U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Phillips Petroleum Chemical 

Plant Explosion and Fire

Pasadena, Texas

USFA-TR-035/October 1989

U.S. Fire Administration Fire Investigations Program

T

he U.S. Fire Administration develops reports on selected major fires throughout the country. 

The fires usually involve multiple deaths or a large loss of property. But the primary criterion 

for deciding to do a report is whether it will result in significant “lessons learned.” In some 

cases these lessons bring to light new knowledge about fire--the effect of building construction or 

contents, human behavior in fire, etc. In other cases, the lessons are not new but are serious enough 

to highlight once again, with yet another fire tragedy report. In some cases, special reports are developed to discuss events, drills, or new technologies which are of interest to the fire service.

The reports are sent to fire magazines and are distributed at National and Regional fire meetings. The 

International Association of Fire Chiefs assists the USFA in disseminating the findings throughout the 

fire service. On a continuing basis the reports are available on request from the USFA; announcements of their availability are published widely in fire journals and newsletters.

This body of work provides detailed information on the nature of the fire problem for policymakers 

who must decide on allocations of resources between fire and other pressing problems, and within 

the fire service to improve codes and code enforcement, training, public fire education, building 

technology, and other related areas.

The Fire Administration, which has no regulatory authority, sends an experienced fire investigator 

into a community after a major incident only after having conferred with the local fire authorities 

to insure that the assistance and presence of the USFA would be supportive and would in no way 

interfere with any review of the incident they are themselves conducting. The intent is not to arrive 

during the event or even immediately after, but rather after the dust settles, so that a complete and 

objective review of all the important aspects of the incident can be made. Local authorities review 

the USFA’s report while it is in draft. The USFA investigator or team is available to local authorities 

should they wish to request technical assistance for their own investigation.

This report and its recommendations were developed by USFA staff and by TriData Corporation, 

Arlington, Virginia, its staff and consultants, who are under contract to assist the USFA in carrying 

out the Fire Reports Program.

The USFA appreciates the cooperation and assistance received from Fire Marshal J.J. Pruitt of Harris 

County, Chief Jay Goyer of the Pasadena Fire Department, Brigade Chief Jesse Berotte of Phillips 66 and 

members of their staffs, as well as Doug Miller (with Aristech Chemical Corporation), Chairperson 

of Channel Industries Mutual Aid.

For additional copies of this report write to the U.S. Fire Administration, 16825 South Seton Avenue, 

Emmitsburg, Maryland 21727. The report is available on the Administration’s Web site at http://

www.usfa.dhs.gov/

Phillips Petroleum Chemical Plant

Explosion and Fire

Pasadena, Texas

Investigated by: Jack Yates

This is Report 035 of the Major Fires Investigation Project conducted

by TriData Corporation under contract EMW-88-C-2649 to the United

States Fire Administration, Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Department of Homeland Security

United States Fire Administration

National Fire Data Center

U.S. Fire Administration

Mission Statement

As an entity of the Department of Homeland 

Security, the mission of the USFA is to reduce life and economic losses due to fire 

and related emergencies, through leadership, advocacy, coordination, and support. 

We serve the Nation independently, in coordination with other Federal agencies, 

and in partnership with fire protection and 

emergency service communities. With a 

commitment to excellence, we provide public education, training, technology, and data 

initiatives.

Table of Contents

OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

THE FIRE AND EXPLOSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

BUILDING STRUCTURE SPRINKLER SYSTEM AND ALARM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

CHANNEL INDUSTRIES MUTUAL AID ORGANIZATION AND INCIDENT COMMAND. . . . . . 3

TRIAGE AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (EMS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AWARENESS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ENCLAVE VS. FIRE DEPARTMENT’S RIGHT TO KNOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

LESSONS LEARNED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Appendix A: Site Plan and Map of Area Affected by the Explosion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Appendix B: CIMA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Appendix C: CIMA Zone List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Appendix D: CIMA – List of organizations responding to the Phillips explosion/fire. . . . . . 59

Appendix E: SARA Title III – Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know. . . . . . 61

Appendix F: List of Slides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

1

Phillips Petroleum Chemical Plant Explosion and Fire

Pasadena, Texas

october 23, 1989

Local Contacts: J.J. Pruitt, Fire Marshal

S.A. Lawson, Assistant Fire Marshal

Richard Bailey, Chief Investigator

Staff of Harris County Fire Marshal’s Office

1721 Peck Road, Suite 300

Houston, Texas 77053

J.S. (Jay) Goyer, Chief

Pasadena Fire Department

112 North Walter

Pasadena, Texas 77506

Jesse Berotte, Brigade Chief

Phillips 66 Company

P.O. Box 792

Pasadena, Texas 77501

Doug Miller, Chairperson

Channel Industries Mutual Aid

c/o Aristech Chemical Corporation

8811 Strang Road

La Porte, Texas 77571

O

During the course of operations at the Phillips Petroleum Houston Chemical Complex in Pasadena, 

Texas, on October 23, 1989, an explosion and ensuing fire occurred which resulted in 23 known 

dead and one missing. In addition, more than 100 other people were injured in varying degrees. 

Metal and concrete debris was found as far as six miles away following the explosion.

Information available at the time of this report indicated that there was a failure in either a line or 

valve which carried ethylene and/or isobutene. The line was reported as being approximately 10 

inches in diameter and possibly carrying as much as 700 pounds per square inch pressure. It is not 

known if a mechanical failure took place or if human error was a factor. Regardless, a failure of a 

high pressure line carrying these types of flammable products can create a large, enveloping, explosive cloud within seconds.
2 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Information from witnesses indicates that a vapor cloud developed very quickly and that workers 

had approximately 60 to 90 seconds to evacuate. Potential ignition sources were all over the plant, 

including ventilation fans, electrical switches, and gas burn-off flames throughout the work area. 

The exact ignition source may never be known.

Early estimates of rebuilding efforts indicated that costs could run to four or five hundred million 

dollars and rebuilding may take as long as two years.

The key issues in this fire are summarized in the table on the following pages.

THE FIRE AnD EXPloSIon

The Phillips Petroleum chemical plant lies in an unincorporated corner of Harris County, Texas, near 

Pasadena. It is southeast of Houston, along a shipping channel. At about 1300 hours on October 23, 

1989, the volunteer chief of the Pasadena, Texas, Fire Department, J.S. Goyer, was at his place of full-time 

employment, GATX Terminal, approximately one mile from the Phillips chemical plant, when the plant 

blew up. The blast was so great that Chief Goyer thought his own facility had blown up. Upon running 

outside, he saw the fire at the Phillips plant. He immediately radioed the Pasadena Fire Department to 

respond as they are not only members of the area-wide mutual aid association, the Channel Industries 

Mutual Aid (CIMA), but are also contracted with Phillips for fire protection. Because the GATX terminal is a CIMA member, Goyer was also immediately aware that an all-out CIMA Zone 2 alert had been 

made. Chief Goyer was an outside witness to the very early stages of the fire.

At the time of this report, plant and fire officials had not made a final determination as to exactly 

what may have been the cause, but it was thought to have been a failure in a high pressure 10-inch 

line carrying flammable products. Reportedly the line carried 700 PSI and the flammable vapor 

very quickly enveloped a large area where multiple ignition sources were available. It is unknown if 

failure occurred through human error or was a mechanical breakdown. Regardless, the magnitude 

of the failure in this type of environment virtually eliminated use of evacuation plans and in-house 

emergency response crews, as the explosion occurred within seconds of the leak.

Cooling water from fire apparatus was being trained onto the area within minutes, but the intensity 

and fuel load were such that the responders were only able to contain the fire and allow the fuel from 

within to be consumed. The CIMA chairperson stated that although the fire continued to burn for 

several hours, they had control of the fire by approximately 1900 hours.

B

The Pasadena, Texas, Phillips chemical facility was a multi-level structure with the highest tower 

being approximately 14 stories. There were heavy concrete and steel reinforced buildings within the 

mesh of pipes and beams that were the outer part of the facility. To the layperson the facility would 

have looked similar to an oil refinery. This facility, however, produced plastics used in a wide variety 

of items – approximately one third of the plastics of this type used worldwide.

Within the 800-acre Phillips property the area directly involved in the explosion/fire was approximately 500 feet by 750 feet. Workers were present throughout this area at the time of the blast. In 

addition, the blast wave did major structural damage to other structures around the complex, some 

that were over a quarter mile away. The structure where the blast occurred did have an automatic 

sprinkler system as well as an alarm system. However, the sprinkler system was rendered useless by 

the explosion, which was measured at 3.5 on the Richter Scale at Rice University approximately 25 

miles away. It was estimated to be 4.0 at the epicenter. 
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 3

SUMMARY oF KEY ISSUES

Issues Comments

Cause of Explosion/Fire Unknown whether human or mechanical failure. A 10-inch high pressure line carrying 

ethylene and/or isobutene emitted a flammable vapor cloud into a hostile environment.

Detection and Alarm Loud roaring noise accompanied by the vapor cloud was immediately heard and seen by 

workers. An alarm was sounded, but the explosion occurred within 60 to 90 seconds of 

detection.

Building Structure Multi-story structure encompassing several acres, primarily of metal construction. 

Material carried through the pipes within the structure was for the making of plastic 

pellets.

Sprinkler System Building/structures were equipped with sprinkler systems; however, the force of the 

explosion severed water supplies for the systems.

Evacuation Because explosion/fire occurred almost immediately, planned evacuation routes were not 

much help. Personnel simply fled the structure in all directions.

Incident Command CIMA had a pre-fire plan that worked extremely well in all phases.

Casualties Twenty-three people are known to have been killed. One was still missing at the time of 

this report. Well in excess of 100 were injured in varying degrees.

Fire Department’s Right to Know Responding departments were all members of CIMA. CIMA strictly adheres to Superfund 

Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) Title III and their own strict guidelines that 

state all member companies must have an open door policy.

Enclave Although this plant’s location was in an unincorporated area, it still fell under the ruling 

law for both the State of Texas and the city of Pasadena.

An alarm was sounded, but reports indicate it sounded only seconds before the first explosion 

occurred. This reduced the evacuation plan to basically running for your life in any direction away 

from the explosion.

There were additional explosions after the first large explosion due to the numerous pipes and tubes 

that had gases trapped in them.

The Phillips plant was serviced by one primary two-way north/south road that circled through other 

parts of the industrial area. In addition, there were smaller back roads into the plant facilities. The 

north area of the Phillips facility was along the Houston Ship Channel. There also was a large berm 

built on the west side of the plant which absorbed and diverted much of the shock wave moving in 

that direction.

CHAnnEl InDUSTRIES MUTUAl AID oRGAnIZATIon AnD InCIDEnT CoMMAnD

In order to discuss the response to this explosion/fire by emergency personnel, one must first have 

an understanding of the CIMA organization. CIMA’s purpose is to assemble firefighting, rescue, 

and first aid staffing power and facilities among the industries along the Houston Ship Channel to 

respond to emergencies such as this.

Each member of CIMA has its own in-house fire brigade and emergency response crew trained to handle most of its own emergencies. They may, in addition, have enough staffing power and equipment to 

give aid to others. Created in 1995, CIMA has sponsored a major disaster drill every year, training over 

and over so that participants come to know each other and complex actions become routine.
4 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

CIMA expects each participating company to reserve enough staffing power and equipment to care 

for its own facilities before it releases anything to an outside emergency.

The history and description of CIMA are outlined in Appendix B, pp. 1-31. Membership is extensive 

even though the criteria for gaining membership is demanding and strictly upheld. CIMA companies are divided into four zones.

In this explosion/fire, a Zone 2 all-out call was given. The initial was made by Phillips Chemical 

on the CIMA radio network and the classification of the alert was made by the CIMA chairperson. 

This meant that Zones 1, 3, and 4 were left intact. Even so, approximately 87 fire organizations 

responded. As the blast knocked out the existing water supply, CIMA brought in two 4,000 GPM 

pumpers plus a 5,000 GPM jet pumper and had these operational within minutes of the explosion/

fire. They drafted from freshwater reservoirs and then laid over 12 miles of 5-1/2 inch line to supply 

water to suppression apparatus.

The CIMA organizational guide states that officials of member plants normally will be responsible for 

directing firefighting or emergency activities in their plant; in unusual situations they can request the 

CIMA Special Group to direct activities. In this particular case, the Phillips brigade chief did direct 

activities and was the field command post. The CIMA chairperson set up the central command post, 

which in turn set up the mutual aid assistance function, which set the staging area where all responding 

mutual aid equipment and personnel were kept until called for. Central command established communication links with mutual aid agencies by radio or telephone using the pre-fire plan information.

TRIAGE AnD EMERGEnCY MEDICAl SERVICES (EMS)

The CIMA Central Command Post alerted various EMS through the mutual aid network. Chief Goyer 

stated that, as the Pasadena chief and the contractor to Phillips, he knew they would need large scale 

transportation of those injured. Part of the pre-fire planning was for Pasadena school buses to be 

used, and he immediately alerted the schools of the impeding need. Accordingly, in addition to EMS 

ambulances and helicopter evacuations, they had the buses. Chief Goyer stated that even though 

there were in excess of 100 injured, there was never a problem with transporting them to area hospitals. There were also enough hospital facilities available so there was not an overload at any one 

facility. Some of those more critically burned were life flighted to burn specialty units.

EnVIRonMEnTAl IMPACT AWAREnESS

Both CIMA Chairperson L. Douglas Miller, and R.A. Wiederstein, Safety and Security Director for 

the Phillips plant, were aware of the fuels involved in the fire and knew there was no toxic problem 

with the smoke being emitted at the time. However, as a precaution, they had gone to a Level 2 

Community Awareness Emergency Response (CAER) Alert. Under CIMA’s classification of alerts, this 

was a Standby Alert, indicating that an industrial accident is in progress but appears it can be handled 

within the boundaries of the facility. However, outside areas could be affected. Accordingly, CIMA 

was prepared to handle an outside alert if needed. Results of smoke samples that were taken during 

the fire by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) or others were unknown at 

the time of this report.

EnClAVE VS. FIRE DEPARTMEnT’S RIGHT To KnoW

At the onset of this investigation, the question of whether an enclave existed with this plant’s location 

or not was a matter of concern, specifically in dealing with the responding fire departments’ rightto-know what possible dangers existed.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 5

The property that the Phillips Chemical Plant was on had been classified as unincorporated. The 

location was such that it fell into the Pasadena, Texas, city limits. Plants such as Phillips may opt to 

remain unincorporated for tax purposes, but by getting lower taxes they may not receive the full 

complement of services as taxpayers would. Large industrial facilities routinely agree to such status 

and know they will have to provide their own security, fire department, water, and sanitation along 

with other amenities.

It is also routine that these type facilities will in turn contract with the city for various services such 

as the fire department.

Mr. J.J. Pruitt, Fire Marshal for Harris County, noted that even though such plants may be in unincorporated areas, they are still subject to inspection at any time by his office or a CIMA inspector. All 

companies in Harris County are made aware of SARA Title III if there is ever a problem with inspections or in determining if any hazardous substances exist. Item number 3 of the SARA Title III states 

the “facilities must report information about the amounts, location, and effects of hazardous materials being used or stored. This information must be reported to local emergency planning committees (LEPC) and the local fire department.” As a member of CIMA, the Phillips plant cooperated in 

letting CIMA be aware of its products. Uncertainty about the chemicals present did not appear to be 

an issue in this fire.

L

1. Having a comprehensive pre-emergency plan is of great value.

There was rapid, knowledgeable response following the explosion. Unfortunately, most of the 

damage and death toll was immediate, but the response to this disaster was about as effective 

as could be hoped. The guidelines and procedures set out by the CIMA handbook have been 

tried and tested. CIMA exemplifies what communications and cooperative efforts can do. This 

organization realizes it is not without fault, but it is quick to analyze after each emergency and 

correct whatever may have arisen.

2. The use of a field command post along with a central command post made possible wellcoordinated response management in a major emergency.

CIMA’s guidelines state that the distressed company’s officials are the ones in charge of actual 

suppression and emergency details within the boundaries of the facility. CIMA, upon arrival, 

is there to provide coordinated assistance, information, and recommendations as needed. The 

company official in charge is designated as the field command post and the CIMA chairperson 

becomes the central command post. This may be viewed as dual command, but in a large scale 

disaster such as this, single command can be overwhelming. This form of Incident Command 

has worked well, at least in the highly cooperative and professional environment of the CIMA.

3. Accessibility for inspections allows responding fire departments to have full knowledge of 

contents and possible dangers involved.

As part of the prerequisite for becoming a CIMA member, each company must agree to cooperate totally with authorized inspectors of the CIMA Inspection Officers. There is no conflict 

of interest involved since the inspectors will be from other plants. Since this type of industry 

is highly specialized and complex, there are not many who are better trained to inspect than 

engineers and safety officers from similar work areas. These are the same people that will be 

responding to emergencies and will therefore exercise the utmost care to protect themselves and 
6 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

their units. Most city and county fire inspectors are not versed enough in this type of industrial 

technology to make adequate inspections.

4. The separate staging area under the command of the central post was very helpful for the 

quick response of apparatus, equipment, triage, and as a rest and relief area.

By having the Central Post coordinate this area, the suppression and rescue operations could be 

handled with the fire line being cluttered with unneeded personnel. When a need for further 

assistance arose, it was met by Field Command notifying Central Post who, in turn, called staging for whatever was needed.

5. Availability of specialists in chemical fires and hazardous materials (Hazmat) incidents are 

a necessity for large industrial areas such as the Houston Ship Channel.

The CIMA organization has appointed a group of specialists who are directed to respond to 

fire or emergency situations reported on the CIMA emergency radio network. These specialists 

have knowledge in areas such as chemical fire suppression and Hazmat spills or burns. They 

are required to respond to all alarms. The first arriving specialist is instructed to determine the 

needs, and to broadcast reports on the conditions to other responding specialists.

6. An efficient, successful suppression operation can inadvertently leave possible post-fire 

hazards from leftover pockets of unburned fuel.

During victim recovery operations pockets of remaining fuel were discovered in some pipes. 

This fuel had not been burned off because of the quick cooling of the pipes by suppression 

personnel and equipment. Fuel residues such as this can be ignited during overhaul procedures. 

Most likely, these will not cause extensive fires, but caution should be exercised if one is not sure 

that all fuels are depleted.

7. First responders should use caution in how close they get to hazardous areas during initial stages.

Although it is the responsibility of fire departments to contain and suppress a fire, they must also 

show caution in approaching an explosive area. First responders to this disaster stated that even 

outside the fence line their equipment was being rocked by blast waves. Throughout the entire 

suppression and recovery operation there were no injuries to emergency responding personnel. 

But if the gas cloud had lingered longer before being ignited and the response to the emergency 

call any faster, suppression units might have been caught in the explosion (as happened in a 

Henderson, Nevada, rocket fuel plant explosion in 1988).

8. Automated sprinkler protection systems should have main control valves and connections 

below ground level if possible.

In heavy industry such as the Phillips Chemical Complex, there is potential for explosions to 

occur. The explosion in this case did in fact sever above-ground connections to the sprinkler 

system. As great as this particular explosion was, it may have damaged even a protected system, 

but Phillips officials indicated that with any new plant design they would incorporate belowground-level sprinkler mains, valves, and connections as much as possible. The same design 

consideration applies to smaller industry or any circumstances where sprinklers could be damaged by an explosion.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 7

SUMMARY

In summary, the information obtained during the Phillips chemical plant explosion and fire proved 

that planning by emergency responding personnel was successful. The CIMA organization was in 

fact a very effective planned group of responders and industry experts.

While this type of industry can afford to use the best of equipment, the real heart of the organization 

is the willingness of volunteers to train and respond to these types of incidents. Training for these 

responders is on their own time as with most volunteer organizations. These responders just happen to work in heavy industry that by its nature has more exposure to emergencies than the average 

civilian area and they desire the best preparedness possible.

The CIMA organization can be used as a model volunteer organization. While its equipment list is 

hard to duplicate, its ideas, concepts, and spirit can certainly be emulated.
8

APPEnDICES

A. Site Plan and Map of Area Affected by the Explosion

B. CIMA (Describes conditions of membership, responsibilities, and procedures.)

C. CIMA Zone List – Zone 2 list of members and equipment. (This is the zone for Phillips.)

D. CIMA – List of organizations responding to the Phillips explosion/fire.

E. SARA Title III – Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know.

F. List of Slides
9

APPEnDIX A

Site Plan and Map of Area Affected by the Explosion
10 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix A (Continued)
11

APPEnDIX b

CIMA

Describes conditions of membership, responsibilities, and procedures

CHEMICAl InDUSTRIAl MUTUAl AID

(CIMA)

FoREWoRD

The object of this organization is the joining together of firefighting, rescue, and first aid staffing 

power and facilities among Houston Ship Channel industries for mutual assistance in case of emergency situations – either natural, man-made, or war.

Each company participating in this plan must reserve staffing power, material, and equipment for its 

own protection before releases can be made in an emergency. This matter is entirely the judgment 

of the management of each industry or plant. No company, therefore, is obligated by their staffing 

power and equipment listings in this manual. 
12 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

APPEnDIX b – TAblE oF ConTEnTS

BRIEF HISTORY & DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

PAST EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

CIMA OFFICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chairperson’s Duties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

First Vice Chairperson’s Duties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Second Vice Chairperson’s Duties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Treasurer’s Duties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Appointed Officers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Recording Secretary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Chief Inspection Officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Drill Officer-Assistant Drill Officer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Zone Representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

ELECTION OF OFFICERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

STEERING COMMITTEE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

MEETINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Zone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

VOTING PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ANNUAL AND ZONE DRILLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

PROBATIONARY STATUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

INSPECTION PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

New Members. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

General Membership Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Periodic Inspections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH ASSISTANCE WILL BE RENDERED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

CLASSIFICATION OF EMERGENCIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Not to be Reported on Emergency Radio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

To be Reported on Emergency Radio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Mutual Aid Frequency Radios (154.280). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Communications Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Daily Radio System Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 13

Response to calls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Communication Rules and Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

cima specialist group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

area of responsibility of members and cooperating agencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

liability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

reporting at stricken plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

receiving aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Requesting additional aid from other mutual aid organizations. . . . . . . . 32

responseto emergencies at non-member facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

reciprocal aid agreement with other mutual aid organizations

alongthetexas gulf coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Purpose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Definitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

CIMA EMERGENCY PLAN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

CIMA Chairperson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

First Vice-Chairperson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Second Vice-Chairperson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Specialists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

CIMA Assisting Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Company Representatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CIMA Control Center. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CIMA Command Post. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Fire Chief. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

CIMA Staging Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Company Escort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
14 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

B

T

he CIMA Organization was formed in 1955 under the name of the “Houston Ship Channel 

Industries Disaster Aid Organization.” In 1960 the name was changed to “Channel Industries 

Mutual Aid” (CIMA).

The object of the organization was at that time, and continues to be, the joining together of trained 

firefighting, rescue, and first aid staffing power and equipment among Houston Ship Channel 

Industries with a common goal of mutual assistance in case of emergency situations. IN short, CIMA 

is a firefighting cooperative.

Each company participating in the organization agrees to reserve staffing power, material, and 

equipment necessary to handle its own emergencies before releasing the same to other members of 

the organization. This philosophy holds true today and is entirely the judgment of each member 

company.

In 1982, the organization had grown to such size that no member company was capable of handling 

all of the responding equipment available from its associate members. At that time the organization was geographically divided into four zones to facilitate a more efficient operation during both 

emergency and non-emergency situations.

Today, CIMA’s membership has grown to approximately 106 members and includes industrial facilities, municipal fire departments, and agencies such as the U.S. Coast Guard, the Harris County 

Sheriff’s Department, and the Harris County Fire Marshal’s Office.

CIMA is governed by officers elected by its general membership. In addition to the officers of the 

organization, a steering committee helps guide the organization in its monthly business activities.

In 1984, the membership voted to charter the organization and in 1985, the State granted a 

charter.

To conclude, membership into the CIMA organization is open to any company or facility that can 

meet membership requirements and agrees to abide by the by-laws of the organization.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 15

PAST EXECUTIVE oFFICERS

Jan. 1987 Jack Oliphant

Shell DPMC

Deer Park

Hugh D. Billings

Hoechst Celanese

Clear Lake Plant

Doug Miller

Aristech Chemical Corp. 

LaPorte

Jan. 1986 R.L. Patrick

Lyondell Petrochemical

Channelview

Jack Oliphant

Shell DPMC

Deer Park

Hugh D. Billings

Celanese Chemical Co.

Clear Lake Plant

Jan. 1985 E.J. Riley

Exxon Co. USA

Baytown

R.L. Patrick

Lyondell Petrochemical

Channelview

Jack Oliphant

Shell DPMC

Deer Park

Jan. 1984 R. Crawley

Lubrizol

Deer Park

E.J. Riley

Exxon Co., USA

Baytown

R.L. Patrick

ARCO Chemical

Channelview

Jan. 1983 J. Garland

ARCO Refinery

Houston

R. Crawley

Lubrizol

Deer Park

E.J. Riley

Exxon Co., USA

Baytown

Jan. 1982 S.E. Anderson

Rohm and Haas Texas

Deer Park

J. Garland

ARCO Refinery

Houston

R. Crawley

Lubrizol

Deer Park

Jan. 1981 R.G. McNeely

El Paso Products

Bayport

J.E. Anderson

Rohm and Haas Texas

Deer Park

J. Garland

Arco Refinery

Houston

Jan. 1980 A.H. Slaughter

Lubrizol

Deer Park

R.G. McNeeley

Rexene

Bayport

Jack Coe

Soltex Polymer

LaPorte

(J. Garland finished the unexpired 

term when Mr. Coe transferred.)

Jan. 1979 J.H. Burns

Shell Oil

Deer Park

A.H. Slaughter

Lubrizol

Deer Park

W.E. Irby

Mobay Chemical

Baytown

Jan. 1978 D. Jenkins

ARCO Chemical

Channelview

J.H. Burns

Shell Oil

Deer Park

A.H. Slaughter

Lubrizol

Deer Park
16 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Jan. 1977 T.C. Gossett D. Jenkins W.R. Donaldson

Charter Int. Oil ARCO Chemical Upjohn

Houston Channelview LaPorte

Jan. 1974 E.E.Atteberry T.C. Gossett W.R. Donaldson

ARCO Chemical Charter Int. Oil Upjohn

Channelview Houston LaPorte

Jan. 1971 F. Sandlin E.E.Atteberry T.C. Gossett

Atlantic Richfield ARCO Chemical Charter Int. Oil

Houston Channelview Houston

July 1968 T.C. Smith F. Sandlin E.E.Atteberry

Humble Oil & Ref. Atlantic Richfield ARCO Chemical

Baytown Houston Channelview

July 1965 W.T. Crouse T.C. Smith F. Sandlin

Rohm and Haas Humble Oil & Ref. Atlantic Richfield

Deer Park Baytown Houston

July 1962 L.S. Buenger W.T. Crouse T.C. Smith

Diamond Alkali Rohm and Haas Humble Oil & Ref.

Deer Park Deer Park Baytown

July 1959 H.R. Cunningham L.S. Buenger K.M. McDonald

Ethyl Diamond Alkali Phillips Chemical

Pasadena Deer Park Pasadena

CIMA oFFICERS

The elected (Executive) officers of CIMA consist of a Chairperson, First Vice Chairperson, Second 

Vice Chairperson, and Treasurer.

Chairperson’s Duties

The Chairperson (or the First Vice Chairperson, in his/her absence) will serve as spokesperson for 

the group, handle all correspondence, call meetings, appoint specialists and steering committee 

members, and arrange practice drills. Assistance may be solicited from other officers and/or committees when needed.

The Chairperson will coordinate CIMA activities with other agencies or organizations and will see 

that current information is maintained on other Industrial Mutual Aid Organizations in the Texas/

Louisiana area.

The Chairperson will see that staffing power and material lists furnished by members are updated 

annually.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 17

First Vice Chairperson’s Duties

The First Vice Chairperson will assist the Chairperson in the performance of his/her duties and serve 

as Chairperson in his/her absence. He/she will update the CIMA map and coordinate the activities 

of the zone representatives.

Second Vice Chairperson’s Duties

The Second Vice Chairperson will handle all matters concerning radio communications and issuance 

of CIMA identification cards.

Treasurer’s Duties

The Treasurer shall receive all monies from all sources and shall be the custodian thereof. The 

Treasurer shall maintain records of receipts and disbursements of all fiscal assets of CIMA and shall 

make a report during the business session of each general meeting. The Chairperson shall direct an 

outside auditor to complete and submit to the Steering Committee an annual financial report during 

the month of December. All disbursements must be made by check and no disbursements shall be 

made unless authorized by one of the following:

a. Majority vote of the membership present at any general meeting.

b. Two/thirds (2/3) majority vote of the Steering Committee.

All checks must be signed by the Treasurer or Chairperson, or Vice Chairperson in the absence of the 

Chairperson.

The fiscal year for CIMA will begin October 1.

The Treasurer shall be bonded at the expense of CIMA.

Appointed Officers

The following officers, except zone representatives, shall be appointed by the Chairperson for a oneyear term. Zone representatives are appointed for staggered two-year terms.

Recording Secretary

Publish minutes of general and steering committee meetings, over the Chairperson’s signature, and 

perform similar duties at the direction of the Chairperson, including public relations, news releases, 

etc. Minutes of meetings, inspection reports, and other significant CIMA communication will be 

mailed to the senior manager of each member establishment, the CIMA Representative from that 

establishment, CIMA officers, specialists, and members of the Steering Committee.

Chief Inspection Officer

Coordinates inspection activities as outlined in inspection procedures.

Recommends individuals to the Chairperson for appointments to the zone inspection committees.

Drill Officer-Assistant Drill Officer

Plan and implement CIMA annual drills.
18 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

STEERInG CoMMITTEE

Zone Representatives

There will be two representatives for each zone. They will be nominated by the zone members and 

appointed by the Chairperson on alternate years for a two-year term. The outgoing representative 

will serve on the nominating committee for that year.

The representatives will coordinate and report minutes of meetings to zone members, officers, zone 

representatives, and specialists. His/her duties will include serving on the Steering Committee, as 

Chairperson of Zone meetings, coordinate training, communications, and drills within the zone.

ElECTIon oF oFFICERS

The office of Chairperson, First Vice Chairperson, Second Vice Chairperson, and Treasurer are designated as elected officers, each carrying a service term of one (1) year, with the exception of Treasurer 

whose term shall be three (3) years. Terms commence on January 1 of each year.

• If a Chairperson vacancy occurs during a term, the First Vice Chairperson will automatically 

assume the Chairpersonship.

• All vacancies in any offices below Chairperson will be filled by appointment from the 

Chairperson for the unexpired term.

The retiring Chairperson will automatically serve as Chairperson of the Steering Committee.

In June each year the Chairperson will appoint a nominating committee composed of the four outgoing zone representatives. The nominating committee will select nominees for each of the three 

offices. All prospects selected for these elections must be contacted by the nominating committee 

for their consent and the consent of their management.

The nominating committee will report at the August general membership meeting. Additional nominations will be taken from the floor at the general membership meeting. Subsequently, the recording 

secretary shall prepare and distribute, with the meeting minutes, a ballot presenting the names and 

establishment of all nominees for the three elected offices. Member establishments shall complete 

their ballot. The ballots will be submitted to the secretary by mail by October 1. The ballots shall be 

tallied by the secretary and the new officers will be announced at the October meeting. 

Newly elected officers will automatically assume their responsibilities on January 1, following their 

election without an installation ceremony. Official announcement of the newly elected officials will 

be made by letters from the outgoing Chairperson to all members of the group.

A Steering Committee shall provide recommendations to the membership concerning ways to 

strengthen and otherwise improve and maintain the capabilities of the CIMA organization. The 

immediate past chairperson of CIMA shall chair the Steering Committee. Meetings of the Steering 

Committee shall be held as needed. The Steering Committee shall be composed of the following:

• Immediate Past Chairperson

• Chairperson

• 1st Vice-Chairperson
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 19

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

2nd Vice-Chairperson

Zone Representatives

An individual from a member municipality within each zone

Chief Inspection Officer

Secretary

United States Coast Guard

Harris County Fire Marshal’s Office

Harris County Sheriff’s Department

Port of Houston

MEETInGS

General

Meetings of the membership shall be held bi-monthly. Meetings will be held at designated locations, and all members will be expected to participate on a host meeting team. A meeting notice and 

agenda will be sent to all members prior to the next meeting.

Zone

Each zone shall conduct a zone business/training meeting at least once per quarter.

Companies that wish to share experiences on fires or other safety incidents are encouraged to do so 

at the bi-monthly meetings. Further, the host company may offer a tour of their facility, following 

the regular business meetings.

Senior managers from the host meeting team are requested to attend the meetings, invited by special 

letter from the chairperson. In this way, senior management from member companies will remain 

conversant with the CIMA organization.

VoTInG PRoCEDURES

Voting on issues at CIMA meetings will be by show of hands of the designated representatives or 

alternate from each member establishment. A simple majority of those voting members present shall 

decide the issue. Secret ballots may be used at the discretion of the officers, or whenever requested 

from the floor and approved by a majority vote. When ballot voting is conducted, the Recording 

Secretary shall distribute a single ballot to each member establishment, and ensure a “one member 

– one vote” system.

Matters of organization, procedures, or policy must appear on the pre-published meeting agenda to 

be voted on at that meeting.

AnnUAl AnD ZonE DRIllS

The CIMA organization shall annually sponsor at least one practice drill. The Chairperson shall 

appoint a drill officer and an assistant drill officer who will plan and implement the drill with 
20 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

assistance from other members as they choose. The assistant drill officer will assume the drill officer position the following year, and a new assistant drill officer will be appointed by the incoming 

chairperson.

Each zone shall annually sponsor at least one zone practice drill, coordinated by the zone 

representatives.

ConDITIonS oF MEMbERSHIP

It is a basic premise of the organization that it can fulfill its purpose only if the following minimum 

and basic conditions of membership are met by individual member industries and agencies:

1. Each member agrees to maintain personnel and equipment sufficient to control fires or emergencies of the type and magnitude which are likely to occur most often in their facilities.

2. Each member agrees to provide an emergency plan for activating their personnel and equipment 

within their facilities.

Included in this emergency plan, or as a supplement to this emergency plan, each member 

agrees to provide call procedures and instructions to properly respond to calls for assistance 

from CIMA members, procedures, and instructions for properly requesting assistance, and procedures and instructions to properly receive aid from CIMA members.

3. Each member agrees to appoint a representative and one alternate representative. At least one 

representative or designate of each company will attend all general and respective zone meetings of the organization. Failure to attend three successive general and/or three successive zone 

meetings shall be grounds for being placed on probationary status. Also, senior managers (or 

their management representatives) shall attend CIMA meetings periodically.

4. Each member agrees to provide a current list of staffing power and materials which, under most 

circumstances, could be furnished to a stricken plant, or to the CIMA organization in case of 

major disasters. In this connection each member also agrees to furnish lists of their responsible 

officials.

5. Each member agrees to participate in the annual and zone practice drills of the organization to 

the minimum extent of having one of their representatives present as an observer.

6. Each member agrees to appoint responsible company officials to be present at all key road blocks 

during an emergency to assist the law enforcement officers on-duty. These officials should 

have proper authorization and identification documents identifying them to the law enforcement officers. Also, some type of communications with the plant will be provided at all times. 

The officials must be familiar with, and have knowledge of, authorized personnel that require 

admittance to the plant. This includes company employees and officials, firefighting and rescue 

personnel, CIMA and other outside groups called for assistance.

7. Each member agrees to cooperate totally with authorized inspections by the CIMA Inspection 

Officers.

8. Each member agrees to replace material used and to repair or replace equipment lost or damaged 

in the control of a fire or emergency situation within its facilities in cash at current prices or in 

kind, provided the equipment and/or material was furnished by CIMA members or by other 

Industrial Mutual Aid Organizations in response to a properly placed request. Damage to and 
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 21

loss of equipment refers to damage and loss as a direct result of the emergency condition rather 

than from the wear and tear expected in the normal operation of emergency equipment.

9. Each member agrees to establish effective radio communication on the CIMA NET. Normally, 

this condition of membership is met by establishing a two-way base station. Alternately, individual members may fulfill the radio requirements by a mutually satisfactory written agreement 

with a member establishment that has a CIMA radio.

10. Each member agrees to pay an annual membership dues of 150 dollars. The amount of dues 

may be changed by a majority vote of members present at a general meeting. Dues shall be due 

at the October meeting. Any company not paid up by the following January shall automatically be removed from the membership rolls until such dues are paid. Invoices for dues will 

be distributed with the minutes of the August general meeting. Governmental agencies, except 

municipal fire departments, are considered standing agencies and therefore exempt from the 

annual dues.

PRobATIonARY STATUS

Member establishments may be placed on probationary status by action of the CIMA membership for 

failure to comply with the “conditions of membership.” Placing a member on probationary status 

shall include the following steps:

1. A recommendation of probationary status by the officers or by a majority vote of members present at any general membership meeting.

2. A written notice of the consideration or probationary status, from the Chairperson to the senior 

manager of the establishment, outlining the reasons.

3. Include the consideration of probationary status for that establishment in the pre-published 

agenda for a general membership meeting.

4. After consideration of the reasons, approval by a majority of voting members present at the 

general membership meeting is required.

A continuing probationary status for more than one year is grounds for being dismissed from the 

CIMA organization. Such dismissal action shall follow the same procedures outlined for probationary status.

Probationary status shall be cancelled and approved at a general membership meeting using the same 

steps for placing a member on probationary status.

When under probationary status, a member retains all normal membership privileges and 

responsibilities.

InSPECTIon PRoCEDURES

New Members

The following steps are required for admission to CIMA.

1. The prospective organization must submit a written request for membership to the 

chairperson.

2. A pre-inspection form will be sent to the prospective member for completion and reviewed by 
22 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

the chief inspection officer.

3. Upon review the pre-inspection form will be forwarded to the appropriate zone inspection 

committee for scheduling of an on-site inspection.

4. Upon completion of an on-site inspection and approval by the zone inspection committee; the 

prospective member will be invited to attend the next scheduled zone meeting to present a short 

review of their operations. A majority endorsement vote by the zone members will be required 

for forwarding of the inspection report.

5. The zone inspection committee members will forward the endorsed inspection report to the 

chief inspection officer. The chief inspection officer will present the prospective member to the 

general membership for acceptance by a majority vote.

6. In the event of disapproval by the zone inspection committee or lack of endorsement by the 

zone membership, or the rejection of prospective member by the general membership, the 

chairperson will give written notice to the prospective member and outline any corrective steps 

which may be necessary to comply with membership requirements. The prospective member 

may reapply after fulfilling any recommendations or after one (1) year.

General Membership Requirements

A prospective member must have adequate resources to deal with ordinary emergencies which may 

arise. These will include but not be limited to:

1. Adequate water supply

2. Emergency organization

3. Written emergency plan

4. Adequate communications

5. Any special protective equipment or chemicals

Periodic Inspections

1. Inspections will be done on an alphabetical basis of one (1) company from each zone every 

two (2) months. The name of the companies to be inspected will be announced at the previous 

general membership meeting.

2. The chief inspection officer will forward the names of the companies to the zone inspection 

committees.

3. The inspection committees will perform an on-site inspection which will include but not be 

limited to:

a. Water supply

b. Emergency organization

c. Written emergency plan

d. Adequate communication
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 23

e. Special chemicals or equipment

4. The zone inspection committee will inform the chief inspection officer of their findings. The 

zone inspection committee may make voluntary recommendations to the inspected company.

5. The chief inspection officer will report on all favorable inspections at the next general membership meeting.

6. Unfavorable inspections will be referred by the chief inspection officer and to the steering committee for action.

ConDITIonS UnDER WHICH ASSISTAnCE WIll bE REnDERED

Assistance to any stricken plant or agency will be available and rendered only if a call or request is 

made via telephone or emergency radio by a responsible official of a member plant or agency.

ClASSIFICATIon oF EMERGEnCIES

Fires and emergencies of different degrees of magnitude are roughly classified below under the 

call designation which will be used on the CIMA emergency radio. It is vitally important that each 

member understands the classifications of emergencies and the operation of the Zone system, and 

has planned for emergencies so as to make the proper calls in each instance.

Note: Proper procedures for placing these calls are listed under “CIMA Radio Procedures.”

Not to be Reported on Emergency Radio

Fires and emergencies which are reasonably expected to be controlled by in-plant forces with inplant materials and equipment.

To be Reported on Emergency Radio

1. Zone Standby Alert

A fire or emergency which might be controlled with in-plant staffing power and materials, but 

which has the potential of developing so that outside assistance is required. This call activates 

the CIMA Specialist Group.

2. Zone Assistance Call

A fire or emergency which is beyond the control of in-plant staffing power and materials to the 

extent that specific assistance is required from members in the form of materials, equipment, 

and/or staffing power.

This call is issued in the form of a request for definite amounts of a specific type of equipment, 

materials, and/or staffing power. This call should be directed to the nearest source as listed in 

the manual. This call also activates the CIMA Specialist Group.

Equipment and/or staffing power may be requested from other zones at the member’s 

discretion.

3. Zone All-Out Call

A major disaster where all assistance is required from that particular zone. This call also activates 
24 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

the CIMA Specialist Group.

4. All-Out Call

A major disaster where all resources of the entire organization will be required. This type of call 

should be very rare because of the excellent availability of resources within each zone. This call 

will activate the CIMA Specialist Group.

5. Civil Defense Alert

(Given only by the Civil Defense Corps.)

Indicates that an enemy attack is imminent or that a disaster may require voluntary assistance 

from CIMA members. Plant civil defense plans should be put into effect. This call does not 

activate the CIMA Specialist Group.

6. All Clear

To be given by the member who issued one of the above calls, when the particular emergency 

condition which promoted the original call no longer exists.

7. Community Awareness Emergency Response (CAER) Alerts

Most members of CIMA are actively involved in the CAER activities in their respective zones. A 

key part of the CAER program is quick notification of surrounding communities/facilities concerning incidents occurring inside a plant. Information is provided concerning both incidents 

that are visible and/or audible but pose no hazard, and those that could or do create a hazard 

external to the plant. The CAER program has adopted the following level system to clearly 

indicate the level of hazard present in any incident. These levels are provided for information 

purposes and should not be confused with CIMA Alerts.

Level 1 – Informational purposes only. An industrial incident is in progress at that facility 

which can be handled within the boundaries of the facility with no effect on areas 

outside the facility.

Level 2 – Standby alert. An industrial incident is in progress at that facility which appears that 

it can be handled within the boundaries of the facility. However, outside areas could 

be affected.

Level 3 – Full emergency condition. An industrial incident is in progress which will affect 

outside areas.

All Clear – The industrial incident previously reported has terminated and everything is back to 

normal.

Many CIMA members, for expediency in making CAER notifications to neighboring CIMA facilities, 

may choose to use the CIMA radio system. This is acceptable use of the system. However, IT MUST BE 

NOTED THAT THE ISSUANCE OF A CAER ALERT, REGARDLESS OF THE LEVEL, IS FOR AWARENESS ONLY AND DOES 

NOT CONSTITUTE A CIMA ALERT OF ANY TYPE. NO RESPONSE OF THE CIMA ORGANIZATION, INCLUDING 

CIMA SPECIALISTS, IS APPROPRIATE FOR A CAER ALERT. CIMA member facilities must be aware that if 

they need assistance, either CIMA Specialists and/or equipment or other CIMA resources, they must 

issue the appropriate CIMA Alert (Standby or Assistance Call).

Several CIMA members have made arrangements with adjacent facilities that upon notification, roads 

can be quickly blocked by personnel from those facilities until law enforcement can respond. This 
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 25

request can also be made on the CIMA radio system and likewise, does not, in and of itself, constitute 

a CIMA Alert of any type.

CoMMUnICATIonS SYSTEM

GEnERAl

The CIMA radio system consists of three UHF repeaters located at separate sites. Each repeater consists of a UHF transmitter with receiver voting capabilities and satellite receivers located at each of 

the other repeater sites. All necessary site interconnections are made by microwave. Twenty-four 

hour battery backup for both repeater and microwave is provided at each site. The system is provided 

with both private-line and automatic numeric identification (ANI). Each transmitter transmits a 

unique identification number which is logged by a printer each time the units transmits.

A total of five channels (three repeaters, two talkarounds) are available for use. The radio channels 

will be used as follows:

Channel 1 – Main Dispatch (Repeater) -

-

-

-

Issue Standbys

Request Assistance

Issue All Clears

Apparatus will indicate “Responding” when leaving their 

facility enroute to the stricken facility.

Channel 2 – Tactical (Repeater) - Primary Incident Command Channel for incidents that 

occur west of Center Street in Deer Park and Sheldon Road 

in Channelview.

Channel 3 – Tactical (Repeater) - Primary Incident Command Channel for incidents that 

occur east of Center Street/Sheldon Road.

Channel 4 – Talkaround for Channel 2 - Use as needed.

Channel 5 – Talkaround for Channel 3 - Use as needed.

Should a member attempt to issue a call on Channel 1 and the Channel 1 repeater is inoperable, the 

call should be issued on Channel 2 and an announcement made that Channel 1 is out of service.

PRoCEDURES

•	 Apparatus leaving their facility enroute to a stricken location will indicate “Responding” 

on Channel 1. They should then switch their radio to the channel being used for Incident 

Command and monitor while enroute. If a Staging Area has been established, apparatus 

should communicate their arrival to the Staging Officer face to face. If a Staging Area has 

not been established, they should communicate their arrival to Command on the Incident 

Command Channel. To minimize confusion, apparatus identifiers should consist of the 

member name followed by number, if desired (e.g., Celanese Ladder 1).

•	 If only one incident is working, Command may use the other tactical channel as needed. 

Usually this will be as a support channel. Functions not directly related to Incident 
26 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Command such as Staging, Rehabilitation, etc., can be moved to the Support Channel and 

reduce congestion and confusion on the Incident Command Channel.

• 

• 

If a second CIMA response occurs while another is in progress, the Incident Command 

Channel for the second incident will be the unused tactical channel regardless of the location 

in relation to Center Street/Sheldon Road.

Channels 4 and 5 will be used at Command’s discretion. Potential uses include:

Simplex operation if repeater goes down

Communications needs where high power/wide area broadcast of repeater is not 

wanted.

Since the need for the radio network would be greatest in event of telephone failure, and since conditions leading to telephone failure might well cause power failure also, all units should have alternate 

emergency power sources.

Mutual Aid Frequency Radios (154.280)

CIMA has approval to operate on the Statewide mutual aid frequency, for tactical communications 

between CIMA members, and fire departments at an emergency. While these radios are not a membership requirement, they are strongly encouraged. They are for tactical communications only and 

may be used only at emergencies to coordinate activities. The Second Vice-Chairperson should be 

provided a listing of such radios.

Communications Discipline

With the number of radios operating on the system, discipline is essential to provide clear communications and prevent confusion. Any station originating an alert call, as described under “Types of 

Calls”, assumes “control” of the radio frequency for the duration of that emergency. Other stations 

should refrain from radio use unless directed to the control station.

Terminology, for each type of call, should be as indicated on the “CIMA Radio Procedures” sheet. A 

copy should be completed for each facility and kept at their CIMA radio location.

Civil Defense Alerts will be issued only by Civil Defense. No reply is necessary unless requested. 

Plant civil defense plans should be put into effect.

-

-
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 27

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USFA-TR-035/October 1989 29

Daily Radio System Tests

Daily radio tests are conducted to ensure that each member’s base radio is working properly and to 

check the operation of the repeaters and associated equipment. The tests also increase radio operator 

familiarity. Because of size, three tests are conducted with one-third of the members testing at each 

drill. Tests are conducted at 3:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., and 6:00 p.m.

Responsibility for conducting the test, along with the test channel assignment and group assignment 

are indicated in the Radio Test Schedule which is published by the Second Vice Chairperson at the 

beginning of each year.

The member conducting the test should begin the test using the following format:

1. “This is ______________________. All __________________________ schedule members 

 (member conducting test) (3 AM, 10AM, 6PM)

switch to channel _______ and standby for the daily radio test.”

2. Each member is then sequentially called as listed on the respective schedule. The answering 

member should respond as follows:

“________________________ received loud and clear (or however) __________________.”

 (Member name) (call letters)

3. The member conducting the test would then respond by repeating the members’ name followed 

by “Received” and would then call the next member listed on the schedule.

4. If a member does not respond, they should be called a second time. If still no response, the 

member conducting the test should repeat the member’s name followed by “No Response” and 

then call the next member listed on the schedule.

5. At the conclusion of the test, the member conducting the test should announce:

“This concludes the __________________________ radio test. All members switch to 

 (3 AM, 10 AM, 6 PM)

Channel 1 and check that channel scan is activated, _______________.”

 (call sign)

RESPonSE To CAllS

Operators receiving calls should notify appropriate officials according to pre-arranged plans. 

Companies electing to send aid should instruct their operators to advise the company originating 

the alert what type of assistance is being dispatched and, if possible, the estimated time of arrival.

CoMMUnICATIon RUlES AnD REGUlATIonS

In addition to “Communications Discipline” outlined above, the following rules must be observed if 

the full utility of the system is to be realized and violations of Federal Communications Commission 

rules are to be avoided.

1. This communications system may be used only in the event of an emergency or for scheduled 

training drills as indicated in the “Classification of Calls” section. The system may never be used 

for routine business affairs.
30 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

2. All calls, announcements, and conversations must be as brief as possible consistent with good 

intelligibility. With the number of “party-line” stations, air time is valuable.

3. Always listen before transmitting. Never interrupt communications between other stations 

unless you have a real immediate emergency.

4. Members should use the member’s name as the identifier on the communications system. Call 

letters are only used during non-emergency communications such as daily radio test. Call letters 

should never be used in lieu of members’ name. Members having more than one facility under 

the same name must make it clear which facility is communicating (e.g., Occidental – Pasadena, 

Occidental – Deer Park, etc.)”.

5. No profane, obscene language or disruptive communications may be transmitted over the communications system. This is prohibited by Federal law.

6. Only persons so authorized by the CIMA representatives in each plant may use the communications system.

7. All pertinent rules and regulations of the Federal Communications Commission, as well as the 

instructions of the licensee and his duly authorized representatives must be observed at all times.

CIMA SPECIAlIST GRoUP

A group of specialists will be appointed by the Chairperson of the organization.

The principal duties of these specialists will be to report to the scene of any fire or emergency situation which is reported on the CIMA emergency radio network. If the emergency scene is at any 

member’s plant, this staff will report to the plant entrance and will contact the responsible official 

who is at the plant at the time.

They will perform any of the following duties at the request of the plant official:

1. Handle all requests for aid from CIMA, including operation of the emergency radio.

2. Offer advice and counsel, handle special assignments.

3. Take over management of fire or emergency activities under the authority and direction of officials of the stricken plant.

One specialist will act as chairperson of the group while the others assist him/her in any way 

possible.

Specialists will instruct the operators of the CIMA emergency radio at their home location to call 

them if an emergency call is placed in the network.

Specialists are required to respond to all alarms including “standby”, “assistance”, and “all-out” calls 

from each zone. Response to and arrival on the scene should be broadcast on the mutual aid frequency. The first arriving specialist will contact company officials to determine needs and broadcast 

a condition report to responding specialist.

AREA oF RESPonSIbIlITY oF MEMbERS AnD CooPERATInG AGEnCIES

In order to avoid confusion and to allow the organization to function efficiently in emergencies, the 

following areas of responsibility are designated:
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 31

OFFICIALS OF MEMBER PLANTS will be responsible for directing firefighting or emergency activities 

or in unusual situations for requesting the CIMA Specialist group to direct such activities. They will 

handle and control all photographs and news releases connected with any emergency within their 

facilities.

HARRIS COUNTY SHERIFF’S DEPARTMENT or local police departments will act as law enforcement 

agents assisted by city and municipal law enforcement groups in the control of traffic.

MUNICIPAL FIRE DEPARTMENTS in the CIMA area have certain responsibilities under State and local 

laws but CIMA members agree that for purposes of this organization they need not respond to any 

call placed over the CIMA emergency radio unless called by officials of a stricken plant which is 

within their area of jurisdiction.

In case municipal fire departments are called by the officials of a stricken plant outside their area of 

jurisdiction, their response will be on a voluntary basis.

L

Each CIMA member will be responsible for the liability of its own employees and equipment in 

the same manner as employer-employee relations on the job, except as specifically indicated in 

Conditions of Membership, paragraph 8.

REPoRTInG AT STRICKEn PlAnT

All aid reporting to the disaster struck plant or location will park as directed by the plant guards or 

officials and will act directly under the supervision of the officials of that plant or location. In all 

cases where response is made, the assistance must wait at the entrance of such plant or location until 

it receives instructions to enter. A completed Equipment/Personnel Sheet should be provided to 

company officials at time of entry.

RECEIVInG AID

Any member requesting aid must designate a representative to meet such aid as is dispatched, provide a parking location, and/or directions to the emergency scene.

To receive aid, CIMA members’ emergency plans or supplement to emergency plan, must have the 

following provisions:

• Designated representative(s) to receive responding CIMA officials and members to be responsible for liaison and coordination with the CIMA officials.

• Designated fire chief (a representative in charge of at-the-scene firefighting activities).

• Designated CIMA Control Center at a location away from the emergency, having access to the 

distressed company’s representative(s) and radio/telephone communications. Special communication vehicles of the CIMA organization should be nearby.

• Designated CIMA Command Post at a location at the emergency scene for liaison and 

coordination between the fire chief of the distressed company and CIMA specialists and 

representatives.
32 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

• 

• 

Designated CIMA staging area to be a controlled area nearby or in radio contact with the 

Control Center to hold responding CIMA vehicles and personnel from which they can be 

dispatched to the internal emergency scene in a planned sequence.

A designated representative of the distressed company that is familiar with the in-plant roads 

and units to escort CIMA vehicles and personnel to the scene and effect contact with the fire 

chief or CIMA Specialist.

REQUESTInG ADDITIonAl AID FRoM oTHER MUTUAl AID oRGAnIZATIonS

Although the CIMA organization makes available to any member a large stockpile of emergency equipment, material and staffing power, it is within the realm of possibility that specialized equipment or 

additional material, equipment, and/or staffing power might be needed in a major disaster.

1. The Chairperson of CIMA will see that current manuals, equipment, and personnel lists are 

exchanged with other Industrial Mutual Aid Organizations in the Texas-Louisiana area, and that 

this information is maintained at a central point.

2. Should a CIMA member or group of members need assistance from one of these organizations, 

such assistance may be requested by a responsible plant official, from the Chairperson or ViceChairperson (in the Chairperson’s absence) or from a member of the CIMA Specialist Group.

3. The officer or specialist receiving the request for additional aid will see that such aid is immediately requested from the nearest source, and will keep the requesting member advised as to 

when and how it will be delivered.

4. Requests for such aid, if the aid is furnished, carry the same responsibility for payment (see 

Conditions of Membership, paragraph 8), as requests for CIMA aid from its participating 

members.

5. No Industrial Aid Organization is obligated to furnish aid to a CIMA member, and by the same 

token any aid furnished by a CIMA member in response to a request from a member of another 

Mutual Aid Organization would be on a volunteer basis.

RESPonSE To EMERGEnCIES AT non-MEMbER FACIlITIES

Request for CIMA aid from non-CIMA companies shall be directed to the Chairperson. The 

Chairperson will contact member companies adjacent to the stricken facility and determine if those 

companies can provide aid. It should be understood that member companies responding in this 

manner are not under the provisions of normal CIMA response, particularly paragraph 8, Conditions 

of Membership.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 33

RECIPRoCAl AID AGREEMEnT WITH oTHER MUTUAl AID 

oRGAnIZATIonS AlonG THE TEXAS GUlF CoAST

ADoPTED APRIl 25, 1961

Purpose

This agreement is intended to clarify method and procedures to employ in obtaining industrial 

emergency aid by and from the Mutual Aid Organizations listed below:

Channel Industries Mutual Aid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Houston, Texas

Texas City Industrial Mutual Aid System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Texas City, Texas

Corpus Christi Refinery-Terminal Fire Company. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corpus Christi, Texas

Sabine-Neches Chiefs Association. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beaumont, Texas

Definitions

The word “subscriber” as used, means a Mutual Aid Organization.

The words “company” or “member” mean an industry belonging to, or within the area of any 

Mutual Aid Organization.

Method

The above subscribers agree that when an emergency occurs in an area of any individual subscriber 

and the local supplies are inadequate to control that emergency, the officer in charge of the affected 

subscriber, upon the authority of the company or member in emergency, may request firefighting or 

medical supplies or equipment from another subscriber.

Where applicable, the officer in charge of the affected subscriber will inform the State Civil Defense 

Coordinator, through the State Highway Patrol Captain at the emergency area, of the requests made 

of other subscribers.

Transportation of such equipment and supplies shall be from the location of the lending subscriber to a 

point designated by the borrowing subscriber with the express understanding that at no time shall transportation facilities and operators be subjected to undue hazard by reason of location of destination.

Responsibility

A request for equipment and supplies originating from the officer in charge of the affected subscriber at the request of the member or company in emergency shall be the binding agreement 

between the member or company. The requesting member or company shall make reimbursement 

either in cash at current prices or in kind, to the lending member or company for equipment and 

supplies received.

NOTE: In the implementation of the above agreement, current officers of each Mutual Aid Organization must understand that no call for assistance should be originated without the request of a responsible official of the distressed 

company. This entails the probability of being subpoenaed to testify concerning the authenticity of the request. Since 

reimbursement for any aid furnished is to be based upon supplies and equipment received, all Mutual Aid officers should 

advise company officials who request aid that they should make inventory and give receipt upon delivery.
34 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

CIMA EMERGEnCY PlAn

CIMA OFFICERS AND SPECIALISTS PROCEED TO LOCATION 

UPON RECEIPT OF A STANDBY ALERT

CIMA Chairperson

• Upon arrival, contact the distressed company’s officials and provide coordination assistance, 

information, and recommendations as needed.

• CIMA spokesperson.

First Vice-Chairperson

• Upon arrival, assume Chairperson’s duties in absence of Chairperson.

• Provide coordination assistance where needed.

Second Vice-Chairperson

• Upon arrival, establish communications (radio/telephone) as needed. Project potential 

requirements for communications.

• Liaison and coordination with the CIMA Chairperson.

Specialists

• Respond per Specialist Group Section.

CIMA Assisting Vehicles

• Responds upon specific assistance calls and “all-out” calls.

• Vehicles should have designated leader to be spokesperson and coordinator of the crew and to 

be supervised by a company official of the distressed company and/or the CIMA Specialist.

• The Equipment/Personnel sheet should be completed in duplicate and given to a company 

official at the gate at time of entry.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 35

DEFInITIonS

Company Representatives

Official(s) or designated representative(s) of distressed company having responsibility of liaison and 

coordination with CIMA.

CIMA Control Center

A location off-site of the emergency having access to the distressed company’s representative(s) and 

radio/telephone communications.

Special communication vehicles of CIMA organization should be near by.

CIMA Command Post

A location at the emergency scene for liaison and coordination between the fire chief of the distressed company and the CIMA Specialists/Representatives. CIMA Specialist’s vehicles may be used 

for this purpose.

Fire Chief

The distressed company’s representative in charge of at-the-scene firefighting activities.

Under certain circumstances, the affected company may designate a CIMA Specialist as acting fire 

chief under authority and overall direction of the officials of the stricken company.

CIMA Staging Area

A controlled area nearby or in radio contact with the Control Center to hold responding CIMA vehicles and personnel from which they can be dispatched to the internal scene in a planned sequence.

Company Escort

A designated representative of the distressed company that is familiar with the in-plant roads, units, 

and personnel to escort CIMA vehicles and personnel to the scene and effect contact with the fire 

chief or CIMA Specialist.
36 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Missing first page of outline
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 37

C. How can the Command Post be identified?

1. At location of plant fire truck?

2. Flashing light?

3. Flag or sign?

Although not specifically required for CIMA purposes, a partial list of some of the other problems which should be considered follows:

IV. Alarms

A. Has a means of announcing fires and emergencies to all employees been provided?

B. Do employees know what is expected of them when the alarm sounds?

V. Evacuation

A. Could a serious hazard exist during an emergency which might call for evacuation of the 

plant?

VI. Firefighting

A. Are employees organized and trained to fight fires?

B. Is necessary equipment available?

VII.Communications (In-Plant)

A. How would communications be handled if telephones are out?

VIII. First Aid

A. Are personnel trained in first aid?

1. On call?

2. On all shifts?

Note CIMA members offer first aid personnel and supplies if in-plant first aid personnel are 

overtaxed.

IX. Rescue

A. Are in-plant personnel trained to handle rescue operations in case individuals are trapped?

X. Public Relations

A. Who will handle inquiries from the public and families of employees during daylight hours, 

night shift, weekends and holidays?

B. Who will handle reporters?

Complete lists covering all the problems which might be encountered in emergencies are available 

in various publications by Civil Defense and others.

Copies of emergency procedures manuals of various CIMA members may be obtained by contacting 

the CIMA Chairperson.
38

APPEnDIX C

CIMA Zone List

(Zone 2 List of Members and Equipment)

Zone 2

FIRE

FOAM PUMPER

• Lyondell Petro, Houston 1250 GPM, 1000 gals. Universal, 600’ 500”

 1000 GPM, 1000 gals. ATC

• Hill Petroleum 1000 GPM, 1000 gals. AFFF

• Crown Central 1000 GPM, 1000 gals. ATC

• Ethyl 1000 GPM, 1000 gals. XL-3

• GATX, Pasadena 750 GPM, 1000 gals. XL-3

WATER PUMPER

• Goodyear, Houston 750 GPM, 500 gals. water, 40 gals. AFFF

• Houston Fire Department 1000-1250 GPM, 500 gals. water

• Pasadena Fire Department 2 Engines – 1500 GPM, 500 gals. water, 1000’ 5”

• Texas Petrochemicals 750 GPM, 500 gals. water, 80 gals. PSL

• Mobile Chemicals, Houston 750 GPM, 250 gals. water, 50 gals. 3 percent Protein

• Lyondell Petro, Houston 1000 GPM, 1000’ 5”

FOAM AERIAL

• Lyondell Petro, Houston 50’, 1000 GPM, 1000 gals. XL-3

• GATX, Pasadena 67’, 1750 GPM, 450 gals. ATC, 700’ 5”

• Phillips Chemical 85’, 1250, 1000 gals. water, 250 gals. ATC

WATER AERIAL

• Houston Fire Department

• Pasadena Fire Department 65’, no pump

FOAM TANKER

DRY CHEMICAL/TWIN AGENT
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 39

FOAM TRAILER

• Hill Petroleum 500 gals. XL-3 (Tank)

• Crown Central 2-500 gals. ATC

• Georgia Gulf 500 gals. XL-3

FOAM CONCENTRATE (RESERVE)

• Lyondell Petro, Houston 730 gals. ATC (dumpster)

 730 gals. 3 percent AFFF (dumpster)

 730 gals. PSL (dumpster)

 1680 gals. XL-3 (dumpster)

• Hill Petroleum 1000 gals. XL-3 (drums)

• Ethyl 500 gals. XL-3

• GATX, Pasadena 1000 gals. XL-3

SPECIAL

• Air Products, Houston Cherry Picker

 Backhoe

• Harris County Fire Marshal Arson and Communication Van

• Lyondell Petro, Houston Winch Truck

 Welding Truck

 Truck crane, 7.5 ton with 40’ boom, 4-wheel drive

• Southern Pacific Emergency Equipment Trailer

AMBULANCE

• Simpson Paper

RESCUE

• Simpson Paper

• Lyondell Petro, Houston Heavy duty rescue, first aid equipment, hoseline and self-contained breathing apparatus, cartridge respirators, proximity 

and acid suits

• Pasadena Fire Department Heavy rescue, first aid van

• Phillips Chemical
40 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 41

Appendix C (Continued)
42 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 43

Appendix C (Continued)
44 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 45

Appendix C (Continued)
46 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 47

Appendix C (Continued)
48 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 49

Appendix C (Continued)
50 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 51

Appendix C (Continued)
52 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 53

Appendix C (Continued)
54 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 55

Appendix C (Continued)
56 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 57

Appendix C (Continued)
58 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

Appendix C (Continued)
59

Appendix D

CIMA – List of organizations responding to the 

Phillips explosion/fire

CHAIRMAN

L. Douglas Miller 

Aristech Chemical Corp. 

8811 Strang Rd. 

La Porte, Texas 77571 

930-2003

OCTOBER 26, 1989

VICE CHAIRMAN SECOND VICE CHAIRMAN

Ron Taylor A. E. “Gene- Sonka

B. F. Goodrich Rohm and Haas Texas, Inc.

2400 Miller Cutoff Road P. 0. Box 672

La Porte, Texas 77571 Deer Park, Texas 77536

476-8004 476-8 148

The following lists of organizations; Industrial, Municipal and Governmental

organizations, responded to the Phillips Petroleum, Pasadena Explosion and

Fire, October 23, 24; & 25th, 1989:

HOECHST CELLANESE - CLEAR LAKE

HOECHST CELLANESE - BAYPORT

CROWN CENTRAL

LUBRIZOL - DEER PARK

LUBRIZOL - BAYPORT

PETROLITE CORPORATION - BAYPORT

ARISTECH - LA PORTE

ARISTECH - PASADENA

HILL PETROLEUM

LYONDELL PETROCHEMICAL - CHANNELVIEW

LYONDELL PETROCHEMICAL - HOUSTON

MERICHEM COMPANY

FERMENTA

GEORGIA GULF

SOLTEX

B F GOODRICH - LA PORTE

SHELL - DEER PARK

OCCIDENTAL - PASADENA

OCCIDENTAL - LA PORTE

OCCIDENTAL - DEER PARK

ICI AMERICAS - BAYPORT

PENNWALT

CAIN CHEMICAL

AIR PRODUCTS - LA PORTE

AIR PRODUCTS - PASADENA

ARC0 CHEMICAL CORPORATION - CHANSELVIEW

CHEVRON CHEMICAL - CEDAR BAYOU

E. I. DUPONT - LA PORTE

ETHYL - PASADENA

EXXON CO. USA - BAYTOWN

WARREN PETROLEUM - MT. BELVIEU

BARBERS HILL - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

ITC - HOUSTON

KLEIN - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

CHAMPIONS - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

PONDEROSA - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

MAGNOLIA - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

SEABROOK - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

DEER PARK - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

JACINTO CITY - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

CITY OF LA PORTE - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.1

CLOVERLEAF - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

ROHM & HAAS

UNION CARBIDE - TEXAS CITY

PHILLIPS - SWEENEY

PAK TANK

KATY - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

WEST I-10 (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

TEXACO - PORT ARTHUR

CYPRESS CREEK -(VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

MT. BELVIEU - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

MONTGOMERY COUNTY

INCLUDED IN MONTGOMERY COUNTY:

CONROE, WOODLANDS, MAGNOLIA BENDS,

LAKE CONROE FOREST, & ENGINE 82.

LEAGUE CITY

DOW - FREEPORT

DOW - LA PORTE

GOODYEAR

MOBAY CHEMICAL
60 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

CHAIRMAN

L. Douglas Miller 

Aristech Chemical Corp. 

6611 Strang Rd. 

La Porte, Texas 77571 

930-2003

RESPONSE TO EXPLOSION (CONTINUED)

SIMPSON PAPER

ROLLINS ENVIRONMENTAL

VICE CHAIRMAN SECOND VICE CHAIRMAN

Ron Taylor A. E. ‘Gene’ Sonka

B. F. Goodrich Rohm and Haas Texas, Inc.

2400 Miller Cutoff Road P. 0. Box 672

La Porte, Texas 77571 Deer Park, Texas 77536

476-8004 476- 8148

CYPRESS CREEK (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

CYPRESS FAIRBANKS - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

WESTFIELD - (VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPT.)

AMERICAN RED CROSS

GATX TERMINALS - PASADENA

HARRIS COUNTY CONSTABLE - PRECINCT 8

CITY OF PASADENA POLICE DEPARTMENT

HARRIS COUNTY SHERIFFS DEPARTMENT

CITY OF HOUSTON POLICE DEPARTMENT

HARRIS COUNTY FIRE MARSHALLS OFFICE

SALVATION ARMY

CITY OF HOUSTON FIRE DEPARTMENT

PORT OF HOUSTON AUTHORITY

PORT TERMINAL RAILROAD

SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD

TEXAS PETROCHEMICAL - HOUSTON

U. S. COAST GUARD

W. R. GRACE

HERMANN HOSPITAL - LIFE FLIGHT

UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL BRANCH - GALVESTON - LIFE FLIGHT

AMT AMBULANCE - PASADENA

LIFE FLIGHT - BEAUMONT

PASADENA FIRE DEPARTMENT

Appendix D (Continued)
61

APPEnDIX E

SARA Title III – Emergency Planning and 

Community Right-to-Know

T

here are an estimated 575,000 existing chemical products, and hundreds of new ones being 

introduced annually. This poses a serious problem for firefighters, citizens, manufacturers and 

government agencies (U.S. EPA 21).

Chemical exposure may cause or contribute to many serious health defects such as heart ailments, 

kidney damage, cancer and burns. Some chemicals may also be safety hazards and have the potential 

to cause fires, explosions and other serious accidents.

Because of the seriousness of these hazardous chemicals and the lack of information available to many 

emergency response agencies, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund Amendment 

and Reauthorization Act, Section III (SARA Title III) has issued a final rule entitled, “Emergency 

Planning and Community Right-to-Know”. The goal of this standard is to reduce the number of 

incidences involving chemical spills and injuries in the United States (EPA).

The purpose of this technical report is to clarify and interpret the standard to make sure that the 

reader knows the responsibility and limitation of the law.

DEAlInG WITH CHEMICAlS

SARA Title III creates a new relationship among government at all levels, business, community leaders and individual citizens. Each of these groups has an important role in making this Act work:

• 

• 

• 

• 

Local communities and States have the responsibility for identifying risks posted by chemicals at the local level, for reducing those risks, and for dealing with emergencies.

Citizen, health professionals must work with government and industry to use the information for planning and response at the community level.

Industry is responsible for operating safely; for gathering information on the chemicals it 

uses, stores and releases into the environment and providing it to government agencies and 

local communities.

The Federal Government is responsible for providing assistance to States and communities, 

so they will have the tools to analyze SARA Title III data, and to measure the risk potential at 

the local level. EPA is also working to ensure that industry complies with the law’s requirements. (U.S. Labor 6)
62 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

HoW THE lAW WoRKS

The SARA Title III contains four major provisions.

• Planning for chemical emergencies.

• Emergency notification of chemical accidents and releases.

• Reporting of hazardous chemical inventories.

• Toxic chemical release reporting.

The law also deals with trade secrets and public access under the law.

1) Emergency Planning

Emergency Planning section is designed to help communities prepare for and respond to emergencies involving hazardous substances. Every community in the United States must be part of 

a plan.

The governor must appoint a State Emergency Response Commission (SERC). Each SERC in turn 

must divide itself into local emergency planning committees (LEPC). These committees shall 

include representatives from:

• Elected State and local officials

• Law enforcement and firefighters

• First aid, health and hospitals

• Community groups and the news media

• Users of chemicals, such as hospitals

LEPC must get organized and develop a plan to prepare for and respond to chemical emergencies. This plan must have been completed by October 17, 1988. The play lays out potential local 

hazards, response capabilities, and procedures to follow in case of an emergency (EPA).

The EPA has identified a list of 366 “extremely hazardous substances” as having immediate health 

effects and hazardous properties. These substances are found in some widely used insecticides, 

herbicides, fertilizers and drinking water treatment processes. The list of extremely hazardous 

substances includes a “threshold planning quantity” for each substance. If more than this amount 

is present at any business, hospital or other facility, the owner or operator must notify the local 

emergency planning committee. The facility’s owner or operator who violates the reporting provisions of this section of the law are subject to civil penalties up to $25,000 a day.

The LEPC must be reviewed, tested and updated annually.

2) Emergency Release Notification

Under this section of SARA Title III law, a facility must immediately notify to LEPC and SERC of the 

release. Chemicals covered by this section of SARA Title III include not only the 366 “extremely 

hazardous substances,” but also more than 700 hazardous substances subject to the emergency 

notification requirements of the Superfund hazardous waste clean up law. (Noll 55)
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 63

Immediate notification must include:

• The name of the chemical.

• The location of the release.

• Whether the chemical is on the “extremely hazardous” list.

• How much of the substance has been released.

• The time of the incident.

• Whether the chemical was released into the air, water or soil.

• Known health risks and necessary medical attention.

• Proper precautions, such as evacuation.

• A contact person at the facility.

Texas Firemen/November 1989 772-8-3-90-1

The notification will activate emergency plans. The law also requires follow-up reporting. The 

follow-up must update the original notification and provide information on actions taken 

(EPA).

Any person who fails to notify the local authorities of a release is subject to civil penalties of 

up to $25,000 a day. In addition, violators face criminal penalties of up to $25,000 or prison 

sentences up to 5 years (EPA). 

3) Hazardous Chemical Reporting

Facilities must report information about the amounts, location and effects of hazardous materials being used or stored. This information must be reported to the LEPC and the local fire 

departments. All companies large or small are subject to this requirement. The information 

reported to local fire departments will be used to plan for and respond to emergencies.

Facilities must report on hazardous chemicals in two different ways:

The first is Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), which contain information on a chemical’s 

physical properties and health effects.

Under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, facilities must submit 

MSDS on chemicals that are present in excess of certain amounts.

Before the act was passed in 1986, only manufacturers had to report hazardous chemicals. EPA 

has since expanded its regulations to include facilities where workers may be exposed to hazardous chemicals.

The second way that companies must report on hazardous chemicals is a “tier” approach to 

submitting annual inventories. Facilities must report the amount and location, and indicate the 

physical and health hazards of “extremely hazardous” substances in excess of 500 pounds. The 

EPA believes that the “tier” system provides emergency planners with more useful information 

(ISMAN 50).
64 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

4) Toxic Chemical Release Reporting

The fourth element of SARA Title III applies to facilities with ten or more employees that manufacture hazardous chemicals. They must estimate each year the total amount that they release 

accidentally or as a result of routine plant operations.

Reports must be filled by July 1, 1989 with the EPA.

Information that must be gathered and reported under this section of the Act includes:

• How much chemicals went into the air, water and lands.

• Which toxic chemicals were released into the environment during the preceding year.

• How much of the chemicals were transported away from the site of the facility.

The information reported under this section of the Act has some limitations. For one thing, 

much of the data in this report is based on estimates (EVERSOLE 24).

5) Trade Secrets

Companies reporting under SARA Title III can, under certain conditions, request that the identity of specific chemicals in their report not be disclosed. To protect a chemical identity, the 

company must be able to prove that it is a legitimate trade secret. The chemical’s identity must 

be included in the company’s report to EPA. EPA will then review the information to insure 

that it is a valid trade secret. Companies should be careful when preparing trade secret claims. 

Owners or operations who submit false claims are subject to a penalty up to $25,000 (EPA).

The law allows medical professionals access to trade secret information if they need it to treat 

patients. To receive this information, they must submit a written request for chemical information, and statement of need.

Over the law few years, we have read of incidents involving emergency response agencies that 

received chemical facility information through SARA Title III, and then filed the information away 

in an office instead of providing it to their personnel. In a few cases where fire departments did 

not have the necessary information, firefighters were injured due to chemical exposure during 

their handling of the emergency. This failure to inform emergency response personnel could 

leave fire departments, LEPC and industry open to lawsuits.

Recommendation

(1) Emergency agencies must use the information provided under SARA Title III so that it will be 

useful during an emergency.

(2) Each agency must evaluate its community to determine if it is hazardous and develop a system 

of handling and processing SARA Title III information.

(3) Appoint an individual(s) for your agency to be in charge of enforcing and processing SARA Title 

III information.

(4) Assign (fire) inspectors to question facilities for compliance requirement of SARA Title III. A flyer 

explaining compliance details can be prepared for inspectors to hand out during inspections.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 65

(5) Numerous local government agencies still have not completed a local emergency response plan 

or even appointed local planning committees.

(6) Develop form letters for requesting hazardous materials from facilities. This reduces the number 

of letters you need to write. Develop a form letter with a check list of often requested items.

Work Cited

United States Department of Transportation Emergency Response Guidebook. DMT-11. Washington, DC 20590: 1983.

A Fire Department’s Guide to Implementing SARA Title III. Ashland, MA: International Fire Service Instructors, 1987.

“Mastering Title III Paperwork.” “Fire Command.” Jan. 1989: 24-26.

United States Department of Labor “Hazard Communication”. Federal Register. Vol. 52.N.P.N.P: August, 1987.

United States Environmental Protection Agency “Hazardous Material First Responders Course. Federal Register. Vol. 50.

United States Environmental Protection Agency “Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan.” Federal Register. Vol. 50.

Noll, Gregory G. “Hazardous Wastes Operations and Emergency Response.” Firehouse July 1989; 54-58.

County Dallas, Hazardous Substance Emergency Response Plan. N.P.N.P.: October 1988: 1-7.

Isman, Warren E., “Federal Superfund Legislation.” “Fire Command” March 1987: 50.

National Fire Protection Association, Fire Protection Handbook 15th Ed. Quincy, MA 02269: NFPA Publication, 1986.

Eversole, John M. “Living with SARA” Firehouse July 1988:24.

Clark L. Cofer is the Haltom City Fire Marshal/Building Official. He has more than fourteen years of fire service experience, 

has an Associate Degree in fire science and a bachelor’s degree in fire administration. Cofer is also an instructor at Texas A&M 

Municipal fire school and other area training schools. 
66

APPEnDIX F

List of Slides

Slides and photographs are included with the master report at the USFA. The pictures on the following pages were made from the items asterisked below.

*1. Aerial view of the Phillips plant taken prior to the explosion.

*2. Aerial photo of complex as seen from north to south. Arrow at top points to the north edge 

of the staging area for responding mutual aid equipment. Arrow pointing to building shows 

were GATX terminal Chief Goyer was located when blast occurred. Area of origin thought to 

be near center (arrow).

*3. Aerial photo of complex as seen from east to west. Arrow points to berm to west of the property. This appears to actually be a bank for a large holding pond but served well as a protective 

berm. 

4. Overview of Phillips complex from south to north. The area of origin is thought to be in area 

left of the large tower.

5. View from southwest to northeast.

6. Closer view from southwest to northeast. Collapsed area in center is where some of the greatest heat occurred. Also, looking for bodies in this area.

*7. View from south to north. Personnel and equipment near structure are working on victim 

recovery.

8. View from south to north. Degree of damage to structure more visible in right side of 

frame.

*9. View from southwest corner toward north/northeast. Metal fatigue clearly visible in remaining superstructure.

10. Remains of tower section. Area to the left has been cleared out during victim recovery 

operations.

*11. View is from south to north. Cleared area is to the west side of the tower. The cleared area in 

the center was designed in a like manner to the left side of this frame before the explosion.

*12. View of tower and cleared area from south to north. The tower was listing to the west and 

north and was reported to be approximately 14 degrees out of plumb.

13. Overview of the plant from southeast to northwest.

14. Closer overview of the plant from southeast to northwest.

15. View of framework of remaining structure. Heavy metal fatigue throughout is apparent.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 67

*16. View of the plant from west to east. This view has the south side to the right.

17. West side of the plant from northwest to southeast.

*18. Silo holding areas to the northwest of the main blast area. The blast wave partially flattened 

the silo sides.

19. Buildings and refinery structures located several hundred feet north of the main blast. Damage 

came from the blast wave.

20. Buildings and structure still farther north of the main blast. More blast wave damage can be 

seen.

21. Additional building damage to the north of the blast area. Much of this is superficial but 

substantial.

22. Structure damage north of blast area caused by blast waves.

23. Damage to building siding approximately 1000 feet north of the blast area.

24. The main office for the Phillips Chemical complex – from southwest to northeast. Located 

approximately 1/4 mile from the blast area.

*25. West end of the main office building. The blast wave dislodged the brick veneer and supports 

were placed on the exterior to keep the brick from collapsing.

26. Overview of the complex from the north to the south. The main blast area is obscured by 

buildings in the foreground.
68 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

ior to the explosion. en pr ial view of the Phillips plant tak Aer1. 
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 69 esponding ea for r ted ing ar as loca t top points to the north edge of the stag er wy minal Chief Go w).ro TX tere GAerws w w aroAr ial photo of complex as seen from north to south. uilding sho in thought to be near center (ar igea of or w pointing to b Ar ed.r roAr last occur utual aid equipment. hen bw

m

Aer 2.
70 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

y be a s to actuall ppear This a est of the property.

m. 

m to w

ell as a protective ber

row points to ber

ved wut ser

Ar ial photo of complex as seen from east to west.

ge holding pond b bank for a lar

Aer3. 
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 717. View from south to north. Personnel and equipment near structure are working on victim recovery.
72 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

9. View from southwest corner toward north/northeast. Metal fatigue clearly visible in remaining superstructure.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 73as designed in a like ea in the center w ed ar The clear e the explosion. er. est side of the tow ea is to the w ed ar Clear manner to the left side of this frame befor View is from south to north. 11. 
74 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

12. View of tower and cleared area from south to north. The tower was listing to the west and 

north and was reported to be approximately 14 degrees out of plumb.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 7516. View of the plant from west to east. This view has the south side to the right.
76 U.S. Fire Administration/Technical Report Series

18. Silo holding areas to the northwest of the main blast area. The blast wave partially flattened the silo sides.
USFA-TR-035/October 1989 77ior to ere placed on the exter ick veneer and supports w psing. ve dislodged the br ick from colla last wa keep the br The b uilding. West end of the main office b 25.