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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • John T. Connor, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • A. V. Astin, Director

Bibliography on Flame Spectroscopy

Analytical Applications

1800-1966

Compiled by

R. Mavrodineanu

Philips Laboratories

A Division of North American Philips Company, Inc.

Briarcliff Manor, N.Y.

Prepared as a contribution to the program of the National Standard Reference Data System

for the

Office of Standard Reference Data

National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C. 20234

National Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication 281

Issued February 23, 1967

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C, 20402 - Price $2.00
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The National Bureau of Standards 1 provides measurement and technical information services

essential to the efficiency and effectiveness of the work of the Nation's scientists and engineers. The

Bureau serves also as a focal point in the Federal Government for assuring maximum application of the physical and engineering sciences to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. To

accomplish this mission, the Bureau is organized into three institutes covering broad program areas of research and services: THE INSTITUTE FOR BASIC STANDARDS . . . provides the central basis within the United

States for a complete and consistent system of physical measurements, coordinates that system with the measurement systems of other nations, and furnishes essential sendees leading to accurate and uniform

physical measurements throughout the Nation's scientific community, industry, and commerce. This

Institute comprises a series of divisions, each serving a classical subject matter area: —Applied Mathematics—Electricity—Meterology—Mechanics—Heat—Atomic Physics—Physical

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includes Radio Standards Physics and Radio Standards Engineering—Office of Standard Refer- ence Data. THE INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH . . . conducts materials research and provides

associated materials services including mainly reference materials and data on the properties of materials. Beyond its direct interest to the Nation's scientists and engineers, this Institute yields services which are essential to the advancement of technology in industry and commerce. This Institute is or- ganized primarily by technical fields

:

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 66-61840

ii
Foreword

The National Standard Reference Data System is a government-wide

effort to give to the technical community of the United States optimum

access to the quantitative data of physical science, critically evaluated and

compiled for convenience. This program was established in 1963 by the

President's Office of Science and Technology, acting upon the recommendation of the Federal Council for Science and Technology. The National

Bureau of Standards has been assigned responsibility for administering

the effort. The general objective of the System is to coordinate and integrate existing data evaluation and compilation activities into a systematic,

comprehensive program, supplementing and expanding technical coverage

when necessary, establishing and maintaining standards for the output of

the participating groups, and providing mechanisms for the dissemination

of the output as required.

The NSRDS is conducted as a decentralized operation of nationwide

scope with central coordination by NBS. It comprises a complex of data

centers and other activities, carried on in government agencies, academic

institutions, and nongovernmental laboratories. The independent operational status of existing critical data projects is maintained and encouraged. Data centers that are components of the NSRDS produce

compilations of critically evaluated data, critical reviews of the state of

quantitative knowledge in specialized areas, and computations of useful

functions derived from standard reference data.

The primary output of the NSRDS—compilations and critical reviews —is to be published in a new series, called the National Standard Reference Data Series, within the NBS publications program. However, it has

become apparent that bibliographies, especially annotated and indexed

bibliographies which are essential elements of the compilation and evaluation process, have a substantial value of their own to the technical public.

Plans have therefore been made to publish a number of specialized bibliographies. Some of these will appear in the present NBS Miscellaneous

Publication series or as NBS Technical Notes; others will be published

and distributed through channels connected with their authors or co- sponsors.

A. V. Astin, Director

iii
Preface

This collection consists of 5,113 references to works on flame spectroscopy, selected with emphasis toward analytical measurements, and

covers the period from about 1800 to 1966. The references are arbitrarily

classified according to the following scheme:

1. Emission

1.1. Early papers (1800 to 1928) (503 references)

1.2. Books on analytical flame spectroscopy (14 references)

1.3. Theses (60 references)

1.4. Reviews (80 references)

1.5. Bibliographies (20 references)

1.6. Chapters in books and related material (65 references)

1.7. Fundamental papers (1173 references)

1.8. Instrumentation (401 references)

1.9. Analytical procedures (1987 references)

1.10. Less familiar flames (92 references)

2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy

2.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (353 references)

2.2. Hollow cathodes (87 references)

3. Electrical discharges having the aspect of combustion flames

3.1. RF discharges (154 references)

3.2. Plasma arcs (98 references)

3.3. Arc-and-spark-in-flame (26 references).

In collecting the references assembled in this bibliography the author

has made use of original publications and of abstracting publications such

as Chemical Abstracts, Science Abstracts Section A, Biological Abstracts,

Analytical Abstracts, Technical Abstract Bulletin of the Defense Documentation Center, Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports of the National

Aeronautics and Space Administration, Nuclear Science Abstracts, Current Chemical Papers (The Chemical Society, London), Metallurgical Abstracts, Ceramic Abstracts. An appreciable number of references were

initially obtained from books and reviews; when possible these were verified against the original work. When the original was unavailable or written in an unfamiliar language, the reference was checked with one of

the abstracting publications mentioned above.

The following libraries were used for this collection: Chemists' Club,

Engineering Society, New York Academy of Medicine, Boyce Thompson

Institute for Plant Research, Philips Laboratories, and New York Public

Library.

The references are arranged in each section in alphabetical order by

authors followed by the title of the work, always translated into English,

by the complete bibliographical information, and whenever possible by the

corresponding Chemical Abstract number. When it was considered necessary, brief introductory comments and subject indexes were provided at the corresponding sections.

It is the intention of the author to continue the collection of references

to works on flame spectroscopy and to publish periodically supplements to the present bibliography. He will therefore appreciate receiving constructive criticism and suggestions as well as corrections of the unavoidable

errors always encountered in this type of publication, and in particular he

requests the authors of papers pertaining to the field covered in this bibliography to send reprints or complete references of their works.

This work was initiated through the interest, encouragement, and

support of the National Bureau of Standards, Office of Standard Reference

Data. It was financed jointly by the National Bureau of Standards under

Contract No. CST-1343, and Philips Laboratories, a Division of North

American Philips Company, Inc.

iv
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance and encouragement of

S. A. Rossmassler of the National Bureau of Standards, and that of J. A.

Hippie and R. C. Hughes of Philips Laboratories during the course of the

work.

The capable assistance of Mrs. A. Long in assembling, organizing,

and checking the references, and of Miss Mary Ruth Bateman in editing

and typing the manuscript is greatly appreciated.

March 1966 R. Mavrodineanu

v
Contents

Page

Foreword iii

Preface iv

Introduction vii

1. Emission

1.1. Early works 1

1.2. Books 13

1.2. Theses 13

1.4. Reviews 15

1.5. Bibliographies 17

1.6. Chapters in books and related material 18

1.7. Fundamental works 20

1.8. Instrumentation 53

1.9. Analytical procedures 64

1.10. Less familiar flames 125

2. Atomic absorption spectroscopy

2.1. Atomic absorption spectroscopy 129

2.2. Hollow cathode discharge tubes 140

3. Electrical discharges having the aspect of combustion flames

3.1. The radio-frequency discharge 145

3.2. Plasma arcs 150

3.3. Arc-and-spark-in-flame 154

vi
Introduction

A glance at the subject index of Section 1.9, Analytical procedures,

of this bibliography will show the diverse applications of the flame photometric method. Included in this section are methods for the analysis of numerous industrial, agricultural, biological, and geochemical materials.

One result of this diversity of applications is that the publications are distributed over a large number of journals, books, theses, etc. Dr. Mavrodineanu had compiled two earlier bibliographies on flame

photometry (refs. 5 and 6 in sec. 1.5), covering the period up to early

1959. The present bibliography, compiled only seven years later, contains

three times as many references as the earlier collections. This striking

growth of the literature of flame photometry demonstrates that it remains an active field of study. The rapid expansion of this literature is especially

evident in certain areas. For example, of the 353 references on atomic

absorption spectrometry included in section 2.1, less than 10 percent were

published before 1959, the date of Dr. Mavrodineanu's last previous bibliography.

As was true of Dr. Mavrodineanu's earlier bibliographies, it is ex- pected that this publication will be of considerable assistance to the many

scientists actively engaged in research on, or applications of flame photometry.

M. Margoshes

Spectrochemical Analysis Section

NBS Institute for Materials Research

vii

Bibliography on Flame Spectroscopy

Analytical Applications

1800-1966

R. Mavrodineanu

Flame spectroscopy, especially in its analytical applications, continues to be an

active field of study. Its literature is growing steadily, and the use of flame photometry

in many specialized applications calls for a comprehensive indexed bibliography. This

collection consists of 5,113 references to works on flame spectroscopy, selected with

emphasis toward analytical measurements. It covers the period from 1800 to 1966. Subject indexes, keyed by number to the references cited, precede most of the sections. Key words: Flame, spectroscopy, analytical, emission, atomic absorption, electrical discharge, bibliography, indexed

1. Emission

1. 1. Early Works

The 503 references assembled in this section

constitute an inventory of earlier works on

flame spectroscopy, published from about 1800

to 1928, when the basic contributions of Lundegardh on analytical flame spectrophotometry were printed. An appreciable number of these

papers constitute a fundamental contribution

to the field of flame spectroscopy, and the

limited means and often crude instrumentation

available during this early period did not prevent the scientist from discovering basic phenomena on the excitation processes occurring

in combustion flames. Among the assembled

works the reader will find a large amount of

truly original and invaluable scientific information, particularly in the papers of Bunsen,

Kirchhoff, Gouy, Mitscherlich, de Watteville,

Hartley, Liveing and Dewar, de Gramont, Reis,

Smithells and Ingle, Eder and Valenta, Boisbaudran, Salet, et al. A brief index is provided

to assist in the consultation of this section.

Subject Index

Flame reaction, temperature, electrical conductivity,

ionization 5, 6, 13, 14, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,

36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69,

72, 74, 95, 96, 110, 113, 122, 127, 131, 137, 138, 142,

149, 156, 157, 161, 173, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189,

190, 193, 199, 202, 215, 216, 217, 218, 237, 238, 239,

241, 242, 243, 246, 247, 256, 257, 258, 261, 263, 265,

275, 276, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 291, 293, 294,

295, 298, 307, 314, 316, 317, 323, 324, 327, 328, 329,

334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 343, 361, 362, 367, 368,

369, 371, 372, 373, 377, 384, 391, 392, 393, 398, 409,

410, 412, 413, 414, 416, 419, 420, 421, 422, 423, 426,

427, 429, 431, 432, 433, 434, 435, 440, 441, 442, 444,

445, 450, 451, 453, 459, 461, 462, 469, 472, 477, 486,

488, 489, 490, 491, 492, 493, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503

Instrumental 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 53, 63, 77, 80,

81, 82, 83, 91, 97, 111, 114, 123, 129, 130, 133, 162,

165, 179, 192, 205, 216, 223, 225, 226, 248, 251, 257,

274, 278, 280, 290, 331, 332, 333, 356, 360, 374, 375,

386, 387, 397, 408, 437, 451, 452, 454, 456, 466, 487

Aluminum 104, 174, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 213,

245 311 342 378

Antimony 67, 11, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 279, 311,

342, 348, 465

Arsenic 67, 194, 197, 213, 468

Barium 10, 31, 70, 71, 75, 86, 104, 105, 119, 126, 147,

148, 150, 151, 152, 153, 168, 170, 171, 173, 175, 178,

183, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209,

211, 245, 249, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 311, 318, 320,

326, 341, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 365, 370, 378, 415,

424, 436, 465, 473

Beryllium 52, 197, 204, 211, 365

Bismuth 42, 67, 104, 170, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204,

208, 211, 311, 320, 342, 355, 378, 417, 464, 465, 473 Boron 10, 42, 44, 107, 119, 176, 211, 236, 249, 254, 341,

348, 355, 390, 405, 424, 436, 458, 465

Bromine 153, 355, 405

Cadmium 67, 116, 120, 168, 173, 197, 204, 208, 211,

213, 320, 329, 330, 342, 378, 473, 474 Calcium 10, 31, 70, 75, 86, 104, 105, 119, 124, 126, 128,

147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175,

178, 192, 194, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211,

212, 231, 232, 233, 236, 245, 266, 267, 268, 270, 273,

299, 310, 320, 326, 342, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 362,

365, 370, 378, 388, 415, 436, 446, 465, 468, 473

Carbon 1, 7, 8, 9, 43, 109, 115, 117, 121, 136, 141, 143,

160, 196, 197, 201, 202, 235, 301, 302, 303, 306, 308,

309, 338, 355, 370, 376, 384, 424, 430, 436, 438, 439,

445, 448, 475, 478, 480, 482, 483, 484, 485, 500

Cesium 10, 15, 31, 32, 64, 66, 70, 86, 147, 150, 173, 178,

1
194, 195, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 212, 214,

252, 253, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294,

334, 378, 379, 380, 415, 421, 432, 433, 455, 465

Chlorine 3, 104, 153, 155, 325, 355, 405

Chromium 67, 104, 166, 170, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197,

210, 211, 310, 311, 312, 320, 341, 355, 378, 456, 464,

473

Cobalt 3, 10, 67, 104, 168, 173, 178, 191, 194, 196, 197,

204, 211, 310, 311, 312, 320, 342, 378, 470

Copper 10, 33, 42, 67, 71, 73, 98, 104, 105, 124, 147,

148, 150, 151, 153, 168, 170, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204,

208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 236, 249, 260, 310, 311,

312, 320, 341, 342, 347, 348, 353, 354, 355, 365, 370,

378, 406, 407, 424, 428, 436, 443, 456, 464, 465, 473

Cyanogen 42, 102, 103, 196, 235, 301, 302, 303, 309,

355, 370, 384, 430, 434, 448, 476

Fluorine 42, 355

Gallium 47, 48, 49, 50, 178, 203, 204, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, 378

Germanium 204

Gold 34, 45, 67, 104, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 211,

213, 355, 378, 464

Indium 67, 73, 178, 204, 209, 210, 211, 213, 378, 381,

382, 465, 494, 495

Iodine 153, 355, 405

Iridium 67, 194, 204, 208, 211, 213, 378

Iron 3, 10, 67, 104, 105, 124, 155, 168, 173, 175, 178,

194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 210, 211, 212, 219, 220, 221,

224, 227, 228, 229, 230, 234, 310, 311, 312, 320, 321,

322, 345, 348, 355, 378, 456, 470, 473

Lanthanum 10, 70, 204, 213

Lead 10, 45, 67, 80, 81, 82, 173, 178, 194, 197, 204, 208,

209, 210, 211, 286, 310, 311, 342, 348, 355, 370, 378,

464, 465, 473, 481 Lithium 10, 12, 31, 70, 71, 75, 86, 98, 99, 101, 119, 129,

134, 139, 140, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 167, 168,

173, 178, 183, 194, 195, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208,

209, 211, 212, 213, 214, 248, 255, 259, 261, 262, 266,

267, 268, 270, 273, 277, 292, 294, 297, 299, 300, 310,

311, 312, 319, 320, 326, 341, 354, 355, 357, 362, 370,

378, 394, 415, 428, 432, 433, 436, 448, 449, 455, 456,

460, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 478, 479, 497

Magnesium 73, 104, 118, 180, 194, 196, 197, 204, 210,

211, 213, 245, 300, 305, 310, 311, 313, 320, 326, 329,

330, 342, 344, 355, 365, 378, 465, 473, 474

Manganese 10, 42, 67, 76, 98, 104, 105, 168, 173, 175,

178, 194, 196, 197, 198, 204, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212,

311, 312, 320, 326, 345, 348, 355, 358, 365, 370, 378,

424, 456, 464, 465, 470, 479

Mercury 67, 213, 320, 329, 330, 355, 378, 395, 474

Molybdenum 67, 213, 244, 341, 424

Nickel 3, 10, 67, 104, 175, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 209,

210, 211, 310, 311, 312, 315, 320, 342, 378, 470

Niobium 104 Nitrogen 155, 309, 320, 383, 384, 385

OH 304, 384

Osmium 67, 146, 170, 173

Palladium 67, 104, 204, 208, 211, 213, 378

Phosphorus 67, 78, 79, 112, 182, 194, 197, 200, 326, 348,

355, 359, 369, 404, 405, 424, 496

Platinum 67, 168, 170, 173, 197, 348

Potassium 10, 30, 32, 70, 71, 75, 86, 99, 105, 119, 120,

134, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 163, 172, 173, 178, 194,

196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 214, 253,

255, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294,

310, 311, 312, 320, 326, 334, 337, 341, 353, 354, 355,

357, 365, 370, 378, 379, 380, 389, 415, 428, 432, 433,

455, 457, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 497

Radium 157, 158, 159, 396

Rare earths 2, 10, 51, 70, 197, 211, 245, 264, 320

Rhodium 67, 211, 378

Rubidium 10, 31, 32, 65, 70, 86, 128, 147, 150, 164, 172,

173, 178, 194, 195, 196, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211,

212, 214, 269, 271, 272, 273, 277, 291, 292, 294, 334,

378, 379, 380, 415, 432, 433, 455, 465

Ruthenium 211, 378

Scandium 84, 85

Selenium 42, 67, 197, 211, 355, 359, 366, 402, 405, 411,

481

Silicon 67, 181, 200, 326, 404, 405

Silver 35, 67, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208, 209, 210,

211, 212, 213, 311, 312, 320, 342, 365, 378, 473

Sodium 10, 30, 31, 32, 53, 54, 55, 70, 71, 75, 77, 86, 87,

99, 105, 111, 113, 119, 120, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133,

144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 155, 167, 169, 172,

173, 178, 183, 193, 194, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208,

210, 211, 212, 250, 253, 259, 261, 266, 267, 270, 273,

278, 283, 284, 291, 292, 294, 296, 310, 311, 312, 317,

320, 326, 334, 341, 347, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355, 357,

362, 365, 370, 378, 394, 425, 428, 432, 433, 436, 444,

446, 447, 455, 456, 465, 467, 468, 471, 473, 478, 479,

497, 499

Strontium 10, 31, 56, 57, 70, 71, 75, 86, 100, 101, 104,

113, 119, 126, 128, 147, 148, 150, 151, 153, 154, 167,

168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 183, 191, 192, 194,

196, 197, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 236, 245, 253,

266, 267, 268, 270, 273, 318, 320, 341, 346, 347, 348,

353, 354, 355, 357, 362, 365, 370, 378, 415, 448, 449,

465, 468, 473

Sulfur 4, 11, 17, 67, 106, 108, 125, 197, 211, 236, 240,

355, 359, 399, 400, 401, 405, 463

Tantalum 67 Tellurium 67, 194, 197, 211, 355, 366, 402, 424, 481

Thallium 10, 16, 45, 67, 70, 86, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 113, 147, 148, 150, 151, 154, 168, 173, 178, 195, 197,

204, 208, 209, 211, 213, 259, 287, 288, 289, 311, 312,

320, 329, 330, 349, 350, 351, 357, 363, 364, 370, 378,

394, 415, 436, 465, 481

Thorium 10 Tin 17, 67, 104, 170, 173, 178, 194, 196, 197, 204, 208,

209, 211, 311, 355, 378, 403, 405, 418, 465, 470, 473

Titanium 67, 135, 244, 320

Tungsten 67, 244

Uranium 67, 104, 244 Vanadium 67

Zinc 67, 168, 173, 177, 196, 197, 204, 208, 211, 213, 311,

312, 315, 320, 329, 342, 348, 355, 378, 473, 474

Zirconium 10, 245

A

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2
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10
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Swan, W. On the prism spectrum of hydrocar11
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455. Theissen, H. On the continuous emission of

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456. Thorner, W. A simple gas burner set-up—

a

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457. Thudichum, J. L. W. On the modifications of the spectrum of potassium which are effected by

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461. Tufts, F. L. The phenomena of ionization in flame gases and vapors. Phys. Rev. 22, 193-

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466. Vogel, O. The Thurneisser-flame coloration for

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12
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1. 2. Books

1. Burriel-Marti, F., J. Ramirez-Munoz. Flame

Photometry (in Spanish) . Vol. 1, 132 pp., Vol. 2, 106 pp. Instituto de Edafologia y

Fisiologia Vegetal, Madrid, 1955.

2. Burriel-Marti, F., J. Ramirez-Munoz. Flame

Photometry. 531 pp. Elsevier, New York,

1957.

3. Dean, J. A. Flame Photometry. 354 pp. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960. C.A. 54, 16292

(1960).

4. Herrmann, R. Flame Photometry (in German).

327 pp. Springer, Berlin, 1956. C.A. 51, 12630 (1957). The same book is translated

into Polish by K. Marcinka. 308 pp. Slo- venski Vydavatel'stov Tech. Literatury. 1961. C.A. 58, 12102 (1963).

5. Herrmann, R., C. T. J. Alkemade. Flame Photometry, (in German) 394 pp. Springer, Berlin 1960. C.A. 55, 2265 (1961).

6. Herrmann, R., C. T. J. Alkemade. Chemical

Analysis by Flame Photometry, translated by

P. T. Gilbert. 644 pp. Interscience, New

York, 1963.

7. Lundegardh, H. The Quantitative Spectral

Analysis of the Elements, (in German) 155

pp. Vol. 1, Jena, G. Fischer, 1929. C.A. 23, 3641 (1929).

8. Lundegardh, H. The Quantitative Spectral

Analysis of the Elements, (in German) 124

pp. Vol. 2, Jena, G. Fischer, 1934. C.A. 28, 3340 (1934).

9. Mavrodineanu, R., H. Boiteux. Quantitative

Spectral Analysis by Flame, (in French)

247 pp. Masson, Paris, 1954. C.A. 48, 11252

(1954).

10. Mavrodineanu, R., H. Boiteux. Flame Spectros- copy. 721 pp. Wiley, New York, 1965.

11. Poluektov, N. S. Techniques in Flame Photometric Analysis. 219 pp. Consultants Bureau, New York, 1961. Original book published in Russian in 1959. C.A. 54, 1184

(1960) ; 55, 9164 (1961).

12. Pungor, E. Theoretical Foundation of Flame

Photometry. 195 pp. Akademiai Kiado,

1962. C.A. 59, 9339 (1963).

13. Schuhknecht, W. Flame Spectral Analysis, (in

German) 258 pp. Enke, Stuttgart, 1961.

14. Teloh, H. A. Clinical Flame Photometry. 103

pp. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, 111., 1959.

1. 3. Theses

This section contains 60 references of theses on various aspects of analytical flame spectroscopy, both doctoral and master's degree works

being collected here.

References 21, 26, 40, 48, 50, 53, 56, 57, and

60 are cited after reference 6 from the "Books"

section, while 14, 37, and 45 are cited after

reference 2 from the same section. Reference

25 is cited after reference 24 from the "Reviews" section.

1. Adkins, J. E. A flame spectrometric study of

cobalt. Studies of the reaction zone of a

fuel-rich oxygen-acetylene flame. 159 pp.

Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.

C.A. 61, 13856 (1964). Dissertation Abstr.

25, 57-58 (1964).

2. Alekseeva, V. G. Study of the flame as a means

of obtaining spectra for spectral analysis. 81 pp. Thesis, Moscow State Univ., Moscow,

U.S.S.R., 1946.

3. Alkemade, C. T. J. A contribution to the development and understanding of flame photometry.

171 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Utrecht, Utrecht,

The Netherlands, 1954. Publ. by Excelsior,

The Hague. Sci. Abstr. A57, No. 9035 (1954)

.

4. Asuncion-Oma,rrementeria, M. C. Application of spectroanalytical techniques to the analysis of ferrous materials. Thesis, Univ. of Madrid,

Madrid, Spain, 1957. B

5. Beck, B. L. Studies in flame spectrophotometry.

162 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison,

Wis., 1957. C.A. 51, 16191 (1957).

6. Berneking, A. D. Factors influencing determination of trace amounts of certain metallic ions by the flame photometric process. 81 pp.

Thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College,

Hays, Kans., 1955. C.A. 50, 1513 (1956).

7. Beverly, M. L. Studies in flame spectrophotometry. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville,

Tenn., 1958.

8. Boon, S. D. Flame photometry. 112 pp. Thesis,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands, N.V.D.B. Centen's Uitgevers-Maatschappij, 1945. C.A. 40, 5668 (1946).

9. Boycks, E. C. Instrumental studies in flame

13
spectrophotometry. 250 pp. Thesis, Univ.

of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1955. Dissertation Ahstr. 15, 2395. c

10. Cain, C, Jr. Flame spectrophotometric determination of copper, nickel, and manganese

simultaneously in aluminum alloys. Thesis,

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1956.

11. Carries, W. J. Flame photometric studies. A.

Studies of the extraction and flame emission

of yttrium. B. Droplet size of aerosols in flame photometry. C. Studies of the reaction zone of an oxygen-acetylene flame. 147 pp.

Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.,

1961. C.A. 57, 3996 (1962).

12. Cottenie, A. The possibilities of spectral analytical methods for determination of potassium,

sodium, calcium and magnesium in plant

material. Thesis, Univ. of Ghent, Ghent,

Belgium, 1955.

13. Curry, R. H. Flame spectroscopy of the rare earth elements. 159 pp. Thesis, Iowa State

Univ., Ames, Iowa, 1962. C.A. 58, 6174

(1963) . D

14. Diebel, H. Researches on quantitative photoelectric spectral analysis. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Germany, 1955.

15. Dippel, W. A. Analytical flame photometry. 167

pp. Thesis, Princeton Univ., Princeton, N.J., 1954. C.A. 50, 7649 (1956).

16. Dobbins, J. T., Jr. The elimination of radiation

interference errors in flame photometry by a method of standard addition. Ill pp. Thesis,

Univ. of N. Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1958.

_ C.A. 53, 5006 (1959).

17. Doiwa, A. Factors determining the precision of flame photometric analysis of alkali and al- kaline earth metals. Thesis, Univ. of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany, 1955.

18. Doiwa, A. The problem of "third partner" in flame spectrometry. Dissertation, Univ. of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany,

1956.

19. Doty, M. E. Suppression effects in emission flame

photometry. 101 pp. Thesis, Kansas State

Univ., Manhattan, Kans. C.A. 60, 9876

(1964) ; Dissertation Abstr. 24, 1367 (1963).

20. Dubrovin, K. P., III. Revised procedure for de- termination of exchangeable potassium, so- dium, magnesium, and calcium in soils with

the Beckman Model DU flame spectrophotometer. 170 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Wisconsin,

Madison, Wis., 1956. C.A. 51, 9988 (1957).

E

21. Ehrsam, H. Contributions to the flame photometry of alkali salts. Thesis, Univ. of Zurich,

Zurich, Switzerland, 1951.

22. Exley, D. The development of some ultramicro

techniques for the analysis of biological fluids with special reference to the labyrinthine

fluids of the inner ear. Thesis, Oxford Univ.,

Oxford, England, 1958. G

23. Grossman, W. E. L. Some physico-chemical considerations in flame spectroscopy. 79 pp. Thesis, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. C.A. 62, 4599 (1965).

14

H

24. Hasler, A. Contribution to the knowledge of : quantitative flame spectroscopy. Thesis,

Univ. of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 1940.

25. Hegediis, A. J. (Title not available). Dissertation, Hung. Akad. Wiss. Abt. Chem. Wiss.,

Budapest, Hungary, 1958.

26. Honold, M. On the magnitude and error possibilities in the routine determination of Na, K,

and Ca in urine by the flame photometer.

Thesis, Univ. of Freiburg, Freiburg,

Germany, 1953.

27. Horn, G. C. Some factors affecting the accuracy

of the flame-spectrophotometric determination

of magnesium in soils. 215 pp. Thesis,

Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla., 1956. C.A. 51, 9051 (1957).

28. Horstman, E. L. Distribution of lithium, rubid- ium and cesium in igneous and sedimentary

rocks. 99 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, Minn., 1956. C.A. 50, 10625

(1956).

J

29. Jefferson, J. H. Flame spectrophotometric deter- mination of magnesium. 232 pp. Thesis,

Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., 1956. C.A. 50, 7654 (1956).

30. Johnson, R. W. Mechanism of the interaction of

cations in flame photometry. 53 pp. Thesis, Fort Hays Kansas State College, Hays, Kans.

C.A. 60, 9875-9876 (1964) ; Dissertation Abstr. 24, 1367-1368 (1963).

K

31. Knox, J. H. Studies of organic solvent enhancements in flame photometry. 101 pp. Thesis,

Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1960. C.A. 55, 9149 (1961).

32. Kuper, H. S. Investigations in flame spectrometry pertaining to the emission characteristics of lead. 116 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee,

Knoxville, Tenn. C.A. 61, 13854 (1964) ; Dissertation Abstr. 25, 59 (1964).

L

33. Lady, J. H. Applications of solvent extraction to flame spectrophotometry. Thesis, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn., 1955. M

34. Mansfield, C. T. A quantitative investigation of the alkali metals in atomic emission and

atomic absorption spectroscopy. 131 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. C.A. 61, 13857 (1964); Dissertation Abstr.

25, 60 (1964).

35. Montgareuil, P. Guerin de. Contribution to the study of chemical interactions in flames. 114

pp. Thesis, Univ. of Paris, Paris, France,

1954.

36. Mosher, R. C. Newer methods for the spectrochemical analysis of biological solutions. 81 pp.

Thesis, Wayne State Univ., Detroit, Mich.

C.A. 47, 3103 (1953) ; Dissertation Abstr. 12, 815 (1952).

37. Mutter, G. On the methods for flame photometric

analysis of serum, organ tissues and urine. Dissertation, Univ. of Gottingen, Gottingen,

Germany, 1952.

38. Nell, J. P. The flame photometric determination

of sodium, potassium and calcium in plant
material. Thesis, Pretoria Univ., Pretoria, S. Africa, 1953.

39. Norinder, E. Spectral analytical investigations on the cation content of blood serum, especially in connection with pregnancy. 250 pp.

Thesis, Univ. of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden,

1939. C.A. 34, 4784-85-86 (1940). See also Uppsala Lakareforen Forh. 45, 419-669

(1940).

40. Pigor, E. Flame photometric determination of calcium, sodium, and potassium in blood serum. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen,

Germany, 1954.

41. Pinta, M. Contribution to the study of flame

spectra. 41 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Paris,

Paris, France, 1952.

42. Piischel, R. On the attainable sodium atoms con- centration in turbulent H2 -02 flames. Thesis,

Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1962.

43. Pungor, E. Critical review on theoretical problems in flame photometry. Dissertation, Magyar Tudomanyos Akad. Kem. Tudomanyok

Osztalyanak, Kozlemenyei, Hungary, 1956. R

44. Rexach-M. De Lizarduy, M. L. Semi-quantitative

and quantitative determination of impurities

in chemicals and primary analytical standards. Thesis, Univ. of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,

1957.

45. Schiitz, W. Flame photometric research on cal- cium, sodium and potassium in blood-serum

of domestic animals. Dissertation, Univ. of

Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1954.

46. Schuffelen, A. C. Quantitative analysis using

flame spectra. 158 pp. Thesis, Univ. of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1940.

47. Shimp, N. F. Methods and results of spectrochemical analysis of biological materials.

Thesis, Rutgers Univ., New Brunswick, N.J., 1956.

48. Siebert, H. On the enhancement of emission in flame photometry. Thesis, Humboldt Univ.,

Berlin, Germany, 1955.

49. Simon, L. Emission, absorption and temperature

determination in the H2-02 flame of the Beck- man burner. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Germany, 1960.

50. Staab, K. Flame photometry as an analytical

procedure. Thesis, Technische Hochschule,

Karlsruhe, Germany, 1953.

51. Staab, R. A. Atomic fluorescence flame spectrometry as a means of chemical analysis. 95 pp.

Thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. C.A. 62, 12427 (1965) ; Dissertation Abstr.

25, 3236 (1964).

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52. Tremmel, C. G. Flame spectrometric determination of lanthanum in rare earth mixtures.

Thesis, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa, 1958. w

53. Wagner, K. T. Investigations on the possibility of using the calcium line at 432 m/z for the flame photometric analysis of serum for cal- cium. Thesis, Univ. of Giessen, Giessen, Ger- many, 1957.

54. Weaver, R. D. Influence of certain cations on the

intensities of spectral emissions observed in flame excitation. Thesis, Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan, Kans., 1955.

55. West, A. C. Variables in flame spectrophotometry, their control and elimination. 69 pp. Thesis Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., 1961. C.A.

55, 23162 (1961).

56. Wiethan, K. Use of flame photometry in the steel mill laboratory. Thesis, Aachen Technical

Highschool, Aachen, Germany, 1953.

57. Wiethoff, G. Flame spectral analytical investigation of heavy metals especially in connection

with the determination of the ferrite composition of steels. Thesis, Max Planck Institute for Steel Research, 1953.

58. Wirtschafter, J. D. Urinary calcium determination by flame photometric and colorimetric methods. 89 pp. Thesis, Reed College, Portland, Ore., 1956.

59. Woldring, M. G. Flame photometric determination of sodium and potassium in biological

fluids. Thesis, Univ. of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1952.

60. Zettler, H. The methods of flame spectrophotometry and their use. Thesis, Univ. of Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt, Germany, 1953.

1. 4. Reviews

1. Aasness, H. Flame photometry. Medd. Norsk.

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40 (1964).

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3. Baker, S. C. Atomic emission spectroscopy. Australian J. Sci. 26, 171-177 (1963). C.A. 60, 8794 (1964).

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7. Britske, M. E. Contemporary state of flame

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9. Dean, J. A. Flame photometry. Anal. Chem. 28, 23A (1956).

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11. Dean, J. A. Modern flame spectrophotometry.

Record Chem. Prog. 22, 179-186 (1961). C.A. 55, 26562 (1961).

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15
technique of flame spectrometry. Develop.

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14. Domange, L. Flame photometry. Ann. Fals. et Fraudes 45, 276-288 (1952). C.A. 47, 395

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15. Dvorak, J. Influence of organic compounds in flame photometric estimations. Chem. Listy

54, 28-33 (1960). C.A. 54, 5327 (1960).

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processes in flame photometry. Chem. Listy

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17. Fassel, V. A. Analytical spectroscopy of the rare

earths. Anal. Chem. 32, 19A-46A (1960).

18. Fischer, J. The use of physical methods for the chemical analysis of glasses. Glastech. Ber.

22, 390-397 (1949).

19. Franciszek, K. Flame photometry. Polski. Tygodnik Lekarski 10, 1188-1195 (1955). C.A.

50, 15325 (1956).

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22. Grigorovici, R. The applications of emission

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24. Hegediis, A. J. Flame-analysis. Mikrochim. Acta.

1959, 735-750. C.A. 58, 7343 (1963).

25. Hegediis, A. J., E. Pungor. Flame photometry.

Budapest, Mernoki Tovabbkepzo Intezet, 1955.

26. Herrero, C. A. Flame photometry in the analysis

of biological products of animal origin. Med.

Colonial (Madrid) 28, 472-490 (1956). C.A.

51, 7480 (1957).

27. Herrmann, R. New developments in the flame photometric analytical procedures. Z. Anal.

Chem. 212, 1-18 (1965).

28. Hunt, E. Spectroscopy in chemistry. I. Flame

spectra. J. Chem. Educ. 10, 487-489 (1933).

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29. Ishida, R. Flame spectrophotometry. Bunko

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31. Krampitz, G., R. Doepfmer. Flame photometry

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32. Landsberg, G. S. Applied spectroscopy and it immediate problems. Bull. Acad. Sci U.R.S.S., Ser. Phys. 1941, 79-90. C.A. 37 2257 (1943).

33. Leyton, L. Flame photometry. Ann. Repts

Progr. Chem. 45, 326-330 (1948). C.A. 44 5756 (1950).

34. Lohse, H. W. The use of flame spectra in chem

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35. Lundgren, P. Flame photometry; a survey Svensk Farm. Tid. 56, 433-444, 457-47:

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36. Maclntyre, I. Flame photometry. Advances ir Clin. Chem. 4, 1-28 (1961). C.A. 56, 6301 (1962).

37. MandeVshtam, S. L. Sources of the excitation oi spectra for analysis. Zavodskaya Lab. 10, 597-605 (1944). C.A. 39, 5195 (1945).

38. Margoshes, M. Review of fundamental develop- ments in analysis. Emission flame photom

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39. Meggers, W. F. Emission spectroscopy. Anal. Chem. 28, 616-621 (1956). C.A. 50, 7000

(1956).

40. Meloche, V. W. A review of flame photometry.

Am. Soc. Testing Materials, Symposium on Flame Photometry, Spec. Tech. Publ. 116, 3-12: (1951) . C.A. 47, 6758 (1953).

41. Meloche, V. W. Flame photometry. Anal. Chem.

28, 1844-1847 (1956). C.A. 51, 3353 (1957).

42. Mitchell, R. L. Soil analysis, in Spectrographs

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44. Mitchell, R. L. Spectrochemical methods in soil investigations. Soil Sci. 83, 1-13 (1957).

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46. Moritz, H. Spectrochemical analysis of impurities in metals and solutions under special

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(1949).

47. Moriya, S. Fluorometry, nephelometry, and flame photometry. Tanken 9, 226-232 (1958). C.A. 53, 964 (1959).

48. Muth, H. W., W. Beckmann. Clinical flame photometry. Arzneimittel Wochschr. 7, 961-965

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49. Ohyagi, Y. Present aspect of flame spectrochemical analysis. Japan Analyst 4, 179-187

(1955). C.A. 50, 10594 (1956).

50. Ohyagi, Y. Flame photometry. Bunseki Kagaku

Shinpo Sosetsu 1961, 24R-30R. C.A. 61, 7673 (1964).

51. Otozai, K., S. Fukushima. Flame photometry.

Bunseki Kagaku 6, 892-896 (1957). C.A. 53, 1979 (1959).

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52. Patterson, G. D., Jr., M. G. Mellon. Automatic

operations in analytical chemistry. Anal.

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16
53. Pearson, T. H., A. J. Ihde. Chemistry and the spectrum before Bunsen and Kirchhoff. J. Chem. Educ. 28, 267-271 (1951).

54. Pisarev, V. D. Methods of spectrograph^ analysis of solution. Trudy Sibir. Fiz.-Tekh. Inst., Tomsk. Univ. No. 35, 182-195 (1956). C.A.

53, 1980 (1959).

55. Pisarev, V. D. Spectrochemical analysis methods

for solutions. Zavodskaya Lab. 22, 462-465

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56. Poluektov, N. S. Flame photometry Zavodskaya Lab. 21, 1045-1056 (1955). C.A. 50, 9205 (1956).

57. Pritchard, C. A. Flame photometry, in ORNL2453, p. 44 (1957).

58. Pruvot, P. The spectrophotometry of flames. Ingenieurs et Techniciens (Paris) 73, 31-35

(1955).

59. Pungor, E. Flame photometry. Advances of the

basic principles and experimental technique.

Magyar Tudomanyos Akad. Kemiai Tudomanyok Osztalyanak Kozlemenyei 12, 225-240

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60. Pungor, E. Flame photometry. Recent development of practice and theory. Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest Rolando Eoetvoes Nominatae, Sect. Chim. 2, 431-449 (1960). C.A. 56, 3 (1962).

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61. Ramirez-Munoz, J. The present state of flame photometry. Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander 5, 387-390 (1963).

62. Ramirez-Munoz, J. Flame photometry in metallurgical analysis. Hierro Acero 17, 44-50

(1964). C.A. 61, 1246 (1964).

63. Schinkman, A. Flame photometer in the service of ceramics. Silikat Tech. 2, 163-166 (1951).

64. Schuhknecht, W. Method and techniques of flame spectrography. Optik 10, 245-268, 269-302

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65. Scribner, B. F. Review of fundamental develop- ments in analysis. Emission spectroscopy.

Anal. Chem. 30, 596-604 (1958). C.A. 52, 9846 (1958).

66. Scribner, B. F. Review of fundamental develop- ments in analysis. Emission spectroscopy.

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68. da Silva, A. T. Chemical analysis by flame photometry. Tecnica (Lisbon) 38, 419-430

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69. Singer, S. S. Flame photometer in ceramic labo- ratory. Brit. Clayworker 64, 262-263 (1955).

70. Spencer, A. G. Flame photometry. Lancet 259,

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71. Steens-Lievens, A. Flame photometry. J. Pharm.

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73. Voorhuis, M. H. Flame photometry. Pharm.

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74. Warhurst, E. The sodium "flame" reactions. Quart. Revs. (London) 5, 44-60 (1951). C.A.

46, 2441 (1952).

75. Watson, E. C. The first reported observations on emission spectra. Am. J. Phys. 20, 569-

578 (1952).

76. Weber, K. Flame photometry in service of medicinal chemistry. Arhiv Hig. Rada Toksikol.

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77. Willard, H. H., K. A. Van Lente, R. E. Van Atta. Experiment in flame photometry. J. Chem.

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78. Williams, J. P. Recent techniques for the chemical analysis of glass. Glass Ind. 42, 378-

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1. 5. Bibliographies

1. Beckman Instruments, Inc., Scientific Instru- ments Division, 2500 Fullerton Road, Fullerton, Calif. Bibliography of applications on

flame photometry. Bulletin 703, (1956).

2. Camacho-Calderon, I., H. A. Mottola, C. A. Vallecilla-Riascos. Bibliographic revision on the determination of the distinct elements in minerals and rocks by flame photometrv. Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander 5, 447-449 (1963).

3. French, J. R. Determination of alkali metal and

alkaline-earth elements by flame photometry,

a bibliography. 20 pp. ORNL-2001 (1955). C.A. 50, 13648 (1956).

4. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. Advances in emission flame photometry (a review with 510 references)

pp. 193-233, in Analysis Instrumentation,

Proc. 10th Natl. Instrum. Symp., San Francisco, June 1964. Plenum Press, New York.

5. Mavrodineanu, R. Bibliography on analytical

flame spectroscopy I, II. Appl. Spectry. 10,

51-64; 137-149 (1956). C.A. 50, 12727

(1956).

6. Mavrodineanu, R. Bibliography on analytical

flame spectroscopy, 1956-1959. Parts I, II, and III. Appl. Spectry. 13, 132-139, 149-155

(1959); 14, 17-23 (1960). C.A. 54, 4245,

5325, 12879 (1960).

7. Meggers, W. F., B. F. Scribner. Index to the

literature on spectrochemical analysis, 1920

to 1939. Part 1. 94 pp. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1941. C.A. 35, 3928 (1941).

8. Patwin Instruments, 41 Brown Street, Waterbury,

Conn. Flame photometry bibliography. 1952 and 1954.

9. Posada-Valencia, J., O. Enriquez-Isava. Biblio- graphic reviews on flame photometry. Indirect determination, especially difference and

depression methods. Rev. Univ. Ind. Santander 5, 429-430 (1963). C.A. 59, 2143 (1963).

17
10. Scribner, B. F., W. F. Meggers. Index to the

literature on spectrochemical analysis, 1940

to 1945. Part 2. 180 pp. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1947. C.A. 41, 4740 (1947).

11. Scribner, B. F., W. F. Meggers. Index to the

literature on spectrochemical analysis, 1946

to 1950. Part 3. 226 pp. American Society

for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1954.

12. Scribner, B. F., W. F. Meggers. Index to the

literature on spectrochemical analysis, 1951 to 1955. Part 4. 314 pp. American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., 1959.

13. Someren, E. H. S. van. Spectro-chemical abstracts, 1938-1939, 38 pp. Adam Hilger, Ltd.,

London, 1941.

14. Someren, E. H. S. van. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1940 to 1945. 112 pp. Adam Hilger,

Ltd., London, 1947. C.A. 42, 1132 (1948).

15. Someren, E. H. S. van, F. Lachman. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1946 to 1951. 179 pp. Hilger and Watts, London, 1955. C.A. 50, 4651 (1956).

16. Someren, E. H. S. van, F. Lachman. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1952 to 1953. Hilger and

Watts, London.

17. Someren, E. H. S. van, F. Lachman. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1954 to 1955. Vol. 6. Hil- ger and Watts, London, 1960. C.A. 54, 22042

(1960).

18. Someren, E. H. S. van, F. Lachman. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1956 to 1959. Vol. 7. 1 pp. Hilger and Watts, London, 1962. C.A.

57, 14614 (1962).

19. Someren, E. H. S. van, F. Lachman, F. T. Birks. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1958 to 1961. Vol,

8. Hilger and Watts, Ltd., London, 1963.

20. Twyman, F. Spectrochemical abstracts, 1933 to 1937. A bibliography. 52 pp. Adam Hilger,! Ltd., London, 1938. C.A. 33, 486 (1939).

1. 6. Chapters in Books and Related Material

A

1. American Public Health Association. Flame photometric method, pp. 191-195, in Standard

Methods for the Examination of Water, Sewage, and Industrial Waste. 10th ed. 1955.

2. American Society for Testing Materials. Symposium on Flame Photometry. June 18-22,

1951, Atlantic City, N. J. Anal. Chem. 23, 1053-1054 (1951).

3. American Society for Testing Materials. Methods

for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis. 309

pp. Philadelphia, Pa., 1953. C.A. 48, 6903

(1954).

4. American Society for Testing Materials. Methods

for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis. 2d

ed. 488 pp. Philadelphia, Pa., 1957. C.A.

52, 4386-4387 (1958).

5. American Society for Testing Materials. Methods

for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis. 3d

ed. 685 pp. Philadelphia, Pa., 1960.

6. American Society for Testing Materials. Standard methods of test for sodium and potassium

ions in industrial water and water formed

deposits by flame photometry, pp. 1444-1451,

in Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Book of Standards, Pt. 10. Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Philadelphia, Pa., 1961.

7. American Society for Testing Materials. Tentative method of test for sodium in high-purity

industrial water by flame photometry, pp. 1543-1547, in Am. Soc. Testing Mater., Book

of Standards, Pt. 10. Am. Soc. Testing Mater.,

Philadelphia, Pa., 1961.

8. American Society for Testing and Materials. Test for sodium and potassium ions in in- dustrial water and water-formed deposits by

flame photometry (tentative), D-1428. ASTM

Standards on Methods for Emission Spectrochemical Analysis, 1963.-E-2. Philadelphia,

Pa., 1963.

9. American Society for Testing and Materials.

Flame photometer method for potassium, so- dium, and lithium oxides, pp. 33-34, in 1964

Book of ASTM Standards, Pt. 13, Chemical

Analysis of Refractory Materials. Philadelphia, Pa., 1964.

10. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists. Official Methods of Analysis. Washington, D.C.

9th ed. 832 pp. 1960; 10th ed. 957 pp. 1965. B

11. Bass, A. M., H. P. Broida, eds. Formation and

Trapping of Free Radicals. 522 pp. Academic Press, New York, 1960.

12. Benotti, J. Sodium and potassium by flame photometry, 142 pp. in Reiner, M., ed. Standard

Methods of Clinical Chemistry. Vol. 1. Aca- demic Press, New York, 1953.

13. Berl, W. G., ed. Physical Methods in Chemical

Analysis. Vol. 3. 652 pp. Academic Press, New York, 1956. C.A. 51, 5640 (1957). (See,

ref. 28.)

14. Black, C. A., ed. Methods of Soil Analysis. Pt. 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties. 802

pp. American Society of Agronomy, 677 South Segoe Rd., Madison, Wis., 1965.

15. Bonacini, C. Mutual influences of the elements

in the spectroscopic sources. Atti Seminario Mat. e Fis. Univ. Modena 7, 105-146 (1953-

1954). C.A. 53, 19554 (1959).

16. Borovik-Romanova, T. F., Yu. I. Belyaev, Y. I. Kutsenko, L. I. Pavlenko, Y. N. Savinova,t M. M. Farafonov. Determination of rare and

trace elements in soils, plants and water. FTD-TT-63-280. 50 pp. Transl., mono.

Spektral'noe Opredelenie Redkikh i Rasseyannykh Elementov. Moscow 1962, 204-238. Tech. Transl. 10, 711 (1963).

17. Brode, W. R. Chemical Spectroscopy. 677 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1945. I 18. Biichner, M., H. C. Gabsch., eds. Modern Chemical Methods in Clinic, with Special Consid- I erations on Physical-Chemical Analytical Procedures. 268 pp. (in German). Leipzig, G. I Thieme, 1956. C.A. 52, 5525 (1958).

19. Buell, B. E. Flame photometry, pp. 330-332, in i Clark, G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spec- ! troscopy. Reinhold Publ. Corp., New York, i 1960.

20. Bureau, J. Current Methods of Spectrographic

Analysis. 40 pp. (in French). Paris, Her- mann et Cie, 1938. C.A. 33, 4162 (1939). '

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44, 446 (1950).

D

22. Dean, J. A. Photometer, flame, 4 pp., in Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics. Pergamon

Press, Oxford, 1960. Nucl. Sci. Abstr. 15, | 22 (1961).

23. Delahay, P. Instrumental Analysis, pp. 187-190,

18
365-366. Macmillan, New York, 1957. C.A.

51, 8588 (1957).

24. Ellis, Oliver, C. de C. A History of Fire and

Flame. 440 pp. Simpkin Marshall, Ltd.,

London, 1932. C.A. 26, 3434 (1932).

25. Ewing, G. W. Instrumental Methods of Chemical

Analysis. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1954. F

26. Fassel, V. A. Analytical spectroscopy of the rare- earth elements, pp. 594-614, in Spedding,

F. H., and A. H. Daane, eds. The Eare

Earths. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,

1961. C.A. 56, 211 (1962).

27. Fliigge, S. von, ed. Spektroskopie II, pp. 193-

195, in Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 28. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1957. G

28. Gardiner, K. W. Flame photometry, pp. 219-280,

in Berl, W. G., ed. Physical Methods in Chemical Analysis, Vol. III. Academic Press, New York, 1956. C.A. 51, 3353 (1957).

29. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. Flame spectra of the elements,

pp. 2804-2833, in Handbook of Chemistry and

Physics. 43d ed. 1961-1962; pp. 2852-2881,

44th ed., 1962-1963; pp. E82-E92, 45th ed., 1963-1964; pp. E119-E129, 46th ed., 1965-

1966.

30. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. Flame photometry, pp. 6-197

to 6-227, in Meites, L., ed. Handbook of Analytical Chemistry. McGraw-Hill, New

York, 1963.

31. Gladden, S. C. David Alter and the development

of spectrum analysis after Kirchhoff. Am. J. Phys. 12, 362-366 (1944). C.A. 39, 2015

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32. Hald, P. M. Determinations with the flame photometer, pp. 79-105, in Visscher, M. B„ ed. Methods in Medical Research. Vol. IV. Year

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33. Harley, J. H., S. E. Wilberly. Instrumental Analysis, 440 pp. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New

York, 1954. C.A. 48, 9278 (1954).

34. Harrison, G. R., R. C. Lord, J. R. Loofbourow.

Practical Spectroscopy, 605 pp. PrenticeHall, New York, 1948. C.A. 43, 948 (1949).

35. Henrici, A., G. Scheibe. Chemical Spectral Analysis. 138 pp. (in German). Akademische

Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1939. C.A. 33, 8530 (1939).

36. Henry, R. J. Clinical Chemistry. Principles and

Technics. 1128 pp. Hoeber Medical Div.,

Harper and Row, New York, 1964. Anal.

Chem. 37, 75A (1965).

37. Humphries, E. C. The flame photometer, pp. 474-

476, in Paech, K., M. V. Tracey, eds. Methods

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38. Lange, B. Colorimetric Analysis. 448 pp. (in

German). Verlag Chemie, Berlin, 1942. C.A.

36, 1870 (1942).

39. Lundegardh, H. The Nutrient Uptake of Plants. 374 pp. (in German) . Fischer, Jena, 1932. C.A.

26, 3282 (1932).

40. Lundegardh, H. Leaf Analysis. 176 pp. Hilger

and Watts, London, 1951. C.A. 45, 7286

(1951).

M

41. Maclntyre, I. Flame photometry. Advan. Clin. Chem. 4, 1-28 (1961). C.A. 56, 6301 (1962).

42. Margoshes, M. An introduction to flame photometry and a review of recent studies, pp. 215-

260, in Nastuk, W. L., ed. Physical Techniques

in Biological Research, Vol. 4. Academic Press, New York, 1962. C.A. 57, 6243 (1962).

43. Margoshes, M., B. L. Vallee. Flame photometry and spectrometry. Principles and applications, pp. 353-407, in Glock, D., ed. Methods

of Biochemical Analysis, Vol. III. Interscience, New York, 1956. C.A. 50, 6570 (1956).

44. Mavrodineanu, R. Flame photometry, in Snell, F. D., and C. L. Hilton, eds. Encyclopedia of

Industrial Chemical Analysis, Vol. 2. Interscience, New York, 1966.

45. Meites, L., ed. Flame photometry, in Handbook

of Analytical Chemistry. The Chemical Rubber Co., Cleveland, Ohio, 1964. (See ref. 30).

46. Menis, O., H. P. House. Flame photometry. Indirect method, pp. 343-346, in Clark, G. L., ed. Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy. Reinhold,

New York, 1960.

47. Metson, A. J. Methods of chemical analysis for

soil survey samples. New Zealand Dept. Sci. Ind. Res. Soil Bur. Bull. 12, 208 pp. (1956). C.A. 50, 14158 (1956).

48. Miller, S. A. Acetylene, its Properties, Manufacture, and Uses. 800 pp. Academic Press, New York, 1965.

49. Mitchell, R. L. The Spectrographic Analysis of

Soils, Plants and Related Materials. Technical Communication No. 44, 183 pp. Commonwealth Bur. Soil Sci., Harpenden, England,

1948. N

50. Nachtrieb, N. H. Principles and Practice of Spectrochemical Analysis. 324 pp. McGraw-Hill,

New York, 1950. P

51. Pinta, M. Detection and Determination of Trace

Elements. 726 pp. (in French). Dunod,

Paris, 1962. C.A. 56, 13549 (1962).

R

52. Robinson, J. W. Flame photometry and atomic

absorption spectroscopy, pp. 224-256, in Crouthamel, C. E., ed. Analytical Chemistry, Vol.

2. (Progress in nuclear energy, series IX).

Pergamon Press, New York, 1961. C.A. 56, 9653 (1962).

53. Rodden, C. J., ed. Analysis of Essential Nuclear

Reactor Materials. 1280 pp. Div. Techn.

Inform., U.S. Atomic Energy Commission,

Washington, D.C., 1964. s

54. Sawyer, R. A. Experimental Spectroscopy. 323

pp. Chapman and Hall, London, 1945; Dover

Publ., New York, 1963.

55. Scheibe, G. Chemical spectral analysis, in Bottger, W., ed. Physical Methods of Analytical

Chemistry, Vol. 1. (in German). Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1933.

56. Secrest, P. J. Paint industry applications, pp. 364-365, in Clark, G. L., ed. Encyclopedia

of Spectroscopy. Reinhold, New York, 1960.

57. Seith, W., K. Ruthardt. Chemische Spektralanalyse. 162 pp. (in German). Springer-Verlag,

Berlin-Gottingen, 1958.

58. Snell, F. D., C. T. Snell, C. A. Snell. Colorimetric

19
Methods of Analysis. 793 pp. Van Nostrand,

Princeton, 1959. T

59. Thompson, H. W. A Course in Chemical Spectroscopy. 86 pp. Clarendon Press, Oxford,

1949.

60. T> l :i, R., R. Herrmann, E. Knickmann. Handbook

of Agriculture Research Methods, Vol. 1. 3d

ed. (in German) . Neumann, Berlin, 1955.

61. Tivin, F. Flame photometry. Sample flow effect on spectral excitation, pp. 371-373, in Clark, G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy.

Reinhold, New York, 1960. V

62. Vallee, B. L. Flame photometry, pp. 229-254, in Yoe, J. H., H. J. Koch, Jr., eds. Trace Analysis. John Wiley & Son, New York, 1957. C.A. 52, 4381 (1958).

63. Voinovitch, I. A., J. Debras-Guedon, J. Louvrier.

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1. 7. Fundamental Works

The references assembled in this section pertain to basic contributions to the field of analytical flame spectroscopy and to works on fundamental properties of combustion flame,

such as flame structure and temperature, flame

radiation, reactions, and ionization. Thus, the

reader will find cited here the works of Lundegardh together with a number of papers

considered as substantial contributions to analytical flame spectroscopy, more than 100 ref- erences from a total of 1173 being listed in this

category. The remaining works constitute a source of valuable information for the analytical flame spectroscopists interested in understanding basic flame phenomena. Although this

collection was not intended to be exhaustive, it should provide nonetheless a sufficient amount

of material to fulfill this purpose.

The references collected in this section are indexed under several headings to facilitate a preliminary selection.

Subject Index

Books 83, 87, 88, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196,

197, 273, 284, 333, 347, 352, 361, 386, 459, 467, 515,

524, 600, 627, 641, 694, 718, 793, 881, 887, 888, 900,

920, 1008, 1054, 1098, 1130, 1164,

Theses 77, 95, 227, 276, 308, 393, 439, 441, 462, 463, 468,

471, 489, 506, 605, 608, 688, 724, 725, 758, 786, 813,

872, 894, 904, 983, 998, 1122 Reviews 36, 48, 71, 99, 100, 101, 119, 275, 296, 297, 309,

324, 332, 345, 353, 354, 355, 357, 362, 364, 392, 403,

409, 414, 460, 522, 525, 612, 614, 616, 628, 643, 690,

691, 692, 693, 730, 744, 775, 803, 807, 808, 861, 862,

868, 901, 923, 946, 951, 962, 1012, 1031, 1032, 1033,

1042, 1043, 1074, 1124, 1150, 1153

Flame, analytical 6, 7, 8, 13, 31, 32, 96, 97, 135, 136, 137,

138, 141, 142, 168, 180, 280, 281, 295, 306, 336, 394,

397, 398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 487, 488, 500, 501,

502, 503, 504, 507, 508, 517, 586, 621, 653, 654, 655,

656, 657, 658, 659, 660, 661, 662, 663, 667, 668, 669,

670, 671, 672, 673, 683, 684, 686, 702, 703, 704, 722,

745, 752, 789, 790, 791, 827, 829, 830, 831, 836, 849,

851, 863, 864, 865, 866, 867, 893, 931, 949, 1006,

1007, 1084, 1089, 1119, 1120, 1121, 1140, 1141, 1142,

1143, 1144, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1162, 1167, 1169

Flame temperature 12, 22, 34, 35, 42, 47, 62, 66, 75, 78, 103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 115, 116, 117, 118, 123, 130,

144, 145, 148, 185, 203, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211,

212, 213, 214, 216, 240, 246, 255, 259,260, 261, 270, 282,

294, 299, 301, 302, 310, 313, 329, 335, 337, 358, 366,

372, 373, 374, 375, 376, 379, 383, 396, 411, 415, 417,

419, 420, 421, 442, 445, 452, 453, 482, 483, 490, 501,

512, 518, 519, 520, 526, 527, 530, 539, 541, 556, 562,

571, 574, 585, 593, 595, 597, 598, 601, 602, 630, 633,

634, 636, 637, 638, 639, 642, 649, 664, 680, 695, 700,

705, 707, 708, 713, 714, 721, 723, 726, 731, 732, 733,

734, 736, 740, 741, 742, 743, 755, 757, 785, 787, 794,

795, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 804, 805, 806, 810,

843, 845, 847, 871, 875, 879, 880, 881, 882, 883, 886,

887, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 895, 896, 897, 898, 905,

914, 933, 940, 945, 946, 947, 952, 953, 954, 959, 963,

967, 968, 969, 970, 974, 975, 991, 992, 997, 998, 999,

1000, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1013, 1020, 1023, 1024,

1025, 1026, 1041, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1050, 1051, 1052,

1053, 1056, 1057, 1076, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081, 1083,

1085, 1086, 1087, 1088, 1092, 1097, 1116, 1118, 1127,

1142, 1152, 1155, 1172, 1173

Flame geometry 38, 39, 56, 57, 90, 98, 150, 152, 155, 184,

227, 228, 239, 247, 248, 249, 253, 262, 268, 269, 272,

314, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327,

328, 330, 331, 332, 385, 391, 422, 424, 436, 446, 486,

525, 528, 542, 570, 584, 603, 604, 610, 611, 614, 634,

640, 645, 646, 647, 675, 689, 699, 709, 729, 772, 848,

859, 860, 878, 884, 885, 907, 916, 917, 924, 927, 928,

932, 936, 937, 942, 943, 944, 976, 986, 993, 994, 995,

996, 1040, 1093, 1125, 1126, 1128, 1129, 1131, 1132,

1133, 1150, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1160, 1161, 1163

Flame radiation 1, 3, 4, 11, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 37, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 52, 53, 54, 61, 63, 67,

68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 81, 84, 85, 86, 89, 94, 102, 104,

105, 106, 107, 108, 111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 122,

123, 126, 127, 135, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, 151, 153,

169, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 186, 187, 188, 198, 199, 200, 204, 215, 223, 224,

225, 226, 230, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241,

242, 245, 256, 257, 258, 265, 266, 267, 272, 278, 290,

298, 301, 307, 339, 340, 343, 344, 346, 348, 349, 350,

356, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 373, 375,

377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385, 387, 388, 389, 408,

410, 416, 423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 428, 432, 438, 442,

443, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451, 454, 455, 456, 477, 478,

479, 480, 482. 483, 484, 492, 498, 499, 507, 508, 509,

510, 511, 514, 516, 521, 523, 533, 535, 536, 537, 543,

544, 545, 546, 547, 563, 564, 567, 568, 569, 573, 583,

587, 588, 596, 599, 606, 620, 621, 622, 623, 624, 625,

651, 652, 665, 666, 676, 677, 681, 682, 687, 697, 698,

701, 704, 711, 717, 719, 720, 728, 737, 738, 739, 747,

750, 751, 756, 759, 764, 771, 774, 778, 780, 781, 782,

783, 796, 805, 806, 808, 809, 811, 812, 814, 819, 820,

821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 834, 835, 837, 838,

839, 840, 841, 842, 844, 853, 854, 856, 868, 869, 870,

20
873, 877, 899, 901, 902, 903, 909, 915, 918, 919, 920,

923, 925, 926, 948, 971, 972, 973, 977, 979, 980, 981,

982, 985, 1005, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1035, 1044,

1049, 1050, 1051, 1052, 1053, 1068, 1075, 1077, 1082,

1094, 1095, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106,

1107, 1108, 1154, 1169

Flame reactions 2, 10, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 49,

50, 51, 55, 59, 60, 79, 80, 82, 91, 92, 93, 99, 110, 113,

114, 120, 121, 122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133,

139, 140, 142, 143, 147, 149, 153, 154, 173, 177, 180,

183, 186, 201, 202, 206, 215, 229, 250, 251, 252, 254,

263, 264, 271, 272, 277, 278, 279, 283, 285, 286, 287,

288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 300, 303, 304, 311, 312, 315,

323, 325, 331, 332, 334, 338, 341, 342, 350, 351, 357, 358,

363, 368, 376, 379, 382, 384, 390, 395, 404, 405, 406,

412, 417, 418, 419, 423, 426, 429, 430, 431, 432, 433,

434, 435, 437, 457, 458, 464, 465, 466, 469, 470, 473,

474, 475, 476, 481, 485, 491, 492, 493, 494, 495, 496,

497, 498, 509, 511, 513, 514, 523, 529, 531, 532, 533,

534, 535, 538, 540, 567, 568, 569, 572, 589, 590, 591,

592, 593, 594, 595, 599, 607, 609, 613, 615, 617, 618,

619, 626, 628, 629, 634, 635, 644, 648, 676, 678, 679,

685, 696, 697, 706, 711, 712, 727, 746, 753, 761, 763,

764, 766, 769, 770, 773, 776, 777, 779, 784, 788, 796,

814, 815, 816, 817, 818, 846, 855, 873, 874, 876, 877,

906, 908, 911, 913, 921, 922, 929, 930, 934, 935, 938,

939, 951, 955, 956, 957, 958, 960, 961, 962, 964, 965,

978, 990, 994, 995, 996, 1010, 1011, 1014, 1019, 1021,

1029, 1030, 1035, 1036, 1045, 1046, 1047, 1048, 1058,

1059, 1060, 1061, 1064, 1065, 1070, 1071, 1072, 1073,

1075, 1087, 1088, 1091, 1099, 1100, 1110, 1111, 1112,

1113, 1114, 1115, 1118, 1123, 1134, 1137, 1149, 1151,

1159, 1165, 1173

Flame ionization 5, 9, 14, 40, 58, 64, 65, 76, 133, 134,

146, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165,

166, 167, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 231, 243, 244,

274, 303, 305, 407, 412, 413, 414, 440, 444, 461, 472,

503, 504, 505, 548, 549, 550, 551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 558, 559, 560, 561, 565, 566, 575, 576, 577,

578, 579, 580, 581, 582, 631, 632, 650, 667, 668, 674,

710, 715, 716, 735, 748, 749, 754, 760, 762, 765, 767,

768, 792, 832, 833, 850, 852, 857, 858, 910, 911, 912,

925, 926, 941, 950, 966, 984, 987, 988, 989, 1009, 1022,

1027, 1028, 1033, 1034, 1037, 1038, 1039, 1062, 1063,

1066, 1067, 1069, 1090, 1096, 1109, 1117, 1135, 1136,

1138, 1139, 1165, 1166, 1168, 1170, 1171 A

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47. Bauserman, G. W., C. H. Prien, T. Zandstra.

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Transactions of the IXth All-union Conference on Spectroscopy. Determination of the

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spectra. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Fiz

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by other methods. ARS (Am. Rocket Soc.)

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w

1118. Wagner, H. G., H. Richtering. Detection and

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1119. Waibel, F. Investigation of materials by means

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1120. Waibel, F. Quantitative flame spectral analysis.

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50, 2143 (1956).

1123. Weeks, I. F. The nonadiabatic reaction between

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1125. Weinberg, F. J. Location of the schlieren image

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1126. Weinberg, F. J. Location of the schlieren image

in a flame—two-dimensional flame. Fuel

35, 161-165 (1956). C.A. 50, 8163 (1956).

1127. Weinberg, F. J. An optical method of flame- temperature measurement. I. Theory. Fuel

35, 359-363 (1956). C.A. 50, 12624 (1956).

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510-517 (1956). C.A. 50, 15182 (1956).

1129. Weinberg, F. J. Application of optical methods

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51
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( 1 963 )

.

1131. Westenberg, A. A., R. M. Fristrom. Methaneoxygen flame structure. Report CM-974,

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1132. Westenberg, A. A., R. M. Fristrom. Methaneoxygen flame structure. II. Conservation

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1133. Westerdijk, T. A hydrodynamic theory of sta- tionary flame cones. Rev. Inst. Frang.

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1134. Whitting ham, G. The oxidation of sulfur dioxide on combustion processes. 3d Symp.

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1135. Williams, H. Predominant process of electron decay in the mantle of an acetyleneair flame. 7th Symp. (Intern.) Combust.,

London and Oxford 1958, 269-276 (1959). C.A. 55, 22769 (1961).

1136. Williams, H. E. Further studies on the decay

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1137. Williams, K. G., J. E. Johnson, H. W. Carhart.

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1138. Wilson, H. A. The Saha theory and the conductivity of flames containing alkali metal

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1139. Wilson, H. A. Electrical conductivity of flames. Revs. Mod. Phys. 3, 156-189 (1931).

1140. Winefordner, J. D. The effect of spectrometer

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effect of source line width on absorbance

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1141. Winefordner, J. D., H. W. Latz. Factors influ- encing sample flow rate in flame photometry. Anal. Chem. 33, 1727-1732 (1961). C.A. 56, 4072 (1962).

1142. Winefordner, J. D., C. T. Mansfield, T. J. Vickers. Temperatures of some typical flames used in flame photometry. Anal. Chem. 35, 1611-1613 (1963). C.A. 59, 13324 (1963).

1143. Winefordner, J. D., R. A. Staab. Determination

of zinc, cadmium, and mercury by atomic

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(1964).

1144. Winefordner, J. D., R. A. Staab. Study of ex- perimental parameters in atomic fluores- cence flame spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 36, 1367-1369 (1964). C.A. 61, 6394 (1964).

1145. Winefordner, J. £>., T. J. Vickers. Atomic fluo- rescence spectrometry as a means of chemical analysis. Anal. Chem. 36, 161-165

(1964). C.A. 60, 6199 (1964).

1146. Winefordner, J. D., T. J. Vickers. Atomic fluo- rescence spectrometry as a means of chemical analysis. (Correction.) Anal. Chem.

36, 789 (1964).

1147. Winefordner, J. D., T. J. Vickers. Calculation

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1148. Winefordner, J. D., T. J. Vickers, L. Remington.

Calculation of concentration corresponding

to the point of intersection of high and low

concentration segments of analytical curves

in atomic emission flame spectrometry.

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1149. Wise, H., W. A. Rosser, Jr. Homogeneous and

heterogeneous reactions of flame intermediates. 9th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y., 1962, 733-746

(1963). C.A. 59, 12224-25 (1963).

1150. Wohl, K. Quenching, flash-back, blow-off

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89 (1953). C.A. 49, 5805 (1955).

1151. Wohl, K., F. Welty. Spectrophotometric traverses through flame fronts. 5th Symp.

(Intern.) Combust., Pittsburgh, Pa. 1954,

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1153. Wolfhard, H. G., D. S. Burgess. Combustion

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1155. Wolfhard, H. G., W. G. Parker. Temperature

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(1950).

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1158. Wonterghem, J. van, A. van Tiggelen. The

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V. A. Rossikhin, I. L. Tsikora. Spectro52
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Uchebn. Zavedenii, Fiz. 1963, 78-84. C.A.

59, 10851 (1963).

1167. Zhitkevich, V. F., A. I. Lyutyi, N. A. Nesterko,

V. S. Rossikhin, I. L. Tsikora. Excitation

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(USSR) (English Transl.) 14, 180-182

(1963).

1168. Zhitkevich, V. F., A. I. Lyutyi, N. A. Nesterko,

V. S. Rossikhin, I. L. Tsikora. A spectroscopic study of dissociation and ionization processes in a flame. Opt. Spectry.

(USSR) (English Transl.) 14,17-19 (1963). C.A. 58, 7504 (1963).

1169. Zhitkevich, V. F., A. I. Lyutyi, V. S. Rossikhin,

I. L. Tsikora. Anomalous excitation of

The 401 references on instrumentation used

in analytical flame spectroscopy assembled in

this section cover the field of general instrumentation, atomization, burners, spectrographs

and monochromators, optical filters, photoelectric photometry, multichannel instruments, and

interference spectroscopy as seen from the in- dex. Among these, the reader will find extensive information on the process of pneumatic

atomization in references 65, 67, 133, 207 to 209, 237, 258 to 263, 277, 357, and 390. The

ultrasonic atomization is discussed in references

10, 31, 76, 77, 103, 193, 243, and 281, while

electrical atomization is examined in references

20, 270, 348 to 353. An authoritative comparative discussion of the optical parameters of

spectral instruments using prisms or grating

as dispersive elements is to be found in refer- ences 166 and 167, while general information

on applied optics is given in reference 182. A

large number of references of more than 600

papers on photoelectric photometry is assembled in a bibliography (ref. 13) while the

detailed discussion of various aspects of elec- tronics for spectroscopists is to be found in

reference 50a.

The relatively new and very promising field of interference spectroscopy is reviewed in ref- erences 38 and 256, and a detailed discussion of

this subject is to be found in the basic works

from references 157, 168, and 236.

Subject Index

General Instrumentation 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18,

27, 29, 33, 36, 37, 39, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58,

59, 60, 61, 62, 68, 69, 73, 79, 80, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,

92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 101, 104, 109, 111, 114,

117, 120, 121, 128, 129, 134, 137, 148, 149, 150, 151,

154, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 169, 171,

172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 183, 184, 189, 194,

198, 200, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 215, 217, 218, 220,

227, 233, 235, 238, 239, 242, 245, 246, 252, 254, 257,

266, 267, 271, 272, 274, 275, 276, 278, 279, 282, 285,

metals in flames and in the vapors of cer- tain organic compounds. Opt. Spectry.

(USSR) (English transl.) 15, 217-221

(1963). C.A. 60, 1243 (1964).

1170. Zimin, E. P., V. A. Popov. Investigation of the conductivity of the products of combustion

of methane-oxygen mixtures with additions of alkali metal. Zh. Tekhn. Fiz. 32, 1099-

1101 (1962). C.A. 58, 4352-53 (1963).

1171. Zimin, E. P., V. A. Popov. A study of the

electrical conductivity of flames by the microwave method. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh., Akad.

Nauk Belorussk SSR 5, 66-71 (1962). C.A.

61, 13984 (1964).

1172. Zinman, W. G., S. I. Bogdan. Influence of vi- bration-rotation interaction on the rotational "temperature" determined from an

electronic OH transition. J. Chem. Phys.

40, 588-590 (1964). C.A. 60, 3625 (1964).

1173. Zorn, E. Properties of fuel gas-oxygen flames. Vortraege Grossen Schweisstech. Tagung

Deut. Verbands Schweisstech., e. V., 1962, 102-107. C.A. 59, 3683 (1963).

288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 303, 305, 307, 308, 310, 311,

314, 318, 320, 322, 323, 329, 330, 331, 332, 336, 338,

339, 341, 342, 344, 347, 354, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364,

367, 369, 370, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 381, 383, 384,

385, 391, 394, 396, 398, 399, 400

Atomization 4, 10, 17, 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 42,

43, 48, 55, 58a, 64, 65, 67, 74, 76, 77, 83, 84, 85, 97,

98, 102, 103, 106, 107, 113, 115, 116, 124, 130, 133,

136, 141, 143, 144, 146, 147, 153, 165, 186, 192, 193,

195, 196, 197, 204,207,208,209,216,228,229,230,237,

240, 243, 244, 247, 248, 249, 251, 253, 258, 259, 260,

261, 262, 263, 268, 269, 270, 273, 277, 280, 281, 284,

294, 295, 296, 297, 299, 301, 308, 309, 317, 324, 328,

334, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 355, 357, 358, 359,

368, 386, 387, 388, 390, 392, 393, 395, 401 Burners 1, 17, 21, 22, 28, 30, 32, 34, 43, 56, 66, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 97, 105, 108, 112, 113, 118, 125,

145, 147, 158, 165, 176, 178, 179, 185, 190, 194, 197,

199, 210, 221, 222, 230, 234, 241, 243, 244, 250, 264,

265, 283, 292, 295, 298, 308, 309, 313, 316, 317, 328,

334, 335, 345, 346, 365, 366, 373, 386, 387, 388, 397

Spectrographs, Monochromators 2, 3, 23, 138, 166, 167. 182, 212, 219, 287, 300, 326, 337, 356, 375, 380, 384

Optical filters 15, 35, 46, 50, 51, 86, 110, 122, 123, 131,

132, 135, 139, 140, 155, 170, 182, 187, 188, 191, 213,

214, 293, 302, 306, 312, 315, 319, 321, 325, 327, 333,

340, 343, 382, 389

Photoelectric photometry 13, 50a, 119, 211, 255, 394,

395a

Multichannel instruments 33, 36, 40, 41, 63, 126, 127,

142, 152, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232, 286, 304, 371,

372

Interference spectroscopy 38, 157, 168, 236, 256

A

1. Adaynski, J. A. New oxy-hydrogen burner for flame fusion. J. Appl. Phys. 36, 1784-1787

(1965). C.A. 63, 1269 (1965).

2. Agnew, J. T. Combustion studies using the Golay photothermal detector with an infrared

monochromator. Trans. Am. Soc. Mech.

Engrs. 71, 107-114 (1949). C.A. 43, 2403

(1949).

3. Agnew, J. T., R. G. Franklin, R. E. Bann, A.

Bazarian. Combustion studies with the orth- icon spectrograph. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39, 409-

410 (1949). C.A. 43, 5312 (1949).

4. Alkemade, C. T. J. Flame and atomizer. Chem.

Weekblad 48, 699-703 (1952). C.A. 47, 2003

(1953).

1. 8. Instrumentation

53
5. Alkemade, C. T. J. Fluctuation phenomena in instruments. Ned. Tijdschr. Natuurk. 19, 7-

16 (1953).

6. Alkemade, C. T. J., J. Smit, J. C. M. Verschure.

A further contribution to the development

of the flame photometric determination of Na and K in blood serum. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 8, 562-570 (1952). C.A. 47, 168 (1953).

7. Allan, J. E., O. E. Clinton. Automatic apparatus

for the Lundegardh method of analysis.

New Zealand J. Sci. 2, 219-229 (1959). C.A. 54, 976 (1960).

8. Allsop, H. J., P. M. Wingfield. Flame photometric determination of lithium with infra- red barrier layer cells. Metallurgia 54, 255-

259 (1956). C.A. 51, 941(1957).

9. Amoore, J. E., D. S. Parson, W. C. Werkheiser.

A lithium internal-standard flame photometer. Appendix to permeability of isolated

rat-liver mitochondria to sucrose, sodium

chloride, and potassium chloride at 0°. Bio- chem. J. 69, 236-238 (1958). C.A. 52, 15607

(1958).

10. Antonevich, J. N. Ultrasonic atomization of

liquids. I.R.E. Trans. Ultrasonics Engr. No. PGUE-7, 6-15 (1959).

11. Antonini, F. M. Flame spectrophotometry. Construction of an apparatus with internal standard. Sperimentale 103, 305-323 (1953). C.A. 48, 9445 (1954).

12. Artom, M., G. Gentile. Spectrophotometry with

interference filters. Atti. Accad. Nazi. Lincei, Rend. Classe Sci. Fis. Mat. e Nat. 24, 709-

712 (1958). C.A. 53, 6701 (1959).

13. Astronomical Photoelectric Photometry. (see

ref. 395a).

14. Averbukh, M. A. Utilization of the spectropho- tometer SF-4 for flame photometry.

Zavodsk. Lab. 24, 1252-1254 (1958). C.A. 54, 10634-10635 (1960).

B

15. Baranov, S., S. Khludov, E. ShpoVskii. Atlas of Transmission Spectra of Dyed Films. 146

pp. Acad. Sci. USSR Press, 1948. C.A 43, 5314 (1949).

16. Barnes, R. B., J. W. Berry, W. B. Hill. The

flame photometer. Eng, Mining J. 149, 92-

94 (1948). C.A. 42, 8030 (1948).

17. Barnes, R. B., D. Richardson, J. W. Berry. A

simple monochromatic source. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 36, 52 (1946). C.A. 40, 1067 (1946).

18. Barnes, R. B., D. Richardson, J. W. Berry, R. L. Hood. Flame photometry. A rapid analytical procedure. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed.

17, 605-611 (1945). C.A. 40, 25 (1946).

19. Barret, P. A convenient process for the colora- tion of flames by metallic vapors. Compt.

Rend. 226, 470-472 (1948). C.A. 42, 6236

(1948).

20. Barret, P. Study of the Mechanism of Atomization of Solutions by the Anodic Spark. 94

pp. (in French). 1953. Note Technique No.

48, Publ. Sci. Techn. Ministere de l'Air. Service de Documentation et dTnformation

Technique de PAeronautique. 2, Av. de la Porte-dTssy, Paris, 15. C.A. 48, 12591

(1954).

21. Baum, E. A new light source for thermal excitation. Ann. Physik 34, 377-388 (1939). C.A. 33, 3211 (1939).

22. Beck, B. L. Variable burner height and horizontal slit modifications to Beckman flame spec- trophotometer. Rev. Sci. Instr. 33, 756

(1962). C.A. 58, 5 (1963).

23. Benn, R. E., W. S. Foote, C. T. Chase. The image

orthicon in spectroscopy. J. Opt. Soc. Am.

39, 529-532 (1949).

24. Benotti, J., A. DeTore. A new glass atomizer

for flame photometers. J. Lab. Clin. Med.

36, 763-765 (1950).

25. Berger, E. Y. Nebulizer used for bedside flame photometer. New Engl. J. Med. 267, 1301-

1303 (1962). C.A. 60, 13541 (1964).

26. Bernstein, R. E. The role of atomization in the accurate flame photometric determination of

cations in biological fluids. S. African J. Med. Sci. 20, 57-70 (1956). C.A. 50, 5820

(1956).

27. Berry, J. W., D. G. Chappell, R. B. Barnes. Improved method of flame photometry. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 18, 19-24 (1946). C.A. 40, 2083 (1946).

28. Biard, E. Technique for the Use of Gas. 752 pp.

(in French). Sennac, Paris, 1950. C.A. 45, 3581 (1951).

29. Bills, C. E., F. G. McDonald, W. Niedermeier,

M. C. Schwartz. Reduction of error in flame photometry. Anal. Chem. 21, 1076-1080

(1949). C.A. 43, 8943 (1949).

30. Birmingham, J. F., Jr., W. H. Wood. Apparatus

for making spectral flames of the alkali and

alkaline earth metals. J. Chem. Educ. 13, 240-241 (1936). C.A. 30, 4055 (1936).

31. Bodine, A. G. Sonic liquid sprayer. U. S. patent

2,949,900. Aug. 23, 1960. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 254 (1961).

32. Bogdan, S. I., W. G. Zinman. Burner for making

kinetic measurements in flames. Rev. Sci. Instr. 33, 766-767 (1962).

33. Boling, E. A. A flame photometer with simul- taneous digital readout for sodium and po- tassium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 63, 501-510

(1964). C.A. 60, 16189 (1964).

34. Bollinger, L. E., R. Edse. Effect of burner-tip

temperature on flash back of turbulent hydrogen-oxygen flames. Ind. Eng. Chem. 48, 802-807 (1956). C.A. 50, 9834 (1956).

35. Bond, R. £>., H. C. T. Stace. The transmission

characteristics of some interference filters for use in flame photometry. Analyst 83, 679-683 (1958). C.A. 53, 8916 (1959).

36. Bott, P. A. The determination of sodium and

potassium in biological fluids with a dual channel ultra-micro flame photometer. Anal. Biochem. 1, 17-22 (1960). C.A. 54, 24981

(1960).

37. Bowman, R. L., R. W. Berliner. Principles of design and operation of internal standard

flame photometers for sodium and potassium

determination. Federation Proc. 8, 14-15

(1949). Biol. Abstr. 23, 2590 (1949).

38. Boyce, P. B., W. M. Sinton. Infrared spectros- copy with an interferometer. Sky and

Telescope 1965, 78-80.

39. Brealey, L., R. E. Ross. Flame photometers: a

description of two instruments. Analyst 76, 334-339 (1951). C.A. 45, 7874 (1951).

40. Brech, F. New multichannel flame spectrophotometer. Am. Chem. Soc, Pittsburgh Conf. on Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectry., Feb.-

Mar., 1956. Abstr. in Spectrochim. Acta 8, 125 (1956).

41. Brehm, R. K., V. A. Fassel. Direct reading spec- trochemical analysis with a rapid-scanning

spectrometer. Spectrochim. Acta 6, 341-372

(1954). C.A. 49, 3580 (1955).

42. Bricard, J. Study of natural fogs. (Constitution and properties. Diffusion and diffrac- tion of light by water droplets.) Ann. Phys.

14, 148-236 (1940). C.A. 35, 4253 (1941).

43. Britske, M. E. Turbulent flames as light sources

for a solution analysis by flame photometry.

Zavodsk. Lab. 30, 1465-1469 (1964). C.A.

62, 5875 (1965).

44. Britske, M. E., I. A. Burovoi. Automatic flame spectrophotometer for control of metals con54
tent in technical solutions. Tsvetnye Metally

31, 39-42 (1958). C.A. 53, 3790 (1959).

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363. Thanheiser, G., J. Heyes. Direct photoelectric

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166 (1954).

401.

63
1. 9. Analytical Procedures

The 1987 references assembled in this section, of works, in which flame spectrophotometry is used as an analytical tool are distributed

in the corresponding index under "Material

Analyzed" and "Elements Determined." From

this index, it can be seen that the largest use

of the method is in the biological field, where

flame spectrophotometry has become both an

indispensable and reliable technique for the

analysis of blood, serum, urine, tissue, bone,

etc. A similar extensive use of this technique

is to be found in the analysis of agricultural

materials such as soils, plants, fertilizers, and

in that of minerals, ores, and rocks. Further

analytical applications will be found in the

fields of metallurgy, petroleum, silicates,

waters, and foods.

Since the primary object of this collection is to provide the analytical chemist with as much

information as possible, an effort was made to be exhaustive rather than selective. Thus this

section contains an appreciable number of ref- erences varying largely in quality. While many

of the works assembled here constitute genuine

contributions to the field of analytical flame

spectroscopy, some of the printed works present

only a minor interest and belong more to the

individual and limited use of laboratory "cookbook recipes" rather than to a publication.

Since no critical attitude was taken in col- lecting the references which follow, the selec- tion and determination of the quality of a

particular work is left solely to the appreciation of the reader.

Subject Index

General considerations on analytical procedures 43, 55,

63, 83, 87, 109, 111, 112, 115, 154, 178, 217, 218,

223, 224, 228, 241, 243, 244, 249, 252, 275, 286, 305,

306, 322, 351, 356, 357, 435, 436, 437, 438, 450, 455,

468, 469, 474, 477, 499, 505, 511, 521, 555, 564, 568,

599, 601, 618, 619, 624, 639, 648, 663, 666, 673, 714, 718,

746, 748, 752, 757, 800, 808, 812, 826, 833, 871, 872,

881, 886, 887, 909, 933, 948, 965, 969, 998, 1045,

1046, 1056, 1057, 1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1068, 1091,

1092, 1135, 1156, 1170, 1177, 1192, 1193, 1201, 1204,

1207, 1211, 1213, 1217, 1227, 1255, 1288, 1289, 1296,

1304, 1313, 1334, 1337, 1338, 1340, 1349, 1350, 1355,

1356, 1357, 1358, 1362, 1364, 1366, 1367, 1371, 1372,

1373, 1374, 1375, 1376, 1383, 1405, 1406, 1408, 1409,

1412, 1413, 1414, 1416, 1417, 1418, 1419, 1420, 1423,

1424, 1425, 1427, 1429, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433, 1434,

1435, 1439, 1441, 1442, 1447, 1454, 1456, 1457, 1459,

1460, 1461, 1471, 1472, 1473, 1475, 1477, 1484, 1492,

1494, 1496, 1506, 1509, 1517, 1521, 1546, 1550, 1554,

1561, 1564, 1595, 1602, 1615, 1619, 1622, 1624, 1627,

1628, 1635, 1640, 1651, 1653, 1657, 1659, 1667, 1681,

1701, 1702, 1709, 1711, 1714, 1720, 1721, 1723, 1724,

1740, 1776, 1788, 1794, 1798, 1799, 1804, 1805, 1817,

1884, 1889, 1890, 1891,1898, 1901, 1908, 1915, 1917,

1935, 1958, 1968, 1983, 1985, 1987

Materials Analyzed

Air 264, 358, 480

Alcoholic beverages and vinegar 174, 311, 324, 500,

622, 897, 1171, 1172, 1318, 1399, 1400, 1401, 1402,

1403, 1748, 1942

Biological materials 15, 17, 18, 21, 25, 27, 40, 42, 45, 46, 49, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 77, 78, 86, 96, 97, 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 108, 110, 114, 115, 116, 123, 124, 127,

129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139,

146, 147, 157, 158, 160, 168, 171, 173, 181, 194, 195,

212, 213, 219, 225, 226, 231, 246, 247, 248, 252, 268,

272, 278, 280, 302, 303, 310, 312, 314, 317, 321, 331,

332, 333, 336, 346, 353, 359, 369, 371, 375, 376, 378, | 415, 424, 441, 442, 448, 461, 462, 464, 466, 467, 468,

471, 491, 501, 502, 505, 506, 507, 508, 511, 516, 537,

548, 549, 551, 555, 557, 561, 572, 576, 596, 597. 598,

599, 600, 602, 607, 608, 609, 610, 611, 612, 621, 629,

630, 631, 632, 636, 652, 657, 678, 680, 705, 708, 709,

716, 723, 724, 737. 738, 740. 742. 748. 749. 750, 751,

752, 753, 792, 795, 796, 797, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804,

806, 807, 817, 818, 826, 832, 833, 834, 835, 836, 837, j 839, 885, 888, 889, 890, 893, 894, 903, 909, 912, 913, I 917, 920, 922, 924, 926, 930, 937, 950, 951, 952, 953,

961, 965, 990, 992, 998, 999, 1001, 1013, 1014, 1019, | 1020, 1023, 1027, 1033, 1035, 1038, 1042, 1048, 1049, j 1055, 1062, 1065, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1085, 1092,

1106, 1114, 1115, 1130, 1131, 1159, 1167, 1178, 1194,

1195, 1200, 1203, 1209, 1210, 1214, 1215, 1219, 1221,

1224, 1225, 1226, 1227, 1235, 1243, 1251, 1252, 1253,

1254, 1257, 1258, 1262, 1263, 1266, 1268, 1270, 1272,

1275, 1276, 1277, 1285, 1286, 1289, 1290, 1291, 1295,

1299, 1302, 1306, 1308, 1325, 1328, 1329, 1348, 1351,

1378, 1379, 1388, 1389, 1392, 1394, 1404, 1407, 1410, lj 1411, 1440, 1458, 1463, 1464, 1465, 1468, 1469, 1470,

1478, 1479, 1480, 1484, 1490, 1501, 1502, 1508, 1509,

1510, 1520, 1523, 1524, 1530, 1531, 1535, 1549, 1568,

1569, 1570, 1575, 1579, 1580, 1581, 1582, 1601, 1603, I 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1609, 1610, 1611, 1624, 1632,

1650, 1651, 1652, 1658, 1663, 1664, 1668, 1671, 1674,

1676, 1684, 1686, 1687, 1688, 1694, 1699, 1703, 1704,

1707, 1709, 1713, 1714, 1715, 1716, 1718, 1737, 1738, I 1747, 1751, 1753, 1755, 1760, 1775, 1776, 1778, 1789,

1791, 1792, 1793, 1795, 1796, 1797, 1799, 1800, 1801,

1807, 1808, 1809, 1814, 1820, 1830, 1841, 1847, 1853, i 1857, 1859, 1861, 1872, 1873, 1878, 1879, 1880, 1884,

1892, 1911, 1918, 1919, 1920, 1921, 1928, 1931, 1932,

1933, 1934, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941, 1943, 1947, 1979

Catalysts 22, 23, 1274, 1301, 1347, 1965

Chemical compounds 1, 8, 10, 16, 21, 32, 37, 52, 56, 91, i 179, 198, 205, 206, 207, 209, 210, 211, 221, 227, 245, I 261, 262, 276, 298, 335, 362, 363, 379, 449, 450, 472,

473, 476, 479, 488, 510, 546, 547, 567, 569, 603, 604,

613, 628, 642, 687, 690, 713, 719, 741, 805, 814, 815,

869, 900, 908, 916, 921, 932, 954, 960, 968, 975, 976,

979, 994, 1004, 1009, 1012, 1021, 1036, 1066, 1068, 1071,

1086, 1095, 1103, 1121, 1216, 1218, 1240, 1242, 1250,

1261, 1274, 1301, 1303, 1317, 1324, 1327, 1344, 1352,

1353, 1354, 1361, 1363, 1364, 1390, 1391, 1443, 1446, I 1449, 1450, 1453, 1462, 1481, 1487, 1489, 1529, 1545,

1548, 1550, 1566, 1568, 1572, 1583, 1584, 1629, 1630,

1635, 1636, 1637, 1653, 1656, 1710, 1739, 1740, 1743, I 1802, 1806, 1813, 1825, 1828, 1829, 1855, 1888, 1894, i 1951, 1959, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1978

Coals 41, 44, 54, 85, 113, 159, 430, 470, 492, 884, 927,

942, 1043, 1141, 1142, 1297, 1444, 1445, 1540, 1638,

1641, 1642

Dairy products 21, 25, 164, 167, 316, 754, 919, 920, 931,

1222, 1260, 1287, 1346, 1382, 1601, 1644, 1848, 1974 i Electronic materials 5, 6, 533

Fertilizers 68, 155, 176, 200, 216, 223, 224, 251, 281, i 360, 439, 567, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, i 589, 643, 644, 645, 646, 649, 653, 658, 886, 887, 1031,

1050, 1119, 1173, 1304, 1344, 1593, 1678, 1788

Foods 152, 273, 277, 309, 310, 327, 328, 347, 348, 416,

417, 423, 446, 502, 514, 715, 862, 863, 910, 985, 1031, I

1063, 1272, 1304, 1485, 1539, 1571, 1573, 1586, 1587,

1691, 1777, 1795, 1801, 1810, 1815, 1816, 1906, 1929,

1963, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1974

Metals, alloys, and metallurgic products 3, 4, 14, 38,

79, 89, 90, 112, 148, 162, 220, 251, 254, 255, 256, 257,

64
1

258, 267, 294, 295, 320, 355, 368, 380, 381, 386, 389,

390, 517, 524, 527, 567, 595, 616, 625, 633, 669, 683,

691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 760, 763, 809, 813, 827, 828,

843, 844, 845. 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851, 852, 854,

860, 861, 896, 901, 906, 928, 939, 958, 963, 964, 974,

997, 1000, 1008, 1066, 1098, 1111, 1132, 1153, 1157,

1158, 1182, 1184, 1185, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1223, 1231,

1234, 1236, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241, 1242, 1247, 1320,

1321, 1322, 1335, 1349, 1355, 1384, 1385, 1397, 1436,

1437, 1438, 1455, 1472, 1514, 1515, 1519, 1558, 1559,

1574, 1626, 1730, 1731, 1750, 1754, 1758, 1761, 1772,

1787, 1829, 1852, 1883, 1907, 1910, 1914, 1955, 1966,

1976

Minerals, ores, rocks 2, 50, 73, 82, 121, 122, 141, 143,

144, 163, 182, 189, 196, 201, 204, 215, 235, 236, 239,

269, 299, 318, 319, 334, 349, 377, 406, 410, 414, 425,

426, 427, 429, 460, 487, 493, 497, 503, 518, 531, 532,

538, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544, 545, 560, 567, 605, 606,

626, 651, 674, 695, 704, 706, 717, 718, 727, 728, 731,

732, 743, 745, 824, 830, 840, 853, 864, 865, 867, 874,

878, 883, 898, 929, 937, 940, 941, 956, 962, 967, 978,

987, 988, 1003, 1007, 1011, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1022,

1025, 1026, 1045, 1046, 1064, 1072, 1073, 1105, 1112,

1133, 1150, 1180, 1181, 1189, 1208, 1232, 1248, 1279,

1292, 1320, 1336, 1345, 1359, 1360, 1364, 1368, 1369,

1370, 1377, 1381, 1386, 1387, 1405, 1447, 1483, 1511,

1513, 1516, 1543, 1547, 1551, 1552, 1553, 1555, 1556,

1557, 1560, 1562, 1563, 1565, 1622, 1642, 1662, 1670,

1677, 1685, 1690, 1730, 1731, 1734, 1735, 1746, 1749,

1758, 1782, 1785, 1819, 1823, 1839, 1864, 1875, 1896,

1897, 1922, 1924, 1967

Organic solvents and compounds in flame spectrophotometry 70, 161, 162, 163, 212, 227, 237, 240,

243, 244, 270, 282, 337, 338, 345, 365, 373, 385, 386,

387, 388, 389, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395, 396, 400, 403,

404, 405, 407, 408, 458, 465, 474, 477, 490, 526, 527,

528, 529, 530, 552, 553, 563, 667, 689, 694, 696, 697,

698, 699, 700, 701, 707, 728, 766, 767, 773, 951, 953,

982, 983, 1087, 1095, 1107, 1108, 1121, 1126, 1129,

1164, 1165, 1166, 1176, 1183, 1239, 1323, 1324, 1333,

1335, 1408, 1426, 1427, 1428, 1429, 1448, 1449, 1450,

1451, 1453, 1455, 1456, 1457, 1460, 1461, 1464, 1520,

1527, 1537, 1590, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1623, 1648, 1676,

1680, 1687, 1688, 1689, 1692, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728,

1729, 1737, 1761, 1762, 1763, 1764, 1765, 1766, 1767,

1768, 1769, 1770, 1771, 1773, 1774, 1840, 1869, 1876,

1893, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1959, 1980

Paints and varnish 356, 1648

Petroleum products 33, 35, 39, 88, 156, 241, 242, 326,

345, 357, 366, 601, 662, 669, 703, 746, 747, 914, 915,

925, 1041, 1104, 1117, 1151, 1176, 1196, 1244, 1278,

1567, 1700, 1908

Pharmaceuticals 217, 218, 238, 447, 448, 452, 453, 454,

455, 456, 685, 710, 714, 722, 808, 957, 973, 1415,

1578, 1655, 1672, 1720, 1856, 1945

Plants 7, 31, 53, 64, 65, 67, 69, 74, 81, 93, 94, 95, 106,

126, 145, 166, 170, 172, 178, 181, 182, 199, 202, 208,

230, 232, 233, 234, 265, 266, 279, 283, 284, 286, 291,

293, 297, 310, 354, 364, 408, 409, 423, 431, 457, 489,

509, 511, 623, 635, 654, 655, 659, 660, 678, 681, 688,

711, 712, 715, 755, 756, 758, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789,

791, 831, 842, 879, 905, 907,910,920,934,935,936,938,

943, 944, 945, 946, 947, 948, 972, 977, 1010, 1030,

1031, 1051, 1053, 1063, 1075, 1076, 1081, 1084, 1090,

1125, 1126, 1128, 1129, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1137, 1138,

1146, 1148, 1155, 1174, 1175, 1201, 1220, 1228, 1229,

1232, 1265, 1269, 1273, 1281, 1282, 1300, 1304, 1312,

1331, 1332, 1339, 1340, 1342, 1343, 1382, 1410, 1411,

1463, 1465, 1466, 1467, 1497, 1499, 1503, 1518, 1525,

1594, 1596, 1597, 1598, 1599, 1600, 1615, 1616, 1617,

1620, 1621, 1625, 1632, 1634, 1647, 1660, 1667, 1679,

1682, 1708, 1723, 1741, 1744, 1751, 1784, 1812, 1818,

1849, 1850, 1863, 1874, 1881, 1882, 1885, 1887, 1895,

1899, 1900, 1901, 1909, 1927, 1944, 1957, 1977

Silicates, glass, cement, refractory materials 9, 11, 12,

48, 72, 83, 98, 99, 107, 109, 118, 119, 120, 149, 150,

151, 165, 186, 229, 274, 305, 329, 330, 350, 351, 352,

367, 374, 383, 397, 399, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407,

412, 413, 418, 419, 420, 421, 422, 432, 433, 504, 515,

534, 539, 559, 566, 567, 573, 577, 578, 579, 580, 590,

591, 592, 593, 594, 641, 661, 668, 669, 670, 671, 675,

676, 744, 757, 759, 761, 764, 765, 766, 767, 768, 769,

770, 771, 772. 773, 774, 775, 776, 777, 778, 779, 780,

781, 782, 790, 825, 841, 859, 867, 949, 959, 981, 984,

991, 995, 996, 1005, 1015, 1025, 1029, 1032, 1034,

1037, 1040, 1052, 1070, 1074, 1120, 1139, 1160, 1169,

1189, 1197, 1207, 1230, 1294, 1319, 1330, 1393, 1398,

1406, 1488, 1500, 1511, 1526, 1528, 1532, 1536, 1537,

1538, 1540, 1541, 1544, 1562, 1563, 1585, 1589, 1591,

1604, 1612, 1613, 1614, 1642, 1654, 1683, 1697, 1736,

1749, 1752, 1779, 1822, 1823, 1826, 1827, 1860, 1865,

1866, 1867, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1886, 1924, 1925, 1926,

1930, 1936, 1946, 1949, 1950, 1956, 1975, 1982, 1983,

1984, 1985, 1986

Soils 58, 65, 66, 75, 80, 92, 117, 154, 178, 181, 182, 203,

208, 232, 250, 251, 259, 260, 279, 285, 286, 287, 288,

290, 293, 304, 307, 308, 408, 409, 411, 463, 484, 485,

495, 511, 512, 525, 535, 550, 556, 557, 558, 623, 627,

650, 656, 658, 667, 672, 677, 679, 681, 702, 733, 736,

744, 783, 793, 794, 821, 838, 858, 875, 876, 878, 879,

904, 943, 946, 947, 948, 977, 980, 993, 1006, 1024,

1028, 1067, 1081, 1082, 1088, 1118, 1128, 1143, 1144,

1145, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1149, 1168, 1170, 1179, 1190,

1191, 1193, 1206, 1228, 1246, 1259, 1264, 1265, 1271,

1281, 1300, 1304, 1309, 1310, 1312, 1314, 1315, 1316,

1326, 1339, 1340, 1341, 1382, 1395, 1396, 1410, 1411,

1465, 1474, 1491, 1495, 1497, 1498, 1504, 1505, 1507,

1522, 1525, 1533, 1576, 1588, 1590, 1592, 1598, 1599,

1617, 1633, 1643, 1646, 1647, 1649, 1665, 1669, 1708,

1722, 1723, 1724, 1733, 1742, 1781, 1803, 1811, 1818,

1821, 1838, 1851, 1877, 1900, 1906, 1923, 1948, 1957,

1961, 1969, 1981

Steam and boiler deposits 20, 54, 153, 156, 169, 499,

971, 1089, 1645, 1962

Test solutions 19, 28, 29, 30, 47, 62, 70, 71, 76, 84, 128,

140, 142, 175, 183, 184, 187, 188, 197, 222, 228, 253,

263, 271, 275, 289, 292, 296, 323, 344, 373, 384, 388, 391,

392, 393, 394, 395, 398, 428, 434, 435, 436, 437, 438,

443, 458, 469, 475, 483, 494, 496, 498, 519, 520, 521,

522, 523, 536, 562, 564, 565, 570, 614, 615, 617, 618,

619, 634, 638, 639, 640, 648, 663, 664, 665, 666, 673,

720, 721, 735, 739, 798, 810, 812, 816, 820, 829, 856,

861, 870, 877, 882, 899, 955, 1039, 1047, 1069, 1087,

1094, 1096, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1102, 1109, 1113, 1154,

1162, 1163, 1165, 1192, 1233, 1249, 1267, 1307, 1311,

1365, 1561, 1673, 1693, 1694, 1705, 1712, 1717, 1726,

1727, 1728, 1729, 1756, 1757, 1759, 1786, 1790, 1912,

1935, 1952, 1953

Waters 13, 24, 26, 34, 36, 43, 51, 73, 87, 105, 125, 152,

177, 180, 181, 182, 185, 190, 191, 192, 193, 208, 261,

262, 300, 301, 310, 312, 313, 314, 315, 337, 338, 339,

340, 341, 342, 343, 361, 370, 372, 440, 444, 445, 451,

481, 482, 502, 513, 554, 557, 571, 574, 575, 637, 669,

684, 702, 725, 726, 730, 734, 811, 819, 822, 823, 825,

873, 889, 891, 902, 903, 911, 912, 986, 1056, 1057,

1058, 1059, 1060, 1061, 1083, 1093, 1116, 1122, 1123,

1124, 1161, 1176, 1198, 1205, 1245, 1257, 1259, 1268,

1280, 1293, 1410, 1411, 1458, 1563, 1482, 1486, 1512,

1534, 1542, 1577, 1618, 1645, 1661, 1695, 1696, 1698,

1732, 1773, 1774, 1780, 1783, 1824, 1833, 1834, 1835,

1836, 1837, 1842, 1843, 1844, 1845, 1846, 1854, 1862,

1900, 1905, 1913, 1916, 1954, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965

Elements Determined

Aluminum 292, 293, 325, 395, 396, 403, 406, 407, 528,

667, 733, 766, 767, 773, 928, 939, 958, 982, 983, 1169,

1223, 1339, 1341, 1380, 1612, 1614, 1657, 1869 Antimony 325. 388

Arsenic 388, 520

Barium 4, 5, 6, 12, 139, 196, 197, 198, 325, 337, 340,

345, 362, 363, 365, 384, 385, 407, 426, 439, 459, 460,

483, 484, 485, 498, 519, 533, 536, 544, 545, 617, 640,

750, 762, 810, 813, 816, 856, 857, 882, 975, 979, 982,

1032, 1097, 1104, 1233, 1239, 1339, 1353, 1354, 1396,

1414, 1434, 1435, 1439, 1454, 1457, 1548, 1554, 1633,

1639, 1925, 1950, 1952

65
Beryllium 526, 1098

Bismuth 325, 388 Boron 98, 198, 200, 211, 222, 240, 270, 393, 394, 595,

647, 973, 982, 1053, 1054, 1075, 1076, 1087, 1418,

1426, 1725, 1726, 1727, 1728, 1729, 1893, 1959

Cadmium 665, 1109

Calcium 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 21, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 45, 46, 60, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 84, 85,

89, 92, 93, 94, 97, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114,

118, 123, 125, 127, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 140, 144,

145, 146, 147, 151, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 177, 182,

185, 186, 196, 197, 199, 202, 206, 207, 213, 221, 230,

231, 233, 234, 239, 253, 259, 260, 266, 268, 277, 278,

279, 280, 283, 284, 285, 287, 289, 297, 302, 303, 309,

310, 314, 315, 320, 323, 325, 345, 348, 354, 365, 367,

370, 372, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 408, 409, 411, 415,

418, 423, 424, 425, 431, 433, 439, 440, 450, 451, 452,

458, 460, 461, 462, 467, 471, 476, 481, 482, 489, 491,

492, 498, 501, 512, 519, 522, 523, 533, 536, 537, 545,

549, 557, 558, 559, 561, 562, 563, 567, 603, 604, 614,

617, 621, 630, 634, 640, 641, 642, 650, 651, 654, 655,

656, 657, 667, 674, 676, 677, 681, 682, 685, 688, 691,

693, 696, 704, 705, 707, 709, 711, 712, 715, 716, 719,

720, 722, 723, 738, 747, 750, 754, 755, 756, 758, 762,

763, 766, 783, 788, 789, 795, 796, 798, 802, 803, 804, 806,

807, 810, 813, 816, 821, 932, 935, 937, 942, 844, 846,

847, 851, 856, 857, 879, 880, 882, 885, 888, 891, 894,

904, 908, 910, 917, 918, 922, 923, 924, 931, 936, 937,

943, 945, 952, 953, 958, 960, 961, 962, 963, 964, 966,

967, 975, 977, 981, 982, 986, 987, 990, 993, 997, 1000,

1006, 1010, 1025, 1029, 1032, 1038, 1039, 1048, 1055,

1063, 1064, 1065, 1074, 1077, 1078, 1079, 1080, 1081,

1085, 1088, 1090, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1101, 1103, 1104,

1110, 1113, 1115, 1116, 1118, 1127, 1130, 1133, 1134,

1155, 1167, 1169, 1174, 1178, 1185, 1190, 1191, 1196,

1208, 1210, 1215, 1219, 1221, 1222, 1224, 1226, 1233,

1236, 1239, 1240, 1241, 1254, 1262, 1263, 1265, 1268,

1270, 1271, 1277, 1281, 1282, 1302, 1306, 1309, 1312,

1314, 1315, 1320, 1329, 1331, 1332, 1333, 1339, 1342,

1343, 1347, 1351, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1361, 1380, 1382,

1385, 1388, 1389, 1390, 1392, 1395, 1400, 1411, 1414,

1440, 1442, 1452, 1457, 1461, 1464, 1466, 1467, 1468,

1470, 1472, 1474, 1476, 1486, 1488, 1492, 1497, 1498,

1499, 1501, 1502, 1503, 1506, 1508, 1509, 1510, 1522,

1524, 1525, 1528, 1530, 1531, 1534, 1536, 1554, 1558,

1559, 1574, 1577, 1580, 1581, 1586, 1587, 1595, 1596,

1597, 1600, 1601, 1603, 1605, 1606, 1607, 1608, 1613,

1618, 1620, 1625, 1626, 1631, 1636, 1639, 1640, 1644,

1646, 1648, 1655, 1658, 1660, 1669, 1676, 1682, 1689,

1693, 1694, 1697, 1704, 1708, 1716, 1717, 1719, 1723,

1730, 1733, 1735, 1743, 1744, 1748, 1749, 1751, 1752,

1759, 1762, 1767, 1774, 1784, 1792, 1793, 1795, 1799,

1800, 1803, 1807, 1808, 1809, 1811, 1812, 1814, 1815,

1817, 1828, 1837, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1843, 1846, 1848,

1849, 1855, 1856, 1877, 1887, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1898,

1901, 1903, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1916, 1923, 1925, 1927,

1932, 1933, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1945, 1946, 1747, 1948,

1950, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1964, 1970, 1971,

1972, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980

Cesium 24, 71, 139, 141, 183, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190,

191, 192, 193, 214, 341, 343, 407, 475, 536, 538, 540,

541, 542, 543, 546, 552, 553, 557, 575, 615, 617, 637,

638, 640, 684, 721, 734, 772, 813, 824, 829, 855, 859,

861, 878, 882, 927, 940, 947, 982, 1022, 1026, 1141,

1142, 1294, 1339, 1364, 1368, 1387, 1403, 1430, 1431,

1432, 1433, 1441, 1468, 1493, 1514, 1516, 1527, 1544,

1553, 1565, 1584, 1670, 1675, 1745, 1833, 1836, 1839,

1889, 1914, 1924, 1944, 1967

Chromium 45, 142, 237, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258,

325, 369, 407, 490, 854, 921, 982, 1397, 1408, 1472,

1907

Cobalt 32, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 407, 626, 700,

982, 1397, 1423, 1427, 1456, 1468, 1472, 1623, 1648,

1765, 1770

Copper 126, 138, 161, 162, 310, 325, 380, 381, 386, 387,

390, 407, 626, 640, 650, 697, 698, 715, 716, 799, 875,

876, 896, 915, 982, 1107, 1129, 1153, 1211, 1239,

1253, 1397, 1417, 1425, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1623,

1629, 1630, 1763, 1768, 1849, 1850, 1888

Gallium 163, 212, 699, 1099, 1100, 1109, 1157, 1239,

1515, 1557, 1563, 1626, 1764, 1769 Halogens 264, 620, 819, 869, 1093, 1117, 1121, 1163,

1199

Indium 163, 212, 267, 335, 640, 664, 699, 982, 1099,

1100, 1109, 1158, 1234, 1323, 1447, 1472, 1515, 1555,

1557, 1560, 1562, 1564, 1764, 1769

Iron 126, 138, 310, 383, 387, 389, 406, 407, 490, 517,

526, 626, 633, 667, 695, 715, 716, 921, 958, 982, 1064,

1116, 1164, 1169, 1190, 1339, 1384, 1408, 1448, 1450,

1460, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1472, 1613, 1623, 1630, 1849,

1907

Lanthanum 319, 692, 867, 982, 1165, 1166, 1384, 1772,

1787

Lead 39, 242, 294, 295, 325, 326, 662, 914, 1041, 1151,

1278, 1567, 1648, 1700, 1888

Lithium 13, 24, 84, 85, 118, 119, 121, 122, 139, 144,

179, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193,

208, 229, 235, 236, 269, 299, 301, 337, 342, 345, 361,

372, 387, 397, 402, 404, 405, 407, 412, 432, 434, 472,

473, 477, 503, 510, 512, 536, 541, 543, 546, 560, 565,

566, 571, 573, 615, 617, 628, 635, 638, 640, 667, 684,

687, 717, 721, 734, 759, 772, 790, 813, 815, 816, 824,

830, 855, 859, 861, 877, 878, 882, 883, 889, 890, 891,

892, 899, 900, 902, 911, 918, 927, 929, 934, 935, 940, 941,

960, 982, 994, 996, 1000, 1012, 1014, 1025, 1032, 1040,

1070, 1071, 1103, 1123, 1139, 1189, 1190, 1217, 1218,

1240, 1256, 1303, 1320, 1324, 1335, 1339, 1345, 1349,

1359, 1360, 1368, 1387, 1401, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433,

1443, 1466, 1472, 1482, 1486, 1512, 1516, 1519, 1532,

1547, 1551, 1554, 1555, 1558, 1566, 1626, 1637, 1642,

1659, 1705, 1706, 1750, 1756, 1759, 1782, 1804, 1818,

1829, 1831, 1834, 1835, 1839, 1842, 1858, 1860, 1868,

1870, 1871, 1876, 1911, 1912, 1924, 1939, 1944, 1950,

1954, 1967, 1975

Magnesium 3, 17, 18, 42, 52, 74, 105, 125, 137, 138, 139,

145, 146, 147, 186, 187, 199, 233, 234, 239, 250, 266,

277, 280, 284, 285, 297, 310, 329, 354, 355, 375, 406,

407, 408, 409, 415, 423, 426, 433, 467, 512, 536, 537,

548, 558, 559, 563, 579, 596, 622, 623, 642, 667, 674,

681, 685, 693, 694, 706, 711, 712, 716, 750, 756, 783,

797, 804, 813, 818, 844, 846, 847, 848, 849, 850, 851,

870, 924, 936, 943, 949, 958, 972, 982, 1000, 1063,

1064, 1066, 1074, 1081, 1084, 1103. 1108, 1113, 1116,

1118, 1134, 1169, 1190, 1191, 1202, 1203, 1219, 1221,

1225, 1226, 1239, 1258, 1262, 1266, 1271, 1277, 1282,

1314, 1315, 1339, 1343, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1384, 1395,

1397, 1400, 1402, 1416, 1419, 1424, 1440, 1457, 1467,

1468, 1472, 1495, 1530, 1536, 1590, 1598, 1599, 1601,

1611, 1613, 1660, 1665, 1669, 1682, 1686, 1708, 1722,

1723, 1761, 1766, 1768, 1791, 1793, 1824, 1841, 1849,

1878, 1879, 1887, 1898, 1902, 1904, 1925, 1930, 1948,

1956

Manganese 126, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 266,

284, 310, 325, 337, 338, 386, 387, 406, 407, 420, 428,

490, 512, 526, 578, 579, 580, 640, 650, 667, 697, 698,

715, 716, 783, 852, 864, 865, 906, 943, 944, 958, 982,

1064, 1190, 1191, 1232, 1265, 1314, 1315, 1408, 1467,

1468, 1470, 1472, 1497, 1536, 1565, 1630, 1648, 1700,

1763, 1768, 1849, 1850, 1907, 1960

Mercury 1109 Molybdenum 1153

Nickel 32, 254, 255, 256, 325, 386, 407, 527, 595, 700,

982, 1397, 1423, 1467, 1468, 1472, 1623, 1765, 1770

Nitrogen 108, 820

Organo-halogens 486, 729, 1199

Oxygen 683, 1184, 1186, 1187, 1188, 1321, 1322, 1910

Palladium 529, 530, 1153, 1305, 1449 Phosphorus (phosphate) 128, 227, 373, 429, 1044, 1095,

1483, 1805

Potassium 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 16, 21, 22, 34, 36, 37, 40, 41,

44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64,

65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 74, 80, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 90,

93, 94, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110,

113, 114, 116, 118, 119, 123, 124, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 143, 146, 147, 149, 150,

66
152, 155, 157, 158, 159, 160, 165, 166, 167, 168

170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 182, 183, 184

188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 199, 204, 205

216, 219, 225, 226, 229, 231, 232, 234, 246, 247

259, 260, 266, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 277, 278

280, 281, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 291, 297

299, 300, 310, 311, 312, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321

325, 330, 331, 332, 333, 334, 336, 337, 339, 344

347, 349, 350, 351, 352, 353, 354, 359, 360, 367

374, 378, 379, 397, 402, 404, 405, 407, 409, 410

412, 414, 415, 416, 417, 421, 432, 443, 444, 445

447, 450, 451, 453, 454, 464, 471, 487, 488, 493

495, 496, 500, 504, 506, 507, 508, 510, 512, 515

518, 519, 524, 525, 534, 535, 536, 537, 541, 543, 546

556, 557, 558, 559, 569, 570, 572, 573, 574, 577

579, 580, 581, 582, 583, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588

590, 597, 602, 605, 607, 608, 615, 617, 621, 627

631, 632, 635, 636, 637, 638, 640, 642, 643, 644

646, 649, 650, 652, 658, 659, 660, 661, 667, 668

670, 671, 672, 675, 680, 684, 685, 686, 687, 702

705, 707, 708, 712, 715, 716, 717, 719, 720, 721

727, 730, 731, 732, 735, 736, 737, 738, 740, 742

745, 747, 751, 753, 754, 755, 759, 760, 763, 766

769, 770, 771, 776, 777, 778, 779, 783, 789, 791

794, 795, 796, 798, 802, 804, 806, 807, 813, 814

825, 829, 834, 836, 838, 839, 840, 841, 842, 855

859, 860, 861, 866, 870, 874, 877, 882, 884, 885

889, 890, 891, 894, 895, 897, 898, 899, 900, 907

918, 919, 922, 923, 925, 927, 930, 931, 932, 936

940, 941, 942, 950, 951, 952, 953, 954, 957, 959

963, 964, 966, 967, 971, 976, 978, 980, 982, 984

986, 991, 992, 996, 999, 1001, 1005

1011, 1015, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1019

1025 1036

1063

1088

1120

1138

1150

1173 1190

1216

1235

1257

1271

1281

1292

1316

1332

1350

1394

1415

1441

1472 1491

1514

1533

1546

1566

1582

1601 1621

1644 1660

1678 1697

1716

1748

1795 1810

1827

1851 1867

1886

1911 1928

1942

1028 1037

1064

1103 1122

1139

1154 1174

1191

1217

1239

1260

1272

1282

1299

1317

1336

1363

1395, 1398, 1399, 1400, 1404, 1428 1442

1474

1496

1516

1535

1547

1568 1584

1603 1626

1645

1661 1682

1699 1717 1753

1796

1811

1829 1853

1868

1887 1918

1929

1943

1029 1042

1065

1105 1124

1143

1159 1175

1194

1218

1240

1261

1273

1283 1300

1318

1339

1370

1430

1443

1478

1497

1522

1536

1548

1571

1585

1604 1632

1646

1662

1684

1703 1723

1756

1797

1812 1831

1854 1870

1894 1919

1932 1946

1030, 1031, 1032

1043, 1049, 1050

1069, 1072, 1073

1106, 1110, 1113

1126, 1128, 1131

1144, 1145, 1146

1160, 1161, 1168

1178, 1179, 1180

1195, 1197, 1198

1220, 1221, 1222

1242, 1243, 1246

1262, 1263, 1264

1274, 1275, 1276

1284, 1285, 1286

1302, 1307, 1308

1319, 1320, 1325

1343, 1344, 1345

1378, 1379, 1381

1431, 1432, 1433

1444, 1445, 1446

1479, 1480, 1486

1500, 1504, 1505

1523, 1524, 1526

1537, 1538, 1539

1549, 1552, 1554

1572, 1573, 1574

1586, 1592, 1593

1609, 1610, 1613

1634, 1637, 1638

1649, 1650, 1652

1663, 1664, 1674

1687, 1688, 1689

1704, 1707, 1708

1733, 1736, 1739

1757, 1759, 1773

1799, 1801, 1803

1815, 1816, 1817

1838, 1839, 1841

1856, 1857, 1859

1871, 1872, 1873

1895, 1896, 1898

1920, 1921, 1922

1934, 1936, 1937

1947, 1948, 1949

1006

1022

1033

1051

1081 1114

1134

1147 1169

1181 1200

1228

1249

1265

1277

1287

1309

1326

1346

1385

1436

1466

1487

1506 1528

1540

1559

1576

1596

1616 1641

1654

1675

1690

1713

1740

1779

1804

1818

1845

1860

1874

1901 1924

1938

1950

1007 1023

1034

1052

1082

1118

1136

1148

1171 1183

1209

1229

1251

1269

1279 1290

1314

1328

1347

1386

1407,

1437

1467

1488

1511 1529

1541 1561 1577

1597

1617

1642

1656 1676

1691 1714

1744

1783 1806

1821 1848

1863

1875

1905 1925

1939

1957

169

185 215

253

279

298

324

345 372

411

446

494

516

547

578 589

629

645 669

704 724 744

768

793

821

858

888

917

938 960

985

1010

1024

1035

1062

1086

1119

1137 1149

1172

1185

1214 1230

1252

1270

1280

1291 1315

1330

1348

1393

1410

1438

1470

1490

1513

1532

1542

1565 1579

1600

1618

1643

1659 1677

1694

1715 1747

1789

1807

1822

1849 1865

1885

1909 1926

1941

1961

1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974,

1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987 Rare earths 319, 465, 478, 970, 1002, 1162, 1298, 1311,

1337, 1365, 1367, 1371, 1451, 1459, 1545, 1550, 1680,

1692, 1785 Rhodium 529, 530, 921

Rubidium 16, 71, 139, 144, 180, 181, 182, 184, 187, 188, 189,

190, 191, 192, 193, 315, 341, 343, 407, 410, 466, 475,

493, 497, 532, 536, 539, 541, 543, 546, 610, 617, 638, 640,

667, 672, 678, 684, 713, 721, 734, 743, 772, 787, 813,

824, 829, 855, 859, 861, 877, 878, 882, 927, 940, 947,

982, 1003, 1008, 1013, 1021, 1022, 1025, 1142, 1220,

1339, 1363, 1364, 1387, 1403, 1430, 1431, 1432, 1433,

1441, 1465, 1467, 1468, 1470, 1493, 1514, 1516, 1527,

1543, 1544, 1547, 1548, 1553, 1565, 1584, 1670, 1673,

1675, 1685, 1734, 1740, 1741, 1831, 1833, 1836, 1839,

1850, 1864, 1875, 1889, 1924, 1944, 1967 Scandium 1311, 1692

Silver 325, 392, 613, 625, 640, 896, 1153, 1234, 1239,

1420, 1425, 1455, 1468, 1470, 1481, 1515 Sodium 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 34, 35,

36, 37, 40, 41, 44, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 70, 72, 73, 74, 82, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 97, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 110, 113, 114,

117, 118, 119, 123, 124, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135,

139, 140, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 153,

158, 160, 164, 165, 167, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177,

183, 184. 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193,

195, 199, 203, 205, 209, 210, 215, 220, 225, 226,

231, 232, 234, 238, 245, 246, 253, 259, 260, 266,

271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 278, 279, 280, 283, 285,

289, 297, 298, 299, 300, 310, 316, 317, 320, 321,

325, 327, 328, 331, 333, 334, 335, 336, 344, 346,

350, 351, 352, 354, 359, 365, 366, 367, 368, 371,

138

156

182

194 229

269

288

324

347

372

411 444

470

508

541

573

607

631 669

710

740

761

776

795

821 855

884

899

927

960

984

374, 377, 378, 379, 387, 397, 402, 404,405,406, 407

412, 413, 414, 415, 421, 422, 432, 440, 441, 442,

445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 453, 454, 459, 464,

471, 479, 480, 487, 491, 493, 494, 504, 506, 507,

510, 512, 514, 515, 516, 519, 524, 534, 536, 537,

543, 546, 547, 550, 551, 554, 558, 559, 566, 572,

574, 576, 577, 578, 579, 580, 590, 597, 602, 605,

608, 609, 611, 612, 616, 617, 619, 621, 627, 629,

632, 635, 636, 637, 640, 642, 653, 661, 667, 668,

670, 671, 672, 675, 684, 685, 702, 704, 707, 708,

716, 717, 719, 720, 721, 724, 727, 730, 735, 738,

741, 742, 744, 745, 747, 751, 753, 754, 755, 759,

763, 764, 765, 766, 768, 769, 770, 771, 774, 775,

777, 778, 779, 780, 783, 784, 785, 786, 789, 791,

796, 798, 801, 802, 804, 805, 806, 807, 813, 817,

825, 827, 828, 829, 834, 836, 839, 842, 843, 845,

859, 860, 861, 862, 863, 866, 873, 874, 877, 882,

885, 888, 889, 890, 891, 892, 893, 895, 897, 898,

900, 905, 913, 916, 917, 919, 922, 923, 925, 926,

931, 932, 940, 941, 942, 951, 952, 953, 955, 959,

963, 964, 966, 967, 968, 971, 974, 976, 978, 982,

985, 986, 988, 991, 992, 996, 999, 1000, 1001,

1004, 1005, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1015, 1017, 1019, 1020,

1023, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1032, 1033, 1034, 1035, 1036,

1037, 1042, 1043, 1049, 1052, 1064, 1065, 1089, 1093,

1103, 1105, 1110, 1111, 1112 1113, 1114, 1116, 1118,

1120, 1122, 1132, 1137, 1139, 1140, 1143, 1144, 1150,

1159, 1160, 1161, 1169, 1171, 1172, 1178, 1182, 1183,

1185, 1190, 1191, 1194, 1195, 1197, 1198, 1200, 1209,

1214,1216,1218,1221,1222,1228,1230,1235,1237,1238,

1240, 1244, 1250, 1251, 1252, 1257, 1259, 1260, 1262,

1263, 1264, 1265, 1269, 1270, 1271, 1272, 1275, 1276,

1277, 1279, 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284, 1285, 1286, 1287,

1290, 1292, 1295, 1297, 1299, 1300, 1301, 1302, 1307,

1308, 1310, 1314, 1315, 1317, 1318, 1319, 1320, 1327,

1330, 1332, 1339, 1343, 1345, 1346, 1347, 1348, 1363,

1370, 1381, 1385, 1386, 1393, 1394, 1395, 1938, 1399,

1400, 1404, 1405, 1407, 1410, 1415, 1427, 1428, 1430,

1431, 1432, 1433, 1436, 1437, 1438, 1442, 1444, 1445,

1446, 1472, 1474, 1478, 1479, 1485, 1486, 1488, 1489,

1497, 1499, 1500, 1506, 1511, 1513, 1514, 1516, 1524,

1526, 1528, 1529, 1532, 1536, 1537, 1538, 1539, 1540,

1541, 1542, 1546, 1547, 1548, 1549, 1552, 1554, 1555,

1558, 1559, 1561, 1566, 1568, 1571, 1572, 1573, 1574,

G7
1575, 1577, 1579, 1585, 1586, 1588, 1589, 1596, 1601,

1603, 1604, 1609, 1610, 1618, 1626, 1632, 1634, 1637,

1638, 1641, 1642, 1644, 1645, 1646, 1647, 1650, 1654,

1655, 1656, 1659, 1660, 1661, 1662, 1663, 1664, 1675,

1676, 1679, 1684, 1689, 1690, 1691, 1694, 1697, 1699,

1703, 1704, 1707, 1708, 1714, 1716, 1717, 1718, 1723,

1732, 1736, 1738, 1744, 1748, 1753, 1756, 1757, 1759,

1760, 1773, 1777, 1779, 1783, 1789, 1795, 1796, 1797,

1799, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1806, 1807, 1810, 1811,

1812, 1813, 1815, 1816, 1817, 1822, 1825, 1827, 1829,

1830, 1831, 1839, 1841, 1843, 1844, 1847, 1848, 1853,

1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1860, 1865, 1867, 1868,

1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, 1875, 1881, 1882, 1883, 1886,

1894, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1900, 1905, 1918, 1919, 1920,

1921, 1922, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1932, 1934,

1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1942, 1943, 1945, 1946, 1947,

1948, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966,

1970, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1982, 1987 Strontium 4, 5, 6, 12, 19, 25, 26, 27, 46, 73, 107, 125,

139, 144, 196, 197, 201, 202, 310, 313, 325, 337, 372,

398, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 406, 407, 419, 427,

459, 460, 497, 498, 502, 512, 531, 532, 533, 536, 545,

557, 591, 592, 593, 640, 651, 667, 674, 690, 719, 728,

749, 750, 762, 810, 813, 816, 822, 823, 853, 856, 857,

903, 912, 918, 920, 941, 946, 956, 975, 982, 995, 996,

1025, 1032, 1047, 1083, 1094, 1096, 1097, 1101, 1102,

1113, 1118, 1190, 1191, 1205, 1233, 1239, 1268, 1293,

1312, 1314, 1315, 1339, 1352, 1353, 1354, 1369, 1390,

1391, 1401, 1414, 1421, 1422, 1439, 1457, 1458, 1462,

1463, 1467, 1486, 1548, 1554, 1558, 1559, 1594, 1607,

1608, 1639, 1695, 1696, 1698, 1735, 1746, 1774, 1780,

1790, 1818, 1819, 1820, 1823, 1826, 1837, 1839, 1843,

1880, 1892, 1940, 1952

Sulfur (sulfate) 31, 261, 262, 263, 358, 362, 363, 364,

792, 1267, 1520, 1666, 1668, 1755, 1898

Tellurium 391 Thallium 163, 212, 594, 640, 699, 982, 1099, 1100, 1109,

1377, 1453, 1515, 1554, 1555, 1557, 1560, 1712, 1737,

1764, 1769, 1931 Tin 325, 1786

Titanium 295, 296

Vanadium 255, 701, 982, 1212, 1623, 1731, 1771 Yttrium 282, 319, 1298, 1311, 1583

Zinc 325, 1109 A

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(Gliwice) 17, 244-245 (1964). C.A. 62, 5888 (1965).

1974. Zeigler, M. The applicability of spectral analysis to the testing of foods. (Flame-photometric determination of potassium in milk.)

Vorratspflege u. Lebensmittelforsch. 2, 13-

17 (1939). C.A. 34, 8071 (1940).

1975. Zheleztsov, V. A., S. P. Lyashenko, M. E. Shel- omenok. Determination of the alkalies in glasses by flame photometry. Steklo i Keram. 20, 26-28 (1963). C.A. 58, 13574

(1963) . 1976. Zhuravlev, G. I., I. A. Gavrilova. Determination of sodium, potassium, and calcium in uranium and its compounds by a flame- photometric method. Zh. Analit. Khim. 19, 54-58 (1964). C.A. 60, 13876 (1964).

1977. Zidan, A. I., A. Wallace. Concentrations of

five nutrient elements in orange fruits col- lected at different stages of maturity.

Proc. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63, 53-58 (1954). C.A. 48, 12924 (1954).

1978. Zilio-Grandi, F., G. Libralesso, Perazzolo, G. Sassu, G. Svegliado. Analysis of technical poly (vinyl chloride). Materie Plastiche Elastomeri 30, 643-654 (1964). C.A. 61, 12143 (1964).

1979. Zimovskii, V. L. Determination of K and Na in plasma and erythrocytes by flame photometry. Lab. Delo 1965, 285-286. C.A. 63, 10306 (1965).

1980. Zittel, H. E. Anionic interferences in the flame- spectrophotometric determination of cal- cium: use of ethylene glycol as a releasing

agent. ORNL-CF-61-2-82 (1961).

1981. Zmyslowska, S., J. Brocas. Determination of

total potassium in soils by gamma scintilla- tion spectrometry. Nukleonika 6, 827-836

(1961). C.A. 57, 36-37 (1962).

1982. Zoellner, H. Factors influencing the accuracy

of flame photometric alkali determination. Glas-Email-Keramo-Tech. 2, 378-381

(1951) . C.A. 46, 3446 (1952).

1983. Zoellner, H. Accuracy of physical and chemical measurements. Glas-Email-KeramoTech. 2, 349-350 (1951). C.A. 46, 3447

(1952) . 1984. Zoellner, H. On the complete quantitative spec- trochemical analysis of silicates. Dissertation, Miinchen, 1952.

1985. Zoellner, H. Two years industrial experience

with the flame photometer, colorimeter, and

spectrometer. Ber. Deut. Keram. Ges. 33, 39-46 (1956).

1986. Zolotovitskaya, E. S. Analysis of scintillating

and optical materials and of single crystals.

Metody Analiza Veshchestv, Osoboi Chistoty

i Monokristallov, Gos. Kom. Sov. Min. SSSR

po Khim. 1962, No. 1, 73-75. C.A. 58, 9625: (1963).

1987. Zwetsch, A. Use of the flame photometer.

Sprechsaal 85, 91-93 (1952). C.A. 46, 6483; (1952).

124
1. 10. Less Familiar Flames

, 6,

,61,

nooeter.

The 92 references assembled in this section

pertain to works on various combustion flames, some of which have already been considered as

possible excitation sources in analytical flame

spectroscopy, while others have not yet been

studied for this purpose. Among these last

flames the carbon subnitride, the nitrogen tri- fluoride, and perhaps the metal powder flames

might well prove of practical interest. The

reader will find a description of the properties of

these flames in the works indexed under the cor- responding fuel or oxidant gas.

Subject Index

General papers 40, 57 Carbon subnitride 1, 3, 21, 42, 50

Chlorine 7, 74

Chlorine trifluoride 73 Converter flames (Thomas, Bessemer, etc.) 13, 35, 36, 37,47, 48,88,89

Cyanogen 5, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 32, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 56,

63, 64, 66, 70, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87

Fluorine 2, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 23, 28, 29, 43, 49, 53, 61, 62, 74, 76, 90, 91, Metal powder flames 27, 30, 41 3zone 16, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 81

Perchloric acid 24

Perchloryl fluoride 8, 31, 52, 59, 60, 71, 72 Sitrogen oxide 4, 9, 12, 25, 26, 32, 33, 34, 51, 54, 55, 56,

57, 58, 62, 92 Nitrogen trifluoride 65, 75

1. Altman, D. Chemical processes as methods of achieving high temperatures. Proc. Symposium High Temp., Berkeley, Calif., 1956, 47-

52. C.A. 52, 8696 (1958).

2. Altman, D., M. Farber. Hydrogen-fluorine flame temperatures. J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1118

(1953). C.A. 47, 9158 (1953).

3. Armstrong, G. T., S. Marantz. The heat of combustion of dicyano-acetylene. J. Phys. Chem.

64, 1776-1778 (1960). C.A. 55, 15101 (1961).

4. Ausloos, P., A. van Tiggelen. Quantitative spectral study of flames. I. Flames emitting the OH, NO, NH, and NH2 spectra. Bull. Soc. Chim. Beiges 61, 569-594 (1952). C.A. 47, 4194 (1953).

B

5. Baker, M. R., B. L. Vallee. Cyanogen-oxygen

flame as spectrochemical source. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 45, 773 (1955). Sci. Abstr. 58A, No.

8586 (1955).

6. Ball, J. J., D. E. Mann, B. A. Thrush, G. T. Armstrong, C. F. Coyle, L. A. Krieger.

Methane-oxygen-fluorine flames : spectroscopic and calorimetric studies. 69 pp. PB151505 (1960). C.A. 54, 11659 (1960).

7. Barthel, C. Temperatures of hydrogen-chlorine

flames. Genie Chim. 77, 34-36 (1957). C.A.

51, 8517 (1957).

[3. Barth-Wehrenalp, G. A new method for producing perchloryl fluoride (ClOaF). J. Inorg. and

Nucl. Chem. 2, 266 (1956). C.A. 50, 9918

(1956).

j). Behrens, H. Spectra of nitrous oxide flames and

reaction kinetics. Z. Elektrochem. 54, 535-

538 (1950). C.A. 45, 5020 (1951).

10. Benedict, W. S., B. W. Bullock, S. Silverman, A.

Grosse. Infrared emission of the hydrogenfluorine flame. Phys. Rev. 87, 213-214 (1952).

11. Benedict, W. S., B. W. Bullock, S. Silverman, A.

Grosse. Infrared emission of the hydrogenfluorine flame. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 1106-1113

(1953). C.A. 48, 1146 (1954).

12. Blyumberg, E. A., A. N. Pomansku, N. M. Emanuel. The concentration limits for propagation of a flame in mixtures of hydrogen with

the nitrogen oxides. Bull. Acad. Sci. USSR,

Div. Chem. Sci. 1956, 779-785. C.A. 51, 8517

(1957).

13. Breckpot, R., B. Juchniewicz. Spectrograph^

study of the flame of a Thomas converter. Congr. Groupement Avance. Method. Anal.

Spectrograph, Produits Met. 12, 137-139

(1949). C.A. 45, 3779 (1951).

14. Brokaw, R. S., R. N. Pease. The effect of water

on the burning velocities of cyanogen-oxygen

argon mixtures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 1454-

1457 (1953). C.A. 47, 10972 (1953).

15. Brotherton, T. K., J. W. Lynn. The synthesis and

chemistry of cyanogen. Chem. Rev. 59, 841-

883 (1959). C.A. 54, 1145 (1960).

16. Campbell, E. S. A theoretical analysis of chemical and phvsical processes in an ozone flame. Chem. Enar". Sci. 20, 311-329 (1965). C.A.

63, 1217 (1965).

17. Clark, R. P. Cyanogen, pp. 336-337, in Clark,

G. L., ed. The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy.

Reinhold, New York, 1960.

18. Collier, H. E., Jr. The mechanism of spectral

excitation of metallic ions by a new hightemperature source. 87 pp. Thesis, Lehigh

Univ., Bethlehem, Pa., 1955. C.A. 50, 1460

(1956).

19. Collier, H. E., Jr., E. J. Serfass. Flame spectra of

solutions of metallic ions as excited by the hydrogen-fluorine system. Am. Chem. Soc,

1st Delaware Valley Regional Meeting, Philadelphia, Pa., Feb. 1956.

20. Conway, J. B., A. V. Grosse. The cyanogen-oxy- gen flame under pressure. J. Am. Chem. Soc.

80, 2972-2976 (1958). C.A. 52, 16016 (1958).

21. Conway, J. B., W. F. R. Smith, W. J. Liddell, A. V.

Grosse. The production of flame temperature

of 5000°K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 2026-2027

(1955). C.A. 49, 11383-84 (1955).

22. Conway, J. B., R. H. Wilson, Jr., A. V. Grosse. The temperature of the cyanogen-oxygen

flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 75, 499 (1953). C.A. 47, 4706 (1953).

23. Cueilleron, J. The hydrogen-fluorine torch, pp. 1303-1304, in Lebeau, P., F. Trombe, eds. The

High Temperatures and Their Use in Chemistry vol. II. (in French), Masson et C

le

, Paris, 1950.

24. Cummings, G. A. McD., G. S. Pearson. Perchloric

acid decomposition flame. Combust. Flame 8, 199-202 (1964). C.A. 62, 1127 (1965).

D

25 Destriau, M. Explosion limits of various combustible gases using nitrous oxide as the oxidizer. Combust. Flame 6, 347-350 (1962). C.A. 58, 8844 (1963).

Dixon, H. B., W. F. Higgins. The burning of gases in nitrous oxide. Fuel in Sci. and Practice 6, 232-235 (1927). C.A. 21, 3445 (1927).

27. Doyle, W. L., J. B. Conway, A. V. Grosse. Combustion of zirconium in oxygen. J. Inorg. and

26

125
Nucl. Chem. 6, 138-144 (1958). C.A. 52, 12523 (1958).

28. Durie, R. A. The spectra of flames supported by

fluorine. Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 63A,

1292-1294 (1950). C.A. 45, 4556 (1951).

29. Durie, R. A. The spectra of flames supported by

fluorine. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 211 A, 110-

121 (1952). C.A. 46, 10897 (1952).

E

30. Edse, R., K. Narahari Rao, W. A. Strauss, M. E.

Mickelson. Emission spectra excited in metal

powder-oxygen flames. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 53, 436-438 (1963). C.A. 59, 1192 (1963).

31. Engelbrecht, A., H. Atzwanger. Perchloryl fluoride, CIO3F, preparation and some physical

and chemical properties. J. Inorg. and Nucl. Chem. 2, 348-357 (1956). C.A. 50, 13639

(1956).

32. Fishburne, E. S., J. M. Weinberg, R. Edse, K. N.

Rao. C2N2-N2O flame as a spectroscopic

source. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 54, 1288 (1964).

33. Fogarty, B. B., H. G. Wolfhard. Spectra of flames burning as oxides of nitrogen. Nature 168, 1122 (1951). C.A. 46, 8518 (1952).

34. Fowler, A., J. S. Badami. The spectrum of the hydrogen-nitrous oxide flame. Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) 133A, 325-332 (1931). C.A. 25, 5845 (1931).

G

35. Garger, K. S., G. D. Krivulya, F. S. Ortenberg.

The flame spectrum during the exhaustion of

cast iron with a steam-oxygen mixture in a

converter. Inzh.-Fiz. Zh. Akad. Nauk Belorussk. SSR 3, 72-75 (1960). C.A. 55, 1352

(1961).

36. Garger, K. S., G. D. Krivulya, F. S. Ortenberg, V. I. Trofimova. Investigation of converter- flame spectra under different methods of

blasting. Zavodsk. Lab. 25, 573-576 (1959). C.A. 55, 22014 (1961).

37. Garger, K. S., V. D. Umnov, G. D. Krivulya. In- vestigation of the radiation of the Bessemer

flame. Sb. Tr. Dneprodzerzhinsk. Vecher Met.

Inst. 1, 54-63 (1955). C.A. 52, 5239-5240

(1958).

38. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. A study in oxy-cyanogen flame photometry. Pittsburgh Conf. Anal. Chem.

and Appl. Spectroscopy, Mar. 1958.

39. Gilbert, P. T., Jr. Oxycyanogen flame photometry.

Mimeo. manuscript, 51 pp., 1958; Oxycyanogen flame photometry. Mimeo. manuscript, 13

pp., 1962. Beckman Instruments, Inc. 2500

Fullerton Road, Fullerton, Calif. 40. Grosse, A. V. High-temperature research. Sci- ence 140, 781-789 (1963). C.A. 59, 3338

(1963).

41. Grosse, A. V., J. B. Conway. Combustion of metals in oxygen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 50, 663-672

(1958). C.A. 52, 12523 (1958).

42. Grosse, A. V., A. D. Kirshenbaum. The combustion of carbon subnitride, C4N2, and a chemical

method for the production of continuous temperatures in the range of 5000-6000° Kelvin

or 9000-11000° Rankine. AD 84 316. AFOSRTN-56-13. 37 pp. (1955). J. Am. Chem. Soc.

79, 2020 (1956).

43. Grosse, A. V., A. D. Kirschenbaum. The pre- mixed hydrogen-fluorine flame and its burning

velocity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 5012-5013

(1955). C.A. 50, 1425 (1956).

H

44. Hord, R. A., J. B. Pennington. Temperature and

composition of a plasma obtained by seeding

a cyanogen-oxygen flame with cesium.

NASA-TN-D-380, 18 pp. (1960). C.A. 54, 17010 (1960).

45. Janin, J., A. Bouvier. Temperature of the cyano- ' gen-oxygen flame. Spectrochim. Acta 20, 1787-1798 (1964). C.A. 62, 1104-1105 (1965).

46. Janin, J., A. Bouvier, H. Mathais. Spectroscopic research on cyanogen-oxygen and methaneammonia-oxygen flames. Colloq. Spectros.

Intern. 9th, Lyons, 1962 2, 272-295 (1962). C.A. 59, 126 (1963).

47. Jazwinski, S. T. The control of Tropenas-converter blowing by a direct-vision spectroscope.

J. Iron Steel Inst. (London), Advance copy, June 1945, 4 pp. Blast Furnace Steel Plant

33, 1113-1115 (1945). C.A. 39, 3767 (1945).

48. Jazwinski, S. T. Spectrographic control of the converter blow. Iron Age 159, 50-57 (1947). C.A. 41, 4422 (1947).

K

49. Kaye, S. Flat flame burner for burning undiluted

premixed hydrogen and fluorine. Rev. Sci. Instr. 32, 965-966 (1961). C.A. 56, 13987! (1962).

50. Kirshenbaum, A. D., A. V. Grosse. The combustion of carbon subnitride, C4 N2, and a chemical I method for the production of continuous temperatures in the range of 5000-6000 °K. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 78, 2020 (1956). C.A. 50,1 9849 (1956).

51. Kozachenko, L. S., G. I. Skachkov. Flame propa-*

gation in two and three-component gas blends containing H2 , CH4 , N2, and N2 0. Zh. Prikl.i Mekh. i Tekh. Fiz. 1960, 93-99. C.A. 55, 27846-27847 (1961).

52. Lodwig, R. M., J. L. Margrave. Studies of perchloryl fluoride flames. Combust. Flame 3,: 147-156 (1959). C.A. 53, 14462-14463 (I960).!

M

53. Mann, D. E., B. A. Thrush, D. R. hide, Jr., J. J. Ball, N. Acquista. Spectroscopy of fluorine flames. I. Hydrogen-fluorine flame and the vibration-rotation emission spectrum of HF.

J. Chem. Phys. 34, 420-431 (1961). C.A. 55, 23043 (1961).

o

54. d'Olieslager, J., A. van Tiggelen. Kinetic study of a hydrocarbon-nitrous oxide flame. Bull. Soc Chim. Beiges 73, 135-153 (1964). C.A. 61, 1700 (1964).

e

55. Pannetier, G., A. Sicard. Regions of flammability

of binary mixtures of hydrocarbons with nit- rous oxide: action of nitrous oxide as oxidant

5th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Pittsburgh ' Pa. 1954, 620-628 (1955). C.A. 49, 1539E (1955).

56. Pannetier, G., A. Sicard. Flammability limits oii mixtures of nitrous oxide and cyanogen undei pressures equal to or less than atmospheric

126
57.

58.

:ci,

nit

but

68.

69.

70.

71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

sol *

leri'

pressure. Compt. Rend. 240, 1345-1347

(1955). C.A. 49, 12092 (1955).

Parker, W. G. Review of some unusual stationary flame reactions. Combust. Flame 2, 69-82

(1958). C.A. 52, 8502 (1958).

Parker, W. G., H. G. Wolfhard. Some characteristics of flames supported by NO and N02 . 4th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Cambridge,

Mass. 1952, 420-428 (Publ. 1953). C.A. 49, 9253 (1955).

Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. Perchloryl fluoride. Booklet DC/1819, 1957. Pennsalt Chemicals Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. Perchloryl fluoride flame photometry. Bulletin dsE-1819, 1958.

Priest, H. F., A. V. Grosse. Hydrogen-fluorine

torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 39, 431-433 (1947). C.A. 41, 3328 (1947).

R

Rapp, D., H. S. Johnston. Nitric oxide-fluorine

dilute diffusion flame. J. Chem. Phys. 33, 695-699 (1960). C.A. 55, 6110 (1961).

Robinson, J. W. Flame photometry using oxycy- anogen flame. Anal. Chem. 33, 1226-1230

(1961). C.A. 56, 4 (1962).

Robinson, J. W. Correction: Flame photometry

using oxycyanogen flame. Anal. Chem. 34, 907 (1962). C.A. 57, 5281 (1962).

Rogers, H. H. The hydrogen-nitrogen trifluoride torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 309-310 (1959). C.A. 53, 11897 (1959).

Rutner, E., K. Scheller, W. H. McLain, Jr. Kinetics of combustion of cyanogen and the burning velocities of cyanogen-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures. J. Phys. Chem. 64, 1891-1896

(1960). C.A. 55, 17168 (1961).

Sandri, R. On flame propagation in explosive

mixtures of gases. II. On the decomposition

flame of ozone. Can. J. Chem. 34, 324-330

(1956). C.A. 50, 12482 (1956).

Sandri, R. On flame propagation in explosive

mixtures of gases. IV. On the decomposition

flame of ozone in mixtures rich in ozone. Can.

J. Chem. 35, 474-476 (1957). C.A. 52, 731

(1958) . Sandri, R. On the decomposition flame of ozone

at high pressure. Can. J. Chem. 36, 1210-

1211 (1958). C.A. 53, 828 (1959).

Scheller, K., W. E. McKnight. Kinetics of cyano- gen flames. 7th Symp. (Intern.) Combust.,

London and Oxford 1958, 369-376 (1959). C.A. 55, 5091 (1961).

Schmauch, G. E., E. J. Serfass. Use of perchloryl

fluoride in flame photometry. Anal. Chem.

30, 1160-1161 (1958). C.A. 52, 14409 (1958).

Schmauch, G. E., E. J. Serfass. The use of perchloryl fluoride in flame photometry. Appl.

Spectry. 12, 98-102 (1958). C.A. 53, 3991

(1959) . Skirrow, G., H. G. Wolfhard. Studies of chlorine

tri-fluoride flames. Proc. Roy Soc. (London)

232A, 78-87 (1955). C.A. 50, 4596 (1956).

Slootmaekers, P. J., A. van Tiggelen. Fluorine

and chlorine flames. Bull. Soc. Chim. Beiges

67, 135-146 (1958). C.A. 53, 827 (1959).

Stokes, C. S. The hydrogen-nitrogen trifluoride torch. Ind. Eng. Chem. 51, 1494 (1959). C.A.

54, 5179 (1960).

Stokes, C. S., A- V. Grosse, Jr. Hydrogen cyanide-fluorine-oxygen flame. Ind. Eng. Chem.

49, 1311-1314 (1957). C.A. 51, 15224 (1957).

77. Stokes, C. S., R. P. M. Werner, W. F. R. Smith,

J. A. Cahill. Combustion of cyanogen with

endothermic oxides of nitrogen. Ind. Eng.

Chem. 52, 75-78 (1960). C.A. 54, 9456

(1960).

78. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The pure ozone-to- oxygen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 1517-

1518 (1957). C.A. 51, 9270 (1957).

79. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The premixed ozone- hydrogen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 3296-

3297 (1957). C.A. 51, 14386 (1957).

80. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The premixed ozone- cyanogen flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 79, 5583

(1957) . C.A. 52, 1583 (1958).

81. Streng, A. G., A. V. Grosse. The ozone to oxygen

flame. 6th Symp. (Intern.) Combust., Yale

Univ. 1956, 264-273 (1957). C.A. 52, 5787

(1958) .

82. Thomas, N., A. G. Gaydon, L. Brewer. Cyanogen

flames and the dissociation energy of nitrogen.

J. Chem. Phys. 20, 369-374 (1952). C.A. 46, 7434 (1952).

V

83. Vallee, B. L. The cyanogen flame as a spectrochemical source (summary). Proc. Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale VI,

1956. Spectrochim. Acta 11, 49 (1957).

84. Vallee, B. L., M. R. Baker. Oz-GN, flame as a spectrographs source. Pittsburgh Conf. on

Anal. Chem. and Appl. Spectry., Mar. 1955. Abstr. Anal. Chem. 27, 320 (1955).

85. Vallee, B. L., A. F. Bartholomay. Cyanogen-oxygen flame. New source of quantitative deter- mination of microgram amounts of metals. Anal. Chem. 28, 1753-1755 (1956). C.A. 51, 2455 (1957).

86. Vallee, B. L., R. E. Thiers, K. Fuwa. Cyanogenoxygen flame spectrometry. Am. Chem. Soc,

Abstr. of Papers 135th Meeting, 29B (1959).

w

87. Welcher, R. P., D. J. Berets, L. E. Sentz. Stability of cyanogen. Ind. Eng. Chem. 49, 1755-1758

(1957). C.A. 52, 7631 (1958).

88. Wever, F., W. Koch, H. Hofermann, H. Kniippel, K. E. Mayer, G. Wiethoff. Spectrographic

examination of the converter flame in the basic Bessemer process. Stahl u. Eisen 76, 1032-

1040 (1956). C.A. 51, 11954 (1957).

89. Wever, F., W. Koch, H. Hofermann, B. A. Steinkopf, H. Kniippel, K. E. Meyer, G. Wiethoff. Control of the basic converter process by utili- zation of the thermal radiation of the bath

and the spectrum of the converter flame. Stahl u. Eisen 75, 549-559 (1955). C.A. 49, 13048 (1955).

90. Wilson, R. H., Jr., J. B. Conway, A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse. The temperature of the hydrogen-fluorine flame. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 73, 5514 (1951). C.A. 46, 9363 (1952).

91. Wilson, R. H., Jr., J. B. Conway, A. Engelbrecht, A. V. Grosse. Temperature of the hydrogenfluorine flame. Natl. Bur. Std. (U. S.) Circ. 523, 111-118 (1954). C.A. 48, 7956 (1954).

92. Wolfhard, H. G., W. G. Parker. Spectra and combustion mechanism of flames supported by the

oxides of nitrogen. 5th Symp. (Intern.)

Combust., Pittsburgh, Pa., 1954, 718-728

(1955). C.A. 49, 16387 (1955).

127

2. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

2. 1. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

The 353 references of works on atomic absorption spectroscopy assembled in this section are indexed under various headings; the reader

will find thus several early contributions of historical interest in the "Earlier Works" group.

This is followed by "Books and Periodical Publications," and to the works mentioned there one should add a book by J. W. Robinson,

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, published in

the spring of 1966 by Marcel Dekker, New

York. The fundamental contributions of Walsh

and associates are indexed under "Theoretical

and General Papers," where the reader will also

find the works of Alkemade and associates to- gether with a number of papers in which the

basic properties of the atomic absorption principle are discussed.

The numerous contributions to analytical applications of the atomic absorption method are indexed under "Materials Analyzed" and "Elements Determined," and as can be seen, the

method seems to find thus far the widest use

in the analysis of biological materials (48 papers) and of metals and alloys (47 papers), the

elements determined more often being, in

decreasing order, Mg, Cu, Zn, Ca, Hg, Na, Pb,

Fe, Ag, Mn, Ni, K, Au, Co, Cr, Cd, etc. Note Added to the Page Proof. A further contri- bution to the field of atomic absorption in the form of a

book, "Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy" by J. RamirezMunoz, is expected to be available in 1967; this work

will be published by the Elsevier Publishing Company,

New York.

Subject Index

Earlier papers 15, 92, 113, 134, 189, 201, 205, 239, 260,

333, 341,

Books and periodical publications 16, 17, 80, 141, 220

Theses 49, 116, 120, 157, 202, 275, 299

Reviews and articles in books 42. 66, 67, 74, 89, 91, 101, 104, 105, 106, 115, 122, 124, 142, 144, 166, 171,

174, 182, 185, 186, 188, 195, 218, 224, 225, 230, 234,

242, 245, 247, 248, 249, 256, 263, 264, 267, 268, 270,

283, 291, 316, 328, 329, 331, 352

Theoretical and general papers 2, 3, 5, 11, 12, 19, 26, 53,

62, 65, 69, 81, 95, 96, 97, 117, 125, 146, 147, 163, 170,

176, 177, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 203, 208, 209, 214,

215, 222, 223, 233, 236, 241, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257,

259, 265, 266, 271, 277, 282, 285, 294, 297, 300, 305,

306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 337, 338, 339, 340, 348 Instrumental 2, 3, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 44, 46, 52, 56, 76,

78, 86, 99, 109, 111, 127, 128, 131, 136, 137, 139,

145, 153, 154, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, 170,

175, 180, 183, 184, 190, 196, 197, 206, 207, 208, 209,

226, 240, 257, 259, 261, 269, 272, 277, 288, 289, 295,

296, 305, 313, 314, 332, 337, 341, 342, 343

Organic solvents in atomic absorption spectroscopy 9, 173, 232, 233, 244

Materials Analyzed

Beer, wine 93, 349

Biological materials 28, 29, 30, 47, 50, 64, 69, 70, 71,

94, 100, 119, 121, 123, 126, 129, 132, 133, 136, 143,

154, 155, 169, 187, 200, 210, 219, 231, 253, 267, 273,

276, 279, 301, 317, 318, 319, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324,

325, 326, 327, 329, 331, 353

Butter 330

Cement and related materials 167, 254, 292

Chemical reagents 1, 35, 138, 140, 197, 221, 228, 295,

317

Coal 23, 75, 216

Fertilizers 8, 10, 100, 178, 268, 295

Gasoline 55, 246, 295

Isotope analysis 110, 112, 217, 345, 346, 347

Lubricating oils 41, 118

Metals and alloys 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 24, 36, 46, 77, 79, 81, 89, 97, 98, 101, 102, 103, 108, 114, 135, 139, 150,

151, 152, 168, 179, 199, 211, 212, 213, 215, 227, 234,

262, 274, 278, 283, 286, 287, 290, 295, 302, 303, 304,

334, 335, 336 Ores and rocks 13, 27, 54, 90, 107, 156, 227, 235, 237,

238, 258, 280, 295, 298

Plants 8, 10, 38, 39, 57, 58, 59, 130, 131, 143, 235, 268,

284, 344

Soils 8, 10, 58, 60, 64, 100, 131, 268, 284, 298

Test solutions 4, 6, 7, 25, 48, 61, 63, 68, 72, 73, 82, 83,

85, 88, 122, 127, 148, 158, 161, 172, 173, 175, 184,

196, 229, 243, 271, 281, 293, 346, 347, 350, 351

Water 45, 315 Waters: marine 32, 84, 181 Waters: industrial 31 Elements Determined

Aluminum 13, 48, 73, 92, 175, 212, 213, 271 Antimony 154 Barium 32, 96, 175, 271 Beryllium 271 Bismuth 154, 327

Cadmium 31, 77, 154, 196, 215, 227, 295, 327, 351

Calcium 32, 45, 47, 58, 59, 60, 71, 75, 77, 93, 130, 131,

155, 158. 187, 210, 216, 219, 292, 293, 295, 319, 321,

322, 325, 353

Cesium 175, 232

Chromium 41, 87, 152, 175, 295, 315, 317, 318

Cobalt 7, 32, 77, 117, 124, 179, 274, 295, 315

Copper 8, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 58, 84, 93, 98, 122, 124, 126, 127, 138, 149, 151, 155, 158,

161, 178, 181, 231, 253, 262, 274, 278, 280, 295, 304,

315, 317, 330, 336, 349, 351

Gallium 92 Gold 107, 108, 114, 149, 155, 172, 281, 295, 350, 351

Indium 92, 175

Iron 6, 18, 21, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 41, 45, 58, 75, 84, 93, 161, 178, 197, 215, 216, 262, 278, 315 Lead 30, 31, 35, 36, 41, 55, 77, 79, 124, 146, 154, 155,

175, 215, 246, 262, 279, 295, 326, 327, 349, 351

Lithium 32, 112, 175, 346, 347

Magnesium 4, 14, 22, 32, 45, 47, 50, 53, 57, 58, 60, 69,

70, 71, 75, 77, 90, 119, 122, 123, 124, 129, 131, 133,

135, 136, 140, 143, 154, 155, 165, 167, 168, 173, 178,

187, 199, 215, 216, 274, 276, 286, 290, 292, 295, 301,

303, 319, 320, 323, 325, 336, 344

Manganese 6, 24, 32, 35, 36, 38, 84, 124, 154, 155, 175,

178, 215, 231, 274, 287, 292, 295, 315

Mercury 20, 51, 86, 113, 134, 154, 155, 156, 169, 200,

201, 204, 205, 217, 228, 229, 239, 258, 298, 327, 333,

341, 342, 343

129
Molybdenum 61, 63

Nickel 7, 31, 32, 35, 36, 84, 150, 154, 215, 244, 273, 274,

295, 315, 327, 351 Niobium 85 Palladium 83, 107, 108, 172, 278, 281, 350

Platinum 107, 108, 172, 281, 295, 350

Potassium 45, 58, 60, 75, 93, 121, 122, 175, 184, 216,

231, 232, 292, 293, 324 Rare earths 203, 266, 348 Rhenium 85 Rhodium 107, 108, 172, 281, 295, 350

Rubidium 32, 215, 232, 284

Scandium 85 Selenium 235

Silver 25, 26, 41, 54, 77, 98, 107, 108, 114, 148, 172,

237, 238, 262, 278, 295, 334, 335, 336, 351 Sodium 32, 36, 39, 45, 58, 60, 72, 75, 77, 93, 121, 122,

184, 216, 221, 232, 233, 243, 254, 292, 300, 324, 333

Strontium 23, 32, 61, 64, 68, 154, 175 Thallium 92, 154, 175 Tin 1 Titanium 85, 175, 271 Thorium 155 Uranium 110, 135, 290

Vanadium 85, 271 Yttrium 85

Zinc 10, 27, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 57, 58, 77, 82, 84, 88,

94, 100, 102, 103, 129, 132, 154, 155, 178, 211, 212,

214, 231, 253, 262, 295, 302, 317, 327, 336, 349

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2. 2. Hollow Cathode Discharge Tubes

The emission sources producing narrow lines

which can be used in the atomic absorption procedure are in general of the low pressure discharge type, such as hollow cathode lamps or metal vapor discharge tubes. Since discharge

lamps constitute an indispensable element of

the atomic absorption procedure discussed

foregoing, it was considered desirable to provide the interested worker with some information on those lamps. The 87 references

covering the subject are assembled in this sec- tion and are indexed under various headings.

The general properties of electrical discharges

in gases are lucidly discussed by Penning in a

brief monograph (ref. 57), and this work will

constitute an excellent introduction for the un- derstanding of the phenomena occurring in

hollow cathode discharges. A detailed discussion of hollow cathode geometry will be found

in references 84 and 87, and in this last refer- ence the characteristics of a nearly spherical

hollow cathode of original design are examined.

The description of various types of hollow

cathode tubes is given in the 34 papers indexed

in "Instrumental," while specific discharge

tubes used in conjunction with the atomic absorption instrumentation are described in ref- erences 13, 31, 47, 66, 78, and 81. A certain number of papers on analytical applications of hollow cathode tubes are also indexed in this section, although the discharge

tubes have not been used in conjunction with an atomic absorption procedure. These refer- ences are included here since they should constitute a source of useful information on the

general properties and handling procedures of

discharge tubes.

Subject Index

Discharge parameters and mechanism 25, 44, 50, 53, 56, 57, 60, 66, 67, 76, 77, 83, 84, 87 Instrumental 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 24, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 51, 54, 62, 65, 68, 69,

70, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 85

Discharge tubes for atomic absorption 13, 31, 47, 66,

78, 81 Analytical applications 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 48, 49, 51, 52, 55, 58,

59, 61, 63, 64, 65, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75, 85, 86 A

1. Ahmad, C. N. Note on glow discharge techniques

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B

3. Becart, M., G. Deprez, J. Roig. Production of spark lines from a hollow cathode tube oper- ating on pulses. Spectrochim. Acta Suppl.

1957, 342-349. C.A. 54, 1062 (1960).

4. Berezin, I. A. Determination of sulfur and halo- gens in solutions with the aid of a hollow

cathode. Zavodsk. Lab. 27, 859-861 (1961). C.A. 56, 14913 (1962).

5. Berezin, I. A. Distribution of spectral line in- tensities in the hollow cathode. Opt. i Spektroskopiya 13, 850-851 (1962). Opt. Spectry.

(USSR) 13, 483 (1962).

6. Berezin, I. A. Spectral line intensity distribution

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1964, 60-62. C.A. 61, 15331 (1964).

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8. Berezin, I. A., G. N. Yanovskaya. Excitation of iodine in a hollow cathode. Opt. i Spektroskopiya 14, 23-28 (1963). C.A. 58, 7503

(1963).

9. Birks, F. T. The application of the hollow-cathode

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12 (1954).

10. Bogdanova, I. P., Gi-Tkhek Chen. Concentration

of excited neon atoms during the discharge in a hollow cathode. Opt. i Spektroskopiya 2, 681-688 (1957). C.A. 51, 17400 (1957).

11. Bradley, D. J. Anomalous spectral intensity modification in a hollow-cathode discharge. Nature 194, 967 (1962). C.A. 57, 6750 (1962).

12. Brody, J. K. Spectrochemical research in an

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13. Burger, J. C., W. Gillies, G. K. Yamasaki. Per- formance characteristics of hollow-cathode discharge devices for atomic absorption spec- troscopy. Westinsrhouse Electric Corp. Report ETD-6403. Electronic Tube Div. Elmira,

New York. Sept. 1964. c

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D

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H

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143

3. Electrical Discharges Having the Aspect of Combustion Flames

3. 1. The Radio-Frequency Discharge

The references collected in this section pertain to works on radio-frequency (RF) discharges which can be used as excitation sources

in analytical spectroscopy. Although these

sources draw the energy from an electrical field rather than from a combustion reaction, they

are assembled here since the aspect of the discharge is quite similar to that of a combustion

flame. Furthermore the methods used in supplying a combustion flame with the analytical

sample solution can also be used to supply the

RF discharge. The RF discharge can be produced in closed vessels at various pressures or

in the open at atmospheric pressures and in a

variety of gases.

Excitation of the spectral emission of gases

under low pressure by the action of radio-frequency fields has a long history, dating approximately from the invention of the Tesla coil. One

of the earliest published studies concerning the

RF excitation of gases was made by J. J. Thompson (130). The use of this discharge to produce spectral excitation of various solid or

gaseous chemical species followed later through

the works of Dunoyer (39-41), Bloch and

Bloch (12), Vaudet (140), and Winans (148).

Excitation by the Tesla coil was adapted to practical spectrochemical analysis by Gerlach

and Schweitzer in 1931 (55). Further extensions of the technique were made in 1933 by

Potapenko (103) and Goroncy and Urban (57),

employing tube-driven, undamped oscillators. In 1941 Fenner (45) used an electrodeless discharge tube for the quantitative determination

of traces of Cd in Se and of Hg in various

gases. The sample in the evacuated tube was

excited by a high-frequency generator producing a wavelength of 6 m. The application of RF excitation to gases at low pressure, and to relatively volatile solids, was given further impetus by the work of Meggers (82) on monochromatic emissions as an

ultimate standard of length. Further contributions have been made by Gatterer (50-53), who

succeeded in exciting and determining the halogens, S, and Se in various samples containing

as little as 0.001 percent. He used for this

purpose a generator producing a discharge of

40 to 100 MHz with an output at the sample

tube of 600 W. A similar discharge has been

used by Tomkins and Fred (132) for the determination of D2 in heavy water.

The method continues to be refined, adapted,

and applied, as evidenced by the work of Zelikoff et al. (150) on the excitation of the vapors

of Pb, In, Ga, Sb, Bi, Hg, Cd, Tl, Zn, Ca, and

Ba. Keller and Smith (67) used a 40-MHz

discharge to excite and determine CI, Br, and I at the level of 0.001 percent. A similar discharge was employed by Broida and Morgan

(18) to analyze hydrogen-deuterium mixtures

in the presence of air by exciting the gaseous

sample contained in an electrodeless tube with

a 150-MHz oscillator.

Corliss et al. (27) have succeeded in exciting

the volatile halides of relatively involatile

metals such as Be, Ti, Fe, Ni, Cu, Mo, U; and

Tomkins and Fred (133) produced the spectra

of rare earths and some heavy metals present

as vapors of the halides. The need in optical

pumping experiments for intense spectral lines

free of self-reversal occasions continued interest in electrodeless RF discharge tubes with

alkali metal fillings (10, 54). Electrodeless

discharges for the analysis of gases have been

extensively explored and exploited by Gatterer

and Frodl (53), White (146), White and Lovelace (147), Ishida (63), Frisch and Schreider

(48), and Stolov (125).

More recently, Chakrabarti et al. (23, 24)

have studied the emission spectra of N2 , H2 , NH3 , and that of mixtures of A-C02 excited in

RF fields. An excellent review paper on RF

discharges in gases has been published by

Morgan (99), and covers this field up to 1953

with 70 references.

Radio-frequency discharges of flamelike appearance occurring at atmospheric pressure can also be produced by using a suitable portion

of an RF circuit (60). Asami and Hori have

described the spectrum produced by the discharge in air (2). A description of the excitation of samples in solution by an RF discharge

was made in 1954 (79). Fundamental contributions to the field of RF discharges were made

by Grigorovici and Cristescu who investigated

the conditions for the production of the discharge, its temperature, and various electrical

parameters, in several publications (28 to 35,

58, 59). Further experimental developments

of the method have been made by Badarau et

al. (7), who introduced the sample solution, as an aspirated aerosol, into the discharge in air

and excited lines of the elements: Al, Ba, Be,

B, Ce, Cs, Fe, Pb, K, Sn, V, and Zn. Korolev

and Zheenbaev (70-72) have investigated the

sensitivity of excitation of the elements Na, K,

and Li. Using excitation sources similar to the one described by Scholz (121), Yamamoto and

Murayama have examined the excitation of Ca

145
and Mg (149), and Dunnken et al. (37, 38)

that of Ca, Sr, Ba, Mn, and Cr. In both cases nitrogen and air were used as carrier gases.

Zheenbaev (151-153) has demonstrated an improved sensitivity, obtained by hydrodynamic

compression of the discharge, in the detection

of a number of elements.

Apparatus designed specifically for the production of the RF brush discharge, for which

the designation "Electronic Torch" has been

generally applied, was developed by Cobine and

Wilbur (25, 26); this source is magnetronpowered. A similar magnetron-driven apparatus has been described by Schmidt (120).

Scholz (121) has described a "HochfrequenzPlasma-Flamme," powered by a triode oscillator

tube, and employing a tubular-shaped "burner"

through which a gas stream is passed for lo- calizing and stabilizing the discharge.

The 154 references are distributed in the index under "Discharges in Closed Vessels at Various Pressures" and "Discharges at Atmospheric Pressure."

Subject Index

Discharges in closed vessels at various pressures 1, 3, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 27, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42,

43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 63, 65, 67,

68, 69, 77, 78, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,

93, 95, 99, 108, 110, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123, 124,

125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138,

139, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 150, 154

Discharges at atmospheric pressure 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 44, 47, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62,

64, 66, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 79, 80, 81, 84, 94,

96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109,

111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 120, 121, 122, 129, 131, 135,

141, 144, 145, 149, 151, 152, 153 A

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34, 1252 (1940).

3. Atkinson, R. J., G. D. Chapman, L. Krause. Light sources for the excitation of atomic resonance fluorescence in potassium and

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B

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CA. 46, 3902 (1952).

c

20. van Calker, J. Spectral excitation in high-frequency plasma flames. Colloq. Spectros. Intern., '9th, Lyons, 1961, 2, 48-59 (1962). CA.

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22. Cannon. H. R. A study of an induction-coupled

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Thesis, Air Force Institute of Technology,

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23. Chakrabarti, C. L., R. J. Magee, C. L. Wilson.

Emission spectra from high frequency excitation. The spectra of nitrogen, hydrogen

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CA. 56, 13682 (1962).

24. Chakrabarti, C. L., R. J. Magee, C. L. Wilson.

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25. Cobine, J. D., D. A. Wilbur. The electronic torch and related high frequency phenomena. J.i Appl. Phys. 22, 835-841 (1951).

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27. Corliss, C. H., W. R. Bozman, F. O. Westfall;

146
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28. Cristescu, G. A new type of electrical discharge

as spectral source with variable excitation.

Bull. Inst. Politechnic Bucuresti 22, 13-17

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(USSR) (English Transl.) 11, 229-230

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30. Cristescu, G. D., R. Grigorovici. Temperature

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31. Cristescu, G., R. Grigorovici. Optical temperature determinations in the high-frequency

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32. Cristescu, G., R. Grigorovici. Investigation on

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33. Cristescu, G., R. Grigorovici. Investigation on

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37. Dunken, H., W. Mikkeleit, W. Kniesche. Use of a high frequency torch discharge as an excitation source for spectroanalysis of solu- tions. Acta Chim. Acad. Sci. Hung. 33, No.

1, 67-76 (1962). C.A. 58, 3876 (1963).

38. Dunken, H., G. Pforr, W. Mikkeleit. Plasma

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39. Dunoyer, L. Induction spectra of rubidium.

Compt. Rend. 173, 472-474 (1921). C.A. 16, 20 (1922).

40. Dunoyer, L. Researches on the luminescence of gas in the electrodeless discharge. The in- duction spectrum of cesium and rubidium.

J. Phys. 3, 261-292 (1922). C.A. 17, 685

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41. Dunoyer, L. Induction spectra and spark spectra. Compt. Rend. 176, 953-955, 1213-1214

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45. Fenner, E. Use of electrodeless ring discharge

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147
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3. 2. Plasma Arcs

Another excitation source which takes its energy from an electrical discharge and has a shape similar to that of a combustion flame is the plasma arc. This source is produced when

an electric arc is forced to pass through a nar- row hole made in an appropriate material

cooled with water. An inert gas is used in the

process, and the same gas can be employed in

conjunction with a pneumatic atomizer to in- troduce into the plasma arc the analytical sample solution. Although this type of discharge was known since 1922 (19, 20) , and some of its

spectroscopic properties were investigated

earlier (19, 46), its use as an excitation source

in analytical spectroscopy was studied only during the last years, major contributions to this

field originating from the Spectrochemical Section of the National Bureau of Standards (48

to 51, 74). A discussion of the characteristics

of the plasma jet spectroscopic source was

given in 1958 (49) and published in 1959 (50).!

A similar study was published in USSR (34 to 36 and 84 to 86) in 1959.

The reader will find in this section, in addi- 1

150
tion to works on plasma arcs, several works on

the atomic hydrogen flame (6, 7, 12, 17, 26, 38,

39, 75) together with laser excitation (13, 14,

32) sources, since these sources are also plasma

generators.

Subject Index

Characteristics of the discharge 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 15,

17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 33, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 54, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71,

75, 77, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 93, 94

Instrumental 11, 12, 13, 14, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 26, 28,

38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 57, 59, 60, 66, 71, 72,

73, 74, 76, 77, 80, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 98

Analytical applications 1, 10, 16, 19, 24, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70,

72, 74, 76, 78, 79, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 92, 98

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61, 3664 (1964).

2. Anonymous. Plasma source gives controlled temperature. Chem. Eng. News 45, 85 (1964).

3. Attard, M. C. Electron temperatures in flame

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B

4. Bariaud, A., M. Korman, P. Lecoustey, J. Lelegard,

H. Luc, J. Tachon. A study of a transmission

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J. Nucl. Energy Pt. C 4, 243-252 (1962). C.A. 59, 5998 (1963).

5. Beguin, C. P., A. S. Kanaan, J. L. Margrave.

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(1964).

6. van den Bold, H. J. The flame of atomic hydrogen

and its application to the determination of

transition probabilities. 96 pp. Thesis, Univ.

of Utrecht. JN. V. IN oord-rloiiandscne uitgevers Maatschappij, Amsterdam, 1945 C.A. 41, 1924 (1947).

7. van den Bold, H. J., J. A. Smit. Optical investigations of an atomic hydrogen flame. Physica

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8. Cabannes, F., J. Chapelle, S. Alassane. Contin- uous emission spectrum of an argon plasma

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11. Collongues, R. Production of high temperatures

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D

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3. 3. Arc-and-Spark-in-Flame

The capabilities of a combustion flame to produce radiations from chemical species which are

difficult to excite can be increased by the superposition of an electrical discharge such as an arc or a spark. Early spectroscopic observations

with a spark-in-flame source were described in

1922 by Greinacher (ref. 4) while Roche (ref.

20) examined the possibilities of using the

spark-in-flame as an excitation source in analytical spectroscopy, and investigated its application to the determination of Fe, Mn, Cr, Ca,

Sr, Ba, and Zn. An arc-in-flame was used by

Southgate in an attempt to increase the temperature of a combustion flame (ref. 24).

Further use of spark-in-flame arrangements as

excitation sources in analytical spectroscopy was described also by Hultgren (ref. 5), and a

detailed discussion of the instrumentation and

results which can be obtained with such a source was given by Straub in his doctoral thesis (ref.

25).

More recently, Lawton and associates have

described an interesting arc-in-flame source

(ref. 11) which has not yet been used as a spectral analytical excitation source (see also refs.

9, 10, and 13). Further information on the

properties of spark-in-flame sources will be

found in the 26 references assembled in this section.

C

1. Carricabu.ru, P. Investigations on electric dis- charges in flames and their application to spectral analysis. Bull. Mem. Ecole Prep.

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5. Hultgren, R. The spark-in-flame method of spec- trographic analysis and a study of the mutual

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8. Karlowitz, B. U.S.A. patent application 663065,

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15. Lundegdrdh, H., T. Philipson. The spark-in-flame

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16. Norinder, E. Determination of cations in whole

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[•|23. Sanchez Serrano, E., L. Jimeno-Martln. Auxiliary ionization in spectrochemistry. II. By

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ral

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