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**Drug Trafficking           in the United States**

The           illegal drug market in the United States is one of the most profitable           in the world. As such, it attracts the most ruthless, sophisticated,           and aggressive drug traffickers. Drug law enforcement agencies face           an enormous challenge in protecting the country's borders. Each year,           according to the U.S. Customs Service, 60 million people enter the United           States on more than 675,000 commercial and private flights. Another           6 million come by sea and 370 million by land. In addition, 116 million           vehicles cross the land borders with Canada and Mexico. More than 90,000           merchant and passenger ships dock at U.S. ports. These ships carry more           than 9 million shipping containers and 400 million tons of cargo. Another           157,000 smaller vessels visit our many coastal towns. Amid this voluminous           trade, drug traffickers conceal cocaine, heroin, marijuana, MDMA, and           methamphetamine shipments for distribution in U.S. neighborhoods.

Diverse           groups traffic and distribute illegal drugs. Criminal groups operating           from South America smuggle cocaine and heroin into the United States           via a variety of routes, including land routes through Mexico, maritime           routes along Mexico's east and west coasts, sea routes through the Caribbean,           and international air corridors. Furthermore, criminal groups operating           from neighboring Mexico smuggle cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, amphetamine,           and marijuana into the United States. These criminal groups have smuggled           heroin and marijuana across the Southwest Border and distributed them           throughout the United States since the 1970s. In addition to distributing           cocaine and methamphetamine in the West and Midwest, these Mexico-based           groups now are attempting to expand the distribution of those drugs           into eastern U.S. markets. 

Likewise,           the use of the drug 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), also           known on the street as "Ecstasy," has increased at an alarming           rate in the United States over the last several years. Israeli and Russian           drug trafficking syndicates and Western Europe-based drug traffickers           are the principal traffickers of MDMA worldwide. MDMA, primarily manufactured           clandestinely in Western Europe, is smuggled into the United States           by couriers via commercial airlines, as well as through the use of express           package carriers. Finally, criminal groups based in Southeast and Southwest           Asia smuggle heroin into the United States. Using New York City as a           major distribution hub, these criminal groups move heroin up and down           the eastern seaboard and into the Midwest. 

Besides           these criminal groups based abroad, domestic organizations cultivate,           produce, manufacture, or distribute illegal drugs such as marijuana,           methamphetamine, phencyclidine (PCP), and lysergic acid diethyamide           (LSD). By growing high-potency sinsemilla, domestic cannabis growers           provide marijuana that easily competes with other illegal drugs. With           demand for methamphetamine remaining high, especially in the West and           Midwest, so, too, does the number of illicit laboratories that supply           methamphetamine to a growing number of addicts. Additionally, a small           number of chemists manufacture LSD that is subsequently distributed           primarily to high school and college students throughout the United           States.

**COCAINE**

Cocaine           trafficking and abuse continue to threaten the health and safety of           American citizens. According to drug abuse indicators, the use of both           powder and crack cocaine have stabilized, albeit at high levels. The           trafficking, distribution, and abuse of cocaine and crack cocaine have           spread from urban environments to smaller cities and suburban areas           of the country, bringing a commensurate increase in violence and criminal           activity. The level of violence associated with cocaine trafficking           today, however, does not compare to the rampant violence of the 1980s           when the crack epidemic was at its worst.

**Trafficking           by Colombian and Mexican Organizations**

The           U.S./Mexico border is the primary point of entry for cocaine shipments           being smuggled into the United States. According to a recent interagency           intelligence assessment, approximately 65 percent of the cocaine smuggled           into the United States crosses the Southwest border. Cocaine is readily           available in nearly all major cities in the United States. Organized           crime groups operating in Colombia control the worldwide supply of cocaine.           These organizations use a sophisticated infrastructure to move cocaine           by land, sea, and air into the United States. In the United States,           these Colombia-based groups operate cocaine distribution and drug money           laundering networks comprising a vast infrastructure of multiple cells           functioning in many major metropolitan areas. Each cell performs a specific           function within the organization, e.g., transportation, local distribution,           or money movement. Key managers in Colombia continue to oversee the           overall operation.

Over           the past decade, the Colombia-based drug groups have allowed Mexico-based           trafficking organizations to play an increasing role in the U.S. cocaine           trade. Throughout most of the 1980s, the criminals in Colombia used           the drug smugglers in Mexico to transport cocaine shipments across the           Southwest border into the United States. After successfully smuggling           the drugs across the border, the Mexican transporters transferred the           drugs back to the Colombian groups operating in the United States. However,           the seizure of nearly 21 metric tons of cocaine in 1989 led to a new           arrangement between transportation organizations operating from Mexico           and the organized crime groups operating from Colombia. This new arrangement           radically changed the role and sphere of influence of the Mexico-based           trafficking organizations in the U.S. cocaine trade. By the mid-1990s,           Mexico-based transportation groups were receiving up to half the cocaine           shipment they smuggled for the Colombia-based groups in exchange for           their services. Both sides realized that this strategy eliminated the           vulnerabilities and complex logistics associated with large cash transactions.           The Colombia-based groups also realized that relinquishing part of each           cocaine shipment to their associates operating from Mexico ceded a share           of the wholesale cocaine market in the United States.

Today,           traffickers operating from Colombia continue to control wholesale-level           cocaine distribution throughout the heavily populated northeastern United           States and along the eastern seaboard in cities such as Boston, Miami,           Newark, New York, and Philadelphia. There are indications, however,           that other drug trafficking organizations are playing a larger role           in the distribution of cocaine in conjunction with the Colombian organizations.           Dominican drug trafficking organizations have traditionally been responsible           for the street-level distribution of cocaine. The DEA Philadelphia Field           Division reports that the primary sources of supply for cocaine in the           city are Colombian and Dominican organizations, which are capable of           moving multikilogram quantities. The DEA Boston Field Division reports           that Dominican traffickers are expanding their roles in cocaine distribution,           and have been instrumental in obtaining multikilogram quantities of           cocaine for distribution in New England. In New York City, Colombian,           Dominican, and Mexican drug trafficking organizations distribute multikilogram           quantities of cocaine. Furthermore, Mexican drug trafficking organizations           are increasingly responsible for the transportation of cocaine from           the Southwest border to the New York market. 

Traffickers           operating from Mexico now control wholesale cocaine distribution throughout           the western and midwestern United States. Mexico-based trafficking groups           in cities such as Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Phoenix,           San Diego, San Francisco, and Seattle control the distribution of multiton           quantities of cocaine, once dominated by the Colombia-based drug groups.           In the early 1990s, when the organized crime groups from Mexico were           expanding their roles as cocaine transporters and wholesale-level distributors,           most of their U.S.-based command and control operations were in southern           California. Today, Chicago is also a key command and control center           for their cocaine operations, and Atlanta is increasingly important           as a trafficking hub for cocaine movement. Currently, these traffickers           control cocaine shipments from the time they are smuggled across the           border until they are distributed to markets across the country.

The           role of Mexico-based trafficking organizations is continuing to evolve.           Recent reports suggest that some major international criminals in Colombia           are further distancing themselves from day-to-day wholesale-level cocaine           distribution in the United States by turning this task over, at least           occasionally, to the organizations operating from Mexico. A likely motivation           for this change is the non-retroactive extradition law enacted by the           Colombian National Assembly in December 1997. Accordingly, Colombian           traffickers now face the prospect of extradition for overt acts committed           on or after the date (December 17, 1997) that the extradition amendment           went into effect. By distancing themselves from overt acts in the United           States, Colombian drug lords hope to minimize the threat that the United           States will gather sufficient evidence to support an extradition request.           This shift does not mean to suggest that traffickers operating from           Colombia will abandon the U.S. cocaine market en masse. Emerging drug           lords-who do not face the difficulties in micro-managing operations           as do the jailed Cali criminal leaders-have little reason to forego           the profits generated by the wholesale U.S. cocaine market.

Colombian           drug trafficking organizations increasingly rely upon the eastern Pacific           Ocean as a trafficking route to move cocaine to the United States. Law           enforcement and intelligence community sources estimate 65 percent of           the cocaine shipped to the United States moves through the Central America-Mexico           corridor, primarily by vessels operating in the eastern Pacific. Colombian           traffickers utilize fishing vessels to transport bulk shipments of cocaine           from Colombia to the west coast of Mexico and, to a lesser extent, the           Yucatan Peninsula. The cocaine is off-loaded to go-fast vessels for           the final shipment to the Mexican coast. The loads are subsequently           broken down into smaller quantities to be moved across the Southwest           border.

However,           cocaine continues to be transported through the Caribbean; Puerto Rico,           the Dominican Republic, and Haiti are the predominant transshipment           points for Colombian cocaine transiting the Caribbean. Because of lawlessness           and deteriorating economic conditions, Haiti is a growing transshipment           point for Colombian cocaine destined for eastern U.S. markets. Haitian           drug traffickers, utilizing maritime shipments to transport cocaine           to South Florida, are becoming a major threat. Law enforcement reporting           indicates that Jamaica is an increasingly significant transshipment           point for cocaine destined for the United States since it is located           midway between South America and the United States. Cocaine is primarily           smuggled into Jamaica by maritime methods, and the cocaine transshipped           through Jamaica often is destined for the Canadian, European, and U.S.           markets. Cocaine destined for the United States is usually smuggled           from Jamaica to the Bahamas aboard go-fast boats. The cocaine is subsequently           smuggled to the Florida coast using go-fast boats, pleasure craft, and           fishing vessels. 

**Crack           Cocaine Trafficking**

Crack,           the inexpensive, smokable form of cocaine, continues to be distributed           and used in most major cities. While cocaine use in the United States           has declined over the past decade, the rate of use in recent years has           stabilized at high levels. Crack cocaine usage, which initially drove           these rates, has similarly stabilized, and shows some indications of           declining although it also remains at a high level. Street gangs, such           as the Crips and the Bloods, and criminal groups of ethnic Dominicans,           Puerto Ricans, and Jamaicans dominate the retail market for crack cocaine           nationwide. The directed expansion of these gangs to smaller U.S. cities           and rural areas, as well as a growth in street gangs that imitate their           urban counterparts, results in an increase in homicides, armed robberies,           and assaults as gang members use physical violence to maintain their           drug distribution monopolies.

**Prices           and Purity**

Cocaine           prices in 2001 remained low and stable, suggesting a steady supply to           the United States. Nationwide, wholesale cocaine prices ranged from           $12,000 to $35,000 per kilogram. In most major metropolitan areas, however,           the price of a kilogram of cocaine ranged from $13,000 to $25,000. Average           purity for cocaine at the gram, ounce, and kilogram levels remained           stable at high levels. In 2001, the average purity of a kilogram of           cocaine was 73 percent. Typically, cocaine HCl is converted into crack           cocaine, or "rock," within the United States by the secondary           wholesaler or retailer. Crack cocaine is often packaged in vials, glassine           bags, and film canisters. The size of a crack rock can vary, but generally           ranges from 1/10 to 1/2 gram. Rocks can sell for as low as $3 to as           high as $50, but prices generally range from $10 to $20. 

**Seizures**

According           to the Federal-wide Drug Seizure System (FDSS), U.S. federal authorities           seized over 111 metric tons of cocaine in Calendar Year 2001. This moderate           increase over the nearly 107 metric tons seized in 2000 is due in part           to an increase in maritime seizures in the Southwest Pacific. Maritime           seizures in this region increased by 9 metric tons between CY 2000 and           CY 2001. Two of the more notable seizures in the Eastern Pacific corridor           in CY 2001 reflect the importance of the region in cocaine movement           to the United States. In February 2001, the fishing vessel *Forever           My Friend* was intercepted with over 17 metric tons of cocaine. In           May 2001, the fishing vessel *Svesda Maru* was seized with another           17 metric tons of cocaine on board.

**HEROIN**

Heroin           is readily available in many U.S. cities as evidenced by the unprecedented           high level of average retail, or street-level, purity. Criminals in           four foreign source areas produce the heroin available in the United           States: South America (Colombia), Southeast Asia (principally Burma),           Mexico, and Southwest Asia/Middle East (principally Afghanistan). While           virtually all heroin produced in Mexico and South America is destined           for the U.S. market, each of the four source areas has dominated the           U.S. market at some point over the past 30 years. Over the past decade,           the United States has experienced a dramatic shift in the heroin market           from the domination of Southeast Asian heroin to a dominance of the           wholesale and retail markets by South American heroin, especially in           the East. In the West, by contrast, "black tar" and, to a           lesser extent, brown powdered heroin from Mexico have been, and continue           to be, the predominant available form.

The           increased availability of high-purity heroin, which can effectively           be snorted, has given rise to a new, younger user population. While           avoiding the stigma of needle use, this user group is ingesting larger           quantities of the drug and, according to drug treatment specialists,           progressing more quickly toward addiction.

**South           American Heroin**

The           availability of South American (SA) heroin, produced in Colombia, has           increased dramatically in the United States since 1993. SA heroin is           available in the metropolitan areas of the Northeast and along the East           Coast. Independent traffickers typically smuggle SA heroin into the           United States via couriers traveling aboard commercial airlines, with           each courier usually carrying from 500 grams to 1 kilogram of heroin           per trip. These traffickers increased their influence in the lucrative           northeastern heroin market, which has the largest demand in the United           States, by pursuing an aggressive marketing strategy. They distributed           high-quality heroin (of purity frequently above 90 percent), undercut           the price of their competition, and used their long-standing, effective           drug distribution networks. Investigations also indicate the spread           of SA heroin to smaller U.S. cities. 

Since           the mid-1990s, Colombian heroin traffickers have diversified their methods           of operation. Couriers still come into Miami, New York City, San Juan,           and other U.S. cities on direct commercial flights from Colombia. Increasingly,           however, Colombian traffickers are smuggling heroin from Colombia into           the United States through such countries as Costa Rica, the Dominican           Republic, Ecuador, Panama, Mexico, Argentina, and Venezuela.

In           response to increased drug law enforcement presence at eastern ports           of entry, some SA heroin traffickers have sought alternative routes.           They transship heroin through the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport           before it reaches its final destination of New York City's LaGuardia           Airport. Their couriers often transport heroin impregnated within clothing.           Couriers with other destinations also smuggle the drug using this same           method of concealment. In January 2002, USCS agents at the Miami International           Airport arrested a courier who had arrived from Venezuela with 14 kilograms           of heroin-saturated clothing. The following month, 18 kilograms of clothing           saturated with heroin were seized in New York. Another increasingly           used method is to smuggle heroin by sewing it into clothing. In New           York in March 2002, two couriers were arrested at a hotel with approximately           8 to 10 kilograms of heroin sewn into 24 pieces of clothing. Also in           New York that month, a married couple, Venezuelan nationals, who had           arrived at JFK International Airport on a flight from Caracas, had in           their luggage jackets that had a combined total of 6 kilograms of heroin           sewn into them. 

Colombian           heroin traffickers have also used commercial maritime methods to move           larger amounts of their drug into the United States. Some of the past           maritime heroin shipments have been intermixed with larger shipments           of cocaine, and some have been transported via cruise ships. Larger           shipments of heroin have also been smuggled via containerized cargo,           as evidenced by the May 16, 2001, seizure of 54 kilograms of SA heroin           in New York. The heroin, packaged in 1.5 pound bricks, was secreted           in false bottoms of 1,400 25-pound boxes of frozen plantains. This seizure           represents the largest seizure of SA heroin to date in the United States.

Within           the United States, ethnic Dominican criminal groups have played a significant           role in retail-level heroin distribution in northeastern markets for           at least the past two decades. During the 1990s, Dominican groups secured           their role in the heroin trade by selling high-purity SA heroin. Currently,           Dominican groups dominate retail heroin markets in northeastern cities           such as New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia. New York City is the           primary base of operation for ethnic Dominican groups. Colombian distribution           networks at the wholesale level deal directly with Dominican trafficking           groups responsible for retail sales. 

**Mexican           Heroin**

Mexican           heroin has been a threat to the United States for decades. It is produced,           smuggled, and distributed by polydrug trafficking groups, many of which           have been in operation for more than 20 years. Nearly all of the heroin           produced in Mexico is destined for distribution in the United States.           Organized crime groups operating from Mexico produce, smuggle, and distribute           the black tar heroin sold in the western United States. Traditionally,           trafficking groups operating from Mexico evaded interdiction efforts           by smuggling heroin to the U.S. market as they received orders from           customers. By keeping quantities small, traffickers hoped to minimize           the risk of losing a significant quantity of heroin in a single seizure.           Even large polydrug Mexican organizations, which smuggle multiton quantities           of cocaine and marijuana, generally limited smuggling of Mexican heroin           into the United States to kilogram and smaller amounts. Nevertheless,           trafficking organizations were capable of regularly smuggling significant           quantities of heroin into the United States. 

Although           illegal immigrants and migrant workers frequently smuggle heroin across           the U.S./Mexico border in 1- to 3- kilogram amounts for the major trafficking           groups, seizures indicate that larger loads are being moved across the           border, primarily in privately owned vehicles. Once the heroin reaches           the United States, traffickers rely upon well-entrenched polydrug smuggling           and distribution networks to deliver their product to the market, principally           in the metropolitan areas of the midwestern, southwestern, and western           United States with sizable Mexican immigrant populations.

Indicative           of larger shipments of Mexican heroin being smuggled into the United           States are several seizures that occurred in the Southwest in recent           years. Following a traffic stop in April 2002 near Pleasanton, Texas           - about 25 miles south of San Antonio - Department of Public Safety           troopers seized 34 kilograms of brown powder heroin. The heroin bundles,           placed inside metal boxes, were found in all four tires of a pickup           truck which was headed for San Antonio. In January 2001, the USCS in           Del Rio, Texas, seized 42 kilograms of black tar heroin and in December           2000, they seized 27 kilograms of black tar heroin at the Laredo port           of entry. Texas has not been the only border state where large amounts           of black tar heroin have been seized. In October 2000, 46 kilograms           of black tar heroin were seized in Arizona at the San Luis port of entry.           This seizure ranks as one of the largest ever made along the Southwest           border.

Although           recent DEA cases have involved Mexican black tar heroin trafficking           groups east of the Mississippi River, there has been no successful,           long-term penetration of the East Coast markets by organizations selling           Mexico-produced heroin.

**Southeast           Asian Heroin**

High-purity           Southeast Asian (SEA) heroin dominated the market in the United States           during the late 1980s and early 1990s. Over the past few years, however,           all indicators point to a decrease in SEA heroin available domestically.           Significant investigations led to the incarceration in Thailand and           extradition to the United States of more than a dozen high-level violators           who played key roles in moving SEA heroin shipments to the United States.           SEA heroin trafficking links run from independent brokers and shippers           in Asia through overseas Chinese criminal populations to ethnic Chinese           criminal wholesale distributors in the United States. In the United           States, ethnic Chinese criminals rely upon local criminal organizations           for the distribution of SEA heroin. Despite the recent decline in the           trafficking of SEA heroin in the United States, Chinese criminal groups           remain the most sophisticated heroin trafficking organizations in the           world.

SEA           heroin shipments destined for U.S. markets may transit through China,           Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, or South Korea.           Largely independent U.S.-based ethnic Chinese traffickers control distribution           within the United States, principally in the Northeast and along the           East Coast. During the late 1990s, Vancouver, British Columbia, emerged           as a key operational headquarters for ethnic Chinese criminal elements.           These criminal groups were enmeshed with North American gangs of Asian           descent in transporting SEA heroin to the United States, mainly to the           East Coast. A DEA New York Field Division investigation led to the seizure,           in January 2001, of 57 kilograms of SEA heroin from a container ship           docked at the port in Elizabeth, New Jersey. The largest seizure of           SEA heroin in recent years.

Trafficking           groups composed of West African criminals also smuggle SEA heroin to           the United States. Nigerian criminals have been most active in U.S.           cities and areas with well-established Nigerian populations, such as           Atlanta, Baltimore, Houston, Dallas, New York City, Newark, Chicago,           and Washington, D.C. Over the past several years, Chicago has become           a hub for heroin trafficking controlled by Nigerian criminals who primarily           deal in SEA heroin.

**Southwest           Asian Heroin**

While           a large portion of Southwest Asian (SWA) heroin is consumed in Western           Europe, Pakistan, and Iran, traffickers operating from Middle Eastern           locations smuggle SWA heroin to ethnic enclaves in the United States.           Criminal groups composed of ethnic Lebanese, Pakistanis, Turks, and           Afghans are all involved in supplying the drug to U.S.-based groups           for retail distribution. SWA heroin traffickers and wholesale distributors           generally have been consistently cautious, rarely conducting heroin           business with persons not of Southwest Asian or Middle Eastern ethnicity.           Therefore, the ethnic aspect of SWA heroin importation and distribution           has made SWA heroin more prevalent in areas with large Southwest Asian           populations. 

West           African traffickers, who primarily smuggled SEA heroin to the United           States in the 1990s, now also deal in SWA heroin. In a particularly           noteworthy seizure of approximately 24 kilograms of heroin in New York           in May 2000, 90 percent of the seized heroin consisted of SWA heroin,           and the remaining 10 percent was SEA. While unusual, a shipment containing           the two types of heroin is not unexpected. For the last several years,           West African traffickers, based in Bangkok who normally deal in SEA           heroin, have been sending couriers to Pakistan to buy the cheaper Afghanistan-produced           SWA heroin. Heroin in Pakistan is about half the price of SEA heroin           in Bangkok where the West Africans pay between $13,000 and $16,000 for           a kilogram. 

The           most recent sizeable seizure of SWA heroin occurred in New York City           in September 200l when officers of the city police department confiscated           approximately 50 kilograms of the substance. According to the Federal-wide           Drug Seizure System, this was one of the largest seizures of powdered           heroin in the past five years.

**Purity**

On           the street, heroin purity and price often reflect the drug's availability.           High purities and low prices, for example, indicate that heroin supplies           are readily available. DEA's Domestic Monitor Program (DMP), a retail           heroin purchase program, tracks urban street-level heroin purity and           price. The most recent data available show that, in 2000, the nationwide           average purity for retail heroin from all sources was 36.8 percent.           This number is significantly higher than the average of 7 percent reported           two decades ago and higher than the 26 percent recorded in 1991. The           significant rise in average purity corresponds to the increased availability           of high-purity SA heroin, particularly in the northeastern United States.

Moreover,           the DMP indicated that the retail purity of SA heroin was the highest           for any source, averaging 48.1 percent in 2000. SWA heroin followed           with a 34.6 percent average and Mexican heroin averaged 20.8 percent.           Heroin purity at the street level generally remained highest in the           northeastern United States, where most of the nation's user population           lives. In 2000, Philadelphia recorded the DMP's highest heroin purity           average of 74.0 percent. Over the last several years, Philadelphia has           ranked consistently at or near the top in DMP retail heroin purity levels.           In addition, New York City continues to be one of the major importation           and distribution centers for SA and SEA heroin.

**Prices**

Nationwide,           in 2000, SA heroin ranged from $50,000 to $200,000 per kilogram. SEA           and SWA heroin ranged in price from $40,000 to $190,000 per kilogram.           Wholesale-level prices for Mexican heroin were the lowest of any type,           ranging from $13,200 to $175,000 per kilogram. The wide range in kilogram           prices reflects variables such as buyer/seller relationships, quantities           purchased, purchase frequencies, purity, and transportation costs.

**Seizures**

FDSS           statistics indicate that U.S. federal law enforcement authorities seized           2,506 kilograms of heroin in 2001, compared to 1,673 kilograms in 2000.

**METHAMPHETAMINE**

Domestic           methamphetamine production, trafficking, and abuse are concentrated           in the western, southwestern, and midwestern United States. Methamphetamine           is also increasingly available in portions of the South and eastern           United States, especially Georgia and Florida. Clandestine laboratories           in California and Mexico are the primary sources of supply for methamphetamine           available in the United States. 

Over           the last decade, the methamphetamine trafficking and abuse situation           in the United States changed dramatically. In 1994, ethnic Mexican drug           trafficking organizations operating "super labs" (laboratories           capable of producing in excess of 10 pounds of methamphetamine in one           24-hour production cycle) based in Mexico and in California began to           take control of the production and distribution of methamphetamine domestically.           Independent laboratory operators, including outlaw motorcycle gangs,           previously maintained control of methamphetamine production and distribution           within the United States, and continue to operate today on a lesser           scale. The entry of ethnic Mexican traffickers into the methamphetamine           trade in the mid-1990s resulted in a significant increase in the supply           of the drug. Mexican criminal organizations, based in Mexico and California,           provided high-purity, low-cost methamphetamine originally to cities           in the Midwest and West with Mexican populations. 

In           2001, approximately 8,000 clandestine methamphetamine laboratories were           seized and reported to the National Clandestine Laboratory Database           at the El Paso Intelligence Center (EPIC). In 2001, 298 seized super           labs were reported to EPIC. This represents a rise in the number of           superlabs from 2000, in which the total number of superlabs totaled           168. Further, for all of calendar year 2000, the Tijuana Residence Office           (TJRO) reported only two seized methamphetamine laboratories. During           calendar year 2001, the number of clandestine laboratories seized in           Baja California Norte increased substantially, with 24 clandestine laboratories           seized as of December 2001. The majority of these laboratories have           been seized in the cities of Tijuana and Mexicali. Due to the proximity           of these laboratories to the United States, it is believed that the           majority of the methamphetamine was bound for the United States. 

According           to EPIC, the methamphetamine seized annually in transit from Mexico           to the United States has increased dramatically since 1992. Authorities           seized 1,370 kilograms of methamphetamine along the border in 2001,           compared with only 6.5 kilograms in 1992. The primary points of entry           into the United States for methamphetamine produced in Mexico have traditionally           been California ports of entry, particularly San Ysidro. Although a           great amount of methamphetamine still transits this area, ports of entry           in South Texas have experienced increases in smuggling activity, although           this activity appears to be stabilizing. The most common method of transporting           methamphetamine is within concealed compartments in passenger vehicles.

The           supply of methamphetamine in the United States also stems from multiple           small-scale laboratories, often operated by independent cooks who obtain           the ingredients necessary for manufacture from retail and convenience           stores. Methamphetamine produced in these "mom-and-pop" laboratories           is generally for personal use or limited distribution. A clandestine           laboratory operator can use relatively common items, such as mason jars,           coffee filters, hot plates, pressure cookers, pillowcases, plastic tubing,           and gas cans to substitute for sophisticated laboratory equipment. The           growing use of the Internet, which provides access to methamphetamine           "recipes," coupled with increased demand for high-purity product,           has resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of mom-and-pop laboratories           throughout the United States. In 2001, the number of labs with capacities           under ten pounds totaled over 7,700.

Methamphetamine           precursor chemicals diverted to large clandestine laboratories in the           United States are usually dosage-form pseudoephedrine or ephedrine drug           products. Because of law enforcement attention and strong state precursor           control laws in California, traffickers have now diversified to pseudoephedrine           suppliers nationwide, buying at relatively lower prices in other parts           of the country and trafficking the product to California, where the           black market price can bring up to $5,000 per pound of product.

Nationwide           networks of suppliers, working together, now provide ton quantities           of pseudoephedrine tablet products to the market in California and to           distributors in other states. The latter divert the product to local           methamphetamine laboratories. Small-scale lab operators commonly buy           over-the-counter pseudoephedrine products in small amounts from legitimate           retailers. Recent reporting indicates that Canadian companies are a           major source of supply for pseudoephedrine destined for U.S. laboratories           because of minimal chemical controls in Canada. On March 7, 2002, search           warrants were served on two residences, one in Paramount and the other           in Lynwood, California. Four hundred containers of 25,000 count pseudoephedrine           jars, or "pickle jars," (approximately 10,000,000 tablets)           and $1,502,000 USC were seized. The pseudoephedrine is believed to have           originated in Canada.

Pseudoephedrine           and ephedrine are also purchased from unscrupulous U.S. distributors           who sell case quantities of the tablets. Ultimately, the tablets are           destined for California where they are manufactured into multiple pounds           of methamphetamine. The finished methamphetamine is then distributed           throughout the United States through preexisting smuggling methods to           the traffickers. 

In           addition, the use of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) has been encountered           as a "cut" in methamphetamine produced primarily by Mexican           organizations. Legitimately used as a dietary supplement for horses           and humans, MSM is readily available at feed and livestock stores, as           well as health and nutrition stores. The addition of MSM can be used           to add volume to the finished methamphetamine, thus increasing the profit.           Increases in the use of MSM may be a signal of difficulty in obtaining           precursors, or a simple marketing method to meet demand while increasing           profit.

The           crystalline form of methamphetamine, known as "ice," "glass,"           or "crystal," is gaining popularity. Converted from powder           by criminal elements in Southeast Asia, Mexico, and the United States,           ice traditionally was used in Hawaii and southern California. More recently,           its use has spread along the West Coast and Southwest border areas.

The           importation of methamphetamine tablets from Southeast Asia, primarily           via the mail system, remains a potential threat. Produced mainly by           the United Wa State Army, the largest heroin and methamphetamine trafficking           group in Burma, the tablets, which weigh approximately 90 milligrams           (mg), typically contain 25 to 30 mg of methamphetamine, and 45 to 65           mg of caffeine. Although it is believed that the tablets are trafficked           primarily by ethnic Thais or Laotians for use in the Asian community,           it is possible that larger amounts will be smuggled into the United           States if demand increases outside that community. 

**Purity**

Until           1999, the methamphetamine problem was increasing at an alarming rate.           International chemical control efforts reduced the supply of those chemicals           needed to produce high-quality methamphetamine. As a result, the national           purity level for methamphetamine has decreased dramatically. The average           purity of methamphetamine exhibits seized by DEA dropped from 71.9 percent           in 1994 to 30.7 percent in 1999. The average purity of methamphetamine           exhibits seized by DEA in 2000 rose slightly to 35.3 percent and 40.1           in 2001.

**Prices**

Methamphetamine           prices vary throughout different regions of the United States. At the           distribution level, prices range from $3,500 per pound in parts of California           and Texas to $21,000 per pound in southeastern and northeastern regions           of the country. Retail prices range from $400 to $3,000 per ounce.

**Seizures**

According           to the FDSS, U.S. federal authorities seized a total of 2,807 kilograms           of methamphetamine in 2001 compared to 3,373 kilograms in 2000. 

In           2000, authorities seized 301,697 SEA methamphetamine tablets in U.S.           Postal Service facilities in Oakland, Los Angeles, and Honolulu. This           represents an 656-percent increase from the 1999 seizure total of 39,917.           

**MARIJUANA**

Marijuana           is the most widely abused and readily available illicit drug in the           United States, with an estimated 11.5 million current users. At least           one-third of the U.S. population has used marijuana sometime in their           lives. The drug is considered a "gateway" to the world of           illicit drug abuse. Relaxed public perception of harm, popularization           by the media and by groups advocating legalization, along with the trend           of smoking marijuana-filled cigars known as "blunts," contribute           to the nationwide resurgence in marijuana's popularity.

The           Internet also contributes to marijuana's popularity. Websites exist           that provide information and links extolling the virtues of marijuana.           These sites provide forums for user group discussions, post documents           and messages for public discussions, and advocate the "legal"           sale of marijuana. Several web sites advertising the sale of marijuana           and providing instructions on home grows have also been identified.

Marijuana           smuggled into the United States, whether grown in Mexico or transshipped           from other Latin American source areas, accounts for most of the marijuana           available in the United States. Marijuana produced in Mexico remains           the most widely available. Moreover, high-potency marijuana enters the           U.S. drug market from Canada. The availability of marijuana from Southeast           Asia generally is limited to the West Coast. U.S. drug law enforcement           reporting also suggests increased availability of domestically grown           marijuana.

**Domestic           Marijuana**

According           to 2000 Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program (DCE/SP) statistics,           the five leading states for indoor growing activity were California,           Florida, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin. DCE/SP statistics indicate           that the major outdoor growing states in 2000 were California, Hawaii,           Kentucky, and Tennessee; these states accounted for approximately three-quarters           of the total of eradicated outdoor cultivated plants. 

**Mexican           Marijuana**

Organized           crime groups operating from Mexico have smuggled marijuana into the           United States since the early 1970s. These groups maintain extensive           networks of associates, often related through familial or regional ties           to associates living in the United States, where they control polydrug           smuggling and wholesale distribution from hub cities to retail markets           throughout the United States. 

Groups           operating from Mexico employ a variety of transportation and concealment           methods to smuggle marijuana into the United States. Most of the marijuana           smuggled into the United States is concealed in vehicles - often in           false compartments - or hidden in shipments of legitimate agricultural           or industrial products. Marijuana also is smuggled across the border           by rail, horse, raft, and backpack. Shipments of 20 kilograms or less           are smuggled by pedestrians who enter the United States at border checkpoints           and by backpackers who, alone or in groups ("mule trains"),           cross the border at more remote locations. Jamaican organizations also           appear to be involved in dispatching Mexican marijuana via parcel carriers.           

Organized           crime groups operating from Mexico conceal marijuana in an array of           vehicles, including commercial vehicles, private automobiles, pickup           trucks, vans, mobile homes, and horse trailers, driven through border           ports of entry. Larger shipments ranging up to multithousand kilograms           are usually smuggled in tractor-trailers, such as the 6.9 metric tons           of marijuana seized on April 3, 2001, by USCS officials from a tractor-trailer           at the Otay Mesa, California, port of entry. The marijuana packages           had been wrapped in cellophane, coated with mustard, grease, and motor           oil, and commingled in a load of television sets. 

Besides           overland smuggling, drug traffickers use ocean vessels to move Mexican           marijuana up the coast of Mexico to U.S. ports, drop-off sites along           the U.S. coast, or to rendezvous points with other boats bound for the           United States. Law enforcement authorities in southern California indicate           that marijuana is transferred from mother ships in international waters           to Mexican fishing vessels. The smaller vessels then deliver the marijuana           to overland smugglers on the Mexican Baja California Peninsula. From           there, the marijuana is generally moved to border transit points and           then carried to the Los Angeles metropolitan area for distribution to           eastern markets. 

**Canadian           Marijuana**

Canada           is becoming a source country for indoor-grown, high-potency (15 to 25           percent THC) marijuana destined for the United States. Canadian law           enforcement intelligence indicates that marijuana traffickers there           are increasingly cultivating cannabis indoors. Such indoor-grow operations           have become an enormous and lucrative illicit industry, producing a           potent form of marijuana that has come to be known as "BC Bud."           Canadian officials estimate that cannabis cultivation in British Columbia           is a billion-dollar industry, and that traffickers smuggle a significant           portion of the Canadian harvest into the United States. 

**Prices           and Potency (THC Content)**

Prices           for commercial-grade marijuana have remained relatively stable over           the past decade, ranging from approximately $400 to $1,000 per pound           in U.S. Southwest border areas to between $700 to $2000 per pound in           the Midwest and northeastern United States. The national price range           for sinsemilla, a higher quality marijuana usually grown domestically,           is between $900 and $6,000 per pound. BC Bud sells for between $1,500           and $2,000 per pound in Vancouver; but when smuggled into the United           States, it sells for between $5,000 and $8,000 per pound in major metropolitan           areas.

During           the past two decades, marijuana potency has increased. According to           the University of Mississippi's 2000 Marijuana Potency Monitoring Project           (MPMP), commercial-grade marijuana THC levels rose from under 2 percent           in the late 1970s and early 1980s to 6.07 percent in 2000. The MPMP           reports that sinsemilla potency also increased, rising from 6 percent           in the late 1970s and 1980s to 13.20 percent in 2000.

**Seizures**

According           to the FDSS, U.S. federal authorities seized 1,211 metric tons of marijuana           in 2001 compared to 1,236 metric tons in 2000.

**MDMA**

Commonly           referred to as Ecstasy, XTC, Clarity, or Essence, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine           (MDMA) is a synthetic psychoactive drug possessing stimulant and mild           hallucinogenic properties. In the early 1990s, MDMA became increasingly           popular among European youth. However, it is within the last five years           that MDMA use in the United States has increased at an alarming rate.

MDMA           is popular among middle-class adolescents and young adults. MDMA is           increasingly becoming an abuse problem because many users view it as           nonaddictive and benign. MDMA is sold primarily at legitimate nightclubs           and bars, at underground nightclubs sometimes called "acid houses,"           or at all-night parties known as "raves."

MDMA           tablets range in weight from 150 to 350 mg and contain between 70 to           120 mg of MDMA. The profit margin associated with MDMA trafficking is           significant. It costs as little as 25 to 50 cents to manufacture an           MDMA tablet in Europe, but the street value of that same MDMA tablet           can be as high as $40, with a tablet typically selling for between $20           and $30. 

Although           the vast majority of MDMA consumed domestically is produced in Europe,           a limited number of MDMA laboratories operate in the United States.           Law enforcement seized 17 clandestine MDMA laboratories in the United           States in 2001 compared to 7 seized in 2000. It should be noted that           these laboratories were primarily capable of limited drug production.           While recipes for the clandestine production of MDMA can be found on           the Internet, acquiring the necessary precursor chemicals in the United           States is difficult.

MDMA           is manufactured clandestinely in Western Europe, particularly in the           Netherlands and to a lesser extent in Belgium. Much of the MDMA is manufactured           in the southeast section of the Netherlands near Maastricht. Despite           the Dutch Government's efforts to curtail MDMA trafficking, the Netherlands           remains a primary source country for the drug. International MDMA traffickers           based in the Netherlands and Belgium, and a significant number of U.S.-based           traffickers who coordinate MDMA shipments to major metropolitan areas           of the United States sometimes use Montreal and Toronto as transit points.           In December 2000, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) seized approximately           150,000 MDMA tablets in Toronto that had been shipped via DHL from Brussels,           Belgium, by an Israeli MDMA trafficking organization. The shipment was           destined for distributors in the United States. 

Due           to the availability of precursor chemicals in Canada, a number of MDMA           laboratories have been discovered operating near metropolitan areas           such as Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal. Such laboratories continue           to supply U.S. and Canadian-based MDMA trafficking organizations. According           to the RCMP, the total potential yield of MDMA from laboratories uncovered           in Canada since 1999 is in excess of 10 million tablets. 

Another           emerging trend is the use of Mexico as a transit zone for MDMA entering           the United States. During 2000, several seizures were reported in or           destined for Mexico. In September 2000, Dutch authorities seized a 1.25           million-tablet shipment of MDMA destined for Mexico. Previously, in           April 2000, a shipment of 200,000 MDMA tablets was seized at the airport           in Mexico City. The MDMA was discovered in an air cargo shipment manifested           as aircraft parts sent from the Netherlands and destined for the United           States.

In           recent years, traffickers have begun to tap the potential of the Caribbean           and South America as alternative routes for moving synthetic drugs,           predominantly MDMA, from Europe to the United States. The region's numerous           and established drug transportation groups, extensive network of commercial           flights, abundance of couriers, and historic connections to Europe provide           traffickers with the means to route synthetic drugs through South America           and the Caribbean to the United States. Available seizure and investigative           information indicates that practically all of the MDMA transiting South           America and the Caribbean is transported from Europe on commercial flights.           Thus far the Caribbean has overshadowed South America as a transit zone           for European MDMA destined to the United States. 

USCS           statistics show a dramatic increase in seizures of MDMA tablets. In           FY 1997, approximately 400,000 MDMA tablets were seized compared to           approximately 7.2 million tablets seized in FY 2001. On July 22, 2000,           approximately 2.1 million tablets were seized in Los Angeles. To date,           this is the largest seizure of MDMA tablets in the United States. 

**LSD**

Lysergic           acid diethylamide (LSD) remains available in retail quantities in virtually           every state. LSD production reportedly is centered on the West Coast,           particularly in San Francisco, northern California, the Pacific Northwest,           and recently the Midwest. Since the 1960s, LSD has been manufactured           illegally within the United States. LSD production is a time-consuming           and complex procedure. Several chemical recipes for synthesizing LSD           are on the Internet, but clandestine production requires a high degree           of chemical expertise. Chemists maintain tight control at the production           level, but do not necessarily participate in the distribution of the           drug. These chemists usually sell the crystal LSD product to one or           two trusted associates, insulating themselves from the wholesale distributors.

Few           LSD laboratories have ever been seized in the United States because           of infrequent and irregular production cycles. In 2000, DEA seized one           LSD laboratory that was located in a converted missile silo in Kansas.           LSD is produced in crystal form that is converted to liquid and distributed           primarily in the form of squares of blotter paper saturated with the           liquid. To a lesser extent, LSD is sold as a liquid, contained in breath           mint bottles and vials; in gelatin tab form ("window panes")           of varying colors; and in pill form known as "microdots."

Distribution           of LSD is unique within the drug culture. A proliferation of mail order           sales has created a marketplace where the sellers are virtually unknown           to the buyers, giving the highest level traffickers considerable insulation           from drug law enforcement operations. The vast majority of users are           middle-class adolescents and young adults attracted by its low prices.           Rock concerts continue to be favorite distribution sites for LSD traffickers;           however, distribution at raves throughout the United States is becoming           more popular. Contacts made at raves and concerts are used to establish           future transactions and shipments of larger quantities of LSD.

**PCP**

Phencyclidine           (PCP), a clandestinely manufactured hallucinogen commonly used in conjunction           with marijuana, causes users to feel detached from their surroundings           and, in some cases, paranoid and violent. PCP production is centered           in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area. During the late 1980s           and early 1990s, the widespread availability and use of crack cocaine           displaced demand for PCP. More recently, however, reporting suggests           that PCP abuse is increasing slightly in many cities, as some crack           addicts return to the use of this drug. DEA reporting indicates that           many large seizures of PCP have occurred in Texas. Every seizure of           PCP had originated in the Los Angeles metropolitan area and was primarily           destined for Houston. 

Since           2000, four major seizures of PCP have occurred in Sierra Blanca, Texas,           alone: approximately 6 kilograms of PCP were seized on April 21, 2000;           2 kilograms seized on December 12, 2000; 1,773 dosage units of liquid           PCP seized on June 11, 2001; and 33 kilograms of liquid PCP on July           31, 2001. DEA, state, and local authorities also seized four PCP laboratories           in 2000 and five in 2001.

**FLUNITRAZEPAM**

Flunitrazepam           is sold under the trade name Rohypnol, from which the street name "Rophy"           is derived. Other street names include "circles," "Mexican           valium," "roofies," and "R-2." Flunitrazepam           is a depressant used in the treatment of short-term insomnia and as           a hypnotic sedative and pre-anesthetic medication. 

Flunitrazepam           is manufactured worldwide, particularly in Europe and Latin America,           where it is sold legally by prescription. This drug is neither manufactured           nor approved for medical use in the United States. Distributors in Texas           allegedly travel to Mexico to obtain the drug. In addition, Colombian           sources of supply smuggle flunitrazepam into South Florida via international           mail services and/or couriers using commercial airlines.

According           to law enforcement officials in south Florida, flunitrazepam is routinely           referred to as a "club drug," since it is popular in local           nightclubs. It is also referred to as the "date rape drug,"           characteristically causing the victim to experience short-term memory           loss after ingestion. It is ingested orally, frequently in conjunction           with alcohol or other drugs. High school and college students are the           most frequent users of flunitrazepam, commonly using it as an "alcohol           extender." Young people also have the misconception that flunitrazepam           is unadulterated, and, therefore, "safe" because of pre-sealed           bubble packaging.

**GHB/GBL**

GHB           (gamma hydroxybutyrate), a central nervous system depressant, was banned           by the FDA in 1990. On February 18, 2000, President William J. Clinton           signed the Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Prohibition           Act of 2000. This legislation makes GHB a Schedule I drug under the           Controlled Substance Act (CSA).

GHB           generates feelings of euphoria and intoxication. It is often combined           in a carbonated, alcohol, or health food drink, and is reportedly popular           among adolescents and young adults attending raves and nightclubs. At           lower doses, GHB causes drowsiness, nausea, and visual disturbances.           At higher dosages, unconsciousness, seizures, severe respiratory depression,           and coma can occur.

GHB           has been used in the commission of sexual assaults because it renders           the victim incapable of resisting, and may cause memory problems that           could complicate case prosecution. GHB recipes are accessible over the           Internet; the drug is simple to manufacture, and can be made in a bathtub           or even a Pyrex baking dish. DEA, along with state and local law enforcement           agencies, seized 13 GHB laboratories in 2001, 5 of which were located           in California, compared to 20 GHB laboratories in 2000 with 12 of these           seized in California. 

GBL           (gamma butyrolactone), an analog of GHB, is also abused. GBL is a chemical           used in many industrial cleaners and it also has been marketed as a           health supplement. GBL is synthesized by the body to produce GHB. One           55-gallon drum yields 240,000 capfuls of GBL. One capful sells for $8.00,           potentially yielding 1.9 million dollars per 55-gallon drum.

**STEROIDS**

The           Anabolic Steroid Control Act was passed by Congress in the fall of 1990           and became effective on February 21, 1991. The Steroid Act classified           27 steroids as Schedule III substances under the CSA. Street prices           of anabolic steroids have increased substantially as a result. 

Fitness           clubs have been, and continue to be, the primary distribution centers           of steroids, since bodybuilders and weightlifters comprise a predominant           portion of the user population. Once viewed as a problem strictly associated           with professional athletes, a recent survey of students indicates increased           steroid use among boys in the 8th and 10th grades. The percentage of           8th grade boys reporting past-year use of steroids increased from 1.6           percent in 1998 to 2.5 percent in 1999, and from 1.9 percent to 2.8           percent among 10th grade boys. 

Anabolic           steroids are illicitly smuggled from Mexico and European countries to           the United States. Recent DEA reporting indicates that Russian, Romanian,           and Greek nationals are significant traffickers of steroids and are           responsible for substantial shipments of steroids entering the United           States. The lack of international control over foreign sources of supply,           however, makes it impossible to attack the trafficking at its source. |
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