T.C. Mem o. 2 01 3- 17 2

UNITED STAT ES TAX COURT
KAYLN M. CARPENTER, ET AL., Pet it io ne rs v. 1 COMM ISSI ONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Resp on de nt *

Doc ke t No s. 1 55 89 -1 0, 1 55 90 -1 0, Fil edJu ly 25, 2 01 3.

15 59 1- 10
. Larry D. Harve y , forpe ti ti on ers . SaraJo Bark le y

an d Lu ke D. Ortn er, fo r res po nd en t.

Cas es of t he fol lo win g p et it io ne rs are co ns ol id at edhe rewi th : Sc ot t A. Van 1 Wyhe , do ck etNo. 1 55 90 -1 0, an d J oh n C . andSh aro n L. Mc Sween , do ck etNo. 15 59 1- 10
. Thi s o pi ni onsupp le m en ts ou r pr io r op in io n, Ca rp en te r v. C omm is si on er, * T.C. Mem o. 2 01 2- 1.- 2 -

[* 2] SUPPLEMENTAL MEMORANDUM OPINI ON HAINES, Ju dg e: Thi s ca se is be fo re the Co urt o n p et it io ne rs ’ m ot io n t o reco ns id er o ur

op in io n i n C arp en te r v. C omm is si on er, T.C. Mem o. 2 01 2- 1 (Car pe nt er I), p ur su an t t o R

ul e 1 61
. Res po nd en t o bjec ts . In the ir m ot io n

2 pe ti ti on ers all eg e th atth is Co urt erredinrel y in g o n Kau fm anv. Co m m is si on er, 13 6 T.C. 2 94 (20 11 ) (Kau fm anII), wh ic h was affi rm edinpa rt, v acat edinpa rt,
an d re m an de d i n p artby the Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itinKauf m anv. Shul m an , 68 7 F .3d21 (1s t Ci r. 20 12 ) (Kau fm anIII). Pet it io ne rs m ak e v ari ou s 3 ot he r cl ai m s wh ic h we wi ll ad dr es s b el ow.
Unl es s o th erwi se in di cat ed , all sec ti on refe ren ces are t o the Int ern al 2 Rev enue Co de , as a m en de d a ndineffec t fo r th e y ears at i ss ue , andall Ru le refe ren ces are t o the Tax C ou rt Rul es of P ract ic e an d P ro cedur e. Am ou nt s ar e ro un de d t o the ne ares t d ol lar. The IRS o rig in al ly file d am ot io n fo r su m m ary jud gm en t wi th th is Co urt o n 3 Ja nu ary 15 , 20 10 . In ru li ng on th e m ot io n fo r su m m ary jud gm en t i n Kau fm anv. Co m m is si on er, 1 34 T.C. 18 2 (2 01 0) (Kau fm anI), we di sa ll owe d a ny deduc ti on s fo r th e eas em en t co nt rib ut io n b utfou ndge nu in e is su es of m at eri al factrem ai ni ng with re ga rdto th e cas h c on tri bu ti on de du ct io n a ndth e IRS ’ im po si ti on of pe na lt ie s. Ina se co ndOpi ni on aft er a tria l o n the res erv edis su es , th is Co urt o n Apr il 4, 2 01 1, i n Kau fm anv. Co m m is si on er, 1 36 T.C. 29 4 (2 01 1) (Kau fm anII), aff’d i n p art , vac at edinpa rt a ndrem an de d i n p art , 68 7 F .3d21 (1s t Ci r. 20 12 ), reaf firm edit s ru li ng on th e eas em en t b uthe ldth atth e ta xp ay ers were en ti tl edto de du ctth ei r $1 6,8 40 cas h c on tri bu ti on on th ei r 20 04 return (a s o pp os edto th ei r 20 03 return) an d wer e li ab le foron ly a sm al l p en al ty for n eg li ge nc e in cla im in g th e d educ ti on forth e ear li er y ear.- 3 -

[* 3] Bac kg ro un d InCarp en te r I we g av e a b ack gr ou ndof t he fact s, wh ic h we i nc or po rat e he rei n b y refe ren ce. The fact s wer e b as edup on th e p art ie s’ pl ead in gs , affi da vi ts , an d e xh ib it s i n s up po rt o f an d i n o pp os it io n t o the m ot io n fo r pa rti al su m m ary jud gm en t. The fact s wer e st at edso le ly for the pu rp os e o f de ci di ng th e m ot io n a nd
no t as fin di ng s o f fac t i n thi s ca se . For c on ve ni en ce an d c larit y , we rep eatbe lo w th e fac ts rel ev an t t o o urdi sp os it io n o f pe ti ti on ers ’ m ot io n fo r rec on si de rat io n, an d
we supp le m en t tho se fact s as ap pr op ria te to pro vi de a co m pl et e b ack gr ou nd st at em en t. The fact s o f al l p et it io ne rs ’ cas es , th ou gh no t i de nt ic al , are s ub st an ti al ly si mil ar. On o r ab ou t Dec em be r 23 , 20 03 , each pe ti ti on er ac qu ire d apa rcel or pa rcel s o f la ndinTell er Co un ty, Co lo rad o, fr om Six ty Seven , LLC (Six ty Seven ). Pet it io ne rs he ldth ei r pa rcel s i n fe e si m pl e. On o r ab ou t Dec em

be r 24 , 20 03 , each pe ti ti on er co nv ey eda co ns erv at io n e as em en t t o Gre en land s, a c ha rit ab le no np ro fit Co lo rad o c or

po rat io n wh ic h qua li fie s as a ta x- ex em ptno np ro fitorg an iz at io n un de r se ct io ns 50 1( c)(3 ) an d 1 70 (b )(1 )(A)(i v)
. 4
The McSwe en s o wne d two p arce ls of l an d i n Tel le r Co un ty. They 4 co nv ey eda co ns erv at io n e as em en t o ve r th e fi rs t p arce l o f la ndonor abo ut Decem be r 24 , 20 03 , andco nv ey eda co ns erv at io n e as em en t o ve r th e se co ndpa rcel on or abo utJan ua ry

29 , 20 04
.- 4 -

[* 4] Pet it io ne r Car

pe nt er cl ai m eda $3 85 ,60 0 c ha rit ab le co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on on he r 20 04 Fed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn . Peti ti on er VanWy he cla im eda $2 72 ,99 8 ch ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on on hi s 2 00 4 F ed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn , a $2 65 ,24 7 c ha rit ab le co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on carry ov er o n h is 20 05 Fed eral in co m e ta x re turn , anda $2 62 ,87 6 c harit ab le co ntrib ut io n d educ ti on carry ov er o n h is 20 06 Fed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn . The Mc Sween s cl ai m eda $3 36 ,50 0 c ha rit ab le
co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on on th ei r 20 03 joi ntFed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn , a $3 36 ,50 0 ch ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on on th ei r 20 04 joi ntFed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn , a $3 11 ,77 6 c ha rit ab le co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on carry ov er o n the ir 2 00 4 jo in t Fe de ral in co m e ta x re tu rn , anda $6 12 ,84 4 c ha rit ab le co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on carry ov er o n th ei r 20 05 joi ntFed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn . All o f th e Fed eral in co m e ta x re tu rn s were t im el y

fil ed
. All of t he co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eed s wer e v irtua ll y id en ti cal an d
co nt ai ne d the fol lo win g p ro vi si on forex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e eas em en t: Ext in gu is hm en t-- If ci rcu m st an ces ari se inth e fu tu re s uc h tha t re nd er th e p ur po se of t hi s C on se rv at io n Eas em en t i m po ss ib le to acco m

pl is h, th is Co ns erv at io n Eas em en t ca n b e te rm in at edor e xt in gu is he d, whe th er i n wh ol e o r inpa rt, b y jud ic ia l p ro ceed in gs , or b y m utua l writ te n a gr eem en t o f bo th pa rti es , pro vi de d n o o th er p art ie s wi ll be im pa ct edan d n o l aws or r eg ul at io ns are v io la te d b y su chterm in at io n. * * * [Em ph as is ad de d.]- 5 -

[* 5] A no ti ce o f de fic ie nc y was m ai le d t o e achpe ti ti on er d is al lo win g the ch ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on s. Re sp on de ntcit edth e em ph as iz edlan gu ag e ab ov e inde te rm in in g tha t p et it io ne rs ha d n otm etth e requi rem en t o f se ct io n 1.1 70 A-1 4( g) (6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s., tha t the ir c on se rv at io n e as em en ts be gr an te d i n p erp etui ty. Eachpe ti ti on er t im el y fil eda pe ti ti onwith thi s C ou rt. InCarp en te r I, res po nd en t m ov edfor pa rti al su m

m ary jud gm en t o n the gr ou nd s tha t p et it io ne rs ’ co ns erv at io n e as em en ts were n otpro te ct edinpe rp etui ty
an d thu s wer e n otqu al ifi edco ns erv at io n c on tri bu ti on s. Sp eci fic al ly, res po nd en t arg ue d tha t p et it io ne rs fai le d t o m eetth e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s., b ecau se pe ti ti on ers an d Gre en land s ca n m utua ll y ag ree t o e xt in gu is h the co ns erv at io n e as em en ts . W e h el d tha t the pro vi si on s o f
se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s., requi rin g ajud ic ia l p ro ceed in g t o ex ti ng ui sh a co ns erv at io n e as em en t m ay no t b e av oi de d a ndth atpe ti ti on ers ha d fai le d t o s at is fy

th e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s. As a re su lt , we hel d i n favo r of res po nd en t an d g ran te d the m ot io n fo r parti al
su m m ary jud gm en t.- 6 -

[* 6] Dis cu ss io n I. Mo ti on s To Reco ns id er A m ot io n t o re co ns id er i s g ov ern edby Rul e 1 61 . Rul e 1 61 est ab li sh es a fil in g d ead li ne bu t p ro vi de s n o g ui da nc e o n wh enth e Co urt s ho ul d g ran t o r de ny a m ot io n t o re co ns id er. Inth e ab se nc e o f m or e sp eci fic gu id an ce, we l oo k t o cas el aw an d the Fed eral Ru le s o f Ci vi l Pr oc edur e. See R ul e 1 (b ). The de ci si on to gra nta m ot io n t o re co ns id er l ie s wi th inth e d is cret io n o f th e Co urt. Est at e o f Qui ckv. Co m m is si on er, 1 10 T.C. 44 0, 4 41 (19 98 ). Mo ti on s t o reco ns id er ar e g en eral ly “ in te nd edto co rrec t s ub st an ti al erro rs of f actor l aw an d al lo w th e in tro du ct io n o f ne wly di sc ov eredev id en ce tha t the m ov in g p arty co ul d
no t h av e in tro du cedby the ex erci se of due di li ge nc e inth e p rio r pr oc eed in g.” Knu ds env. Co m

mis si on er, 1 31 T.C. 18 5, 1 85 (20 08 ). “ Rec on si de rat io n i s n otth e ap pr op ria te forum

forreh as hi ng pre vi ou sl y reject edleg al arg um en ts or t en de rin g ne w leg al th eo rie s t o re ach th e en d re su ltde si redby the m ov in g p arty .” Est at e o f Qui ck v. Co m mis si on er, 1 10 T.C. at 4 41 -4 42
. Im po rta nt ly, anin te rv en in g c ha ng e in th e law canwarran t the grant in g o f a
m ot io n t o re co ns id er. See Ali ot o v . Comm is si on er, T.C. Mem o. 2 00 8- 18 5. In Ali ot o v . Comm is si on er, T.C. Mem o. 2 00 6- 19 9, the Co urt h el d tha t i t l ack ed juri sd ic ti on ov er “ st an d- al on e” s ect io n 6 01 5( f) ca se s. Aft er Co ng res s ex pa nd ed- 7 -

[* 7] th e Co urt’s jur is di ct io n t o i nc lu de su chcas es , see Tax R el ie f an d Hea lth C are Act of 20 06 , Pub . L. No. 10 9- 43 2, d iv . C, sec . 40 8, 1 20 Sta t. at30 61 , th e ta xp ay er fil edti m el y

m ot io ns to reco ns id er an d t o v acat e, whi chth e Co urt g ran te d, s ee Ali ot o v . Comm is si on er, T.C. Mem o. 2 00 8- 18 5 (“ W e ag ree tha t the Co urt co rrec tl y ap pl ie d the cas el aw as itex is te d at the ti m e th e Co urt i ss ue d Al io to I; ho wev er, we d is ag ree tha t the m ot io n fo r rec on si de rat io n s ho ul d b e d en ie d. Aft er th e Co urt’s d eci si on inAli ot o I the law an d the Co urt’s jur is di ct io n c ha ng ed .” (Fn
. ref. o m it te d.))
. Pet it io ne rs askus to gra ntth e m ot io n t o re co ns id er i n the li gh t o f th e p art ia l
va cat in g o f Kau fm anII b y th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu it . See Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3d21
. Inth ei r m ot io n fo r rec on si de rat io n p et it io ne rs arg ue th atth is Co urt s ho ul d fo ll ow the ap pr oa chtak enby the Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itan d
reco ns id er i ts de ci si on . Spe ci fic al ly, pe ti ti on ers arg ue th at : (1 ) th e co ns erv at io n eas em en t d eed s p ro te ct edth e p ro ceed s t o b e p ai d t o Gre en land s i n p erp etui ty upo n te rm in at io n o f th e co ns erv at io n e as em en t an d thu s u nd er the ap pr oa chtak enin Kau fm anIII the co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eed s s at is fie d the requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1.1 70 A-1 4( g) , Inc om e Tax Reg s.; an d (2 ) Co lo rad o l aw crea te s re st ric ti on s tha t pr ot ectth e co ns erv at io n e as em en t an d a ny pro ceed s upo n t erm in at io n o f su ch- 8 -

[* 8] co ns erv at io n e as em en t an d tha t s uc h p ro te ct io n i s g reat er tha n the pro te ct io n pr ov id edforinKauf

m anIII; th us th is Co urt s ho ul d re co ns id er i ts op in io n i n Carp en te r I. W e take each of t he se arg um en ts intu rn . II. Leg al Back gr ou nd A. Qua li fie d C on se rv at io n C on tri bu ti on A tax pa y er i s g en eral ly allo weda de du ct io n fo r an y ch ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n m ad e dur in g the tax ab le y ear. Se c. 17 0( a)(1 ). A charit ab le co nt rib ut io n i s a g iftof pr op erty to a ch ari tabl e o rg an iz at io n m ad e wit h c ha rit ab le in te ntan d wi th ou t the
rece ip t o r ex pe ct at io n o f rec ei ptof a de qu at e co ns id erat io n. Se e Hern an de z v . Co m m is si on er, 4 90 U.S. 68 0, 6 90 (19 89 ); Un it edSta te s v . Am . Bar En do wm en t, 47 7 U.S. 1 05 , 11 6- 11 8 (1 98 6) ; s ee al so sec . 1.1 70 A-1 (h )(1 ) an d (2 ), In co m e Tax Reg s. Whil e a t axpa y er i s g en eral ly notall owe d ach ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n de du ct io n fo r a g iftof p ro pe rty con si st in g o f le ss th ananen ti re i nt eres t i n tha t pr op erty , an e xc ep ti on is m ad e fo r a “ qu al ifi edco ns erv at io n c on tri bu ti on .” See
se c. 17 0( f)(3 )(A), (B) (ii i). A “ qu al ifi edco ns erv at io n c on tri bu ti on ” is a co nt rib ut io n (1 ) of a “ qu al ifi ed real pro pe rty int eres t” (2) to a “ qu al ifi edorg an iz at io n” (3) whi chis m ad e

“ ex cl us iv el y

forco ns erv at io n p ur

po se s.” Se c. 17 0( h) (1 ); s ee al so sec . 1.1 70 A14 (a), In co m e Tax Reg s. Re sp on de ntco nc ed es th atth ere was a co nt rib ut io n o f a- 9 -

[* 9] qu al ifi edreal pro pe rty int eres t an d tha t atth e ti m e o f th e co nt rib ut io n Green land s was a qu al ifi edorg an iz at io n u nd er s ect io n 1 70 (h )(3 ). Ther efo re, we fo cu s o n the th irdrequi rem en t; i.e., wh ethe r pe ti ti on ers ’ co nt rib ut io ns of t he
co ns erv at io n e as em en ts to Green land s wer e ex cl us iv el y for co ns erv at io n p ur

po se s. A con tri bu ti on is m ad e ex cl us iv el y forco ns erv at io n p ur

po se s o nl y

if i t
m eet s the requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 70 (h )(5 ). Glas s v . Comm is si on er, 1 24 T.C. 25 8, 2 77 (20 05 ), aff’d, 4 71 F.3d69 8 (6 th Cir . 20 06 ). Sect io n 1 70 (h )(5 )(A) pr ov id es th at“ [a] con tri bu ti on sh al l n otbe tre at edas e xc lu si ve ly for co ns erv at io n pu rp os es un le ss th e co ns erv at io n p ur po se is pro te ct edinpe rp etui ty.” Secti on 1.1 70 A-1 4( g) , Inc om e Tax Reg s., el ab or at es on th e en fo rceabi li ty-in -p erp etui ty requi rem en t. Par ag rap h (g )(1 ) pr ov id es ge ne ral ly that i n o rd er fo r a co ns erv at io n eas em en t t o b e en fo rceabl e in pe rp etui ty, th e “ in te res t i n the pro pe rty retai ne d b y th e d on or* * * m

us t b e subjec t t o l eg al ly enfo rceabl e res tri ct io ns * * * tha t wi ll pr ev en t u se s o f th e ret ai ne d i nt eres t i nc on si st en t wi th th e co ns erv at io n p ur po se s o f th e d on at io n.” The v ari ou s s ub pa rag rap hs of p arag rap h (g ) se t fo rth m an y of t he se le ga ll y en fo rceabl e res tri ct io ns . Mit ch el l v . Comm is si on er, 1 38 T.C. 32 4, 3 3 (2 01 2)
. Para gr ap h (g )(2 ) ad dr es se s m ortg ag es an d i n p ert in en t p artpro vi de s tha t “ no de du ct io n wi ll be pe rm it te d * * * foranin te res t i n p ro pe rty whic h i s s ub ject t o a- 10 -

[* 10 ] m ortg ag e unl es s the m ortg ag ee s ub or di na te s i ts rig ht s i n the pro pe rty to t he rig htof the * * * [d on ee] org an iz at io n t o e nf or ce the co ns erv at io n p ur po se s o f th e gi ft i n p erp etui ty.” Para gr ap h (g )(3 ) is en ti tl ed“ Rem ot e fu ture ev en t” an d a dd res se s ev en ts th at
m ay de featth e p ro pe rty int eres t tha t h as pa ss edto th e d on ee o rg an iz at io n. It pr ov id es th ata de du ct io n wi ll no t b e d is al lo wedm erel y be cau se on th e d at e o f th e gi ft t he re i s the po ss ib il ity th atth e in te res t wi ll be de feat edso lo ng as o n tha t d at e th e p os si bi li ty of de featis so rem ot e as to be ne gl ig ib le
. Para gr ap h (g )(6 ) is en ti tl ed“ Ext in gu is hm en t” an d re co gn iz es th ataft er the do ne e o rg an iz at io n’s re cei ptof an i nt eres t i n p ro pe rty, an une xp ect edch an ge in th e co nd it io ns su rro un di ng th e p ro pe rty can m ak e im po ss ib le or i m

pr act ic al th e co nt in ue d u se of t he pro pe rty for co ns erv at io n p ur po se s. Subd iv is io n (i ) of pa rag rap h (g )(6 ) pr ov id es inpe rti ne ntpa rt: If a s ub se qu en t u ne xp ect edch an ge inth e co nd it io ns su rro un di ng th e pr op erty th atis th e subjec t o f a d on at io n u nd er thi s p arag rap h c an m ak e im po ss ib le or i m

pr act ic al th e co nt in ue d u se of t he pro pe rty for co ns erv at io n p ur

po se s, the co ns erv at io n p ur po se canno ne th el es s b e tre at edas p ro te ct edinpe rp etui ty if th e res tri ct io ns are ex ti ng ui sh ed by j ud ic ia l p ro ceed in g a ndall of t he do ne e’s pr oc eed s * * * fro m a subs eque ntsal e o r ex ch an ge of t he pro pe rty are us edby the do ne e or ga ni zat io n i n am an ne r co ns is te ntwith the co ns erv at io n p ur po se s o f th e o rig in al co nt rib ut io n.- 11 -

[* 11 ] Subd iv is io n (i i) o f pa rag rap h (g )(6 ) is en ti tl ed“ Pro ceed s” an d, i n p ert in en t pa rt, p ro vi de s: fo r a d educ ti onto be all owe d u nd er thi s s ect io n, atth e ti m e o f th e g ift th e d on orm

us t ag ree tha t the do na ti on of t he pe rp etua l co ns erv at io n res tri ct io n g iv es ris e to a pr op erty rig ht , imm ed ia te ly ves te d i n the do ne e o rg an iz at io n, wi th a fai r m ark etva lu e th atis at l eas t equa l t o th e p ro po rti on at e v al ue th atth e p erp etua l co ns erv at io n re st ric ti on at th e ti m e o f th e g iftbe ars to th e v al ue of t he pro pe rty as a wh ol e atth at ti m e. * * * Fo r pu rp os es of t hi s p arag rap h (g )(6 )(i i), tha t pr op orti on at e v al ue of t he do ne e’s pr op erty rig ht s s ha ll rem ai n co ns tant . Accor di ng ly, whe n ach an ge inco nd it io ns gi ve s ri se to th e ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f a p erp etua l co ns erv at io n re st ric ti on un de r pa rag rap h (g )(6 )(i ) of

th is sec ti on , th e d on ee o rg an iz at io n, o n a subs eque ntsal e, ex ch an ge , or i nv ol un tary co nv ers io n o f th e subjec t pr op erty , m

us t b e en ti tl edto a po rti on of t he pro ceed s atlea stequa l t o th atpro po rti on at e v al ue of t he pe rp etua l co ns erv at io n re st ric ti on * * * B. Carp en te r I InCarp en te r I, pe ti ti on ers fir starg ue d tha t s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s., s ho ul d b e rea d i n t an de m with s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(3 ), In co m e Tax Reg s. Pet it io ne rs cla im edth atth e co nd it io ns ne ces sary for
ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e co ns erv at io n e as em en ts are n otpo ss ib le or t he po ss ib il ity is
so rem ot e as to be ne gl ig ib le . Thu s, p et it io ne rs arg ue d tha t the po ss ib il ity of
ex ti ng ui sh m en t b y

m utua l ag reem en t o f th e p art ie s h adto be di sr eg ard edun de r th e so -rem ot e-as -to -b e-n eg li gi bl e st an da rdinde te rm in in g wh ethe r th e co ns erv at io n- 12 -

[* 12 ] eas em en t was en fo rceabl e in pe rp etui ty. W e rel ie d o n o ur pre vi ou s h ol di ng inKauf m anII to fin d tha t the so -rem ot e-as -to -b e-n eg li gi bl e st an da rddo es no t
m od ify sect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s. Seco nd , pet it io ne rs arg ue d tha t the do na ti on s cr eat edch ari tabl e tr us ts or res tri ct edgi fts whi chim

pl ic at e th e d oc tri ne of c y pre s. Un de r cy

pre s, the factth at te rm in at io n o f th e co ns erv at io n e as em en ts wou ldrequi re a ju di ci al pro ceed in g wou ldpre ve ntth e p art ie s fr om ex ti ng ui sh in g the eas em en ts by m utua l ag reem en t. W e fo un d tha t p et it io ne rs ’ co nt rib ut io n o f co ns erv at io n e as em en ts di d c reat e res tri ct edgi fts un de r Co lo rad o l aw; h owe ve r, we fo un d the do ctrin e o f cy pre s in ap pl ic ab le to th e res tri ct edgi fts . Thu s, we fo un d tha t p et it io ne rs co ul d t erm in at e th ei r co ns erv at io n e as em en ts th ro ug h m utua l co ns en t o f al l the pa rti es . Fi na ll y , we fou ndth atsu chex ti ng ui sh m en t b y m utua l co ns en t o f th e p art ie s vi ol at es th e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s., as ex ti ng ui sh m en t b y

m utua l co ns en t o f th e p art ie s d oe s n otgu aran te e th atth e co ns erv at io n p ur

po se of t he do na te d p ro pe rty will co nt in ue to be pro te ct edin pe rp etui ty. W e n ot edth atth e “ ‘restric ti on s [i n ade ed ] are s up po se d t o b e pe rp etua l i n the fir stpl ace, andth e d eci si on to term in at e th em sh ou ldno t b e so le ly by int eres te d p art ie s. With th e d eci si on -m ak in g p ro ces s p us he d i nt o aco urt o f law, th e le ga l t en si on crea te d b y su chjud ic ia l re vi ew wil l g en eral ly ten d t o c reat e- 13 -

[* 13 ] a fai r res ul t.’” Carp en te r I, sl ip op . at 1 8- 19 (qu ot in g S m al l, Fe de ral Tax Law of C on se rv at io n Eas em en ts 16 -4 (19 86 )). C. Kau fm anIII In19 99 Lorn a an d Go rd on Kauf m an , th e ta xp ay ers , bo ug hta si ng le -fam il y ro who us e in th e So ut h En d o f Bo st on subjec t t o l oc al res tri ct io ns . In 2 00 3 the ta xp ay ers co nt rib ut edto a do ne e o rg an iz at io n afaca de eas em en t o n the ir s in gl efam il y rowh ou se . At th e ti m e o f co nt rib ut io n, the pro pe rty was s ub ject t o a m ortg ag e. The m ortg ag ee ag reedto subo rd in at e th e m ortg ag e to th e co ns erv at io n eas em en t d eedinfav orof t he do ne e o rg an iz at io n; ho wev er, the m ortg ag ee ret ai ne d a“pr io r cl ai m ” to all pro ceed s o f co nd em na ti on an d t o a ll in su ran ce pr oc eed s re su lt in g fr om

an y cas ua lty of t he pro pe rty. T he tax pay ers cla im eda ch ari tabl e co nt rib ut io n d educ ti on equa l t o the va lu e th ey ass ig ne d t o the faca de
eas em en t. The Co m

mis si on er d is al lo wedth e d educ ti on be cau se th e ta xp ay ers ha d fai le d t o m eetth e requi rem en t o f se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s., th atth e ch ari ty recei ve a pr op orti on at e sh are o f pr oc eed s fo ll owi ng jud ic ia l
ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e fac ad e eas em en t an d asubs eque ntsal e o f th e p ro pe rty. InKauf m anII, th e ta xp ay ers arg ue d tha t tho ug h the m ortg ag ee m ay ha ve ha d apri orcla im

to co nd em

na ti on pro ceed s o ve r th e d on ee, tha t d idno t ab so lv e Lorn a Kau fm anof h er o bl ig at io n t o m ak e g oo d o n the do ne e’s en ti tl em en t t o apro- 14 -

[* 14 ] rat a sh are o f th e p ro ceed s re al iz edfro m th e sa le or i nv ol un tary

co nv ers io n o f th e p ro pe rty. A s a r es ul t, the tax pa y ers cla im edth e v ari ou s ag reem en ts sat is fie d th e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s. Th is Co urt fo un d the do ne e’s co nt ractua l ri gh t ag ai ns t the tax pay er t o ash are o f th e p ro ceed s to be in su ffi ci en t t o s at is fy th e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., s ta ti ng : “ [W] e th in k i t the in te ntof t he dra fte rs of s ect io n 1 .17 0A14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., tha t the do ne e h av e a ri gh t t o ash are o f th e p ro ceed s an d n otm erel y

a co nt ractua l cl ai m

ag ai ns t the own er o f th e p rev io us ly serv ie nt es ta te .” Kauf

m anII, 13 6 T.C. at30 9. The tax pa y ers als o a rg ue d tha t s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., sh ou ldbe readintan de m with s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(3 ), In co m e Tax Reg s. Th e ta xp ay ers hypo th es iz eda ve ry lo w pro babi li ty of oc cu rren ce o f a s etof e ve nt s tha t wou ldde pr iv e th e ch ari ty of it s p ro po rti on al sh are o f pr oc eed s fo ll owi ng jud ic ia l
ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e fac ad e eas em en t an d s ub se qu en t s al e o f th e p ro pe rty. T he y co nc lu de d tha t the po ss ib il ity of s uc h d ep riv at io n was “ so rem ot e as to be
ne gl ig ib le ” an d, thu s, h adto be di sr eg ard edun de r th e so -rem ot e-as -to -b ene gl ig ib le st an da rdinde te rm in in g wh ethe r th e fac ad e eas em en t was en fo rceabl e inpe rp etui ty.- 15 -

[* 15 ] Thi s C ou rt i n Kau fm anII fo un d tha t the so -rem ot e-as -to -b e-n eg li gi bl e st an da rddo es no t m od ify sect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s. Sp eci fic al ly, we he ldth at It i s n ota qu es ti on as t o the de gr ee o f im pr ob ab il ity

of t he ch an ge d co nd it io ns th atwou ldjus ti fy jud ic ia l ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e res tri ct io ns . Nor i s i t a que st io n o f th e p ro babi li ty tha t, i n the cas e o f jud ic ia l ex ti ng ui sh m en t fo ll owi ng anun expe ct edch an ge in co nd it io ns , th e p ro ceed s o f a co nd em na ti on or o th er s al e wou ldbe ad equa te to pa y

bo th th e b an k a nd* * * [t he ch ari ty] . As we sa idin Kau fm anv. Co m

m is si on er, 1 34 T.C. at 1 86 , th e requi rem en t i n se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s., tha t * * * [th e ch ari ty] be en ti tl edto it s p ro po rti on at e sh are o f th e p ro ceed s i s n ot co nd it io na l: “ Pet it io ne rs can no t av oi d the stric t re qu ire m en t i n se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s., s im pl y by sho win g th atth ey wou ldm os t l ik el y

be ab le to sat is fy

bo th th ei r m ortg ag e an d th ei r ob li ga ti on to * * * [t he ch ari ty] .” Kau fm anII, 13 6 T.C. at31 3. Th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itag reed
. Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 7. On ap pe al , th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itinKauf m anIII h el d fo r th e ta xp ay ers , fin di ng th e Co m m is si on er’s rea di ng of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., u nr eas on ab le . The Co urt o f App eal s n ot edth e supe rp rio rit y of ta x l ie ns to m os t p rio r cl ai m s an d d et erm in edth atth e Co m m is si on er’s rea di ng of
se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., wo ul d d efea t the pu rp os e o f th e st atut e. Sp eci fic al ly, th e Co urt o f App eal s s ta te d:- 16 -

[* 16 ] The IRS re ad s the word“ en ti tl ed ” in th e ex ti ng ui sh m en t reg ul at io n t o m ean“ ge ts th e fi rs t b it e” as ag ai ns t the res t o f th e wor ld , a v ie w th e Tax Co urt ac cep te d i n re ad in g “ en ti tl ed ” to m ean“ ha [s ] an ab so lu te rig ht .” Kauf

m anII, 13 6 T.C. at31 3. Bu t a g ran t tha t i s ab so lu te ag ai ns t the own er-d on oris als o a n e nt it le m en t, Bl ack ’s Law Dict io na ry

(7t h e d. 1 99 9) (“ en ti tl e” d efi ne d a s “ [t]o g ran t a l eg al rig ht to ”); Co ll in s En gl is h Di ct io na ry (10 th ed . 20 09 ) (“ to gi ve (a p ers on ) th e ri gh t t o d o o r ha ve so m ethi ng ”), an d a lm os t the same as an ab so lu te on e whe re thi rd -p arty cla im s (h ere, the ba nk ’s or the cit y ’s) are c on ti ng en t an d u nl ik el y . Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 7. The Co m m is si on er al so arg ue d tha t the tax pay ers fai le d t o m eetth e requi rem en ts of s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(1 ), In co m e Tax Reg s. A pr ov is io n i n the ag reem en t b etweenth e ta xp ay ers an d the do ne e st at edth atno th in g i n the
co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eedof t ru stsh al l b e co ns tru edto li m itth e d on ee’s ri gh t t o gi ve it s co ns en t t o c ha ng es inth e co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eedor t o aband on so m e orall of i ts rig ht s the reu nd er. The Co m mis si on er ar gu edth atth is pro vi si on was a bl an k c he ckto th e d on ee t o c on se ntto an y type o f ch an ge , irre sp ect iv e o f it s co m pa ti bi li ty w ith the do na ti on ’s con se rv at io n p ur po se ; thu s, the eas em en t fa il ed to in cl ud e th e n eces sa ry

res tri ct io ns th atwou ldpre ve ntus es in co ns is te ntwith the
co ns erv at io n p ur

po se as r equi redby sect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(1 ), In co m e Tax Reg s. The Co urt o f App eal s re

jecte d the Co m

m is si on er’s arg um en t, ci ti ng a si mil ar ar gu m en t m ad e in Co m m is si on er v . Simm on s, 6 46 F.3d6, 1 0 (D.C . Cir
.- 17 -

[* 17 ] 20 11 ). The C ou rt o f App eal s h el d tha t “ [t]he lan gu ag e o f pa rag rap h (g )(1 )
no whe re s ug ge st s the strin ge ntou tc om e th atth e IRS see ks to asc rib e to itan d the
co ns eque nc es of t he read in g wo ul d b e to de pr iv e th e d on ee o rg an iz at io n o f fle xi bi li ty to d eal with re m ot e co nt in ge nc ie s.” Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 8. III. Whe th er Kau fm anIII Re qu ire s Th is Co urt To Reco ns id er It s Op in io n i n Carp en te r I Pet it io ne rs arg ue th atth e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu it ’s op in io n i n Kau fm anIII i s an in te rv en in g c ha ng e in law an d re qu ire s thi s C ou rt t o re co ns id er it s o pi ni on inCarp en te r I. Sp eci fic al ly, pe ti ti on ers arg ue th atinth e li gh t o f th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu it ’s em ph as is on th e d es ti na ti on of p ro ceed s up on ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f a co ns erv at io n e as em en t i n Kau fm anIII, thi s C ou rt s ho ul d ta ke anov eral l ap pr oa chinan al yzi ng th e in -p erp etui ty requ ire m en t o f se ct io n 17 0( h) (5 )(A) an d s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g ), In co m e Tax Reg s., an d fo cu s o n a ny pr oc eed s re su lt in g fr om

anex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e co ns erv at io n e as em en ts . Pet it io ne rs arg ue th atif the re were ex ti ng ui sh m en ts inth is cas e, Green land s wo ul d
rece iv e it s p ro po rti on at e sh are o f an y pro ceed s fr om

su chex ti ng ui sh m en t, tha t Green land s i s b ou ndby law to di sc ha rg e it s ex em ptpu rp os e upo n re cei ptof s uc h pr oc eed s, an d thu s an y

su chpro ceed s ar e p ro te ct edinpe rp etui ty, whi chis th e g oa l of th e la w. Resp on de ntarg ue s tha t Kau fm anIII d oe s n otap pl y to th is cas e.- 18 -

[* 18 ] Sp eci fic al ly, res po nd en t ar gu es th atKauf m anIII d oe s n otrep res en t an in te rv en in g c ha ng e in law fo r pu rp os es of t hi s ca se , th atpe ti ti on ers have m is read Kau fm anIII, an d tha t Kau fm anIII i s n otbi nd in g i n the pre se ntcas e. W e ag ree 5 with res po nd en t. Kau fm anIII ad dr es se d l eg al is su es di ffer en t fr om th e o ne pre se ntinth is
cas e. As p ert in en t t o thi s ca se , Kauf m anIII ad dr es se d the pro pe r in te rp ret at io n o f
se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i i), In co m e Tax Reg s., an d, i n p art ic ul ar, the bre adth of th e d on ee o rg an iz at io n’s en ti tl em en t t o p ro ceed s fr om th e sa le , exc hang e, or in vo lu nt ary co nv ers io n o f pr op erty fol lo win g the jud ic ia l ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f a pe rp etua l co ns erv at io n re stric ti on bu rd en in g the pro pe rty. T he co urt h el d tha t i t was su ffi ci en t tha t the do ne e o rg an iz at io n h av e a ri gh t t o p os te xt in gu is hm en t pr oc eed s tha t was ab so lu te ag ai ns t the own er-d on ee o f th e b ur de ne d p ro pe rty. Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 7. Gree nl an ds ’ rig htto po st ex ti ng ui sh m en t p ro ceed s
Und er Go ls env. Co m

m is si on er, 5 4 T.C. 7 42 , 75 7 (1 97 0) , aff’d, 4 45 F.2d 5 98 5 (1 0th C ir. 1 97 1) , th e Co urt wi ll fol lo w th e cl earl y est ab li sh edpo si ti on of a Co urt o f App eal s t o wh ic h acas e is ap pe al ab le . Howev er, we wil l g iv e eff ectto ou r own vi ews incas es ap pe al ab le to co urts th atha ve no t yet de ci de d the is su e. Id . This cas e is ap pe al ab le to th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Ten th Cir cu itab se nt st ip ul at io n o th erwi se . See s ec. 7 48 2( b) (1 )(A). The Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Ten th Ci rcu itha s n oty etrul edon th e is su e o f whe th er a t ax pa y er m ay m utua ll y ag ree with ado ne e o rg an iz at io n t o t erm in at e a co ns erv at io n e as em en t wh enitbe co m es im po ss ib le to carry

ou t the pu rp os e o f th e co ns erv at io n e as em en t an d s ti ll m eetth e requi rem en ts of s ec. 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 )(i ), In co m e Tax Reg s.- 19 -

[* 19 ] was no t atis su e in Carp en te r I an d h as no t b eenrai se d b y res po nd en t as a ch al le ng e to whet he r pe ti ti on ers sat is fie d the in -p erp etui ty requ ire m en t o f se ct io n 17 0( h) (5 )(A) an d s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g ), In co m e Tax Reg s. The Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itals o re jecte d the Co m

m is si on er’s arg um en t tha t the pro vi si on s o f se ct io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(1 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., were vi ol at edby term s i n the rel ev an t ag reem en t al lo win g the do ne e o rg an iz at io n t o gi ve it s co ns en t t o c ha ng es inth e fac ad e inqu es ti on or t o aba nd on so m e o r al l o f it s ri gh ts un de r th e ag reem en t. Kau fm anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 7- 28 . The Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itag reedwith the Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e D.C. Ci rcu it , whi chha s s ai d tha t ty

pe of c laus e is ne ces sa ry

to all ow the do ne e o rg an iz at io n “ ‘to
acco m m od at e su chch an ge as m ay be co m e n eces sa ry

to m ak e a b ui ld in g l iv ab le or us ab le forfutur e g en erat io ns whi le st il l en su rin g the ch an ge is co ns is te ntwith the
co ns erv at io n p ur

po se of t he eas em en t.’” Id. at28 (qu ot in g C omm is si on er v . Si m m on s, 6 46 F.3dat 1 0) . No si m il ar p ro vi si on is at i ss ue inth is cas e. Pet it io ne rs wou lddra w a ge ne ral rul e wit h re sp ectto th e p erp etui ty requi rem en t fr om

th e an al y si s o f th e Co urt o f App eal s fo r th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itin Kau fm anIII. Pet it io ne rs st at e: Und er p arag rap h (g )(6 )(i ), th e co ns erv at io n p ur po se of apre se rv at io n eas em en t wi ll “be tre at edas p ro te ct edinpe rp etui ty”-- no twi th st an di ng th atch an ge d c irc um st an ces m ig htth wartth at- 20 -

[* 20 ] pu rp os e an d re su ltinex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e eas em en t-- if t he res tri ct io n a gr eem en t p ro vi de s tha t s uc h ach an ge incir cu m st an ces wil l b e tre at edina m anne r co ns is te ntwith p arag rap h (g )(6 ). The y elabo rat e: Para gr ap h (g )(6 ) es se nt ia ll y pro vi de s tha t i f aneas em en t ag reem en t en ti tl es th e d on ee t o ash are o f pr oc eed s equi va le ntto th e pr op orti on at e v al ue of t he eas em en t, t o b e u se d t o c arry outth e ge ne ral ch ari tabl e p ur

po se of t he eas em en t co nt rib ut io n i n the ev en t ch an ge d c on di ti on s re qu ire th e eas em en t’s ex ti ng ui sh m en t, the co ns erv at io n p ur

po se wil l b e tr eat edas i f itwere p ro te ct edin pe rp etui ty. Pet it io ne rs co nc ed e th atth e la ng ua ge of t he ir c on se rv at io n e as em en t d eed s de pa rts fro m

th e si tu at io n d es cri be d i n s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., by all owi ng ex ti ng ui sh m en t o f th e eas em en t b y m utua l ag reem en t o f th e p art ie s t o th e d eed s. Th ey

su gg es t tha t tha t p ro vi si on be di sr eg ard ed ; i .e., th at“ an y res ol ut io n o f th e ‘in p erp etui ty’ requi rem en t s ho ul d n otbe de te rm in edba se d upo n ex tra ne ou s l an gu ag e co nt ai ne d i n the co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eed .” (Em ph as is ad de d.) B utpe ti ti on ers ha ve fai le d t o s ho w th atth e b y -m utua l-a gr eem en t pr ov is io n i s ex tra ne ou s; i.e., “ Unr el at edto th e * * * m at te r atha nd .” The Am eri can Heri ta ge Dict io nary

of t he Eng li sh Lang ua ge 62 8 (5 th ed . 20 11 ). It i s re la te d t o the
m at te r atha nd ; i t al lo ws the pa rti es to th e co ns erv at io n d eedto de te rm in e fo r th em se lv es whet he r co nd it io ns ha ve ch an ge d a ndwhet he r any ch an ge inco nd it io ns- 21 -

[* 21 ] m ak es im

po ss ib le or i m

pr act ic al th e co nt in ue d u se of t he pro pe rty for
co ns erv at io n p ur

po se s. Pet it io ne rs als o arg ue th atwe st at edinCarp en te r I th at“ th e reg ul at io n i n pa rag rap h (g )(6 ) m erel y

crea te s a s afe h arb or .” W e st at edinCarp en te r I th at“ th e ex ti ng ui sh m en t re gu la ti onpro vi de s t ax pa y ers with agu id e, a s afe h arb or , by whi ch to crea te th e n eces sa ry

res tri ct io ns to gu aran te e p ro te ct io n o f th e co ns erv at io n pu rp os e in pe rp etui ty.” Id., sl ip op . at 1 8. To m ak e o urpo si ti on cle ar, ex ti ng ui sh m en t b y

jud ic ia l p ro ceed in gs is m an da to ry . There fo re, we rejec t pe ti ti on ers ’ arg um en t tha t s ect io n 1 .17 0A- 14 (g )(6 ), In co m e Tax Reg s., co nt em pl at es an y

alt ern at iv e to jud ic ia l ex ti ng ui sh m en t. Nordo we readKauf

m anIII as san ct io ni ng pe ti ti on ers ’ arg um en t o f pu tt in g in to th e h an ds of t he pa rti es to a co ns erv at io n a gr eem en t the au th or ity to de te rm in e whe n t o e xt in gu is h the co ns erv at io n e as em en t s o l on g a s the do ne e o rg an iz at io n ge ts it s s ha re o f th e p ro ceed s o f a s ub se qu en t s al e. Infact , th e Fi rs t Ci rcu itno te d th at“pa rag rap h (g )(6 ) on ly app li es when th e eas em en t i s ‘ext in gu is he d b y jud ic ia l pr oc eed in g’”. Kauf

m anIII, 6 87 F.3dat 2 6 n .3. In de ed , pet it io ne rs co nc ed e th e in di sp en sabl en es s o f a jud ic ia l d et erm in at io n i n the pe nu lt im at e p arag rap h o f th ei r m em or an du m

insupp ort o f th ei r m ot io n: “ Para gr ap h (g )(6 ) ul ti m at el y requi res th at th e o rg an iz at io n t o wh ic h apre se rv at io n e as em en t i s d on at edm us t b e en ti tl edto a- 22 -

[* 22 ] sh are o f pr oc eed s fr om an y futur e sa le of t he pro pe rty tha t o ccu rs aft er a co urt ex ti ng ui sh es th e eas em en t b ecau se ch an ge d c irc um st an ces ha ve m ad e it im po ss ib le to carry

ou t the eas em en t’s p res erv at io n p ur po se .” (Em

ph as is ad de d.) As a re su ltof the for eg oi ng , we fin d tha t the ho ld in g i n Kau fm anIII d oe s n ot ap pl y to th is cas e an d thu s d oe s n otco ns ti tu te anin te rv en in g c ha ng e inlaw wh ic h
wou ldjus ti fy

gra nt in g the m ot io n t o re co ns id er. IV. Co lo rad o Law Pet it io ne rs als o arg ue th atCo lo rad o l aw crea te s re st ric ti on s tha t p ro te ctth e co ns erv at io n e as em en t an d a ny pro ceed s upo n t erm in at io n o f su chco ns erv at io n eas em en t an d tha t b ecau se su chpro te ct io n i s g reat er than the pro te ct io n p ro vi de d fo r in Kauf

m anIII, thi s C ourt s ho ul d re co ns id er i ts op in io n i n C arp en te r I. W e ad dr es se d p et it io ne rs ’ arg um en t wi th res pe ctto Co lo rad o l aw’s effe cton th e co ns erv at io n e as em en t d eed s i n C arp en te r I. Pet it io ne rs are n ow s im pl y trying to arg ue a ne w leg al th eo ry

with re sp ectto Co lo rad o l aw. As we p rev io us ly stat ed :

“ Rec on si de rat io n i s n otth e ap pr op ria te forum forreh as hi ng pre vi ou sl y reject ed le ga l ar gu m en ts or t en de rin g n ew le ga l the or ie s t o re ach th e en d re su ltde si redby th e m ov in g p arty .” Est at e o f Qui ckv. Co m mis si on er, 1 10 T.C. at 4 41 -4 42
.- 23 -

[* 23 ] V. Co nc lu si on Pet it io ne rs ha ve no t p res en te d a ny newl y di sc ov eredev id en ce o r ci te d a n in te rv en in g c ha ng e in th e la w th atwou ldwarran t g ran ti ng th is m ot io n fo r reco ns id erat io n. Inreac hi ng ou r ho ld in gs he rei n, we h av e co ns id eredall arg um en ts m ad e, an d, t o the ex te ntno t m en ti on edab ov e, we co nc lu de th ey are m oo t, i rrel ev an t, o r witho utm eri t. To re fle ctth e fo reg oi ng , App ro pr ia te ord ers wil l b e is su ed
.