrete surface, irregularities (3278) ll+6 J Condensation, laminar flow (3055) 23 Conduits

circular, exit transitions (25I+3) 37 condenser cooling water loss ( 221+1 ) l60

exit pressure distributions (25^3) 37 flow in bend (3103) ^5 inlets (218) 115 pressure fluctuation (3316) 165 pressure surges ( 3203 ) 86 pressure, friction factors (2721+) ihh pressure, friction factors (3275) 1^+5

j Corrosion, pipes (I3I+2) 26

. Culverts

discharge characteristics (21+35) 135 drop inlet (ill) 62 full-scale tests (260U) 63 Cylinders

accelerated motion ( 2265 ) 7 unsteady flow (28l6) 52 vibrating (1517) 1^7

' Dams

.

; design (3157) 65 gallery drainage (771) 162 seepage (33I+5) 172 stability (3157) 65 storage, design (3032) 12

I' Density currents model laws (159) 135 reservoir, cold water (l796)(l797) l60

salt water intrusion, Delaware River (1+25).. Il6

sedimentation (307) 38 tidal estuaries (1986) 121

f Diffusers

turbulent boundary layer (2320) 31 vaned (1901) 1+1 Diffusion

jet (3081) 36 particles in fluid (1331) 22

salt water (3261) ll+2 waste water (25I+8) 1+0

' L

r Distillation, sea water (155*0 6 Diversion works, High Gorge Dam (3193) 8l

4 Drag, skin friction ( 31^3 ) 57

5 Drag coefficients (2803) 1+0

[ J Drag coefficient, cylinders (2265) 7

[3 Drag forces ( 3115 ) 1+9

Drag forces (3150) 6l Drag resistance, piers (2396) 77 Drain tile

breathers, relief wells (2595) 57 depth and spacing (2330) 35 discharge measurements (27*+0) 175 junction losses (1929) 62 Drainage

by pumping (2350) l6h

Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) 1+ Florida (1966) 89 galleries, dams (771) 162

Illinois soils (2317) 28 improvement surface (2333) 35 irrigated lands (1819) 85 irrigated lands (1966) 89 subsurface (2126) 1+1+ surface (2126) 1+1+ Drainage improvement surface (2333) 37 Drainage installations, subsurface ( 32l6 ) 98

Drainage systems, design (2501+) 5 Drains, filter

operational characteristics (3060) 30 Drains, subsurface

durability (2127) 1+5 stability (2127) 1+5 Drains, tile, flow patterns (306I+) 30 Eddies, effect of boundary geometry (l875)---- 32 Embankments (291) 21 Energy dissipation (3112) 1+9 Entrainment, gas-liquid flow (2303) 23 Erosion research

Baker's Haulover, Fla. (2782) 20 Baker's Haulover Inlet (3050) 21

canals, ditch linings (1966) 89 canals, earth lined ( 21+57) ll+3 canals, unlined (21+57) 1^3

Casey Key (30I+6) 21 conservation farming (150) 90

conservation farming ( 2187 ) 103

curved open channels ( 3089 ) 1+1 Deerfield Beach, Fla. (2781) 20 effect logging (2912) 103

effect tillage (2597) 58 effect vegetation (26l) 98

effect vegetation (376) 10k

forest influences (380) 107

forest influences (657) 10k

Ft. Pierce Beach, Fla. (2783) 20

Lake Michigan (1863) 27 Lido Key ( 301+7) 21 mountain watersheds (26l) 98

mountain watersheds (376) 10l+ Oregon (3221) 10l+ Ragged Keys (301+8) 21 range management ( 27 ) 1+ semi-desert vegetation (657) 10U

Evaporation

evapo-transpiration (1996) 89 evapo-transpiration (2188) 106

Illinois (555) 25 lakes (19I+I+) 67 measurement ( 1015 ) 135 measurement (2179) 95 reduction (2828) 55 reduction (3220) 10l+ reservoirs (765) 162

reservoirs (2180) 95 soils (2277) 1^ suppression, reservoirs (2703) l^l

179
Evaporation

urban areas (56*4) 28 watersheds, Tennessee Basin (765) l62

Filtering (27*4l) 1 Filters (2535) 27 Filters (2837) 58 Fish ladders

dams

Dalles Dam, Oregon (l462) 112' Ice Harbor (2666) 113

Fish screens, revolving (2752) 9 Fishway model study (2086) 29 Fishway model study

Brownlee Reservoir (2876) 80

Fall Creek (31*40) 56 Priest Rapids (2855) 6*4 Rocky Reach Hydroelectric Development (2877) 80 Flashboards, dynamic forces (3068) 3*4 Flood control

Arkansas River (2928) 127

crop rotation (1966) 89 discharge rates (3108) *+7 Lower Mississippi River (2926) 127 reservoir storage (2322) 33 rivers

Blackstone River, R. I. (2686) 126

Mississippi Basin (236) 115 Old River overbank structures (2679)- ••• 12*4 Vermilion Bay (243*0 123

Flood control systems

design and operation ( 3019 ) 10

Flood frequency, arid areas ( 30*4l ) 19 Flood frequency, semi-arid areas (30*4-1) 19 Flood frequency control ( 32*4-5 ) 133

Flood routing (29*45) 138

Flow behavior, annulus (3093) *<-3 Flow

fibre suspensions (25*46) 39 granular media (2859) 6*4 nonsteady (2509) 8 river under arch bridges (2839) 58 single and two-phase in tube (237*4) 59 slow viscous (311*4) *4-9 turbulent (3165) 66 Flow measurement ( 2925 ) 127 Flow non-steady, viscous (31*48) 59 Flow patterns

cascaded miter bends and vaned dividers(3159) 66 Flow in porous media ( 2771 ) 17 Flow in porous media (318*4) 78 Flow in porous media (3188) 79 Flow, steady, viscous (31*48) 59 Flow, steady viscous

effect cylindrical boundary (2135 ) *+8 Flow studies, 3- dimensional forms (2969) 155

Flow, supersonic (3137) ' 55 Flow, surface, free (286*4) 68

Flow, two-phase, pipes (2552) *4l Flow, unsteady, inertial forces (3250) 135 Flow, viscous, expansion loss ( 319*4) 8l

Flow, viscous, multiparticle system (3118).... 50 Fluid mechanics, non-Newtonian fluids ( 31*+5 )

• • 58 Flumes

air entrainment (100) 62 flow measurement ( 2513 ) 15 friction loss tests (3366). 176

Parshall (2902) 96 trapezoidal (2902) 96 Forces, wind-tunnel measurement (2832) 56 Frazil ice (33*^3) 172

Freeboard, dams ( 32*48) 13*4 Freeboard, levees (32*4-8) 13*4 Free surface flow (31*49) 6l Frost in ground (ll87) 102

Gas-liquid, flow (1829) 7 Gas-solid, fluidized flow (3091) *42 Gate slot studies (2*45*4) l*+3 Gatescavitation (993) Il6

cavitation (198*4) 120

hydraulic downpull (3277) 1*4-6 lock (1*47*4) 118

sluice (1207) 117

Gates, control, Island Bend ( 3281 ) 1*46 Gates, service, Eagle Gorge Dam (2920) 113

Geohydraulic theory (31*47) 59 Gravity waves, wind-generated (3178) 75 Ground water

aquifers (318*4) 78 aquifers (3188) 79 aquifers, mechanics of (2688) 139

aquifer potential (2687) 139

aquifers, recharge of (3210) 97 aquifers, salt water encroachment (2689)... 139

Arkansas (2255) 1 artificial recharge (559) 25 artificial recharge (1966) 89 artificial recharge (2255) 1 artificial recharge (2315) 26 artificial recharge (2691) 139

Carroll County, 111. (8*43) 26 Chicago area (1335) 26 Coachella Valley, Calif. (26) *4 East St. Louis area (561) 26 effect forests (656) 102

electric flow net (1221) 138

electrical analogue (231*+) 26 electrical analogue (2692) 139

flow problems (29*48) 1*41 fluctuations (821) 12 fresh water storage (2000) 139

hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 inflow (3018) 10

instruments, adaptation (1998) 138

irrigation (1966) 89 Jo Daviess County, 111. (8*43)... 26 Lower Bijou Basin, Colo. (2761) 16 non-homogeneous anistropic flow. ( 3186 ) 79 occurrence problems (326*4) 1*42 Peoria Area, 111. (560) 25 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 31 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 31 Red River Valley, No. Dak. (3217) 98 root zone (2172) 90

Stephenson County, 111. (8*43) 26 stream flow (2063) 7 Tennessee Valley (780) 163 tracer (3017) 10 water table control (2835) 58 Ground-water drainage (3252) 1*4-1 Ground-water storage (3263) 1*42 Gutters, side flow (2073) 87 Harbor design (2933) 129

Harbor improvement

Chandler Harbour (3356) 17*4 Lame que Harbour (3353) 17*4 Saint John Harbour (3352) 17*4 Savannah, Ga. (2*428) 121

Harbor Models, scale effects (1002) 117

Heat and mass transfer (2822) 52

180
.> Heat and mass transfer, spheres (3122) 52 Heat transfer (2821) 52 Heat transfer

Potomac River power plant (2889) 82 temperature (3132) 54 unsteady-state convective (2560) 4l velocity profile (3132) 54 water (3130) 54 Highway drainage

culverts (ill) 62 culverts (1591) 29 culverts (2318) 29 culverts, flow characteristics (2320) 33 embankments (291) 21 energy dissipator (2318) 29 subway grating design (2087) 29 Hurricanes, data of characteristics (2hk0) . . . . 137

Hydraulic control systems, valves (2335) 88

Hydraulic history (1102) 32 Hydraulic jump (2l6l) 76 Hydraulic jump, circular (2547) 40 Hydraulic models (3197) 82 Hydrodynamic forces, underwater bodies (2746).. 3 Hydrofoil craft, seaworthiness (3294) 157

Hydrofoils

cavitating flow (3010) 3 craft, study of (2389) 70

design criteria (328k) 155 study of (1816) 2 study (21 MO 63 Hydrofoil systems, motion, stability (2156)... 69 Hydrofoils, supercavitating

forces on (3174). 73 hydroelastic instabilities (3173) 73 Hydrologic data, telemetering (3056) 24 Hydrologic studies

Florida (150) 82 frequency (2319) 29 organic soil (3363) 175 Waller Creek Watershed (2162) 77 Infiltration

effect vegetation (376) 104

effect vegetation (1966) . 89 granular media ( 3062 ) 30 soil (25) 84

soil (1058) k soil (2879) 80

soil (3265) .* Ik2

Infiltration rates LaCrosse, Wis. (3077) 36 Ralston Creek (3067) 34 Rapid Creek (3067) 34 Inlets

canal (3267) l44

culverts (ill) 62 gutters (1080) 87 gutters (2085) 29 hydrodynamics of flow ( 3166 ) 68 theory (2088) 29 Instruments

gage, measurement (3028) 11

gage, pressure distribution (3028) 11 hydrologic (3247) 133

motion recording (2466) 152

precipitation gage (2080) 24 pressure cells (1004) 117 pressure fluctuation (254l) 34 radar raingage (2943) 137

reservoir water level recorder (3249) 134

river, stage measuring (l86l) 23

Instruments

sediment density gage (3227) Ill soil moisture (1995) 135 soil moisture (3260) 142 turbulence indicators (2629) 77 turbulence meter (1985) 120

v.elocity meter '( 1004) 117 wave gage (660) 108

wave gage (977) 109 wave gage (1004) 117

wave recorder (3196) 8l

Intakes

Chute-des-Passes (3310X33H) 164

Chute-des-Passes (3312) 165 Chute-des-Passes (3369) 177

condenser water (1796)(1797) l60

conduit, design (2l8) 115 dams (674) 116

Ice Harbor model (2665) 113 Massena (3331) l69

Niagara River Power Project (3337) 170

Pasny, Niagara River (3234) 131

Wilson Powerhouse (3299) l6l

Irrigation

application rates (3104) 45 canals

linings (1966) 89 seepage ( 1966 ) 89 concrete pipe (24) 83 control of water (1966) 89 drainage design (2649) 95 drainage design (3211) 97 drainage studies (1723) 92 drainage studies (1819) 85 drainage studies (1966) 89 drainage studies (2651) 96 drainage studies (3218) 98

efficiencies (2786) 24 efficiency studies (3109) 47 farm structures (24) 83 infiltration (1966) 89 precision (3102) 45 percolation (1966) 89

pipe friction (24) 83

snow surveys ( 55 ) 12 snow surveys ( 1966 ) 89 soil moisture (26) 4 soil permeability (1966) 89 sprinklers, hydraulics of (3187) 79 sprinkling systems (21) 83 sprinkling systems (1966) 89 sprinkling systems (2185) 95 structures (24) 83

surface (3185) 78 systems, basin, design of (32l4) 97 water application (1966) 89 water consumption (3209) 97 water control devices (2304) 24 water measurement ( 24 ) 83 water measurements (2650) 96 water measurement ( 3209 ) 97 water supply ( 23 ) 83 water supply (27) 4 water supply (55) 12 water supply (1966) 89 water supply Santa Barbara Co., Calif. (2653) 96 well drilling (24) 83 Jetsdispersion into moving fluid (3155) 65

181
Jetsmean pressure distributions (3075) 35 submerged diffusion (948) 76 annular, mean velocity distributions (3075) 35 Jetties

effect littoral drift (2190) 109

effect wave action (529) 5 effectiveness (3271) 145 Locks

approaches ( 1738 )( 1739) 119

filling, emptying systems

Barkley Dam (2673) 123

Barkley Lock (2924) 115 Calumet River (2674) 123

Carillon (3347) 172 Dalles Dam, Ore. (l466) 112 Dardanelle Dam (2675) 124

Fort Gaines (2923) 114

Ice Harbor Dam (407) 112 Louisville, Ky. (2678) 124 Maxwell Dam (3236) 132

Miss. River, Keokuk, Iowa (2937) 129

Monogahela River (321+3) 133 New Richmond, Ohio River (2929) 127 Old River Lock, La. (3232) 131 Port Allen, La. (2426) 121 Sacramento Barge Canal (2682) 125 Troy Dam (2927) « 127 Watts Bar (1794) 160

Wilson (2973) 160

high-lift (985) 114 John Day (2662) 113

Miter gates (l474) 118

navigation conditions (2927) 127 Pike Island (3235) 131

Manifolds (2633) 79 Manifolds (3313) 165 Mass transfer (2821) 52 Meanders (1764) 138

Meteorology (2533) 27 Meteorology, pressure jump lines (1993) 136

Meteorological observations (2760) l6 Meters calibration (124) 47 calibration (1963) 82 calibration (24ll)(2638) 82 calibration (3042) 20

calibration (3133) 54 current, ratings (2827) 53 current, redesign Price (2444) 139

current, testing (2762) 16 elbow (1602) 37 flow (1963) 82

flow, electromagnetic (3255 ) l4l

flow, performance characteristics (2769). •• 17

flow, ultrasonic (2949) l4l irrigation (24) 83 open channel (1589) 29 turbine, calibration of (2765) 17 venturi, calibration (3198) 83 water (2447) 139

Model distortion (994) 116

Model distortion (2897) 82 Model laws

density currents (159) .135 scale effect, harbors (1002) 117 Model studies

Barcelona Harbor, Lake Erie (2936) 129 Buffalo Harbor, Lake Erie (2935) 129 Cameron Falls Generating Station (3334) 170

Model studies

Canacadea Creek (3240) 132

Carillon Power Project (3346) 172i Chattahoochee River (3244) 133

complex seaway ( 2278 ) 14 Conneaut Harbor, Ohio (3242) 133

Cumbaya by-pass, Ecuador (2768) 17 Duluth- Superior Harbor ( 324l ) 132 energy dissipators, Long Sault Dam (3329).. 169

Eufaula Dam (3238) 132 Hart-Jaune Dam (3349) 172 Hart-Jaune Development (3348) 172 Hudson River, N. Y. (2932) 128

Iroquois Control Dam (3320) 169

Karadj Re-regulating Dam (3152) 65 Lachine Power Project (2989) 171 Mercier Dam (2993) 173 New Cumberland Dam (3239) 132

Niagara Power Project Transition Sec. (3338)170

Niagara River (3336) 170

Niagara River Project ( 3006 ) 2 Port Cartier Harbour (3355) 174 pumping plant

Charles River Basin (Boston) (3090) 4l Puntledge River Power Plant ( 3319 )( 3320) .. . 166

Red Rock Generating Station (3335) 170

Round Island enlargement (3350) 172

St. Lawrence River

dewatering and closure area (3326) l68

St. Maurice River (3358) 174

small scale deltas (3053) 23 spillways

Lachine Power Project (2987) 171 Lachine Power Project (2994) 173

tailrace improvement

St. Lawrence River ( 3333) 169

Warsak Diversion Dam (3317) 165 Model verification

pressure measurement

penstocks, South Holston Dam (762) 159 sluices, Cherokee Dam (758) 159

sluices, Douglas Dam (759) 159

prototype confirmation (l467) 118

Rocky Reach Site, Columbia River (2631) 79 Southwest Pass, Miss. River (2931) 128

spillway piers and baffles

Ice Harbor Dam (405) Ill

Wilson Lock (2479) l60

Noise, hydrodynamic (1778) 148

Nozzles

calibration (3044) 20

calibration (3133) 54 mixing (40) 5 Open channels (see Channels)

air entrainment (100) 62 alluvial, hydraulics of (2764) 17 artificial, velocity profile (3063) 30 constricted flow (1855 ) - • 22 constricted flow (2066) 13 eddy diffusion ( 3015 ) 10

effect discharge (2700) 140

effect grain size (2700) 140

effect load (2700) 140

effect roughness (3256) l4l

effect slope (2700) 140

film of flow (2767) 17 friction losses (2l4o) 6l intermittent flow (2773) 19 orifice flow control (2129) 45 roughness '(3003) 176

182
)pen channels

roughness (3183) 78 sediment concentration (2763) l6

stability (3253) 1^1 steep slope (100) 62 supercritical flow, air entrainment (lOO).. 62 uniform flow (2529) 22 uniform flow (2699) • ikO

velocity distribution (l3*+3) 31 velocity distribution (2083) 31 velocity profiles (2763) l6

172 irifice meters, effect pipe roughness (2731)- • 157

12( )rifice plates, calibration (2777)(30*43) 20

I65 )rifice plates,

annular, discharge coefficients (3136) 55 Orifice, thin plate

discharge coefficients (3135) 55 Drifices

calibration (3133) 5*+ constant head turnout (327*+) l*+5 design criteria ( 2*4-70 ) 153

discharge measurements (2285) 19 discharge measurements (2637) 80 unsteady flow (2276) 86

Dutlet works

dams

Abiquiu (2*427) 121 Black Butte (3237) 132 Bocomo (2512) 15 Foss (3276) Ik6

Oahe, S. D. (1212) 117 Paonia (2957) 1*4*4 Trinity (2718) 1*43 Vaquero (2712) 1*4-3 diversion dam, Navajo (3273) 1*45 Glen Canyon Tunnel ( 295*4- ) 1*4*4 Lake, Northern Quebec (3371) 177 Prineville (3268) 1*+*+ Outlets

artificial (2829) 55 canal (3267) 1*+*+ pipe, cantilevered (ll68) 62 Penstocks, Priest Rapids (2632) 79 Percolation studies (1966) 89 Percolation studies, California (2l8l) 95 Pipe fittings, bends, elbows (l602) 37 Pipe fittings, cavitation (993) 116

Pipe flow (2759) 86 Pipelines, submarine (3180) 76 Pipe strainers, head loss (3370) 177

Pipe systems, air movement (3070) 35 Pipes

aluminum, deterioration ( 3365 ) 176

cavitation (993) 116

corrosion ( 13*42 ) 26 energy losses ( 3066 ) 30 flow of mixtures

gas-liquid (2303) 23 liquid-solid (2275) 86 solid-gas (*+0) 5 friction

concrete (2*4-) 83 steady and unsteady states (261*4-) 68 heat transfer (*40) 5 laminar flow (31l6) 1+9 manifold ports (2150) 67 networks (1689) 79 Non-Newtonian fluid flow ( 2819 ) 52 pressure losses (3301) l6l

Widows Creek Steam Plant (3302) l6l

Pipes

surges (1303) 5 verticle (317) *+6 Pipes, inclined

liquid-solid-mixtures (3205) 87

Pipes, roughened, air entrapment (320*4) 87

Pitot tubes, calibration ( 3162 ) 66 Porous media (3030) 12 Porous media

dispersion of fluid (2586) 51 flow (2863) 68

flow (3212) 97

flow (3258) (3259) 1^2

fluid collector systems (31*4-6) 59 microscopic flow (2690) 139

turbulent flow (557) 25 Potential flow (286*+) 68

Potential flow (3150) 6l Pressure distribution

basic research (79) 32 basic research (8l) 32 spillway floors (3318) 165 Pressure drop

fluidized bed (3117) 50 viscous fluid (2812) *+9 Pressure measurement

ship models (1789) 1*49 sluices

Cherokee Dam (758) 159

Douglas Dam (759) 159

Propellers

circulation (2727) 153

rotating, hydrodynaml c pressure (2391) 70

supercavitating (3286) 155 theory (2*4-7*+) 153

theory, lifting (2237) 151

thrust deduction (2153) 68

thrust deduction study ( 3171 ) 72 transient forces (2616) 71 vibratory thrust (2617) 71 wake fraction (2153) 68

Prototype check tests penstocks (762) 159

sluices (758)(759) 159

Pulpwood holding grounds ( 20*4*4 ) 175 Pumps

axial flow (2500) 2 axial inducers ( 3099 ) *4*4 centrifugal, radial flow (3012) 9 circulating (31*4-1) 56 condenser water (3303) l62

dredge (308*4) 37 flow patterns (3007) 2 gear (2806) *42 model tests (31*42) 56 research (15*4-8) 2 tests (1132) *47 tests (3111) ? *48 turbine model tests (2050) 1 turbine model tests (3300) l6l

Rainfall

effect forest cover (2911) 103

hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 intensity (l9*+5) 67 intensity (2787) - 27 intensity (3058) 27 intensity hurricane (2*4*4-1) 137

maximum (779) 163

maximum ( 1751 ) 136

maximum ( 2788 ) 27

183
Rainfall

radar research (553) 25 radar research (2443) 137

rainfall-runoff (68) 31 rainfall-runoff (564) 28 rainfall-runoff (768) 162

rainfall-runoff (IO78) 87 rainfall-runoff (2162) 77 rainfall -runoff (2561) 44 rainfall-runoff ( 3001 ) 176

rainfall -runoff relations (2397) 77 records (1636) .. ... 51 records (2534) 27 research

Southern California (26l) 98

United States (21+37) 137 Tennessee River Basin (768) l62 Tennessee River Basin (779) 163

Rainfall, research

intensity (3251) 138

Range management practices (27) 4 Reservoirs

evaporation (765) 162

evaporation (2180) 95 evaporation, retardation (2532) •• 27 linings (1837) 13 sedimentation ( 307 ) 38 sedimentation (2175) 93 sedimentation, measurements (233*0 36 silting

Illinois (552) 24 temperature gaging (769) l62 Tennessee River (764) l62 Tennessee River (785) l62 Texas (1966) 89 water travel (787) 163

River basin systems (3054) 23 River control structures Old River, La. (1982) 120

River flow (2698) 140

River flow pattern (2890X2891) 82 River regime characteristics (3031) 12 Rock fill, closure dam (2942) 131 Roughness

artificial channels (2950) 129 artificial open channels ( 3016 ) 10

surfaces (2328) 33 surfaces, drag (854) 32 surfaces, drag (3087) 37 effect of water temperature (1988) 121 surface ( 3071 ) 35 Runoff

control of (2908) 101

denudation effects (23) 83 denudation effects (27) 4 effect of forest (376) (377) 104

effect of forest (656) 102

effects tillage (2597) 58 floods (2795) 34 hydrologic cycle (1092) 26 infiltration determinations (2498) 175 infiltration determinations (2795) 34 rainfall-runoff (564) 28 rainfall-runoff (1078) 87 rainfall-runoff (1723) 92 rainfall-runoff ( 1744 )( 1745) 136

rainfall -runoff (2l62) 77 rainfall-runoff (2165) 79 rainfall-runoff (2331) 35

Runoff

Rainfall-runoff (2334) 36 rainfall-runoff (2795) 34 rainfall -runoff relations (2397) 77 small areas (1946) 67 small areas (2316) 28 small watersheds (2492) 175 small watersheds (284l) 59 stream (3252) l4l urban areas (564) 28 watersheds

Idaho (1862) 23 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 89 Ohio (1966) 89 Ohio and Great Plains (150) 90

Pennsylvania (656) 102 Ralston Creek, Iowa (66) 31 Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 31 Tennessee River Valley (780) 163 Salt water intrusion

Delaware River (425) Il6 Florida (1966) 89 Sand boils (558) 25 Sand mixtures, permeability (556) 25 Sand traps, design (2279) 95 Sand-water mixtures, shear (2062) 7| Scourbridge crossings (2540) 33 bridge piers (3164) 66 culvert outlets (3038) 19 dams, Ft. Randall, S.D. (674) Il6

protection abutments (3069).. 3*+ protection piers (3069) 34 relief bridges (3072) 35 Seaway, St. Lawrence (204l) 173

Sediment

analysis by ultrasonics (3163) 66 bed load formulas (2506) 8 bed load, measurement ( 3257 ) l4l bed load motion ( 2059 ) 7 density in reservoirs (2951) 143 Sediment, cohesive, scour resistance (2874).... 77 Sediments

organic (3021) 10 tagged by radioactive minerals (2755) 9 Sediment transport

artificial channels (2950) l4l meandering channels (3073) 35 natural channels (2950) l4l Sediment transportation (2748) 4; analysis (2701) 140 beaches (529) 5 bed load (1107) 32; bed load

Delaware River (425) Il6 wave action, effect (1823) 6 critical tractive force (1502) 143 density currents (307) 38; forces on particles (280) 5 measurement (194) 66: measurement ( 2125 ) 44 reservoirs (1966) 89 resistance to flow ( 3105 ) 45: roughness elements ( 3105 ) 45|

suspended load (1107) 32 suspended load

measurement (194) 66; measurement ( 1966 ) 89! Tennessee River (764) l62|

Sedimentation (2821) 52
Sedimentation ( 3323) 167

Sedimentation

reservoirs (552) 2h reservoirs (785) l62

reservoirs (2175) 93 rivers (2175) 93 velocity of particles (2583) 1+8 waves (2660) 110

Seepage

canal linings (1859) 23 canals (1966) 89 soil sediments (1859) 23 Servomechanisms (3207)(3208) 88

Servomechanism, closed loop (l877) 87

Ships

"bending moment (2387) 69

"bending moment (2393) 70

"bending moment (2865) 71

bilge, keels (1512) ll+7 control surfaces (2I+63) 152

damping , three-dimensional (3168) 72 design (21+72) 153

effect waves (21+68) 152

fishing, design (3361) 175 forces (2091) 33 forces (3036) 18

forces, on "bodies (2229) 150

hull form research ( 2729 ) I5U hydrodynamic characteristics (3177) 73 injection scoops (710) ll+6 lateral motions in waves (3176) 73 lines (1783) ll+9 lines (2262) • 7 maneuvering (151*0 l*+7 model testing facility (3292) 156

models

motion (2963) I5I+ pitch damping (315*+) 65 pitching (315*0 65 towing test maneuvering basin (1781).... ll+8 turbulence stimulation (1506) 1V7 moments (3036) 18

moorings ( 3179 ) 75 motion (1782) ikd

motion (2091) 33 motion ( 215^ )( 2155 ) 69 motion (2356) 50 motion ( 21+62 )( 21+66) (21+67) 152

motion (2853) 60

motion (2962) I5I+ motion (3028) 11 motion (3179) 75 motion, full scale ( 3291 ) 156

motion, restraint of ( 3035 ) 18 pitching (2390) 70

pitching motion (3289) 156

planing surfaces (3^-0) 68 planing surfaces (2152) 67 pressure distribution (1789) l*+9 pressure distribution (2232) 150 pressure distribution (2853) 60 propellers

contra-rotating ( 21+71 ) 153

counter-rotating (2866) 71 oscillating pressures (2236) 151

propulsive characteristics (2239) 151

resistance ( 3026 ) 11 resistance (3IO6) 1+6 resistance

frictional (2231) 150

Ships

resistance

hull forms (2018) 1I+9 hull forms (2238) 151

hull forms (21+61+) 152

models (901) 1+7 models (21+73) 153 tests (3107) 1+6 theory (709) ll+6 seaworthiness (1511) ll+7 seaworthiness (2230) 150

seaworthiness (2235) 151

seaworthiness (2I+69) 152

seaworthiness (2728) 153

seaworthiness (3293) 157

slamming (1786) ll+9 stability (1907) 67 stability ( 3021+ )( 3025 ) 11 stabilization (3288) 156

velocity distribution (2232) 150

vibration (2019) 150

wake formation (223I+) 151

wake studies (3362) 175 wave tests (1907) 67 Shore processes (2192) 109 Shore protection

methods, techniques (2193) 109 structures (529) 5 Silting

harbors north shore of Lake Ontario (3361+). 176

reservoirs

Illinois (552)... 2l+ Tennessee Valley (785) 162

Siphons

irrigation (2l+) 81+ pumping plants (ll+75) 119 Sluice gates

cavitation (79) 32 entrance rounding ( 301+5 ) 20 torque characteristics (28ll+) 51 Sluices

St. Lawrence Power Project (3327) 168

Sluiceways

dams

Iroquois (3328) 168

Long Sault (3328) 168 San Acacia (3270) ll+5 Woodston (2952) 11+1+ dams, discharge ratings

Cherokee Dam (739) 159 Fontana Dam (7^5)- •< 159

dams, pressure measurement

Cherokee (758). 159

Douglas Dam (759) 159 Snow

forecast, melting (1011) 135 forecast melting ( 3219 ) 103 Snow surveys Colorado (55) 12 runoff forecasting (55) 12 runoff forecasting (1966) 89 runoff forecasting ( 321+6) 133

Soil moisture

effect denudation (23) 83 effect timber cutting (377) 10k

evaporation (2173) 90

evaporation (2277) 1*+ forest influences (380) 107 forest influences (657) 10l+ forest influences (2188) 106

185
Soil moisture

forest influences (2420) 105 measurement ( 26l ) 98 movement ( IO58 ) 4 movement (2055) 85 movement (2173) 90 movement ( 3079 ) 36 permeability (2739) 175 prediction method (3226) 108

semi-desert vegetation (657) 104

Southern California ( 26l ) 98

Soil salinity (261+8) 90

Spheres

motion, viscous fluid (2584) 1+8 motion, viscous fluid (3113) 1+9 unsteady flow (28l6) 52 Spillways

"barrel type (2751) 8 basic research (158I+) 22 Battle Wood River (3279) 146

Bersimis No. 2, Development (3315) 165 bulkhead, Greenup Dam (3233) 131

comparison, profiles (266) 173

dams

Bull Run, No. 2 (3139) -.

. 56 Chief Joseph ( 3085 ) 37 Dez River (3052) 22 Elmhurst (261+5) 82 Flaming Gorge (2960) 144

Fort Gaines (21+32) 123 Fort Patrick Henry (1534) 159 Fort Randall, South Dakota (674) Il6

Glen Canyon (2719) l43

Hales Bar Dam (IO38) 159

Ice Harbor, Oregon (4o6) 112 Jackson (2930) 128

John Day (3229) Il4

Makio (3039) 19 Markland, Ohio River (1739) 119 McGee Bend (2940) 130

Mission (316O). 66 Paonia (2957) 144 Peters (2151) 68

Sherman (2647) 82 Tolt River (2884) 80

Townshend (2938) 130

Trinity (2705) 143

Derbendi Khan (3151) 65 design, Priest Rapids (2606) 64

discharge characteristics (2694) 139

drop, design (1398) 62

drop, design (1865) 26 energy dissipator (2339) 37 energy dissipator (2878) 80

Grand Valley (3266) l44

ice, Lachine Power Project (3342) 171

Ice Harbor, stop log (2921) 114 operating characteristics (3151) 65 Prineville (3268) 144 profiles (266) 173

Rend Lake (3061) 30 side channel study (2790) 30 siphon (1777) 143 Treas Marias ( 3191 ) 80

Wanapum Power Project (3156) 65 weir type (1298) 176

Wilson Powerhouse (3299) l6l

Sprinkling systems

irrigation (2185) 95

jets, distribution (21) 83

Spur dikes

design criteria (3086) 37 design of ( 304o) 19. Stilling basins

dams

Bull Shoals, Ark. (1979) 120

Cougar (3231) 114 East Barre (2939) 130

Fort Gaines (2432) 123

Ft. Randall, S.D. (674) 116 Keystone (294l) 131

Markland, Ohio River (1739) 119

Navajo (3272) 145 Table Rock, Mo. (1980) 120

Warrior (24-31) 122 design (1074) 13 design (2857) 64

dimensions (2959) 144 diversion dam

Navajo (3273) 145 energy dissipation (2103) 39 erosion below (1987) 121 hollow- jet valve (2958) 144 Murrumbidgee-Eucumbene Tunnel (2956) l44 self draining (2750) 8 Stream gaging

bridges (690) 138 Tennessee Valley (769) l62 Streamflow

low flow characteristics (3078) 36 Streamflow forecasts (1744)(1745) 136 Streamflow forecasts (2888) 81 Colorado (55) 12 snow surveys (55) 12 snow surveys ( 1966 ) Western Oregon (3138) 55 Streams discharge records (2695) l4C dispersal patterns (3254) l4l effect logging (969) lfi

runoff (3182) 78 sand channel (1755 ) 136: stage discharge, Iowa (67) 31 water quality ( 786 ) l6£ Structures conservation (1723) 92 conservation (2789) m

conservation ( 3049 ) 21 drainage (2789) 2$ sewer, drop (3161) Gi wave forces on ( l88l ) ffl Strut wake (2234) 15] Submerged bodies

forces (2615) V

moments (26l5) 7] pressure distribution

theoretical analyses (8l) 3<j Surge tanks

Bersimis No. 2 Development (33l4) 16; South Holston Dam (731) 15? Surges

Long Sault Canal (2683) 12f| New England South Shore (2868) 7' pipes (1303)

Surges, elastic tube

dissipation rate (3080) 31 propagation speed ( 308O ) 3'

; Thermal studies

ice cover (3340) 17 Thrust deduction research (3167) 7>

186
Tidal entrances, analysis of data (2296)

Tidal estuaries , diffusion (28l8)

Tidal flow, channels, Delaware River, Pa. (425).

Tides

Narragansett Bay (2680) storm (2873) storm prediction (2438)

Tornado model ( 3065 ) Transition

flow patterns (3088) y supercritical velocities (2386)

4 Tunnels, water air content (2603)

Tur"bines cavitation (1133)

model tests (123)

model tests (2582)

model tests (3083)

partial-admission (3095)

performance (123)

propeller

cavitation (271)

performance ( 271 ) tests (3111)

ll - unsteady two-dimensional flow (2807) vane moments ( 896 ) Turbulence

boundary layer ( 2233 ) characteristics (2058)

decay (2792)

granular media (557)

low level (2510)

measurement, apparatus (73)

li mechanism (2536)

mechanism of (2840)

stimulation (1506)

I wakes (2233)

Unsteady flow (1786)

Underwater missiles (2754)

Valves butterfly (1603)

t check (3199)

check (3200)

check (3201)

jet-pipe (3092)

tainter, reverse (3305)

? transfer (1876)

StValves, safety, capacity tests (3127)

Vane, flow straightener (3134)

i Velocities, low, measurement of (3082)

Velocity distribution

freestream (3125) Potomac River, power plant (2889)

smooth circular pipe ( 3119 ) Velocity measurement (3074)

electro-magnetic (73)

hot-wire (73)

J Virtual mass (2064)

study of (3175)

i Vortex flow (2824)

cyclone separators ( 3094 ) Vortex shedding (2802)

Wake shapes

surface contours ( 3169 ) Water conservation (3057)

Water, consumptive use (1966)

I irrigated crops (2177) San Francisco Bay Area (2179)

Water control facilities, design (1723)

"-'Water entry (2900)

• Water exit, ellipsoidal bodies (2537)

20 Water levels, storm induced (2869) 74

52 Water measurement

116 irrigation (23) 83 irrigation (24) 83 125 irrigation (26) 2+ 75 stream flow (67) 31 I37 technique development (3124) 53 30 Water resources, Tennessee Valley (2975) 16

Watershed management

37 Arizona (657) 104

63 Arkansas (3225) 108

63 Beaver Creek (2913) 106 Colorado ( 1971 ) 105

1+8 Continental Divide (377)... 104

1+7 Grand Junction, Colo. (2657) 106

48 Idaho (2907) 101

36 infiltrometer development (2905) 101

1+3 New Mexico (1969) 105 47 Northern California (24l5) 100

Pennsylvania (656) 102

1 Pennsylvania (2910) 103

1 research (2658) 106

1+8 Rocky Mountain Front Range (376) 104

1+2 Southeastern United States (380) 107

1+7 Southern California (26l) 98

Tallahatchee Research Center (2914) 107 151 Trout Creek, Colo. (3223) 106

7 Utah (1971) 105

3I+ Wayne County, Pa. (966) 102

25 White Mountains, N. H. (2419) 103

ll+ Wyoming (1971) 105

31 Watershed studies

31 Arizona (150) 90

58 Beaver Creek ( 3222 )( 3221+) 106

ll+7 Central Utah (2903) 101 151 Colorado (1971) 105

ll+9 effects logging (969) 103

9 effects logging (265I+) 98

Florida (150) 90

37 forest influences (376) 104

83 forest influences (377) 104

83 forest influences (380) 107

83 forest influences (656)(966)(ll88) 102

1+2 frost studies (1187) 102

162 hydrologic cycle (1764) 138

87 hydrologic cycle (2l62) 77

53 Idaho (2903) 101

51+ Illinois (150) 90

36 Illinois (552) 24

Illinois (657) 104

53 Illinois (2316) 28 82 Iowa (150) 90

50 Lafayette, Ind. (1966) 89

35 Maine (150) 90

31 management (26l) 98

31 Maryland (150) 90

86 Michigan (150) 90

73 Nebraska (150) 90

52 New Jersey (150) 90

1+3 Northern Utah (2903) 101

1+0 Northern Utah (2909) 102 Oklahoma (2365) 55 72 Parker Branch (3307) 163

21+ Pine Tree (3309) 164

89 Ralston Creek, Iowa ( 66 ) 31

9!+ Rapid Creek, Iowa (68) 31 95 Tennessee River Valley (768) l62

92 Tennessee River Valley (780) 163

90 Texas (150) 90

31 Virginia (150) 90

187
Watershed studies

White Hollow (3308) 163

White Mountains, N. H. ( 2419 ) 103

Wisconsin (150) 90 Water supplies

Colo. River Basin of Nevada (2652) 96 Water utilization (769) l62

Waters, surface

characteristics (3059) 27 Wave absorbers, design of (2934) 129 Wave action

beaches (l8l) 108

beaches (529) 5 beaches (660) 108

beaches (1609) 38 beaches (1631) 67

breakwaters

harbors, Duluth-Superior (2685) 126

pervious, impervious (998) 117 rubble-mound (999) 117 harbor (2870) 74 shore protection works ( 529 ) 5 spillways (67k) Il6 Wave forecasting

methods ( 29l6 ) . 110 Wave generation, oblique (3290) 156 Wave motion (2809) 45 Wave propagation (33&0) 174 Wave research (2357) 50 Wave run-up, model study

Lake Okeechobee (2917) 110 Wave setup, beaches (3228) Ill

Wave, shock (3096).. 43 Wave studies (3120) 51 Waves

forces, submerged structures (2659) 110

generation (1825) 6 gravity- capillary (3181) 76 measuring techniques (226l) 7 pressure generated (3023) 11 reproduction of ( 3029 ) 12 run-up (1735) 119

run-up, shore structures ( 266l ) 110

shallow water (1825) 6 ships, waterways (2508) 8 wind generated (1825) 6

Waves, gravity, diffraction of (2871) 7 Waves, long, generation of (2872) 7 Waves, measurement, elevation (2408) 8l Waves, measurement, slopes (2408) 8l Waves, surface

absorption (2143) 63 characteristics, observed (660) 108 contours (340) 61

energy losses (2298) 20 gages (977) 109 generation (4) 67 generation (l478) 135 resistance (709) 146 solitary (159) 135 solitary (577) 38 Waves, wind-generated, spectra (3195) 8l Weirs

basic research (319) 46 basic research (1584) 22 basic research (2578) 46 calibration (2860) 65 design (2858) 64 discharge characteristics (2694) 139 rectangular (1852) 22 sharp crested (2324) 33 Weirs, sharp- crested

inclined elliptical (3206) 87 parabolic (268) 173 Weirs, side (1912) 50 Weirs, unsteady flow (2276) 86 Wells

casing perforations (2056) 86 construction (2576) l64 drilling (24) 83 pump suction (3190) 80 Wells, irrigation

construction (3033) 18 filter design (2901) 96 sediment retention (3215) 9$

Well screens, turbulence (557) 25 Wind

pressure distribution (2796) 34 velocity (2442) 137 Wind and water behavior (3051) 21 Wind tides, research (2442) 137 Wind waves, canals (2953) l44

188 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1959 O - 514561
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington,

D.C., and Boulder, Colorado, is suggested in the following listing of the divisions and sections en- gaged in technical work. In general, each section carries out specialized research, development,

and engineering in the field indicated by its title. A brief description of the activities, and of the

resultant publications, appears on the inside of the front cover. WASHINGTON, D.C.

Electricity and Electronics. Resistance and Reactance. Electron Devices. Electrical Instru- ments. Magnetic Measurements. Dielectrics. Engineering Electronics. Electronic Instrumentation. Electrochemistry.

Optics and Metrology. Photometry and Colorimetry. Photographic Technology. Length.

Engineering Metrology.

Heat. Temperature Physics. Thermodynamics. Cryogenic Physics. Rheology. Molecular

Kinetics. Free Radicals Research.

Atomic and Radiation Physics. Spectroscopy. Radiometry. Mass Spectrometry. Solid State

Physics. Electron Physics. Atomic Physics. Neutron Physics. Radiation Theory. Radioactivity.

X-rays. High Energy Radiation. Nucleonic Instrumentation. Radiological Equipment.

Chemistry. Organic Coatings. Surface Chemistry. Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry.

Inorganic Chemistry. Electrodeposition. Molecular Structure and Properties of Gases. Physical

Chemistry. Thermochemistry. Spectrochemistry. Pure Substances.

Mechanics. Soun i. Mechanical Instruments. Fluid Mechanics. Engineering Mechanics. Mass

and Scale. Capacity, Density, and Fluid Meters. Combustion Controls.

Organic and Fibrous Materials. Rubber. Textiles. Paper. Leather. Testing and Specifications. Polymer Structure. Plastics. Dental Research.

Metallurgy. Thermal Metallurgy. Chemical Metallurgy. Mechanical Metallurgy. Corrosion.

Metal Physics.

Mineral Products. Engineering Ceramics. Glass. Refractories. Enameled Metals. Constitution and Microstructure.

Building Technology. Structural Engineering. Fire Protection. Air Conditioning, Heating,

and Refrigeration. Floor, Roof, and Wall Coverings. Codes and Safety Standards. Heat Transfer.

Concreting Materials.

Applied Mathematics. Numerical Analysis. Computation. Statistical Engineering. Mathematical Physics.

Data Processing Systems. SEAC Engineering Group. Components and Techniques. Digital

Circuitry. Digital Systems. Analog Systems. Application Engineering. • Office of Basic Instrumentation. • Office of Weights and Measures.

BOULDER, COLORADO

Cryogenic Engineering. Cryogenic Equipment. Cryogenic Processes. Properties of Materials.

Gas Liquefaction.

Radio Propagation Physics. Upper Atmosphere Research. Ionospheric Research. Regular

Propagation Services. Sun-Earth Relationships. VHF Research. Radio Warning Services. Airglow and Aurora. Radio Astronomy and Arctic Propagation.

Radio Propagation Engineering. Data Reduction Instrumentation. Modulation Research.

Radio Noise. Tropospheric Measurements. Tropospheric Analysis. Propagation Obstacles

Engineering. Radio-Meteorology. Lower Atmosphere Physics.

Radio Standards. High Frequency Electrical Standards. Radio Broadcast Service. High Fre- quency Impedance Standards. Electronic Calibration Center. Microwave Physics. Microwave

Circuit Standards.

Radio Communication and Systems. Low Frequency and Very Low Frequency Research.

High Frequency and Very High Frequency Research. Ultra High Frequency and Super High

Frequency Research. Modulation Research. Antenna Research. Navigation Systems. Systems

Analysis. Field Operations.
Hydraulic Research in the United States

Guides to projects conducted by various hydraulic and hydrologic laboratories

in the United States and Canada during 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956,

1957, and 1958. Project reports cover work done at 74 private or State

laboratories in the United States, 23 Federal laboratories, and 10 Canadian

laboratories. These publications outline individual projects on nearly 200

subjects in the field.

Order:NBS Miscellaneous Publication 201, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1951, 190 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 205, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1952, 200 pages. Price $1.00.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 208, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1953,

215 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 210, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1954, 207 pages. Price $1.25.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 218, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1956,

216 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 221, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1957, 220 pages. Price $1.50.

NBS Miscellaneous Publication 224, Hydraulic Research in the United States, 1958, 168 pages. Price $1.25.