Occurrence of Organic Wastewater 

Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and 

Personal Care Products in Selected Water 

Supplies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 

June 2004 

By Marc J. Zimmerman

In cooperation with the 

Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment

Open-File Report 2005-1206

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

Gale A. Norton, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Charles G. Groat, Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2005

For sale by U.S. Geological Survey, Information Services

Box 25286, Denver Federal Center

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endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Zimmerman, M.J., 2005, Occurrence of organic wastewater contaminants, pharmaceuticals, and personal care 

products in selected water supplies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 2004: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File

Report 2005-1206, 16 p.
Contents

Abstract ................................................................................................... 1

Introduction................................................................................................ 1

Data-Collection Methods................................................................................. 2

Occurrence of Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products ... 3

Summary ................................................................................................... 4

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................... 4

References Cited.......................................................................................... 5

Tables

1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples 

collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004 ................................. 9

2. Concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products in samples 

collected on Cape Cod, June 1–2, 2004 ................................................... 15

Conversion Factors and Abbreviations

Multiply By To obtain

liter (L) 1.057 quart (qt)

liter (L) 0.2642 gallon (gal)

liter (L) 61.02 cubic inch (in3) 

kilometer (km) 0.6214 mile (mi)

meter (m) 3.281 foot (ft)

meter (m) 1.094 yard (yd) 

micrometer (mm) 0.000003281 foot (ft)

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) 

or micrograms per liter (μg/L).

MDL method detection limit

MRL minimum reporting level

NWQL U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory

OWC organic wastewater contaminant

PPCP pharmaceutical and personal care product

SED suspected endocrine disruptor

iii

Occurrence of Organic Wastewater Contaminants, 

Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Selected 

Water Supplies, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 2004

By Marc J. Zimmerman

Abstract

In June 2004, the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the Barnstable County Department of Health and 

Environment, sampled water from 14 wastewater sources and drinking-water supplies on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, for the presence of organic wastewater contaminants, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. The geographic distribution of sampling 

locations does not represent the distribution of drinking-water supplies on Cape Cod. The environmental presence of the analyte 

compounds is mostly unregulated; many of the compounds are suspected of having adverse ecological and human health effects. 

Of the 85 different organic analyte compounds, 43 were detected, with 13 detected in low concentrations (less than 1 microgram 

per liter) from drinking-water supplies thought to be affected by wastewater because of previously detected high nitrate concentrations. (Phenol and d-limonene, detected in equipment blanks at unacceptably high concentrations, are not included in counts 

of detections in this report.) Compounds detected in the drinking-water supplies included the solvent, tetrachloroethylene; the 

analgesic, acetaminophen; the antibiotic, sulfamethoxazole; and the antidepressant, carbamazapine. Nitrate nitrogen, an indicator of wastewater, was detected in water supplies in concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 8.8 milligrams per liter.

Introduction

In the United States, reports of the occurrence and distribution of organic wastewater contaminants (OWCs) including 

antibiotics, human pharmaceuticals, industrial and household wastewater products (such as pesticides, flame retardants, detergent metabolites, antioxidants, and disinfectants) and hormones in surface water and drinking-water supplies have become 

common­place. A U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) national survey (Kolpin and others, 2002) reported the presence of at least 

one of these compounds in 80 percent of 139 streams sampled in 1999–2000. The effects of some of these compounds may 

include the feminization of male fish due to the occurrence of estrogen (Jobling and others, 1999; Pickering and Sumpter, 2003). 

Some of these compounds are classified as “xenobiotics,” molecules foreign to biological systems. Their effects may result in 

human sperm deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage (Aitken and others, 2004). In the national survey, approximately 40 of the 

compounds were detected in streams in Massachusetts, some of which are used for water supply; compounds detected include 

OWCs, steroids, hormones, antibiotics, and pharmaceuticals. About 30 of these compounds were detected during an additional 

USGS sampling in Massachusetts in 2001 in the raw-water intakes of some public water-supply wells near streams transporting 

treated wastewater (U.S. Geological Survey, unpub. data, 2001).
Daughton (2001) identified the need for expanding knowledge and understanding of the occurrence and distribution of 

pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface-water sewage and aquatic systems. Until recently, however, even 

less information was available about the occurrence or distribution of PCPPs in ground water than in surface water. Several 

studies have considered the transformations of these compounds when they are affected by wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes. These studies indicate that many of these compounds may persist in ground water after treatment (Stackelberg 

and others, 2004; Cordy and others, 2004; Heberer and others, 2004; Zuehlke and others, 2004; Mansell and Drewes, 2004; 

Guang-Guo and others, 2004; Snyder and others, 2004; Barnes and others, 2004). Wherever the use of septic systems for wastewater disposal is common and water-supply wells draw water from the same aquifers that support septic systems, the potential 

exists for these wastewater compounds to enter drinking water supplied by ground water. The risks of exposure to many of these 

unregulated compounds in drinking water are subjects of current research (Daughton and Ternes, 1999; U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1998; National Research Council, 1999, 2001; Daughton, 2004). As knowledge of and concern about the 

potential effects of OWCs and PPCPs on humans and wildlife increases, State and Federal regulatory agencies may eventually 

require the application of treatment and disposal technologies for the compounds.

On Cape Cod (Barnstable County, Massachusetts), wastewater is predominately treated by onsite technologies and disposed 

of through septic systems. Nitrate concentrations above background concentrations have long indicated that wastewater disposal 

affects public and private ground-water supplies on Cape Cod (Persky, 1986). In Massachusetts, the USGS has participated in 

national studies (Kolpin and others, 2002; Barnes and others, 2005) assessing the occurrence and distribution of OWCs and 

PPCPs in surface waters and in water supplies drawn from surface waters, but has not participated in similar studies of water 

supplies derived from ground water. Thus, in June 2004, the USGS, in cooperation with the Barnstable County Department of 

Health and Environment, conducted a survey to determine whether concentrations of OWCs and PPCPs were detectable in water 

samples from selected parts of the aquifers supplying drinking water to residents of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. 

This report describes data-collection methods and analytical results for a limited survey of OWCs and PPCPs in Cape Cod 

drinking water and wastewater. Samples were collected from six wastewater sources and eight drinking-water sources potentially affected by wastewater. Because of the small number of samples and the requirement that samples be collected only where 

permission was granted, these results do not indicate conditions for all of Cape Cod.

Data-Collection Methods

To determine the extent to which water from public, semipublic, and private drinking-water-supply wells on Cape Cod was 

affected by OWCs and PPCPs, samples were collected from drinking-water supplies in areas suspected to be affected by wastewater because of previously detected high concentrations of nitrate. To confirm the results of previous investigations, samples 

were collected from all sampling sites and analyzed for nitrate. Three public supply wells from two towns were sampled, and 

one semipublic and four private-supply wells were sampled from another town; sampling locations are not included in this report 

to provide anonymity, a prerequisite for the collection of some samples.

To determine which OWCs and PPCPs may be in treated wastewater, samples were collected from (1) monitoring well 

92B at the Barnstable Wastewater Treatment Facility, (2) three monitoring wells approximately 0.4 (C2) and 1.5 km (B1 and 

B2, colocated, but at different depths) from the Barnstable facility, (3) a standard septic-tank leachfield (Massachusetts Title 5) 

system, and (4) a recirculating sand filter system. The two latter systems were at the Massachusetts Alternative Onsite Septic 

System Test Center on the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Falmouth. Minimizing the amount of nitrogen returned to 

the aquifer is an important consideration in the design and operation of these wastewater-treatment facilities, but they are not 

expected to remove OWCs and PPCPs. Because this report does not include information on the volume of wastewater processed, 

however, the nitrate concentrations detected do not indicate the effectiveness of the test systems in removing nitrogen from 

wastewater.

   Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
A peristaltic pump was used to collect samples from monitoring wells after withdrawing at least three well-casing 

volumes of water. Teflon bailers were used to collect samples manually from holding tanks at the onsite test facility. Drinkingwater samples were collected from spigots or sinks at public-water supplies, private homes, and one semipublic water supply 

(a restaurant). None of the water supplies had water softeners or other treatment systems. Sample collection and processing 

followed the standard USGS protocols (Wilde and others, 2003). Water samples to be analyzed for organic compounds were 

collected in 3-L Teflon bottles that were washed with a 0.2 percent solution of nonphosphate laboratory-grade detergent, 

rinsed with copious amounts of laboratory-grade deionized water, then rinsed with pesticide-grade methanol. The 3-L Teflon 

bottles were rinsed onsite three times with sample water before samples were collected. Samples were processed by filtration 

through 0.7-μm glass microfiber filters into precleaned, baked 1-L amber glass bottles that were then stored on ice before and 

during shipment to the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) in Denver, Colorado, for analysis. These samples 

were collected on June 1 and 2, 2004, and were shipped overnight to the laboratory on June 4, 2004. The OWCs were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Zaugg and others, 2001), and PPCPs were analyzed by high-pressure liquid 

chromatography-mass spectrometry (Cahill and others, 2004). 

Six environmental samples were obtained from wastewater sources, and 10 environmental samples, including replicate 

samples, were obtained from drinking-water supplies. Replicate samples were collected from two of the private drinking-water 

wells. On each sampling day, one equipment-blank sample was collected by filling sample bottles with volatile organic compound (VOC) grade blank water and filtering in the same manner as the environmental samples. At each sampling site, an additional unfiltered water sample was collected in polyethylene bottles and delivered to the Barnstable County Health Laboratory 

for nitrate analysis; these samples were delivered to the laboratory on the day of collection.

Occurrence of Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and 

Personal Care Products

In the samples collected, 43 organic OWC and PPCP compounds were detected (tables 1 and 2, at back of report); caffeine 

and cotinine, listed in both tables, were not counted twice. (Phenol and d-limonene, detected in equipment blanks at unacceptably high concentrations, are not included in counts of detections in this report.) Nine of the OWCs detected were suspected 

endocrine disruptors (SEDs). The OWC minimum reporting levels (MRLs) ranged from 0.5 to 5.0 μg/L; 84 of the concentrations detected were reported as estimated values less than the minimum reporting levels (MRLs). The PPCP analytical method, 

a research method at the time of the study, had provisional method detection levels (MDLs) ranging from 0.002 to 0.072 μg/L 

(J.D. Cahill, Chemist, U.S. Geological Survey, written commun., 2005). 

The NWQL adds surrogate compounds (compounds that are expected to perform similarly to the compounds being analyzed in a laboratory method) to all environmental and quality-control samples to monitor compound recovery and potential 

environmental effects (Pirkey and Glodt, 1998). Surrogate recoveries (not included in table 1) for the OWC method ranged 

from 85 to 130 percent. The surrogate recoveries (not included in table 2) for the PPCP method were 101 and 102 percent.

Three compounds, d-limonene, phenol, and acetaminophen, were detected in equipment blank samples. Phenol concentrations (E0.370 and 0.54 μg/L) in the blank samples were greater than some of the phenol concentrations detected in environmental samples and were a substantial fraction of the phenol concentrations of other samples. Acetaminophen and d-limonene 

were detected at estimated concentrations of E0.010 and 0.110 μg/L, respectively, in the equipment-blank sample collected on 

June 2. Of the seven environmental samples collected that day and analyzed in the same batch of samples at the NWQL, two 

samples had acetaminophen concentrations that were less than the concentration in the equipment-blank sample, and a third 

environmental sample had a concentration of 0.023 μg/L, slightly more than twice the concentration in the equipment-blank 

sample; the concentration of d-limonene in the environmental sample was approximately three times the concentration in the 

equipment-blank sample. For these reasons, the concentrations of phenol, acetaminophen, and d-limonene in environmental 

samples are dubious, and the samples should be considered contaminated with respect to these compounds.

Occurrence of Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products 
Of the compounds detected, 43 were in samples collected from monitoring wells at or near the wastewater-treatment plant 

(92B, C2, B1, B2) or the onsite test area. The compounds include petrochemicals frequently associated with gasoline (naphthalene and related compounds), flame retardants (bisphenol A, tri(dichloroisopropyl) phosphate, tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and 

tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate), and detergent metabolites (octylphenols and nonylphenols) (table 1).

Thirteen compounds were detected in samples from drinking-water supplies, and these compounds were detected less 

frequently than those detected in samples from the monitoring wells or from the onsite test area. Fewer OWCs and PPCPs were 

detected in the public-water supplies than in the private or semipublic water supplies. Three analytes were detected in samples 

from the public water supplies: tetrachloroethylene (a solvent), phenol (a disinfectant; as discussed, phenol detections may be 

due to sample contamination, not occurrence in the water supply), and sulfamethoxazole (an antibiotic); no contaminants were 

detected in the third public-water supply. Unlike the public-supply wells, samples from one private well (private well 1, tables 1 

and 2) and from the semipublic water-supply well contained detectable concentrations of plasticizers (ethyl and phenyl phosphates) and flame retardant (methyl and butyl phosphates) compounds. None of the contaminant concentrations in the drinkingwater supplies exceeded the MRL.

In water-supply wells, the highest nitrate concentration was 8.8 mg/L in a sample from a private well, and the lowest concentration was 0.2 mg/L in a sample from a public water-supply well (table 1). The highest nitrate concentration (28 mg/L) was 

found in the sample from the recirculating sand filter holding tank; a sample from one of the wastewater-discharge monitoring 

wells (C2) had a nitrate concentration less than the MRL of 0.1 mg/L.

Summary

In cooperation with the Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, the U.S. Geological Survey collected 

samples from wastewater sources and drinking-water supplies on Cape Cod to determine whether organic wastewater contaminants, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products were in public, semipublic, and private water supplies. Many of the target 

analytes are suspected of being potentially harmful to humans and wildlife. Forty-three of the compounds were detected in 

the wastewater sources and 13 in the water supplies. In uncontaminated samples from the wastewater sources, concentrations 

of detected organic wastewater contaminants ranged from 0.0190 to 3.4 μg/L, and concentrations of detected pharmaceutical 

and personal care compounds ranged from 0.0036 to 6.4 μg/L; in samples from the water supplies, concentrations of detected 

organic wastewater contaminants ranged from 0.0120 to 0.480 μg/L, and concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care 

compounds ranged from 0.0037 to 0.0576 μg/L. Nitrate concentrations in all samples ranged from less than 0.1 to 28 mg/L. 

Three of the compounds were detected in equipment-blank samples. The geographic distribution of the sampling sites is not 

representative of Cape Cod; therefore, sampling results are not indicative of conditions for all of Cape Cod. 

Acknowledgments

George Heufelder, Director, Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment, enthusiastically supported this 

project by locating public-water suppliers and private individuals who gave permission to collect samples. Kimberly W. Campo, 

Hydrologic Technician, U.S. Geological Survey, managed the collection, field processing, and shipping of the samples. U.S. 

Geological Survey colleague reviewers, Leslie DeSimone of the Massachusetts-Rhode Island Water Science Center and Patrick 

Phillips of the New York Water Science Center, made valuable comments that substantially improved this report’s technical presentation. Steven Zaugg and Jeffrey Cahill, chemists at the U.S. Geological Survey National Water Quality Laboratory, provided 

valuable explanations about their quality control procedures.

   Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
References Cited

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Barnes, K.K., Christenson, S.C., Kolpin, D.W., Focazio, M.J., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T., and Barber, L.B., 2004, 

Pharmaceuticals and other organic waste water contaminants within a leachate plume downgradient of a municipal landfill: 

Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 119-126.

Barnes, K.K., Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T., Barber, L.B., and Focazio, M.J., 2005, Studies examine 

contaminants—Pharmaceuticals, hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in ground water resources: National 

Driller Magazine, v. 26, no. 3, p. 38-39.

Cahill, J.D., Furlong, E.T., Burkhardt, M.R., Kolpin, D.W., and Anderson, L.G., 2004, Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in surface- and ground-water samples by solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: Journal of Chromatography A, v. 1041, p. 171-180.

Cordy, G.E., Duran, N.L., Bouwer, H., Rice, R.C., Furlong, E.T., Zaugg, S.D., Meyer, M.T., Barber, L.B., and Kolpin, D.W., 

2004, Do pharmaceutical, pathogens, and other organic waste water compounds persist when waste water is used for 

recharge?: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 58-69.

Daughton, C.G., 2001, Research needs and gaps for assessing the ultimate importance of PPCPs as environmental pollutants, 

accessed November 2, 2004, at http://www.epa.gov/nerlesd1/chemistry/pharma/needs.htm

Daughton, C.G., 2004, Ground water recharge and chemical contaminants—challenges in communicating the connections and 

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Daughton, C.G., and Ternes, T.A., 1999, Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment—agents of subtle 

change?: Environmental Health Perspectives, December 1999, v. 107, Supplement 6, p. 907-938.

Guang-Guo, Y., Kookana, R.S., and Dillon, P., 2004, Attenuation of two estrogen compounds in aquifer materials supplemented 

with sewage effluent: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 102-107.

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and transport of pharmaceutical residues in bank filtration: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 70-77.

Jobling, S., Nolan, C.R., Brighty, G., and Sumpter, J.P., 1998, Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish: Environmental Science 

and Technology, v. 32, no. 17, p. 2498-2506.

Kolpin, D.A., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T, Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D., Barber, L.B., and Buxton H.T., 2002, Pharmaceuticals, 

hormones, and other wastewater organic contaminants in U.S. streams 1999–2000—a National reconnaissance, Environmental 

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Remediation, v. 24, no. 2, p. 94-101.

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260 p.

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National Academy Press, 239 p.

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Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4093, 28 p.

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endocrine disruptors and pharmaceuticals—implications for water reuse: Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation, v. 24, 

no. 2, p. 108-18.

Stackelberg, P.E., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T., Zaugg, S.D., Henderson, A.K., and Reissman, D.B., 2004, Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant: Science of 

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Research and Development, EPA/600/R-96/064, 176 p.

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 Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
Tables 1 and 2

Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, minimum reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source SED MRL

Quality-control 

samples

Wastewater sources

Monitoring wells Recirculating

sand

filter

Septic

tank

test

system

Blankwater

Blankwater 92B C2 B1 B2

Date sampled -- -- -- 6-01-04 6-02-04 6-01-04 6-01-04 6-01-04 6-01-04 6-02-04 6-02-04Time sampled -- -- -- 1344 1114 1130 1230 1345 1400 1545 1600Nitrate wastewater -- -- NS NS 3 <0 .1 4.9 1.6 28 9.81,4-Dichlorobenzene moth repellent, fumigant, deodorant Yes 0.5 < 0.5 0.5 E .200 E .120 E .0250 < .5 < .5 < .51-Methylnaphthalene gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .0280 E .0330 < .5 < .5 < .52,6-Dimethylnaphthalene diesel fuel, kerosene No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .52-Methylnaphthalene gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil No .5 < .5 < .5 E .0290 E .0430 E .0550 < .5 < .5 < .5

3-beta-Coprostanol carnivore fecal indicator No 2 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 E .810 <2.0 <2.0 2 E .7203-Methyl-1(H)-indole (Skatole) fragrance, stench in feces or coal tar No 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.03-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant, preservative Yes 5 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.04-Cumylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.04-n-Octylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

4-tert-Octylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 E .190 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.05-Methyl-1(H)-benzotriazole antioxidant in antifreeze and deicers No 2 <2.0 <2.0 E .690 E .680 E .690 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0Acetophenone fragrance, flavor No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Acetylhexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) musk fragrance No .5 < .5 < .5 E .220 E .160 < .5 < .5 1.5 < .5Anthracene wood preservative, tar, diesel, crude oil No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Anthraquinone dyes, seed treatment, bird repellent No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Benzo[a]pyrene combustion product, cancer research Yes .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Benzophenone fixative for perfumes and soaps Yes .5 < .5 < .5 E .150 E .130 E .110 E .100 E .200 < .5beta-Sitosterol plant sterol No 2 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 E1.10 <2.0 <2.0 E1.50 E .940beta-Stigmastanol plant sterol No 2 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 E1.20 <2.0 <2.0 E1.40 E .940

Bisphenol A flame retardant, antioxidant Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 1.2 <1.0 E .140 <1.0 <1.0 E .530Bromacil herbicide No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Bromoform ozonation biproduct, explosives No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Caffeine beverages, diuretic No .5 < .5 < .5 E .100 < .5 < .5 < .5 2.6 < .5Camphor flavor, fragrance, ointments No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .260 < .5

Tables 1 and 2   
Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, minimum reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source SED MRL

Quality-control 

samples

Wastewater sources

Monitoring wells Recirculating

sand

filter

Septic

tank

test

system

Blankwater

Blankwater 92B C2 B1 B2

Carbaryl herbicide Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Carbazole insecticide, dyes, explosives, lubricants No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Chlorpyrifos insecticide Yes .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Cholesterol fecal indicator, plant sterol No 2 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 E1.00 <2.0 <2.0 E3.40 E .900Cotinine nicotine metabolite No 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 E .440 <1.0

Diazinon insecticide Yes .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Dichlorvos insecticide Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Diethoxynonylphenol (total) nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 5 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 E1.50 <5.0Diethoxyoctylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0d-Limonene antimicrobial, antiviral, aerosol fragrance No .5 < .5 E .110 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Fluoranthene coal tar, asphalt No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyran (HHCB) musk fragrance No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .310 E .170Indole pesticide ingredient, fragrance in coffee No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .0730 < .5Isoborneol fragrance No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Isophorone solvent for lacquer, plastic, oil, resin No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Isopropylbenzene (cumene) fuels, paint thinner No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Isoquinoline flavors and fragrances No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Menthol cigarettes, cough drops, mouthwash No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .350 < .5Metalaxyl general-use pesticide No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Methyl salicylate liniment, food, beverage No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Metolachlor herbicide No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Monoethoxyoctylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) mosquito repellent No .5 < .5 < .5 E .110 E .140 E .220 E .150 .63 E .110Naphthalene fumigant, moth repellent, gasoline No .5 < .5 < .5 E .0330 E .0300 E .0580 < .5 < .5 < .5

Para-Nonylphenol (total) nonionic detergent metabolite Yes 5 <5.0 <5.0 E 2.70 E1.80 <5.0 E1.10 E2.40 <5.0

10 Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, minimum reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source SED MRL

Quality-control 

samples

Wastewater sources

Monitoring wells Recirculating

sand

filter

Septic

tank

test

system

Blankwater

Blankwater 92B C2 B1 B2

p-Cresol wood preservative No 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Pentachlorophenol herbicide, fungicide, wood preservative Yes 2 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0Phenanthrene explosives, tar, diesel fuel, crude oil No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Phenol disinfectant No .5 E .370 0.54 0.98 < .5 E .330 < .5 < .5 .97Prometon herbicide No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Pyrene coal tar, asphalt No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Tetrachloroethylene solvent, degreaser, anthelmintic No .5 < .5 < .5 E .0640 E .0490 E .0380 < .5 < .5 E .0190Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate flame retardant No .5 < .5 < .5 E .410 < .5 < .5 < .5 3.7 < .5Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate plasticizer, flame retardant Yes .5 < .5 < .5 E .190 E .220 E .240 E .0810 .51 E .110Tri(dichlorisopropyl) phosphate flame retardant Yes .5 < .5 < .5 E .370 E .370 E .220 < .5 E .390 E .140

Tributyl phosphate flame retardant, antifoaming agent No .5 < .5 < .5 E .200 E .190 E .200 < .5 < .5 < .5Triclosan disinfectant, antimicrobial Yes 1 <1.0 <1.0 E .170 E .180 <1.0 <1.0 E .280 <1.0Triethyl citrate (ethyl citrate) cosmetics, pharmaceuticals No .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .260 < .5Triphenyl phosphate plasticizer, resin, wax No .5 < .5 < .5 E .0600 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Tables 1 and 2 11
Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, method reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source

Drinking-water wells

Public supplies Semipublic

supply

well

Private supplies

Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 1 Well 2 Well 3

Well 3

(replicate) Well 4

Well 4

(replicate)

Date sampled -- 6-01-04 6-01-04 6-01-04 6-02-04 6-02-04 6-02-04 6-02-04 6-02-04 6-02-04 6-02-04

Time sampled -- 1530 1600 1615 0945 0915 1000 1115 1116 1145 1146

Nitrate Wastewater 3.9 5.9 0.2 6.4 8.8 7.4 4.5 NS 6.4 NS1,4-Dichlorobenzene moth repellent, fumigant, deodorant < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 <0.5 <.5 <0.51-Methylnaphthalene gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .52,6-Dimethylnaphthalene diesel fuel, kerosene < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

2-Methylnaphthalene gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

3-beta-Coprostanol carnivore fecal indicator <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.03-Methyl-1(

H)-indole (Skatole) fragrance, stench in feces or coal tar <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

3-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA) antioxidant, preservative <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.04-Cumylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

4-n-Octylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

4-tert-Octylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.05-Methyl-1(H)-benzotriazole antioxidant in antifreeze and deicers <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0Acetophenone fragrance, flavor < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Acetylhexamethyltetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN) musk fragrance < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Anthracene wood preservative, tar, diesel, crude oil < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Anthraquinone dyes, seed treatment, bird repellent < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Benzo[a]pyrene combustion product, cancer research < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Benzophenone fixative for perfumes and soaps < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5beta-Sitosterol plant sterol <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0beta-Stigmastanol plant sterol <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0Bisphenol A flame retardant, antioxidant <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Bromacil herbicide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Bromoform ozonation biproduct, explosives < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Caffeine beverages, diuretic < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Camphor flavor, odorant, ointments < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

12 Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, method reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source

Drinking-water wells

Public supplies Semipublic

supply

well

Private supplies

Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 1 Well 2 Well 3

Well 3

(replicate) Well 4

Well 4

(replicate)

Carbaryl herbicide <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Carbazole insecticide, dyes, explosives, lubricants < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Chlorpyrifos insecticide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Cholesterol fecal indicator, plant sterol <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0

Cotinine nicotine metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

Diazinon insecticide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Dichlorvos insecticide <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Diethoxynonylphenol (total) nonionic detergent metabolite <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0Diethoxyoctylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0

d-Limonene antimicrobial, antiviral, aerosol fragrance < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .300 < .5 < .5 < .5

Fluoranthene coal tar, asphalt < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Hexahydrohexamethylcyclopentabenzopyran (HHCB) musk fragrance < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Indole pesticide ingredient, fragrance in coffee < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Isoborneol fragrance < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Isophorone solvent for lacquer, plastic, oil, resin < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Isopropylbenzene (cumene) fuels, paint thinner < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Isoquinoline flavors and fragrances < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Menthol cigarettes,cough drops, mouthwash < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Metalaxyl general use pesticide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Methyl salicylate liniment, food, beverage < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Metolachlor herbicide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Monoethoxyoctylphenol nonionic detergent metabolite <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) mosquito repellent < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .0740 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Naphthalene fumigant, moth repellent, gasoline < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Para-Nonylphenol (total) nonionic detergent metabolite <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0 <5.0

Tables 1 and 2 13
Table 1. Nitrate and organic wastewater-contaminant concentrations in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[Possible use or source: Listings are not exhaustive. All concentrations in micrograms per liter except nitrate, which is in milligrams per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MRL, method reporting level; NS, not sampled; SED, suspected endocrine disruptor; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source

Drinking-water wells

Public supplies Semipublic

supply

well

Private supplies

Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 1 Well 2 Well 3

Well 3

(replicate) Well 4

Well 4

(replicate)

p-Cresol wood preservative <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Pentachlorophenol herbicide, fungicide, wood preservative <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0Phenanthrene explosives, tar, diesel fuel, crude oil < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Phenol disinfectant < .5 E .420 < .5 < .5 E .300 E .280 E .210 < .5 E .180 E .480

Prometon herbicide < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Pyrene coal tar, asphalt < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Tetrachloroethylene solvent, degreaser, anthelmintic E .0340 E .0390 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .0170 E .0120Tri(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate flame retardant < .5 < .5 < .5 E .300 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate plasticizer, flame retardant < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .110 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Tri(dichlorisopropyl) phosphate flame retardant < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 E .240 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

Tributyl phosphate flame retardant, antifoaming agent < .5 < .5 < .5 E .190 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Triclosan disinfectant, antimicrobial <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0Triethyl citrate (ethyl citrate) cosmetics, pharmaceuticals < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5Triphenyl phosphate plasticizer, resin, wax < .5 < .5 < .5 E .0460 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5 < .5

14 Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA
Tables 1 and 2 

15

Table 2. Concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued [All concentrations are in micrograms per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MDL, method detection limit; MRL, minimum reporting level; N/D, not determined; *, not detected, minimum reporting level not determined; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source Provisional MDL Provisional MRL

Quality-control samples

Wastewater sources

Monitoring wells Recirculating sand

filter

Septic

tank

test

system

Blankwater

Blankwater 92B C2 B1 B2

Date sampled -- -- -- 6-1-2004 6-2-2004 6-1-2004 6-1-2004 6-1-2004 6-1-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004Time sampled -- -- -- 1344 1114 1130 1230 1345 1400 1545 16001,7-Dimethylxanthine caffeine metabolite 0.072 0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 4.5 <0.144Acetaminophen analgesic .018 .036 < .036 E .01 E .0283 < .036 E .0172 E .0138 6.4 < .036Azithromycin antibiotic .002 .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004Caffeine beverages, diuretic .008 .016 < .016 < .016 .17 < .016 < .016 < .016 4.6 < .016Carbamazapine antidepressant .005 .011 < .011 < .011 .71 .59 .55 < .011 < .011 < .011Cimetidine antacid .006 .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 E .0076 < .012Codeine analgesic .008 .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015Cotinine nicotine metabolite .007 .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 E .0046 < .014 < .014 .49 < .014Dehydronifedipine antianginal metabolite .008 .015 < .015 < .015 E .013 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015Diltiazem antihypertensive .008 .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 E .0076 < .016Diphenhydramine antihistamine .007 .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 .045 < .015Erythromycin antibiotic .005 .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 .11 < .009Fluoxetine antidepressant .007 .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014Furosemide diuretic N/D N/D * * * * * * * *Gemfibrozil antihyperlipidemic .006 .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013Ibuprofen anti-inflammatory, 

analgesic

.021 .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042

Metformin diabetes treatment N/D N/D * * * * * * .033 *Miconazole antifungal agent .009 .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018Ranitidine antacid .006 .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 E .0073 < .013Salbutamol antiasthmatic .012 .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023Sulfamethoxazole antibiotic .032 .064 < .064 < .064 .47 .27 1.3 < .064 < .064 E .0101Thiabendazole insecticide .005 .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011Trimethoprim antibiotic .006 .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 .016 E .0036Warfarin anticoagulant .006 .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012
Table 2. Concentrations of pharmaceutical and personal care products in samples collected on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, June 1–2, 2004.—Continued

[All concentrations are in micrograms per liter. Shading indicates analytes that were detected in this study. E, estimated value; MDL, method detection limit; MRL, minimum reporting level; N/D, not determined; *, not detected, minimum reporting level not determined; <, actual value is less than value shown; --, not applicable]

Analyte Possible use or source

Drinking-water supplies

Public supplies Semipublic

supply

well

Private supplies

Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 1 Well 2 Well 3 Well 3 (replicate) Well 4 Well 4 (replicate)

Date sampled -- 6-1-2004 6-1-2004 6-1-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004 6-2-2004Time sampled -- 1530 1600 1615 945 915 1000 1115 1116 1145 11461,7-Dimethylxanthine caffeine metabolite <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144 <0.144Acetaminophen analgesic < .036 < .036 < .036 .052 E .0037 < .036 < .036 < .036 E .0064 E .0229Azithromycin antibiotic < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004 < .004Caffeine beverages, diuretic < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 E .0121 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016Carbamazapine antidepressant < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 E .0041 E .0053Cimetidine antacid < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012Codeine analgesic < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015Cotinine nicotine metabolite < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014Dehydronifedipine antianginal metabolite < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015Diltiazem antihypertensive < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016 < .016Diphenhydramine antihistamine < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015 < .015Erythromycin antibiotic < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009 < .009Fluoxetine antidepressant < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014 < .014Furosemide diuretic * * * * * * * * * *Gemfibrozil antihyperlipidemic < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013Ibuprofen anti-inflammatory, analgesic < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042 < .042Metformin diabetes treatment * * * * * * * * * *Miconazole antifungal agent < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018 < .018Ranitidine antacid < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013Salbutamol antiasthmatic < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023 < .023Sulfamethoxazole antibiotic E .0138 E .0576 < .064 E .0123 E .0093 < .064 < .064 < .064 < .064 < .064Thiabendazole insecticide < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011 < .011Trimethoprim antibiotic < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013 < .013Warfarin anticoagulant < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012 < .012

16  Organic Wastewater Contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, and Personal Care Products in Water Supplies, Cape Cod, MA