Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research

Program

United States

Department of

Agriculture

Economic 

Research

Service

Final Report

Fiscal 2007 Activities

Food Assistance & Nutrition

 Research Program

Economic Research for a Healthy, Well-Nourished America
Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program Contacts

David Smallwood, Program Director Phone: (202) 694-5270

Victor Oliveira, Research and Information Fax: (202) 694-5677

Margaret Andrews, Food Stamp Program Research E-mail: FANRP@ers.usda.gov 

Elizabeth Frazão, WIC Research Website: www.ers.usda.gov/briefing/

Joanne Guthrie, Child Nutrition Research foodnutritionassistance

Alex Majchrowicz, RIDGE Program
Contents

Chapter 1. The Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program ..............1

Research Goal ................................................................................................................1

Research Themes............................................................................................................1

Intramural and Extramural Components........................................................................2

Key Accomplishments: Fiscal 1998-2006 ....................................................................3

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research ....................................................................3

Data Development ......................................................................................................6

Expanding the Research Base ....................................................................................6

Research Dissemination..............................................................................................7

FANRP Tomorrow..........................................................................................................8

Chapter 2. Fiscal 2007 FANRP Activities ........................................................10

Extramural Research Program, Fiscal 2007 ................................................................10

Table 1—FANRP Extramural Research Projects, Fiscal 2007 ................................11

Key Research Accomplishments, Fiscal 2007 ............................................................17

Program Outcomes and Economic Well-Being of Participants................................17

Program Access and Economic Determinants of Participation................................18

Program Dynamics and Efficiency ..........................................................................18

Chapter 3. FANRP Publications ......................................................................20

Fiscal 2007 Publications ..............................................................................................20

Monographs and Journal Articles ............................................................................20

Working and Discussion Papers................................................................................23

Fiscal 1998-2006 Publications ....................................................................................25

Monographs and Journal Articles ............................................................................25

Working and Discussion Papers................................................................................50

Appendix A. Institutions, Universities, and Government Agencies

Awarded FANRP Projects, Fiscal 1998-2007 ................................................54

Appendix B. Peer Reviewers for the Competitive Grant and

Cooperative Research Program, Fiscal 2007 ..............................................56

In 1998, USDA’s Economic Research Service (ERS)

created the Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Program (FANRP) to study and evaluate the Nation’s

domestic food and nutrition assistance programs,

including the Food Stamp Program, the child nutrition

programs, and the Special Supplemental Nutrition

Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC).

FANRP’s mission is to conduct “economic research for

a healthy, well-nourished America.” Since its establishment, FANRP has become the premier source of food

and nutrition assistance research in the United States.

FANRP has supported research on a wide range of

policy-relevant food and nutrition assistance topics,

resulting in over 600 peer-reviewed publications.

FANRP has also enhanced national surveys by adding

a food assistance dimension and broadened the participation of social science and nutrition science scholars

in food assistance and nutrition policy issues.

This report provides a summary of FANRP and its

activities in fiscal 2007. Chapter 1 provides a general

overview of the program and includes a discussion of

some of FANRP’s key accomplishments in previous

years. Chapter 2 focuses solely on FANRP activities in

fiscal 2007 (October 1, 2006-September 30, 2007) and

includes a summary of all extramural projects funded

in fiscal 2007 and a discussion of the year’s key

research accomplishments. Chapter 3 provides a list of

all FANRP-sponsored publications released in fiscal

2007 as well as those released in previous years.

Appendix A lists all the institutions, universities, and

government agencies that have been awarded FANRP

projects since FANRP started in 1998 and appendix B

identifies those who served as peer reviewers for

FANRP’s Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program in fiscal 2007.

Research Goal

Food assistance and nutrition programs receive substantial Federal funding and affect the daily lives of

millions of Americans. For example, in fiscal 2007,

monthly participation in the Food Stamp Program

averaged 26.5 million Americans at an annual cost of

about $33 billion. On a typical school day, some 10.1

million children participated in the School Breakfast

Program and 30.6 million children participated in the

National School Lunch Program, which together cost

$10.9 billion. On average, WIC served 8.3 million people each month at an annual cost of $5.5 billion. At

some point during the year, one in five Americans are

estimated to participate in at least one of USDA’s food

and nutrition assistance programs. Expenditures for all

of the food and nutrition assistance programs totaled

$54.3 billion in fiscal 2007. Given the significance of

the food and nutrition assistance programs, it is important that FANRP provide objective, scientifically rigorous studies and evaluations. Our goal is a high-quality,

multidisciplinary program that focuses on today’s

problems while addressing tomorrow’s issues.

Research Themes

FANRP’s research on the food and nutrition assistance

programs is designed to meet the critical needs of

USDA, Congress, program managers, program participants, the research community, and the public at large.

The three core areas of FANRP research are as follows:

• Program Outcomes and Economic Well-Being of

Participants—USDA’s food and nutrition assistance

programs share the primary goal of ensuring the

health of vulnerable Americans by providing access

to a nutritionally adequate diet. Economic factors

influence participant’s behavior and the degree to

which program goals are achieved. Through changes

in food expenditures, the programs also influence the

economic well-being of participants, food security, the

depth and severity of poverty, and income volatility.

• Program Access and Economic Determinants of

Participation—USDA seeks to ensure access for all

who are eligible to participate in its food and nutrition

assistance programs. The extent to which eligible

individuals participate in programs and the factors

that influence those decisions are key to measuring

how well the program is reaching its target population. FANRP provides information on the population

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  1

Food Assistance & 

Nutrition Research Program

Chapter 1. The Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program
being served and on the eligible but unserved population to determine if the program is serving those

who are most vulnerable and in need of program

resources. Analysis of the economic factors affecting

program participation allows policymakers and program analysts to better anticipate and forecast fluctuations in program participation and can influence

budgetary decisions for the program.

• Program Dynamics and Efficiency—With increased

Federal Government focus on accountability and

efficiency, reliable, unbiased information on how the

Nation’s food and nutrition assistance programs are

administered and operated is increasingly important.

An essential objective of FANRP is to provide

research to policymakers that improves program

operations. As such, FANRP has conducted a number

of studies mandated by Congress. Because food and

nutrition assistance programs interact with various

industry sectors and markets, FANRP also conducts

research on how the programs impact food prices

and farm income.

Within these general themes, priority areas of research

are selected annually. In developing the research priorities, FANRP works closely with USDA’s Food and

Nutrition Service (FNS), the agency responsible for

administering the Department’s food assistance and

nutrition programs. FANRP also seeks input from a

broad constituency of policy officials, researchers,

practitioners, advocates, industry groups, and

service providers.

In conjunction with these activities, FANRP sponsors

an annual roundtable discussion, open to the public, to

identify crucial research and information needs that

would support food assistance and nutrition programs

and to ensure the policy and program relevance of the

annual research agenda.

1

Intramural and

Extramural Components

FANRP integrates an intramural and extramural research

program. The intramural program, conducted internally

by ERS staff, continues ERS’s long, distinguished history of conducting rigorous, objective, and policyrelevant research. The intramural program uses ERS’s

large research capacity, taking advantage of the agency’s

internal research capital and specialized knowledge base.

At the same time, FANRP funds extramural research,

often conducted jointly with ERS staff, that draws upon

the multidisciplinary expertise of outside researchers

and the resources of such institutions as the National

Academy of Sciences, National Science Foundation,

National Bureau of Economic Research, Urban Institute,

RAND Corporation, and numerous universities across

the country.

2 FANRP funds the extramural projects

through contracts, grants, and cooperative agreements.

Findings resulting from both intramural and extramural

research are widely disseminated in accordance with

FANRP principles.

2  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

2

See appendix A for a list of all institutions, universities, and government

agencies that have been awarded FANRP projects since its establishment

in 1998.

1

The fiscal 2007 roundtable discussion, “Food Assistance Research

Conference: Recent Findings and Emerging Issues,” was held February 13,

2007, at ERS in Washington DC. The conference agenda can be found at

www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodNutritionAssistance/ConferenceMaterials/

conference2007.htm.

FANRP Principles

The program principles behind FANRP ensure the

reliability and usefulness of the research.

• Research that meets the needs of all stakeholders—

program participants, USDA, Congress, and the

public.

• Integrated, comprehensive program that conducts

research in the broader context of the current and

future economic and social environments.

• Broad array of public and private entities directly

involved in the research, evaluation, and review

efforts.

• Integration of ERS staff expertise in the development, implementation, and accomplishment of

research projects.

• Scientifically rigorous studies and evaluations with

verifiable and unbiased results.

• Rigorous internal and external review of research

results.

• Public availability of data.

• Wide distribution of research findings.

• Development and maintenance of continuous

data sets.
Key Accomplishments:

Fiscal 1998-2006

Since its beginning in 1998, FANRP has conducted a

wide range of research activities. This section highlights some of FANRP’s key accomplishments during

fiscal 1998-2006 in the areas of food and nutrition

assistance research, data development, enhancing the

research base, and research dissemination.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

FANRP has developed a multifaceted research plan to

address the needs of diverse groups of stakeholders

that has resulted in an extensive portfolio of successful

research projects. These projects have expanded understanding on a wide range of food and nutrition assistance issues, including program outcomes and economic well-being of participants, program access and economic determinants of participation, program dynamics and efficiency, and program interactions.

3

Program Outcomes and Economic

Well-Being of Participants

• Prior to FANRP’s establishment, extensive research

had been conducted on the impact of specific food and

nutrition assistance programs on nutrition and health

but there had been no overall assessment of the effects

of the programs on the diets and health outcomes of

participants. In response, one of the first studies

commissioned by FANRP was a comprehensive

review and synthesis of published research from over

300 publications on the impact of USDA’s domestic

food and nutrition assistance programs on participants’

diet and health. The resulting report—the most

systematic and thorough assessment to date of published research on the topic—summarized what is and

what is not known about the nutrition- and healthrelated impacts of USDA’s food and nutrition assistance programs (Fox et al., October 2004). The outcomes included household nutrient availability, dietary

intake, medical biomarkers of nutrition status, food

expenditures, food security, birth outcomes, breastfeeding behaviors, immunization rates, use and cost of

health care services, and selected nonhealth outcomes,

such as academic achievement and school performance of children and social isolation of the elderly.

• A study by Jolliffe et al. (2003) looked at the effect of

food stamps on children’s overall well-being by adding

the value of food stamp benefits to household income

and measuring the effect on child poverty rates. The

“food stamp effect” reduced the number of children

in poverty in 2000 by 4 percent. This relatively small

effect is largely because the amount of food stamp

benefits declines as a household’s incomes increases,

and while many poor people become less poor due to

the value of food stamp benefits, few receive enough

food stamps to lift them above the poverty line.

However, augmenting income with the value of food

stamp benefits reduced the depth of child poverty

(the amount of income needed to raise income to the

poverty threshold) by 20 percent or more. The study

shows the insufficiency of examining the effect of

food stamps on only the incidence of poverty, which

leads to the incorrect conclusion that food stamps do

not have much impact on reducing child poverty.

• Wilde and Ranney (2000) were the first to use nationally representative data to examine the food stamp

cycle—monthly cycles in food expenditures and

food intake among food stamp households. Average

food spending by food stamp households was found

to peak sharply in the first 3 days after food stamps

were received. Food energy intake patterns differed

by how frequently the food stamp household made

major grocery shopping trips. For food stamp households that shopped frequently, food energy intake

remained steady over the course of the food stamp

month. However, for food stamp households who

made major grocery shopping trips only once per

month, mean food energy intake dropped significantly. This cycle of food spending leaves some households with less food intake late in the month.

• FANRP has played a major role in Federal research on

food security in the United States. One FANRP-funded

study looked at the issue of whether public assistance

programs (including food stamps, Medicaid, and cash

benefits) reduce the probability that vulnerable households experience food insecurity (Borjas, 2004). The

study took advantage of a “natural experiment” when

Federal welfare reform legislation limited the eligibility of immigrant households to receive assistance,

while some States chose to continue offering Statefunded assistance to immigrant households. The study

exploited these changes in eligibility rules to examine

the link between food insecurity and public assistance.

Results indicate that a 10-percent cut in the share of

the immigrant population that receives public assistance increased the share of immigrant food-insecure

households by about 5 percentage points. The study

not only provides evidence that welfare programs

improve food security, it also suggests that, while

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  3

3

See chapter 3 for a complete list of all FANRP-supported research

publications.
tightening welfare eligibility rules can reduce welfare costs, such action can have adverse outcomes.

• FANRP has also advanced understanding of the economic factors and behaviors that affect obesity, a

national epidemic that disproportionately affects the

poor. One much-publicized FANRP-funded study

quantified the effect of maternal obesity on preschooler obesity (Whitaker, 2004). The study found

that maternal obesity in early pregnancy more than

doubles a child’s risk of obesity at ages 2-4. As a

result of this study, a new nutrition risk criterion—

“at risk of becoming overweight”—was added to the

allowable criteria used to establish WIC program eligibility. The new criterion makes low-income infants

and children with obese parents at risk of becoming

overweight and therefore eligible for WIC.

• FANRP research suggests that measures of the prevalence of overweight among children understate the

extent of this public health problem. A study of children from 1971 to 2001 found that not only have

more children become overweight in the last three

decades, but overweight children have been getting

heavier (Jolliffe, 2004). In fact, the severity of child

overweight has been increasing faster than the prevalence of child overweight regardless of age, sex, race

or ethnicity. These findings could have important

health implications since it is likely that very overweight children, like adults, are more likely to suffer

health problems than the less overweight.

Program Access and Economic

Determinants of Participation

• The dramatic decline in food stamp caseloads in the

late 1990s led policymakers and analysts to focus on

the broad question of what factors influence Food

Stamp Program participation, including the possible

role of local food stamp office policies and practices

in encouraging or deterring household participation

decisions. FANRP sponsored a national study of

Food Stamp Program accessibility at the local office

level. The study collected information on the policies and practices of 109 local food stamp offices,

the characteristics of participant and nonparticipant

households in surrounding areas, and the reasons

that some eligible households do not participate in

the Food Stamp Program (Bartlett et al., 2004;

Bartlett and Burstein, 2004; and Gabor et al., 2003).

The study identified a number of practices that vary

across offices and appear to be significant in participation decisions.

•In 2005, FANRP evaluated USDA’s Elderly Nutrition

Demonstrations—six pilot projects aimed at testing

ways to increase Food Stamp Program participation

among eligible elderly individuals (Cody and Ohls,

2005). Historically, the low-income elderly participate in the Food Stamp Program at relatively low

rates. USDA designed three models, each using different techniques to reduce the barriers that seniors

face in participating in the program. The techniques

involved reducing the time and effort of applying for

benefits, aiding seniors in navigating the application

process, and giving seniors the option of receiving

commodity packages instead of getting benefits

through Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards. The

study found that demonstration models can increase

the number of participating seniors by 20-35 percent

but that costs can be significant, ranging from $402

to $3,800 per participant.

• To better target benefits from the Child and Adult

Care Food Program on low-income children, the

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity

Reconciliation Act of 1996 established a two-tier

structure of meal reimbursement rates for family child

care homes. The Act applied higher rates to homes in

low-income areas or operated by low-income people.

In a report to Congress, FANRP assessed the impact

that the new tiered-meal reimbursements have had on

sponsoring organizations, participating and dropout

homes, and children cared for by participating homes

(Hamilton et al., March 2002a). A key finding from

the study was that tiering was successful in refocusing the family child care homes component of the

program on serving low-income children.

Program Dynamics and Efficiency

• A core objective of FANRP is to provide research to

policymakers that improves program operations. One

study examined the prevalence of direct certification

of children for school meals, its implementation

methods, and its effects on program access and

integrity (Gleason et al., 2003b). Direct certification

is a procedure whereby school districts use information from State welfare or food stamp offices to certify children to receive free meals instead of requiring families to fill out applications. It was designed

primarily to improve National School Lunch

Program access and administrative efficiency.

• Congressionally mandated studies completed by

FANRP have been particularly instrumental in informing policy decisions regarding program dynamics and

4  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
administration issues. For example, FANRP provided

an evaluation of the Fruit and Vegetable Pilot

Program—a program established by the 2002 Farm

Act to promote fresh fruit and vegetable consumption

among the Nation’s schoolchildren (Buzby et al.,

2003). The pilot demonstrated the feasibility of such

a program and its success as determined by the students’ interest in participating. Results from this study

led to the program being continued and expanded.

• FANRP research has been instrumental in improving

our understanding of how the WIC program operates,

especially in the area of cost-containment. Because

food costs account for about three-quarters of the total

cost of the program, State WIC agencies have implemented a number of practices designed to contain food

costs, the primary one is the use of infant formula

rebates. Typically, WIC State agencies obtain large discounts in the form of rebates from infant formula manufacturers. As a result of the rebates, the costs to WIC

for each can of formula provided through the program

have two components: (1) net wholesale price, which

is equal to the wholesale price of formula minus the

amount of the rebate, and (2) retail markup. Oliveira

and Davis (2006) found that the retail markup accounts

for most (about 60 percent) of the cost to WIC of

infant formula in most States. However, both retail

markup and net wholesale price have increased over

time. Since WIC is a discretionary program with fixed

funding, higher costs mean that fewer people will be

served or that additional funds need to be appropriated.

• WIC agencies have implemented cost-containment

practices in addition to infant formula rebates. These

practices include limiting authorized food vendors

(such as supermarkets and grocery stores) to outlets

with lower food prices; limiting food-item selection

according to brand, package size, form, or price (for

instance, only allowing generic cereals or requiring

purchase of least-cost items); and negotiating rebates

with food manufacturers or suppliers. Concerns had

been raised that, if cost-containment policies are overly

restrictive, WIC participants’ access to and consumption of prescribed foods may be reduced. Some also

questioned whether cost-containment practices save

enough in food costs to offset their additional administrative costs. A congressionally mandated study to

assess the impacts of WIC cost-containment practices

(other than the use of infant formula rebates) found

that the cost-containment practices resulted in substantial food cost savings (reducing food costs by an

average of 15 percent), had few adverse impacts on

WIC participants, and were relatively inexpensive to

manage and operate (Kirlin et al., 2003). The study,

the first to examine the balance struck by WIC

between the goals of nutritional improvement and

customer satisfaction and the need to make the most

of available program funds, provides strong evidence

that cost-containment practices can be effective without jeopardizing WIC program goals.

• FANRP also sponsored the first comprehensive government study of the Emergency Food Assistance

System (EFAS). The study provided detailed information about the system’s operations, the five major

types of organizations involved in EFAS (emergency

kitchens, food pantries, food banks, food rescue

organizations, and emergency food organizations),

and how EFAS fits within the context of USDA’s

food and nutrition assistance programs (Ohls and

Saleem-Ismail, August 2002).

Program Interactions

Food and nutrition assistance programs are intrinsically linked to the economy. That is, the health of the

general economy affects the use of USDA’s food assistance programs. Conversely, food assistance programs

affect industry and the general economy. FANRP studies have shed considerable light on this two-way relationship between the food and nutrition assistance programs and the economy.

• As a means-tested entitlement program, the Food

Stamp Program automatically responds to changes in

the need for assistance. Caseloads tend to rise during

recessionary periods and fall during economic

expansions. Hanson and Gundersen (2002), summarizing a number of FANRP studies, found that a 1-

percentage-point increase in the national unemployment rate—a key indicator of the health of the general economy—results in about 700,000 more food

stamp recipients during the first year and about 1.3

million additional recipients in the long run. The

additional program benefits help to stabilize the

overall economy and to direct Federal spending to

areas most in need of assistance when the economy

turns downward and unemployment rises.

• Because food assistance programs generate demand

for food and farm products, changes in food assistance policy can have impacts on economic activity

and household income across the economy. Using

an econometric model that provides policymakers

with a mechanism for examining economywide distributional impact of potential policy changes,

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  5
Hanson et al. (2002) found that a hypothetical budgetneutral cut in food stamp benefits leads to reductions

in food demand and farm production. Specifically, a

$5 billion cut in food stamp benefits leads to decreases

in farm and food processing production of approximately $1.3 billion and 7,500 jobs lost. On the other

hand, a $5 billion increase in food stamp benefits leads

to increases in farm and food processing production

of approximately $1.3 billion and 7,500 jobs gained.

• Another FANRP study demonstrated how a food assistance program can have an economic impact on nonparticipants through the price of program commodities.

WIC purchases over half of all infant formula sold in

the United States. Because of its buying power, WIC

gets large discounts in the form of rebates from infant

formula manufacturers. These rebates support about

one-quarter of all WIC participants. Based on the most

comprehensive national study of retail infant formula

prices ever conducted, Oliveira et al. (2004) found that

WIC and its rebate program modestly raised the supermarket price of infant formula, especially in States

with a high percentage of infants participating in WIC.

That is, while WIC and its infant formula rebate program have been successful in terms of making infant

formula available to needy infants at a low monetary

cost, an indirect effect of the program is higher retail

prices for non-WIC consumers.

Data Development

Data development is a high priority in FANRP because

data sustain the program’s research on food assistance

programs and the environment in which they operate. An

early FANRP study provided a comprehensive review

and evaluation of national data sources for their potential for analyzing the impact of USDA’s food assistance

and nutrition programs on nutrition- and health-related

outcomes. The resulting report provided an inventory of

data sources (mostly national level) that can be used as

a foundation for future food-assistance-related research

(Logan et al., 2002). The report assessed data sources

and identified those most worthy of investigation. Each

data source was evaluated against three criteria: coverage

of both program participants and nonparticipants, identification of participants and determination of eligibility

among nonparticipants, and availability of impact measures. Thirteen data sources were classified as principal

sources that appear to have the greatest potential for

conducting research on food assistance and nutrition

programs outcomes. Another 13 sources could be made

more useful for food assistance research if questions

were incorporated to fill gaps in relevant information.

Investments in new and ongoing data collections provide a critical foundation for addressing new and

emerging food assistance issues. FANRP funding has

enhanced food assistance data collection in a number

of nationwide surveys:

• Since 1998, FANRP has sponsored the annual Food

Security Supplement to the Census Bureau’s Current

Population Survey. The supplement provides the data

used to develop national statistics on food insecurity.

• FANRP also provides funding for the U.S. Department

of Education’s Early Childhood Longitudinal Study

(ECLS), which is made up of two cohorts that provide national data on children’s status at birth and at

various points thereafter through the fifth grade.

Data from the ECLS are being used to test hypotheses about the effects of food assistance programs on

a range of issues, including children’s development,

school performance, and obesity.

• FANRP also helps support the collection of information about the nutritional status and diet of food

assistance program participants through the National

Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services.

Expanding the Research Base

FANRP’s extramural research component uses two

main mechanisms to promote research from a broad

arena—the Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program and the RIDGE program.

The Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program

This program awards grants and cooperative agreements

up to $400,000. The program is announced publicly

via the ERS website, ERS e-mail updates, and postings on various listservs (e-mail-based discussion

forums). The proposal evaluation process includes peer

review panels consisting of experts from academia,

government, and the private sector.

4 In addition to

reviewer’s comments, FANRP’s selection process

considers coverage of priority research areas, overlap

between proposals and ongoing projects, program needs,

potential benefits from research collaborations on particular projects, and availability of funding. FANRP’s

6  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

4

Appendix B identifies those who served as peer reviewers for the

Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements Program in fiscal 2007.
competitive grants and cooperative agreements program,

with a description of the application process, typically

is announced each year in mid-March. The deadline

for submission of proposals is generally in late May,

and the awards are announced in mid-October.

In fiscal 2006, FANRP implemented Grants.gov application procedures to the Competitive Grants and

Cooperative Agreements Program. Grants.gov uses

electronic technology to enhance the process of tracking Federal grant opportunities. Applicants can both

search for and apply for grant funds online through a

single access point (i.e., a common website), dramatically streamlining the application, review, and award

process. Applications to the Competitive Grants and

Cooperative Agreements Program are allowed in paper

as well as in electronic form.

The Research Innovation and Development

Grants in Economics (RIDGE) Program

Formerly known as the Small Grants Program, the program was renamed the Research Innovation and

Development Grants in Economics (RIDGE) program

in 2006. The new name better reflects the program’s

purposes: (1) to stimulate new and innovative research

on food and nutrition policy issues and (2) to broaden

the participation of social science scholars in the

research effort.

The program supports both quantitative and qualitative

research methods to explore economic, nutrition, and

health outcomes of participation in USDA food assistance programs as well as issues surrounding program

implementation and delivery. RIDGE grants last for 1

year; most are in the range of $20,000-$40,000.

5

Funded by ERS, the RIDGE program is administered

through selected universities and their associated

research institutes located at five sites. Each of the

five institutions takes a different aspect of food assistance, nutrition, or subgroup of recipients as its primary focus. The five institutions and their area of

focus are as follows:

The Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy

Studies, University of Chicago—Interactions between

food assistance and other welfare programs and linkages between the macroeconomy and food assistance.

Institute for Research on Poverty at the University of

Wisconsin—Understanding the relationships among

the food assistance safety net, poverty, and well-being.

The American Indian Studies Program at the

University of Arizona—The relationship between

family poverty and food assistance programs among

Native Americans.

The Southern Rural Development Center at Mississippi

State University—The relationship between food assistance and rural people, families, and communities in

the South.

The Department of Nutrition at the University of

California, Davis—The impact of food assistance programs on nutritional risk indicators (clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, and dietary), food purchasing

practices, and food insecurity.

A list of all RIDGE projects and summaries, searchable

by keyword(s), research institution, investigator, and year

awarded, is available at http://www.ers.usda.gov/

Briefing/FoodNutritionAssistance/Funding/

RIDGEprojects.asp

Research Dissemination

In accordance with program principles (see box, p. 2),

FANRP strives to make all of its research readily available and in accessible formats for a variety of technical

and nontechnical audiences. To do this, FANRP uses

publications and hosts and participates in various conferences. ERS-produced reports are the primary vehicle for documenting and showcasing FANRP research.

ERS publishes an array of outputs for a variety of purposes and audiences. In 2005, ERS revamped its publication series. Economic Research Reports (ERRs) are

a departmental series and are available in both paper

and electronic form.

6 These technical or semitechnical

reports present original economic analysis, findings,

and implications primarily for public decisionmakers

and researchers.

Other departmental series include Economic Briefs

(EBs) and Economic Information Bulletins (EIBs).

These nontechnical publications, intended for a

broader audience, provide concise, timely insights

from recent ERS research. The Food Assistance

Landscape is an EIB that is published annually. It

provides an overview of USDA’s domestic food assistance programs, including recent program statistics,

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  7

5

FANRP sponsors an annual RIDGE Program Conference in which

grant recipients present the results of their work on food assistance programs, food security, and nutrition. A copy of the agenda for the 2006 conference held on October 11-12, 2007, at ERS in Washington, DC, can be

found at http://www.ers.usda.gov/ConferenceCenter/FANRP/

FANRPOctober07/Agenda.htm. 6

ERRs replaced the Food and Nutrition Research Report (FANRR) series.
information on related economic and social indicators,

and highlights of recent FANRP research (Oliveira,

February 2007).

Contractor and Cooperator Reports (CCRs), which

result from FANRP’s extramural research program and

are available in electronic form only, are a component

of the ERS effort to serve the public with e-government technologies and the ERS website.

7 The views

expressed in CCRs, unlike reports in the departmental

series, are those of the authors and not necessarily

those of ERS or USDA (FANRP, in accordance with

program principles, makes its research publicly available). In addition to the series of reports, articles on

food assistance and nutrition-related topics are often

featured in the ERS periodical, Amber Waves. All ERS

publications are available at the ERS website.

FANRP research targeted to narrower, more technical

audiences can be found in a wide range of professional

journals.

Each year, ERS staff also present findings from

FANRP research at numerous professional meetings

across the country. The meetings are sponsored by

such groups as the American Association of Food

Stamp Directors, the National WIC Association, the

School Nutrition Association, the American Public

Human Services Association, the National Association

for Welfare Research and Statistics, the Society for

Nutrition Education, the Association for Public Policy

Analysis and Management, and the American

Agricultural Economics Association.

To encourage interaction among researchers and policymakers, FANRP organizes and sponsors conferences

and workshops. Two are held annually—the RIDGE

Program Conference and the Food Assistance Research

Conference: Recent Research and Emerging Issues.

Other conferences, often co-sponsored with other institutions, are hosted to address timely and policy-relevant topics. For example, in fiscal 2007, FANRP and

the National Poverty Center co-sponsored a conference

on Income Volatility and Implications for Food

Assistance Programs. In previous years, FANRP hosted conferences on Food Security Measurement and

Research, Rural Dimensions of Welfare Reform, and

the Economics of Obesity.

FANRP Tomorrow

Through its annual identification of priority research

areas, FANRP responds to immediate as well as longterm research needs. FANRP will continue to seek

input from key constituencies, such as policy officials,

program and research leaders, and the Food and

Nutrition Service to identify and prioritize research

needs. FANRP will also continue to integrate intramural research with its extramural program, enhancing its

capacity to address policy and research needs of

USDA’s food assistance and nutrition programs in a

timely, objective, and cost-effective manner.

The following is a list of some of the important

research projects funded by FANRP in previous years

that are scheduled to be completed in the near future:

•Income Volatility and Its Effect on Food Stamp

Participation of the Working Poor

• Food Stamp Use by Legal Immigrants Before and

After the 2003 Restorations

• Household Food Security and Tradeoffs in the Food

Budget: A Revitalized Engel Approach Including

Food Stamps

• WIC and the Economics of Infant Formula

Contracts, Rebates, and Wholesale Prices

8  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

7

CCRs replaced the Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program’s

E-FAN series.

FANRP Implements Database

of Food and Nutrition

Assistance Research

FANRP has compiled an electronic database of over

600 peer-reviewed reports and articles based on

FANRP-supported research published at ERS and elsewhere. The database is searchable by:

• Title

• Lead author

• Topic

• Year of publication

• Data set analyzed

• Word(s) or phrases contained in the publication’s

bibliographic citation

For all ERS-published reports and articles, a link to

the full report is provided. The database can be

accessed at: www.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodNutritionAssistance/ResearchFindings/
• Development of a Questionnaire on Dietary

Behavior of Low-Income Population

• Future Costs of Childhood Obesity: Estimates

and Implications

• Commodity Supplemental Food Program:

Participation and Administration

• Basic Needs, Tough Choices: The Impact of Housing

Costs on Food Consumption

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  9
This chapter describes FANRP activities in fiscal 2007.

The first section focuses on FANRP’s extramural

program and includes a description of all FANRP

projects funded in fiscal 2007. The second section

summarizes some of the key research accomplishments

resulting from FANRP’s extramural as well as intramural components.

Extramural Research Program,

Fiscal 2007

To meet the program needs of the Department and

promote research from a broad arena, FANRP uses

several different funding mechanisms in its extramural

programs.

Grants and cooperative agreements are used when the

intent is to stimulate new and innovative research or to

undertake projects jointly with ERS researchers.

Grants are awarded when the research project supports

the general public good and does not require substantial involvement between ERS staff and the extramural

researchers during the performance of the award.

Cooperative agreements, awarded when the research

project requires more substantial involvement between

ERS and the extramural researchers, enable ERS staff

to supplement their own expertise with the knowledge

and resources of academic and private institutions.

8

The Competitive Grants and Cooperative Agreements

Program is publicly announced and competitively

awarded based on peer review, research priorities, and

availability of funding. Funding for eight cooperative

agreements totaled $1,303,365 in fiscal 2007. In addition, three competitive grants were awarded for

$1,169,768. The acceptance rate for proposals of

cooperative agreements and grants was about 1 in 2.6,

or in dollar terms, roughly $1 in $5.

In addition, three cooperative agreements (including

amendments to existing agreements) were awarded

outside the competitive program just discussed. These

agreements, totaling $163,799 were awarded to fill

special research needs of the ongoing internal research

program. For example, the largest award, in the

amount of $69,880, explores technical enhancements

to improve USDA’s measurement of food security

based on recommendations by the Committee on

National Statistics (CNSTAT).

The RIDGE program funds grant competitions through

five diverse institutions. Each institution focuses on a

particular facet of food assistance, such as diet and health

outcomes, relationships to poverty and well-being, rural

issues, and special at-risk population groups. Funding

for the program totaled $899,772 in fiscal 2007.

Interagency agreements are used to enhance food assistance data development through cost-sharing partnerships and to fund cooperative interagency research on

program interactions and policy issues. Funding for

interagency projects totaled $1,269,767, including

funding for data collection in the National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey, Early Childhood

Longitudinal Studies, and the Food Security

Supplement to the Current Population Survey.

In previous years, contracts have been used when a

very specific product is required, such as data collection. No contracts were awarded in fiscal 2007.

10  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Chapter 2. Fiscal 2007 FANRP Activities

8

There are two types of cooperative agreements: cooperative research

agreements and assistance-type cooperative agreements. In a cooperative

research agreement, ERS staff and the extramural researcher(s) are close

collaborators and contributors to support the research. In an assistance-type

cooperative agreement, the extramural researcher(s) are responsible for

conducting the greater part of the work on the project. Cooperative research

agreements require both parties to contribute to the funding of the project;

assistance-type cooperative agreements do not have this joint funding

requirement.

Share of Extramura Awards by Type Fisca 2007

Interagency

agreements,

26%

Cooperative

agreements,

31%

Grants,

24%

RIDGE

grants,

9%
Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  11

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

Food

Choices: Economic

Determin

a

nts a

n

d

Conseq

uences

Food

Deman

d in

Low-Income Households To estimate the effects of food

prices an

d

household income on the deman

d for fruits, $130,000

U

niversity of Ten

nessee vegetables, an

d other food

products in low-income households, usin

g

data from the

A

C

Nielsen

Homescan

panel survey of household food

p

urchases an

d the National Food

Stam

p

Program Survey. T

he research

will ex

pan

d on earlier work

b

y focusin

g on

low-income households an

d

usin

g a hierarchical deman

d

model to examine deman

d for

su

b

groups of foods within the broader food categories.

Identifying Behavioral Economics Factors To collect an

d lin

k information on in

dividuals’ food intake an

d time use throu

g

hout the $399,773

Affecting Food

Consu

m

ption

day

with

psychological an

d cog

nitive factors to gain insig

ht into new strategies to

U

niversity of C

hicago im

prove dietary choices. Usin

g contem

porary

behavioral economics concepts, the stu

d

y

will develop an

d test new survey

q

uestions for measurin

g

psychosocial an

d cog

nitive

factors that have proven fruitful in

u

n

derstan

din

g consu

mer behavior in other areas.

Measuring Consu

m

ption

Response to To analyze the economic determinants of food

p

urchasin

g an

d consu

m

ption

behavior of $249,494

Prices in a D

y

namic Model of Consu

mer low-income households, usin

g

data from the A

C

Nielsen

Homescan

panel survey of food

Food

P

urchase Behavior p

urchases. A

n in

ventory

model will be used to examine shortru

n an

d lon

gru

n responses

Research

Trian

gle Institute to food

prices. T

he stu

d

y

will also examine the lon

gru

n im

plications of package sizes

on overconsu

m

ption.

Altering Social an

d

Con

venience Costs To examine the effectiveness of several behavioral economic an

d food

psycholog

y $200,000

To Im

prove Stu

dents’ L

u

nch

C

hoices concepts in encouragin

g

healthier food choices. T

hree ex

periments will be con

ducted.

Cornell U

niversity

T

he first will examine the possibility of stig

matizin

g less health

y food choices or

im

posin

g status on

healthier food choices throu

g

h “bran

din

g” (such as labelin

g lig

hter

options “Fresh

Bites”). T

he secon

d

will examine w

hether incon

venience can

be used to

discourage the p

urchase of less health

y items without decreasin

g stu

dent satisfaction or

reducin

g cafeteria reven

ue. T

he third

will examine w

hether pre-com

mitment leads to

less im

p

ulsive, an

d

perhaps healthier, food choices.

T

he Role of Time Use in

Promoting To examine tren

ds in time use, energ

y ex

pen

diture, an

d food consu

m

ption to gain $100,000

Health

y

E

nergy

Balance insig

hts into the chan

ges in energ

y

balance that have led to the increased

prevalence of

U

niversity of Utah obesity. T

he project will assess the effect of economic factors, such as wage rates, food

stam

p eligibility/participation, prices, an

d income, on energ

y-balance-related time use,

drawin

g on

data from the 2006 A

merican

Time Use Survey (AT

US) an

d the 1975-76

Time Use in

Economic an

d Social Accou

nts Stu

d

y.

Continued—
12  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

—

C

o

ntin

u

e

d

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

E

m

ploy

ment Status an

d

Food

Stam

p

Program

To examine how em

ploy

ment an

d food stam

p

participation alters meal preparation $150,000

Participation as Determinants of Eating Patterns an

d consu

m

ption

patterns. Researchers will use data from the A

merican

Time Use

of Low-Income Households Survey (AT

US) an

d the National Health an

d

N

utrition

E

xamination Survey (N

H

AN

ES).

Pacific Institute for Research an

d

E

valuation Statistical methods will be used to accou

nt for the sim

ultaneity of program

participation

an

d em

ploy

ment decisions an

d their respective effects on food

preparation time an

d

eatin

g

patterns.

Food

E

x

pen

ditures b

y

Food

Stam

p

Recipients: To examine the im

pact of the Food Stam

p

Program on recipient diet q

uality (n

utrition) $34,496

Results Using the Consu

mer E

x

pen

diture S

urvey an

d obesity. T

he stu

d

y

will use the Consu

mer E

x

pen

diture Survey (C

E) to tab

ulate food

U

niversity of Wisconsin-Madison ex

pen

ditures of food stam

p recipients an

d

nonrecipients b

y

various sociodemograp

hic

characteristics. T

he stu

d

y

will also in

vestigate u

n

derreportin

g of food stam

p

participation

an

d

benefits in the C

E

b

y

household ty

pes an

d

various sociodemograp

hic characteristics.

Economic Incentives a

n

d

Policy

Choices in

Food

Assista

nce Progra

ms

Incorporating N

utrition an

d

Economic To model the relationship

between foods an

d

n

utrients offered in school lu

nches an

d $213,365

Factors Into Plan

ning School L

u

nch

w

hat participants actually consu

me at lu

nch an

d over 24 hours usin

g

data from the 2005

Iowa State U

niversity School N

utrition

Dietary

Assessment Stu

d

y (SN

D

A-III). T

he model will consider food

costs, school en

viron

ment, an

d food

policy

variables, such as the availability of

com

petin

g foods an

d

ven

din

g

machines.

T

he Effects of S

u

bsidized

School Meals To assess the q

uality of the diets of school meal participants an

d

non

participants, usin

g $140,000

on

C

hildren’s Diet Q

uality the up

dated

version of USD

A’s Health

y

Eatin

g In

dex (H

EI-2005). Data from the third

Mathematica Policy

Research, Inc. School N

utrition

Dietary

Assessment Stu

d

y (SN

D

A-III) will be analyzed to determine

the effect of school meal participation on stu

dents’ diet q

uality.

Assessing Alternative Policies for Im

proving To examine outcomes associated

with State policies governin

g the school food $200,000

the School Food

E

n

viron

ment en

viron

ment usin

g

data from the Early

C

hild

hood

Lon

gitu

dinal Stu

d

y, Kin

dergarten

U

niversity of South

Carolina Class of 1998-99 (E

C

LS-K). Several States have enacted

policies that limit foods an

d

beverages sold at schools in com

petition

with

USD

A school meal programs, as a means

of reducin

g child

hood obesity an

d im

provin

g stu

dents’ diets. Such

policies provide an

op

portu

nity to con

duct a natural ex

periment of the effectiveness of such

measures.

Relevant outcomes inclu

de the ty

pes of food an

d

beverages p

urchased at school,

freq

uency of consu

m

ption for certain foods an

d

beverages, participation in school meal

programs, an

d child

weig

ht status.

Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  13

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

—

C

o

ntin

u

e

d

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

T

he Economic Im

pact of School Meal To assess the effects of school- an

d stu

dent-level factors on

participation in the USD

A $185,000

Certification

A

p

proaches on the U

ptake school meal programs, usin

g

data from the Food an

d

N

utrition Service’s Access,

of Free- an

d

Red

uced-Price Meals Participation, Eligibility, an

d

Certification Stu

d

y. School-level factors inclu

de w

hether

Mathematica Policy

Research, Inc. stu

dents w

ho are certified for free or reduced-price meals actually

participate (i.e., take

the meals), use of direct certification, Provision 2 or 3 status, an

d

use of electronic meal

pay

ment tech

nolog

y. Stu

dent-level factors inclu

de household economic, demograp

hic,

an

d food security status, as well as child an

d

parent attitu

de toward school meals.

Reported

household school meal certification an

d

participation

will also be com

pared

with school ad

ministrative data, ad

din

g to the u

n

derstan

din

g of accuracy of program

participation reportin

g.

Interactions Between the Food

Stam

p

To in

vestigate chan

ges in

Food Stam

p

Program

participation as related to measures of $185,000

Program an

d the Econom

y economic activity an

d food stam

p

policies. In ad

dition to examinin

g effects on the

Mathematica Policy

Research, Inc. ag

gregate Food Stam

p

Program caseload, the stu

d

y

will separately analyze chan

ges in

the n

u

m

ber of in

dividuals eligible for the program an

d the participation rate amon

g the

eligible. Both static an

d

d

y

namic models will be estimated

usin

g State-level

cross-section time-series data from

microsim

ulation

models for the period 1999-2006.

A select survey of food stam

p ad

ministrators an

d com

m

u

nity organizations will

sup

plement the analyses.

Food

Assista

nce as a

n

Economic Safety

Net

Im

pact of Food

Stam

ps an

d

WIC on

Health

To examine the shortru

n im

pacts of the Food Stam

p

Program an

d the Special $99,995

an

d

Longru

n

Economic O

utcomes Sup

plemental N

utrition

Program for Women, Infants, an

d

C

hildren (WIC) on

health

U

niversity of California-Davis outcomes, such as birth

weig

ht, low

birth

weig

ht births, an

d infant mortality

usin

g

“natural ex

periments” created from

variations in the timin

g of availability of the Food

Stam

p

Program an

d

WIC. T

he stu

d

y

will lin

k cou

nty-level data on

program introduction

dates an

d

vital statistics. Lon

gitu

dinal data from the Panel Survey of Income D

y

namics

(PSID) (1968-2005) will be used to examine the im

pact of in

utero an

d child

hood

ex

posure to the Food Stam

p

Program on adult outcomes, such as com

pleted education,

em

ploy

ment, earnin

gs, income, Bod

y

Mass In

dex, chronic health con

ditions, an

d

work/

activity limitations.

Continued—
14  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

—

C

o

ntin

u

e

d

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

Food

S

ufficiency, the Role of Food

Stam

p

To examine the extent to w

hich

Food Stam

p

Program

participation an

d

duration of $150,000

Program

Participation, D

uration, an

d

Policies participation affect food sufficiency, usin

g

data from the 1996, 2001, an

d 2004 Survey

T

he Urban Institute of Income an

d

Program

Participation (SIP

P) panels an

d the Food Stam

p

Program

Rules

Database. T

he Food Stam

p

Rules Database provides a u

niq

ue set of food stam

p

policy

variables that show

promise as instru

ments for controllin

g for selection

bias. A

n

u

m

ber

of ap

proaches will also be used to examine duration of food stam

p

participation an

d its

effects on food insufficiency.

Assessing Effects of Food

Stam

ps on

C

hild

To in

vestigate problems of identifyin

g

Food Stam

p

Program effects on outcomes w

hen $140,000

O

utcomes W

hen

Program

Participation

households do not accurately report program

participation. A

nalyses of National Health

Is Misreported an

d

N

utrition

E

xamination Survey (N

H

AN

ES) an

d the Panel Survey of Income

Iowa State U

niversity

D

y

namics (PSID) data will be u

n

dertaken to determine the extent of the identification

problem for different levels of misreportin

g of Food Stam

p

Program

participation. A

large ran

ge of child

n

utrition-related outcomes, inclu

din

g

diet q

uality an

d anthropometric

in

dicators, will be in

vestigated.

Research

O

utreach

RID

G

E

Program

To stim

ulate new an

d in

novative research on food assistance programs an

d to broaden $899,772

the participation of social science scholars in food assistance research. Five academic

institutions an

d affiliated research institutes partnered

with

E

RS in 1998 to ad

minister

the RID

G

E (formerly Small Grants) Program. Each institution focuses on a particular

facet of food assistance, such as diet an

d

health outcomes, relationships to poverty an

d

well-bein

g, rural issues, an

d special at-risk

pop

ulation

groups. T

he five institutions an

d

areas of focus are as follows:• T

he Irving B. Harris Grad

uate School of P

u

blic Policy

Stu

dies, U

niversity of

C

hicago fu

n

ds proposals on interactions between food assistance an

d other welfare

programs an

d lin

ks between the macroeconom

y an

d food assistance. ($179,999)

• T

he Southern

R

ural Develop

ment Center, Mississip

pi State U

niversity sup

ports

food assistance research on rural people, families, an

d com

m

u

nities in the South. T

he

Center also initiated a dialog

ue amon

g scholars b

y establishin

g a Rural South

Food

Assistance Research

Task

Force to further articulate research

priorities on foodassistance-related issues. ($180,000)

Continued—
Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  15

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

—

C

o

ntin

u

e

d

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

• T

he A

merican In

dian

Stu

dies Program, U

niversity of Arizona is workin

g

with

Native A

merican scholars at tribal colleges an

d elsew

here to sup

port research that

ad

dresses the u

niq

ue issues an

d

problems of Native A

mericans with respect to food

assistance. ($179,802)

• T

he Department of N

utrition, U

niversity of California, Davis has awarded small

grants for research on the im

pact of food assistance programs on

n

utritional risk

in

dicators (anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, an

d

dietary), food

p

urchasin

g

practices, an

d food insecurity. T

his program seeks to encourage the stu

d

y of m

ultiple

in

dicators of n

utrition im

pact an

d interdisciplinary ap

proaches to integrate

epidemiolog

y, economics, or anthropolog

y

with

n

utrition. ($179,971)

• T

he Institute for Research on

Poverty, U

niversity of Wisconsin awards research

grants that examine the relationship amon

g the food assistance safety

net, poverty,

an

d

well-bein

g. ($180,000)

En

h

a

nced

Food

Assista

nce Research

D

ata

Early

C

hild

hood

Longitu

dinal To inclu

de the followin

g in the E

C

LS-B: items on the participation of children an

d their $170,754

Stu

d

y-Birth

Cohort (E

C

L

S-B) families in

Federal food assistance programs an

d other p

u

blic assistance programs, items

National Center for E

ducation Statistics, on child feedin

g

practices, USD

A’s food security

q

uestion

naire module, an

d

measures of

U.S. Department of E

ducation children’s heig

ht an

d

weig

ht.

Early

C

hild

hood

Longitu

dinal To inclu

de the followin

g in the E

C

LS-K: items on children’s participation in the School $486,752

Stu

d

y-Kin

dergarten

Cohort (E

C

L

S-K) Breakfast an

d

National School L

u

nch

Programs, items on their families’ participation in

National Center for E

ducation Statistics, Federal food assistance programs an

d other p

u

blic assistance programs, USD

A’s food

Department of E

ducation security

q

uestion

naire module, an

d

measures of children’s heig

ht an

d

weig

ht.

C

urrent Pop

ulation

S

urvey (C

P

S) To develop an

n

ual estimates of the prevalence of food security in the U

nited States $450,000

Food

Security

S

u

p

plement an

d to provide data for analysis of the determinants of an

d chan

ges in the level of

U.S. Census B

ureau food security.

National Health an

d

N

utrition

To sup

port inclusion of a battery of food security

q

uestions in in

dividual interviews of $135,000

E

xamination

S

urvey (N

H

A

N

E

S) the National Health an

d

N

utrition

E

xamination Survey.

1999-2004, Food

Security

Q

uestions

U.S. Department of Health an

d

H

u

man Services

Continued—
16  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Ta

ble 1—

FA

N

R

P

E

xtra

m

ural R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts, Fis

c

al 2

0

0

7

—

C

o

ntin

u

e

d

R

e

s

e

arc

h

Proje

cts/A

w

ard

s

O

bje

ctiv

e

E

stim

ate

d

C

o

st

Com

mittee on

National Statistics To provide core fu

n

din

g for the Com

mittee on

National Statistics for such activities as a $27,261

F

u

n

ded throu

g

h the National Science Fou

n

dation review of the 2000 Census, poverty estimates for small areas, measurin

g the effects of

social welfare reform, cost-of-livin

g in

dexes, performance measures for p

u

blic health

programs, the use of statistical form

ulas in legislation for fu

n

d allocation, confidentiality

an

d

data access, an

d other issues.

E

x

ploring Tech

nical E

n

hancements To ex

plore tech

nical en

hancements to im

prove USD

A’s measurement of food security $69,880

To Im

prove Food

Security

Measurement based on recom

men

dations b

y the Com

mittee on

National Statistics (C

NSTAT). T

he

Iowa State U

niversity stu

d

y

will consider several en

hancements of the statistical model used to assess food

security items an

d construct food security

measures.

A

men

dments to O

n

goin

g

Projects

F

uture Costs of C

hild

hood

O

besity: To develop

national estimates of the lon

g-term costs of youths bein

g overweig

ht. Such $35,000

Estimates an

d Im

plications estimates will be useful in informin

g

decisions regardin

g in

vestments in

programs for

U

niversity of Michigan overweig

ht prevention an

d treatment, as well as related research initiatives. T

his project

will develop

novel probabilistic models for estimatin

g lon

g-term

direct costs (health care)

an

d in

direct costs (missed school, missed

work, disability) related to youths bein

g

overweig

ht. T

he project will analyze data from the Medical E

x

pen

diture Panel Survey

(M

E

PS) for the years 2000-2002 for children ages 10-18 in age- an

d sex-specific Bod

y

Mass In

dex categories, com

bined

with correspon

din

g

M

E

PS-lin

ked

National Health

Interview Survey (N

HIS) data for adults ages 19-35. T

hese data will be sup

plemented

b

y

data from the National Health an

d

N

utrition

E

xamination Survey (N

H

AN

ES) an

d the

National Lon

gitu

dinal Survey of Youth (N

LSY). A

d

ditional fu

n

din

g

was provided to

exten

d the analysis to determine the lon

g-term economic im

pacts of intervention aimed

at preventin

g or reducin

g obesity amon

g children.

Note: Information on extram

ural FAN

R

P research

projects awarded in fiscal 2006 can

be fou

n

d in the

report Food

Assistance and

Nutrition Research Program: Final Report, Fiscal 2006

Activities.

Information on extram

ural FAN

R

P research

projects awarded in fiscal 2005 can

be fou

n

d in the report

Food

Assistance and

Nutrition Research Program: Final Report, Fiscal 2005 Activities.

Information on all extram

ural FAN

R

P research

projects awarded

before fiscal 2005 can

be fou

n

d in

the report Food

Assistance and

Nutrition Research Program: Final Report, Fiscal 2004

Activities.

T

hese reports can

be accessed at w

w

w.ers.usda.gov/Briefin

g/FoodN

utrition

Assistance/Research

Fin

din

gs/
Key Research Accomplishments,

Fiscal 2007

Findings from FANRP’s intramural and extramural

programs were published in almost 70 ERS research

reports or other peer-reviewed scientific journals in fiscal 2007. This section presents highlights from some

of these publications in the areas of program outcomes

and economic well-being of participants, program

access and economic determinants of participation, and

program dynamics and efficiency.

Program Outcomes and Economic

Well-Being of Participants

• High rates of overweight and obesity among lowincome populations in the United States have raised

questions about whether Federal food and nutrition

assistance programs contribute to the problem. Two

recent FANRP studies, using different methodologies

and sources of data, advance our understanding of

the relationship between food and nutrition assistance programs and obesity.

Ver Ploeg et al. (2007) investigated the extent to

which overweight and obesity have increased over

time for food stamp recipients and the degree to

which increases may simply mirror national trends

in overweight and obesity. The study used crosssectional data spanning 1976-2002 to compare food

stamp participants with low- and higher income

nonparticipants. The most recent data (1999-2002)

showed that, in contrast to prior years, women

participating in the Food Stamp Program had a

Body Mass Index similar to that of income-eligible

and moderate-income nonparticipating women and

were no more likely to be overweight or obese.

For other sex and age groups, the associations

between program participation and weight were

inconsistent over time and varied by race and ethnicity. These variations illustrate the difficulty of

using cross-sectional data to establish causal relationships between food and nutrition assistance

program participation and weight status.

Baum (2007) used longitudinal data to examine the

effects of the Food Stamp Program on obesity.

The effects of the program were found to differ

by gender, level of benefits, and duration of participation. Findings from the study suggest that,

for females, current program participation slightly

increases the probability of being obese (between

2 and 5 percentage points). Current program participation was not found to significantly affect

males. However, long-term participation was

found to increase obesity for females and males.

• As obesity has come to the forefront of public health

concerns, interest is growing in finding ways to guide

consumers’ food choices for greater benefit to their

long-term health. Beyond nutrition guidance and food

labeling, few policies influence the food choices of

the general population. However, there are mechanisms that directly influence the diets of the billions

of Americans who participate in USDA’s domestic

food and nutrition assistance programs. USDA and

other public health agencies historically have provided recommendations on how to make food choices

that promote health and prevent disease. Food manufacturers and marketers, on the other hand, have discovered that certain psychological cues, such as

packaging and presentation, are efficient ways to

increase consumption of their products. Just et al.

(2007) used behavioral economics, food marketing,

and psychology to identify possible options for

improving the diets and health of participants in the

Food Stamp Program, WIC, and the National School

Lunch and School Breakfast Programs. Recognizing

that consumption choices are determined by factors

other than prices, income, and information broadens

the array of strategies that could influence consumer

food choices and improve diet and health.

• Food stamp recipients, like other Americans, struggle

with nutrition problems that are associated with

choice of foods, as well as amounts. Underconsumption of fruits and vegetables—healthful foods that

are rich in nutrients while relatively low in calories—is a particular problem. A series of ERS briefs

compiled evidence to help answer the question of

whether the Food Stamp Program can do more to

improve the food choices of participants (Guthrie et

al., 2007b). The research considered the influence of

income and prices on food choices. It also assessed

the economic evidence for the likely success of any

policy targeted at getting food stamp recipients to

make different food choices through food stamp

bonuses or purchase restrictions. Other approaches to

changing food choices, including nutrition education

and innovative new strategies suggested by behavioral economics literature were examined as well.

• Each year since 1998, FANRP has published an

annual statistical report on the level of household food

insecurity in the United States that informs policymakers and the public about the extent to which U.S.

households consistently have economic access to

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  17
enough food. The 2005 household food security report

indicated that, throughout the year, 89 percent of

U.S. households were food secure, meaning that they

had consistent access to enough food for active

healthy lives for all household members at all times

during the year (Nord et al., 2006). The remaining 11

percent (12.6 million households) were food insecure. These households, at some time during the

year, had difficulty providing enough food for all

their members due to a lack of resources.

• ERS researchers also examined the tradeoffs poor

households make between food spending and heating

and cooling costs (Nord and Kantor, 2006). They

found that low-income households, especially those

consisting entirely of elderly people, were more likely

to experience very low food security during times of

the year when home heating and cooling costs were

high. In high-cooling States, the chances of very low

food security for poor, elderly-only households were

27 percent higher in the summer than in the winter.

In high-heating States, the chances of very low food

security were 43 percent lower in the summer. The

results suggest that for many poor households, the

tradeoffs between food spending and seasonally

high heating and cooling costs are not easily made

without human cost or within a zone of comfort.

Program Access and Economic

Determinants of Participation

• Economic hardships caused by natural disasters can

significantly increase the demand for food stamps. In

fall 2005, Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma devastated areas along much of the U.S. Gulf Coast.

Although the Federal response to the disasters received

much attention, information about food stamp use

provided in a recent FANRP study helped to provide

a more complete picture of the use of public assistance following the hurricanes (Hanson and Oliveira,

2007). The resulting physical and economic effects

of the hurricanes increased total food stamp benefits

issued by about $1.2 billion, with most of it going to

people located in the five Gulf Coast States of

Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas.

Other States that received large numbers of evacuees

from hurricane-affected areas also experienced disproportionate increases in food stamp caseloads. The

analysis suggests that, by February 2006, the effect

of the disasters on food stamp caseloads and benefits

issued at the national level had largely dissipated,

even though some individuals and local areas may

have experienced disaster-related employment and

economic hardships for longer periods.

•Increasing the proportion of pregnant women who

join WIC early in their pregnancy is important

because previous research suggests that earlier participation improves birth outcomes. Swann (2007)

examined factors that influence the timing of prenatal WIC participation among pregnant woman. He

found that women with low income, low education,

no insurance, and poor health participate in WIC earlier than other women. Automatic WIC eligibility for

Medicaid recipients was associated with earlier WIC

participation for women experiencing their first pregnancy. WIC participation during a first pregnancy

was strongly correlated with earlier WIC participation during a second pregnancy. Thus, outreach

toward women pregnant for the first time may be

particularly important.

Program Dynamics and Efficiency

• The Food Stamp Program provides low-income

households with supplementary income for food purchases in amounts judged sufficient to purchase

healthful, adequate diets. Except those for residents

of Alaska and Hawaii, benefits are based on national

average food prices. Significant regional differences

in food prices, however, can affect how far food

stamp benefits can go toward enhancing the diet of

low-income consumers in a given region. Leibtag

(2007) measured average food prices paid across

U.S. regions. Results show that a family of four in

the East or West could spend $32-$48 more per

month for a similar amount of food than the average

U.S. household, whereas a household in the South

and Midwest could spend $12-28 less per month

than the average U.S. household.

•In one of the first studies to examine how time

resources influence time spent in preparing food,

Mancino and Newman (2007) found that individual

and household characteristics, such as income,

employment status, gender, and family composition,

affect food preparation decisions. Full-time work

and single-parent status appear to affect time allocated to preparing food more than an individual’s earnings or household income do. The results are relevant for the design of food assistance programs

because food stamp households are increasingly

headed by a single parent or two working parents.

As this trend continues, more low-income households may find it difficult to allocate the time needed to prepare meals that fit within a limited budget

and meet dietary requirements.

18  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
• Nutrition education is a key component of the WIC

program. Federal regulations require the WIC program to offer at least two nutrition education contacts

to the participant during each certification period.

However, the effect of nutrition education on participants’ food consumption behavior is difficult to

ascertain. Bell and Gleason (2007) examined whether

WIC clients in Washington State changed their foodpurchasing behavior based on the fat content of milk

and cheese after receiving nutrition education that

encouraged them to purchase 1-percent and skim milk

and low-fat cheese to prevent and reduce obesity. The

researchers found no significant change in purchasing patterns among the study participants after the

nutrition education intervention. Focus group participants explained that taste preference, pressure from

family members, and historical purchasing patterns

influenced their choice of milk or cheese more than

WIC nutrition education. The results point out the

difficulty of changing food consumption behavior.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  19
This chapter provides a list of all publications sponsored by FANRP (either directly or through the RIDGE

Program). A list of all the publications released in fiscal 2007 is presented first, followed by a list of all the

publications released in previous years. Within each

list, two categories of publications are listed: (1)

monographs and journal articles, and (2) working/discussion papers. Electronic copies of all ERS publications are available at www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/.

Fiscal 2007 Publications

Monographs and Journal Articles

Alston, J., D. Sumner, and S. Vosti. “Are Agricultural

Policies Making Us Fat? Likely Links between

Agricultural Policies and Human Nutrition and Obesity,

and Their Policy Implications,” Review of Agricultural

Economics, Vol. 28, Issue 3, Fall 2006.

Baron, C., R. Loef, W. McMakin, and S. Aref. A Study

of Locality, Agency, and Individual Characteristics

Affecting Food Stamp Program Participation in

Virginia, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 32,

USDA, ERS, August 2007.

Bartfeld, J., R. Dunifon, M. Nord, and S. Carlson.

What Factors Account for State-to-State Differences in

Food Security? Economic Information Bulletin No. 20,

USDA, ERS, November 2006.

Baum, C. The Effects of Food Stamps on Obesity,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 34, USDA,

ERS, September 2007.

Baxter, S., R. Royer, J. Hardin, C. Guinn, and A. Smith.

“Fourth-Grade Children are Less Accurate in Reporting

School Breakfast than School Lunch During 24-Hour

Dietary Recalls,” Journal of Nutrition Education and

Behavior, Vol. 39, Issue 3, May/June 2007.

Baxter, S., A. Smith, J. Hardin, and M. Nichols.

“Conclusions about Children’s Reporting Accuracy for

Energy and Macronutrients Over Multiple Interviews

Depend on the Analytic Approach for Comparing

Reported Information to Reference Information,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 107,

No. 4, April 2007.

Baxter, S., A. Smith, J. Hardin, and M. Nichols.

“Conventional Energy and Macronutrient Variables

Distort the Accuracy of Children’s Dietary Reports:

Illustrative Data from a Validation Study of Effect of

Order Prompts,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 44, Issue 1,

January 2007.

Beaulieu, L., ed. Strengthening Our Nation’s Food

Assistance Programs, RIDGE Program: Research

Innovation and Development Grants in Economics,

Southern Rural Development Center, June 2007.

Bell, L., and S. Gleason. Using Point-of-Purchase

Data To Evaluate Local WIC Nutrition Education

Interventions: Feasibility Study, Contractor and

Cooperator Report No. 26, USDA, ERS, January 2007.

Bell, L., R. Ledsky, S. Silva, and J. Anthony. An

Assessment of the Impact of Medicaid Managed Care

on WIC Program Coordination With Primary Care

Services, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 33,

USDA, ERS, September 2007.

Brooks, B., R. Rajeshwari, T. Nicklas, S.-J., Yang, and

G. Berenson. “Association of Calcium Intake, Dairy

Product Consumption with Overweight Status in

Young Adults (1995-1996): The Bogalusa Heart

Study,” Journal of the American College of Nutrition,

Vol. 25, No. 6, December 2006.

Bronte-Tinkew, J., M. Zaslow, R. Capps, and

A. Horowitz. Food Insecurity and Overweight among

Infants and Toddlers: New Insights into a Troubling

Linkage, Child Trends Research Brief, Publication

#2007-20, July 2007.

Bronte-Tinkew, J., M. Zaslow, R. Capps, A. Horowitz,

and M. McNamara. “Food Insecurity Works through

Depression, Parenting, and Infant Feeding to Influence

Overweight and Health in Toddlers,” The Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 137, Issue 9, September 2007.

Brown, B., C. Noonan, and M. Nord. “Prevalence of

Food Insecurity and Health-Associated Outcomes and

Food Characteristics of Northern Plains Indian

Households,” Journal of Hunger & Environmental

Nutrition, Vol.1, Issue 4, 2007.

20  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Chapter 3. FANRP Publications
Butte, N., C. Garza, and M. de Onis. “Evaluation of

the Feasibility of International Growth Standards for

School-Aged Children and Adolescents,” The Journal

of Nutrition, Vol. 137, No. 1, January 2007.

Chouinard, H., D. Davis, J. LaFrance, and J. Perloff.

“Fat Taxes: Big Money for Small Change,” Forum for

Health Economics & Policy, Vol. 10, Issue 2, June

2007.

Cullen, K., K. Watson, and I. Zakeri. Middle School

Student Lunch Consumption: Impact of National

School Lunch Program Meal and Competitive Foods,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 30, USDA,

ERS, June 2007.

Deshmukh-Taskar, P., T. Nicklas, S.-J. Yang, and

G. Berenson. “Does Food Group Consumption Vary by

Differences in Socioeconomic, Demographic, and

Lifestyle Factors in Young Adults? The Bogalusa Heart

Study,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

Vol. 107, No. 2, February 2007.

Devaney, B., M. Crepinsek, K. Fortson, and L. Quay.

Review of Dietary Reference Intakes for Selected

Nutrients: Challenges and Implications for Federal

Food and Nutrition Policy, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 28, USDA, ERS, February 2007.

Duffy, P., M. Irimia-Vladu, S. Cashwell, J. Bartkwoski,

J. Molnar, and V. Casanova. “Food Pantries and the

Populations They Serve: Strange Bedfellows or

Strategic Partners,” Sociological Inquiry, Vol. 76,

Issue 4, November 2006.

Edwards, M., B. Weber, and S. Bernell. “Identifying

Factors that Influence State-Specific Hunger Rates in

the U.S.: A Simple Analytic Method for Understanding

a Persistent Problem,” Social Indicators Research,

Vol. 81, No. 3, May 2007.

Faith, M., B. Dennison, L. Edmunds, and H. Stratton.

“Fruit Juice Intake Predicts Increased Adiposity Gain

in Children From Low-Income Families: Weight

Status-by-Environment Interaction,” Pediatrics,

Vol. 118, Issue 5, November 2006.

FitzPatrick, E., L. Edmunds, and B. Dennison.

“Positive Effects of Family Dinner are Undone by

Television Viewing,” Journal of the American Dietetic

Association, Vol. 107, No. 4, April 2007.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2007, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2007.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2006 Activities, USDA, ERS,

February 2007.

Frazao, E., M. Andrews, D. Smallwood, and M. Prell.

Can Food Stamps Do More To Improve Food Choices?

An Economic Perspective—Food Spending Patterns of

Low-Income Households: Will Increasing Purchasing

Power Result in Healthier Food Choices? Economic

Information Bulletin No. 29-4, USDA, ERS,

September 2007.

Frazao, E., J. Guthrie, and D. Smallwood. Can Food

Stamps Do More To Improve Food Choices? An

Economic Perspective—How Can We Tell If We Are

Making a Difference? ERS Efforts To Improve

Evaluation of Nutrition Outcomes, Economic

Information Bulletin No. 29-8, USDA, ERS,

September 2007.

Hadley, C, and D. Sellen. “Food Security and Child

Hunger among Recently Resettled Liberian Refugees

and Asylum Seekers: a Pilot Study,” Journal of

Immigrant and Minority Health, Vol. 8, No. 4,

October 2006.

Hadley, C., A. Zodhiates, and D. Sellen. “Acculturation,

Economics and Food Insecurity Among Refugees

Resettled in the USA: a Case Study of West African

Refugees,” Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 10, Issue 4,

April 2007.

Hanson, K., and V. Oliveira. The 2005 Gulf Coast

Hurricanes’ Effect on Food Stamp Program Caseloads

and Benefits Issued, Economic Research Report No. 37,

USDA, ERS, February 2007.

Heflin, C., M. Corcoran, and K. Siefert. “Work

Trajectories, Income Changes, and Food Insufficiency

in a Michigan Welfare Population,” Social Science

Review, Vol. 81, No. 1, March 2007.

Howarth, N., T. Huang, S. Roberts, B.-H. Lin, and

M. McCrory, “Eating Patterns and Dietary

Composition in Relation to BMI in Younger and Older

Adults,” International Journal of Obesity, Vol. 31,

Issue 4, April 2007.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  21
Gable, S., Y. Chang, and J. Krull. “Television Watching

and Frequency of Family Meals Are Predictive of

Overweight Onset and Persistence in a National Sample

of School-Aged Children,” Journal of the American

Dietetic Association, Vol. 107, No. 1, January 2007.

Garasky, S., and S. Stewart. “Evidence of the

Effectiveness of Child Support and Visitation:

Examining Food Insecurity among Children with

Nonresident Fathers,” Journal of Family and

Economic Issues, Vol. 28, No. 1, March 2007.

Grogger, J. “Markov Forecasting Methods for Welfare

Caseloads,” Children and Youth Services Review,

Vol. 29, Issue 7, July 2007.

Guthrie, J., E. Frazão, M. Andrews, and D. Smallwood.

“Improving Food Choices—Can Food Stamps Do

More?” Amber Waves, Vol. 5, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

April 2007a.

Guthrie, J., B.-H. Lin, M. Ver Ploeg, and E. Frazao.

Can Food Stamps Do More To Improve Food Choices?

An Economic Perspective—Overview: Can Food Stamps

Do More To Improve Food Choices? Economic

Information Bulletin No. 29-1, USDA, ERS,

September 2007b.

Guthrie, J., and J. Variyam. Can Food Stamps Do More

To Improve Food Choices? An Economic Perspective—

Nutrition Information: Can It Improve the Diets of

Low-Income Households? Economic Information

Bulletin No. 29-6, USDA, ERS, September 2007c.

Jacknowitz, A., D. Novillo, and L. Tiehen. “Special

Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants,

and Children and Infant Feeding Practices,” Pediatrics,

Vol. 119, Issue 2, February 2007.

Just, D., L. Mancino, and B. Wansink. Could Behavioral

Economics Help Improve Diet Quality for Nutrition

Assistance Program Participants? Economic Research

Report No. 43, USDA, ERS, June 2007.

Kaushal, N. “Do Food Stamps Cause Obesity?

Evidence from Immigrant Experience,” Journal of

Health Economics, Vol. 26, Issue 5, September 2007.

Kranz, S., T. Hartman, A. Siega-Riz, and A. Herring.

“A Diet Quality Index for American Preschoolers

Based on Current Dietary Intake Recommendations

and an Indicator of Energy Balance,” Journal of the

American Dietetic Association, Vol. 106, No. 10,

October 2006.

Kolbo, J., A. Khoury, W. Bounds, and J. Lee.

“Overweight and Obesity in the South: Prevalence and

Related Health Care Costs Among Population Groups,”

Food Assistance Needs of the South’s Vulnerable

Populations, Southern Rural Development Center, No.

13, July 2007.

Lee, B., L. Mackey-Bilaver, and M. Chin. Effects of

WIC and Food Stamp Program Participation on Child

Outcomes, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 27,

USDA, ERS, December 2006.

Leibtag, E. Can Food Stamps Do More To Improve

Food Choices? An Economic Perspective—Stretching

the Food Stamp Dollar: Regional Price Differences

Affect Affordability of Food, Economic Information

Bulletin No. 29-2, USDA, ERS, September 2007.

Lin, B.-H., and J. Guthrie. Can Food Stamps Do

More To Improve Food Choices? An Economic

Perspective—How Do Low-Income Households

Respond to Food Prices? Economic Information

Bulletin No. 29-5, USDA, ERS, September 2007.

MaCurdy, T., and G. Marrufo. The MID-SIPP Model:

A Simulation Approach for Projecting Impacts of

Changes in the Food Stamp Program, Contractor

and Cooperator Report No. 24, USDA, ERS,

October 2006.

Majchrowicz, T., ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Innovation and Development Grants in

Economics Program: Executive Summaries of 2005

Research Grants, Contractor and Cooperator Report

No. 23, USDA, ERS, October 2006.

Majchrowicz, T., ed. RIDGE Project Summaries, 2006:

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Innovation

and Development Grants in Economics Program,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 31, USDA,

ERS, August 2007.

Mancino, L. “Insidious Consumption: Surprising

Factors That Influence What We Eat and How

Much,” Amber Waves, Vol. 5, Issue 3, USDA, ERS,

June 2007.

Mancino, L., and M. Andrews. Can Food Stamps

Do More To Improve Food Choices? An Economic

Perspective—Making Healthy Food Choices Easier:

Ideas From Behavioral Economics, Economic

Information Bulletin No. 29-7, USDA, ERS,

September 2007.

22  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Mancino, L., and C. Newman. Who Has Time To

Cook? How Family Resources Influence Food

Preparation, Economic Research Report No. 40,

USDA, ERS, May 2007.

Nord, M. Characteristics of Low-Income Households

With Very Low Food Security: An Analysis of the

USDA GPRA Food Security Indicator, Economic

Information Bulletin No. 25, USDA, ERS, May 2007.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and S. Carlson. Household

Food Security in the United States, 2005, Economic

Research Report No. 29, USDA, ERS, November 2006.

Nord, M., and H. Hopwood. Can Food Stamps Do More

To Improve Food Choices? An Economic Perspective—

Higher Cost of Food in Some Areas May Affect Food

Stamp Households’Ability To Make Healthy Food

Choices, Economic Information Bulletin No. 29-3,

USDA, ERS, September 2007.

Nord M., and L. Kantor. “Seasonal Variation in Food

Insecurity Is Associated with Heating and Cooling Costs

among Low-Income Elderly Americans,” The Journal

of Nutrition, Vol. 136, Issue 11, November 2006.

Nord, M., and M. Prell. “Struggling to Feed the Family:

What Does it Mean to be Food Insecure?” Amber

Waves, Vol. 5, Issue 3, USDA, ERS, June 2007.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2006

Annual Report, Economic Information Bulletin

No. 6-4, USDA, ERS, February 2007.

Powers, S., L. Chamberlin, K. van Schaick, S. Sherman,

and R. Whitaker. “Maternal Feeding Strategies, Child

Eating Behaviors, and Child BMI in Low-Income

African-American Preschoolers,” Obesity, Vol. 14,

No. 11, November 2006.

Ritchie, L., P. Spector, M. Stevens, M. Schmidt,

G. Schreiber, R. Striegel-Moore, M.-C. Wang, and

P. Crawford. “Dietary Patterns in Adolescence Are

Related to Adiposity in Young Adulthood in Black and

White Females,” The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 137,

Issue 2, February 2007.

Rose, D. “Food Stamps, the Thrifty Food Plan, and

Meal Preparation: The Importance of the Time

Dimension for US Nutrition Policy,” Journal of

Nutrition and Education Behavior, Vol. 39, Issue 4,

July/August 2007.

Stewart, H., and N. Blisard. “The Thrifty Food Plan

and low-income households in the United States: What

food groups are being neglected?” Food Policy, Vol. 31,

Issue 5, October, 2006.

Swann, C. “The Timing of Prenatal WIC Participation,”

The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy,

Vol. 7, Issue 1, January 2007.

Ver Ploeg, M., L. Mancino, and B.-H. Lin. Food

and Nutrition Assistance Programs and Obesity:

1976-2002, Economic Research Report No. 48,

USDA, September 2007.

Ver Ploeg, M., L. Mancino, B.-H. Lin, and C.-Y. Wang.

“The Vanishing Weight Gap: Trends in Obesity among

Adult Food Stamp Participants (US) (1976–2002),”

Economics & Human Biology, Vol. 5, Issue 1,

March 2007.

Whitaker, R., and A. Sarin. “Change in Food Security

Status and Change in Weight Are Not Associated in

Urban Women with Preschool Children,” The Journal

of Nutrition, Vol. 137, Issue 9, September 2007.

White, L., J. Stauss, and C. Nelson. “Healthy Families

on American Indian Reservations: A Summary of Six

Years of Research by Tribal College Faculty, Staff,

and Students,” American Indian Culture and Research

Journal, Vol. 30, No. 4, Fall, 2006.

Wilde, P. “Measuring the Effect of Food Stamps on

Food Insecurity and Hunger: Research and Policy

Considerations,” The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 137,

Issue 2, February 2007.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  23
Working and Discussion Papers

Bania, N., and L. Leete. Income Volatility and

Food Insufficiency in U.S. Low-Income Households,

1992–2003, Institute for Research on Poverty

Discussion Paper No. 1325-07, April 2007.

Chilton, M. Wellbeing of Citizen Children of

Immigrants in Relation to Food Stamps and

WIC, 1998-2005, Harris School Working Paper

Series 07.10, March 2007.

Grogger, J. A New Approach to Forecasting Food

Stamp Caseloads, Harris School Working Paper

Series 06.08, November 2006.

Gundersen, C., and B. Kreider. Food Stamps and Food

Insecurity: What Can Be Learned in the Presence of

Nonclassical Measurement Error? Institute for

Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1321-07,

February 2007.

Hoynes, H., and D. Schanzenbach. Consumption

Reponses to In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the

Introduction of the Food Stamp Program, Harris

School Working Paper Series 07.11, March 2007.

Hoynes, H., and D. Schanzenbach. Consumption

Reponses to In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the

Introduction of the Food Stamp Program, National

Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working

Paper 13025, April 2007.

Ishdorj, A., H. Jensen, and J. Tobias. Intra-Household

Allocation and Consumption of WIC Approved Foods:

A Bayesian Approach, Center for Agricultural and

Rural Development Working Paper 07-WP 452,

July 2007.

Jolliffe, D. The Income Gradient and DistributionSensitive Measures of Overweight in the U.S., National

Poverty Center Working Paper Series #07-27,

September 2007.

Joyce, T., A. Racine, and C. Yunzal-Butler.

Reassessing the WIC Effect: Evidence from the

Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System, National

Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working

Paper 13441, September 2007.

Joyce, T. and C. Yunzal. Does Greater Exposure to

WIC Affect Maternal Behavior and Improve Infant

Health? Evidence from the Pregnancy Nutrition

Surveillance System, Institute for Research on Poverty

Discussion Paper No. 1323-07, March 2007.

Kaushal, N. Do Food Stamps Cause Obesity? Evidence

from Immigrant Experience, Harris School Working

Paper Series 06.07, October 2006.

Kaushal, N. Do Food Stamps Cause Obesity? Evidence

from Immigrant Experience, National Bureau of

Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper 12849,

January 2007.

Lui, H. Growing Up Poor and Childhood Weight

Problems, Institute for Research on Poverty Discussion

Paper No. 1324-07, April 2007.

Schroeder, D. Food Stamps, Unemployment Insurance,

and the Safety Net, Harris School Working Paper

Series 07.15, May 2007.

24  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Fiscal 1998-2006 Publications

Monographs and Journal Articles

Aldrich, L. Consumer Use of Information: Implications

for Food Policy, Agricultural Handbook No. 715,

USDA, ERS, June 1999.

Allshouse, J. Food Assistance Research Brief—Feeding

Low-Income Children When School Is Out: The Summer

Food Service Program, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 34-10, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Andrews, M., L. Kantor, M. Lino, and D. Ripplinger.

“Using USDA’s Thrifty Food Plan to Assess Food

Availability and Affordability,” FoodReview, Vol. 24,

Issue 2, USDA, ERS, May-August 2001.

Andrews, M., and M. Nord. Food Security Is Improving

in the United States, Agriculture Information Bulletin

No. 765-7, USDA, ERS, April 2001.

Andrews, M., M. Nord, G. Bickel, and S. Carlson.

Household Food Security in the United States, 1999,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 8,

USDA, ERS, Fall 2000.

Andrews, M., and M. Prell, eds. Second Food Security

Measurement and Research Conference Volume 1:

Proceedings, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 11-1, USDA, ERS, February 2001.

Andrews, M., and M. Prell, eds. Second Food Security

Measurement and Research Conference, Volume II:

Papers, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 11-2, USDA, ERS, July 2001.

Contents:

Alaimo, K., C. Olson, and E. Frongillo, Jr. “Food

Insufficiency and Children’s Health Status in the

United States: Findings from the NHANES III.”

Andrews, M., and M. Prell. “Overview.”

Derrickson, J., A. Fisher, and J. Anderson.

“Lessons Learned From an Assessment of the

Individual-Level Core Food Security Module.”

Dwyer, J., J. Mayer, and J. Cook. “Nutrition and

Health Perspectives on Establishing a Food Security

Research Agenda: What Can We Learn From the

Past to Establish a Framework For the Future?”

Gundersen, G., and J. Gruber. “The Dynamic

Determinants of Food Insufficiency.”

Nord, M., and G. Bickel. “Estimating the Prevalence

of Children’s Hunger From the Current Population

Survey Food Security Supplement.”

Ohls, J., A. Prakash, L. Radbill, and A. Schirm.

“Methodological Findings and Early Conclusions

Based on the 1995, 1996, and 1997 Food Security

Data.”

Tarasuk, V. “Dietary Factors Associated With

Reported Food Insecurity.”

Bartfeld, J., and R. Dunifon. “State-Level Predictors of

Food Insecurity Among Households with Children,”

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 25,

No. 4, Fall 2006.

Bartfeld, J., and R. Dunifon. State-Level Predictors of

Food Insecurity and Hunger Among Households With

Children, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 13,

USDA, ERS, October 2005.

Bartkowski, J., and H. Regis. Faith-Based Food

Assistance in the Rural South, Food Assistance Policy

Series, No. 2, Southern Rural Development Center,

October 2001.

Bartlett, S., and N. Burstein. Food Stamp

Program Access Study: Eligible Nonparticipants,

E-FAN-03-013-2, USDA, ERS, May 2004.

Bartlett, S., N. Burstein, and W. Hamilton. Food Stamp

Program Access Study: Final Report, E-FAN-03-013-3,

USDA, ERS, November 2004.

Baxter, S., A. Smith, M. Nichols, C. Guinn, and

J. Hardin. “Children’s Dietary Reporting Accuracy

Over Multiple 24-Hour Recalls Varies by Body Mass

Index Category,” Nutrition Research, Vol. 26, Issue 6,

June 2006.

Bell, L. Linking WIC Program Data to Medicaid and

Vital Records Data: Phase II Report, Data Development

Initiatives for Research on Food Assistance and

Nutrition Programs—Final Report, E-FAN-04-005-2,

USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Bell, L., A. Kenyon, T. Heinrich, and D. Zullo.

Establishing a Web-Based Data Collection System for

National School Lunch and National School Breakfast

Program Data: Technical Report, E-FAN-04-005-3,

USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  25
Bell, L., S. Pachikara, S. Williams, and V. Gabor.

Re-Engineering the Welfare System—A Study of

Administrative Changes to the Food Stamp Program:

Final Report, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 17, USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Berkey, C., H. Rockett, A. Field, M. Gillman, and

G. Colditz. “Sugar-Added Beverages and Adolescent

Weight Change,” Obesity Research, Vol. 12, No. 5,

May 2004.

Bernell, S., B. Weber, and M. Edwards. “Restricted

Opportunities, Personal Choices, Ineffective Policies:

What Explains Food Insecurity in Oregon,” Journal of

Agricultural and Resource Economics, Vol. 31, No. 2,

August 2006.

Bernstein, L., and W. Hamilton. Sponsoring

Organizations in the CACFP—Administrative Effects

of Reimbursement Tiering: A Report to Congress on

the Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes

Study, E-FAN-02-003, USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Bhargava, A. “Socio-Economic and Behavioural

Factors are Predictors of Food Use in the National

Food Stamp Program Survey,” British Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 92, Issue 3, September 2004.

Bhargava, A., and J. Guthrie. “Unhealthy Eating

Habits, Physical Exercise and Macronutrient Intakes

Are Predictors of Anthropometric Indicators in the

Women’s Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority

Populations,” British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 88,

Issue 6, December 2002.

Bhargava, A., and J. Hays. “Behavioral Variables and

Education are Predictors of Dietary Change in the

Women’s Health Trial: Feasibility Study in Minority

Populations,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 38, Issue 4,

April 2004.

Bhattacharya, J., J. Currie, and S. Haider. Evaluating

the Impact of School Nutrition Programs: Final Report,

E-FAN-04-008, USDA, ERS, July 2004.

Bishow, J., J. Blaylock, and J. Variyam. “Matching

Perception and Reality in Our Diets,” FoodReview,

Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS, May-August 1998.

Black, M., D. Cutts, D. Frank, J. Geppert, A. Skalicky,

S. Levenson, P. Casey, C. Berkowitz, N. Zaldivar,

J. Cook, A. Meyers, T. Herren, and the Children’s

Sentinel Nutritional Assessment Program Study Group.

“Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,

Infants, and Children Participation and Infants’ Growth

and Health: A Multisite Surveillance Study,” Pediatrics,

Vol. 114, No. 1, July 2004.

Blalock, L., P. Monroe, and M. Garrison. “Theoretical

Threads Weave the Foundation for Family Policy

Research,” Sourcebook of Family Theory and Research,

V. Bengston et al., eds., Sage Publications, Inc., 2005.

Blalock, L., V. Tiller, and P. Monroe “They Get You

Out of Courage: Persistent Deep Poverty Among

Former Welfare Reliant Women,” Family Relations,

Vol. 53, Issue 2, March 2004.

Blanchard, T., and T. Lyson. Food Assistance Needs of

the South’s Vulnerable Populations—Food Availability

& Food Deserts in the Nonmetropolitan South, No.12,

Southern Rural Development Center, April 2006.

Blaylock, J., J. Variyam, and B. Lin. Maternal

Nutrition Knowledge and Children’s Diet Quality and

Nutrient Intakes, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 1, USDA, ERS, October 1999.

Blisard, N., and J. Harris. Measuring the Well-Being of

the Poor: Demographics of Low-Income Households,

Technical Bulletin No. 1898, USDA, ERS, April 2002.

Blisard, N., D. Smallwood, and S. Lutz. Food Cost

Indexes for Low-Income Households and the General

Population, Technical Bulletin No. 1872, USDA, ERS,

February 1999.

Blissard, N., and H. Stewart. How Low-Income

Households Allocate Their Food Budget Relative to

the Cost of the Thrifty Food Plan, Economic Research

Report No. 20, USDA, ERS, August 2006.

Blisard, N., H. Stewart, and D. Jolliffe. Low-Income

Households’ Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables,

Agricultural Economic Report No. 833, USDA, ERS,

May 2004.

Blisard, N., H. Stewart, and D. Jolliffe. Low-Income

Households’ Expenditures on Fruits and Vegetables,

Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 792-5, USDA,

ERS, October 2004.

26  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Bogen, D., B. Hanusa, and R. Whitaker. “The Effect of

Breast-Feeding with and without Formula Use on the

Risk of Obesity at 4 Years of Age,” Obesity Research,

Vol. 12, No. 9, September 2004.

Bonuck, K., K. Freeman, M. Trombley. “Randomized

Controlled Trial of a Prenatal and Postnatal Lactation

Consultant Intervention on Infant Health Care Use,”

Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vol.

160, No. 9, September 2006.

Bonuck, K., M. Trombley, K. Freeman, and D. McKee.

“Randomized, Controlled Trial of a Prenatal and

Postnatal Lactation Consultant Intervention on Duration

and Intensity of Breastfeeding up to 12 Months,”

Pediatrics, Vol. 116, No. 6, December 2005.

Borden, W., and R. Ruben-Urm. An Assessment of

Computer Matching in the Food Stamp Program,

Volume 1: Summary of Survey Results, Final Report,

FSP-02-CM, USDA, FNS, January 2002.

Borden, W., and R. Ruben-Urm. An Assessment of

Computer Matching in the Food Stamp Program,

Volume II: State Profiles, FSP-02-CM, USDA, FNS,

January 2002.

Borden, W., and R. Ruben-Urm. An Assessment of

Computer Matching in the Food Stamp Program,

Volume III: Appendix Tables, USDA, FNS,

January 2002.

Borjas, G. “Food Insecurity and Public Assistance,”

Journal of Public Economics, Vol. 88, Issues 7-8,

July 2004.

Botsko, C., V. Gabor, S. Schreiber, and S. Pachikara.

State Use of Funds To Increase Work Slots for Food

Stamp Recipients: Report to Congress, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 15,

USDA, ERS, August 2001a.

Botsko, C., V. Gabor, S. Schreiber, and S. Pachikara.

State Use of Funds To Increase Work Slots for Food

Stamp Recipients: State Data Collection Instruments,

E-FAN-01-007, USDA, ERS, August 2001b.

Boumtje, P., C. Huang, J. Lee, and B. Lin. “Dietary

Habits, Demographics, and the Development of

Overweight and Obesity Among Children in the

United States,” Food Policy, Vol. 30, Issue 2,

April 2005.

Breunig, R., I. Diasgupta, C. Gundersen, and P.

Pattanaik. Explaining the Food Stamp Cash-Out

Puzzle, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 12, USDA, ERS, April 2001.

Briefel, R., A. Gordon, F. Saleem-Ismail, L. Kalb,

M. Kovac, and M. Sinclair. Summer Feeding Design

Study: Final Report, E-FAN-01-004, USDA, ERS,

October 2000.

Briefel, R., J. Jacobson, N. Clusen, T. Zavitsky,

M. Satake, B. Dawson, and R. Cohen. The Emergency

Food Assistance System—Findings From the Client

Survey: Executive Summary, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 32, USDA, ERS,

July 2003.

Briefel, R., J. Jacobson, N. Clusen, T. Zavitsky,

M. Satake, B. Dawson, and R. Cohen. The Emergency

Food Assistance System—Findings From the Client

Survey: Final Report, E-FAN-03-007, USDA, ERS,

July 2003.

Briefel, R., J. Jacobson, and L. Tiehen. Issues in Food

Assistance—The Emergency Food Assistance System:

Findings From the Client Survey, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 26-10, USDA, ERS,

September 2003.

Brock, T., C. Coulton, A. London, D. Polit, L. RichburgHayes, E. Scott, N. Verma, with I. Kwakye, V. Martin,

J. Polyne, and D. Seith. Welfare Reform in Cleveland:

Implementation, Effects, and Experiences of Poor

Families and Neighborhoods, Manpower Demonstration

Research Corporation (MDRC), September 2002.

Brock, T., I. Kwakye, J. Polyné, L. Richburg-Hayes,

D. Seith, A. Stepick, and C. Stepick. Welfare Reform in

Miami: Implementation, Effects, and Experiences of

Poor Families and Neighborhoods, Manpower

Demonstration Corporation (MDRC), June 2004.

Brock, T., L. Nelson, and M. Reiter. Readying Welfare

Recipients for Work: Lessons from Four Big Cities

as They Implement Welfare Reform, Manpower

Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC),

March 2002.

Burdette, H., and R. Whitaker. “Neighborhood

Playgrounds, Fast Food Restaurants, and Crime:

Relationships to Overweight in Low-Income Preschool

Children,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 38, No. 1,

January 2004.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  27
Buzby, J., and J. Guthrie. Food Assistance Research

Brief—The USDA Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program

Evaluation, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 34-14, USDA, ERS, August 2003.

Buzby, J., and J. Guthrie. Plate Waste in School Nutrition

Programs: Final Report to Congress, E-FAN-02-009,

USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Buzby, J., and J. Guthrie. The USDA Fruit and

Vegetable Pilot Program Evaluation, Agriculture

Information Bulletin No. 792-6, USDA, ERS,

October 2004.

Buzby, J., J. Guthrie, and L. Kantor. Evaluation of the

USDA Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Program: Report to

Congress, E-FAN-03-006, USDA, ERS, May 2003.

Capps, O., Jr., A. Clauson, J. Guthrie, G. Pittman, and

M. Stockton. Contributions of Nonalcoholic Beverages

to the U.S. Diet, Economic Research Report No. 1,

USDA, ERS, March 2005.

Capps, R., L. Ku, and M. Fix. How Are Immigrants

Faring After Welfare Reform? Preliminary Evidence

from Los Angeles and New York City, The Urban

Institute, March 2002.

Casey P., S. Goolsby, C. Berkowitz, D. Frank, J. Cook,

D. Cutts, M. Black, N. Zaldivar, S. Levenson, T. Heeren,

and A. Meyers. “Maternal Depression, Changing Public

Assistance, Food Security and Child Health Status,”

Pediatrics, Vol. 113, No. 2, February 2004.

Cashwell, S., J. Bartkowski, P. Duffy, V. Casanova,

J. Monar, and M. Irimia-Vladu. “Private Food Assistance

in the Deep South: Assessing Agency Directors’

Knowledge of Charitable Choice,” Journal of Sociology

and Social Welfare, Vol. 31, No. 2, June 2004.

Cashwell, S., J. Bartkowski, P. Duffy, J. Molnar,

V. Casanova, and M. Irimia-Vladu. Food Assistance

Needs of the South’s Vulnerable Populations—

Knowledge of Charitable Choice Among Food Pantry

Directors in the Deep South, No. 7, Southern Rural

Development Center, October 2003.

Cason, K., R. Cox, and J. Burney. Food Assistance

Needs of the South’s Vulnerable Populations—Do

Food Stamps Without Education Improve the

Nutrient Intake and Food-Related Behaviors of

Recipients? No. 4, Southern Rural Development

Center, March 2002.

Chanmugam P., J. Guthrie, S. Cecilio, J. Morton,

P. Basiotis, and R. Anand. “Did Fat Intake in the

United States Really Decline Between 1989-91 and

1994-96?” Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

Vol. 103, No. 7, July 2003.

Chaudhari, D., V. Shaffer, and C. Logan. Methods

To Prevent Fraud and Abuse Among Staff and

Participants in the WIC Program: Volume I, Final

Report, E-FAN-01-011, USDA, ERS, December 2001.

Chaudhari, D., V. Shaffer, and C. Logan. Methods

To Prevent Fraud and Abuse Among Staff and

Participants in the WIC Program: Volume II, Site

Visits, E-FAN-01-012, USDA, ERS, December 2001.

Chen, Z., and S. Yen. “On Bias Correction in the

Multivariate Sample-Selection Model,” Applied

Economics, Vol. 37, No. 21, December 2005.

Clarke, J., W. Levedahl, and A. Reed. Estimating

Longrun Food Stamp Program Caseloads,

E-FAN 04-013, USDA, ERS, December 2004.

Cody, S. Food Stamp Program—Elderly Nutrition

Demonstrations: Interim Report on Elderly Participation

Patterns, E-FAN-04-009, USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Cody, S., P. Gleason, B. Schechter, M. Satake, and

J. Sykes. Food Stamp Program Entry and Exit: An

Analysis of Participation Trends in the 1990s,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 8, July 2005.

Cody, S., and J. Ohls. Evaluation of the USDA Elderly

Nutrition Demonstrations: Volume I, Evaluation

Findings, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 9-1,

July 2005.

Cohen, B. Community Food Security Assessment

Toolkit, E-FAN-02-013, USDA, ERS, July 2002.

Cohen, B., M. Nord, R. Lerner, J. Parry, and K. Yang.

Household Food Security in the United States, 1998

and 1999: Technical Report, E-FAN-02-010, USDA,

ERS, June 2002.

Cohen, B., J. Parry, and K. Yang. Household Food

Security in the United States, 1998 and 1999: Detailed

Statistical Report, E-FAN-02-011, USDA, ERS,

June 2002.

Colditz, G. Dietary Intake and Health Outcomes:

Final Report, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 6,

USDA, ERS, May 2005.

28  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Cole, N. Feasibility and Accuracy of Record Linkage

To Estimate Multiple Program Participation: Volume I,

Record Linkage Issues and Results of the Survey of Food

Assistance Information Systems, E-FAN-03-008-1,

USDA, ERS, June 2003.

Cole, N. Feasibility and Accuracy of Record Linkage

To Estimate Multiple Program Participation: Volume

II, Survey of Food Assistance Information Systems—

Survey Instruments, E-FAN-03-008-2, USDA, ERS,

June 2003.

Cole, N., and M. Fox. Nutrition and Health

Characteristics of Low-Income Populations:

Volume II, WIC Participants and Nonparticipants,

E-FAN-04-014-2, USDA, ERS, December 2004.

Cole, N., and M. Fox. Nutrition and Health

Characteristics of Low-Income Populations:

Volume IV, Older Adults, E-FAN-04-014-4, USDA,

ERS, December 2004.

Cole, N., and E. Lee. Feasibility and Accuracy of

Record Linkage To Estimate Multiple Program

Participation: Volume III, Results of Record Linkage,

E-FAN-03-008-3, USDA, ERS, November 2004.

Connell, C., K. Lofton, K. Yadrick, and T. Rehner.

“Children’s Experiences of Food Insecurity Can Assist

in Understanding its Effect on Their Well-Being,”

The Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 135, No. 7, July 2005.

Connell, C., M. Nord, K. Lofton, and K. Yadrick.

“Food Security of Older Children Can Be Assessed

Using a Standardized Survey Instrument,” Journal

of Nutrition, Vol. 134, Issue 10, October 2004.

Connell, C., K. Yadrick, A. Hinton, and J. Su. Food

Insufficiency and the Use of Food Assistance Programs

in the South, Food Assistance Policy Series, No. 1,

Southern Rural Development Center, July 2001.

Cook, J., D. Frank, C. Berkowitz, M. Black, P. Casey,

D. Cutts, A. Meyers, N. Zaldivar, A. Skalicky,

S. Levenson, T. Heeren, and M. Nord. “Food Insecurity

is Associated with Adverse Health Outcomes among

Human Infants and Toddlers,” Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 134, Issue 6, June 2004.

Cook, P. “Rural Reliance on Transfers Income Remained

Steady During the 1990’s,” Rural America, Vol. 16,

Issue 4, USDA, ERS, Winter 2002.

Crepinesk, M., and N. Burstein. Maternal Employment

and Children’s Nutrition: Volume I, Diet Quality and

the Role of the CACFP, E-FAN-04-006-1, USDA,

ERS, June 2004.

Crepinesk, M., and N. Burstein. Maternal Employment

and Children’s Nutrition: Volume II, Other NutritionRelated Outcomes, E-FAN-04-006-2, USDA, ERS,

June 2004.

Crepinsek, M., N. Burstein, E. Lee, S. Kennedy, and

W. Hamilton. Meals Offered by Tier 2 CACFP Family

Child Care Providers—Effects of Lower Meal

Reimbursements: A Report to Congress on the

Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study,

E-FAN-02-006, USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Crepinsek, M., L. Ghelfi, and W. Hamilton.

Households with Children in CACFP Child Care

Homes—Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering: A

Report to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes

Legislative Changes Study, E-FAN-02-005, USDA,

ERS, March 2002.

Cullen, K., and D. Thompson. “Texas School Food

Policy Changes Related to Middle School a la Carte/

Snack Bar Foods: Potential Savings in Kilocalories,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 105,

No. 12, December 2005.

Cullen, K., K. Weber, K. Watson, I. Zakeri, and

K. Ralston. “Exploring Changes on Middle School

Lunch Consumption After Local School Food Service

Policy Modifications,” Public Health Nutrition, Vol. 9,

No. 6, September 2006.

Dagata, E. Issues in Food Assistance—Assessing the

Self-Sufficiency of Food Stamp Leavers, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 26-8, USDA, ERS,

September 2002.

Datar, A., and R. Sturm. “Childhood Overweight and

Elementary School Outcomes,” International Journal

of Obesity, Vol. 30, Issue 9, September 2006.

Davis, D., and E. Leibtag. Interstate Variation in WIC

Food Package Costs: The Role of Food Prices, Caseload

Composition, and Cost-Containment Practices, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 41,

USDA, ERS, January 2005.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  29
de Onis, M., C. Garza, C. Victora, M. Bhan, and

K. Norum, eds. “The WHO Multicentre Growth

Reference Study (MGRS): Rationale, Planning, and

Implementation, Supplement 1,” Food and Nutrition

Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 1, March 2004.

Dennison, B., L. Edmunds, H. Stratton, and R. Pruzek.

“Rapid Infant Weight Gain Predicts Childhood

Overweight,” Obesity, Vol. 14, No. 3, March 2006.

Derrickson, J., and J. Anderson. “Face Validity of the

Core Food Security Module with Asians and Pacific

Islanders,” Journal of Nutrition Education, Vol. 32,

No. 1, January-February 2000.

Derrickson, J., C. Buchanan, G. Asing, and A. Okuma.

“Lessons Learned from the “Spend Less. Eat Well.

Feel Better. Program Efficacy Trial,” Journal of

Nutrition Education and Behavior, Vol. 35, No. 1,

January-February 2003.

Derrickson J., M. Sakai, and J. Anderson.

“Interpretations of the ‘Balanced Meal’ Household

Food Security Indicator,” Journal of Nutrition

Education and Behavior, Vol. 33, No. 3, May-June 2001.

Deshmukh-Taskar P, T. Nicklas, M. Morales, S-J. Yang,

I. Zakeri, and G. Berenson. “Tracking of Overweight

Status from Childhood to Young Adulthood: The

Bogalusa Heart Study,” European Journal of Clinical

Nutrition, Vol. 60, Issue 1, January 2006.

Devaney, B., M. Kim, A. Carriquiry, and G. CamañoGarcia. Assessing the Nutrient Intakes of Vulnerable

Subgroups, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 11,

USDA, ERS, October 2005.

Dickin K., J. Dollahite, and J. Habicht. “Nutrition

Behavior Change Among EFNEP Participants is Higher

at Sites that are Well Managed and Whose Front-Line

Nutrition Educators Value the Program,” Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 135, Issue 9, September 2005.

Dion, M., and L. Pavetti. Access to and Participation

in Medicaid and the Food Stamp Program: A Review

of the Recent Literature, Mathematica Policy Research,

Inc., March 7, 2000.

Drignei, D., and S. Nusser. “On Reducing the Number

of Items in the Food Security Supplement for Measuring

Food Insecurity,” 2000 Proceedings of the Section on

Government Statistics and the Section on Social

Statistics, American Statistical Association, 2000.

Duffy, P., G. Hallmark, J. Molnar, L. Claxton, C. Bailey,

and S. Miloucich. “Food Security of Low-income Single

Parents in East Alabama: Use of Private and Public

Programs in the Age of Welfare Reform,” Southern

Rural Sociology, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2002.

Dunifon, R., and L. Kowaleski-Jones. “The Influences

of Participation in the National School Lunch Program

and Food Insecurity on Child Well-Being,” Social

Service Review, Vol. 77, No. 1, March 2003.

Edmunds, L., M. Woelfel, B. Dennison, H. Stratton,

R. Pruzek, and R. Abusasha. “Overweight Trends

Among Children Enrolled in the New York State

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women,

Infants, and Children,” Journal of the American

Dietetic Association, Vol. 106, No. 1, January 2006.

“ERS Releases New Report, Household Food Security

in the United States, 2000,” FoodReview, Vol. 25,

Issue 1, USDA, ERS, Spring 2002.

Farrell, M., M. Fishman, M. Langley, and D. Stapleton.

The Relationship of Earnings and Income to Food Stamp

Participation: A Longitudinal Analysis, E-FAN-03-011,

USDA, ERS, November 2003.

Feskanich, D., H. Rockett, and G. Colditz. “Modifying

the Healthy Eating Index to Assess Diet Quality in

Children and Adolescents,” Journal of the American

Dietetic Association, Vol. 104, No. 9, September 2004.

Figlio, D., C. Gundersen, and J. Ziliak. “The Effects of

the Macroeconomy and Welfare Reform on Food

Stamp Caseloads,” American Journal of Agricultural

Economics, Vol. 82, No. 3, August 2000.

Finegold, K., N. Pindus, L. Wherry, S. Nelson,

T. Triplett, and R. Capps. Background Report on the

Use and Impact of Food Assistance Programs on

Indian Reservations, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 4, USDA, ERS, January 2005.

Fink, B., and R. Widom. Social Service Organizations

and Welfare Reform, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation (MDRC), February 2001.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, A

Blueprint for Success with Update Project Status,

USDA, ERS, September 1998.

30  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2000, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2000.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2001, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, April 2001.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2002, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2003, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2003.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2004, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2004.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2005, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2005.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Fiscal 2006, Competitive Grants and Cooperative

Agreements Program: Description and Application

Process, USDA, ERS, March 2006.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal Year 1998 Activities, USDA,

ERS, October 1998.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 1999 Activities, USDA, ERS,

January 2000.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2000 Activities, USDA, ERS,

March 2001.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2001 Activities, USDA, ERS,

January 2002.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2002 Activities, USDA, ERS,

February 2003.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2003 Activities, USDA, ERS,

February 2004.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2004 Activities, USDA, ERS,

January 2005.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Final Report: Fiscal 2005 Activities, USDA, ERS,

January 2006.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program,

Research Priorities: Fiscal Year 1999, USDA, ERS,

February 1999.

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program:

Spring Update, USDA, ERS, May 1998.

Foote, J., S. Murphy, L. Wilkens, P. Basiotis, and

A. Carlson. “Dietary Variety Increases the Probability

of Nutrient Adequacy Among Adults,” Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 134, Issue 7, July 2004.

Fossett, J., T. Gais, and F. Thompson. “New Systems

of Social Programs? Local Implementation of Health

Care, Food Stamp, and TANF Programs,” Focus,

University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for

Research on Poverty, Vol. 22, No. 3, Summer 2003.

Fox, M., and N. Cole. Nutrition and Health

Characteristics of Low-Income Populations:

Volume I, Food Stamp Participants and

Nonparticipants, E-FAN-04-014-1, USDA,

ERS, December 2004.

Fox, M., and N. Cole. Nutrition and Health

Characteristics of Low-Income Populations:

Volume III, School-Age Children, E-FAN-04-014-3,

USDA, ERS, December 2004.

Fox, M., W. Hamilton, and B. Lin. Effects of Food

Assistance and Nutrition and Health: Volume 3,

Literature Review, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 19-3, USDA, ERS,

October 2004.

Fox, M., W. Hamilton, and B. Lin. Effects of Food

Assistance and Nutrition and Health: Volume 4,

Executive Summary of the Literature Review, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 19-4,

USDA, ERS, November 2004.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  31
Frazão, E., ed. America’s Eating Habits: Changes and

Consequences, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 750,

USDA, ERS, May 1999.

Contents:

Bishow, J., J. Variyam, and J. Blaylock. “Who

Knew? Perception and Reality of Cholesterol in

Our Diets.”

Blisard, N. “Advertising and What We Eat: The

Case of Dairy Products.”

Crane, N., V. Hubbard, and C. Lewis. “American

Diets and Year 2000 Goals.”

Davis, C., and E. Saltos. “Dietary Recommendations

and How They Have Changed Over Time.”

Frazão, E. “High Costs of Poor Eating Patterns in

the United States.”

Gallo, A. “Food Advertising in the United States.”

Guthrie, J., B. Derby, and A. Levy. “What People

Know and Do Not Know About Nutrition.”

Huang, K. “Role of National Income and Prices.”

Kantor, L. “A Comparison of the U.S. Food Supply

With the Food Guide Pyramid Recommendations.”

Kennedy, E., J. Blaylock, and B. Kuhn. “On the

Road to Better Nutrition.”

Kennedy, E., S. Bowman, M. Lino, S. Gerrior, and

P. Basiotis. “Diet Quality of Americans: Healthy

Eating Index.”

Levedahl, J., and V. Oliveira. “Dietary Impacts of

Food Assistance Programs.”

Lin, B., J. Guthrie, and E. Frazão. “Nutrient

Contribution of Food Away From Home.”

Lutz, S., J. Hirschman, and D. Smallwood.

“National School Lunch and School Breakfast

Program Reforms: Policy Development and

Economic Impacts.”

Mathios, A., and P. Ippolito. “Health Claims in

Food Advertising and Labeling: Disseminating

Nutrition Information to Consumers.”

Putnam, J., and S. Gerrior. “Trends in the U.S.

Food Supply, 1970-97.

Ralston, K. “How Government Policies and

Regulations Can Affect Dietary Choices.”

Tippett, K., and L. Cleveland. “How Current Diets

Stack Up: Comparison With Dietary Guidelines.”

Variyam, J. “Role of Demographics, Knowledge,

and Attitudes: Fats and Cholesterol.”

Weimer, J. “Accelerating the Trend Toward

Healthy Eating: Public and Private Efforts.”

Young, C., and L. Kantor. “Moving Toward the

Food Guide Pyramid: Implications for U.S.

Agriculture.”

Frazão, E. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of

Low-Income Populations: Clinic Measures of Iron,

Folate, Vitamin B12, Cholesterol, Bone Density,

and Lead Poisoning, Agriculture Information

Bulletin No. 796-5, USDA, ERS, February 2005.

Frazão, E. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of

Low-Income Populations: Meal Patterns, Milk and

Soft Drink Consumption, and Supplement Use,

Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 796-4, USDA,

ERS, February 2005.

French, S., B. Lin, and J. Guthrie. “National Trends

in Soft Drink Consumption among Children and

Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years: Prevalence, Amounts

and Sources, 1977/78 through 1994/98,” Journal of

the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 103, No.10,

October 2003.

Frongillo, E., D. Jyoti, and S. Jones. “Food Stamp

Program Participation Is Associated with Better

Academic Learning Among School Children,”

Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136, Issue 4, April 2006.

Gabor, V., B. Hardison, C. Botsko, and S. Bartlett.

Food Stamp Program Access Study: Local Office

Policies and Practices, E-FAN-03-013-1, USDA,

ERS, December 2003.

Gabor, V., S. Williams, H. Bellamy, and B. Hardison.

Seniors’ Views of the Food Stamp Program and Ways

To Improve Participation—Focus Group Findings in

Washington State: Final Report, E-FAN-02-012,

USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Ghelfi, L. Effects of CACFP Reimbursement Tiering:

Major Findings of the Family Child Care Homes

Legislative Changes Study, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 24, USDA, ERS,

May 2002.

32  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Ghelfi, L. Food Assistance Research Brief—

Reimbursement Tiering Improves Targeting but

Decreases Participation in the Child and Adult

Care Food Program, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 34-9, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Ghelfi, L. Food Assistance Research Brief—Tiering

Increases CACFP Sponsors’Administrative Tasks,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 34-8, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Ghelfi, L. Issues in Food Assistance—Program

Targeting: Effects of Meal Reimbursement Tiering

on the Child and Adult Care Food Program, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 26-1,

USDA, ERS, April 2002.

Ghelfi, L. “USDA Subsidizes Meals and Snacks for

Children in Child Care,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 2,

USDA, ERS, May-August 2001.

Gibbs, R. “Nonmetro Labor Markets in the Era of

Welfare Reform,” Rural America, Vol. 16, Issue 3,

USDA, ERS, Fall 2001.

Gibson, D. “Food Stamp Program Participation is

Positively Related to Obesity in Low-Income Women,”

Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 133, Issue 7, July 2003.

Gibson-Davis, C., and E. Foster. “A Cautionary Tale:

Using Propensity Scores to Estimate the Impact of

Food Stamps on Food Insecurity,” Social Service

Review, Vol. 80, No. 1, March 2006.

Gleason, P., T. Tasse, K. Jackson, and P. Nemeth.

Direct Certification in the National School Lunch

Program—Impacts on Program Access and Integrity:

Executive Summary, E-FAN-03-009, USDA, ERS,

October 2003a.

Gleason, P., T. Tasse, K. Jackson, and P. Nemeth.

Direct Certification in the National School Lunch

Program—Impacts on Program Access and Integrity:

Final Report, E-FAN-03-009, USDA, ERS,

October 2003b.

Gleason, P., C. Trippe, and S. Cody. “Effects of

Welfare Reform on the Characteristics of the Food

Stamp Population,” Work‚ Welfare and Politics:

Confronting Poverty in the Wake of Welfare Reform,

F. Piven, J. Acker‚ M. Hallock, and S. Morgen, eds.,

University of Oregon Press, 2002.

Gleason, P., C. Trippe, S. Cody, and J. Anderson.

The Effects of Welfare Reform on the Characteristics

of the Food Stamp Population, Mathematica Policy

Research, Inc., July 2001.

Goerge, R., M. Reidy, S. Lyons, M. Chin, and A. Harris.

Understanding the Food Stamp Program Participation

Decisions of TANF Leavers, E-FAN-04-011, USDA,

ERS, September 2004.

Golan, E., and M. Nord. “How Government Assistance

Affects Income,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA,

ERS, January-April 1998.

Gordon, A., and R. Briefel. Feeding Low-Income

Children When School Is Out—The Summer Food

Service Program: Executive Summary, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 30, USDA, ERS,

April 2003a.

Gordon, A., R. Briefel, N. Needels, N. Wemmerus,

T. Zavitsky, R. Russo, T. Tasse, L. Kalb, A. Peterson,

and D. Creel. Feeding Low-Income Children When

School Is Out—The Summer Food Service Program:

Final Report, E-FAN-03-001, USDA, ERS,

March 2003b.

Gordon, A., H. Hartline-Grafton, and R. Nogales.

Innovative WIC Practices: Profiles of 20 Programs,

E-FAN-04-007, USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Gundersen, C. “Economic Growth, Welfare Reform,

and the Food Stamp Program,” FoodReview, Vol. 21,

Issue 1, USDA, ERS, January-April 1998.

Gundersen, C., M. LeBlanc, and B. Kuhn. The Changing

Food Assistance Landscape: The Food Stamp Program

in a Post-Welfare Reform Environment, Agricultural

Economic Report No. 773, USDA, ERS, March 1999.

Gundersen, C., R. Morrison, and L. Ghelfi. Food

Assistance Research Brief—Certifying Eligibility in

the National School Lunch Program, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 34-4, USDA, ERS,

July 2003.

Gundersen, C., and V. Oliveira. “The Food Stamp

Program and Food Insufficiency,” American Journal of

Agricultural Economics, Vol. 83, No. 4, November 2001.

Gundersen, C., L. Weinreb, C. Wehler, and D. Hosmer.

“Homelessness and Food Insecurity,” Journal of

Housing Economics, Vol. 12, Issue 3, September 2003.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  33
Gundersen, C., M. Yanez, C. Valdez, and B. Kuhn.

A Comparison of Food Assistance Programs in Mexico

and the United States, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 6, USDA, ERS, July 2000.

Gundersen, C., and J. Ziliak. “Poverty and Macroeconomic Performance Across Space, Race and Family

Structure,” Demography, Vol. 41, No. 1, February 2004.

Guthrie, J. Food Assistance Research Brief—Do Healthy

School Meals Cost More? Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 34-6, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Guthrie, J., and J. Buzby. “Several Strategies May Lower

Plate Waste in School Feeding Programs,” FoodReview,

Vol. 25, Issue 2, USDA, ERS, Summer-Fall 2002.

Guthrie, J., and B. Lin. “An Overview of the Diets of

Lower- and Higher-Income Elderly and Their Food

Assistance Options,” Journal of Nutrition Education and

Behavior, Vol. 34, Supplement 1, March/April 2002.

Guthrie, J., B. Lin, and E. Frazão. “The Role of Food

Prepared Away From Home in the American Diet,

1977-78 vs. 1994-96: Changes and Consequences,”

Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, Vol. 34,

No. 3, May/June 2002.

Guthrie, J., and E. Myers. “USDA’s Economic

Research Service Supports Nutrition and Health

Outcomes Research,” Journal of the American

Dietetic Association, Vol. 102, No. 2, February 2002.

Guthrie, J., and M. Nord. “Beyond the Headlines:

Federal Activities to Monitor Food Security,” Journal

of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 102, No. 7,

July 2002.

Guthrie, J., and D. Smallwood. “Evaluating the Effects

of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans on Consumer

Behavior and Health: Methodological Challenges,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 103,

No.12, Supplement, December 2003.

Guthrie, J., E. Stommes, and J. Voichick. “Evaluating

Food Stamp Nutrition Education: Issues and

Opportunities,” Journal of Nutrition Education

and Behavior, Vol. 38, No. 1, January/February 2006.

Hamilton, W., N. Burstein, and M. Crepinsek.

Reimbursement Tiering in the CACFP: Summary Report

to Congress on the Family Child Care Homes Legislative

Changes Study, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 22, USDA, ERS, March 2002a.

Hamilton, W., and P. Rossi. Effects of Food Assistance

and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health:

Volume 1, Research Design, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 19-1, USDA, ERS,

February 2002.

Hamilton, W., E. Stickney, N. Burstein, and

L. Bernstein. Family Child Care Home Participation

in the CACFP—Effects of Reimbursement Tiering:

A Report to Congress on the Family Child Care

Homes Legislative Changes Study, E-FAN-02-002,

USDA, ERS, March 2002b.

Hamilton, W., E. Stickney, and M. Crepinsek. Family

Child Care Homes and the CACFP: Participation

After Reimbursement Tiering (An Interim Report of the

Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study),

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 3,

USDA, ERS, October 1999.

Hanratty, M. “Has the Food Stamp Program Become

More Accessible? Impacts of Recent Changes in

Reporting Requirements and Asset Eligibility Limits,”

Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol. 25,

Issue 3, Summer 2006.

Hanson, K. Food Assistance Research Brief—

Importance of Child Nutrition Programs to

Agriculture, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 34-12, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Hanson, K., and E. Golan. Issues in Food

Assistance—Effects of Changes in Food Stamp

Expenditures Across the U.S. Economy, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 26-6,

USDA, ERS, August 2002.

Hanson, K., E. Golan, S. Vogel, and J. Olmsted.

Tracing the Impacts of Food Assistance Programs on

Agriculture and Consumers: A Computable General

Equilibrium Model, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 18, USDA, ERS, May 2002.

Hanson, K., and C. Gundersen. Issues in Food

Assistance—How Unemployment Affects the

Food Stamp Program, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 26-7, USDA, ERS,

September 2002.

Hanson, K., and K. Hamrick. Moving Public Assistance

Recipients Into the Labor Force, 1996-2000, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 40,

USDA, ERS, May 2004.

34  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Harrison, G., A. Stormer, D. Herman, and D. Winham.

“Development of a Spanish-Language Version of the

U.S. Household Food Security Module,” Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 133, Issue 4, April 2003.

Hartline-Grafton, H., R. Nyman, R. Briefel, and

R. Cohen. Prototype Notebook: Short Questions on

Dietary Intake, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors,

E-FAN-04-010, USDA, ERS, September 2004.

Health Systems Research, Inc., and the Urban Institute.

Re-Engineering the Welfare System—A Study of

Administrative Changes to the Food Stamp Program:

State Data Collection Instrument, E-FAN-01-009,

USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Heflin, C. “Dynamics of Material Hardship in the

Women’s Employment Survey,” Social Service

Review, Vol. 80, No. 3, September 2006.

Heneman, K., A. Block-Joy, S. Zidenberg-Cherr,

S. Donohue, L. Garcia, A. Martin, D. Metz, D. Smith,

E. West, and F. Steinberg. “A “Contract for Change”

Increases Produce Consumption in Low-Income Women:

A Pilot Study,” Journal of the American Dietetic

Association, Vol. 105, No. 11, November 2005.

Henrichson, C., C. Miller, and C. Redcross. Food Stamp

Use Among Former Welfare Recipients, Manpower

Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC),

February 2002.

Henry, M., W. Lewis, L. Reinschmiedt, and D. Lewis.

“Is There A Rural Disadvantage in Reducing Welfare

and Food Stamp Participation in Mississippi and South

Carolina?” Rural America, Vol. 16, No. 3, Fall 2001.

Herman, D., G. Harrison, and E. Jenks. “Choices Made

by Low-Income Women Provided with an Economic

Supplement for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Purchase,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 106,

No. 5, May 2006.

Hofferth, S. “Did Welfare Reform Work? Implications

for 2002 and Beyond,” Contexts, Vol. 1, No. 1,

Spring 2002.

Hofferth, S. Persistence and Change in the Food

Security of Families With Children, 1997-99,

E-FAN-04-001, USDA, ERS, March 2004.

Hofferth, S., and S. Curtin. “Poverty, Food Programs,

and Childhood Obesity,” Journal of Policy Analysis

and Management, Vol. 24, Issue 4, Fall 2005.

Hofferth, S., S. Stanhope, and K. Harris. “Exiting

Welfare in the 1990s: Did Public Policy Influence

Recipients’ Behavior?” Population Research and

Policy Review, Vol. 21, Issue 5, October 2002.

Howarth, N., T. Huang, S. Roberts, and M. McCrory.

“Dietary Fiber and Fat Are Associated with Excess

Weight in Young and Middle-Aged US Adults,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

Vol. 105, No. 9, September 2005.

Huang, K. “Prices and Incomes Affect Nutrients

Consumed,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA,

ERS, May-August 1998.

Huang, K., and B. Lin. Estimation of Food Demand

and Nutrient Elasticities from Household Survey

Data, Technical Bulletin No. 1887, USDA, ERS,

September 2000.

Huang, T., N. Howarth, B. Lin, S. Roberts, and

M. McCory. “Energy Intake and Meal Portions:

Associations with BMI Percentile in U.S. Children,”

Obesity Research, Vol. 12, No. 11, November 2004.

“Income Volatility and the Implications for Food

Assistance Programs: A Conference of IRP and the

Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department

of Agriculture,” Focus, Vol. 22, No. 2, Summer 2002,

University of Wisconsin-Madison, Institute for

Research on Poverty, May 2002.

Contents:

Bitler, M., J. Currie, and J. Scholz. “WIC

Eligibility and Participation.”

Blundell, R., and L. Pistaferri. “Income Volatility

and Household Consumption: The Impact of Food

Assistance Programs.”

Gundersen, C., and J. Ziliak. “The Role of Food

Stamps in Stabilizing Income and Consumption.”

Haider, S., R. Schoeni, and A. Jacknowitz.

“Food Stamps and the Elderly: Why is

Participation so Low?”

Kabbani, N., and P. Wilde. “Short Recertification

Periods in the U.S. Food Stamp Program: Causes

and Consequences.”

Meyer, B., and J. Sullivan. “Measuring the

Well-Being of the Poor Using Income and

Consumption.”

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  35
Moffitt, R., and K. Winder. “The Correlates and

Consequences of Welfare Exit and Entry: Evidence

from the Three-City Study.”

Smallwood, D., M. Prell, and M. Andrews.

“Income Volatility and the Implications for Food

Assistance Programs.”

Yelowitz, A. “Gateways into the Food

Stamp Program.”

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes:

Applications in Dietary Assessment, Food and

Nutrition Board, Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press, 2000.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes:

Applications in Dietary Planning, Food and Nutrition

Board, Washington, DC: The National Academies

Press, 2003.

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Risk Assessment in the

WIC Program, Committee on Dietary Risk Assessment

in the WIC Program, Food and Nutrition Board,

Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2002.

Institute of Medicine. Evaluating Food Assistance

Programs in an Era of Welfare Reform: Summary

of a Workshop, Committee on National Statistics,

E. Evanson, C. Manski, and T. Scanlan, eds., National

Academy Press, 1999.

Jacobson, J., R. Briefel, P. Gleason, and R. Sullivan.

Designs for Measuring How the School Breakfast

Program Affects Learning, E-FAN-01-013, USDA,

ERS, December 2001.

Jacobson, J., N. Rodriguez-Planas, L. Puffer, E. Pas,

and L. Taylor-Kale. The Consequences of Welfare

Reform and Economic Change for the Food Stamp

Program—Illustrations from Microsimulation: Final

Report, E-FAN-01-003, USDA, ERS, January 2001.

Jago R, T. Nicklas, S-J Yang, T. Baranowski, I. Zakeri

and G. Berenson, “Physical Activity and Health

Enhancing Dietary Behaviors in Young Adults:

Bogalusa Heart Study,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 41,

Issue 1, July 2005.

Jain, A., S. Sherman, L. Chamberlin, and R. Whitaker.

“Mothers Misunderstand Questions on a Feeding

Questionnaire,” Appetite, Vol. 42, Issue 3, June 2004.

Jensen, H., S. Garasky, C. Wessman, and S. Nusser.

Iowa Food Stamp Leavers Survey: Final Report,

E-FAN-020014-1, USDA, ERS, July 2002.

Jolliffe, D. “Continuous and Robust Measures of the

Overweight Epidemic from 1971-2000,” Demography,

Vol. 41, No. 2, May 2004.

Jolliffe, D. “Extent of Overweight Among U.S. Children

and Adolescents from 1971 to 2001,” International

Journal of Obesity, Vol. 28, No. 1, January 2004.

Jolliffe, D. “Poverty, Prices and Place: How Sensitive

is the Spatial Distribution of Poverty to Cost of Living

Adjustments?” Economic Inquiry, Vol. 44, No. 2,

April 2006.

Jolliffe, D. The Cost of Living and the Geographic

Distribution of Poverty, Economic Research Report

No. 26, USDA, ERS, September 2006.

Jolliffe, D., C. Gundersen, L. Tiehen, and J. Winicki.

“Food Stamp Benefits and Child Poverty,” American

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 3, No. 3,

August 2005.

Jolliffe, D., L. Tiehen, C. Gundersen, and J. Winicki.

Food Stamp Benefits and Child Poverty in the 1990s,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 33, USDA, ERS, September 2003.

Jones, S., and E. Frongillo. “The Modifying Effects

of Food Stamp Program Participation on the Relation

between Food Insecurity and Weight Change in

Women,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136, Issue 4,

April 2006.

Joyce, T., D. Gibson, and S. Colman. “The Changing

Association between Prenatal Participation in WIC and

Birth Outcomes in New York City,” Journal of Policy

Analysis and Management, Vol. 24, No. 4, Fall 2005.

Jyoti, D., E. Frongillo, and S. Jones. “Food Insecurity

Affects School Children’s Academic Performance,

Weight Gain, and Social Skills,” Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 135, Issue 12, December 2005.

Kabbani, N., and M. Kmeid, “The Role of Food

Assistance in Helping Food Insecure Households

Escape Hunger,” Review of Agricultural Economics,

Vol. 27, No. 3, Fall 2005.

36  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Kaiser, L., A. Martin, D. Metz, Y. Nicholson, M. Fujii,

C. Lamp, M. Townsend, P. Crawford, and H. MelgarQuiñonez. “Food Insecurity Prominent Among LowIncome California Latinos,” California Agriculture,

Vol. 58, No. 1, January-March 2004.

Kaiser L., H. Melgar-Quiñonez, M. Townsend,

Y. Nicholson, M. Fujii, A. Martin, and C. Lamp. “Food

Insecurity and Food Supplies in Latino Households

with Young Children,” Journal of Nutrition Education

and Behavior, Vol. 35, Issue 3, May/June, 2003.

Kaiser, L., M. Townsend, H. Melgar-Quinonez,

M. Fujii, and P. Crawford. “Choice of Instrument

Influences Relations Between Food Insecurity and

Obesity in Latino Women,” American Journal of

Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 80, No. 5, November 2004.

Kang, G., S. Huffman, and H. Jensen. “An Empirical

Analysis of Joint Decisions on Labour Supply and

Welfare Participation,” Applied Economics Letters,

Vol. 11, No. 14, November 2004.

Kantor, L. A Dietary Assessment of the U.S. Food

Supply: Comparing Food Consumption with the Food

Pyramid, Agricultural Economic Report No. 772,

USDA, ERS, December 1998.

Kantor, L. “Community Food Security Programs

Improve Food Access,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 1,

USDA, ERS, January-April 2001.

Kaufman, P. “Balancing Food Costs with Nutrition Goals

in WIC,” Amber Waves Web Update, Vol. 1, Issue 4,

USDA, ERS, September 2003, Updated October 2003,

www.ers.usda.gov/AmberWaves/September03/Features/

FoodCostsWIC.htm.

Kaufman, P. Food Assistance Research Brief—

Assessment of WIC Cost Containment Practices,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 34-1, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Kaufman, P. “Rural Poor Have Less Access to

Supermarkets, Large Grocery Stores,” Rural

Development Perspectives, Vol. 13, Issue 3,

USDA, ERS, April 1999.

Kaufman, P., J. MacDonald, S. Lutz, and D. Smallwood.

Do the Poor Pay More for Food? Item Selection and

Price Differences Affect Low-Income Household Food

Costs, Agricultural Economic Report No. 759, USDA,

ERS, November 1997.

Kempson, K., D. Keenan, P. Sadani, S, Ridlen, and

N. Rosato. “Educators’ Reports of Food Acquisition

Practices Used by Limited-Resource Individuals to

Maintain Food Sufficiency,” Family Economics and

Nutrition Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2002.

Kempson, K., D. Keenan, P. Sadani, S. Ridlen, and

N. Rosato. “Food Management Practices Used by People

with Limited Resources to Maintain Food Sufficiency

as Reported by Nutrition Educators,” Journal of the

American Dietetic Association, Vol. 102, No. 12,

December 2002.

Keng, S., S. Garasky, and H. Jensen. “Innovation at the

State Level: Initial Effects of Welfare Reform in Iowa,”

Journal of Applied Social Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 2,

Spring/Summer 2000.

Keng, S., S. Garasky, and H. Jensen. “Welfare

Dependence and Recidivism in an Era of Welfare

Reform,” Applied Economics, Vol. 34, No. 18,

December 2002.

Kilkenny, M. “Interregional Fiscal Accounting,”

Growth and Change, Vol. 30, No. 4, Fall 1999.

Kilkenny, M., and S. Huffman. “Rural/Urban Welfare

Program and Labor Force Participation,” American

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 85, Issue 4,

November 2003.

Kilkenny, M., H. Jensen, S. Garasky, and J. Olmstead.

“Welfare and Food Assistance at the State and SubState Level: A Framework for Evaluating Economic

and Programmatic Changes,” American Journal of

Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, No. 3, August 2000.

King, R., E. Leibtag, and A. Behl. Supermarket

Characteristics and Operating Costs in Low-Income

Areas, Agricultural Economic Report No. 839, USDA,

ERS, December 2004.

Kirlin, J., and N. Cole. Assessment of WIC CostContainment Practices: An Interim Report to Congress,

E-FAN-01-005, USDA, ERS, February 2001.

Kirlin, J., N. Cole, and C. Logan. Assessment of WIC

Cost-Containment Practices: Executive Summary, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 31,

USDA, ERS, May 2003.

Kirlin, J., N. Cole, and C. Logan. Assessment of

WIC Cost-Containment Practices: Final Report,

E-FAN-03-005, USDA, ERS, February 2003.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  37
Kirlin, J., and C. Logan. Effects of EBT Customer

Service Waivers on Food Stamp Recipients: Executive

Summary, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 23, USDA, ERS, April 2002.

Kirlin, J., and C. Logan. Effects of EBT Customer

Service Waivers on Food Stamp Recipients: Final

Report, E-FAN-02-007, USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Knoll, L., B. Haughton, and E. Fitzhugh. “Dietary

Patterns of Young, Low-Income US Children,” Journal

of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 105, No. 11,

November 2005.

Knoll, L., B. Haughton, and E. Fitzhugh. “Food Group

Adherence Scores Assess Food Patterns Compared to

US Department of Agriculture Food Guide,” Journal

of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 106, No. 8,

August 2006.

Kornfeld, R. Explaining Recent Trends in Food Stamp

Program Caseloads: Final Report, E-FAN-02-008,

USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Kraack, V., D. Pelletier, and J. Dollahite. “Food,

Health, and Nutrient Supplements: Beliefs Among

Food Stamp-Eligible Women and Implications for

Food Stamp Policy,” Family Economics and Nutrition

Review, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2002.

Kramer-Leblanc, C., A. Mardis, and S. Gerrior. Review

of the Nutritional Status of WIC Participants, CNPP-8,

USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion,

December 1999.

Kranz, S., A. Siega-Riz, and A. Herring. “Changes in

Diet Quality of American Preschoolers Between 1977

and 1998,” American Journal of Public Health,

Vol. 94, Issue 9, September 2004.

Laraia, B., A. Siega-Riz, C. Gundersen, and N. Dole.

“Psychosocial Factors and Socioeconomic Indicators

are Associated with Household Food Insecurity Among

Pregnant Women,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136,

Issue 1, January 2006.

LeBlanc, M. Poverty, Policy, and the Macroeconomy,

Technical Bulletin No. 1889, USDA, ERS, February

2001.

LeBlanc, M., B. Kuhn, and J. Blaylock. “Poverty Amidst

Plenty: Food Insecurity in the United States,” Reshaping

Agriculture’s Contributions to Society: Proceedings

of the Twenty-Fifth International Conference of

Agricultural Economists, D. Colman and N. Vink, eds.,

Blackwell Publishing, London, 2005.

LeBlanc, M., B. Lin, and D. Smallwood. “Food

Assistance: How Strong is the Safety Net?”

Amber Waves, Vol. 4, Issue 4, September 2006.

Lee, J., and E. Frongillo, Jr. “Factors Associated

With Food Insecurity Among U.S. Elderly Persons:

Importance of Functional Impairments,” Journals of

Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and

Social Sciences, Vol. 56b, No. 2, March 2001.

Lee, J., and E. Frongillo, Jr. “Nutritional and Health

Consequences are Associated with Food Insecurity

Among U.S. Elderly Persons,” Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 131, Issue 5, May 2001.

Lee, J., and E. Frongillo, Jr. “Understanding Needs Is

Important for Assessing the Impact of Food Assistance

Program Participation on Nutritional and Health Status

in U.S. Elderly Persons,” Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 131, Issue 3, March 2001.

Leibtag, E. “Where You Shop Matters: Store Formats

Drive Variation in Retail Food Prices,” Amber Waves,

Volume 3, Number 5, November 2005.

Leibtag, E., and P. Kaufman. Exploring Food

Purchase Behavior of Low-Income Households:

How Do They Economize? Agriculture Information

Bulletin No. 747-07, USDA, ERS, June 2003.

Lerman, R., A. Duke, and J. Valente. Do Income Support

Levels and Work Incentives Differ Between Rural and

Urban Areas? The Urban Institute, December 1999.

Lerman, R., S. McKernan, and N. Pindus. “Welfare

Reforms and Employment of Single Mothers—Are

Rural Areas Keeping Pace?” Rural America, Vol. 16,

No. 3, USDA, ERS, Fall 2001.

Lerman, R., and M. Wiseman. Restructuring Food

Stamps for Working Families, The Urban Institute,

August 26, 2002.

38  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Levedahl, W. “The Impact on Farm Receipts of Using

Food Stamps to Purchase Vitamins and Minerals,” The

Use of Food Stamps to Purchase Vitamin and Mineral

Supplements, USDA, FNS, September 1999.

Lichter, D., and L. Jensen. “Poverty and Welfare

Among Rural Female-Headed Families Before and

After PRWORA,” Rural America, Vol. 16, No. 3,

USDA, ERS, Fall 2001.

Lin, B. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of

Low-Income Populations: Body Weight Status,

Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 796-3,

USDA, ERS, February 2005.

Lin, B. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of

Low-Income Populations: Healthy Eating Index,

Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 796-1,

USDA, ERS, February 2005.

Lin, B., J. Guthrie, and E. Frazão. Away-From-Home

Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American

Diet, Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 749,

USDA, ERS, January 1999.

Lin, B., J. Guthrie, and E. Frazão. “Popularity of

Dining Out Presents Barrier to Dietary Improvement,”

FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

May-August 1998.

Lin, B., J. Guthrie, and E. Frazão. “Quality of Children’s

Diets At and Away From Home: 1994-96,” FoodReview,

Vol. 22, Issue 1, USDA, ERS, January-April 1999.

Lin, B., C. Huang, and S. French. “Factors Associated

with Women’s and Children’s Body Mass Indices by

Income Status,” International Journal of Obesity,

Vol. 28, No. 4, April 2004.

Lin, B., C. Logan, M. Fox, and D. Smallwood. “Data

for Assessing Outcomes of Food Assistance and

Nutrition Programs,” Nutrition Today, Vol. 41, No. 1,

January/February 2006.

Lin, B., and K. Ralston. Food Assistance Research

Brief—Competitive Foods: Soft Drinks vs. Milk, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 34-7,

USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Lin, B., and D. Smallwood. “Research Designs for

Assessing the USDA’s Food Assistance and Nutrition

Programs’ Outcomes—Part 1: Evaluation of Ongoing

National Programs,” Nutrition Today, Vol. 38, No. 4,

July/August 2003.

Lin, B., D. Smallwood, W. Hamilton, and P. Rossi.

“Research Designs for Assessing the USDA’s Food

Assistance and Nutrition Programs Outcomes, Part 2:

Impact Evaluation of Demonstrations,” Nutrition

Today, Vol. 39, No. 1, January/February 2004.

Logan, C., M. Fox, and B. Lin. Effects of Food Assistance and Nutrition Programs on Nutrition and Health:

Volume II, Data Sources, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 19-2. USDA, ERS, September 2002.

Logan, C., W. Rhodes, and J. Sabia. Food Stamp

Program Costs and Error Rates, 1989-2001,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 15, USDA,

ERS, January 2006.

Lutz, S., and J. Hirschman. “School Lunch Reform:

Minimal Market Impacts From Providing Healthier

Meals,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS,

January-April 1998.

Macaluso, T. The Extent of Trafficking in the Food

Stamp Program: 1999-2002, FSP-03-TRAF, USDA,

Food and Nutrition Service, July 2003.

Mathios, A., and P. Ippolito. “Food Companies Spread

Nutrition Information Through Advertising and

Labels,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

May-August 1998.

Mazur, R., G. Marquis, and H. Jensen. “Diet and Food

Insufficiency Among Hispanic Youths: Acculturation

and Socioeconomic Factors in the Third National Health

and Nutrition Examination Survey,” American Journal

of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 78, Issue 6, December 2003.

McConnell, S., and J. Ohls. “Food Stamp Participation

Rate Down in Urban Areas But Not in Rural,”

FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS,

January-April 2001.

McCullough, M., D. Feskanich, E. Rimm,

E. Giovannucci, A. Ascherio, J. Variyam, D. Spiegelman,

M. Stampfer, and W. Willett. “Adherence to the

Dietary Guidelines for Americans and Risk of Major

Chronic Disease in Men,” The American Journal of

Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 55, No. 5, November 2000.

McCullough, M., D. Feskanich, M. Stampfer, B. Rosner,

F. Hu, D. Hunter, J. Variyam, G. Colditz, and W. Willett.

“Adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans

and Risk of Major Chronic Disease in Women,” The

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 55, No. 5,

November 2000.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  39
McIntosh, A., G. Davis, R. Nayga, Jr., J. Anding,

C. Torres, K. Kubena, E. Perusquia, G. Yeley, and

W. You. Parental Time, Role Strain, and Children’s Fat

Intake and Obesity-Related Outcomes, Contractor and

Cooperator Report No.19, USDA, ERS, June 2006.

McKernan, S., and C. Ratcliffe. Employment Factors

Influencing Food Stamp Program Participation: Final

Report, E-FAN-03-012, USDA, ERS, November 2003.

Michalopoulos, C., K. Edin, B. Fink, M. Landriscina,

D. Polit, J. Polyne, L. Richburg-Hayes, D. Seith, and

N. Verma. Welfare Reform in Philadelphia: Implementation, Effects, and Experiences of Poor Families and

Neighborhoods, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation (MDRC), October 2003.

Mikelson, K., and R. Lerman. Relationship Between

the EITC and Food Stamp Program Participation

Among Households With Children, E-FAN-04-002,

USDA, ERS, April 2004.

Miller, J., F. Molina, L. Grossman, and S. Golonka.

Building Bridges to Self-Sufficiency: Improving Services

for Low-Income Working Families, Manpower

Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC),

March 2004.

Mills, B., J. Alwang, E. Peterson, and S. Dorai-Raj.

Food Assistance Needs of the South’s Vulnerable

Populations—Declining Food Stamp Program

Participation: A Concern for the Rural South?

No. 3, Southern Rural Development Center,

December 2001.

Mills, G., and R. Kornfeld. Study of Arizona Adults

Leaving the Food Stamp Program: FinalReport,

E-FAN-01-001, USDA, ERS, December 2000.

Mills, G., D. Laliberty, and C. Rodger. Food Stamp

Certification Periods and Payment Accuracy: State

Experience During 1997-2001, E-FAN-04-012,

USDA, ERS, November 2004.

Mills, B., B. Whitacre, and C. Hilmer. “Family Head

Education and Working Poverty in the Rural South,”

Southern Business and Economic Journal, Vol. 27,

Nos. 1&2, Winter/Spring 2004.

Mills, B., B. Whitacre, and C. Hilmer. Food Assistance

Needs of the South’s Vulnerable Populations—Working

More but Staying Poor, No. 11, Southern Rural

Development Center, October 2005.

Molnar, J., P. Duffy, L. Claxton, and C. Bailey.

“Private Food Assistance in a Small Metropolitan

Area: Urban Resources and Rural Needs,” Journal

of Sociology and Social Welfare, Vol. 28, No. 3,

September 2001.

Monroe, P., C. O’Neil, V. Tiller, and J. Smith.

Food Assistance Needs of the South’s Vulnerable

Populations—The Challenge of Compliance: Food

Security in Rural Households Affected by Welfare

Reform, No. 5, Southern Rural Development Center,

July 2002.

Mosley, J., and L. Tiehen. “The Food Safety Net

after Welfare Reform: Use of Private and Public Food

Assistance in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area,”

Social Science Review, Vol. 78, No. 2, June 2004.

Muhammad, S., F. Tegegne, E. Ekanem, N. Appleton,

and L. Pearson. “Participation of Latino/Hispanic

Population in the Food Stamp Program (FSP),”

Journal of Food Distribution Research, Vol. 36,

No. 1, March 2005.

Murimi, M., J. Colvin, K. Liner, and J. Guin.

Methodology To Evaluate the Outcomes of the Team

Nutrition Initiative in Schools, Contractor and

Cooperator Report No. 20, June 2006.

Murphy, S., J. Foote, L. Wilkens, P. Basiotis, A. Carlson,

K. White, and K. Yonemori. “Simple Measures of

Dietary Variety Are Associated with Improved Dietary

Quality,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

Vol. 106, No. 3, March 2006.

Murray, E., and A. Zekeri. “Evaluation of the

Benefit Security Card for the Food Stamp Program i

n Alabama,” Land, Community and Culture: African

American and Asian American/Pacific Islander

Connections, R. Zabawa, N. Baharanyi, and W. Hill,

eds., Proceedings of the 60th Annual Professional

Agricultural Workers Conference, December 9-11,

2002, 2004.

National Research Council. Estimating Eligibility and

Participation for the WIC Program: Final Report. Panel

to Evaluate the USDA’s Methodology for Estimating

Eligibility and Participation for the WIC Program,

M. Van Ploeg and D. Betson, eds., Committee on

National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social

Sciences and Education, Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press, 2003.

40  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
National Research Council. Estimating Eligibility and

Participation for the WIC Program: Phase 1 Report.

Panel to Evaluate the USDA’s Methodology for

Estimating Eligibility and Participation for the WIC

Program, M. Van Ploeg and D. Betson, eds., Committee

on National Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social

Sciences and Education, Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press, 2001.

National Research Council. Food Insecurity and Hunger

in the United States: An Assessment of the Measure,

Committee on National Statistics, Panel to Review the

U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Measurement of

Food Insecurity and Hunger, G. Wunderlich and

J. Norwood, eds., Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press, 2006.

National Research Council. Measuring Food Insecurity

and Hunger: Phase 1 Report, Committee on National

Statistics, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences

and Education, Washington, DC: The National

Academies Press, 2005.

Newby, P., K. Peterson, C. Berkey, J. Leppert,

W. Willett, and G. Colditz. “Beverage Consumption Is

Not Associated with Changes in Weight and Body

Mass Index Among Low-Income Preschool Children

in South Dakota,” Journal of the American Dietetic

Association, Vol. 104, No. 7, July 2004.

Newby, P., K. Peterson, C. Berkey, J. Leppert,

W. Willett, and G. Colditz. “Dietary Composition

and Weight Change Among Low-Income Preschool

Children,” Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent

Medicine, Vol. 157, No. 8, August 2003.

Newman, C. “Income Volatility Complicates Food

Assistance,” Amber Waves, Vol. 4, Issue 4, USDA,

ERS, September 2006.

Newman, C. The Income Volatility See-Saw:

Implications for School Lunch, Economic Research

Report No. 23, USDA, ERS, August 2006.

Newman, C., and K. Ralston. Profiles of Participants

in the National School Lunch Program: Data from Two

National Surveys, Economic Information Bulletin

No. 17, USDA, ERS, August 2006.

Nicklas, T., T. Baranowski, K. Cullen, and G. Berenson.

“Eating Patterns, Dietary Quality and Obesity,” Journal

of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 6,

December 2001.

Nicklas, T., D. Demory-Luce, S. Yang, T. Baranowski,

I. Zakeri, and G. Berenson. “Children’s Food

Consumption Patterns Have Changed Over Two

Decades (1973-1994): The Bogalusa Heart Study,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association,

Vol. 104, No. 7, July 2004.

Nicklas, T., M. Morales, A. Linares, S. Yang,

T. Baranowski, A. de Moor, and G. Berenson.

“Children’s Meal Patterns Have Changed Over a

21-Year Period: The Bogalusa Heart Study,” Journal

of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 104, No. 5,

May 2004.

Nicklas, T., S. Yang, T. Baranowski, I. Zakeri, and

G. Berenson. “Eating Patterns and Obesity in Children:

The Bogalusa Heart Study,” American Journal of

Preventive Medicine, Vol. 25, No. 1, July 2003.

Nogales, R., S. Cody, and J. Ohls. Evaluation of the

USDA Elderly Nutrition Demonstrations: Volume II,

Demonstration Summaries, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 9-2, July 2005.

Nord, M. A 30-Day Food Security Scale for Current

Population Survey Food Security Supplement Data,

E-FAN-02-015, USDA, ERS, August 2002.

Nord, M. “Does It Cost Less to Live in Rural Areas?

Evidence from New Data on Food Insecurity and

Hunger,” Rural Sociology, Vol. 65, No. 1, March 2000.

Nord, M. Food Assistance Research Brief—Food

Insecurity in Households with Children, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 34-13,

USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Nord, M. “Food Security Rates Are High for Elderly

Households,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 2, USDA,

ERS, Summer-Fall 2002.

Nord, M. “Food Stamp Participation and Food

Security,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA,

RS, January-April 2001.

Nord, M. “Measuring the Food Security of Elderly

Persons,” Family Economics and Nutrition Review,

Vol. 15, No. 1, USDA, Center for Policy and

Promotion, 2003.

Nord, M. “Racial and Spatial Equity in Welfare

Programs: Interstate and Intercounty Differences in

Welfare Spending,” Rural Development Perspectives,

Vol. 13, Issue 3, USDA, ERS, April 1999.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  41
Nord, M. “Rates of Food Insecurity and Hunger

Unchanged in Rural Households,” Rural America,

Vol. 16, Issue 4, USDA, ERS, Winter 2002.

Nord, M., and M. Andrews. Issues in Food Assistance—

Reducing Food Insecurity in the United States: Assessing

Progress Toward a National Objective, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 26-2, USDA, ERS,

May 2002.

Nord, M., and M. Andrews. “Putting Food on the

Table: Household Food Security in 2001,” Amber

Waves, Vol. 1, Issue 1, USDA, ERS, February 2003.

Nord, M., and M. Andrews. Using a Direct Measure

to Monitor Hunger, Agriculture Information Bulletin

No. 765-6, USDA, ERS, April 2001.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and S. Carlson. Household

Food Security in the United States, 2001, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 29,

USDA, ERS, October 2002.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and S. Carlson. Household

Food Security in the United States, 2002, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 35.

USDA, ERS. October 2003.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and S. Carlson. Household

Food Security in the United States, 2003, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 42,

USDA, ERS, October 2004.

Nord. M., M. Andrews, and S. Carlson. Household

Food Security in the United States, 2004, Economic

Research Report No. 11, USDA, ERS, October 2005.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and S. Rosen. “Improving

Food Security in the United States,” Food Security

Assessment, Agriculture and Trade Report, GFA-14,

USDA, ERS, February 2003.

Nord, M., M. Andrews, and J. Winicki. “Frequency

and Duration of Food Insecurity and Hunger in U.S.

Households,” Journal of Nutrition Education and

Behavior, Vol. 34, No. 4, August 2002.

Nord, M., and G. Bickel. Measuring Children’s Food

Security in U.S. Households, 1995-99, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 25, USDA, ERS,

April 2002.

Nord, M., and C. Brent. Food Insecurity in Higher

Income Households, E-FAN-02-016, USDA, ERS,

September 2002.

Nord, M., K. Jemison, and G. Bickel. Prevalence of

Food Insecurity and Hunger, by State, 1996-98, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 2,

USDA, ERS, September 1999.

Nord, M., N. Kabbani, L. Tiehen, M. Andrews,

G. Bickel, and S. Carlson. Household Food Security

in the United States, 2000, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 21, USDA, ERS,

February 2002.

Nord, M., and E. Leibtag. “Is the ‘Cost of Enough

Food’ Lower in Rural Areas?” The Review of Regional

Studies, Vol. 35, Issue 3, Winter 2005.

Nord M., and K. Romig. “Hunger in the Summer,”

Journal of Children and Poverty, Vol. 12, No. 2,

September 2006.

Nusser, S., L. Anderson, and D. Anderson. Iowa

Food Stamp Leavers Survey: Methodology Report,

E-FAN-02-014-2, USDA, ERS, July 2002.

“Nutritional Advantages of Including More Beef, Lamb

and Chevon Meats in the National School Lunch

Program,” A report mandated by the House

Appropriation Committee, USDA, ERS, February 1998.

Ohls, J., and F. Saleem-Ismail. The Emergency Food

Assistance System—Findings From the Provider Survey,

Volume I: Executive Summary, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 16-1, USDA, ERS,

June 2002.

Ohls, J., F. Saleem-Ismail, R. Cohen, and B. Cox. The

Emergency Food Assistance System—Findings From

the Provider Survey, Volume III: Survey Methodology,

E-FAN-01-008, USDA, ERS, October 2002.

Ohls, J., F. Saleem-Ismail, R. Cohen, B. Cox, and

L. Tiehen. The Emergency Food Assistance System—

Findings From the Provider Survey, Volume II: Final

Report, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 16-2, USDA, ERS, August 2002.

Oliveira, V. “Decline in Nutrition Assistance

Expenditures Continued in 1999,” FoodReview,

Vol. 23, Issue 2, USDA, ERS, May-August 2000.

42  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Oliveira, V. “Domestic Food Assistance Expenditures

Drop Again,” FoodReview, Volume 22, Issue 3,

USDA, ERS, September-December 1999.

Oliveira, V. “Food Assistance Expanded, Then

Contracted in the 1990’s,” FoodReview, Vol. 23,

Issue 3, USDA, ERS, September-December 2000.

Oliveira, V. “Food-Assistance Expenditures Fall for

Second Year,” FoodReview, Vol. 22, Issue 1, USDA,

ERS, January-April 1999.

Oliveria, V. “Food Assistance Expenditures Increase

in 2001,” FoodReview, Vol. 25, Issue 1, USDA, ERS,

Spring 2002.

Oliveira, V. Food Assistance Research Brief—WIC and

Breastfeeding Rates, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 34-2, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape: FY 2006

Midyear Report, Economic Information Bulletin 6-3,

USDA, ERS, September 2006.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, March

2003, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-2, USDA, ERS, February 2003.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, March

2004, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-4, USDA, ERS, February 2004.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, March

2005, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-6, USDA, ERS, March 2005.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, March

2006, Economic Information Bulletin 6-2, USDA,

ERS, February 2006.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, September

2002, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-1, USDA, ERS, September 2002.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, September

2003, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-3, USDA, ERS, September 2003.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, September

2004, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 28-5, USDA, ERS, September 2004.

Oliveira, V. The Food Assistance Landscape, September

2005, Economic Information Bulletin No. 6-1, USDA,

ERS, September 2005.

Oliveira, V. “Spending on Food-Assistance Programs

Decreased in 1997,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 1,

USDA, ERS, January-April 1998.

Oliveira, V. “Welfare Reform Affects USDA’s FoodAssistance Programs,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 1,

USDA, ERS, January-April 1998.

Oliveira, V., and J. Blaylock. Food Assistance Research

Brief—Estimating Eligibility and Participation in

WIC, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 34-3, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Oliveira, V., and R. Chandran. Children’s Consumption

of WIC-Approved Foods, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 44, USDA, ERS, February 2005.

Oliveira, V., and R. Chandran. Issues in Food

Assistance—Effects of WIC Participation on

Children’s Food Consumption, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 26-11, USDA, ERS,

February 2005.

Oliveira, V., and D. Davis. Recent Trends and Economic

Issues in the WIC Infant Formula Rebate Program,

Economic Research Report No. 22, USDA, ERS,

August 2006.

Oliveira, V., and C. Gundersen. WIC and the Nutrient

Intake of Children, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 5, USDA, ERS, March 2000.

Oliveira, V., and C. Gundersen. “WIC Increases the

Nutrient Intake of Children,” FoodReview, Vol. 24,

Issue 1, USDA, ERS, January-April 2001.

Oliveira, V., and J. Levedahl. “All Food Stamp Benefits

To Be Issued Electronically,” FoodReview, Vol. 21,

Issue 1, USDA, ERS, January-April 1998.

Oliveira, V., and M. Prell. “Sharing the Economic

Burden: Who Pays for WIC’s Infant Formula?” Amber

Waves, Vol. 2, Issue 4, USDA, ERS, September 2004.

Oliveira, V., M. Prell, E. Frazão, and D. Smallwood.

Infant Formula Prices and Availability:An Interim

Report to Congress, E-FAN-01-006, USDA, ERS,

April 2001.

Oliveira, V., M. Prell, D. Smallwood, and E. Frazão.

Infant Formula Prices and Availability: Final Report

to Congress, E-FAN-02-001, October 2001.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  43
Oliveira, V., M. Prell, D. Smallwood, and E. Frazão.

WIC and the Retail Price of Infant Formula, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 39,

USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Oliveira, V., E. Racine, J. Olmsted, and L. Ghelfi. The

WIC Program: Background, Trends, and Issues, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 27,

USDA, ERS, September 2002.

Oliveira, V., and J. Variyam. Food Assistance Research

Brief—Childhood Obesity and the Role of USDA, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 34-11,

USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Opsomer, J., H. Jensen, and S. Pan. “An Evaluation of

the USDA Food Security Measure with Generalized

Linear Mixed Models,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 133,

Issue 2, February 2003, (Errata: Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 133, Issue 7, July 2003.)

ORC Macro. Developing Effective Wording and

Format Options for a Children’s Nutrition Behavior

Questionnaire for Mothers of Children in Kindergarten,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 10, USDA,

ERS, August 2005.

Paulsell, D., and M. Ford. Using One-Stops To Promote

Access to Work Supports—Lessons from Virginia’s

Coordinated Economic Relief Centers: Final Report,

E-FAN-03-010, USDA, ERS, November 2003.

Pavetti, L., K. Maloy, and L. Schott. Promoting

Medicaid and Food Stamp Participation: Establishing

Eligibility Procedures That Support Participation and

Meet Families’Needs, Mathematica Policy Research,

Inc., June 4, 2002.

Penuela N., K. Blemings, and C. Fitch. “Protein,

Phosphorous, and Vitamin E Intakes are Associated

with Blood Lead Levels among WIC Infants in Rural

West Virignia,” Nutrition Research, Vol. 26, Issue 2,

February 2006.

Pettigrew, I., J. Kuchak, and L. Ghelfi. Administrative

Costs in the Child and Adult Care Food Program:

Results of an Exploratory Study of the Reimbursement

System for Sponsors of Family Child Care Homes,

Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 16, USDA,

ERS, March 2006.

Perez-Escamilla, R., A. Ferris, L. Drake, L. Haldeman,

J. Peranick, M. Campbell, Y. Peng, G. Burke, and

B. Bernstein. “Food Stamps are Associated with Food

Security and Dietary Intake of Inner-City Preschoolers

from Hartford, Connecticut,” Journal of Nutrition,

Vol. 130, No. 11, November 2000.

Perez-Escamilla, R., and L. Haldeman. “Food Label

Use Modifies Association of Income with Dietary

Quality,” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 132, Issue 4,

April 2002.

Philipson, T., C. Dai, L. Helmchen, and J. Variyam.

The Economics of Obesity: A Report on the Workshop

Held at USDA’s Economic Research Service,

E-FAN-04-004, USDA, ERS, May 2004.

Pindus, N. Implementing Welfare Reform in Rural

Communities, The Urban Institute, February 2001.

Polit, D., A. London, and J. Martinez. Food Security

and Hunger in Poor, Mother-Headed Families in Four

U.S. Cities, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation (MDRC), May 2000.

Polit, D., A. London, and J. Martinez. The Health of

Poor Urban Women: Findings from the Project on

Devolution and Urban Change, Manpower

Demonstration Research Corporation (MDRC),

May 2001.

Polit, D., L. Nelson, L. Richburg-Hayes, and D. Seith.

Welfare Reform in Los Angeles: Implementation, Effects,

and Experiences of Poor Families and Neighborhoods,

Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation

(MDRC), August 2005.

Polit, D., R. Widom, K. Edin, S. Bowie, A. London,

E. Scott, and A. Valenzuela.. Is Work Enough? The

Experiences of Current and Former Welfare Mothers

Who Work, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation (MDRC), November 2001.

Powers, S. Parenting Practices and Obesity in LowIncome African-American Preschoolers, Contractor and

Cooperator Report No. 3, USDA, ERS, January 2005.

Prell, M. “Aiming for Targets, Saving on Arrows:

Insights from Two USDA Food Assistance Programs,”

Amber Waves, Vol. 1, Issue 3, USDA, ERS, June 2003.

44  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Prell, M. An Economic Model of WIC, the Infant

Formula Rebate Program, and the Retail Price of Infant

Formula, Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Report No. 39-2, USDA, ERS, December 2004.

Price, C., and J. Harris. Increasing Food Recovery

From Farmers’ Markets: A Preliminary Analysis,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 4,

USDA, ERS, January 2000.

Quint, J., K. Edin, M. Buck, B. Fink, Y. Padilla,

O. Simmons-Hewitt, and M. Valmont. Big Cities and

Welfare Reform: Early Implementation and Ethnographic Findings from the Project on Devolution and

Urban Change, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation, April 1999.

Quint, J., R. Widom, with L. Moore. Post-TANF

Food Stamp and Medicaid Benefits: Factors That Aid

or Impede Their Receipt, Manpower Demonstration

Research Corporation (MDRC), January 2001.

Rajeshwari, R., T. Nicklas, S-J. Yang, and G. Berenson.

“Longitudinal Changes in Intake and Food Sources of

Calcium from Childhood to Young Adulthood: The

Bogalusa Heart Study,” Journal of the American

College of Nutrition, Vol. 23, No. 4, August 2004.

Rajeshwari, R., S-J. Yang, T. Nicklas, and G. Berenson,

“Secular Trends in Children’s Sweetened-Beverage

Consumption (1973-1994): The Bogalusa Heart Study,”

Journal of the American Dietetic Association, Vol. 105,

No. 2, February 2005.

Ralston, K. Nutrient Adequacy of Children Participating

in WIC, Economic Brief No. 8, USDA, ERS, April 2006.

Ralston, K. Nutrition and Health Characteristics of

Low-Income Populations: Usual Nutrient Intakes,

Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 796-2, USDA,

ERS, February 2005.

Ralston, K., J. Buzby, and J. Guthrie. Food Assistance

Research Brief—A Healthy School Meal Environment,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 34-5, USDA, ERS, July 2003.

Ranganathan, R., T. Nicklas, S-J. Yang, and G. Berenson.

“The Nutritional Impact of Dairy Product Consumption

on Dietary Intakes of Adults (1995-1996): The Bogalusa

Heart Study,” Journal of the American Dietetic

Association, Vol. 105, Issue 9, September 2005.

Rangarajan, A., and P. Gleason. Food Stamp Leavers in

Illinois—How Are They Doing Two Years Later? Final

Report, E-FAN-01-002, USDA, ERS, January 2001.

Ribar, D., M. Edelhoch, and Q. Lui. South Carolina

Food Stamp and Well-Being Study: Transitions in Food

Stamp Participation and Employment Among Adult-Only

Households, Contractor and Cooperator Report No. 18,

USDA, ERS, April 2006a.

Ribar, D., M. Edelhoch, and Q. Lui. South Carolina

Food Stamp and Well-Being Study: Transitions in Food

Stamp and TANF Participation and Employment Among

Families With Children, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 17, USDA, ERS, April 2006b.

Ribar, D., M. Edelhoch, and Q. Liu. South Carolina

Food Stamp and Well-Being Study: Well-Being Outcomes

Among Food Stamp Leavers, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 22, USDA, ERS, September 2006.

Ribar, D., and K. Hamrick. Dynamics of Poverty and

Food Sufficiency, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 36, USDA, ERS, September 2003.

Richardson, P., G. Scoenfeld, S. LaFever, F. Jackson,

and M. Tecco. Food Stamp Leavers Research Study—

Study of ABAWDs Leaving the Food Stamp Program in

South Carolina: Final Report, E-FAN-03-002, USDA,

ERS, March 2003.

Richardson, P., G. Scoenfeld, S. LaFever, F. Jackson,

and M. Tecco. Food Stamp Leavers Research Study—

Study of Nonwelfare Families Leaving the Food

Stamp Program in South Carolina: Final Report,

E-FAN-03-003, USDA, ERS, March 2003.

Richburg-Hayes, R., and I. Kwakye. Food Stamp

Caseload Dynamics: A Study in Four Big Cities, A

Technical Report, Manpower Demonstration Research

Corporation (MDRC), December 2005.

Rogers, C. “A Look at America’s Children and Their

Families,” FoodReview, Vol. 24, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

May-August 2001.

Rose D., and J. Bordor. “Household Food Insecurity

and Overweight Status in Young School Children:

Results from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study,”

Pediatrics, Vol. 117, Issue 2, February 2006.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  45
Rose, D., J. Bodor, and M. Chilton. “Has the WIC

Incentive to Formula-Feed Led to an Increase in

Overweight Children?” Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 136,

Issue 4, April 2006.

Rose, D., C. Gundersen, and V. Oliveira. Socioeconomic

Determinants of Food Insecurity in the United States,

Evidence from the SIPP and CSFII Datasets, Technical

Bulletin No. 1869, USDA, ERS, September 1998.

Rose, D., J. Habicht, and B. Devaney. “Household

Participation in the Food Stamp and WIC Programs

Increases the Nutrient Intakes of Preschool Children,”

Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 128, No. 3, March 1998.

Salmon, M., and J. Bridges. Food Assistance Needs of

the South’s Vulnerable Populations—Waiting for Dinner:

Elderly on the Waiting List for Home-Delivered

Meals, No. 9, Southern Rural Development Center,

February 2005.

Schneider J., M. Fujii, C. Lamp, B. Lonnerdal,

K. Dewey, and S. Zidenberg-Cherr. “Anemia, Iron

Deficiency, and Iron Deficiency Anemia in 12-36-

mo-old Children from Low-Income Families,”

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 82,

No. 6, December 2005.

Scholz, J., and J. Ziliack, eds. “Special Issue on Income

Volatility and Implications for Food Assistance

Programs,” The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 38,

Supplement, November 2003.

Contents:

Bitler, M., J. Currie, and J. Scholz. “WIC

Eligibility and Participation.”

Blundell, R., and L. Pistaferri. “Income Volatility

and Household Consumption.”

Gundersen, C., and J. Ziliak. “The Role of Food

Stamps in Consumption Stabilization.”

Haider, S., A. Jacknowitz, and R. Schoeni. “Food

Stamps and the Elderly.”

Kabbani, N., and P. Wilde. “Short Recertification

Periods in the U.S. Food Stamp Program.”

Meyer, B., and J. Sullivan. “Measuring the WellBeing of the Poor Using Income and Consumption.”

Moffitt, R. “The Role of Nonfinancial Factors in

Exit and Entry in the TANF Program.”

Scholz, J., and J. Ziliak. “Introduction.”

Serrano, E., and R. Cox. Food Assistance Needs of the

South’s Vulnerable Populations—Preventing Childhood

Obesity, No. 10, Southern Rural Development Center,

April 2005.

Sheldon J., and D. Pelletier. “Nutrient Intakes Among

Dietary Supplement Users and Non-Users in the Food

Stamps Population,” Family Economics and Nutrition

Review, Vol. 15, No. 2, 2003.

Siefert, K., and M. Corcoran. “Food Insufficiency and

Material Hardship in Post TANF Welfare Families,”

Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 60, No. 4, 1999.

Siefert, K., C. Heflin, M. Corcoran, and D. Williams.

“Food Insufficiency and Physical and Mental Health

in a Longitudinal Survey of Welfare Recipients,”

Journal of Health and Social Behavior, Vol. 45,

No. 2, June 2004.

Siefert, K., C. Heflin, M. Corcoran, and D. Williams.

“Food Insufficiency and the Physical and Mental

Health of Low-Income Women,” Welfare, Work, and

Well-Being, M. Lennon, ed., The Haworth Medical

Press, 2001.

Siefert, K., C. Heflin, M. Corcoran, and D. Williams.

“Food Insufficiency and the Physical and Mental

Health of Low-Income Women,” Women & Health,

Vol. 32, Nos. 1 and 2, 2001.

Siega-Ritz, A., S. Kranz, D. Blanchette, P. Haines,

D. Guilkey, and B. Popkin. “The Effect of Participation

in the WIC Program on Preschoolers’ Diets,” The

Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 144, No. 2, February 2004.

Sing, M., S. Cody, M. Sinclair, and R. Cohen. The Food

Stamp Program’s Elderly Nutrition Pilot Demonstration:

Final Evaluation Design, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 5-2, USDA, ERS, March 2005.

Sing, M., S. Cody, M. Sinclair, R. Cohen, and J. Ohls.

The Food Stamp Program’s Elderly Nutrition Pilot

Demonstration: Initial Evaluation Design, Contractor

and Cooperator Report No. 5-1, USDA, ERS,

March 2005.

Skalicky, A., A. Meyers, W. Adams, Z. Yang, J. Cook,

and D. Frank. “Child Food Insecurity and Iron

Deficiency Anemia in Low-Income Infants and Toddlers

in the United States,” Maternal Child Health Journal,

Vol. 10, No. 2, March 2006.

46  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Smallwood, D. “UpFront: Food Assistance and Welfare

Reform,” FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 1, USDA, ERS,

January-April 1998.

“Special Issue on Evaluation of Nutrition Education

With Low-Income Families,” Journal of Nutrition

Education, Vol. 33, Supplement 1, September 2001.

Contents:

Anliker, J., C. Miller, R. Mullis, S. Daugherty,

S. Das, C. Bray, P. Dennee, M. Sigman-Grant,

and H. Thomas. “Food Shopping Practices Are

Associated With Dietary Quality in Low-Income

Households.”

Gregson, J., S. Foerster, R. Orr, L. Jones,

J. Benedict, B. Clarke, J. Hersey, J. Lewis, and

K. Zotz. “System, Environmental, and Policy

Changes: Using the Social-Ecological Model as

a Framework for Evaluating Nutrition Education

and Social Marketing Programs with Low-Income

Audiences.”

Keenan, D., C. Olson, J. Hersey, and S. Parmer.

“Measures of Food Insecurity/Security.”

McClelland, J., D. Keenan, J. Lewis, S. Foerster,

S. Sugerman, P. Mara, S. Wu, S. Lee, K. Keller,

J. Hersey, and C. Lindquist. “Review of Evaluation

Tools Used to Assess the Impact of Nutrition

Education on Dietary Intake and Quality, Weight

Management Practices, and Physical Activity of

Low-Income Audiences.”

Medeiros, L., V. Hillers, P. Kendall, and A.

Mason. “Evaluation of Food Safety Education

for Consumers.”

Weimer, J., P. McKinney, and L. Benning. “Tools

to Assess Nutrition Education with Low-Income

Families.”

Stommes, E., ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries

of 2004 Research Grants, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 12, USDA, ERS, October 2005.

Stommes, E., and L. Tiehen, eds. Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Small Grants Program: Executive

Summaries of 2003 Research Grants, Food Assistance

and Nutrition Research Report No. 43, USDA, ERS,

December 2004.

Sturm, R., and A. Datar. “Body Mass Index in

Elementary School Children, Metropolitan Area Food

Prices and Food Outlet Density,” Public Health,

Vol. 119, Issue 12, December 2005.

Sturm, R., and A. Datar. Metropolitan Area Food Prices

and Children’s Weight Gain, Contractor and Cooperator

Report No. 14, USDA, ERS, December 2005.

Taeuber, C., D. Resnick, S. Love, J. Staveley, P. Wilde,

and R. Larson. Differences in Estimates of Food

Stamp Program Participation Between Surveys and

Administrative Records, June 2004. (Available at U.S.

Census Bureau website at www.census.gov/acs/www/

Downloads/ACS/FoodStampFinalReport.pdf)

Tiehen, L. “Emergency Providers Help Poor Households

Put Food on the Table,” Amber Waves, Vol. 2, Issue 3,

USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Tiehen, L., ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries of 2001

Research Grants, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 37, USDA, ERS, November 2003.

Tiehen, L., ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition Research

Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries of 2002

Research Grants, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 38, USDA, ERS, November 2003.

Tiehen, L. Issues in Food Assistance—Private Provision

of Food Aid: The Emergency Food Assistance System,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 26-5, USDA, ERS, August 2002.

Tiehen, L. “Use of Food Pantries by Households with

Children Rose During the late 1990’s,” FoodReview,

Vol. 25, Issue 3, Winter 2002.

Trippe, C., L. Schott, N. Wemmerus, and A. Burwick.

Simplified Reporting and Transitional Benefits in the

Food Stamp Program—Case Studies of State

Implementation: Final Report, E-FAN-04-003,

USDA, ERS, May 2004.

“Two Decades of Excellence: Annotated Bibliography—

Research Accomplishments in the Areas of Food

Assistance, Poverty and Well-Being, Food Choices,

and Nutrition,” USDA, ERS, June 1998.

Vandeman, A, ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries

of 1998 Research Grants, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 10, USDA, ERS, December 2000.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  47
Vandeman, A., ed. Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Small Grants Program: Executive Summaries

of 2000 Research Grants, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 20, USDA, ERS, April 2002.

Variyam, J., and J. Blaylock. “Unlocking the Mystery

Between Nutrition and Knowledge and Diet Quality,”

FoodReview, Vol. 21, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

May-August 1998.

Variyam, J., J. Blaylock, D. Smallwood, and P. Basiotis.

USDA’s Healthy Eating Index and Nutrition Information,

Technical Bulletin No. 1866, USDA, ERS, April 1998.

Ver Ploeg, M., L. Mancino, and B. Lin. “Food Stamps

and Obesity: Ironic Twist or Complex Puzzle?” Amber

Waves, Vol. 4, Issue 1, USDA, ERS, February 2006.

Wang M., and L. Dixon. “Socioeconomic Influences on

Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women: Findings from

NHANES III, 1988-1994,” Osteoporosis International,

Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2006.

Weber, B., G. Duncan, and L. Whitener. “Rural

Dimensions of Welfare Reform,” Poverty Research

News, Vol. 4, No. 5, September-October 2000.

Weber, B., G. Duncan, and L. Whitener, eds. Rural

Dimensions of Welfare Reform, W.E Upjohn Institute

for Employment Research, 2002.

Contents:

Brady, H., M. Sprague, F. Gey, and M. Wiseman.

“Seasonal Employment Dynamics and Welfare Use

in Agricultural and Rural California Counties.”

Danziger, S. “Approaching the Limit: Early

National Lessons from Welfare Reform.”

Duncan, G., L. Whitener, and B. Weber. “Lessons

Learned: Welfare Reform and Food Assistance in

Rural America.”

Fletcher, C., J. Flora, B. Gaddis, M. Winter, and

J. Litt. “Small Towns and Welfare Reform: Iowa

Case Studies of Families and Communities.”

Gennetian, L., C. Redcross, and C. Miller. “Welfare

Reform in Rural Minnesota: Experimental Findings

from the Minnesota Family Investment Program.”

Gibbs, R. “Rural Labor Markets in an Era of

Welfare Reform.”

Henry, M., L. Reinschmiedt, W. Lewis, Jr., and

D. Hudson. “Reducing Food Stamp and Welfare

Caseloads in the South: Are Rural Areas Less

Likely to Succeed Than Urban Centers?”

Howell, F. “Will Attainable Jobs be Available

for TANF Recipients on Local Labor Markets?

Evidence from Mississippi on Prospects for

‘Job-Skill Matching’ of TANF Adults.”

Jensen, H., S. Keng, and S. Garasky. “Location and

the Low-Income Experience: Analyses of Program

Dynamics in the Iowa Family Investment Program.”

Lichter, D., and L. Jensen. “Rural America in

Transition: Poverty and Welfare at the Turn of the

Twenty-First Century.”

McConnell, S., and J. Ohls. “Food Stamps in Rural

America: Special Issues and Common Themes.”

McKerman, S., R. Lerman, N. Pindus, and

J. Valente. “The Impact of Welfare Policy on the

Employment of Single Mothers Living in Rural

and Urban Areas.”

Nord, M. “The Decline in Food Stamp Use by

Rural Low-Income Households: Less Need or

Less Access?”

Shelton, E., G. Owen, A. Stevens. J. NelsonChristinedaughter, C. Ray, and J. Heineman,

“Whose Job Is It? Employers’ Views on

Welfare Reform.

Tickamyer, A., J. White, B. Tadlock, and

D. Henderson. “Where All the Counties Are

Above Average: Human Service Agency

Directors’ Perspectives on Welfare Reform.”

Whitener, L., B. Weber, and G. Duncan. “As the

Dust Settles: Welfare Reform and Rural America.”

Weber, B., G. Duncan, and L. Whitener. “Welfare

Reform in Rural America: What Have We Learned?”

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 83,

No. 5, December 2001.

Wehler, C., L. Weinreb, N. Huntington, R. Scott,

D. Hosmer, K. Fletcher, R. Goldberg, and C. Gundersen.

“Risk and Protective Factors for Adult and Child Hunger

Among Low-Income Housed and Homeless FemaleHeaded Families,” American Journal of Public Health,

Vol. 94, Issue 1, January 2004.

48  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Weimer, J. “Breastfeeding: Health and Economic

Issues,” FoodReview, Vol. 22, Issue 2, USDA, ERS,

May-August 1999.

Weimer, J. Breastfeeding Promotion Research: The

ES/WIC Nutrition Education Initiative and Economic

Considerations, Agriculture Information Bulletin

No. 744, USDA, ERS, September 1998a.

Weimer, J. Factors Affecting Nutrient Intake of the

Elderly, Agricultural Economic Report No. 769,

USDA, ERS, October 1998b.

Weimer, J. The Economic Benefits of Breastfeeding:

A Review and Analysis, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 13, USDA, ERS, March 2001.

Weinreb, L., C. Wehler, J. Perloff, R. Scott, D. Hosmer,

L. Sagor, and C. Gundersen. “Hunger: Its Impact on

Children’s Health and Mental Health,” Pediatrics,

Vol. 110, No. 4, October 2002.

White, S., X. You, S. Murdock, and T. Swenson.

Food Assistance Needs of the South’s Vulnerable

Populations—Patterns of Food Stamp Receipt by

Noncitizens in Rural Texas Counties, No. 8, Southern

Rural Development Center, February 2004.

Whitener, L., R. Gibbs, and L. Kusmin. “Rural Welfare

Reform, Lessons Learned,” Amber Waves, Vol. 1,

Issue 3, USDA, ERS, June 2003.

Whitener, L., B. Weber, and G. Duncan. Issues in Food

Assistance—Reforming Welfare: What Does It Mean

for Rural Areas? Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 26-4, USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Whitener, L., B. Weber, and G. Duncan. “Reforming

Welfare: Implications for Rural America,” Rural

America, Vol. 16, No. 3, USDA, ERS, Fall 2001.

Whitaker, R. “Predicting Preschooler Obesity at Birth:

The Role of Maternal Obesity in Early Pregnancy,”

Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 1, July 2004.

Whitaker, R., and S. Orzol. “Obesity Among US Urban

Preschool Children: Relationships to Race, Ethnicity,

and Socioeconomic Status,” The Archives of Pediatrics

& Adolescent Medicine, Vol. 160, No. 6, June 2006.

Whitaker, R., S. Phillips, and S. Orzol. “Food Insecurity

and the Risks of Depression and Anxiety in Mothers and

Behavior Problems in their Preschool-Aged Children,”

Pediatrics, Vol. 118, No. 3, September 2006.

Wilde, P. Issues in Food Assistance—The Standard

Deduction in the Food Stamp Benefit Formula, Food

Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 26-3,

USDA, ERS, June 2002.

Wilde, P. “Strong Economy and Welfare Reforms

Contribute to Drop in Food Stamp Rolls,” FoodReview,

Vol. 24, Issue 1, USDA, ERS, January-April 2001.

Wilde, P. “The Food Stamp Benefit Formula:

Implications for Empirical Research on Food Demand,”

Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,

Vol. 26, No. 1, July 2001.

Wilde, P. Understanding the Food Stamp Benefit

Formula: A Tool for Measuring the Component Effects,

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report No. 14,

USDA, ERS, April 2001.

Wilde, P. and M. Andrews. “The Food Stamp Program

in An Era of Welfare Reform: Electronic Benefits and

Changing Sources of Cash Income,” Journal of

Consumer Affairs, Vol. 34, No. 1, Summer 2000.

Wilde, P., P. Cook, C. Gundersen, M. Nord, and

L. Tiehen. The Decline in Food Stamp Program

Participation in the 1990’s, Food Assistance and

Nutrition Research Report No. 7, USDA, ERS,

June 2000.

Wilde, P., and E. Dagata. “Food Stamp Participation by

Eligible Older Americans Remains Low,” FoodReview,

Vol. 25, Issue 2, USDA, ERS, Summer-Fall 2002.

Wilde, P., S. Hofferth, S. Stanhope, M. Noonan, and

N. Collins. “Pre-1997 Trends in Welfare and Food

Assistance in a National Sample of Families,” American

Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82, No. 3,

August 2000.

Wilde, P., P. McNamara, and C. Ranney. The Effect on

Dietary Quality of Participation in the Food Stamp

and WIC Programs, Food Assistance and Nutrition

Research Report No. 9, USDA, ERS, September 2000.

Wilde, P., and M. Nord. “The Effect of Food Stamps

on Food Security: A Panel Data Approach,” Review of

Agricultural Economics, Vol. 27, No. 3, Fall 2005.

Wilde, P., and C. Ranney. “The Monthly Food Stamp

Cycle: Shopping Frequency and Food Intake Decisions

in an Endogenous Switching Regression Framework,”

American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 82,

No. 1, February 2000.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  49
Winicki, J. “Low-Income Families Participating in

Fewer Assistance Programs,” FoodReview, Vol. 24,

Issue 2, USDA, ERS, May-August 2001.

Winicki, J., C. Gundersen, and D. Jolliffe. Issues in

Food Assistance—How Do Food Assistance Programs

Improve the Well-Being of Low-Income Families?

Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Report

No. 26-9, USDA, ERS, September 2002.

Wittenburg, D., and D. Alderson. Linking the Current

Population Survey to State Food Stamp Program

Administrative Data: Phase II Report, Data

Development Initiatives for Research on Food

Assistance and Nutrition Programs—Final Report,

E-FAN-04-005-1, USDA, ERS, June 2004.

Wittenburg, D., L. Bell, A. Kenyon, M. Puma,

C. Hanchette, S. Bell, C. Miller, and V. Gabor. Data

Development Initiatives for Research on Food

Assistance and Nutrition Programs, Phase I: Ten

Potential Data Initiatives, E-FAN-01-010, USDA,

ERS, December 2001.

Wolfe, W., E. Frongillo, Jr. and P. Valois. “Understanding

the Experience of Food Insecurity by Elders Suggests

Ways to Improve its Measurement,” Journal of

Nutrition, Vol. 133, Issue 9, September 2003.

World Health Organization, Department of Nutrition

for Health and Development. WHO Child Growth

Standards: Methods and Development, WHO Press,

Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.

Yen, S., and B. Lin. “Beverage Consumption Among

U.S. Children and Adolescents: Full-Information and

Quasi Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of a Censored

System,” European Review of Agricultural Economics,

Vol. 29, Issue 1, March 2002.

Yen, S., B. Lin, and D. Smallwood. “Quasi- and

Simulated-Likelihood Approaches to Censored Demand

Systems: Food Consumption by Food Stamp Recipients

in the United States,” American Journal of Agricultural

Economics, Vol. 85, No. 2, May 2003.

Yen, S., B. Lin, D. Smallwood, and M. Andrews.

“Demand for Nonalcoholic Beverages: The Case of

Low-Income Households,” Agribusiness, Vol. 20,

No. 3, Summer 2004.

Yoo, S, T. Nicklas, T. Baranowski, I. Zakeri, S-J. Yang,

S. Srinivason, and G. Berenson. “Comparison of Dietary

Intakes Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk

Factors in Young Adults: The Bogalusa Heart Study,”

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 80, No. 4,

October 2004.

Youn, A., M. Ollinger, and L. Kantor. “Characteristics

of Mid-Atlantic Food Banks and Food Rescue

Organizations,” FoodReview, Vol. 22, Issue 1, USDA,

ERS, January-April 1999.

Zekeri, A. Food Assistance Needs of the South’s

Vulnerable Populations—Opinions of EBT Recipients

and Food Retailers in the Rural South, No. 6, Southern

Rural Development Center, July 2003.

Ziliak, J., C. Gundersen, and D. Figlio. “Food Stamp

Caseloads Over the Business Cycle,” Southern Economic

Journal, Vol. 69, No. 4, April 2003.

Zotov, N., S. Keng, and W. Hamilton. Family Child

Care Providers in the CACFP—Operational Effects of

Reimbursement Tiering: A Report to Congress on the

Family Child Care Homes Legislative Changes Study,

E-FAN-02-004, USDA, ERS, March 2002.

Working and Discussion Papers

Bartfeld, J., and L. Wang. Local-level Predictors of

Household Food Insecurity, Institute for Research on

Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1317-06, August 2006.

Bernell, S., M. Edwards, and B. Weber. Restricted

Opportunities, Unfortunate Personal Choices, Ineffective

Policies? What Explains Food Insecurity in Oregon,

Working Paper No. Arec 05-101, Department of

Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State

University, February 2005.

Bhattacharya, J., J. Currie, and S. Haider. Breakfast of

Champions? The School Breakfast Program and the

Nutrition of Children and Families, NBER Working

Paper w10608, National Bureau of Economic Research,

July 2004.

Bhattacharya, J., J. Currie, and S. Haider. Food

Insecurity or Poverty? Measuring Need—Related

Dietary Adequacy, Discussion Paper No. 1252-02,

Institute for Research on Poverty, April 2002.

50  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Bhattacharya, J., T. DeLeire, S. Haider, and J. Currie.

Heat or Eat? Cold Weather Shocks and Nutrition in

Poor American Families, JCPR Working Paper 320,

Joint Center for Poverty Research, January 2003.

Bollinger, C., and P. Hagstrom. Food Stamp Program

Participation of Refugees and Immigrants: Measurement

Error Correction for Immigrant Status, Discussion

Paper No. 1262-03, Institute for Research on Poverty,

March 2003.

Borjas, G. Food Insecurity and Public Assistance,

NBER Working Paper 9236, National Bureau of

Economic Research, October 2002.

Borjas, G. Immigration and the Food Stamp Program,

JCPR Working Paper 121, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, January 2000.

Brien, M., and C. Swann. Does Participation in Multiple

Welfare Programs Improve Birth Outcomes? JCPR

Working Paper 212, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

January 2001.

Cason, K., and A. Snyder. Dietary Intake and Food

Security Among Migrant Farm Workers in Pennsylvania,

JCPR Working Paper 350, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, March 2004.

Chatterji, P., K. Bonuck, S. Dhawan, and N. Deb.

WIC Participation and the Initiation and Duration of

Breastfeeding, Discussion Paper No. 1246-02, Institute

for Research on Poverty, February 2002.

Chernick, H. State Fiscal Substitution Between the

Federal Food Stamp Program and AFDC, Medicaid,

and SSI, JCPR Working Paper 123, Joint Center for

Poverty Research, October 1999.

Cook, A., and B. Daponte. An Age-Period-Cohort

Analysis of the Rise in the Prevalence of the U.S.

Population Overweight and/or Obese, Institute for

Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1296-05,

April 2005.

Danielson, C., and J. Klerman. Why Did the Food

Stamp Caseload Decline (and Rise)? Effects of

Policies and the Economy, Institute for Research on

Poverty Discussion Paper 1316-06, March 2006.

Daponte, B., and S. Bade. The Evolution, Cost, and

Operation of the Private Food Assistance Network,

Discussion Paper No. 1211-00, Institute for Research

on Poverty, September 2000.

Daponte, B., and M. Stephens. The Relationship

between Food Assistance, the Value of Food Acquired,

and Household Food Security, JCPR Working Paper

351, Joint Center for Poverty Research, March 2004.

Derrickson, J. Three Years of Food Security

Measurement Research in Hawaii, Discussion Paper

No. 1226-01, Institute for Research on Poverty,

April 2001.

Derrickson, J., E. Anderson, and A. Fisher. Concurrent

Validity of the Face Valid Food Security Measure,

Discussion Paper No. 1206-00, Institute for Research

on Poverty (IRP), March 2000.

Dollahite, J., and D. Kenkel. Implications of an

Economic Evaluation of Projected Health Outcomes in

a Community Nutrition Program for Limited Resource

Audiences, JCPR Working Paper 289, Joint Center for

Poverty Research, April 2002.

Drignei, D., and S. Nusser. Alternative Measures of

Food Security Using a Reduced Question Set: Analysis

of 1999 Food Security Supplement Data, Technical

Report, Department of Statistics, Iowa State University,

March 2003.

Dunifon, R., and L. Kowaleski-Jones. Associations

between Participation in the National School Lunch

Program, Food Insecurity, and Child Well-Being,

Discussion Paper No. 1249-02, Institute for Research

on Poverty, April 2002.

Dunifon, R., and L. Kowaleski-Jones. Associations

between Participation in the National School Lunch

Program, Food Insecurity, and Child Well Being,

JCPR Working Paper 249, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, December 2001.

Dunifon, R., and L. Kowaleski-Jones. Exploring the

Influence of the National School Lunch Program on

Children, Discussion Paper No. 1277-04, Institute for

Research on Poverty, January 2004.

Edwards, M., and B. Weber. Food Insecurity and Hunger

in Oregon: A New Look, Department of Agricultural

and Resource Economics, Oregon State University,

Corvallis, Oregon, Working Paper No. AREC 03-104,

November 2003.

Gibson, D. Food Stamp Program Participation and

Obesity: Estimates from the NLSY79, JCPR Working

Paper 279, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

February 2002.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  51
Gibson-Davis, C., and E. Foster. A Cautionary Tale:

Using Propensity Scores To Estimate the Effect of

Food Stamps on Food Insecurity, Institute for

Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1293-05,

March 2005.

Goetz, S., A. Rupasingha, and J. Zimmerman. Food

Stamp Program Participation Dynamics in US Counties

and States, JCPR Working Paper 321, Joint Center for

Poverty Research, January 2003.

Gundersen, C., D. Jolliffe, and L. Tiehen. Narrowing

the Food Insecurity Gap Between Food Stamp

Participants and Eligible Non-Participants: The Role

of State Policies, National Poverty Center Working

Paper 04-14, November 2004.

Harkness, J., and S. Newman. The Interactive Effects

of Housing Assistance and Food Stamps, JCPR

Working Paper 272, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

January 2002.

Hausman, J., and E. Leibtag. Consumer Benefits

from Increased Competition in Shopping Outlets:

Measuring the Effect of Wal-Mart, NBER Working

Paper 11809, National Bureau of Economic Research,

December 2005.

Heflin, C. Dynamics of Material Hardship in the

Women’s Employment Study, Institute for Research

on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1315-06,

March 2006.

Heflin, C. Who Exits the Food Stamp Program after

Welfare Reform? Discussion Paper No. 1279-04,

Institute for Research on Poverty, April 2004.

Huang, C., J. Lee, B. Lin, N. Canolty, and P. Boumtje.

Factors Affecting Obesity Among School Children in

the United States, Faculty Series, FS 00-11, The

University of Georgia College of Agricultural and

Environmental Sciences, Department of Agricultural

and Applied Economics, August 2000.

Huffman, S. Midwest Welfare Program and Labor

Force Participation, CARD Working Paper 01-WP

272, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development,

March 2001.

Huffman, S. Welfare and Labor Force Participation of

Low-Wealth Families: Implications for Labor Supply,

CARD Working Paper 01-WP 270, Center for

Agricultural and Rural Development, March 2001.

Huffman, S., and H. Jensen. Do Food Assistance

Programs Improve Household Food Security? Recent

Evidence from the United States, CARD Working

Paper 03-WP 335, Center for Agricultural and Rural

Development, Iowa State University, June 2003.

Huffman, S., and M. Kilkenny. Regional Welfare

Programs and Labor Force Participation, CARD

Working Paper 02-WP 296, Center for Agricultural and

Rural Development, Iowa State University, May 2003.

Jensen, H., S. Garasky, C. Wessman, and S. Nusser.

A Study of Households in Iowa that Left the Food

Stamp Program, Staff Report 02-SR 97, Center for

Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State

University, March 2002.

Jensen, H., S. Keng, and S. Garasky. Location and

the Low Income Experience: Analyses of Program

Dynamics in the Iowa Family Investment Program,

CARD Working Paper 00-WP 244, Center for

Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State

University, August 2000.

Joyce, T., D. Gibson, and S. Colman. The Changing

Association between Prenatal Participation in WIC

and Birth Outcomes in New York City, Institute for

Research on Poverty Discussion Paper No. 1301-05,

May 2005.

Joyce, T., D. Gibson, and S. Colman. The Changing

Association between Prenatal Participation in WIC

and Birth Outcomes in New York City, NBER Working

Paper w10796, National Bureau of Economic

Research, September 2004.

Kabbani, N., and M. Yazbeck. The Role of Food

Assistance Programs and Employment Circumstances

in Helping Households with Children Avoid Hunger,

Discussion Paper No. 1280-04, Institute for Research

on Poverty, May 2004.

Kang, G., S. Huffman, and H. Jensen. An Empirical

Analysis of Joint Decisions on Labor Supply and

Welfare Participation, CARD Working Paper 04-WP

361, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development,

Iowa State University, May 2004.

Keng, S., S. Garasky, and H. Jensen. Innovation at the

State Level: Initial Effects of Welfare Reform in Iowa,

CARD Working Paper 99-WP 232, Center for

Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State

University, November 1999.

52  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA
Keng, S., S. Garasky, and H. Jensen. Welfare

Dependence, Recidivism, and the Future for Recipients

of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),

CARD Working Paper 00-WP 242, Center for

Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State

University, July 2000.

Kowaleski-Jones, L., and G. Duncan. Effects of

Participation in the WIC Food Assistance Program on

Children’s Health and Development: Evidence from

NLSY Children, Discussion Paper No. 1207-00,

Institute for Research on Poverty, April 2000.

Leete, L., and N. Bania. The Interaction Between Food

Stamps and Welfare Programs: An Empirical Model of

Program Dynamics in the Cleveland Metropolitan

Area, 1992-2002, JCPR Working Paper 349, Joint

Center for Poverty Research, March 2004.

London, A., and E. Scott. Food Security Stability and

Change Among Low-Income Urban Women, JCPR

Working Paper 354, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

April 2005.

Mackey-Bilaver, L., R. Goerge, and B. Lee. The

Patterns of Food Stamp and WIC Participation and

Their Effects on Health of Low-Income Children, JCPR

Working Paper 129, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

January 2000.

Nichols-Casebolt, A. Making Ends Meet: An

Examination of TANF and Former TANF Food Pantry

Users in West Virginia, JCPR Working Paper 314,

Joint Center for Poverty Research, December 2002.

Nord, M. “Household Food Security in the Rural

South: Assuring Access to Enough Food for Healthy

Lives,” The Rural South: Preparing for the Challenges

of the 21st Century, Southern Rural Development

Center, No. 21, August 2001.

Opsomer, J., H. Jensen, S. Nusser, D. Drignei, and

Y. Amemiya. Statistical Considerations for the USDA

Food Insecurity Index, 02-WP 307, Center for

Agriculture and Rural Development, June 2002.

Opsomer, J., H. Jensen, and S. Pan. An Evaluation of

the USDA Food Security Measure with Generalized

Linear Mixed Models, CARD Working Paper 02-WP

310, Center for Agricultural and Rural Development,

Iowa State University, September 2002.

Page, M., J. Spetz, and J. Millar. Does the Minimum

Wage Affect Welfare Caseloads? JCPR Working Paper

135, Joint Center for Poverty Research, January 2000.

Rank, M., and T. Hirschl. Estimating the Probabilities

and Patterns of Food Stamp Use Across the Life Course,

JCPR Working Paper 327, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, February 2003.

Reid, L. The Consequences of Food Insecurity for

Child Well-Being: An Analysis of Children’s School

Achievement, Psychological Well-Being, and Health,

JCPR Working Paper 137, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, January 2000.

Stormer, A., and G. Harrison. Does Household Food

Security Affect Cognitive and Social Development of

Kindergartners? Discussion Paper No. 1276-03,

Institute for Research on Poverty, November 2003.

Swann, C. The Dynamics of Prenatal WIC

Participation, Discussion Paper No. 1259-03,

Institute for Research on Poverty, January 2003.

Van Hook, J. Welfare Reform and Long-Term Stability

in Food Security among Children of Immigrants, JCPR

Working Paper 352, Joint Center for Poverty Research,

March 2004.

Winship, S., and C. Jencks. Changes in Food Security

after Welfare Reform: Can We Identify a Policy Effect?

JCPR Working Paper 286, Joint Center for Poverty

Research, March 2002.

Ziliak, J., C. Gundersen, and D. Figlio. Welfare Reform

and Food Stamp Caseload Dynamics, Discussion

Paper No. 1215-00, Institute for Research on Poverty,

November 2000.

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  53
Institutions

Abt Associates Inc.

ACNielsen

ATMS

Boston Medical Center

Brookings Institution

Cancer Research Center of Hawaii

Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Woman’s Hospital

Child Trends

Children’s Hospital Medical Center (Cincinnati)

Committee on National Statistics

Health Systems Research

Information Resources, Inc.

IQ Solutions

Life Sciences Research Organization

Lewin Group

Macro International

Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation

Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital

Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

National Academy of Sciences

National Bureau of Economic Research

National Science Foundation

ORC Macro, Inc.

Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation

RAND Corporation

Research Triangle Institute, Inc.

Resource Network International

Rockefeller Institute of Government

Society for Nutrition Education

Sphere Institute

United Nations University Centre

Urban Institute

World Health Organization

Universities

Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Auburn University

Baylor University

Boston University

Carnegie Mellon University

Cornell University

George Washington University

Harvard University

Iowa State University

Johns Hopkins University

Northwestern University

Louisiana Tech University

Medical College of Georgia Research Institute, Inc.

Middle Tennessee State University

North Carolina State University

Nova Scotia Agricultural College

Oregon State University

Mississippi State University

South Dakota State University

Syracuse University

Texas A&M University

Tufts University

Tulane University

University of Arizona

University of Baltimore

University of California, Berkeley

University of California, Davis

University of Chicago

University of Georgia

University of Houston

University of Illinois

University of Kansas Medical Center

University of Kentucky

University of Massachusetts

University of Michigan

University of Minnesota

University of Missouri

University of Notre Dame

University of North Carolina

University of Nevada

University of New Mexico

University of Oregon

University of South Carolina

University of Southern Mississippi

University of Tennessee

University of Utah

University of West Virginia

University of Wisconsin

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University

54  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Appendix A. Institutions, Universities,

and Government Agencies Awarded

FANRP Projects, Fiscal 1998-2007
Government Agencies

Agricultural Research Service, USDA

Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, USDA

Food and Drug Administration

Food and Nutrition Service, USDA

National Agricultural Library, USDA

National Center for Education Statistics, U.S.

Department of Education

South Carolina Social Services

U.S. Census Bureau

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development

USDA Graduate School

Virginia Department of Social Services

Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  55
56  Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities Economic Research Service/USDA

Reviewer Institution

Charles Baum Middle Tennessee State University, Economics and Finance Department

Andrea Beller University of Illinois-Urbana, Department of Agricultural

and Consumer Economics

Jay Bhattacharya Stanford School of Medicine, Center for Health Policy

Marianne Bitler University of California, Irvine, Department of Economics

Margaret Bogle USDA, Agricultural Research Service

Nancy Burstein Abt Associates

Andrea Carlson USDA, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion

John Cawley Cornell University, Department of Policy Analysis and Management

Tae Chong National WIC Association

Hayley Chouinard Washington State University, School of Economic Sciences

Elizabeth Davis University of Minnesota, Department of Applied Economics

Stephano DellaVigna University of California, Berkeley, Department of Economics

Rosemarie Downer USDA, Food and Nutrition Service

James Eales Purdue University, Department. of Agricultural Economics

John Endahl USDA, Food and Nutrition Service

George Frisvold University of Arizona, Department of Agricultural

and Resource Economics

Edward A. Frongillo University of South Carolina, Department of Health Promotion,

Education, and Behavior

Sara Gable University of Missouri, Human Development and Family Studies

Christina Gibson-Davis Duke University, Terry Sanford Institute of Public Policy

Anne Gordon Mathematica Policy Research, Inc.

Kenneth Hanson USDA, Economic Research Service

Geraldine Henchy Food Research and Action Center

Doug Hess George Washington University

Ted Joyce National Bureau of Economic Research

Henry Kinnucan Auburn University, Department of Agriculture and Rural Sociology

John Kirlin USDA, Food and Nutrition Service

Sibylle Kranz Pennsylvania State University, Department of Nutritional Sciences

Gayaneh Kyureghian USDA, Economic Research Service

Fred Lesnett USDA, Food and Nutrition Service

Patricia McLean-Meyinsse Southern University and A&M College, Department of

Agricultural Economics

Bruce Meyer University of Chicago, Harris School of Public Policy Studies

Chad Meyerhoefer U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Agency for Healthcare

Research and Quality

Bradford Mills Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of

Agricultural and Applied Economics

Robert Moffitt Johns Hopkins University, Department of Economics

Theresa Nicklas Baylor College of Medicine, Children's Nutrition Research Center

Terry O'Toole U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention

Isabel Rose Marist College, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences

Salma Shariff-Marco U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute

Paul Strasberg U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Evaluation

Appendix B. Peer Reviewers for the

Competitive Grant and Cooperative

Research Program, Fiscal 2007
Economic Research Service/USDA Food Assistance and Nutrition Research Program, Final Report: Fiscal 2007 Activities  57

Reviewer Institution

James Sullivan University of Notre Dame, Department of Economics

Mario Teisl University of Maine, Department of Resource Economics and Policy

Ulrich Toensmeyer University of Delaware, Department of Food and Resource Economics

Katherine Tucker Tufts University, Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging

Michael Wiseman George Washington University, Institute for Public Policy

Wen You Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics

James Ziliak University of Kentucky, Department of Economics