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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

J.C. Baker & Son, Inc.,

Defendant Below, Petitioner

vs.) No. 20-0338 (Braxton County 18-C-6) 

Daniel C. Cooper, Executor of the

Estate of George C. Baker,

Plaintiff Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner J.C. Baker & Son, Inc., by counsel R. Terrance Rodgers and Charles W. Pace 

Jr., appeals the Circuit Court of Braxton County’s March 6, 2020, order granting summary 

judgment in respondent’s favor in the amount of $1,555,112.72, plus post-judgment interest, 

following petitioner’s default on its payment obligations under a stock purchase agreement.

Respondent Daniel C. Cooper, Executor of the Estate of George C. Baker, by counsel Daniel C. 

Cooper, Jamison H. Cooper, and Raymond Keener III, filed a response. Petitioner filed a reply.1

1 Five other entities attempted to join in this appeal: the Trust of George C. Baker (the 

“Trust”); Michael C. Baker and George Cameron Baker, successor co-trustees of the Trust; and 

George Cameron Baker and Susan Ann Baker, beneficiaries of the Trust (collectively, 

“Prospective Intervenors”). The Prospective Intervenors’ sole claim relates to the circuit court’s 

denial of their motion to intervene in the proceedings below, which denial was memorialized in 

an order dated April 3, 2019. The Prospective Intervenors filed their appeal of the denial order

with this Court over thirteen months later, on May 15, 2020.

An order denying a motion to intervene, however, is “final and immediately appealable.”

St. Mary’s Med. Ctr., Inc. v. Steel of W. Va., Inc., 240 W. Va. 238, 241 n.2, 809 S.E.2d 708-9, 

711 n.2 (2018) (quoting Louis J. Palmer, Jr., and The Hon. Robin Jean Davis, Litigation 

Handbook on West Virginia Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 24, § 24[2][e] (5th ed. 2017)); see 

also In re P.F., 243 W. Va. 569, __ n.4, 848 S.E.2d 826, 830 n.4 (2020). Further, Rule 5(f) of the 

West Virginia Rules of Appellate Procedure provides that “[u]nless otherwise provided by law, 

an appeal must be perfected within four months of the date the judgment being appealed was 

entered in the office of the circuit clerk,” and West Virginia Code § 58-5-4 likewise requires, in

part, that “[n]o petition shall be presented for an appeal from any judgment rendered more than 

four months before such petition is filed with the clerk of the court where the judgment being

(continued . . .)

FILED

April 26, 2021

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these 

reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

On February 4, 2000, Petitioner J.C. Baker & Son, Inc. (“Petitioner Company”) entered 

into an agreement (the “Stock Purchase Agreement”) with George C. Baker to purchase all of 

George C. Baker’s shares in Petitioner Company for $2,248,000, payable in monthly 

installments. Later, Petitioner Company and George C. Baker entered into an amended 

agreement (the “Amended Stock Purchase Agreement”), under which Petitioner Company was to 

pay the principal amount of $1,856,310.70 in 186 monthly installments of $16,170.46, 

commencing on November 29, 2002, and ending on April 29, 2018 (the “Obligation”). Payments 

under the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement were to total $3,004,531.60, which included 

principal in the amount of $1,856,310.70 and interest in the amount of $1,148,220.90. 

On July 20, 2002, George C. Baker established a trust (the “Trust”), which was initially 

funded with $1.00. On this same day, George C. Baker executed his will. Article II of his will 

provided, in part, that

[a]ll estate, inheritance, and other death taxes (including interest and 

penalties, if any, but excluding any generation-skipping tax), together with all 

administrative expenses, payable in any jurisdiction by reason of my death 

(including those taxes and expenses payable with respect to assets which do not 

pass under this will) shall be paid out of and charged generally against the 

principal of my residuary estate. 

Under Article IV he bequeathed

all my residuary estate, being all property, real or personal, wherever situated, in 

which I may have any interest at my death not otherwise effectively disposed of, 

appealed was entered.” Because the Prospective Intervenors’ appeal from the circuit court’s 

April 3, 2019, denial order was filed well outside the four-month appeal period provided for in

Rule 5 and West Virginia Code § 58-5-4, it is untimely. And, “[w]hen presented with untimely 

appeals under W.Va. Code, 58-5-4 [], this Court has consistently held that the statute is 

jurisdictional and that failure to file a timely appeal presents a jurisdictional infirmity precluding

the court from accepting the appeal.” W. Va. Dep’t of Energy v. Hobet Mining & Constr. Co., 

178 W. Va. 262, 264, 358 S.E.2d 823, 825 (1987) (citations omitted). Accordingly, the order 

denying the Prospective Intervenors’ motion to intervene is not properly before this Court for 

appeal, nor are they proper parties to this appeal as their only claim relates to the order denying 

their motion to intervene.
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but not including any property over which I have a power of appointment, to the 

acting trustee or trustees of that certain trust already created by me and known as 

the GEORGE C. BAKER TRUST DATED JULY 20, 2002.

George C. Baker died on September 6, 2009. On September 15, 2009, Respondent Daniel 

C. Cooper (“Respondent Executor”) was appointed as the Executor of the Estate of George C. 

Baker (the “Estate”). Following George C. Baker’s death, Petitioner Company continued making 

its payments due on the Obligation to the Estate.

Several years later, however, Petitioner Company ceased making payments on the 

Obligation. Accordingly, on January 26, 2018, Respondent Executor filed suit on behalf of the 

Estate against Petitioner Company for breach of contract, alleging that Petitioner Company was 

in arrears in the amount of $1,248,170.66 as of September 29, 2017. The Estate, by Respondent 

Executor, sought judgment in that amount as well as for any additional amounts owing under that 

agreement.

Petitioner Company moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that Respondent 

Executor was not the real party in interest authorized to prosecute the claim and that the 

complaint, therefore, failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Petitioner 

Company argued that, under the provisions of George C. Baker’s will, he devised his residuary 

estate to the Trust. As a result, the right to enforce the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement 

passed to the Trust upon his death. In short, Petitioner Company argued, the trustees of the Trust 

were the real parties in interest with respect to any claim against Petitioner Company.

Petitioner Company also argued that the Respondent Executor’s failure to administer the 

Estate for nearly a decade was unreasonable. Petitioner Company asserted that if the Estate had 

been timely distributed, Respondent Executor would have been divested of any claim over the 

assets of the Estate. “Equity and good conscience cannot recognize [Respondent Executor] as the 

appropriate party to resolve” the breach of contract claim, Petitioner Company argued. It further

argued that Respondent Executor’s actions were taken outside of the five-year period for 

administering an estate set forth in West Virginia Code § 44-4-14a; therefore, he was 

automatically removed as executor, his actions were taken outside the scope of the law, and he is 

not the real party in interest. And, Petitioner Company contended that because Respondent 

Executor is not the real party in interest, the complaint failed to state a claim.

In April of 2019, the circuit court denied Petitioner Company’s motion to dismiss the 

Respondent Executor’s complaint. The court found that Respondent Executor 

has a fiduciary duty and obligation to administer the Estate and pursue any debts 

owed to the Estate. While the Trust will receive the residuary of the Estate of 

George C. Baker, the Trust was not granted authority to administer the Estate or 

to act on behalf of the Estate—that responsibility is reserved for the Executor. 

The court also determined that an executor is not automatically removed because he or she fails 

to settle an estate within five years; rather, the county commission retained the authority “to 

determine if the delays in settling an estate are for good cause, and if the delays warrant 
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discharging the executor.” The court concluded that so long as Respondent Executor was 

executor of the Estate, “he may seek to collect debts he asserts are owed to the Estate,” and 

Respondent Executor is the real party in interest to collect the alleged debt owed to the Estate 

from Petitioner Company.

On December 17, 2019, Respondent Executor moved for summary judgment. 

Respondent Executor argued that the facts indisputably showed that Petitioner Company had 

defaulted on the Obligation and, as of January 1, 2020, owed $1,555,122.72.2 In support, 

Respondent Executor argued that Petitioner Company failed to answer—and therefore 

admitted—Respondent Executor’s requests for admission, which established the default. 

Respondent Executor also submitted other evidence in support, including the Amended Stock 

Purchase Agreement, an amortization schedule, a table of payments made, and an affidavit from 

Respondent Executor.

The circuit court granted Respondent Executor’s motion for summary judgment by order 

entered on March 6, 2020. The court concluded that Petitioner Company’s failure to respond to 

Respondent Executor’s requests for admission resulted in those requests being deemed admitted. 

As a result, Petitioner Company had admitted, in sum, that it breached the Amended Stock 

Purchase Agreement “by failing to pay the amounts owed . . . in a timely and complete manner.” 

The court also noted that the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement, amortization schedule, table 

of payments, and Respondent Executor’s affidavit provided additional evidence of the 

outstanding debt. The court found that Petitioner Company owed $1,555,112.72, inclusive of 

interest, as of January 1, 2020, and judgment was rendered in that amount, plus post-judgment 

interest. This appeal followed.

Petitioner Company assigns as error the circuit court’s denial of its motion to dismiss, 

which was predicated on Petitioner Company’s assertion that Respondent Executor is not the real 

party in interest for purposes of enforcing the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement. In support, 

Petitioner Company argues four points. First, Petitioner Company claims that, under West 

Virginia Code § 44-1-14a, Respondent Executor was automatically discharged as executor of the 

Estate due to his failure to settle the Estate within five years of his September 15, 2009,

appointment. Therefore, Petitioner Company contends that he was not the authorized personal 

representative of the Estate when he initiated the underlying litigation in January of 2018.

Second, Petitioner Company argues that Executor Respondent’s unreasonable delay in 

settling the Estate will result in a windfall to the Estate. Petitioner Company points to the fact 

that it made the required payments to the Estate for several years following George C. Baker’s 

death and that “[i]t was not until 2017 that all payments, inadvertently, ceased.” Had Executor 

Respondent settled the Estate before the default occurred, the Trust would have been vested with 

“full and complete title” to the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement, and the trustees of the 

Trust would have been responsible for administering that agreement. Petitioner Company asserts 

2 The principal owed totaled $1,164,273.10. The accrued interest at 6.5% on the 

delinquent balance brought the total due to $1,555,112.72.
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that, under these circumstances, if Respondent Executor’s efforts to collect the Obligation are 

acknowledged as a proper exercise of his authority, it will result in a windfall to the Estate.

As a third basis for claiming that dismissal was appropriate, Petitioner Company argues 

that “[w]hile ordinarily bare legal title to the property of an estate devolves on the executor who 

then has authority to deal with the property, when a trust is involved the ordinary order of things 

changes.” In support, Petitioner Company cites Gaylord v. Hope Natural Gas Co., where the 

Court stated that “[t]itle to realty vests in heirs at ancestor’s death and, subject to indebtedness, 

the personalty does so as well.” Syl. Pt. 10, 122 W. Va. 205, 8 S.E.2d 189 (1940) (citation

omitted). Petitioner Company also relies on Kennedy’s Administrator v. Kennedy, 97 W. Va. 

491, 125 S.E. 337 (1924), where the Court stated that 

[t]he vesting of an estate by inheritance or will does not depend upon its 

possession. Often by will the possession and enjoyment of an estate by the 

devisee or legatee is postponed to some future date, but the beneficial interest is 

vested in him, and he may sell it, or control its future devolution. 

Id. at 496, 125 S.E. at 339. Petitioner Company claims that, under these cases, the residuary 

estate, including the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement, passed to the Trust at the time of 

George C. Baker’s death, and it is the trustees of the Trust who have the right to enforce the 

Obligation. Petitioner Company recognizes that Respondent Executor “has bare legal title to an 

estate’s assets for the sole purpose of making ‘a full and final settlement, report and accounting’”

and that he has “‘bare legal title’ . . . to the monthly payments,” but it claims that this does not 

give Respondent Executor legal title to the Obligation itself or “carte blanche authority over the 

assets in administering the estate.”

With final respect to its claim that the court erred in denying its motion to dismiss, 

Petitioner Company argues that even if Respondent Executor has “some claim to the Obligation,

he does not have a claim over the entire Obligation.” “[O]nly the amount needed to satisfy estate 

indebtedness is subject to ‘recall’ by the personal representative,” which Petitioner Company 

claims would amount to approximately one-third of the Obligation.

“When a party, as part of an appeal from a final judgment, assigns as error a circuit 

court’s denial of a motion to dismiss, the circuit court’s disposition of the motion to dismiss will 

be reviewed de novo.” Syl. Pt. 4, Ewing v. Bd. of Educ. of Summers Cty., 202 W. Va. 228, 503 

S.E.2d 541 (1998). Regarding the real party in interest, Rule 17(a) of the West Virginia Rules of 

Civil Procedure requires, in relevant part, that

[e]very action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest. An 

executor, administrator, guardian, bailee, trustee of an express trust, or any other

fiduciary, a party with whom or in whose name a contract has been made for the 

benefit of another, or a party authorized by law may sue in that person’s own 

name without joining the party for whose benefit the action is brought.
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In addressing Petitioner Company’s arguments, it is important to first clarify that an 

executor is not the real party in interest in recovering an estate’s debt.3 When an executor acts in 

this regard, the estate has the claim: 

In litigation filed for the purpose of recovering assets for inclusion in a 

decedent’s estate, the only substantive claim belongs to the estate. Such litigation 

is brought by the executor solely in his or her fiduciary capacity, and therefore the 

executor is not a real party in interest under West Virginia Rule of Civil 

Procedure 17(a). 

Syl. Pt. 6, Estate of Gomez ex rel. Gomez v. Smith, 243 W. Va. 491, 845 S.E.2d 266 (2020). This 

is an important distinction because underlying several of Petitioner Company’s arguments is the 

erroneous assumption that if Respondent Executor, personally, is not executor of the Estate, then 

the Trust would be tasked with administering, at least, the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement. 

Such is not the case. Even if Petitioner Company were correct that, due to a delay in making a 

final settlement, Respondent Executor had been discharged, the Amended Stock Purchase 

Agreement remains part of the Estate and, therefore, subject to Estate administration. Here, who 

serves as executor does not affect whether an asset belongs to the Estate.

In addressing Petitioner Company’s specific arguments within this framework, we note 

that West Virginia Code § 44-1-14a does not support Petitioner Company’s contention that the 

Trust is the real party in interest. In fact, that section does not address real parties in interest at 

all. Instead, the subsection relied upon by Petitioner Company provides that 

[i]n the event the fiduciary has not made the final settlement of the estate within 

five years of appointment, the fiduciary shall notify the county commission that 

the final settlement has not been made. If the fiduciary does not establish good 

cause for not making the final settlement within the five-year period, as 

determined by the county commission, the fiduciary is discharged of his or her 

duties as fiduciary. The sheriff of the county shall then take charge of the estate

and proceed to make a final settlement of the estate in an expeditious manner.

Id. § 44-4-14a(d). Thus, even if Petitioner Company had been correct in arguing that Respondent

Executor was automatically discharged, the underlying claim would remain the Estate’s and the 

sheriff would simply succeed as executor. We further find that this has not occurred, however, 

and Respondent Executor remains executor of the Estate. Under West Virginia Code § 44-4-

14a(d), the county commission must determine that the executor has not established good cause 

3 Although the circuit court found that Respondent Executor, rather than the Trust or its 

trustees, was the real party in interest in ruling on Petitioner Company’s motion to dismiss, it is 

clear from the complaint in this matter that Respondent Executor sought to collect a debt on 

behalf of the Estate, not for his personal benefit, and that the circuit court’s rulings clearly 

provide for the Estate’s recovery, rather than Respondent Executor’s personal recovery. Thus, 

the error appears to be merely semantic.
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for making the final settlement outside of the five-year window set forth in that statute. Here, no 

such determination has been made, and the sheriff has not taken charge of the Estate. 

Accordingly, the circuit court did not err in denying Petitioner Company’s motion to dismiss on

this ground.

Likewise, Petitioner Company’s belief that the Estate will obtain a windfall if 

Respondent Executor’s delay is tolerated does not serve to divest the Estate of the asset sought in 

this litigation. To the contrary, in arguing that the Estate will somehow obtain a windfall if it 

succeeds in collecting a debt owed to it, Petitioner Company acknowledges that the Obligation 

is, in fact, an Estate debt. Specifically, Petitioner Company says that if Respondent Executor had 

settled the Estate 

before the inadvertent default[,] . . . any default would have occurred once the 

Trust was vested with full and complete title to the Obligation . . . . It would then

have been the trustees of the Trust who would be the parties to administer the 

Obligation and resolve the alleged default claim.

(Emphasis added.) Also, Petitioner Company contends that “[d]istribution should have been 

made years ago, which would have unquestioningly divested [Respondent Executor] of any 

claim over the residuary assets of the Estate.” The facts before both this Court and the lower 

court, though, were that the Estate was not settled before Petitioner Company’s default. 

Therefore, the trustees of the Trust are not the parties to administer the Amended Stock Purchase

Agreement. Moreover, Petitioner Company’s conduct in making payments under the Amended 

Stock Purchase Agreement to the Estate following George C. Baker’s death, and before the 

litigation was initiated, demonstrates its recognition that the Obligation, including any

outstanding amounts following Petitioner Company’s default, belong to the Estate.4

We also find that neither Kennedy nor Gaylord compel a finding that the Obligation 

cannot be recovered by the Estate. The specific issue before the Court in Kennedy was whether a 

widow had an interest in her husband’s personal estate that she could devise, though she died 

before her husband’s estate was distributed. 97 W. Va. at 493, 125 S.E. at 338. In finding that the 

widow did possess such interest, the Court stated that

[w]e cannot see that the wife’s nonpossession of her distributive share affects her 

beneficial right thereto. . . . [I]t would be subject to the lawful charges against the 

husband’s estate in the hands of the executor or administrator. Lack of possession 

would not prevent the vesting of the distributive share in her. While it is true the 

legal title passes to the administrator with the right of possession for the purpose 

4 We recognize that Petitioner Company makes a distinction between the Amended Stock 

Purchase Agreement and the Obligation, claiming that the Estate “had claim only to the 

payments being made on the Obligation.” But we are not persuaded by this argument that the 

Estate is entitled to the payments yet is prohibited from collecting when Petitioner Company 

defaults on those payments.
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of paying debts against the estate, charges of administration and the like, the 

beneficial interest is vested in her, and the possession of the administrator is her 

possession. 

Id. at 495, 125 S.E. at 339. In other words, Kennedy speaks to a beneficiary’s beneficial interest, 

and it affirms that legal title and the right of possession while settling an estate pass to the 

executor or administrator of an estate. See id.; see also Syl. Pt. 4, Elder v. Gibson, 109 W. Va. 

582, 155 S.E. 662 (1930) (“The administrator is not a mere stakeholder of his decedent’s 

personal property, but is vested with the exclusive legal title thereto, for the time being.”). 

The portion of Gaylord relied upon by Petitioner Company speaks to the point at which 

advancements are to bear interest. See 122 W. Va. at 217-18, 8 S.E.2d at 196 (“Our statutes of

descent and distribution seem to complete the passing of title at the death of an ancestor. Code, 

42-1-1, and 42-2-1. Undoubtedly, the title to real estate vests in the heir at the death of the 

ancestor, and, subject to indebtedness, the personal estate as well. . . . There is no where any 

intimation, that there is any difference as to the time, when interest should be charged against a 

party, whether the advancement be of personal or real property; and there is no ground for any 

distinction being drawn, for on the death of the intestate the interest of the distributees is as fixed 

and determined on the death of the intestate as that of the heir. The equality sought by the law 

requiring real and personal property advanced to a child to be brought into hotchpot is equality at 

the death of the intestate; and therefore in both cases interest is charged on the value of the 

property at the time it was advanced, the interest to be from the death of the intestate.” (citation 

omitted)). Consequently, these cases do not prohibit an executor from taking action to settle the 

estate he or she has been appointed to settle.

In Petitioner Company’s final argument in support of dismissal, it states that Respondent 

Executor, under Gaylord, has only the “right to control one-third of the Obligation” needed to 

satisfy Estate indebtedness. Gaylord does not speak to estate administration or support some 

limited authority in Respondent Executor to “recall” “only the amount needed to satisfy estate 

indebtedness.” To the contrary, Petitioner Company is again implicitly recognizing that the 

Obligation is subject to Estate administration, and, as set forth above, Respondent Executor has 

the “duty . . . to administer well and truly the whole personal estate of his decedent.” W. Va. 

Code § 44-1-15. Because the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement and the Obligation arising 

under it are Estate assets until distributed, and because Respondent Executor remains executor of 

the Estate, the court did not err in denying Petitioner Company’s motion to dismiss.

In Petitioner Company’s final assignment of error, it argues that the circuit court erred in 

granting Respondent Executor’s motion for summary judgment for the same reasons that the 

court allegedly erred in denying its motion to dismiss. 

We begin by noting that, because the circuit court did not err in denying Petitioner

Company’s motion to dismiss, the grounds asserted by Petitioner Company do not afford it relief

from the court’s grant of summary judgment in Respondent Executor’s favor. But as our review 

is de novo, we further examine the evidence supporting the circuit court’s grant of summary 

judgment. See Syl. Pt. 1, Painter v. Peavy, 192 W. Va. 189, 451 S.E.2d 755 (1994) (“A circuit 

court’s entry of summary judgment is reviewed de novo.”). Due to Petitioner Company’s failure 
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to respond to Executor Respondent’s requests for admission, the operative facts were deemed 

admitted.5 See W. Va. R. Civ. P. 36 (“The matter is admitted unless, within 30 days after service 

of the request, . . . the party to whom the request is directed serves upon the party requesting the 

admission a written answer or objection addressed to the matter . . . .”). Namely, Petitioner

Company admitted to the particulars of the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement, including that 

it had agreed to make monthly payments of $16,170.46 for 180 months. It further admitted to its 

default under the agreement and to the amounts owed. Respondent Executor also appended to his 

motion a copy of the Amended Stock Purchase Agreement, an amortization schedule, table of 

payments paid and unpaid, and an affidavit from Respondent Executor detailing, among other

things, the current amount owed by Petitioner Company. Petitioner Company does not challenge 

this evidence, nor does it dispute that it failed to respond to the requests for admission. Based on 

this unchallenged evidence and the fact that Petitioner Company’s challenges to Respondent 

Executor’s authority to collect this debt on behalf of the Estate were meritless, we find that 

summary judgment was properly granted in favor of Respondent Executor.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: April 26, 2021

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Tim Armstead

Justice John A. Hutchison

Justice William R. Wooton

5 Petitioner Company does not contend that the circuit court erred in deeming these 

requests admitted.