NBS Measurement Services:

Spectral

Irradiance

Calibrations

NBS

Special

Publication

250-20

Donald A. McSparron

U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards
Center for Radiation Research

The Center for Radiation Research is a major component of the National Measurement Laboratory in the National

Bureau of Standards. The Center provides the Nation with standards and measurement services for ionizing

radiation and for ultraviolet, visible, and infrared radiation; coordinates and furnishes essential support

to the National Measurement Support Systemfor ionizing radiation; conducts research in radiation related

fields to develop improved radiation measurement methodology; and generates, compiles, and critically

evaluates data to meet major national needs. The Center consists of five Divisions and one Group.

Atomic and Plasma Radiation Division

Carries out basic theoretical and experimental research into the • Atomic Spectroscopy

spectroscopic and radiative properties of atoms and highly ionized • Atomic Radiation Data

species; develops well-defined atomic radiation sources as radiometric • Plasma Radiation

or wavelength standards; develops new measurement techniques and

methods for spectral analysis and plasma properties; and collects,

compiles, and critically evaluates spectroscopic data. The Division

consists of the following Groups:

Radiation Physics Division

Provides the central national basis for the measurement of far ultraviolet, soft x-ray, and electron radiation; develops and disseminates

radiation standards, measurement services, and data for for these radiations; conducts theoretical and experimental research with electron,

laser, ultraviolet, and soft x-ray radiation for measurement applications; determines fundamental mechanisms of electron and photon interactions with matter; and develops advanced electron- and photon-based

measurement techiques. The Division consists of the following Groups:

Far UV Physics

Electron Physics

Photon Physics

Radiometric Physics Division

Provides national measurement standards and support services for ultra- • Spectral Radiometry

violet, visible, and infrared radiation; provides standards dissemination • Spectrophotometry

and measurement quality assurance services; conducts research in optical • Radiometric Measurement Services

radiation, pyrometry, photometry, and quantum radiometry; and develops

spectroradiometric and spectrophotometry standards and calibration

procedures. The Division consists of the following Groups:

Radiation Source and Instrumentation Division

Develops, operates, and improves major NBS radiation facilities

including the electron Linac and race track microtron; develops,

designs, and builds electronic and mechanical instrumentation for

radiation programs and facilities; provides national leadership

in the standardization of nuclear instrumentation; and develops new competence in radiation sources and instrumentation. The

Division consists of the following Groups:

• Accelerator Research

• Linac Operations

• Electronic Instrumentation

• Mechanical Instrumentation

Ionizing Radiation Division

Provides primary national standards, measurement services, and basic

data for applications of ionizing radiation; develops new methods of

chemical and physical dosimetry; conducts theoretical and experimental

research on the fundamental physical and chemical interactions of

ionizing radiation with matter; provides essential standards and

measurement support services to the National Measurement Support

System for Ionizing Radiation; and develops and operates radiation

sources needed to provide primary radiation standards, fields, and

well-characterized beams of radiation for research on radiation

interactions and for development of measurement methods. The Division

consists of the following Office and Groups:

Office of Radiation Measurement

Radiation Theory

Radiation Chemistry and Chemical

Dosimetry

Neutron Measurements and Research

Neutron Dosimetry

Radioactivity

X-Ray Physics

Dosimetry

Nuclear Physics Group

Engages in forefront research in nuclear and elementary particle physics;

performs highly accurate measurements and theoretical analyses which

probe the structure of nuclear matter; and improves the quantitative

understanding of physical processes that underlie measurement science.
NBS MEASUREMENT SERVICES:

SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE CALIBRATIONS

James H. Walker

Robert D. Saunders

John K. Jackson

Donald A. McSparron

Center for Radiation Research

National Measurement Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

s

?1

V'

S3- &

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Clarence J. Brown, Acting Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

Issued September 1987
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-619862

National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 250-20

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Spec. Publ. 250-20, 102 pages (Sept. 1987)

CODEN: XNBSAV

Commercial products— materials and instruments— are identified in this document for the sole pur- pose of adequately describing experimental or test procedures. In no event does such identification imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of Standards of a particular product; nor does it imply that a named material or instrument is necessarily the best available for the purpose

it serves.

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1987

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402-9325
PREFACE

The calibration and related measurement services of the National Bureau

of Standards are intended to assist the makers and users of precision

measuring instruments in achieving the highest possible levels of

accuracy, guality, and productivity. NBS offers over 300 different

calibration, special test, and measurement assurance services. These

services allow customers to directly link their measurement systems to

measurement systems and standards maintained by NBS. These services

are offered to the public and private organizations alike. They are described in NBS Special Publication (SP) 250, NBS Calibration Services

Users Guide .

The Users Guide is being supplemented by a number of special

publications (designated as the "SP 250 Series") that provide a detailed description of the important features of specific NBS

calibration services. These documents provide a description of the:

(1) specifications for the service; (2) design philosophy and theory;

(3) NBS measurement system; (4) NBS operational procedures; (5)

assessment of measurement uncertainty including random and systematic

errors and an error budget; and (6) internal quality control procedures

used by NBS. These documents will present more detail than can be

given in an NBS calibration report, or than is generally allowed in

articles in scientific journals. In the past NBS has published such

information in a variety of ways. This series will help make this type

of information more readily available to the user.

This document (SP 250-20), NBS Measurement Services: Spectral

Irradiance Calibrations, by J. H. Walker, R. D. Saunders, J. K. Jackson, and D. A. McSparron, is the twentieth to be published in this

new series of special publications. It describes the calibration of

the spectral irradiance of tungsten quartz-halogen lamps over the

wavelength region of 250 to 2400 nm, and of uv-emitting deuterium lamps over the range of 200 to 350 nm (see test numbers 39040C, 39050C, and

39070S in the SP 250 Users Guide). Inquiries concerning the technical

content of this document or the specifications for these services

should be directed to the authors or one of the technical contacts

cited in SP 250.

The Center for Radiation Research (CRR) is in the process of publishing

21 documents in this SP 250 series, covering all of the calibration

services offered by CRR. A complete listing of these documents can be

found inside the back cover.

NBS would welcome suggestions on how publications such as these might

be made more useful. Suggestions are also welcome concerning the need

for new calibration services, special tests, and measurement assurance

programs

George A. Uriano Chris E. Kuyatt

Director Director

Measurement Services Center for Radiation Research

i i i
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the measurement methods and the

instrumentation used in the realization and transfer of the NBS scale of

spectral irradiance. The basic measurement equation for the irradiance

realization is derived. The spectral responsivity function, linearity

of response, and "size of source" effect of the spectroradiometer are described. The analysis of sources of error and the estimates of

uncertainty are described. The assigned uncertainties (3cr level) in

spectral irradiance range from 2.2% at 250 nm to 1.0% at 654.6 nm to

6.5% at 2400 nm.

Key Words: blackbody; calibrations; radiometry; response linearity;

slit- scattering function; spectral irradiance; standards.

iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. SCALE DERIVATION AND TRANSFER 2

III. MEASUREMENT APPARATUS 8

A. Variable Temperature Blackbody 9 B. Lamp Sources 11

1. Pyrometer Lamp 11

2. Special Integrating Sphere Source 11

3. Spectral Irradiance Working Standards 13

4 . Test Lamps 13

C. Spectroradiometer 13

1. Fore-optics 13

2 . Monochromator 16

3. Detectors 16

D. Control and Data Acquisition System 17

IV. MEASUREMENT OF INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE PARAMETERS 18

A. Spectral Responsivity Function 18

B. Linearity of Response 19

C. Size of Source 20

D. Polarization 21

V. PROCESS OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE REALIZATION 21

VI. PROCESS OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE TRANSFER 23

VII. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS 23

VIII. SCALE REALIZATION DATA ANALYSIS 24

IX. UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION 25

A. Integrating Sphere Source

Spectral Radiance Uncertainty 26

B. Radiance to Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty 28

C. Test Lamp Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty 28

D. Overall Uncertainty of the

Primary Working Standards 29

E. Overall Uncertainty of a Group of Test Lamps 29

X. REFERENCES 31

v
TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

APPENDIX A:

APPENDIX B:

APPENDIX C:

APPENDIX D:

APPENDIX E:

APPENDIX F:

Report of Calibration and Type FEL Lamp Standards

of Spectral Irradiance - 1986

FASCAL Description in Optical Radiation News

Detailed Procedures for

Routine Spectral Irradiance Calibrations

Data Reduction and Quality Control

Deuterium Lamp Standards of Spectral Irradiance - 1986

Spectral Irradiance Deuterium Lamp Report of Calibration

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1. Spectral Radiance Measurement Setup 4

FIGURE 2. Spectral Irradiance Measurement Setup 5

FIGURE 3. Irradiance Calculation Geometry 6

FIGURE 4. Variable Temperature Blackbody Schematic 10

FIGURE 5. Central Section of Variable Temperature Blackbody .... 12

FIGURE 6. Mapping Profile of Integrating Sphere Aperture 14

FIGURE A-l. Modified Type FEL A-7

FIGURE C-l. Modified Type FEL C-16

FIGURE C-2. FEL Modification C-17

FIGURE C-3. Kinematic Lamp Mount C-18

FIGURE C-4. Alignment Jig C-19

FIGURE E-l. Deuterium Lamp Standard E-8

FIGURE E-2. Electrical Circuit for Operating Deuterium Lamps.. E-9

vii
LIST OF TABLES

TABLE I. Integrating Sphere Spectral Radiance Uncertainty

(3a) in Percent 33

TABLE II. Radiance to Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty

(3a) in Percent 34

TABLE III. Test Lamp Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty

(3a) in Percent 35

TABLE IV. 1986 Spectral Irradiance Scale Uncertainty

(3a) in Percent 36

TABLE V. 1986 Spectral Irradiance Scale Transfer

Uncertainty (3a) in Percent 37

TABLE D-l. Measurement Design for Type FEL Spectral

Irradiance Standards D-8

TABLE D-2A. Standard Lamp Coefficients D-9

TABLE D-2B. Position Coefficients D-9

TABLE D-3. Standard Lamp Drift Rates D-10

TABLE E-l. Deuterium Lamp Uncertainty Estimates (3a) E-7

viii
I. INTRODUCTION

Spectral irradiance , denoted Ex

, is defined as the radiant flux of

wavelength A incident on a surface per unit wavelength interval and per

unit area on the surface. Mathematically

EA = d

2 <£/dA-dA (1)

where d

2

<f> is the element of incident flux and dA and dA are the elements

of wavelength and area respectively.

The National Bureau of Standards (NBS) presently issues two types of

spectral irradiance standards. Type FEL (ANSI designation) lamps, modified

to a medium bipost base, are calibrated as standards of spectral

irradiance at 31 wavelengths over the spectral range 250 to 2400 run. These

lamp standards are designated in NBS Special Publication 250 [1] as item

39040C (former designation 7.5G) for 250 to 1600 run. For 250 to 2400 nm

the lamp standards are designated as item 39070S. Deuterium lamp standards

of spectral irradiance are calibrated at 16 wavelengths over the spectral

range 200 to 350 nm. These lamp standards are designated as item 39050C

(former designation 7.5J).

In 1963, the National Bureau of Standards established a scale of

spectral irradiance [2] using a group of 200 W, quartz -halogen, tungsten

coiled-coil filament lamps. Although these lamps were compact and

relatively easy to use, the spectral irradiance below 400 nm was insufficient for many applications. For this reason, the scale was transferred to a group of 1000 W, quartz -halogen lamps which increased the

spectral irradiance by about a factor of five. The uncertainties (3a

level) assigned to this scale were about 3% in the visible- infrared

spectral region and 8% in the ultraviolet spectral region.

A widespread need for higher accuracy led NBS, in the early 1970' s, to

initiate development of an improved scale of spectral irradiance. The new

1
scale, with estimated uncertainties about 1/3 those of the earlier scale, was first disseminated in 1973 [3]. The detailed techniques for

realizing this scale have undergone several evolutionary changes in the

past decade. This report is a description of the current process of

realization of the NBS spectral irradiance scale and of the current

procedures for the routine spectral irradiance calibrations.

The modified type FEL quartz halogen lamps are issued with

uncertainties (stated in percent), estimated at the 3a level, ranging from

2.2% at 250 nm to 1.0% at 654.6 nm to 6.5% at 2400 nra. The

uncertainties estimated for the deuterium lamps are 7.5% at 200 and 210 nm

and 5% for the spectral range 220 nm to 350 nm. The deuterium lamps are used mainly in the range 200 nm to 250 nm because of the increased flux

available as compared to the modified type FEL lamps. The spectral

irradiance values transferred to the deuterium lamps in the spectral range

200 to 250 nm are based on the hydrogen and blackbody line arcs developed

primarily for use in the vacuum ultraviolet [4] . From 250 nm to 350 nm the

reported spectral irradiance values are transferred from the modified type

FEL lamps. The equipment used for the deuterium lamp calibrations is

identical to that used for the modified type FEL lamp calibrations, and the

measurement procedures are very similar. The body of this report will be

limited to a description of the calibration of the modified type FEL lamps.

Details of the calibration of the deuterium lamps are given in Appendix E. Appendix F is a sample report of calibration for the deuterium lamps.

II. SCALE DERIVATION AND TRANSFER

The NBS scale of spectral irradiance is derived from the NBS scale of

spectral radiance [5] which is based on a realization of the International

Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS-68) starting with a gold point blackbody

[6]. The average spectral radiance over the exit aperture of a special

integrating sphere source is determined and then the flux from the sphere

source which enters the receiving aperture of the spectroradiometer is

calculated. This technique is used to determine the spectral irradiance at

the detector receiving aperture and thus establishes a spectral irradiance

2
scale. As a matter of convenience the scale is transferred to a group of

four, 1000 W, quartz -halogen lamp primary working standards using an averaging sphere -monochromator combination designed for spectral irradiance

measurements. These lamps are used to maintain the NBS scale of spectral

irradiance. The lamps are recalibrated every 50 to 100 burning hours.

Figure 1 shows the setup used to measure the spectral radiance of the

special integrating sphere source. Figure 2 shows the setup used to

transfer the spectral irradiance scale to a group of primary working

standards

The geometry used for the spectral irradiance determination is shown

in Figure 3. The following method is used to determine the spectral

irradiance at the receiving aperture of the spectroradiometer produced by

the integrating sphere source The spectral irradiance, at the

receiving aperture due to the spectral radiance, LA

, at any point on the source aperture is

EA = LA

• dco (2)

where u> is the solid angle defined by the receiving aperture and a point on

the source aperture. To calculate the flux at the receiving aperture due to

the entire source aperture, it is necessary to integrate over the entire

projected area of the source aperture

LA

• du> • dA (3)

where dA=dx- dy • cos0 . LA is a function of 6 , <f> , x, and y so that

*A = LA ($ ,<f> ,x,y) • cos0 • do>- dx- dy (4)

where

is the angle between the normal to the surfaces of the apertures

and a line connecting a single point on each aperture

3
Z3

CD

00C

CDE

Z5

0)o

CD

CDOc

X5O

cro

CD

00

UJ

cr

ZDO 4
5
Ll_ 6
4> is the azimuthal angle

x is the horizontal location of a point on the source aperture

y is the vertical location of a point on the source aperture

Assuming that the source is Lambertian and nearly uniform, LA (0,0,x,y) can

be replaced by an average radiance LA to give

cos# -dwdx-dy (5)

where

dco = cos0/r2 -dx' -dy'

x' ,y' is a point on the receiving aperture

r is the slant distance from x' ,y' to x,y

This gives

*a = La cos 2 6 /r2

• dx '• dy ' • dx • dy

^RA

(6)

where

ASA is the area of the source aperture

ARA is the area of the receiving aperture

For circular, coaxial source and receiving apertures, this integral

evaluates to

$A = LA

• tt 2 /2 • R

2 - (RA - 4-r x 2 -r^) 1 ' 2 (7)

where

R

2 = d2 + rx z + r2

2

d is the normal distance between source and

receiving apertures

r x is the radius of the source aperture

r2 is the radius of the receiving aperture

7
A more convenient expression is

1 + 5 + 2-8 z + 5-S 3 + (8)

where 8 = (r 1 2 -r2

2 )/R4

. Finally,

1 + S + (8A)

The last step is to compare the spectroradiometer outputs produced by

the integrating sphere source and each working standard.

Once the primary working standards have been calibrated, they are used

to measure the spectral irradiance of test lamps. Modified type FEL test

lamps are calibrated in groups of twelve and details of their calibration

are covered in Appendix C.

III. MEASUREMENT APPARATUS

Spectral radiance and spectral irradiance calibrations are performed

on the NBS Facility for Automated Spectroradiometric Calibrations

(FASCAL) . Appendix B is a concise description of this facility. Block

diagrams of the measurement apparatus are shown in Figures 1 and 2 . The

principal components are:

A. Variable Temperature Blackbody

B. Sources

1 . Pyrometer Lamp

2. Special Integrating Sphere Source

3. Spectral Irradiance Primary Working Standards

4. Test Lamps

C. Spectroradiometer

1. Fore-optics

a. Averaging Sphere

b. Mirrors and Entrance Slit Masks

2 . Monochromator

3. Detectors

D. Control and Data Acquisition System

8
A. Variable -Temperature Blackbody

The variable- temperature blackbody is used over a temperature range

from about 800 °C to about 2400 °C.

A schematic cross-section of the variable- temperature blackbody is

shown in Figure 4. The blackbody cavity is located in the central portion

of a high density graphite tube, which is resistively heated in an argon

atmosphere. Electric current is supplied to the graphite tube through

water-cooled electrical connections at each end of the tube. The tube is

surrounded by a double-walled graphite radiation shield, with carbon black

fill between the walls. This assembly is surrounded by a water-cooled

metal housing, with an observation port which can be sealed during

evacuation of the atmosphere within the housing prior to flushing with

argon. A window is provided at the top of the housing for visual

pyrometer observation of the temperatures along the tube interior. A

second window at the rear of the housing allows radiation from the rear wall of the graphite tube to fall on a silicon photodiode. The photodiode

provides a signal for automatic control of the saturable-reactor power

supply for the tube. A germanium photodiode, whose response extends

further into the infrared region, replaces the silicon cell for

operation at temperatures below 1000 °C. The blackbody mounting provides

adjustment in two angular and three trans lational degrees of freedom,

allowing for precise positioning and radiometric scanning over the target

area and the beam solid angle.

The graphite tube is about 200 mm long, with an inner diameter of

about 11 mm. The outer surface is tapered to improve temperature uniformity

along its length. The wall is about 4 mm thick at mid- length where a 2 mm

diameter hole in the wall allows for observation of the emitted flux. The

tube is partitioned into small cylindrical sections by a series of thin

graphite disks separated by thin graphite cylinders located at intervals

along the bore. Holes in the graphite disks permit measurement of the

temperatures in the middle and upper sections with a visual pyrometer. The

holes vary in diameter from 6 mm for the uppermost disk to 0.75 mm for the

disk below the central section. The central cylindrical section, which

9
PYROMETER

FIGURE 4. Variable Temperature Blackbody Schematic

10
provides the observed flux, is 9 mm high and 10 mm in diameter. The inside

wall is threaded to reduce its partial reflectivity [7,8]. Figure 5 shows

a cross-sectional view of the central section.

The blackbody emissivity has been assessed by measurements of the

solid angle subtended by the cavity opening, the partial reflectivity of

the graphite material [7], the temperature gradients, and the absorption

by gases [8]. The solid angle subtended at the rear wall of the cavity by

the inner edge of the observation hole is about 0.03 sr. The measured

partial reflectivity of the graphite is 0.02 sr" 1

. The measured

temperature gradient over the length of the viewing cavity is less than

1 K. Experimental investigations of possible absorption of radiation by

gases has disclosed only weak absorption lines at 589 and 589.6 run (Na) and at 766.5 nm (K) . The resulting estimate of emissivity is

0.9990 + 0.0005 .

B. Lamp Sources

1 . Pyrometer Lamp. This lamp is used as a secondary standard for

realizing the spectral radiance scale. It is a highly stable vacuum

tungsten- strip lamp which is operated at a single current to produce a spectral radiance of about eight times that of a gold point blackbody at

654.6 nm (about 1530 K radiance temperature). The lamp drift rate is less

than 0.02% per 100 hours when operated at a single current level .

2. Special Integrating Sphere Source. This source has been

specially constructed to be unpolarized and to have high output in the IR

part of its spectrum. It consists of a heat-sinked, water-cooled

integrating sphere with a 1000 W quartz -halogen, modified type FEL lamp

mounted next to the entrance port. The integrating sphere is 5.0 cm in

diameter with a 23 mm diameter entrance port and a 20 mm diameter exit port

located about 100° from the entrance port. The inside sphere wall is

coated with pressed high purity polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) [16] to give

high reflectivity in the IR. A modified type FEL lamp is mounted with its

envelope about 3 mm from the entrance port of the sphere and located so that it does not directly irradiate the inside wall of the sphere opposite

11
] r

FIGURE 5. Central Section of Variable

Temperature Blackbody

12
the exit port. The sphere itself is made of copper and is mounted in a heat-sinking copper plate. Copper tubing is soldered to the sphere and

plate and the entire assembly is water-cooled to prevent the source from

overheating. A precision circular aperture whose area has been accurately

measured is attached at the exit port.

Because of the multiple reflections in the integrating sphere,

entering radiation is randomized, producing a uniform, depolarized radiant

flux at the exit port. The uniformity is verified when the exit port

aperture is mapped during the irradiance realization procedure (Figure 6 shows a typical mapping profile) . Depolarization was tested at 650 ran using an unpolarized source and a linear polarizer and found to be complete

within the measurement precision of 0.1% (3a level).

3. Spectral Irradiance Primary Working Standards. Four 1000 W

quartz -halogen, modified type FEL lamps were selected as primary working

standards. This type lamp has a clear bulb and a tungsten coiled-coil

filament (CC-8) and has a rated life of 500 hours at 120 V. Before

calibration, the lamp base is converted to a medium bipost base and the

base structure is encapsulated in an epoxy-ceramic compound. The posts

that form the bipost base are 6.35 mm (1/4 in) diameter cylindrical

stainless steel rods that extend 20.64 mm (13/16 in) from the bottom of the

epoxy-ceramic block. The posts are spaced 22.23 mm (7/8 in) between

centers. A metal plate bearing the lamp identification number and

indicating the electrical polarity is attached to the rear surface (side

away from the spectroradiometer ) of the epoxy-ceramic block.

4. Test Lamps. The test lamps are also modified type FEL lamps.

C . Spectroradiometer

1 . Fore-optics

a. Averaging Sphere. The averaging sphere is 2.5 cm in diameter

with a 1 cm2 area precision circular entrance port and a 3 x 12 mm exit

port located about 100° from the entrance port. The inside sphere wall is

13
0.22 0.30 0.31

0.28 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.28 0.31 0.30 0.31 0.44

0.45 0.25 0.14 0.13 0.15 0.21 0.28 0.36 0.43 0.48 0.46

0.42 0.21 0.08 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.15 0.20 0.31 0.42 0.48 0.53 0.61

-0.10 0.25 0.06 -0.04 -0.04 0.03 0.12 0.16 0.18 0.24 0.37 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.75

0.32 0.11 -0.05 -0.11 -0.07 0.04 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.31 0.40 0.53 0.67 0.79

-0.44 0.21 0.00 -0.15 -0.18 -0.13 -0.02 0.05 0.10 0.11 0.15 0.22 0.33 0.49 0.66 0.80 0.86

0.46 0.15 -0.07 -0.21 -0.22 -0.14 -0.05 -0.01 0.06 0.08 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.42 0.61 0.80 0.88

0.40 0.11 -0.12 -0.28 -0.26 -0.21 -0.14 -0.08 OJX) 0.05 0.08 0.13 0.24 0.38 0.60 0.84 0.95

0.43 0.14 -0.11 -0.28 -0.29 -0.24 -0.18 -0.12 -0.05 0.00 0.06 0.14 0.26 0.44 0.67 0.93 1.08

-0.21 0.15 -0.10 -0.32 -0.34 -0.31 -0.25 -0.19 -0.14 -0.10 0.00 0.12 0.28 0.46 0.68 0.94 1.09

0.12 -0.13 -0.36 -0.42 -0.41 -0.35 -0.30 -0.22 -0.16 -0.01 0.15 0.30 0.47 0.67 0.93

0.07 -0.12 -0.34 -0.43 -0.43 -0.37 -0.33 -0.27 -0.20 -0.02 0.15 0.32 0.50 0.69 0.90

-0.14 -0.35 -0.45 -0.47 -0.42 -0.37 -0.30 -0.20 -0.03 0.16 0.36 0.52 0.68

-0.29 -0.40 -0.44 -0.40 -0.34 -0.27 -0.16 0.00 0.17 0.35 0.50

-0.41 -0.41 -0.38 -0.29 -0.21 -0.10 0.05 0.23 0.29

-0.27 -0.19 -0.08

Values are % difference from central value

Wavelength - 654.6 nm

Target Area = 0.6 mm wide by 0.8 mm high

X Increment = 1.06 mm

Y Increment = 1 . 06 mm

Overall Mapping Correction = + 0.14%

FIGURE 6. Mapping Profile of Integrating Sphere Aperture

14
coated with pressed high purity PTFE. This material has been found to

fluoresce at certain wavelengths under certain conditions [17], but when

the sources being compared have approximately the same spectral

distribution, fluorescence is not a problem. The radiation entering the

sphere is randomized by multiple reflections in the sphere, thus producing

uniform, depolarized radiant flux at the exit port. This uniformity was verified to within the measurement precision of 0.1% (3a level) by

radiometrically scanning the exit port of the sphere. Depolarization was tested at 500 nm and 650 nm using an unpolarized source and a linear

polarizer and found to be complete within the measurement precision of 0.1%

(3ct level)

The difference in the solid angle of irradiation for the irradiance

lamp and the integrating sphere source is only a problem when the

reflectance of the averaging sphere wall is not uniform. This high purity,

3 mm thick PTFE sphere coating provides this uniformity, and it was verified by determining the spectral irradiance of a lamp mirror- system [3]

whose solid angle could be varied. Negligible difference (<0.1%) in the

results was observed over the range of solid angles viewed (the conical

full angle was varied from 1.85° to 10°).

b . Mirrors and Entrance Slit Masks. In the radiance measurement

mode, the radiance source is imaged with unit magnification onto a polished

stainless steel mask placed directly in front of the entrance slit of the

monochromator . In the irradiance measurement mode, the exit port of the

averaging sphere is imaged with unit magnification onto a different

polished stainless steel mask. The mask determines the height of the

system field stop (source target area) and the entrance slit determines the

width. In the radiance mode the stop dimensions are 0.6 mm wide by 0.8 mm

high. Also, in this mode the optic axis lies within 1.5° of the axis of

the spherical mirror to minimize aberrations [9] . In the irradiance mode

the stop dimensions are approximately 2 mm wide by 10 mm high. In this

mode the off -axis angle is slightly larger, but in this case the image

quality is less important because of the homogeneity of the flux exiting

the averaging sphere

15
2. Monochromator

A prism-grating double monochroraator is employed

to minimize spectral scattering and to avoid multiple orders. It is used

over the wavelength range of 200 to 2400 nm. The dispersion varies with

wavelength from about 1 to 4 nm/mm. The entrance aperture (solid angle) is

rectangular in shape, with a vertical angle of 7° and a horizontal angle

of 3.5°. The wavelength setting is calibrated against Hg and Th spectral

line standards (discharge lamps). The lines used are:

Hg Lines Th Lines

1529. 58 nm 2400. 80 nm

1013. 97 2351. 47

576. 96 2063. 44

546.,06 1730. 77

435..84 1351.,81

404 .66 1220. 69

365 .02 904,,82

334 .15 800 ,00

312 .57 700,.08

302 .15 654 .57

296 .73 600 .71

275 .28

253 .65

The wavelength calibration is repeatable to within 0.05 nm. The entrance,

intermediate, and exit slits are adjustable together as a unit from 0.01 to

3.0 mm, resulting in a nearly triangular -shaped spectral bandpass.

3. DetectorsTwo interchangeable detectors are used to cover the

wavelength range of the spectroradiometer . For the 200 to 850 nm range, an end-on 11-stage photomultiplier with quartz window and S-20 spectral

response is placed behind the exit slit. The detector is cooled to 258 K

with a thermoelectric cooler. The anode current is amplified and

converted to a 0 to 10 V signal by a programmable DC amplifier. To ensure linearity of response, the high voltage applied to the detector is normally

selected to restrict the detector current to 500 nA or less.

A lead sulfide detector, cooled to 240 K by a thermoelectric cooler,

is used for the 800 to 2400 nm range. The detector and the exit slit

are placed at the foci of an ellipsoidal mirror, which images the

exit slit upon the detector with a demagnification of about 7. The

detector output is amplified and converted to a 0 to 1 V signal by a phase16
sensitive lock- in voltmeter, which is keyed to a 78 Hz sector disk placed

just before the plane mirror in the radiance mode or just after the exit

port of the averaging sphere in the irradiance mode.

The signal from either detector-amplifier combination is fed to a

5 1/2 digit voltmeter, capable of integration times ranging from one second

to several minutes. To facilitate alignment of optics or sources, a HeNe

laser is placed at the detector position, so that its beam passes

through the monochromator and fore-optics in the reverse direction.

D . Control and Data Acquisition System

After initial alignment, the FASCAL system permits control of the

entire measurement process from a remote operator console. Component

positions, instrument settings, sequence of operations, and data

collection are effected by either stored computer programs, operator

commands, or a combination of the two.

The system is directed by a microcomputer equipped with a CRT

terminal and keyboard and a high-speed disk system for program and data

storage. A modular interface controller [10] provides the link between

instruments and computer. All measurement signals are multiplexed

into the digital voltmeter through the interface scanner, and the

instruments are remotely programmed and controlled through interface

modules. All instrument settings and signal outputs are printed and

stored on disk for later analysis.

The spectroradiometer (fore-optics, monochromator, and detectors), a closed-circuit TV camera, and a photoelectric pyrometer are mounted on a carriage. The carriage can be moved by remote command along a linear

track, to position the spectroradiometer in front of any of the sources mounted at fixed stations along the track. The average move time between

stations is a few seconds, and positions are repeatable to about 0.1 mm. The TV camera presents a highly magnified image of the monochromator

entrance slit mask to video displays at the spectroradiometer and at the

operator console for initial source alignment and subsequent monitoring.

17
The pyrometer is used for the initial setting of the variable

temperature blackbody to its approximate temperature.

IV. MEASUREMENT OF INSTRUMENT AND SOURCE PARAMETERS

A. Spectral Responsivity Function

The relative spectral responsivity function of the spectroradiometer

is determined by an indirect method [11]. In this method, the

relative responsivity function is treated as the product of two terms, the

responsivity factor and the slit-scattering function, where the

responsivity factor depends only upon the wavelength of the observed flux

and the slit-scattering function depends only upon the difference between

the wavelength setting of the monochromator and the wavelength of the

flux. This factorization of the spectral responsivity function is valid if

the instrument dispersion, aberrations, scattering, and diffraction are constant over the wavelength region of interest. This assumption is valid

in the central portion of the relative responsivity function, but values

for the distant wings are subject to error due primarily to changes

in scattering and dispersion.

The responsivity factor is obtained by spectrally scanning a continuous source standard of spectral radiance using narrow (0.1 mm)

slits. To determine the slit-scattering function, an integrating sphere

irradiated by a high-powered laser is spectrally scanned by the

spectroradiometer, with the slit widths set at the 0.6 mm width used in

the scale realization and transfer. The plot of the output signal

versus wavelength is the mirror image of the plot of the slit-scattering

function versus wavelength. For a 647 nm Kr laser, the function is

nearly triangular in shape with a width at half-height of 2.5 nm. Relative

to the peak value, the measured values decrease to about 10" 3 at 3 nm,

10" A at 15 nm, and 10" 7 at 70 nm from the central wavelength. At 150 nm

from the central wavelength, the value decreases to 10" 8 in the shortwavelength wing and to 10" 9 in the long-wavelength wing. Scans with

488 nm (Ar) , 514 nm (Ar) , and 676 nm (Kr) yield similar results.

18
These values were confirmed over the central and near wing portions of

the function by measurements with the direct method, using a dye laser

tuned through a series of wavelengths with the spectroradiometer set at a fixed wavelength [12].

The measurement at 647 ran yielded the slit-scattering function used

for 654.6 ran, where the spectral distribution mismatch of a variable

temperature blackbody and a gold point blackbody requires an accurate

determination of the relative responsivity function. However, the

measurements in the visible cannot be applied with confidence to the

short -wave length region, since the dispersion varies by about a factor

of 2.5 . For this region, the central portion and near wings of the slitscattering function are determined by scans of a spectral line

discharge source, and values in the distant long-wavelength wing are deduced from a measurement of the integrated spectrally-scattered

radiation. With the wavelength set at a selected value in the 200 to 250 ran region, the signal from a calibrated lamp (radiance temperature 2475 K at

654.6 ran) is recorded. A glass filter which blocks all radiation in the

vicinity of the wavelength setting and passes about 90% of the radiation at

longer wavelengths is inserted into the beam. The ratio of signals with and

without filter is taken as the fractional contribution of spectrally

scattered radiation to the signal. A second (identical) filter is added to

insure that only scattered light is being observed in the filtered beam.

Results with filters of different cutoff wavelengths (Corning filters CS

0-56 and CS 0-52) both indicate an integrated scattered light contribution

of less than 0.2% at 225 ran. The slit scattering function calculated from

this result and the known source distributions and responsivity factor are less than 10" 9 at wavelengths greater than 200 ran from the central

wavelength, in good agreement with the values measured in the visible.

B . Linearity of Response

The degree of linearity of the spectroradiometer response is

determined with an automated beam conjoiner [13,14]. A beam from a constant source is split into two branches whose fluxes are independently attenuated or blocked before recombination and

19
further attenuation. The flux from both branches measured together

should equal to the sum of the fluxes from each branch when measured

separately (additivity) . The device provides 96 levels of flux ranging

over a factor of about 500. The levels are presented in random order to

avoid systematic errors and are interspersed with 29 zero flux levels. A

microcomputer controls the attenuating filters and records the filter

positions and radiometer signals. The data is least-squares fitted

to a polynomial response function to determine a correction factor by

which the radiometer output signal must be multiplied to obtain a quantity proportional to radiant flux.

The response function of the spectroradiometer is dependent upon the

detector-amplifier employed. With the photomultiplier tube in place

(spectral range 200 to 850 run) , the instrument response at all wavelengths

is linear to within 0.2% for a range of anode currents from 1 to 500 nA.

Linearity measurements were performed at 900, 600, 300, and 250 nm. For

currents much less than 1 nA, the signal is limited by noise. For

currents greater than 1 mA the correction increases rapidly, rising to 3%

at 7 mA. The anode current is restricted to less than 500 nA during

measurements by selection of appropriate photomultiplier tube voltage.

Correction factors for the amplifier ranges are determined from the

measurement of a known electrical current and combined with the linearity

correction factor.

Linearity tests of two PbS detectors resulted in a correction

factor which is a linear function of the signal over the range 1 to

280 mV. The correction varies from 0.1% at 3 mV to about 9% at 300 mV. To

avoid relying on large corrections, sources are typically operated at near

equality in the PbS spectral region.

C . Size of Source

The "size of source" effect (signal contribution due to flux

which originates outside the target area and is scattered into the

measured beam by the fore-optics) is determined by observing the change in

signal from a 0.6 by 0.8 mm area of a uniform diffuse source while placing

20
various size masks on the diffuse source. The masks expose source areas which closely approximate the radiant areas of the lamp, the

blackbody and the integrating sphere source used in the scale realization.

As a check, the effect is also evaluated by observing changes in the nearzero signal from a "black hole" (an absorbing cavity slightly larger than

the 0.6 by 0.8 mm field stop) as the various surrounding area masks are positioned. The observed differences are used to apply a correction to

the signals observed in source comparisons. The effect is measured at

wavelengths of 654.6 and 350 nm, and values for other wavelengths are estimated from the assumption of an inverse wavelength dependence. The

correction varies from 0.04% to 0.1% at 654.6 nm depending upon the elapsed

time since the last mirror recoating.

D . Polarization

The polarization properties of the spectroradiometer and the sources

do not play a significant role in the spectral irradiance realization and

will not be discussed here. A discussion of polarization properties can be

found in reference [5].

V. PROCESS OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE REALIZATION

The spectral radiance of the special integrating sphere source is

determined so that it can be used as a transfer standard for determining

spectral irradiance. The spectral radiance output from the center point of

the integrating sphere aperture is compared to the spectral radiance output

from a variable temperature blackbody. The temperature of the blackbody is

determined by comparing it at 654.6 nm to a high stability vacuum

pyrometer lamp calibrated for a single temperature (about 1530 K) . The spectral radiance of the integrating sphere source is determined at

31 different wavelengths from 250 to 2400 nm. The aperture of the

integrating sphere is mapped at 2000, 1050, 654.6 and 300 nm and its

average spectral radiance is computed for each wavelength. Figure 6 shows

a typical mapping profile of the integrating sphere aperture. The mapping

correction varied less than 0.1% over the range of wavelengths measured.

21
The spectroradiometer is changed from the spectral radiance mode to

the spectral irradiance mode (see Figures 1 and 2) and the spectral

irradiances from the NBS primary working standards (PWS) are compared to

the spectral irradiance from the integrating sphere source (ISS)

Appropriate partitions and baffles are erected to reduce scattered light to

less than 0.1%. The comparisons are done at the same 31 wavelengths at

which the integrating sphere source was calibrated for spectral radiance.

Two separate determinations are performed on each primary working standard.

The spectral irradiance of a primary working standard is determined using

the relationship

EA (PWS) = LA

• (TT-r^/R2

• S PWS /S ISS (9)

where S pws /S ISS is the ratio of the irradiance signal from the primary

working standard to the irradiance signal from the integrating sphere

source. The first part of the expression comes from Equation (8A) where

S « 2-10" 16

.

The absolute output from the integrating sphere source is monitored

at six wavelengths (2000, 1600, 1050, 800, 600, and 400 run) during the

30 to 40 operating hours necessary to calibrate the primary working

standards. Finally, the blackbody is used again to perform an abbreviated

spectral radiance calibration of the integrating sphere source. Spectral

radiance drift corrections, linear with time, for the integrating sphere source can then be made if necessary.

The measurement of the spectral radiance or spectral irradiance at a single wavelength takes from about four to eight minutes, so it is only

necessary for our detectors to have good short term stability.

22
VI. PROCESS OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE TRANSFER

The four modified FEL primary working standards are used to perform

spectral irradiance calibrations on test lamps . A lamp screening process

is used to select test lamps suitable for calibration. Lamps are annealed

and then are checked for stability, emission lines or absorption bands, and

for variations in goniometric output. For a selected group of twelve test

lamps, each lamp is measured four times, once in each of the four source positions and once against each of the four primary working standards. The

screening of lamps can take several weeks and the calibration procedure for

twelve test lamps takes from two to three weeks. Details of the routine

spectral irradiance calibrations can be found in Appendix C.

VII. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

The main hazards in the FASCAL laboratory are due to radiation from

HeNe lasers, high intensity lamps, deuterium lamps, and mercury lamps.

Laser signs are posted to alert personnel of possible hazards. Light

baffles are in place when high intensity sources are operating and

absorbing glasses are used when viewing sources directly. Warning signs

are posted when deuterium lamps are operating and light baffles are in

place. The mercury lamps are shielded to protect personnel from UV

radiation. In addition, protective glasses are worn by personnel when in

the vicinity of deuterium and mercury lamps.

There are also electrical hazards due to lamp and blackbody power

supplies and to high voltage power supplies for detectors. Approved

grounded cables are used on all electrical equipment.

23
VIII. SCALE REALIZATION DATA ANALYSIS

The spectral irradiance scale is generally realized at the following

31 wavelengths:

250 run 600 run 260 654.6

1 1 f\ 270 —jr\r\ 700

280 800

290 900

300 1050

310 1150

1 O f\ 320 1200

330 1300

340 1540

350 1600

400 1700

450 2000

500 2100

555 2300

2400

Certain wavelength regions in the IR are skipped (around 1400 run and 1800

to 1980 run) in order to avoid atmospheric absorption bands.

Since the total operating time for each primary working standard

during a complete scale realization is relatively short (8 to 12 hours) , no effort is made to account for irradiance lamp drift. The final assignment

of spectral irradiance is simply attributed to the lamp as of the midpoint

of the burning time. Between scale realizations when the group of four

primary working standards is being used as a basis for calibrating

additional lamps, their drifts are taken into account. Various empirical

drift models have been used [3]. The present drift equation is

EA = A + B-t (10)

where

t is time in burning hours

A and B are constants determined by fitting

The fitting is performed independently at each wavelength.

24
Drift of the spectral radiance of the integrating sphere source is

taken into account by simple linear interpolation in time between the

initial and final spectral radiance values.

An interpolation equation was developed for calculating the spectral

irradiance of tungsten halogen lamps at wavelengths between the 31

calibrated wavelengths. This equation is

EA = (A0 + A1 A + ... + A„ •

n

)

• A" 5• exp(a + b/A) . (11)

Setting the polynomial equal to 1, multiplying both sides by A

5

, and taking

the log of both sides gives ln(EA

•

5 )=a+b/A , in which it will be recognized

that exp(a) is an effective gray-body emissivity and b is closely related

to the reciprocal of the distribution temperature. A least squares fitting

using a weighting of 1 is performed to determine a and b. With a and b

thus fixed, Equation (11) is least squares fitted using a weighting of

1/EA 2 (assuming constant percentage measurement error) to determine A0 , A: ,

. . . Ajj . In practice it has been found that the final fit is considerably

improved if the spectrum is broken into two spectral regions, 250 to 400 run and 350 to 1600 run, for separate fitting. See reference [3] for examples of

fitting Equation (11) to lamp data. This method is only valid for the

continuous spectrum and does not predict emission lines and absorption

bands. Spectral irradiance values predicted using Equation (11) have an uncertainty of about 0.5%.

IX. UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION

The spectral irradiance scale uncertainty analysis is broken down into

three parts. First, the uncertainty in the spectral radiance of the

integrating sphere source is determined. Second, the uncertainty in the

transfer to the spectral irradiance primary working standards is

determined. Third, the uncertainty in the transfer from the primary

25
working standards to the irradiance test lamps is determined. The overall

uncertainty in the primary working standards is determined by combining in

quadrature the first and second parts. The overall uncertainty in a group

of test lamps is determined by combining in quadrature all three parts.

All uncertainties are estimated at the 3a level.

A. Integrating Sphere Source Spectral Radiance Uncertainty

The uncertainties in the spectral radiance values assigned to the

integrating sphere source are obtained from the observed precision of the

measurements and the estimated systematic error in both the measured and

the provided quantities (e.g., temperature of melting gold). Uncertainties

obtained from the observed precision and from the published values of the

physical constants are based upon three standard deviations. Uncertainties

of systematic errors are estimated at the equivalent of three standard

deviations

In order to examine the contributions of the various errors to the

uncertainty in the spectral radiance of the integrating sphere source, an approximate equation for the complete measurement process was derived by

using the Wien approximation to the Planck relation. The details of the

derivation are described in reference [5], The resulting equation is

laH s a

" € b- d ' MA Cl /[7r-A 5 -(eV W

Au )] sr -fr -Mr /e,

A r /A

(12)

where, with VTBB denoting the variable temperature blackbody and GPBB

denoting the gold point blackbody, the definitions of the quantities are:

MA , signal ratio of the VTBB- integrating sphere source comparison

Mr , signal ratio of the GPBB-VTBB comparison

s A

, size-of -source correction for the VTBB- integrating sphere source comparison

e B

, effective emissivity of the VTBB

d, correction for integrating sphere source drift during calibration

26
s r

, size-of -source correction for the GPBB-VTBB comparison

fr , linearity- range factor correction

TAu , IPTS-68 temperature of melting gold

c 1

, first radiation constant

c 2

, second radiation constant

A, wavelength of the VTBB- integrating sphere source comparison

A r , wavelength of the GPBB-VTBB comparison, 654.6 nm

Spectral radiance uncertainties due to the factors of Equation (12) are obtained from the partial derivative with respect to those factors and

the estimated uncertainty in the factor. Differences between errors calculated by Equation (12) and those calculated by the exact Planck

relation are negligible. Note that for the wavelengths 1 and l r this

process yields the error due to inserting the wrong wavelength in the

spectral radiance calculation, not the error due to an incorrect wavelength

setting

In addition to the factors which appear explicitly in Equation (12),

uncertainties in the ratios Mx and Mr arise from errors in the wavelength

settings A (0.1 nm) and Ar (0.05 nm) , in the current measurements of the

vacuum pyrometer lamps (0.2 mA) and the integrating sphere source lamp

(0.3 mA) , and in the measured spectral responsivity function. The

uncertainties in the ratios due to wavelength setting and electric current

are assessed at a number of wavelengths by measurement of the change in

signal ratio when varying these quantities. The technique for determining

the effect upon the signal ratios due to the uncertainties in the measured

spectral responsivity function is derived in reference [18]. The spectral

radiance uncertainties due to these factors are then deduced from the ratio

uncertainties as before. The signal ratio, lamp current and wavelength

setting errors are considered random; the remaining errors are systematic.

Table I lists the uncertainties obtained by this process. The

calculated uncertainties, in percent of spectral radiance, are tabulated

for a number of wavelengths over the calibration range. The individual

values are combined in quadrature to yield the combined uncertainty for

27
each wavelength. These uncertainties apply to the spectral radiances values

of the integrating sphere source.

B . Radiance to Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty

The uncertainty in the transfer from the integrating sphere source to

the spectral irradiance primary working standards is obtained from

examining the contributions of the various errors in the following

measurement equation,

EA (PWS) = m-d1 -f-(S PWS /S ISS )-LA (ISS) (13)

where

Ex (PWS) , spectral irradiance of a primary working standard

m, mapping correction for the average spectral radiance of the integrating

sphere source

dx , integrating sphere source drift correction

f, linearity-range factor correction

S PWS /S ISS , signal ratio of the primary working standard- integrating sphere source comparison

LA (ISS), spectral radiance of the integrating sphere source

(n • r x 2

)

• (7r • r2 2

) /R2, geometric factor in the irradiance calculation (see

Equations 7, 8, and 9)

In addition to the factors which appear explicitly in Equation (13),

uncertainties in the ratio S PWS /S ISS arise from errors in the wavelength

settings and in the electrical current measurements of the sources. There

are also uncertainties due to spectral scattering, stray light, and

averaging sphere responsivity . All these uncertainties have been

evaluated and are listed in Table II.

C . Test Lamp Irradiance Transfer Uncertainty

The uncertainty in the transfer from the spectral irradiance primary

working standards to a group of irradiance test lamps is obtained from

28
examining the contributions of the various errors in the following

measurement equation,

EA (TL) = f-(STL /S PWS )-EA (PWS) (14)

where

EA (TL) , spectral irradiance of a test lamp

f, linearity-range factor correction

STL /SPWS , signalratioofthetest lamp-primaryworking standard comparison

EA (PWS) , spectral irradiance of a primary working standard

In addition to the factors which appear explicitly in Equation (14),

uncertainties in the ratio S TL /SPWS arise from errors in the wavelength

settings and in the electrical current measurements of the sources. All

these uncertainties have been evaluated and are listed in Table III.

D . Overall Uncertainty of the Primary Working Standards

Table IV lists the overall uncertainties of the primary working

standards. It is made up by combining the results of Tables I and II. The

differences between lines la and lb (and between Ilia and Illb) are caused

by the systematic uncertainty introduced by an assumed uncertainty of 0.4 K

in the gold point temperature.

E . Overall Uncertainty of a Group of Test Lamps

Table V lists the overall uncertainties of a group of test lamps. It

is made up by combining the results of Tables I, II, and III and adding a model error. The model error is necessary because the primary working

standards drift with time. A time drift model is applied for each of the

primary working standards [see Equation (10)] but the possibility that this

drift may be wrong introduces an additional uncertainty in Table V, but not

included in Table II or Table IV. This uncertainty was obtained by

comparing the calculated extrapolated spectral irradiance with further

scale realizations. When the primary working standards are used between

29
scale realizations, this additional uncertainty must be combined in

quadrature with the other uncertainties.

The differences between lines la and lb (and between IVa and IVb) are again caused by the systematic uncertainty introduced by an assumed

uncertainty of 0.4 K in the gold point temperature.

30
REFERENCES

Uriano, G.A., Garner, E.L., Kirby, R.K. and Reed, W.P., eds .

, NBS

Calibration Services Users Guide 1986-88. Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.),

Special Publication 250, (July, 1986).

Stair, R. , Schneider, W.E., and Jackson, J.K., A New Standard of

Spectral Irradiance, Appl. Opt. 2, 1151-1154 (1963).

Saunders, R.D. and Shumaker, J.B., The 1973 NBS Scale of Spectral

Irradiance, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) Tech Note 594-13 (Apr. 1977).

Klose, J.Z. and Bridges, J.M., NBS Measurement Services: Radiometric

Standards in the Vacuum Ultraviolet, NBS Special Publication 250-3.

Walker, J.H., Saunders, R.D. and Hattenburg, A.T., NBS Measurement

Services: Spectral Radiance Calibrations, NBS Special Publication

250-1.

Waters, W.R. , Walker, J.H., and Hattenburg, A.T., NBS Measurement

Services: Radiance Temperature Calibrations, NBS Special Publication

250-7.

De Vos, J.C., Evaluation of the Quality of a Blackbody, Physica 20:

669-689 (1954).

Kostkowski ,H. J . , Erminy, D.E., and Hattenburg, A.T. , High Accuracy

Spectral Radiance Calibration of Tungsten-Strip Lamps, Advances in

Geophysics, Vol.14. New York, NY, Academic Press Inc., 111-127 (1970).

Wilkinson, F.J., Astigmatism Errors in Radiance Measurements,

Metrologia 20, 11-18 (1984).

31
[10] Popenoe, C.H. and Campbell, M.S., MIDAS Modular Interactive Data

Acquisition System - Description and Specification, Nat. Bur. Stand.

(U.S.) Tech. Note 790, (August, 1973).

[11] Kostkowski, H.J., The Relative Spectral Responsivity and

Slit-Scattering Function of a Spectroradiometer , Chapter 7 of

Self- Study Manual on Optical Radiation Measurements: Part I -- Concepts, Natl. Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 910-4, 2-34, (June, 1979).

[12] Saunders, R.D. and Shumaker , J.B., Apparatus Function of a Prism-Grating Double Monochromator . (submitted to Applied Optics).

[13] Saunders, R.D. and Shumaker, J.B., Automated Radiometric

Linearity Tester, Appl. Opt. 23, 3504-3506 (1984).

[14] Coslovi, L. and Righini, F. , Fast Determination of the

Nonlinearity of Photodetectors , Appl. Opt. 19, 3200-3203 (1980).

[15] The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968, Metrologia

5(2) , 35-44 (April, 1969)

[16] Weidner, V.R. and Hsia, J.J., Reflection Properties of Pressed

Polytetrafluoroethylene Powder, J. Opt. Soc . Am., 71 (July, 1981).

[17] Saunders, R.D. and Ott, W.R. , Spectral Irradiance Measurements:

Effect of UV Produced Fluorescence in Integrating Spheres, Appl. Opt.

15, 827 (April, 1976).

[18] Kostkowski, H.J. and Nicodemus, F.E., An Introduction to the

Measurement Equation, Chapter 5 of Self- Study Manual on Optical

Radiation Measurements: Part I -- Concepts, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.)

Tech. Note 910-2, 58-92 (February, 1978).

32
TABLE I

INTEGRATING SPHERE SOURCE SPECTRAL RADIANCE UNCERTAINTY (3a)

IN PERCENT

Wavelength (nm)

Source

of

Error 250 350 654.6 900 1300 1600 2000 2400

TAu (S) 1. 29 0. 92 0. 49 0. 36 0. 25 0. 20 0. 16 0. 13

Mr (r) 0. 16 0. 11 0. 08 0. 20 0. 17 0. 12 0. 09 0. 36

MA (r) 0. 25 0. 18 0. 08 0. 20 0. 22 0. 33 0. 66 1. 08

s r (s) 0. 26 0. 19 0. 10 0. 07 0. 05 0. 04 0. 03 0. 03

s x (s) 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10

fr (s) 0. 26 0. 19 0. 10 0. 07 0. 05 0. 04 0, 03 0. 03

d (s) 0, 10 0. 10 0.,10 0, 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10

e B ( s ) 0. 16 0. 09 0,.00 0.,03 0. 05 0. 06 0,.07 0. 07

A r setting (r) 0..15 0. 08 0,.04 0,,02 0.,01 0..00 0 ,01 0..01

A setting (r) 0 .03 0..04 0 .03 0 .01 0.,02 0,,01 0 .01 0.,01 c 1 (s) 0 .00 0,.00 0 .00 0 .00 0,.00 0,.00 0 .00 0,,00

c2 (s) 0 .13 0,,10 0 .05 0 .04 0 ,03 0,.02 0 .02 0 ,01

Lamp currents

Quinn-Lee (r) 0 .11 0,.08 0 .04 0 .03 0 .02 0 .02 0 .01 0 .01

1530 K (r) 0 .05 0,.04 0 .02 0 .02 0 .01 0 .01 0 .01 0 .01

ISS (r) 0 .08 0,.06 0 .03 0 .02 0 .02 0 .01 0 .01 0 .01

Spect Resp (s) 0 .08 0 .06 0 .03 0 .02 0 .02 0 .02 0 .01 0 .01

QUADRATURE SUM 1 .41 1 .01 0 .55 0 .49 0 .41 0 .44 0 .70 1 . 16

QUADRATURE SUM 0 .58 0 .42 0 .25 0 .34 0 .33 0 .39 0 .69 1 . 15

WITHOUT TAu

Notes: Random errors denoted by (r) , systematic errors by (s)

Sources of error described on page 26

33
TABLE II

RADIANCE TO IRRADIANCE TRANSFER UNCERTAINTY (3a)

IN PERCENT

Wavelength (nm)

Source

of

Error 250 350 654.6 900 1300 1600 2000 2400

Spws/^iss (r) 0. 42 0. 08 0. 06 0. 84 0. 86 1. 46 2. 60 5. 73

f (s) 0

26 019 0

10 o

07 0

05 004 0

03 0

03

m (s) 0. 10 0, 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10

dj (s) 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10 0. 10

A (r) 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02 0. 02

Lamp currents

ISS (r) 0. 08 0, 06 0. 03 0. 02 0. 02 0,,01 0. 01 0. 01

PWS (r) 0,,08 0. 06 0. 03 0.,02 0. 02 0. 01 0, 01 0. 01

Geom Factor (s) u

. zu nu

OH. , zu u

, onZU nu

on Au

, onzu u, onzu u

, zu u

or> , zu Spec Scat (s) 0 ,05 0,.05 0..05 0 .05 0 .05 0 .05 0 ,05 0. 05

Stray Light (s) 0 ,02 0 .02 0 ,02 0 .02 0 ,02 0 .02 0 ,02 0,,02

Av Sph Resp (s) 0 ,01 0,.01 0 .01 0 .01 0 ,01 0 .01 0 ,01 0,,01

SYSTEMATIC ERR. 0 .36 0 .31 0 .27 0 .26 0 .26 0 .25 0 .25 0 .25

RANDOM ERR. 0 .43 0 .11 0 .08 0 .84 0 .86 1 .46 2 .60 5 .73

QUADRATURE SUM 0 .57 0 .33 0 .28 0 .88 0 .90 1 .48 2 .61 5 .74

Notes: Random errors denoted by (r) , systematic errors by (s)

Sources of error described on page 28

34
TABLE III

TEST LAMP IRRADIANCE TRANSFER UNCERTAINTY (3a)

IN PERCENT

Wavelength (nra)

Source

of

Error 250 350 654.6 900 1300 1600 2000 2400

S TL /SPWS (r) 0.87 0.21 0.15 0.42 0.68 0.72 1.59 2.60

f (s) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

Lamp Currents

PWS (r) 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

TL (r) 0.08 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01

SYSTEMATIC ERR. 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

RANDOM ERR. 0.88 0.22 0.16 0.42 0.68 0.72 1.59 2.60

QUADRATURE SUM 0.88 0.22 0.16 0.42 0.68 0.72 1.59 2.60

Notes: Random errors denoted by (r) , systematic errors by (s)

Sources of error described on page 29

35
TABLE IV

1986 SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE SCALE UNCERTAINTY (3a)

IN PERCENT

(derived from Tables I and II)

250 350 654.6 900 1300 1600 2000 2400

nmnmnmnmrmrmnmnm

I. NBS SPECTRAL RADIANCE SCALE

a. Absolute error (with 1.41 1.01 0.55 0.49 0.41 0.44 0.70 1.16

respect to SI units)

b. NBS long term reproducibility 0.58 0.42 0.25 0.34 0.33 0.39 0.69 1.15

(without TAu , see Table I)

II. RADIANCE TO IRRADIANCE TRANSFER

a. Systematic errors 0.36 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25

b. Random errors (3a precision) 0.43 0.11 0.08 0.84 0.86 1.46 2.60 5.73

III. SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE SCALE UNCERTAINTY

(Quadrature Sum)

a. With respect to SI units 1.52 1.06 0.62 1.01 0.99 1.55 2.71 5.85

b. NBS long term reproducibility 0.81 0.53 0.38 0.94 0.96 1.53 2.70 5.85

36
TABLE V

1986 SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE SCALE TRANSFER UNCERTAINTY (3ct)

IN PERCENT

(derived from Tables I, II and III)

I. NBS SPECTRAL RADIANCE SCALE

a. Absolute error (with

respect to SI units)

b. NBS long term reproducibility

II. RADIANCE TO IRRADIANCE TRANSFER

a. Systematic errors

b. Random errors (3a precision)

c . Model error

III. TEST LAMP IRRADIANCE TRANSFER

a. Systematic errors

b. Random errors (3a precision)

IV. UNCERTAINTY OF REPORTED VALUES

(Quadrature Sum)

a. With respect to SI units

b. NBS long term reproducibility

250 350 654.6 900 1300 1600 2000 2400

nmnmnmnmnmnmnmnrn

1.41 1.01 0.55 0.49 0.41 0.44 0.70 1.16

0.58 0.42 0.25 0.34 0.33 0.39 0.69 1.15

0.36 0.31 0.27 0.26 0.26 0.25 0.25 0.25

0.43 0.11 0.08 0.84 0.86 1.46 2.60 5.73

1.38 0.80 0.78 0.77 0.77 0.82 1.00 1.20

0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01

0.88 0.22 0.16 0.42 0.68 0.72 1.59 2.60

2.23 1.35 1.01 1.34 1.42 1.89 3.29 6.51

1.83 0.99 0.88 1.29 1.40 1.88 3.29 6.51

37

APPENDIX A

REPORT OF CALIBRATION AND

TYPE FEL LAMP STANDARDS OF

SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE - 198 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS - APPENDIX A

1. Report of Calibration A-l

2. Type FEL Lamp Standards of Spectral Irradiance - 1986 A-4

(mv. u-m)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

REPORT OF CALIBRATION

of

One Standard of Spectral Irradiance

(250 nm to 1600 nm)

Supplied to:

(See your Purchase Order No. dated

1 . Material

One 1000-watt, quartz-halogen, modified type FEL, tungsten

coiled-coil filament lamp has been supplied by the National

Bureau of Standards as a standard of spectral irradiance and

bears the designation F-000.

2 . Calibration

The lamp was calibrated using the equipment and procedures

described in NBS Special Publication 250-20, "Spectral Irradiance

Calibrations at NBS", Walker, J.H. , Saunders, R.D., Jackson,

J.K., and McSparron, D.A. , (1987), a copy of which is enclosed.

The preparation and operation of the modified type FEL lamp

supplied for this calibration are described in the enclosure,

"Type FEL Lamp Standards of Spectral Irradiance - 1986". Note

particularly paragraph IV of this enclosure which describes the

orientation of the test lamp.

3 . Results

The results of this test are given in the attached Table 1.

The uncertainties of the reported values at the 3cr level are

summarized in Table 2. Details on the estimation of these

uncertainties are given in SP 250-20.

Prepared by: Approved by:

John K. Jackson Donald A. McSparron

Radiometric Physics Division Radiometric Physics Division

Center for Radiation Research Center for Radiation Research

NBS Test No. : 534/

Date: Page 1 of 3
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

TABLE 1

Spectral irradiance (W/cm ) at 50.0 cm from Lamp F-000 when

operated on dc with the polarity as indicated on the

identification plate attached to the lamp base.

Wavelength Lamp No. F-000

( nm) 7.900 A

250 0. 160

260 0 . 280

270 0.480

280 0.770

290 1. 160

300 1. 690

310 2.380

320 3.280

330 4.410

340 5.770

350 7.400

400 20.20

450 41.00

500 68.20

555 107 . 0

600 129.0

654.6 158. 0

700 179.0

800 208. 0

900 217 . 0

1050 208.0

1150 192 . 0

1200 183 . 0

1300 164. 0

1540 122 . 0

1600 114 . 0

NBS Test No. : 534/

Date: Page 2 of 3

A-2
D Z

t> Do

rt co

(6••

H

(D

10azo

Ul

co Z

DO

COo3

0Q

ri- ot

(DHo

g*

rt

rtCTn

(D

(n •O

(t> o

rt

rtO

COM%

rt

(0 ^ > c z a hS

(o o

rt Tj

JO

© PI co o § HO<1

PI

CO

5*§aoB

(DflftO

•-t W

coq

•a

ti

(DO

CO ^<

(0rt

(t> B

tortoH

V) oaa>HnoH

o»3aoB

(t> HOn

V)

toQ

•a

t-t ao

CO

tort

a>B

P>rt

in

•tO

t-t la Z

DOCOo3

0q

rt

(6n

(0 T3

ftoo

rt

m > <b a*

(0 (A •O o

(Bo

rt

rtO

ft CO l-t M O

ft

f** £

rt h- » rt

l—1 ro o o M o o o I—* 00 to 00 o CO CO Ul

u> co 00 t-1 00 co OS 00 o f-* o o o o o o

VO co to o 00 co

©

VO ro I—1 o 1—1 *-> to t-1 O o o o o o o o

CO o o 00 os f-» o to to Ul 00 00 *J Ul Ul

f-> I-1 o o o o o o o

to CO

© 00 to CO

NO •F- to f-1 Os •p- VO o o © o o o o

as

© 00 to CO

O to 00 OS Os COM

I—1 f-1 o o o o o o

00 00 o 00 to CO '.p* 00 VO to to OA Ul VO p*

to

Ulo

co

UlO

OS

Ui4>OS

VOO

coOO

OSO

n

pi

con>

pi

H

go

CO

*3

CO co o t-1 to o o o

to to Ul o © Os to Os

VO VO VO t-" o o Ul VO o

Os Os to

O I—1 Ul o f-» h-1 Ul Ul Os © to to I-* I-1 o f-1 o CO Ul Ul Os

toooo

to

.ooo 9z

CO

A - 3

Page 3 of 3
TYPE FEL LAMP STANDARDS OF SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE - 1986

I . Introduction

NBS supplies 1000-watt, quartz-halogen , modified type FEL

lamps calibrated for spectral irradiance. These lamps are

calibrated with procedures and equipment described in NBS

Special Publication SP 250-20, "Spectral Irradiance Calibrations

at NBS", Walker, J. H. , Saunders, R. D. , Jackson, J. K. , and

McSparron, D. A., 1987.

II . Lamp Description

Type FEL lamps are 1000-watt, clear bulb, quartz-halogen,

tungsten coiled-coil filament (CC-8) lamps. They have a rated

life of 500 hours at 120 volts. The lamps are manufactured with

a two pin base. Before calibration, the lamp base is converted

to a medium bipost base and the base structure is encapsulated in

an epoxy-ceramic compound (see Figure 1) . The posts that form

the medium bipost base are 6.35 mm (1/4 in) diameter cylindrical

stainless steel rods that extend 20.64 mm (13/16 in) from the

bottom of the molded base. The posts are spaced 22.23 mm (7/8 in)

between centers. A metal plate bearing the lamp identification

number and indicating the electrical polarity is attached to the

rear surface (the side facing away from the radiometer) of the

molded lamp base.

III . Preparation and Screening

Before calibration all modified type FEL lamps are seasoned

on direct current for 40 hours at 120 volts dc. The lamp output

is then monitored at 654.6 nm for a 24 hour period to determine

A-4
the lamp's drift rate. Only lamps exhibiting a drift rate of less

than 0.5% for this period are selected for calibration (about 10%

of the last 200 lamps have failed this test)

Because previously issued type DXW lamps were found to

occasionally have emission lines and absorption bands, all

modified type FEL lamps are spectrally scanned from 250 to 800 nm

(0.04 - 0.08 nm bandpass). None of the approximately 400 type FEL

lamps checked to date has exhibited either emission lines or

absorption bands.

At the working distance of 50.0 cm, the irradiance field

from type FEL lamps has been observed to be non-uniform to a small extent. The amount of non-uniformity varies from lamp to

lamp. At 8 00 nm, lamps are rotated in pitch and yaw from their

aligned position. For rotations of ± 1° , lamps which show a departure of more than 1% from the irradiance at the aligned

position are rejected for calibration (about 20% of the last

2 00 lamps tested have failed this test)

IV. Orientation

Prior to calibration, modified type FEL lamps are oriented

as follows: the lamp is positioned base down with its

identification plate facing away from the measuring instrument

and with its base posts vertical. These posts are made

perpendicular to and equidistant from the optical axis of the

measuring instrument. The lower end of the base's positive post

is set 9.53 cm (approximately 3.75 in) below the horizontal plane

containing the optical axis. The plane tangent to both posts, on

the side of the posts nearest the measuring instrument, is set

perpendicular to the optical axis and to a distance of 50.0 cm

A-5
from the limiting aperture of the measuring instrument. Note

that this alignment fixes the lamp base posts, not the filament,

relative to the optical axis of the measuring instrument. It is

possible for the center of the lamp filament to be several mm off

the optical axis with the lamp correctly aligned.

V. Operation

Modified type FEL lamps are calibrated while operating on

direct current with the designated contact at positive potential.

The exact operating current (set to the nearest 0.1 ampere) is

determined for each test lamp by matching its radiant output to

the working standard lamps at 654.6 nm. Typically currents in

the range of 7.8 - 8.0 amperes are used. Electrical measurements

of lamp operating current are made potent iometrically to an

accuracy of 0.01%. After positioning and alignment, the lamps

are slowly (30 seconds) brought up to their designated electrical

operating points and allowed to stabilize for at least ten

minutes before irradiance measurements are made.
Modified Type FEL

FIGURE A-1

A-7

APPENDIX B

FASCAL DESCRIPTION IN

OPTICAL RADIATION NEWS

AOptical Radiation

lleuis Prepared by the staffs of the Optical Radiation and the Radiometric Physics Sections

of NBS to report on items of interest in optical radiation measurements Inquiries may

be directed to Robert L Booker. B308 Metrology Bldg , NBS. Washington. D C 20234

(301) 921-3864

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Bureau of Standards

NO, 18 November 1976

FASCAL

The Facility for Automated Spectroradiometric Cal ibrations (FASCAL) , the most recent

and ambitious product of the Optical Radiation Section's automation efforts, has reached a stage of development whereby routine spectral irradiance calibrations have been automatically performed on this equipment since June.

Since there have been no previously published descriptions of this facility, its main

technical features will be described here in some detail along with a description of current

usage

Figure 1. OPTICAL ARRANGEMENT OF FASCAL SYSTEM

Top Vim

B-1
The FASCAL facility incorporates all of the usual elements required for precision

temperature-based radiometry. They are configured in a linear arrangement, dominated by a heavy truss bridge structure 7.3 m long supporting a pair of ground 1^-inch diameter stainless steel rails. These rails were carefully aligned by a laser beam to within ±.03 mm

tolerance in straightness and parallelism. Riding the rails on linear ball bushings is an instrument carriage in the form of a rectangular box 240 cm long, 68 cm wide and 50 cm in

height. All optical elements, dispersers and detectors are mounted within the carriage and

can be positioned along the track to intercept the radiation from various radiation sources

placed at stationary points alongside the rail structure. There are twenty-five available

source mounting stations spaced along the length of the structure.

The instrument carriage is driven through roller chains by a digital servo-positioning

system and may be automatically positioned with a resolution of 0.1 mm and a repeatability

of 0.01 mm. Positioning speed is sufficiently rapid that an average move between two stations takes only about two seconds. The actual carriage position is tracked by an incremental rotary encoder which has a digital visual display. The digital position information

is also entered into a minicomputer. There is a unique central position, designated the

"home" position, to which the carriage may be driven at any desired time to verify the functioning of the incremental encoder and to reference it to an absolute scale.

The instrument carriage is divided into two compartments. One is light-tight and

houses detectors, and the other contains optics and associated electronics. The latter

compartment is almost entirely enclosed to minimize dust collection and scattered light.

The optical arrangement of the instrument carriage is shown schematically in Figure 1. The dispersing element is a prism-grating double monochromator , mounted so that the exit

slit is within the light-tight detector compartment. Monochromatic radiation from the exit

slit can be directed to either of two detectors on a detector platform that can be positioned remotely. Radiation in the visible and ultraviolet is detected by a thermoelectrically cooled photomultiplier having an extended S-20 response, while infrared radiation is

detected by a thermoelectrically cooled PbS detector placed at the focus of an elliptical

mirror. The wavelength of the monochromator may be remotely set by a high-speed stepping

motor with a resolution of .025 nm through a range of 200 nm to 2500 nm. An absolute

encoder having .025 nm resolution permits the actual wavelength setting to be visually

displayed and entered into the computer. A He-Ne laser, also mounted on the detector

platform, can be automatically positioned so that its beam passes through the monochromator

and optics in the reverse direction to facilitate alignment of optics and sources.

The fore-optics are arranged to enable measurements to be made on either radiance or irradiance sources. Radiance sources are focused on the entrance slit by a 6-inch diameter

spherical mirror with the optical path being turned approximately 90° by a flat diagonal

mirror. The spherical mirror is rotated a few degrees for irradiance measurements. This

allows the exit aperture of a small integrating sphere to be imaged on the entrance slit

of the monochromator. Irradiance sources are placed 50 cm from the entrance aperture of

the integrating sphere, and extensive light baffling of the irradiance sources and sphere

minimizes the effects of scattered light. A motor-driven chopper is positioned in the

optical path when the PbS detector is used.

The monochromator entrance slit is almost completely inaccessible to direct viewing

due to the enclosures, baffling and closely packed optical elements and associated equipment. To provide a view of this slit, a closed-circuit television (CCTV) camera is mounted

within the carriage and focused on the monochromator entrance slit through a small flat

mirror mounted near the 6-inch spherical mirror. This has been invaluable in the initial

alignment of radiance sources and in monitoring the positioning of the source image on the

slit (or slit mask used to limit the slit height) during the course of experiments. The

image of the entrance slit is magnified some twenty-five times such that the notch on tungsten strip lamps imaged onto the slit is readily observable on the monitor screens.

The instrument carriage also houses ancillary equipment such as power supplies for the

thermoelectric coolers, a remotely programmable high-voltage power supply for the photomultiplier, and an automatic photoelectric pyrometer. The latter is focused on the radiance sources, including a variable-temperature, graphite-tube blackbody source that occupies

the "home" position.

B-2
Cables from all equipment housed in the instrument carriage are bundled and passed

through the bottom of the carriage, where they ride in a smooth trough between the rails

as the carriage passes back and forth. All control and measurement cables from the car- riage and source supplies lead to the operator's console.

Measuring instruments and equipment to communicate with the operator and the computer

are housed in the console. The operator interface consists of analog and digital displays,

a CCTV monitor displaying the monochromator entrance slit and a CRT terminal and keyboard.

Instrumentation includes a 5h digit DVM, a lock-in amplifier, a picoammeter, and remote

controls for eight source power supplies. A MIDAS system 1 ' 2 provides the interface between

instruments and computer. All measurement signals are multiplexed into the DVM through the

MIDAS scanner, and all instruments may be remotely programmed and controlled through MIDAS

modules. In addition, the current supplied to the lamp sources can be automatically monitored and controlled.

The MIDAS controller communicates serially at a rate of 1200 baud with a minicomputer

having 32 K of core memory. The computer is equipped with a high-speed disk system for

program and data file storage. It is operated in a time-shared mode so that it can service

other experiments, in addition to FASCAL, simultaneously. Programming is done exclusively

in BASIC interactive language.

FASCAL is currently being used for routine spectral irradiance calibrations. These

calibrations are carried out on groups of twelve 1000 W tungsten-halogen lamps preselected

for stability, spectral composition, and directional uniformity. Three lamps from the group

and one of our in-house standards (calibrated as described in the soon-to-be-published NBS

Tech Note 594-13) are mounted in four of the outer row of lamp stations shown in Figure 1. Lamp alignment is accomplished with "reverse optics" using the laser in the detector com- partment and a special alignment jig that is interchangeable with the integrating sphere.

This jig includes a diagonal mirror that directs the laser beam to the lamp station for

positioning the lamp in the plane perpendicular to the optical axis, and a 50 cm arm terminating in a dial gauge for setting the lamp-to-detector distance. Using the integrating

sphere input to the monochromator, these four lamps are then intercompared automatically by

FASCAL at our twenty-six customary wavelengths. Then another three lamps and a different

in-house standard are measured in the same way. This process is performed sixteen times,

with permutations of lamps and stations, until each of the twelve lamps has been compared

against each in-house standard and each of the sixteen lamps has been measured in each of

the four lamp stations. The redundancy of these measurements permits us to sense any

systematic errors. For example, any dependence upon lamp station, or discrepancy among our

four in-house standards would be thoroughly investigated.

We are now in the process of adding routine spectral radiance calibrations to FASCAL'

repertoire. This is a more complicated problem requiring the rest of the features of

FASCAL and we hope to report on these calibrations in the near future.

Optical Radiation News, No. 8 (March 1975).

C. H. Popenoe and M. S. Campbell, MIDAS, Modular Interactive Data Acquisition System —

Description and Specification, NBS Tech Note 790 (August 1973).

B-3

APPENDIX C

DETAILED PROCEDURES FOR

ROUTINE SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE

CALIBRATIONS

TABLE OF CONTENTS - APPENDIX C

A. LAMP PREPARATION C-l

B. ALIGNMENT INSTRUMENTATION C-2

1. HeNe Laser C-2

2. Averaging Sphere ..C-2

3. Plane Mirror Mount C-2

4. Lamp Socket C-2

5. Alignment Jig C-3

C. ALIGNMENT C-3

1. Generalized Alignment Description C-3

2. Detailed Alignment C-3

D. LAMP OPERATION C-5

E. LAMP SCREENING C-5

1. Goniometric Scans C-5

2. Lamp Stability C-6

3. Spectral Scans C-7

F. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES C-8

1. Turn On Procedure C-8

2. Start Up Procedure C-8

3. Data Taking Procedure C-10

4. Data Reduction C-13

DETAILED PROCEDURES FOR ROUTINE SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE CALIBRATIONS

A. LAMP PREPARATION

The lamps issued by the N.B.S. as standards of spectral

irradiance are commercially available 1000 W, clear quartz

envelope, tungsten-halogen, coiled-coil filament lamps (ANSI

designation FEL) modified to a medium bipost base (Figure C-l)

Unmodified lamps as received from the manufacturer are

inspected for clarity of envelope, for symmetry of filament, and

for electrical continuity. The lamps are annealed (run at 120

V dc with the long filament support at positive potential)

for 40 hr (8 % of their rated life) . The lamps are then potted

to a medium bipost base. Figure C-2 shows the exploded view of

the mechanical modifications.

After potting, the lamps are again visually inspected and

electrically checked. The lamps are cleaned with ethyl alcohol

and a lint free cloth. They are then burned for 10-15 hr at 100

V dc to cure the potting materials. The lamps are again cleaned

with ethyl alcohol to remove any deposits from the outgassing of

the potting materials. ************************ CAUTION ********************************

At no time should one's fingers come in contact with the lamp

envelope. The contamination of the lamp envelope by any substance

can cause permanent etching of that surface at the high temperatures at which these lamps operate. Care should also be taken not

to look directly at these lamps because of possible eye damage

due to the ultraviolet transmission of the quartz envelope. ******************************************************************

C-l
B. ALIGNMENT INSTRUMENTATION

1. A HeNe laser . mounted in the detector compartment, is

turned on, allowed to stabilize for 20 min, and positioned at the

exit slit of the spectroradiometer . With the wavelength set at

632.8 nm and a 0.8 by 0.8 mm mask centered in the entrance slit,

the laser is adjusted at the exit slit until its beam exits

centered in the 0.8 by 0.8 mm mask. This beam defines the

optical axis of the spectroradiometer for alignment purposes. ************************ CAUTION ********************************

Care should be taken to avoid any direct eye contact with the

laser beam. *****************************************************************

2

2. A 3.8 mm diameter averaging sphere , with a 1 cm circular

entrance aperture and (at approximately 100°) a 3 by 12 mm exit

port, is used to collect the flux from the spectral irradiance

sources

3. A plane mirror mount , which has a kinematically designed

ball and slot base which is interchangeable with the base of the

averaging sphere, has a plane mirror mounted so that the laser

beam reflected from it traces a line that would be perpendicular

to and centered on the averaging sphere entrance aperture.

4. A lamp socket (see Figure C-3) was especially designed

for these lamps. It is kinematic in design, fixing the positive

lamp post in a 90° »V notch with a stop plate at the bottom to

fix the lamp height, and a horizontal wedge on the negative post

permitting only lateral movement of that post. Each post is held

in position with spring-loaded plungers.

C-2
5. An alignment jig (see Figure C-4) is described in

Section C.2.

C. ALIGNMENT

1. Generalized Alignment Description

The lamps are mounted vertically, base down and with the

brass identification plate facing away from the measuring

instrument. For alignment purposes, the alignment center of the

lamp is taken to be a point in a plane that is tangent to the

lamp base posts on the side of the lamp nearest the measuring

instrument. This point is equidistant from the two posts and at

a distance of 95 mm (3.75 in) from the base of the positive (+)

post. With the optical axis intersecting the plane at the point,

the plane is set perpendicular to the optical axis and to a distance of 50.0 cm from the entrance aperture of the measuring

instrument

2. Detailed Alignment

To aid in alignment, an alignment jig is used. The jig

contains a glass plate mounted so that one surface of the plate

falls in the plane tangent to the surfaces of the base posts on

the side of the posts nearest the measuring instrument. A

crosshair has been marked on the plate 9.5 cm above the positive

post and equidistant between the posts (at the height of the

point)

With the mirror mount in place of the averaging sphere:

(a) The alignment jig is mounted vertically and then

adjusted in height and in lateral translation until the optical

axis (defined by the laser beam) is centered on the crosshair.

C-3
(b) The alignment jig is then adjusted in pitch and yaw

until the laser beam is reflected back on to itself. This

retroreflection is best determined as far back along the optical

axis as is possible, about 50 cm on FASCAL.

(c) The plane mirror mount is replaced with the averaging

sphere mount and the 50.0 cm calibration distance is measured

from the averaging sphere entrance aperture to the plane tangent

to the near surface of the alignment jig's posts.

Note that this alignment fixes the lamp base's posts (and

the lamp socket in which they are mounted) relative to the

optical axis of the measuring system. This permits the

interchange of these lamps without the necessity of realignment.

It should also be noted that the center of the lamp filament may

be several millimeters off the optical axis when the lamp is

properly aligned.

(d) Iris diaphram baffles are placed between the lamp

and the mirror mount and centered on the laser beam. This limits

the sphere's field of view to just the lamp and the adjacent

area

(e) The spectroradiometer is moved to the next lamp

position and the procedures are repeated. When all four lamp

positions are aligned, partitions are placed between the lamp

mounts to eliminate lamp interreflections . At a distance of 3 to

4 M behind the lamps, black velveteen cloth is draped on

stanchions to minimize any back scattering.

C-4
D. LAMP OPERATION

These lamps are calibrated while operating on direct current

with the designated contact, as marked on its brass

identification plate, at positive potential. The exact operating

current is determined for each test lamp by matching its radiant

output to the average output of the working standards at 654.6 nm

and then adjusting it to the nearest 0.1 A towards a match at 3 00

nm. Typically currents in the range of 7.8 to 8.0 A are used.

Electrical measurements of a lamp's operating current are made

potentiometrically to an accuracy of 0.01 %. After positioning

and alignment, the lamps are slowly (30 sec) brought up to their

designated electrical operating point and allowed to stabilize

for at least 10 min before irradiance measurements are made.

E. LAMP SCREENING

1. Goniometric Scans

Small angular changes (±1°) in the aligned positions of

these lamps can cause significant changes (greater than 1%) in

their viewed output. These changes can be caused by the

shadowing of one coil by another and by the non-uniformity in the

lamp envelope's transmission. To check for these variations, the

lamp is mounted in a cradle so that its center (a point located

half the diameter of the lamp base posts towards the center of

the lamp from the lamp's aligned position) is at the center of

rotation of the cradle's two angular rotations: about the

horizontal axis which is perpendicular to the optical axis

(pitch) , and about the vertical axis which is perpendicular to

C-5
the optical axis (yaw) . Goniometric scans are made at 800 nm and

2

at a distance of 50.0 cm from a 1 cm circular entrance aperture.

The computer program used for these measurements is

" JKJMAP" . This program monitors the lamp's current while

measurements of the lamp's output are made at 0.5° increments

over ± 1.5° by ± 1.5° rotations in pitch and yaw. Measurements

begin at the (0°,0°) position - the aligned position, traverse

out to (+1. 5° ,+1. 5°) , measure and step in 0.5° increments over

the mapping area passing through (0°,0°) and returning to (0°,0°)

after the (-1 . 5° , -1 . 5° ) measurement. The signals at each

measured position are then normalized to the average of the three

(0°,0°) measurements. The matrix representation of this data is

output to a printer. Lamps exhibiting changes of more than 1%

over ± 1° changes in pitch and yaw are rejected for calibration.

2. Lamp Stability

Stability measurements are made in order to determine the

approximate drift rates of each lamp. The measurements are made

at 654.6 and 300 nm. The computer program used to perform these

measurements is "RADCAL" . The program sets lamp currents, sets

wavelength, positions the spectroradiometer in front of each of

the sources, takes the detector readings for the lamps and a

shutter position, and performs the calculations to determine the

ratios of the test lamps to a stable reference lamp.

The test lamps are aligned and are allowed to operate for

about one hour at an operating current of approximately 7.9

A. The reference lamp is then turned on and allowed to stabilize

for 2 0 min. The radiometric outputs of the test lamps are then

C-6
measured at 654.6 and 300 nm relative to the output of the

reference lamp. The reference lamp is then turned off and the

test lamps are left on overnight. The next day the reference lamp

is turned back on and the radiometric outputs of the test lamps

and the reference lamp are again compared. Lamps that exhibit

changes of greater than 0.5 % in output over a 24 hr period at

654.6 nm are either retested for stability or rejected for

calibration.

3 . Spectral Scans

Measurements are made by taking a continuous analog scan of

the lamp output with 0.02 mm slit widths (0.04 to 0.08 nm

bandpasses) from 250 to 800 nm at a scanning rate of 20 nm per

min.

Spectral scans of early lamps of this type (quartz-halogen

type DXW) revealed the frequent presence of several emission

lines and an irregular shaped absorption band centered near 279

nm. The most frequently observed emission lines were attributed

to the presence of the neutral atoms of sodium and aluminium,

impurities apparently introduced during the manufacturing

process. The emission lines appeared as doublets at 308.2 and

309.3 nm (Al) , 394.4 and 396.2 nm (Al) and 589.0 and 589.6 nm

(Na) . All of the emission lines were small (less than 20% above

the continuum with a 0.05 nm bandpass). Occasionally other

smaller emission lines (less than 5% above the continuum) were

observed, but were not attributed to any specific impurity. The

absorption band at 279 nm was approximately 4 nm wide and in some

lamps, the peak absorption was observed to be as large as 60% of

the interpolated continuum output of the lamp. This absorption
band was observed to vary with burning time. Of the

approximately 4 00 type FEL lamps scanned to date, no absorption

bands or emission lines have been detected.

F. CALIBRATION PROCEDURES

The calibration is performed on the Facility for Automatic

Spectroradiometric Calibrations (FASCAL)

1 . Turn On Procedure

a. Turn on HeNe alignment laser - needs 2 0 min to

stabilize.

b. Turn on wavelength drive.

c. Turn on monochromater positioning motor and set to

reference.

d. Turn on potentiometer null detector.

e. Turn on CRT for manual interaction with MIDAS.

f. Turn on computer CRT and printer.

2 . Start Up Procedure

a. Move sector disk out of the optical path and lock

it in place.

b. Replace the 2 mm wide slit mask with the 0.8 by 0.8

mm mask.

c. Remove the scattered light baffles and partitions.

d. Replace the averaging sphere mount with the mirror

mount

C-8
— After the laser has been on for at least 20 min —

e. Set the wavelength to 632.8 nm and position the

HeNe laser at the exit slit so that it exits the

monochromater centered in the 0.8 by 0.8 mm

entrance slit mask.

f. Position the spectroradiometer in front of position

# 4 and install the alignment jig (see Section C

Alignment)

g. Align position # 4 and install the iris diaphram

centered on the laser defined optical axis - move

to position #3.

h. Align position # 3 ,# 2, and # 1 in turn, centering

the iris baffles on the optical axis before moving

to the next position.

i. Install partitions between the lamps to eliminate

lamp interreflections and position background

stanchions to minimize back scattering.

j . Turn off the laser, position the photomultiplier

(PM) tube at the monochromater exit slit, and open

the PM shutter,

k. Move the specrtoradiometer to a position beyond the

lamp positions where one has easy access to the

fore-optics.

1. Replace the alignment mirror mount with the

averaging sphere mount and place the cowl with the

55 mm wide by 3 6 mm high slot over the averaging

C-9
sphere housing to minimize the scattered light

entering the sphere's entrance aperture,

m. Replace the 0.8 by 0.8 mm mask with the 2 . 0 mm wide

mask.

n. Insert the lamps to be calibrated into their

appropriate positions.

o. Insert the program disk into the disk drive, bring

up the computer system, and load the program

"IRRCAL". This program reads lamp currents, sets

wavelengths, sets PM tube voltages or PbS amplifier

ranges, moves the spectroradiometer and reads the

system voltage outputs for each of the four lamps,

and stores - wavelength, cumulative burning hours

on the standard lamp, and the system voltage

outputs (average full scale minus average shutter)

for each of the four lamps (three tests and one

standard)

3 . Data Taking Procedure

a. Turn on the lamp power supplies and slowly bring

the lamps up to their operating currents by turning

them all to 3 A, then 5 A, then 6.5 A, and finally

to their operating currents. Record and store the

computer clock 'ON TIME '. Open the standard

lamp's time file and read and record the total

burning hours to date for this standard.

b. While the lamps are stabilizing (20 min) , document

in the data book pertinent information such as run

C-10
identification number (Block # - see Appendix D)

,

the lamps being run, the positions in which the

lamps are mounted, and the lamp operating currents.

c. Check to see if the 'system shutter 1 agrees with

the 'true shutter' (footnote 1) . This is done

biweekly and at ultraviolet (250 nm) , visible

(654.6 nm) , and infrared (1300 nm) wavelengths.

d. Calibrate the DVM versus the potentiometer to

insure accurate lamp current readings.

e. Measurement Seguence

Move to position # 4

Set lamp currents - Read lamp voltages

I

Read data file

- wavelength

- PM tube voltage or PbS amplifier range

- # samples per match

- # matches

- acceptable precision (3cr precisions ranging

from 0.4 % at 250 nm to 0.1 % at 654.6 nm to 0.3 % at 1700 nm to

1.0 % at 2400 nm)

II

Set wavelength

Set PM tube voltage or PbS amplifier range/phase

amplifier

Read/set lamp currents

Wait - 3 sec, 10 sec if the PM tube voltage is changed

more than 50 V.

C-ll
Ill

Read/set lamp currents

Move/read

- shutter

- position # 4 \ - position # 3 \ repeat (# matches

- position # 2 / times)

- position # 1 /

- shutter

Move to position # 4

Read/record computer clock time

Print results

- wavelength

- position # 1 through # 4

- average full scale reading minus

average shutter

- standard deviation of the full scale

matches

IV

Option - If any standard deviation of the full scale matches is

greater than the 'acceptable precision 1 then you can repeat Part

III or you can continue to Part V.

V

Store data

- wavelength

- cumulative burning hours on the standard lamp

C-12
- position # 1 through # 4

- average full scale readings minus

average shutter

VI

Go to Part I unless

- last PM data point

- set lamp currents / read lamp voltages

- shutter PM tube

- position PbS cell at spectroradiometer

exit slit

- position and activate sector disk

- go to Part I

- last PbS data point

- set lamp currents / read lamp voltages

- turn down lamps slowly (set 6.5, 5.0,

3.0, 0.0 A)

- turn off lamps. Run time added to

standard lamp time file.

- if it is the end of the day then turn

off equipment (See - Turn on

Procedures - Section F.I.), otherwise

turn on the laser, wait 20 min, remove

lamps, and go to Section F.2.a.

4 . Data Reduction

The initial data reduction program used is "IRREDR". This

program first calculates the standard lamp's spectral irradiance

by applying a time-dependent drift equation (determined from the

C-13
time drift history of the standard lamp - see Main Text

section VIII) . Then the spectral irradiance of the test lamps is

determined by applying Equation (14) from section IX. C of the

Main Text.

Since the output from the averaging sphere is homogeneous

and nonpolarized, each lamp is viewed by the system as virtually

identical. Because of this, the measurement is a 'null

comparison 1 and the systematic corrections tend to cancel out.

One variation to take into account is the lamp position. The

background, the area viewed by the sphere in addition to the

lamp, is different in each of the lamp positions. The difference

in the assignments to each test lamp in each position is under

statistical control. To date, these errors have been small

relative to the transfer precisions and corrections have not been

necessary. See Appendix D (Data Reduction and Quality Control)

Footnote 1. - The 'system shutter' is taken after a 12 cm

translational movement of the spectroradiometer is made from the

aligned position in position # 4. This results in the averaging

sphere viewing the blackened back side of the position # 4 iris

diaphram baffle. The signal taken in this position, relative to

the full scale reading, is compared to the signals obtained when

the spectroradiometer is aligned in each of the four lamp

positions and (i) that position's iris diaphram is blocked

eliminating all direct radiation from reaching the averaging

sphere entrance aperture and (ii) a 'stray light ' measurement

where a black rod (the same diameter as the lamp) is placed half

C-14
way between the lamp and the sphere entrance aperture - blocking

all direct radiation from the lamp from reaching the averaging

sphere aperture. The difference between the 'system shutter' and

the 'blocking shutter' is negligible (well within our ability to

measure at these levels), however, if the 'stray light'

measurement differs from the 'system shutter', the source of the

stray light is located and the appropriate shielding/baffling is

added to minimize this effect.

C-15
MODIFIED TYPE FEL

FIGURE C-1

C-16
(

FEL LAMP

(as supplied by the manufacturer)

BRASS ADAPTERS

STAINLESS STEEL RODS

1/4' dla XI 1/2" long

FEL MODIFICATION

FIGURE C-2

C-17
C-18
FRDNT VIEW SIDE VIEW

SCRIBED MARK

TD LDCATE __ PTICAL AXIS

HEIGHT

3,750±,005

0,875±,005 -A

1,875

FLAT GLASS

PLATE FIXED

PARALLEL

TD PLANE DF

TVD RDDS

EPDXY

ENCAPSULATING

CDMPDUND

3.3125

f

0,875

0,8125

0,250 — 0.750

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES

ALIGNMENT JIG

FIGURE C-4

C-19

APPENDIX D

DATA REDUCTION AND

QUALITY CONTROL

TABLE OF CONTENTS - APPENDIX D

A. Data Reduction.

B. Quality Control

Page

D-sl

D-4

APPENDIX D

Data Reduction and Quality Control

A. Data Reduction

Test lamps are measured in groups of 12 in a statistically

designed experiment against the four primary working standards

(E^^ through E

4

) which embody the NBS scale of spectral

irradiance. For routine spectral irradiance calibrations, FASCAL

is configured with four measuring positions, denoted P

1 through

P

4

. A complete calibration of a group of test lamps (denoted

through T

12 ^ ^ s Perf°rmec^ i n 16 measurement blocks, each block

consisting of three test lamps and one standard lamp. Each block

includes a comparison of the test and standard lamps at each of

the 31 wavelengths at which values are reported. Table D-l

indicates the positions occupied by the standard and test lamps

for each of the 16 blocks. Note that each test lamp is measured

four times and that it is measured once against each of the

primary working standards and once in each of the four measuring

positions

In analyzing the data from the calibration of a group of

twelve test lamps, measured spectral irradiances for each test

lamp are first computed according to the equation:

E

X

(TL) = f*(STL/S

pws

)*E

x (PWS) (1)

where:

E^(TL) is the measured spectral irradiance of a test lamp,

f is the linearity-range factor correction,

D-l
S TL/S

pws

is the signal ratio of the test lamp-primary working

standard comparison, and

E^(PWS) is the assigned spectral irradiance of the primary

working standard.

This equation is the same as Equation (14) , Section IX of the

main text. The assigned spectral irradiances of the primary

working standard lamps, E^(PWS), are corrected for drift

according to Equation (10) , Section VIII, before the computations

indicated above are performed. Each block shown in Table D-l

yields three such equations at each of the 31 wavelengths of

calibration. Thus the total experiment yields 48 measured

spectral irradiances for test lamps at each wavelength.

In order to analyze the data to determine if systematic

effects due to the particular standards used (departures from its

assigned spectral irradiance) or due to the specific positions

the lamps occupied during the measurements are present, a

mathematical model of the experiment as a whole has been

formulated. Each of the measured spectral irradiances is assumed

to have resulted from an equation of the form:

E^ (TL-Measured) = E^ (TL) +Ax

1

+Bx

2

+Cx

3

+D

y;L

+Ey

2 +Fy3 (2)

where:

E^(TL) is the spectral irradiance due to the test lamp,

A, B, and C are coefficients that designate which standard lamp

is being used,

D-2
x^, x

2

, and x

3

are independent variables equal to the difference

in measurements against standards E

2

and E^^ (E -E^ , E

3

and

E^ (E

3

-E

1

)

, and E

4

and E

± (E4

~E

1

) respectively,

D, E, and F are coefficients that designate which measuring

position the test lamp is occupying, and

y^, y2

, and y^ are independent variables equal to the

difference in mesurements made with the lamp in postions P

and P. (P -P_), P_ and P. (P -P_ ) 12 , and P. and P. (P. -P.) 1' 3 1

x 3 1' 4 1

v 4 1'

respectively.

As shown in Table D-2A, coefficient A assumes a value of +1 if

standard lamp E

2

is being used, 0 if standard lamps E

3

or E

4

are

being used, or -1 if standard lamp E.^ is being used. Similarly,

coefficients B and C assume values of +1, 0, or -1 depending on

the standard lamp in use. The position coefficients, D, E, and

F, similarly assume values of +1, 0, or -1, depending on the

position of the test lamp, as shown in Table D-2B. Note that the

standard lamp coefficients are introduced as a difference between

the given standard and one of the group taken as reference, E^

This procedure is equivalent to taking the mean of the four

standards as the reference [E -E =- (x. +x0 +x_ ) /4 ] . This

1 ave l 2 3

procedure is necessary, because in the self-contained experiment

of the transfer calibration of test lamps against the primary

working standards, there is no information or guarantee that all

the working standards are not misassigned. Only differences

between their assignments can be detected. Mathematically, it is

necessary to avoid attempting to work with an indeterminent set

D-3
of equations. Similar arguments apply for the position

coefficients

Applying this model to the set of measurements shown in

Table D-l gives a set of 48 equations in 18 unknowns — the

spectral irradiances of the twelve test lamps, the three standard

lamp coefficients, and the three position coefficients. At each

of the 31 wavelengths for which values are measured, the 48

simultaneous equations are solved by least squares methods. The

results of this fitting process give the best value of spectral

irradiance for each test lamp (equal to the mean of the four

measured values — a feature of the design shown in Table D-l)

,

an estimate of the precision of transfer (the standard deviation

of the spectral irradiance coefficients) , an estimate of the

consistency of the four primary working standards, and an

estimate of any effects associated with the measuring positions.

The estimate of the precision of transfer is entered into the

uncertainty estimate for a test lamp at the 3a level for the mean

of the four measurements (line Ill-b of Table V, in the main

document)

B. Quality Control

The statistical information obtained from the least squares

fitting process is the key tool in the quality control of the

measurement process. An assumption of this form of data analysis

is that all parameters, spectral irradiance of the test and

standard lamps, position effects, standard lamp effects,

equipment sensitivity, alignment procedures, etc., are constant

over the course of the measurements. The validity of this

D-4
assumption can be assessed from an examination of the residuals

of the least squares fits with statistical tests for randomness.

Although occasionally a block has shown unacceptable residuals,

repeat measurements of this specific block have always brought

the data into agreement. Presumably the occasional observance of

a large residual is due to a miss set alignment or electrical

operating point for the test lamp.

A further assumption of this form of data analysis is that

the test lamps form a homogeneous population, i.e., the

variability (standard deviation) is a uniform characteristic of

the group as a whole, not of an individual lamp. Again the

randomness of the residuals of the least squares fits

demonstrates the validity of this assumption.

The standard lamp coefficients are essentially a measure of

the departure of the primary working standards from their

assigned drift equations. In the course of using the primary

working standards it is usual to observe a gradual deterioration

of the agreement among the four standards. When the range of the

disagreement reaches about 75% of the uncertainty with respect to

the estimated NBS long term reproducibility, a primary

recalibration of the working standards is indicated. In the

meantime, it lends confidence to the measurements that the

standards agree to the sub 1% level when they are drifting at

vastly different rates as shown in Table D-3

The position coefficients are essentially a measure of the

differing stray light conditions at the four measuring positions.

In the data taken to date, the position coefficients have never

D-5
exceeded 0.4% and only rarely are they statistically significant.

Introduction of these coefficients in the additive form given in

Equation 2 assumes that the source of stray light is independent

from the lamp being measured. An equally plausible assumption

would be that the source of the stray light is the lamp itself,

i.e. unwanted reflections from the lamp surrounds are reaching

the measuring instrument. In this case the stray radiation

would presumably be proportional to the spectral irradiance of

the lamp. It can be shown that the additive model used is an

adequate approximation to the proportional case if the stray

radiation effects are small. As noted above, the effects

observed are small and the additive model is therefore believed

to be adequate.

One further quality control technique is used in these

measurements. It has been noted that test lamps are measured in

groups of 12. Usually two of these test lamps are in-house

"check standards". These check standards serve two functions.

First, since they are measured repeatedly and thus have a history

that can be compared with the present measurements, they insure

that the computer controlled measurements, data acquisition, and

data reduction are continuing to function properly. They also

guard against certain forms of gross error, for instance a

reversal of the electrical operating polarity of the standard

lamps would produce about a 4% shift in their values in the

visible and would readily be detected as an anomaly in the

measured value of the check lamps. The second major function of

the check standards is to act as backups to the primary working

standards. Since their history and drift behavior are well
established, they can replace a primary working standard should

one burn out or become unstable. The alternative, an emergency

primary calibration of a new lamp, would cause unacceptable

delays to the ongoing calibration program.

D-7
Table D-l

Measurement Design for Type FEL Spectral Irradiance Standards

Position

Block P n12P_ P_ P.

3 4

1 E-l T-l T-2 T-3

2 T-4 E-l T-5 T-6

3 T-7 T-8 E-l T-9

4 T-10 T-ll T-12 E-l

5 E-2 T-4 T-7 T-10

6 T-l E-2 T-8 T-ll

7 T-2 T-5 E-2 T-12

8 T-3 T-6 T-9 E-2

9 E-3 T-12 T-6 T-8

10 T-9 E-3 T-10 T-2

11 T-ll T-3 E-3 T-4

12 T-5 T-7 T-l E-3

13 E-4 T-9 T-ll T-5

14 T-12 E-4 T-3 T-7

15 T-6 T-10 E-4 T-l

16 T-8 T-2 T-4 E-4

D-8
Table D-2A

Standard Lamp Coefficients

Standard

E

1

Lamp

-1

ABC

-1 -1

E

2 10 0

E 3

E.

0

0 0

10

1

Table D-2B

Position Coefficients

Position (Test Lamp) D E F

P

1

-1 -1 -1

P

2 10 0

P

3

P,

0

0

10

0 1

D-9
Table D-3

Standard Lamp Drift Rates

(Percent change per 100 burning hours)

Wavelength 1

(nm)

250 0.5

350 0.45

450 0.4

555 0.4

654.6 0.4

800 0.4

1300 0.35

1600 0.35

Lamp

2 3 4

4.3 4.0 4.8

3.4 2.9 3.35

2.9 2.3 2.55

2.55 1.9 2.0

2.35 1.6 1.65

2.1 1.35 1.3

1.7 0.8 0.65

1.6 0.75 0.5

D-10
APPENDIX E

DEUTERIUM LAMP STANDARDS OF

SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE - 1986

TABLE OF CONTENTS - APPENDIX E

Page

A. Material E-l

B. Method of Calibration E-l

C. Lamp Orientation and Operation E-2

D. Uncertainty E-4

References E-6

Appendix E

Deuterium Lamp Standards of Spectral Irradiance

1986

A. Material

Modified, commercially available deuterium lamps as shown in

Figure E-l are supplied by NBS for this calibration. Each lamp

has been seasoned for 100 hours at 300 mA dc. The lamp is

oriented so that changes of ±1° about this aligned position yield

a minimum change in its radiation field at 2 50 nm (see paragraph

C below) . The lamp is then potted in a medium bipost base.

B. Method of Calibration

The deuterium lamps are calibrated on the Facility for

Automated Spectroradiometric Calibrations (FASCAL) [1]. Spectral

irradiance measurements are made at 10 nm intervals from 2 00 nm

to 350 nm. For the spectral region from 250 nm to 350 nm,

modified type FEL guartz-halogen lamps are used as transfer

standards. Primary working standards E3 and E4 [1] and special

working standards WS-13 and WS-14 are used. For the spectral

region from 200 nm to 240 nm, deuterium lamp working standards

D1339, D1345, D1347 and, D1373 are used. The relative spectral

distribution of the flux from these deuterium lamp working

standards has been assigned from transfer measurements based on

the NBS spectral irradiance scale for the vacuum ultraviolet [2].

For each calibration run, the relative spectral distribution

curve of the deuterium lamp working standards is normalized to

the type FEL standards at 250 nm and these normalized values are
transfered to the test lamps. Test lamps are measured in groups

of twelve against all eight of the working standards over a period eight days. Normally at least two check standards (lamps

that have been previously measured, but are treated as unknown

test lamps in the data reduction) are included in the group of

test lamps.

C . Lamp Orientation and Operation

Deuterium lamp standards are mounted vertically with the

base down and orientated so that the optical axis of the

spectroradiometer passes perpendicularly through a plane defined

by the front surfaces of the lamp base posts. Orientation of

this plane is set in pitch and yaw to within ±0.1°. The optical

axis also passes midway between the posts and 9.5 cm above the

bottom of the posts. The defined plane is set 50.0 cm from the

entrance aperture of the spectroradiometer. Typically the

radiation field varies 2% or less for rotations of ±1° from the

aligned position.

The electrical circuit for operating the deuterium lamp is

shown in Figure E-2. The heater filament power is supplied by a

dc power supply (10 V, 1.2 A). The blue-tipped white lead from

the lamp is connected to the positive terminal of the filament

power supply and the black-tipped white lead is connected to the

negative terminal. The main dc power supply is a 500 V, 300 mA

constant current power supply (0.1% current regulation

preferred) . Because most power supplies cannot react fast enough

to maintain a constant arc, a ballast resistor (1000 0, 100 W) is

recommended in the positive lead from the power supply to the

E-2
lamp anode (red-tipped white lead) . A current measuring

instrument is connected in series with the cathode of the lamp

(black-tipped white lead) and the negative or ground side of the

main power supply.

In order to start the lamp, the filament is first heated for

10-60 seconds at 10 V. The 500 V is then applied to the lamp -

striking the arc. If the lamp is of the type L 1128 (issued by

NBS prior to 1986), the heater supply should then be turned off.

If the lamp is of the type L 1627, then the heater voltage should

be reduced to 7.0 ± 0.5 V and left on . The lamp should be

allowed to stabilize for 15 to 20 minutes before spectral

irradiance measurement are made. If the lamp is turned off, it

should be allowed to cool back to room temperature (25°C) before

restarting.

The lamp should be operated in a relatively open region that

allows for normal air circulation. A confined region, such as a lamp housing, may change the cooling patterns and hence the gas

pressure of the arc. This in turn will affect the calibration

(flux output) of the lamp. The same precaution applies to forced

air cooling of the lamp. Ozone production within a confined

region could also be a problem. One can check for the presence

of ozone by fanning the air in front of the lamp and observing if

the measured output at 2 50 nm increases. Temperature

coefficients are not measured for individual lamps. However, it

has been observed that for lamps of this type, changes of a few

degrees from room temperature (25°C) introduce changes in the

flux output of less than 1%.

E-3
D. Uncertainty

The uncertainty of the quartz -halogen spectral irradiance

standards [1] and the vacuum ultraviolet spectral irradiance

scale [2,3] have been documented in the references cited. The

uncertainty of the transfer measurements described here is

dominated by the variability of the test deuterium lamps. About

half of the tested deuterium lamps exhibit a standard deviation

of a single measurement of about 1% at all wavelengths. The

other half are more variable, with the worst having a standard

deviation of a single measurement of 5% with some indication of a

bistable behavior. In order to allow for the worst case

situation, the uncertainty of the transfer calibration is taken

to be 4.5% (three times the standard deviation of the mean of

four measurements on a lamp having a standard deviation of a single measurement of 5%) . Table E-l summarizes these

uncertainties

Occasionally deuterium lamps have been observed to shift by

as much as 25% after storage for two to three months. Therefore

it is strongly recommended that deuterium lamp standards be

compared to a modified type FEL quartz-halogen standard over the

spectral range 250 nm to 3 00 nm each time the deuterium lamp is

used. The interchangeability of these standards (same base,

orientation, and calibration distance) makes it convenient to

perform such a comparison.

E-4
Although deuterium lamps ocassionally exhibit bistable

behavior and/or discrete shifts in the absolute level of their

output, the relative spectral distribution of their output has

remained constant to about 1%. It has been estimated [2,3] that

the uncertainty in the relative spectral irradiance distribution

(the ratio of the spectral irradiance at any two wavelengths in

the region 200 nm to 350 nm) is 1% plus 0.02% times the nm

difference between the two wavelengths.

E-5
References

1. Walker, J. H. , Saunders, R. D. , Jackson, J. K. , and McSparron,

D. A., Spectral Irradiance Calibrations at NBS, NBS Special

Publication 250-20 (This document)

2. Klose, J. Z., and Bridges, J. M. , Radiometric Calibrations of

Portable Sources in the Vacuum Ultraviolet, NBS Special

Publication 250-3.

3. Saunders, R. D. , Ott, W. R. , and Bridges, J. M. , Spectral

Irradiance Standard for the Ultraviolet: the Deuterium Lamp,

Appl.Opt. 17, pp. 593-600, Feb. 15, 1978.

E-6
Table E-l

Deuterium Lamp Uncertainty Estimates (3a)

Wavelength

200 nm 210 nm 250 nm 350 nm

Vacuum Ultraviolet 6% 6%

Scale

* Quartz-Halogen 1.5% 1.1%

E^ Scale

Transfer Calibration 4.5% 4.5% 4.5% 4.5%

of a Test Lamp

Total Uncertainty 7.5% 7.5% 5% 5%

(Quadrature Combination)

* Values taken from Table IV, in the main document.

E-7
3 cm

9.5 cm

2.25 cm

figure E-1 DEUTERIUM LAMP STANDARD

E-8
E-9

APPENDIX F

SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE

DEUTERIUM LAMP

REPORT OF CALIBRATION

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU Of STANDARDS

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

REPORT OF CALIBRATION

of

One Deuterium Lamp Standard of

Spectral Irradiance

Supplied to:

(See your purchase order No. dated

1 . Material

One deuterium lamp potted in a black anodized medium bipost

base has been supplied by the National Bureau of Standards for

this calibration. The lamp designation RA-000 is painted on the

ceramic insulator located on the side of the lamp anode shield.

2 . Calibration

The lamp was calibrated using the equipment and procedures

described in Appendix E of the enclosed NBS Special Publication

250-20, "Spectral Irradiance Calibrations at NBS", Walker, J. H.

,

Saunders, R. D. , Jackson, J. K. , and McSparron, D. A., (1987).

Note particularly paragraph C of this appendix which describes

the orientation and operation of a test lamp.

3 . Results

The results of this test are given in the attached Table 1.

See also paragraph D of Appendix E for a discussion of the

uncertainty of the reported values.

Prepared by: Approved by:

John K. Jackson Donald A. McSparron

Radiometric Physics Division Radiometric Physics Division

Center for Radiation Research Center for Radiation Research

NBS Test No. : 534/

Date

Page 1 of 2
REPORT OF CALIBRATION

TABLE 1

3 Spectral Irradiance (W/cm ) at 50.0 cm from Lamp RA-000 for

a current of 3 00 mA dc when operated as described in paragraph C

in Appendix E of the enclosed NBS Special Publication 250-20.

Wavelength Lamp No. RA-000

3 (nm) (W/cm )

200 0.490

210 0.470

220 0.450

230 0. 420

240 0.390

250 0.330

260 0.280

270 0.240

280 0.200

290 0. 170

300 0.150

310 0. 130

320 0. 110

330 0. 100

340 0. 080

350 0. 070

NBS Test No. : 534/

Date: Page 2 of 2
NBS-114A (rev. 2-ao) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO.

SHEET (See instructions) NBS/SP-250/20 SeDtember 1987

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

NBS Measurement Services:

Spectral Irradiance Calibrations

5. AUTHOR(S)

J. H. Walker, R. D. Saunders, J. K. Jackson, D. A. McSparron

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No. NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Final

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City, State, ZIP)

SAME

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-619862

"1 Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

This report describes the measurement methods and instrumentation used in realization

and transfer of the NBS scale of spectral irradiance. The basic measurement equation

for the irradiance realization is derived. The spectral responsivity function,

linearity of response, and "size of source effect" of the spectroradiometer are described. The analysis of sources of error and estimates of uncertainty are described. The assigned uncertainties (3-sigma level) in spectral irradiance range

from 2.2% at 250 nm to 1.0% at 654.6 nm to 6.5% at 2400 nm.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

blackbody; calibrations; radiometry; response linearity:

slit-scattering function; spectral irradiance; standards

13. AVAILABILITY

| y\ Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

r~] Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. ^ 20402.

| | Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

102

15. Price

USCOMM-DC 6043-P80



PUBLICATIONS IN THE SP 250 SERIES ON NBS MEASUREMENT SERVICES

SP 250-1 Spectral Radiance Calibrations

J. H. Walker, R. D. Saunders, and

A. T. Hattenburg

SP 250-2 Far Ultraviolet Detector Standards

L. R. Canfield and N. Swanson

SP 250-3 Radiometric Standards in the Vacuum

Ultraviolet

J. Z. Klose and J. M. Bridges

SP 250-4 Fricke Dosimetry in High-Energy

Electron Beams

C. G. Soares, E. L. Bright, and M. Ehrlich

SP 250-5 Alpha-Particle Calibrations

J. M. R. Hutchinson

SP 250-6 Regular Spectral Transmittance

K. L Eckerle, J. J. Hsia, K. D. Mielenz,

and V. R. Weidner

SP 250-7 Radiance Temperature Calibrations W. R. Waters, J. H. Walker, and

A. T. Hattenburg

SP 250-8 Spectral Reflectance

V. R. Weidner and J. J. Hsia

SP 250-9 Calibration of Beta-Particle-Emitting

Ophthalmic Applicators

J. S. Pruitt

SP 250-10 Radioactivity Calibrations with the "4ir" Gamma Ionization Chamber, and Other

Radioactivity Calibration Capabilities

J. M. Calhoun

SP 250-14 Activation Foil Irradiation by Reactor Cavity

Fission Sources

G. P. Lamaze and J. A. Grundl

SP 250-15 Photometric Calibrations

R. L. Booker and D. A. McSparron

SP 250-16 Calibration of X-Ray and Gamma-Ray

Measuring Instruments

P. J. Lamperti, T. P. Loftus, and R. Loevinger

SP 250-17 The NBS Photodetector Spectral Response

Calibration Transfer Program

E. F. Zalewski

SP 250-18 Neutron Source Strength Calibrations

E. D. McGarry and E. W. Boswell

SP 250-19 Calibration of Gamma-Ray-Emitting

Brachytherapy Sources

J. T. Weaver, T. P. Loftus, and R. Loevinger

SP 250-20 Spectral Irradiance Calibrations

J. H. Walker, R. D. Saunders, J. K. Jackson,

and D. A. McSparron

SP 250-21 Calibration of Beta-Partide

Radiation Instrumentation M. Ehrlich, J. S. Pruitt, and C. G. Soares

SP 250-22 Platinum Resistance Thermometer

Calibrations

B. W. Mangum

SP 250-23 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer

Calibration Service

J. A. Wise

SP 250-1 1 Dosimetry for High-Dose Applications

J. C. Humphreys, D. Hocken, and

W. L. McLaughlin

SP 250-12 Neutron Personnel Dosimetry

R. B. Schwartz

SP 250-24 Standard Cell Calibrations

B. Field

SP 250-25 Calibration Service for Inductive Voltage Dividers A. O. McCoubrey

SP 250-13 Activation Foil Irradiation with Californium

Fission Sources

G. P. Lamaze and J. A. Grundl
U.S. Department of Commerce

National Bureau of Standards

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

Official Business

Penalty for Private Use $300