0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Figure 1.

Population of India by Age and Sex: 1997 and 2020

Millions

80+

75–79

70–74

65–69

60–64

55–59

50–54

45–49

40–44

35–39

30–34

25–29

20–24

15–19

10–14

5–9

0–4

1997

2020

60 20 0

Male Female

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, IPC, International Database.

70 50 40 10 30

International Brief

by Arjun Adlakha

IB/97-1

Issued April 1997

U.S. Department of Commerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

 Each year India adds more

people to the world’s population

than any other country. In

1997, there were almost as

many babies born in India

(about 25 million) as in all of

Sub-Saharan Africa and more

than in China (21 million).

 The total fertility rate is declining—by 42 percent since the

mid-1960’s—but the continued

increase in the number of

women of reproductive age

suggests continued high numbers of births.

 Contraceptive prevalence has

risen substantially from 13 percent of married women using

contraception in 1970 to 41 percent in 1993. Yet close to 35

million married women have an

unmet need for family planning.

 HIV/AIDS in India is spreading

fast. With an estimated 2 to 5

million infected people in

mid-1996, India has more

adults living with HIV than any

other country.

 India’s States vary widely with

respect to fertility, mortality, and

contraceptive use. In general,

there is a north/south gradient—

most western and southern

States have lower mortality,

lower fertility, and higher contraceptive use. In the north, Uttar

Pradesh, the most populous

State, has high mortality, low

contraceptive use, and the highest fertility.

Population Size, Growth, 

and Structure

India, with a current population of

967 million, will most likely surpass

China in population size by about

the middle of the next century. 

India’s population is currently

growing at a rate (1.7 percent

annually) about 70 percent higher

than that of China and will continue growing faster than China for

many years in the future.

Currently, India has a young population which will grow somewhat

older largely as a result of the 

fertility decline which is already 

underway. Between now and

2020, both the working age 

population and the number of

women in childbearing ages will

grow more rapidly and will become

larger proportions of the total population than now (figure 1).

Mortality and HIV/AIDS

India, like other developing countries, has achieved substantial 

improvements in mortality. Since

independence (1947), life expectancy has roughly doubled from

about 32-33 years to 62 years in

1997. The infant mortality rate

(IMR) has been reduced from

200-225 infant deaths per 1,000

births to 66. India has a lower IMR

than its immediate neighbors—

Pakistan and Bangladesh—but a
0 20 40 60 80 100

Kerala

Tamil Nadu

Andhra Pradesh

Karnataka

Maharashtra

West Bengal

Punjab

Orissa

Gujarat

Assam

INDIA

Haryana

Madhya Pradesh

Rajasthan

Bihar

Uttar Pradesh

Figure 3.

Total Fertility Rate and Fertility Decline

by State: 1966 to 1993

Percent

Source: NRC, 1984; and IRG, 1996.

Births per woman

Total Fertility Rate

(TFR), 1993 Decline in TFR, 1966-93

6 3 5 4 2 1

Selected Health Indicators: 1992-93

Percent of births which are high risk1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Percent of births whose mothers received: 

Antenatal care from a doctor or other health professional 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Two or more tetanus toxoid injections 54 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Percent of births in which mothers were assisted at delivery by:

Doctor 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Nurse/midwife 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Traditional birth attendant 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Percent of children 12-23 months who were fully vaccinated 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

1 Births falling in one or more of the following categories: occurring to women under

age 18 or over age 34, occurring within 24 months of last birth, and birth order higher

than 3.

Source: IIPS, 1995.

2

Figure 2.

Infant Mortality Rate 

for Selected Asian 

Countries: 1997

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Bangladesh

Pakistan

INDIA

Indonesia

China

Philippines

Thailand

Sri Lanka

Infant deaths per 

1,000 live births

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, IPC,

International Database.

much higher rate than China, Sri

Lanka, and various other South

East Asian countries (figure 2).

Among India’s major States, IMR’s

(1992-94) range from 15 to 109

per 1,000 births. Uttar Pradesh,

the largest State, has one of the

highest rates (93).

Inadequate antenatal care and 

delivery services, low levels of 

immunization among children, and

a substantial proportion of highrisk births (see below) are some of

the reasons for the relatively high

mortality of infants and children 

in India.

Future improvements in mortality

may be slowed or even stalled by

the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India.

While HIV was introduced into 

India at a later date than much of

the rest of the world, the epidemic

is extensive, with rapid growth in

some geographic areas. Studies

of high-risk populations (commercial sex workers, intravenous drug

users, and sexually transmitted

disease patients) show high and

rapidly rising rates of HIV infection,

exceeding 50 percent in some

areas of the country. Recent studies show that the virus also is

spreading in the general population. For example, the level of HIV

seroprevalence among pregnant

women in the State of Tamil Nadu

quadrupled between 1989 and

1991 from a rate of 0.2 to 0.8 percent; in Manipur it was 2 percent in

1994 (U.S. Bureau of the Census,

1995).

A recent report (AIDSCAP, et al.,

1996) estimates that between 2

and 5 million people in India are

currently infected with HIV. An

earlier report (WHO, 1995) had estimated that at the end of 1994,

1.75 million adults were infected.2

The level of HIV seroprevalence

varies by regions. It is higher in

south and west India compared

with the rest of the country 

(AIDSCAP, et al., 1996).

Fertility

Fertility in India has declined substantially, from a total fertility rate

(TFR) of 5.7 children per woman in

2 The population and other projected

indicators for India have not been adjusted

to take account of AIDS mortality due to

lack of sufficiently reliable data.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Urban

Rural

Illiterate

Less than primary

Primary

High school & above

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

Sikh

All India

Figure 5.

Fertility and Contraceptive Prevalence: 1992-93

Percent using contraceptive

2 1

Source: IIPS, 1995.

5 4 3

Births per woman

Total Fertility Rate Contraceptive Use

Figure 4.

Percent Distribution of Contraceptive Users by Method

Source: IIPS, 1995; and UN, 1994

Female

sterilization 67%

Female

sterilization 30%

Condom 6%

Condom 9%

Traditional 11%

Traditional 14%

IUD 5%

IUD 21%

Male sterilization 9%

Male sterilization 9%

Pill 3%

Pill 14%

Other 4%

India: 1992-93

World: 1994

3

the mid-1960’s to 3.3 children in

1997. Since the mid-1960’s, India

has covered two-thirds of the 

distance to the replacement fertility

of just over two births per woman.

Fertility varies widely among

States; it is significantly below the

national average in the southern

and western States and higher in

the others. With a TFR of 5.2 in

1993, Uttar Pradesh clearly stands

out as having especially high fertility, nearly 50 percent above the

national level (figure 3).

Contraceptive Prevalence

The national family planning program, which was established in

1952, has played an important role

in India’s fertility decline. When

the program began, there was little

awareness or use of modern birth

control methods. Four decades

later, the 1992-93 National Family

Health Survey (NFHS) found nearly universal knowledge of family

planning, with 96 percent of married women ages 13 to 49 years

having heard of at least one modern method, and almost 41 percent, or almost 70 million women,

using contraception.

Eighty-nine percent of married

women who practiced family planning in India relied upon modern

contraceptive methods. Female

sterilization, the method which is

strongly promoted by India’s family

planning program, was by far the

most widely used method. Nearly

67 percent of married women who

were using contraception, or 47

million women, had been sterilized

compared with an average of only

30 percent for the entire world.

Spacing methods, primarily available through the private sector,

were used by a small proportion of

users: the pill by 3 percent, IUD by

5 percent, and condom by 6 percent (figure 4).

Education, religion, place and

State of residence are among 

the factors that strongly correlate

with contraceptive use in India 

(figure 5). Nearly half of the married women with some primary

schooling use contraception

compared with one third of illiterate

women. Differentials by religion

are also strong. Higher prevalence

rates (48 to 63 percent) are found

among small minority religions

(Jains, Sikhs, Buddhists, and

Christians) than among Hindus 

(42 percent), and the lowest use

(28 percent) is found among Muslims. A higher proportion of urban

married women (51 percent) than

rural married women (37 percent)

use contraceptives.
4







Rajasthan

Bihar

Madhya Pradesh

Gujarat

Maharashtra

Orissa

Uttar Pradesh

Karnataka

Andhra Pradesh

Assam

Tamil Nadu

Punjab

West

Bengal

Jammu and Kashmir

Kerala

Haryana Arunachal Pradesh

Himachal

Pradesh

Manipur

Mizoram

Meghalaya

Nagaland

Sikkim

Goa

Daman and Diu

Pondicherry

Dadra and

Nagar Haveli

Figure 6.

Percent of Married Women Using Contraception by State: 1992-93.

Disputed Territory with China

Percent

Under 25

25 to 39

40 to 49

50 or over

Data not available

Delhi

Note: The Union Territiories of Lakshadweep and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are not shown on this map.

Source: IIPS, 1995

Pondicherry

Pondicherry

Tripura

Chandigarh
Selected Population and Demographic Indicators by State for India

State or Territory

Population

(In

thousands)

1991

Life expectancy

(years)

Infant

mortality

rate

(per 1,000

births)

1992-94

Total

fertility

rate

(per

woman)

1993

Percent of married women

15 to 49

Percent of

females

illiterate

(6 years

and over)

1992-93

Male

1988-92

Female

1988-92

Using any

contraceptive

method

1992-93

Using

sterilization

1992-93

With

unmet

need for

family

planning

1992-93

India, Total 846,303 58.6 59.0 75.0 3.5 40.6 30.8 19.5 56.7

Major States

Andhra Pradesh 66,508 59.1 61.5 66.0 2.7 47.0 44.8 10.4 61.5

Assam 22,414 53.9 54.4 78.0 3.3 42.8 14.4 21.7 49.3

Bihar 86,374 58.4 56.4 69.0 4.6 23.1 18.6 25.1 71.4

Gujarat 41,310 58.0 60.5 63.0 3.2 49.3 41.0 13.1 48.7

Haryana 16,464 62.1 63.2 69.0 3.7 49.7 34.8 16.4 54.1

Jammu and Kashmir1 (NA) (NA) (NA) 45.0 3.1 49.4 29.7 17.5 48.2

Karnataka 44,977 60.5 63.6 68.0 2.9 49.1 42.5 18.2 53.5

Kerala 29,099 68.1 73.4 15.0 1.7 63.3 48.3 11.7 17.6

Madhya Pradesh 66,181 53.8 53.2 102.0 4.2 36.5 31.5 20.5 65.7

Maharashtra 78,937 62.0 64.7 54.0 2.9 53.7 46.1 14.1 44.1

Orissa 31,660 55.8 55.1 109.0 3.1 36.3 31.6 22.4 58.6

Punjab 20,282 65.4 67.2 55.0 3.0 58.7 34.0 13.0 48.0

Rajasthan 44,006 56.2 56.7 85.0 4.5 31.8 27.7 19.8 74.6

Tamil Nadu 55,859 60.7 62.5 58.0 2.1 49.8 39.5 14.6 43.9

Uttar Pradesh 139,112 56.1 54.5 93.0 5.2 19.8 13.1 30.1 68.5

West Bengal 68,078 60.8 62.3 61.0 3.0 57.4 30.6 17.4 44.8

Smaller States

Arunachal Pradesh 865 (NA) (NA) 63.0 4.2 23.6 10.7 20.4 57.9

Goa 1,170 (NA) (NA) 14.0 1.9 47.8 30.5 15.7 26.9

Himachal Pradesh 5,171 63.2 63.0 63.0 3.0 58.4 45.8 14.9 42.6

Manipur 1,837 (NA) (NA) 23.0 2.8 34.9 13.8 21.7 37.0

Meghalaya 1,775 (NA) (NA) 49.0 3.7 20.7 10.0 25.1 39.8

Mizoram 690 (NA) (NA) 15.0 2.3 53.8 44.6 11.9 11.1

Nagaland 1,210 (NA) (NA) 6.0 3.3 13.0 6.4 26.7 28.2

Sikkim 406 (NA) (NA) 37.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Tripura 2,757 (NA) (NA) 43.0 2.7 56.1 19.1 13.5 35.6

Union Territories

A and N Islands 281 (NA) (NA) 30.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Chandigarh 642 (NA) (NA) 32.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Dadra and Nagar Haveli 138 (NA) (NA) 78.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Daman and Diu 102 (NA) (NA) 43.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Delhi 9,421 (NA) (NA) 43.0 3.0 60.3 23.3 15.4 29.2

Lakshadweep 52 (NA) (NA) 27.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

Pondicherry 808 (NA) (NA) 31.0 (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA) (NA)

(NA) Not available.

1

1991 Census was not taken in Jammu and Kashmir. The estimated population for the State is 7,718,700. The total population for India

includes this estimate for Jammu and Kashmir. Other information shown for Jammu and Kashmir is for only the Jammu Region of the State.

Sources: 1991 Census Population: IRG 1992. Total fertility rate for major States (except Jammu and Kashmir) and infant mortality rate

(except Mizoram): IRG 1996. Life expectancy: IRG, 1995. All other data: IIPS, 1995.

5
Figure 7.

Unmet Need for Family Planning

Among Currently-Married Women 

by Age: 1992-93

Source: IIPS, 1995.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

13–14

15–19

20–24

25–29

30–34

35–39

40–44

45–49

Spacing

Limiting Age

Percent

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Andhra Pradesh

Kerala

Mizoram

Punjab

Gujarat

Tripura

Maharashtra

Tamil Nadu

Himachal Pradesh

Jammu Region of J&K

Karnataka

INDIA

Rajasthan

Arunachal Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh

Assam

Manipur

Orissa

Bihar

Meghalaya

Nagaland

Uttar Pradesh

Figure 8.

Unmet Need by States of India:

1992-93

Source: IIPS, 1995

Births per woman

Spacing

Limiting

6

Among the major States, contraceptive use ranges from more than

63 percent of married women using contraceptives in Kerala to less

than 20 percent in Uttar Pradesh

(figure 6).

Fertility Preference and Unmet

Need for Family Planning

According to the NFHS, a large

majority of married women in India

(77 percent) prefer to regulate their

fertility: 26 percent do not want

another child, 31 percent (or their

husbands) were sterilized, and 20

percent want to postpone their

next birth.

However, the survey found an incongruence between women’s desire and actual practice to regulate

their fertility. Nearly 23 percent of

births during the 4-year period before the survey were not wanted

by women: 14 percent of all births

were mistimed and 9 percent were

not wanted at all. If there were no

unwanted births in India, its TFR

would be lower by nearly threequarters of a child. For Uttar Pradesh, avoidance of unwanted

births could reduce the TFR by at

least one child.

A substantial portion of the total

demand for family planning services remains unsatisfied. According to the NFHS, nearly 20 percent

of married women in India have an

unmet need for family planning:

8.5 percent want to stop having

children and 11.0 percent want to

postpone their next birth.

Unmet need for spacing is a substantial portion of the total unmet

need for family planning—most of

the unmet need among younger

women is for spacing (figure 7).

This suggests that more attention

should be given to methods other

than sterilization, such as condom,

the pill, and IUD.3 Further, fully

meeting today’s unmet need for

family planning, that is, providing

services to an additional 35 million

women, will require substantial

additional resources.

If this were accomplished, India

could meet its goal for 2016 of

having 60 percent of married

women practicing family planning.

To meet this goal in 2016, will require that 159 million women practice family planning (about double

the current number).

3 Further direct evidence supporting the

view that the family welfare program

should pay greater attention to temporary

methods of family planning—the pill, IUD,

condom, and injections—comes from the

responses of intended users in the future

which show that the potential demand for

these methods is substantial. According

to the NFHS, nearly 31 percent of noncontracepting married women in India

who intend to use family planning in the

future indicate preference for temporary

methods. A recent survey carried out in

the state of Uttar Pradesh in 1995 found

that as large as 42 percent of the intended users in the state prefer such

methods (SIFPSA, et al., 1996).
7

Unmet need for family planning

also varies by States. In most

southern and western States,

where the family planning program

is considered to be more effective,

unmet need is 15 percent or less.

In contrast, 30 percent of women

in Uttar Pradesh, or 8 million, have

unmet need for family planning

(figure 8).

Literacy

Literacy and education, especially

of females, affect fertility through

greater access and practice 

of contraception and desire for

smaller family size. Literacy in 

India has improved steadily. The

adult literacy rate (ages 15 and

over) has risen from 34 percent in

1971 to 52 percent in 1995. Although female literacy in India has

improved at a faster rate than that

of men, in 1995 women continued

to have a much lower rate (38 percent) than men (66 percent)

(UNESCO, 1995). Efforts continue

to improve schooling and literacy,

especially for girls and women.

Many States have begun “total literacy campaigns” to eliminate illiteracy among the disadvantaged

population ages 15 to 34 (Visaria

and Visaria, 1995).

References

AIDS Control and Prevention 

Project of Family Health International, et al. (AIDSCAP, et al.).

1996. The Status and Trends of the

Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Final

Report, Satellite Symposium, XI International Conference on AIDS,

Vancouver, July 7-12, 1996.

India Registrar General, (IRG).

1996. Sample Registration Bulletin. 30, 1. New Delhi.

_____. 1995. SRS Based

Abridged Life Tables 1988-92. 

Occasional Paper No. 4 of 1995.

New Delhi.

_____. 1995a. Fertility and

Mortality Indicators 1993. New

Delhi.

_____. 1992. Final Population

Totals. Series 1, Paper 1 of 1992.

New Delhi.

Indian Institute for Population

Sciences (IIPS). 1995. India 

National Family Health Survey,

1992-93. Bombay.

National Research Council (NRC).

1984. Vital Rates in India,

1961-81. Panel on India, committee on Population and Demography, Report No. 14, Washington,

DC. National Academy Press.

Operations Research Group

(ORG). 1990. Family Planning

Practices in India, Third All India

Survey. Baroda.

SIFPSA, et al. 1996. 1995 PERFORM Survey in Uttar Pradesh.

State Seminar Report, Lucknow,

Uttar Pradesh, September 1996.

United Nations. 1995. World 

Urbanization Prospects, The 1994

Revision. New York.

_____. 1994. Worldwide Data:

World Contraceptive Use 1994.

New York.

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

(UNESCO). 1995. Statistical Yearbook 1995. Paris.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Programs Center. 1995.

HIV/AIDS in Asia. Research Note

No. 18, Washington, D.C.

Visaria, Pravin and Leela Visaria.

1995. Accelerating Fertility Transition in India During the1980s:

Trends and Determinants. Working Paper No. 66, Gujarat Institute

of Development Research, Ahmedabad.

World Health Organization (WHO).

1995. The Current Global Situation of the HIV/AIDS Pandemic.

Geneva.

The International Programs Center

(IPC) collects, assesses, and analyzes population and related statistics from all countries. Based on

these data, IPC produces the demographic estimates and projections used in this series of reports.

This report was prepared with the

support of the U.S. Agency for International Development. More

detailed information is available

from the International Programs

Center, Population Division, Bureau of the Census, Washington,

DC 20233-8860.
Table 1.

Population Indicators for India:

1990 to 2020

Indicator 1995 1997 2000 2020

POPULATION (thousands)

Total country ..... 933,252 966,783 1,016,118 1,334,914

Urban ............. 250,111 266,832 290,610 551,319

Rural.............. 683,140 699,951 725,508 783,594

Male, total country

All ages ......... 483,197 500,005 524,635 681,114

0 to 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 171,370 173,421 175,443 178,643

6 to 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,583 80,092 81,281 83,141

13 to 18 . . . . . . . . . . . 61,960 63,449 65,544 69,779

15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 224,906 234,848 249,411 327,395

15 to 49 . . . . . . . . . . . 246,921 258,173 274,907 368,964

15 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . 290,327 304,049 325,089 456,859

65 and over........ 21,500 22,536 24,103 45,613

Female, total country

All ages ......... 450,055 466,778 491,483 653,799

0 to 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . 160,657 163,434 165,764 170,595

6 to 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . 73,858 75,308 76,399 79,385

13 to 18 . . . . . . . . . . . 54,908 57,404 61,213 66,516

15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 209,847 218,870 232,802 308,519

15 to 49 . . . . . . . . . . . 229,472 239,917 256,331 345,034

15 to 64 . . . . . . . . . . . 268,824 281,625 302,300 435,262

65 and over........ 20,573 21,719 23,419 47,942

Married females

15 to 49 . . . . . . . . . 180,538 188,902 201,764 277,560

15 to 19 . . . . . . . . . . . 16,978 17,699 18,963 21,180

20 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . 32,417 33,116 34,752 43,638

25 to 29 . . . . . . . . . . . 35,307 36,225 37,083 49,430

30 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . 31,483 33,198 35,363 48,982

35 to 39 . . . . . . . . . . . 26,301 27,965 30,714 44,147

40 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . 21,312 22,746 24,818 37,329

45 to 49 . . . . . . . . . . . 16,740 17,953 20,071 32,854

DEPENDENCY RATIO

Both sexes ........ 66.9 65.1 62.0 49.6

LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH (years)

Both sexes ...... 61.5 62.4 63.9 72.1

Male .............. 60.8 61.7 63.0 70.2

Female ............ 62.1 63.2 64.9 74.2

INFANT MORTALITY RATE (per 1,000 births)

Both sexes ...... 70.1 65.5 58.5 25.9

Male .............. 71.4 66.8 59.8 27.6

Female ............ 68.7 64.1 57.1 24.1

UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY RATE (per 1,000 births)

Both sexes ...... 101.8 94.2 82.8 33.1

Male .............. 98.2 91.3 80.9 34.9

Female ............ 105.6 97.3 84.8 31.3

TOTAL FERTILITY

RATE (per woman) 3.4 3.3 3.1 2.3

Note: Dependency ratio is the number of persons under age 15

and age 65 and over per 100 of those ages 15 to 64 years.

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Programs

Center, International Data Base.

Table 2.

Contraceptive Prevalence Among Currently

Married Women 15 to 49 Years of Age, by

Method: Selected Years

Method

Percent current

users

Percent distribution

of users

1980 1988 1992-93 1979 1988 1993

All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.0 44.9 40.7 100 100 100

Pill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1.4 1.2 3 3 3

Condom. . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.3 2.4 14 12 6

IUD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 1.9 1.9 – 4 5

Sterilization ....... 22.0 31.3 30.9 63 70 76

Traditional . . . . . . . . 7.0 5.0 4.3 20 11 11

CHILDLESS WOMEN: 1992-93

Percent of currently married

women ages

45 to 49. . . . . . . . . 2.4

AVERAGE DURATION OF POSTPARTUM

INFECUNDABILITY: 1993

Number of months. 11.1

Sources: ORG, 1990, tables 7.1 and 7.28; and IIPS, 1995,

tables 5.8 and 5.24.

Table 3.

Average Age of Users of Selected Methods:

1993

Method Average age

All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.0

Pill ........................................ 28.4

Condom.................................... 29.6

IUD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.3

Female sterilization.......................... 34.6

Male sterilization ............................ 39.8

Traditional.................................. 31.2

Note: Average age of user is calculated at the U.S. Bureau of

the Census using the 1992-93 NFHS data on contraceptive

prevalence by age.

Source: IIPS, 1995, table 6.5.

Table 4.

Fertility Rates

(Per 1,000 women)

Age 1980 1988 1993

15 to 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 88 70

20 to 24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 248 234

25 to 29 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 209 190

30 to 34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 130 114

35 to 39 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 75 61

40 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 35 28

45 to 49 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 12 10

Total fertility rate per woman . . . 4.7 4.0 3.5

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, International Programs

Center, International Data Base; and IRG, 1995, Statement 18.

8