U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Water-Resources Investigations Report 02–4167

In cooperation with the

By Charles Schalk and Thomas Schumann

Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and 

Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek 

Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GALE A. NORTON, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Charles G. Groat, Director

For additional information write to:

District Chief

U.S. Geological Survey

6480 Doubletree Avenue

Columbus, OH 43229-1111

Copies of this report can be purchased from:

U.S. Geological Survey

Branch of Information Services

Box 25286

Denver, CO 80225-0286

Columbus, Ohio

2002

The use of industry or firm names in this report is for

locational purposes only and does not impute responsiblity for any 

present or potential effects on the natural resources.
Abstract 1

Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water 

Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

By Charles W. Schalk and Thomas L. Schumann

ABSTRACT

Withdrawals of ground water in the central Mill 

Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio, caused waterlevel declines of more than 100 feet by the 1950s. 

Since the 1950s, management practices have 

changed to reduce the withdrawals of ground 

water, and recovery of water levels in long-term 

monitoring wells in the valley has been documented. Changing conditions such as these 

prompted a survey of water use, streamflow conditions, and water levels in several aquifers in the 

central Mill Creek Valley, Hamilton and Butler 

Counties, Ohio. Geohydrologic information, 

water use, and water levels were compiled from 

historical records and collected during the 

regional survey. Data collected during the survey 

are presented in terms of updated geohydrologic 

information, water use in the study area, water 

levels in the aquifers, and interactions between 

ground water and surface water. Some of the data 

are concentrated at former Air Force Plant 36 

(AFP36), which is collocated with the General 

Electric Aircraft Engines (GEAE) plant, and these 

data are used to describe geohydrology and water 

levels on a more local scale at and near the plant. 

A comparison of past and current groundwater use and levels indicates that the demand for 

ground water is decreasing and water levels are 

rising. Before 1955, most of the major industrial 

ground-water users had their own wells, ground 

water was mined from a confined surficial (lower) 

aquifer, and water levels were more than 100 feet 

below their predevelopment level. Since 1955, 

however, these users have been purchasing their 

water from the city of Cincinnati or a private water 

purveyor. The cities of Reading and Lockland, 

both producers of municipal ground-water supplies in the area, shut down their well fields within 

their city limits. Because the demand for groundwater supplies in the valley has lessened greatly 

since the 1950s, withdrawals have decreased, and, 

consequently, water levels in the lower aquifer are 

65 to 105 feet higher than they were in 1955.

During the time of the water-level survey 

(November 2000), ground water was being 

pumped from four locations in the lower aquifer, 

including three municipalities and one remediation site. Effects of pumping in those four areas 

were evident from the regional water-level data. 

Overall, the direction of ground-water flow in the 

lower aquifer is from northeast to southwest along 

the primary orientation of the Mill Creek Valley in 

the study area. 

Water levels in shallower surficial aquifers 

were mapped at local scales centered on GEAE. 

Examination of well logs indicated that these aquifers (called shallow and water-table) are discontinuous and, on a regional scale, few wells were 

completed in these aquifers. Water levels in the 

shallow aquifer indicated that flow was from 

northeast to southwest except in areas where 

pumping in the lower aquifer or the proximity of 

Mill Creek may have been affecting water levels in 

the shallow aquifer. Water levels in the water-table 

aquifer indicated flow toward Mill Creek from 

GEAE.
2 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

INTRODUCTION

Availability of ground water in the Mill Creek Valley near 

Cincinnati, Ohio, has been a significant issue in that region 

for more than 75 years. In the early 1900s, Fuller and Clapp 

(1912) documented ground-water use for industry, including 

whiskey distilleries, laundries, slaughterhouses, and manufacturers of asbestos products. Declines in water levels have 

been documented as a result of industrial and municipal use. 

Maximum water-level declines in the valley, more than 

100 ft (Fidler, 1970), were reached in the 1950s. Because of 

changes in management practices, however, recovery of 

water levels, by as much as 105 ft, has been steady since 

then.

Changing conditions in the valley were important to 

the U.S. Air Force (USAF) because of current and planned 

water-management programs at former Air Force Plant 36 

(AFP36). Although AFP36 was sold to General Electric Aircraft Engines (GEAE) in 1989, the Air Force retains responsibility for all environmental liability resulting from 

activities on AFP36 before the date of the sale (U.S. Air 

Force, 1994). General Electric, as current owner of the property, is operating under a Resource Recovery and Conservation Act (RCRA) Corrective Action permit (O’Brien and 

Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993). Part of the planned water-management program of GEAE and USAF is a ground-waterflow model intended to focus the characterization and sampling of possible offsite contamination (John Doepker, U.S. 

Air Force, written commun., 2001); necessary components 

of such a model are current water-level, water-use, and 

hydrogeologic information.

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation 

with U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center, measured 

water levels and streamflow conditions in November 2000 

from southern Butler County and northern Hamilton County, 

Ohio, in the Mill Creek Valley (fig. 1). The USGS also 

updated the hydrogeologic information presented by Fidler 

(1970) to incorporate results of investigations since 1970. 

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to present current (2000) use 

and levels of ground water in the central Mill Creek Valley 

and compare them with past conditions. A document of this 

nature will be useful to agencies and groups concerned about 

the quantity of water resources in the Mill Creek Valley and 

provide a sense of direction for future studies and practices 

to improve the availability of water in the valley. The data 

provided in the report will be used in the ground-water-flow 

modeling that will help GEAE and USAF in their watermanagement programs. 

The unconsolidated deposits in the study area were 

mapped to present the water-level and water-use data in their 

proper geologic framework. The maps of unconsolidated 

aquifers and confining units were drawn on the basis of 318 

well logs and boring logs (Appendix 1). Historical groundwater-level and -use data collected by the USGS, Ohio 

Department of Natural Resources (ODNR), Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and other organizations 

were examined. Water levels in 182 wells completed at 

depths as great as 201 ft were measured and interpreted for 

this report. Pump-discharge records from production wells in 

the area were obtained and used to aid the interpretation of 

the ground-water-level data. Streamflow and stream-aquifer 

data were collected to aid interpretation of surfacewater/ground-water interactions.

Geography

The Mill Creek drainage basin, as much as10 mi wide and 21 

mi long, encompasses about 164 mi2

 in southwestern Ohio 

(fig. 1). Mill Creek flows about 28 mi through a 2-mi-wide 

valley from southern Butler County to its confluence with 

Ohio River. The valley is generally broad and flat, bounded 

by glacial and alluvial terraces and relatively steep bedrock 

walls. The creek and its tributaries flow from the upland 

areas along the valley walls at altitudes of about 780 ft to the 

confluence with Ohio River, which is at an altitude of 444 ft. 

Average gradient of the valley along the course of Mill Creek 

is 12 ft/mi. 

Land Use

Land use in the Mill Creek Valley is about 63 percent urban, 

22 percent agricultural, and 12 percent forested. Cincinnati, 

Ohio, is the major city in the valley. Cities in the valley of 

population greater than 10,000 include Forest Park, North 

College Hill, Norwood, Reading, Sharonville, and Springdale. Total population in Mill Creek Valley is approximately 

490,000, with population density greater in the southern part 

of the valley than in the northern part. 

Much of the Mill Creek Valley in Hamilton County is 

dominated by industry. Mill Creek Valley historically provided the best route from agricultural commodities in the 

north to markets on Ohio River in the south. As settlement in 

the valley grew, so did industries that were based on the local 

resources. Completion of the Miami and Erie Canal in 1845 

and construction of the railroads a few years later further 

encouraged industrial development in the valley. Lumber 

and grain mills, distilleries, slaughterhouses, and stockyards 

were the first notable industries; other industries based on 

agriculture included wool and paper mills, wagon factories, 

and box factories. Each industry historically used Mill Creek 

as a waste sewer; numerous accounts describe Mill Creek as 

“foully polluted” by the mid- to late 1800s (Hedeen, 1994). 

Manufacturing in the valley grew during the war years of 

1911-20 and the 1940s. Today, large companies in the Mill 

Creek Valley include Borden Chemical, Cincinnati Specialties, Ford Motor Company, Formica Corporation, General 
Introduction 3

0

0

1

1

2

2

3

3

4 MILES

4 KILOMETERS

84°30'00" 84°22'30"

84°30'00" 84°22'30"

39°22'30"

39°15'00"

39°07'30"

39°22'30"

39°15'00"

39°07'30"

Base from U.S. Geological Survey

Digital line graphs. State-plane

feet coordinates, Ohio South projection

North American Datum of 1983.

Great

Miami

River

Mill Creek

East For k

Cree k

Sharon

West

Fork

Mill

Cr eek

Ohio

River

Little Miami

River

OHIO

WARREN COUNTY

HAMILTON COUNTY

BUTLER COUNTY

KENTUCKY

OHIO

Municipal boundary

Study area boundary

Surface water

EXPLANATION

Basin boundary

Union Township

Sharonvile

Evendale

Reading

Lockland Wyoming

N. College Hill

Glendale

Springdale Forest Park

Ivorydale

Carthage

Elmwood Place

St. Bernard

Bond Hill

Cincinnati

Figure 1. The Mill Creek Valley, Ohio.
4 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

Electric Aircraft Engines, Jefferson Smurfit, Procter and 

Gamble, Shepherd Chemical, and Stearns & Foster.

In 1940, about 90 percent of Butler County and 51 

percent of Hamilton County were in agricultural use (Klaer 

and Thompson, 1948; urban land use not available). By comparison, the 1990 census indicates that 75 percent of Butler 

County and 16 percent of Hamilton County are now agricultural. The decreasing amount of agricultural land probably is 

an indication of urban development during the last 50 years 

in the greater Cincinnati area. Recent urban development in 

the northern part of the valley, including Butler County, has 

given rise to emphasis on flood control. The U.S. Army 

Corps of Engineers is involved in attempts to mitigate flood 

damage by use of channel improvements and early warning 

systems. 

Climate

Cincinnati’s climate is humid and temperate, characterized 

by hot and humid summers and moderately cold winters. On 

average, July is the hottest month (76o F) and January the 

coldest month (30o F) (extremes are for years 1949-2000, 

whereas averages are for years 1961-1990) (Midwestern 

Regional Climate Center, 2001). Highest recorded temperature is 105o F, whereas lowest recorded temperature is -22o

F. Mean yearly precipitation is 40.7 in. May is the wettest 

month, averaging 4.4 in., and February is the driest month, 

averaging 2.5 in. The most rainfall recorded in a 24-hr period 

was 4.73 in. Rain falls 132 days per year on average. Prevailing winds are 4.5-9.0 mi/hr from the southwest year round. 

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of David 

Cashell and Allan Luczyk, ODNR; Henry Cooke, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates; Gregory Jaspers, General 

Electric Aircraft Engines; Bruce Koehler, Ohio-KentuckyIndiana Regional Council of Governments; Darcy Riegel, 

Metropolitan Sewer District of Greater Cincinnati; Randy 

Welker, Greater Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce; Randy 

Watterworth and Paul Pardi, Ohio EPA; William Miller, 

Ohio Department of Transportation (ODOT); representatives of the City of Wyoming and the Villages of Glendale 

and Lockland; and the many agencies, companies, organizations, and individuals who allowed access to their wells or 

provided pump-discharge data.

HYDROGEOLOGY

Detailed descriptions of the hydrogeology and geologic history of Mill Creek Valley can be found in Fenneman (1916), 

Fuller and Clapp (1912), and Klaer and Thompson (1948). In 

general, the Mill Creek Valley consists of shale and limestone bedrock overlain by unconsolidated glacial outwash 

(in the lowlands) and (or) till (in the uplands) of variable 

composition and thickness. Only the more permeable parts 

of the outwash are significant sources of water. A brief summary of the local hydrogeology is presented here to illustrate 

its control on ground-water levels and flow directions.

Bedrock

Most rocks underlying the glacial deposits are limestones 

and interbedded shales of Ordovician age. An exception is 

the formation known as the St. Peter Sandstone, which is at 

depths of about 900 ft below land surface and is about 400 ft 

thick. Beneath the St. Peter Sandstone are undifferentiated 

dolomites and marbles of Ordovician and Cambrian ages. 

The St. Peter Sandstone is not in direct contact with the glacial deposits.

Lithologic logs obtained from ODOT indicate that the 

upper surface of the bedrock is highly weathered and fragmented. One log (location 2, plate 1) describes the upper 4.5 

ft of bedrock as “clay shale, gray, soft and crumbly with thick 

interbeds, very badly broken and jointed.” Limestone fragments are common in the near-surface of the bedrock, as 

described in many logs from ODOT and other agencies. 

Another log (location 1, plate 1) describes the shale as calcareous, and the ratio of shale to limestone as 72:28. A third 

log (location 173, plate 1) describes the bedrock as the first 

two logs did, indicating that the composition of the shale is 

about the same in the southern part of the study area as in the 

northern part. The descriptions in the logs suggest that the 

shale becomes harder (less weathered) with depth.

Contours on the bedrock surface in the study area are 

shown on plate 2. The most notable feature of the bedrock 

surface is the north-south valley incised into the bedrock. 

This bedrock valley is called a buried valley because it has 

been filled with unconsolidated deposits. The bedrock-valley walls are steep, in many areas falling at slopes of 18 percent or more to the relatively flat bottom of the bedrock 

valley. Minimum altitudes are in the range of 365-370 ft 

above sea level in the Wyoming area and about 370 ft above 

sea level in Sharonville. Minimum altitude in the vicinity of 

Evendale is about 380 ft above sea level. 

The bedrock valley appears to be its narrowest in the 

vicinity of Evendale, widening to the north and south. A few 

incised branch valleys are evident, including one from the 

east in Reading and one from the west near Glendale. In the 

Wyoming-Lockland area, the main valley widens to incorporate the West Fork Mill Creek Valley. Few data points are 

available in the northern part of the study area to define the 

extent of the bedrock valley. 

Unconsolidated Deposits

Sands, gravels, and clays of glacial origin are the primary 

surficial deposits in the Mill Creek area. In upland areas 

flanking the valley, the unconsolidated deposits are domi-
Hydrogeology 5

nated by clayey till about 15 to 25 ft thick. In the vicinity of 

Reading, Evendale, and Lockland, the unconsolidated 

deposits are more than 200 ft thick and include sands and 

gravels that may contain beds of clayey till. Some glacially 

derived terrace gravels are found in the valley; the best 

example is in the Norwood trough (Klaer and Thompson, 

1948), supposedly an old channel of Ohio River, between 

Mill Creek and Little Miami River near Norwood, south of 

the study area. 

Two glacial outwash aquifers have been delineated in 

the study area (plate 3). A confined lower or deep aquifer, 

also called the fluvioglacial unit by Chem-Nuclear Geotech, 

Inc. (1993), is the aquifer used historically for water supply 

by industries and municipalities in the study area. The upper 

aquifer, also called the fluviolacustrine unit by ChemNuclear Geotech, Inc. (1993), historically has not been used 

for water supply. A fairly homogeneous but leaky confining 

unit separates the lower and upper aquifers throughout the 

valley. 

Contours on the upper surface of the lower aquifer are 

presented in plate 4. This productive aquifer, present everywhere in the buried valley, occurs at an altitude of about 

490 ft in the central part of the valley, except for an area in 

Sharonville where the surface is shallower. In the southern 

part of the study area, the altitude of the top of the lower 

aquifer varies considerably from 415 to 500 ft. The altitude 

of the top of the lower aquifer increases near the bedrock 

walls. 

The thickness of the lower aquifer is shown in plate 5. 

Although the total thickness of the unconsolidated deposits 

is greatest in the vicinity of Lockland and Wyoming, the 

lower aquifer is thinner in those areas than in the central part 

of the valley between Evendale and Sharonville. In the Reading area, the thickness of the lower aquifer is from 20 to 60 

ft; in Lockland and Wyoming, about 80 ft; and in Evendale 

and Sharonville, from 100 to 120 ft.

The lower aquifer south of Sharonville is separated 

from the upper aquifer by a fairly homogeneous, poorly permeable confining unit of clay and silt. The thickness of this 

confining unit is shown in plate 6 for areas in which both the 

upper and lower aquifers exist. The confining unit is from 0 

ft to about 35 ft thick in most of the study area, although it is 

as much as 80 ft thick in a few locations. From Sharonville 

northward, data points are few and the confining unit is not 

well defined. In some parts of Lockland and Wyoming where 

the upper aquifer is absent, the clays and silts overlying the 

lower aquifer (from land surface to the top of the lower aquifer) are more than 100 ft thick. Because of the presence and 

thickness of the confining unit, natural recharge to the lower 

aquifer is less in the Reading-Lockland-Wyoming area than 

it is north of Evendale (Bernhagen and Schaefer, 1947; 

Fidler, 1970). 

In several parts of the study area, the confining unit 

between the upper and lower aquifers is absent. Deutsch and 

Theis (1952) suspected leakage from the upper aquifer to the 

lower aquifer on the basis of rapid declines in water levels in 

wells that tap the upper aquifer, and hypothesized the existence of gaps in the confining unit. A well-defined gap in the 

confining unit is in the southwestern part of GEAE (ChemNuclear Geotech, Inc., 1993; Earth Tech, 1997), where a gap 

in the confining unit of about 150 ft radius, called the “communication area,” includes well clusters AF-9, AF-19, AF20, and AF-21. The confining unit is about 5 ft thick at AF11, which is on the west flank of the communication area, but 

is at least 29 ft thick on the southeastern edge of GEAE. The 

confining unit also seems to be absent at the Pristine, Inc. 

(Pristine) site east of Mill Creek in Reading (Camp, Dresser, 

and McKee, Inc., 1986). Klaer and Thompson (1948) 

reported that the confining unit was absent in at least one 

location in the Sharonville area, somewhere near the channel 

of Mill Creek. In areas where the confining unit is missing, 

the gaps in the confining unit are thought to be the result of 

erosional events during glacial melting and recession (Klaer 

and Thompson, 1948; Deutsch and Theis, 1952; Geraghty & 

Miller, Inc., 1988). The absence of the confining unit is beneficial for water supply because any gap in the confining unit 

is conducive to recharging the lower aquifer; however, a gap 

in the confining unit also is a potential pathway for contaminants from the upper to lower aquifers.

In the upper aquifer throughout most of the study 

area, clays and silts of variable extent and thickness are 

present, further dividing the upper aquifer into what are 

known locally as shallow and perched aquifers (Geraghty & 

Miller, Inc., 1988) or outwash lenses (Camp, Dresser, and 

McKee, Inc., 1986). Because the uppermost aquifer rarely 

exhibits truly perched conditions, however, the aquifer 

referred to as “perched” in other reports will be called the 

water-table aquifer in this report upon recommendation by 

Stanley Norris of Metcalf & Eddy (written commun., 1991). 

In parts of the study area, the shallow aquifer is 

present at depths of 40 to 60 ft below land surface. In several 

other areas, the shallow aquifer is absent. In most of the area 

centered on Evendale and Reading, however, the shallow 

aquifer does exist. The top of the shallow aquifer, which is 

considered to be a discontinuous layer of silt and clay, is generally higher along the valley wall than in the center of the 

valley. Altitudes of the top of this aquifer are shown in plate 

7. The altitude of the top of the shallow aquifer ranges from 

490 to 545 ft above sea level in most of the area that includes 

Evendale and Reading. Near Sharonville, the altitude of the 

top of the shallow aquifer ranges from 490 to 540 ft above 

sea level. The thickness of the shallow aquifer ranges from 

about 5 ft to more than 40 ft in the vicinities of Evendale and 

Reading (plate 8). The shallow aquifer is absent in northern 

Reading, along the western flank of Evendale, and across the 

center of the buried valley in Sharonville. 

The water-table aquifer is distinguished from the 

shallow aquifer primarily on the basis of depth. Whereas the 

shallow aquifer is about 40-60 ft below land surface, the 

water-table aquifer extends from the bottom of surficial till 
6 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

and soil to about 40 ft. The water-table aquifer contains discontinuous layers of outwash as deep as 30 ft in most areas 

where it exists. This unit is discontinuous enough to be 

referred to as “lenses” at the Pristine site (Camp, Dresser, 

and McKee, Inc., 1986). Till and soil overlie the water-table 

aquifer in most areas. Thickness of the water-table aquifer is 

calculated as the difference between the bottom of surficial 

till and soil (upper limit) and the top of the discontinuous 

clay layer overlying the shallow aquifer (lower limit). 

Thickness of the water-table aquifer is shown in plate 

9. The aquifer is absent in many places throughout the study 

area. In particular, the water-table aquifer seems to be absent 

in much of Lockland, southern Reading, and eastern Sharonville. The aquifer is also absent close to the bedrock walls 

and in some areas in Evendale. Maximum thickness is in the 

vicinity of southern Sharonville, where the water-table aquifer is at least 68 ft thick. The aquifer is 40-50 ft thick in 

northwestern Reading but also is absent in some locations in 

the same area. Because data in the northern part of the study 

are few, contours of thickness north of Evendale are estimated. 

Aquifer Properties

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storativity, and specific yield data reported for the hydrogeologic 

units in the study area are summarized in table 1. Generally, 

reported hydraulic conductivities and transmissivities of the 

lower aquifer are higher than those of the shallow and watertable aquifers. Hydraulic conductivity ranges from about 10 

to 460 ft/d in the lower aquifer and from 0.03 to 340 ft/d in 

the shallow and water-table aquifers. Transmissivity ranges 

from 331 to 40,000 ft2

/d in the lower aquifer, whereas transmissivity of the shallow aquifer is in the range of 10,500 ft2

/d 

in Evendale. Lithologic information from boreholes drilled 

in these aquifers indicates that the lower aquifer contains less 

clay and silt than do the shallow and water-table aquifers. 

Klaer and Thompson (1948) estimate that permeability is 

greater near the center of the buried valley than the edges. 

Reported values of storativity are relatively consistent and 

the only reported value of specific yield (0.20) is within the 

typical range for sands and gravels (Fetter, 1994).

Sources of Ground Water

The St. Peter Sandstone is the only bedrock formation that 

produces water readily enough for common use, though it is 

not used in the Mill Creek Valley. Fidler (1970) reported that 

wells completed in the Ordovician shales and limestones 

produce generally less than 5 gal/min. Water produced from 

bedrock, including the St. Peter Sandstone, is generally 

saline and (or) sulfurous. The only viable aquifers in the 

vicinity of Mill Creek are the unconsolidated glacial sand 

and gravel deposits in the buried valley. All municipal and 

industrial production wells have been completed in the lower 

aquifer, which is predominantly sand at depths greater than 

about 80 ft below land surface. Reported yields to wells 

drilled in this aquifer have been as high as 1,300 gal/min 

(Klaer and Thompson, 1948). 

Natural recharge to the aquifers is principally from 

precipitation, though infiltration is hindered in many areas 

by the clay layers separating the aquifers. Most of the 

recharge to the lower aquifer occurs north of Lockland 

(Bernhagen and Schaefer, 1947) because confining layers 

are not present in some areas. Fidler (1970) reported that of 

the 39 in. of precipitation annually, evapotranspiration 

accounts for 25 in., runoff 8 in., and recharge 6 in. Klaer and 

Thompson (1948) estimated natural recharge as 13 Mgal/d 

valleywide in 1940; Bernhagen and Schaefer (1947) estimated recharge as 10.7 Mgal/d in 1943; and Fidler (1970) 

estimated recharge as 8.5 Mgal/d. On the basis of these estimates, recharge to the glacial aquifer has decreased over the 

years, probably in response to urban development in the valley.

Some recharge to the glacial outwash aquifers occurs 

along the valley walls. Bedding planes, joints, and solution 

channels have been found in the bedrock along the valley 

walls (Fuller and Clapp, 1912). These features probably contribute small amounts of water to surface runoff (by way of 

springs) and the aquifers in the buried valley.

HISTORICAL GROUND-WATER USE AND 

LEVELS

Ground water has played an important role in the development of the Mill Creek Valley. Fidler (1970) reports that in 

1900, about 1.5 Mgal/d was pumped from the aquifers valleywide; by 1919, about 4.6 Mgal/d; and in the 1930s, at 

least 10 Mgal/d. The pumping in the 1930s, when combined 

with droughts in 1930, 1934, and 1936, caused notable and 

alarming declines in water levels in the lower aquifer. 

Withdrawals from the lower aquifer in the Mill Creek 

Valley from 1939 to 1946, based on data from Bernhagen 

and Schaefer (1947), are listed in table 2. Withdrawals in the 

current study area, including Sharonville to Wyoming, were 

between 7 and 11 Mgal/d, representing between 56 and 65 

percent of all ground-water withdrawals in the Mill Creek 

Valley during this time period. The disproportionately large 

volume of withdrawals is attributed to the productivity of the 

aquifer and the degree of industrialization of the valley in 

this area. Lockland withdrawals ranged from 3 to 9 Mgal/d, 

fluctuating primarily on a seasonal basis (Klaer and Thompson, 1948). Withdrawals south of the current study area, 

including Carthage to Bond Hill, were between 4 and

7 Mgal/d. Peak withdrawals were in the years 1942-43. 

Average daily withdrawal from the aquifer between 

1942 and 1952 was about 14.4 Mgal (Fidler, 1970). By 1964, 

withdrawal from the lower aquifer averaged about 8 Mgal/d, 
Historical Ground-Water Use and Levels 7

representing about 27 percent of the daily water use in the 

valley; the rest of the water used daily was supplied from 

sources outside the Mill Creek Valley. Nearly all of the 

ground water pumped in the Mill Creek Valley was for 

industrial or municipal use; by comparison, residential use 

was insignificant. Consequently, historical residential use 

will not be discussed.

Industrial Use

Some of the earliest records of ground-water use for industrial purposes concerned Cincinnati’s whiskey-distilling 

industry. Whiskey was one of the primary exports in Cincinnati as early as 1826, and several of the largest distilleries 

were in the Mill Creek Valley because of the ready access to 

ground water. Hedeen (1994) reports that in 1913, Mill 

Creek Distilling Company used 95,000 gal/d, some of which 

came from its own wells. The Union Distilling Company 

used 550,000 gal/d in 1913, all of which came from its own 

wells during spring, summer, and autumn. The pork-packing 

industry also became important in Cincinnati; slaughterhouses were using more than 12,000 gal/d from wells for 

cooling and cleaning. 

Paper mills were early industries in the Mill Creek 

Valley. Mills in Lockland and towns further north used 

ground water in the process of converting rags, old paper, 

and wood pulp into paper (Hedeen, 1994). In 1913, as much 

as 3 Mgal/d of waste products from the paper industry was 

disposed of in Mill Creek. By 1940, paper mills in southern 

Butler County that once had been moderate users of ground 

water had been abandoned (Klaer and Thompson, 1948). A 

company in Lockland that produced pipe coverings used as 

much as 1.5 Mgal/d of ground water during 1913 and discharged its by-products into Mill Creek.

The years of 1911-20 and the 1940s saw much growth 

in industry in the Mill Creek Valley. As a result of the proAquifer Value Location Source

Horizontal hydraulic conductivity (feet per day)

Lower 225 Evendale Geraghty & Miller, Inc., 1988

Lower 9.5 to 164 Evendale O’Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993

Lower 13 to 458 Reading Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1999

Confining unit 3.4x10-5 Reading Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., 2000

Shallow 71-247 Evendale Klaer and Thompson, 1948

Shallow 0.14 to 10 Evendale O’Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993

Shallow 0.03 to 340 Reading Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., 2000

Water-table 0.14 to 104 Evendale O’Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993

Transmissivity (feet squared per day)

Lower 13,000 to 40,000 Evendale Fidler (1970)

Lower 22,725 Evendale Geraghty & Miller, Inc., 1988

Lower 331 to 8,000 Reading Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1995, 1996, 1997

Lower 22,500 Reading Howard Consultants, Inc., 1986

Shallow 10,160 Evendale Chem-Nuclear Geotech, Inc., 1993 (pumping test)

Shallow 11,230 Evendale Chem-Nuclear Geotech, Inc., 1993 (recovery test)

Storativity (dimensionless)

Lower 1.35x10-3 to 

3.81x10-1

Reading Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1995, 1996, 1997

Lower 5.7x10-3 Reading Howard Consultants, Inc., 1986

Shallow 4.6x10-3 Evendale Chem-Nuclear Geotech, Inc., 1993

Specific yield (dimensionless)

Water-table 0.2 Evendale Fidler, 1970

Table 1. Properties of glacial deposits in the Mill Creek Valley, Ohio
8 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

duction of the 1940s, water levels declined to critical levels. 

Wright Aeronautical Corporation began using water from 

the Great Miami River valley in 1944 (Fidler, 1970). 

Although this action alleviated the stress on the aquifer 

somewhat, it did not solve the critical-use problem completely. Several alternatives for natural and artificial replenishment of the aquifer were considered. Of these 

alternatives, only one was adopted—supplying more industries in Mill Creek Valley with water from sources outside 

the valley (Fidler, 1970). In June 1952, Southwestern Ohio 

Water Company (SOWC), a private cooperative of industrial 

users, began to supply 11 Mill Creek industries with unchlorinated water from its well field near Great Miami River, 

northwest of Mill Creek (Deutsch and Theis, 1952); from 

1952 to 1965, SOWC delivered about 13.5 Mgal/d to industries in the Mill Creek Valley. This relief to the aquifer 

caused recovery of water levels in the areas of Carthage and 

Ivorydale, but declines were still noticed in some wells in the 

Lockland-Reading area (Fidler, 1970).

The Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of 

Governments (OKI) surveyed industries in Hamilton, Butler, 

Clermont, and Warren Counties, Ohio, in 1990 to estimate 

ground-water withdrawals in the region (Ohio-KentuckyIndiana Regional Council of Governments, 1990). Of the 

157 industries surveyed, only a few were in the study area. 

Withdrawals in the study area varied somewhat on a daily 

basis but amounted to more than 1.2 Mgal/d, not including 

water supplied by SOWC.

Municipal Use

The municipalities that have produced ground water in the 

study area include Glendale, Lockland, Reading, and Wyoming. Until March 1949, the city of Lockland bought water 

from the village of Wyoming; thereafter, Lockland began 

pumping from its well field north of Sharon Road. The original well field in Reading was south of Columbia Avenue; by 

1952, a new well field along Mill Creek in northern Reading 

began producing about 85 percent of Reading’s water supply 

(Deutsch and Theis, 1952). 

Wyoming’s daily average pumpage in 1939 was 

740,000 gal; Reading’s was 350,000 gal (Klaer and Thompson, 1948). In July 1952, Lockland pumped 852,000 gal/d; 

Glendale, 350,000 gal/d; Reading, 1,128,000 gal/d; and 

Wyoming, 685,000 gal/d (Deutsch and Theis, 1952). Lockland’s production was all from the well field north of Sharon 

Road; Glendale’s was from its well field on Sharon Road. 

Municipal pumpage records from other years up to 1990 are 

not available.

Reading’s well fields ceased operation on or before 

March 2, 1994 (Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1996) 

because of contamination problems (Ohio Environmental 

Protection Agency, 2000). 

Historical Water Levels

Prior to the 1980s, most discussions of water levels in the 

central Mill Creek Valley were fairly general and focused 

Production area (north to 

south)

Pumpage, in million gallons per day, for given year

1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946

Sharonville and Evendale 0.99 0.96 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.95 0.80 0.81

Wyoming and Lockland 5.58 6.34 6.98 9.25 8.78 6.94 6.73 6.51

Reading 0.52 0.54 0.66 0.72 0.82 0.89 0.91 1.31

Study area subtotal 7.09 7.84 8.62 10.93 10.55 8.78 8.44 8.63

Carthage 1.16 1.16 1.16 2.56 2.56 2.60 1.79 1.79

Elmwood Place 0.06 0.08 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10

Ivorydale 3.24 3.10 2.91 2.67 2.79 2.03 1.59 1.75

St. Bernard 0.77 0.88 0.96 0.92 0.84 0.84 0.89 0.99

Bond Hill 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22

South of study area subtotal 5.45 5.44 5.37 6.50 6.53 5.79 4.59 4.85

Total in valley 12.54 13.28 13.99 17.43 17.08 14.57 13.03 13.48

Table 2. Municipal and industrial ground-water use in the Mill Creek Valley, 1939 to 1946 (from 

Bernhagen and Schaefer, 1947)
Historical Ground-Water Use and Levels 9

primarily on water-level declines in response to pumping. 

Bernhagen and Schaefer (1947) reported that water-level 

declines of almost 30 ft were recorded during the 8 years 

from 1939 to 1946 in Wyoming and Lockland and at the 

Glendale Water Works. On average, from Kemper Road on 

the north to Ivorydale on the south, water-level declines were 

1.9 ft/yr during that timespan. Klaer and Thompson (1948) 

reported that as of 1948, water levels had declined about 

100 ft since 1891 (considered the predevelopment date) near 

Lockland, which was the center of the area of greatest 

declines (Fidler, 1970). The effect of industrial water use on 

water levels is reported by Klaer and Thompson (1948); at 

one plant in Lockland, pumpage decreased from 1.43 Mgal/d 

to 0.29 Mgal/d during November-December 1939, resulting 

in a water-level rise of 10 ft during those 2 months.

Hydrographs of water levels in six wells in the study 

area are shown in Deutsch and Theis (1952). The periods of 

record for these hydrographs are between 11 and 13 years 

during the span 1938 to 1950. Of these six wells, five were 

completed in the lower aquifer and one was completed in the 

shallow aquifer. Characteristics of the wells are listed in 

table 3. Water levels in the shallow aquifer fluctuated annually but did not show the effects of pumping in the lower 

aquifer. Water levels in the lower aquifer, however, 

decreased steadily from 1938 to 1950. Water-level declines 

in the lower aquifer ranged from 30 to 41 ft during these 

years. Greatest declines were near Glendale-Milford Road 

north of GEAE and at the Wyoming well field. Water levels 

were lowest near Lockland and Wyoming. No regional synoptic water-level surveys of the lower aquifer have been 

reported prior to 2000. Fidler (1970), however, was able to 

estimate water-level declines in the lower aquifer on the 

basis of pumping records, continuously monitored water levels in several wells, and analog modeling. The reader is 

referred to his report for details. In general, Fidler (1970) 

simulated drawdowns of 25 ft as early as 1920, 70 ft in 1942, 

and more than 90 ft after 1952. In all cases, the cone of 

depression was centered on Lockland; by 1965, the cone of 

depression had moved slightly north and east of Lockland, 

probably in response to simulated pumping in the Reading 

area. 

Long-term monitoring wells were established by 

ODNR at seven locations in the Mill Creek Valley as early as 

1938. Of these monitoring wells, five are in the study area 

(located in plate 1 and cross-listed in Appendix 1). Characteristics of the five wells are listed in table 4. Four of the 

wells are completed in the lower aquifer and one well is completed in the shallow aquifer. Water levels in two of the 

wells, BU-9 and H-9 (fig. 2), were measured periodically 

after 1982. Water levels in the other three wells have been 

measured continuously for their entire period of record. 

The hydrographs in figure 2 show the depths to which 

water levels declined in these five wells in the central valley 

of Mill Creek. Assuming that the predevelopment water 

table was within a few feet of land surface throughout the 

valley, as Fidler (1970) did, water levels had declined more 

than 20 ft in H-6 and nearly 100 ft in H-8 by 1938. Maximum 

daily low water levels in the wells completed in the lower 

aquifer range from 84.10 ft at Glendale’s well field (H-6) to 

148.86 ft at Wyoming’s well field (H-8). This spatial distribution of declines was simulated by Fidler (1970).

Water levels in wells H-8 and H-9 began recovering 

in the early 1950s, whereas water levels in H-6 and H-7 

began recovering around 1964. Fidler (1970) suggests that 

industries in the Lockland and Wyoming area began exclusive use of water supplied by SOWC before industries in the 

Evendale and Sharonville area. No records concerning the 

rapidity of declines are available; recoveries, however, have 

Well

Aquifer of 

completion

Period of 

record Proximity

Minimum and 

maximum waterlevels (feet)

T-8 Shallow 1939-50 Evendale north of General Electric4-20

212-1 Lower 1938-50 Evendale north of General Electric21-62

216-E Lower 1941-50 General Electric 44-77

236-4 Lower 1941-50 West Fork Mill Creek in Wyoming99-129

237-3 Lower 1938-50 Wyoming well field 113-149

241-3 Lower 1938-50 Central Lockland 106-137

Table 3. Characteristics of wells in the Mill Creek Valley, Ohio, as described in Deutsch and Theis 

(1952)
10 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

12/31/193712/25/194212/19/194712/12/1952

12/6/1957

11/30/196211/24/196711/17/197211/11/1977

11/5/1982

10/30/198710/23/199210/17/1997

DATE

BU-9

H-6

H-7

H-8

H-9

BU-9 monitored intermittently from July 1938 through February 1947 and April 1983 through April 1999.

H-9 monitored intermittently from April 1983 through April 1999. All other periods of record are continuous.

WATER LEVEL, IN FEET BELOW LAND SURFACE

averaged about 1.9 ft/yr since 1964 in H-6, 2.8 ft/yr since 

1964 in H-7, 2.0 ft/yr since 1952 in H-8, and 2.3 ft/yr since 

1952 in H-9. 

The hydrographs of wells H-6 and H-7 are similar in 

most respects. Annual cycles in water-level increases and 

declines can be seen in both hydrographs from the years 

1945 to 1952, and water-level peaks can be seen in both 

hydrographs for the years 1959, 1975, and 1980. Since about 

1990, water levels in H-7 were higher than those in H-6, 

probably because pumping in Evendale had nearly ceased 

whereas pumping at the Glendale well field continued (data 

presented later in this report). Water levels in H-7, H-8, and 

H-9 appear to be declining since about 1996, though the reason for this is unknown.

Well BU-9 is in Butler County north of the industries 

and municipalities that mined most of the ground water. This 

well is reported to be an artesian (confined) well 85 ft deep 

(Shindel and others, 2001); the driller’s log reports clay and 

Figure 2. Water levels in long-term monitoring 

Well

Period of 

record

Depth (feet 

below land 

surface)

Aquifer of 

completion Proximity Comments

BU-9 7/38 - present 85 Shallow Southern Butler County Continuous 7/38 - 9/82, periodic 

thereafter.

H-6 7/38 - present 167 Lower Glendale well field 

(Sharonville)

Maximum daily low was 84.10 ft 

on 10/14/60.

H-7 4/41 - present 180 Lower Evendale Maximum daily low was 101.09 ft 

on 1/29/64.

H-8 6/38 - present 194 Lower Wyoming well field Maximum daily low was 148.86 ft 

on 12/1/48.

H-9 7/38 - 1997 163 Lower Lockland Maximum daily low was 136.80 ft 

on 2/15/48; periodic since 9/82; 

abandoned in 1997.

Table 4. Characteristics of long-term monitoring wells in central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio
Current (2000) Ground-Water Use 11

hardpan to 53 ft and sand and gravel to 90 ft (David Cashell, 

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, oral commun., 

2001; data on file with ODNR). Because BU-9 is screened in 

the shallow aquifer, water levels were relatively unaffected 

by ground-water pumping in the valley; maximum depth to 

water was 24.40 ft below land surface. Annual cycles are 

evident in the hydrograph of BU-9 until 1982, when periodic 

measurements began. BU-9 was originally a 26-in.-diameter 

well; in May 1965, a new 8-in. screen was installed through 

detritus at the bottom of the well. Water-level fluctuations 

decreased after the new screen was installed; average depth 

to water before May 1965 was 13.33 ft with a standard deviation of 4.94 ft, whereas average depth to water after May 

1965 was 12.51 with a standard deviation of 2.77 ft. 

Water levels in the lower, shallow, and water-table 

aquifers have been measured periodically since 1987 at 

GEAE and AFP36 (O’Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993; 

Earth Tech, 1999). Rises in water levels since 1987 at these 

facilities are related to the decrease in pumping throughout 

the valley. From March 1987 to October 1992 at GEAE, 

water levels rose an average of 12.4 ft at six locations in the 

lower aquifer, 11.1 ft at nine locations in the shallow aquifer, 

and 4.1 ft at two locations in the water-table aquifer. From 

June 1988 to April 1997 at former AFP36, water levels rose 

an average of 26.2 ft at 8 locations in the lower aquifer and 

23.4 ft at 14 locations in the shallow aquifer. From October 

1992 to April 1997 at former AFP36, water levels rose an 

average of 4.5 ft in the water-table aquifer. 

Greatest rises in water levels in the lower aquifer from 

October 1992 to April 1997 at AFP36 were on the eastern 

edge of the plant (wells AF-1D, AF-5D, and AF-7D), probably in response to the cessation of pumping at Reading’s 

well field east of Mill Creek from AFP36. Greatest rises in 

water levels in the shallow aquifer during the same time 

period were in the vicinity of the communication area (wells 

AF-9S through AF-13S) in the southeastern part of the plant. 

Rises in water levels in the shallow aquifer were about 10 

percent less than rises in water levels in the lower aquifer 

from 1987 to 1997, indicating that water levels in the shallow 

aquifer also had been affected by pumping in the lower aquifer. The effects on water levels in the shallow aquifer are further indication that the confining unit overlying the lower 

aquifer is somewhat leaky (Deutsch and Theis, 1952; Geraghty & Miller, Inc., 1988). Additionally, these trends in 

water levels in the two aquifers indicate that the rate of 

recharge to the aquifers is about the same. 

Whether historical pumping in the lower aquifer 

affected water levels in the water-table aquifer is uncertain. 

If pumping in the lower aquifer affected the water table, then 

the effects probably would have been lessened by recharge 

during rainfall events and the presence of any confining units 

in the unconsolidated aquifers. The rise in water levels during the timespan described above may have depended as 

much on climatic effects as on the decrease of pumping in 

the lower aquifer. From 1987 to 1996, the average annual 

precipitation at Cincinnati Lunken Airport was 42.1 in. 

(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2000), 

which is greater than the 40.7-in. long-term average; the rise 

in water levels may have resulted from increased recharge 

during the same timespan. If increased recharge had been the 

primary factor, however, the distribution of water-level rises 

in the water-table aquifer would have been spatially consistent across all of AFP36. Geologic evidence indicates that at 

least some of the increases in water levels resulted from the 

decrease of pumping in the lower aquifer. Water-level rises 

from 1987 to 1996 in the water-table aquifer at former 

AFP36 averaged 6.5 ft in wells on the east and north sides of 

the plant (AF-1P through AF-6P, AF-16P, and AF-17P), 

whereas water-level rises averaged 0.7 ft in wells on the west 

and south sides of the plant (AF-7P, -10P, -12P, -13P) (fig. 3). 

If water levels rose in response to the decrease of pumping in 

the lower aquifer, then the communication between the 

lower and water-table aquifers must be stronger on the northeast side of the plant than the southwest side of the plant. 

This is in fact the case, according to the current knowledge 

of unconsolidated units presented in Earth Tech (1999). An 

intermediate-depth clay layer separating the water-table and 

shallow aquifers acts as only a partial barrier to vertical flow 

on the eastern side of the plant, whereas it acts as a significant barrier to vertical flow on the central and western side 

of the plant. 

Water levels were measured in the lower aquifer at 

Reading’s well field and Pristine before and after closure of 

the well field (Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1996). In 

March 1993, water levels in Reading municipal wells 9 and 

15 were 415 and 469 ft above sea level, respectively, and 

potentiometric gradients at Pristine were northwestward, 

toward the municipal wells. By March 9, 1994, a week after 

wells 9 and 15 were shut down, water levels in both wells 

had risen to 534 ft. Water levels in several monitoring wells 

at and near Pristine rose between 4 and 7 ft from December 

1, 1993 to March 9, 1994, in response to the cessation of 

pumping at the Reading well field (fig. 4). Water levels in 

March 1995 indicated that flow in the lower aquifer east of 

Mill Creek was northeast to southwest.

CURRENT (2000) GROUND-WATER USE

Surveys of water use are now part of routine ground-water 

management in the Mill Creek Valley. ODNR keeps an 

annual registry of all ground-water users who are capable of 

producing at least 100,000 gal/d. After the extensive mining 

that led to the drawdown issues of the 1950s, managers are 

more proactive in monitoring the use of ground water. 

Industrial

Much of the burden on the aquifer has been relieved because 

of increased reliance on municipal sources of water from
12 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

AF 18P

ND

AF 12P

0.57

AF 11P

ND

AF 13P

0.50

AF14P

ND

AF 16P

4.01

AF1 P

6.12

AF2 P

AF3 P 6.05

6.51

AF4 P

7.05

AF5 P

8.28

AF 7P

0.35

AF6 P

7.82

AF 10P

1.33

GM9 P

ND

GM3 P

ND

AF17P

5.85

6

4.01

AF16P

7

8

4

5

6

1

2

3

1

2

3

1,416,000 1,417,000 1,418,000

457,000

456,000

455,000

39 22’30"

39 15’

39 07’30"

84 30’ 84 22’30"

Base map from General Electric Aircraft Engines

Auto CAD DXF file obtained March 1999

State plane feet coordinates, North American Datum of 1983

Ohio South projection

Former Air Force

Plant 36

Mill Creek basin

Former Air Force Plant 36 Boundary

Building

Line of equal water level rise in

the water table aquifer, 1992-1997

Contour interval 1 foot. Dashed where approximate.

Well, identifier and water level rise

in feet 1992-1997

EXPLANATION

0 100 200 300 400 500 FEET

0 100 METERS

Figure 3. Water-table rise at former Air Force Plant 36, 1992-1997.
Current (2000) Ground-Water Use 13

outside the valley. Most industries reported during the 2000 

survey that they use municipal water exclusively. SOWC 

withdraws about 20 Mgal/d from Great Miami River valley 

(Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, 

1990) and provides that water to industries in the Mill Creek 

Valley. GEAE, for example, purchases between 4 and 5 

Mgal/d from SOWC (Gregory Jaspers, General Electric Aircraft Engines, oral commun., 2000,.) and discharges the process water to Mill Creek. Discharge from GEAE’s outfall to 

Mill Creek on November 28, 2000, was measured at 3.1 

Mgal/d (4.75 ft3

/s). Data from ODNR’s water-use registry 

(Allan Luczyk, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, written commun., 2001) indicate that GEAE’s production of 

ground water has been decreasing steadily in the latter half 

of the 1990s (fig. 5). Formica Corporation also purchases 

water for industrial purposes (Michael End, Formica Corporation, oral commun., 2001); discharge from Formica Corporation through a flume to Mill Creek on November 27, 2000, 

was about 1.37 Mgal/d (2.1 ft3

/s). In recent times, Formica 

Corporation has pumped some ground water during the summer to help cool the industrial process water that is stored in 

a lagoon onsite so that the discharge water meets temperature 

requirements (Robert Fremont, Pristine Facility Trust, oral 

commun., 2001).

Ground water is pumped for remedial purposes at at 

least one site, the Pristine site (currently in remedial action), 

withdraws contaminated ground water from five wells in the 

lower aquifer in Reading, processes it onsite, and discharges 

the treated water into Mill Creek. The remedial system is 

designed to process 450 gal/min (648,000 gal/d) (Henry 

Cooke, Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, oral commun., 

2000), but the actual volume of water treated on a given day 

is less than the design rate because of routine system maintenance and rate-limiting treatment processes. Pumping 

records are reported for subsets of the five wells and discharges of the treated ground water are reported monthly to 

Ohio EPA. If line leakages can be considered negligible, then 

pumping volumes and discharge volumes are equivalent. On 

November 27-28, 2000, discharge from Pristine averaged 

545,000 gal/d. Monthly averages of daily discharge from 

515

520

525

530

535

540

545

10/24/1992

2/24/19936/24/1993

10/24/1993

2/24/19946/24/1994

10/24/1994

2/24/19956/24/1995

10/24/1995

2/24/19966/24/1996

10/24/1996

2/24/19976/24/1997

10/24/1997

2/24/19986/24/1998

10/24/1998

2/24/19996/24/1999

10/24/1999

2/24/20006/24/2000

10/24/2000

2/24/20016/24/2001

DATE

WATER LEVEL, IN FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL

MW68

MW77

MW74

March 2, 1994 - Reading municipal wells

9 and 15 shut down.

Figure 4.Water levels in three wells in the lower aquifer at the Pristine, Inc., site, 1992-2001.
14 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

Pristine for November 1997 to January 2001 are shown in 

figure 6. The system became fully operational in November 

1998. Low volumes of discharge shown in figure 6 correspond to an annual 2-week shutdown in June for maintenance.

At least one industry, Continental Mineral in Sharonville, withdraws ground water from one well and injects the 

water into the aquifer through another well. Continental 

Minerals is a sand-and-gravel mining operation and uses the 

ground water for washing.

Municipal

Most of the municipalities in the Mill Creek Valley purchase 

water from Cincinnati Water Works, all of which is produced 

in the Great Miami River valley. Three cities–Glendale, 

Lockland, and Wyoming–still produce municipal water from 

the central Mill Creek Valley (plate 1, fig. 5). Lockland and 

Glendale produce water from wells in Sharonville, whereas 

Wyoming produces water in its city limits. 

Municipal withdrawals in the Sharonville area (well 

fields of Glendale and Lockland) average about 1.1 Mgal/d, 

which is more than the combined (industrial plus municipal) 

withdrawals in this vicinity between 1939 and 1946 (table 2). 

Ground-water use from this area has not increased much in 

the past 60 years. The amount of ground water withdrawn in 

the Wyoming-Lockland area, however, decreased from more 

than 10 Mgal/d in 1942 to about 1.5 Mgal/d in 1999, a 

decrease of about 85 percent. Much of the decline in water 

use may be a result of decreased industrial, rather than 

municipal, pumpage.

Residential

Few homeowners in the study area produce their own water 

for domestic purposes. OKI estimated that about 1 Mgal/d is 

withdrawn from domestic wells in the entire southwestern 

Ohio area, which includes the Great and Little Miami River 

valleys as well as the Mill Creek Valley (Ohio-KentuckyIndiana Regional Council of Governments, 1990); this 

amount is relatively small in comparison with industrial and 

0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

AVERAGE GROUND WATER PUMPED, IN MILLION GALLONS PER DAY

YEAR

Glendale water plant

Wyoming water works

Lockland water plant

General Electric aircraft engines

Pristine, Inc. site

Figure 5. Industrial and municipal ground-water use, 1994-99, central Mill Creek Valley.
Current (2000) Ground-Water Levels 15

municipal use, which is estimated at 110 Mgal/d (Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, 1990). 

Most wells in the valley are owned by industries; of the few 

homeowner wells on record at ODNR, most have been 

destroyed or abandoned as land use converted from residential or agricultural to industrial and commercial. Few residential wells exist in the study area. Of all 318 well logs 

examined for this study, only 16 (about 5 percent) were at 

residences, and no residential wells were drilled more 

recently than 1986. Probably this dearth of records is 

because nearly all of the study area in Hamilton County has 

been developed since the 1950s, when well logs were first 

filed at ODNR. Of the residential wells surveyed, most were 

in Butler County, where development is more recent than in 

Hamilton County.

CURRENT (2000) GROUND-WATER 

LEVELS

Water levels were measured in 182 wells from November 

27-29, 2000, and are reported in Appendix 1. Wells or clusters of wells that are discussed by name can be located on 

plate 1 by cross-referencing names and numbers listed in 

Appendix 1. Most water levels were measured by USGS personnel; water levels in wells owned by the Pristine Facility 

Trust were measured by representatives of Conestoga-Rovers and Associates. Only three of the wells were completed 

in bedrock; the rest were completed in unconsolidated 

deposits. On the bases of the apparent productivity of the 

aquifers and historical records, we expected a broad distribution of wells in which water levels could be measured; this 

was not the case, however, as more than 86 percent of wells 

in which water levels were measured are owned by GEAE 

and the Pristine Facility Trust. As previously mentioned, 

nearly all homeowners and most businesses are on city 

water, and many wells that had once served industry have 

been abandoned or destroyed. 

Lower Aquifer

Water levels were measured in 87 wells and piezometers that 

penetrate the lower aquifer. Of these wells, 50 were owned 

by the Pristine Facility Trust and 28 were owned by GEAE. 

The potentiometric surface in the lower aquifer is 

shown on plate 10. Flow is generally from northeast to southwest in the study area, following the orientation of the buried 

valley. Exceptions to the regional flow pattern were observed 

at the municipal well fields (Glendale, Lockland, and Wyoming) and in the vicinity of the Pristine extraction wells. 

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

Nov-97 May-98 Nov-98 May-99 Nov-99 May-00 Nov-00

AVERAGE DISCHARGE, IN MILLION GALLONS PER DAY

MONTH AND YEAR

Figure 6. Average daily discharge of treated effluent, by month, from the

Pristine, Inc., site.
16 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

Pristine’s remedial design includes a line of five 

extraction wells (plate 10) in Reading. Wells EW1, EW2, 

and EW3 produce as much as 150 gal/min (combined) for 

treatment, whereas EW4 and EW5 produce up to 300 

gal/min (combined). On November 27-28, 2000, about 378 

gal/min was being discharged to Mill Creek from the treatment system (Henry Cooke, written commun., 2000), indicating that the system was operating at about 84 percent of 

capacity. Prepumping water levels in the area of the Pristine 

extraction wells were between 539 and 534 ft above sea level 

(Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1997); since the remedial system began operating, water levels at the extraction 

wells are between 529 and 507 ft above sea level (Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 2000), a decline of 10 to 

27 ft. The western edge of this cone of depression affects 

water levels on the west side of Mill Creek. 

A cone of depression in the vicinity of the Glendale 

and Lockland well fields also is shown on plate 10. Most of 

the production wells for these cities were completely 

enclosed at land surface, having no access port for measurement of water levels. As a result, few measurements could be 

made at the well fields, and contour lines on the potentiometric surface in those areas are estimated. Contours on the 

potentiometric surface near the Wyoming well field also are 

estimated because of few measuring points. 

Although search was made for wells south of Evendale between Reading and Wyoming, only one accessible 

well was found; consequently, the orientation of the flow 

field south of Evendale cannot be determined from available 

data. The data collected during this study are insufficient to 

determine whether pumping at Wyoming’s well field influences water levels as far away as Evendale.

Overall, water levels in the lower aquifer in Evendale 

at GEAE are similar to water levels in the shallow aquifer at 

the same locations (table 5), with head differences between 

-0.62 and 3.46 ft. Historically, pumping from the lower aquifer was much greater than at the present time, and the resultant drawdowns in the lower aquifer created significantly 

higher vertical gradients than exist currently between the 

shallow and lower aquifers. These historical vertical gradients increased the potential for movement of water from the 

shallow aquifer to the lower aquifer through the confining 

unit and at those locations where the confining unit is absent. 

In areas where contamination was present in the shallow 

aquifer and the confining unit between the aquifers was 

absent or compromised, the lower aquifer was highly vulnerable to advectively driven contamination from above. 

Because the gradient between the shallow and lower aquifers 

is much smaller now than previously, the potential for flow 

from the shallow aquifer to the lower aquifer is reduced.

Water levels in the lower aquifer in Evendale are 

more than 70 ft higher than the 1965 water levels simulated 

by Fidler (1970), indicating that water levels have recovered 

substantially. The water level recorded in H-7 on November 

Table 5. Ground-water gradients between wells in the shallow and lower aquifers, 

Evendale and Reading, Ohio, November 27-29, 2000

Well 

cluster

Well depth (feet) Head (feet) Vertical 

gradient 

(foot/foot)

Head 

difference 

Shallow Lower Shallow Lower (feet)

AF-1 51.5 118 537.95 535.61 0.04 2.34

AF-5 51.0 110 537.29 534.12 0.05 3.17

AF-7 56.5 119 536.90 533.44 0.06 3.46

AF-8 61.5 96 533.84 532.92 0.03 0.92

AF-9 60.0 88 532.81 532.78 0.00 0.03

AF-11 63.0 102 532.72 532.72 0.00 0.00

AF-12 75.0 112 532.40 531.24 0.03 1.16

AF-15 56.5 113 534.65 534.21 0.01 0.44

AF-19 62.4 91.1 533.44 533.14 0.01 0.30

AF-20 69.0 91.1 533.08 533.10 0.00 -0.02

GM-3 56.5 147 539.28 536.78 0.03 2.50

GM-5 61.7 117.9 534.22 534.84 -0.01 -0.62

GM-6 47.4 160 542.54 541.68 0.01 0.86

GM-7 54.4 112 542.66 543.06 -0.01 -0.40

GM-8 70.3 112 536.09 536.13 0.00 -0.04

GM-9 55.2 111.5 538.31 534.86 0.06 3.45
Current (2000) Ground-Water Levels 17

29, 1965, was 96.28 ft; that measured on November 28, 

2000, was 21.73 ft, for an increase of 74.55 ft. Fidler’s prediction of water levels in the year 2000 was based on wateruse trends in the 1960s; he predicted drawdowns of 140-150 

ft in the lower aquifer in Evendale without the addition of 

artificial recharge. Because water has since been obtained 

from sources other than the lower aquifer, the predicted 

drawdowns have not occurred. Water levels have recovered 

enough to restore the natural artesian (confined) condition to 

the lower aquifer in the study area. 

Shallow Aquifer

Twenty-six measurements of water levels were made in the 

shallow aquifer, 25 of which were at GEAE and none at Pristine. The water from this aquifer is not used for municipal or 

industrial purposes and typically is not associated with nearsurface monitoring. Because nearly all of the water levels 

obtained from this aquifer were at GEAE, only conditions in 

the shallow aquifer at GEAE are described in this report. 

Flow in the shallow aquifer on GEAE is generally 

from northeast to southwest (plate 11), roughly parallel to the 

flow direction of Mill Creek. Available data are insufficient 

to determine whether Mill Creek acts as a discharge area to 

water in the shallow aquifer or whether pumping at the Pristine site affects water levels in the shallow aquifer; not 

enough monitoring wells in the shallow aquifer near those 

areas are available. 

In most of the shallow aquifer, gradients are downward toward the lower aquifer, indicating the possibility of 

recharge in areas where the confining unit does not prohibit 

flow. Significant upward gradients were observed at clusters 

GM-5 and GM-7. Previous measurements of water levels 

(1987-92) indicate consistently downward gradients at GM7 and mostly downward gradients at GM-5 (O’Brien and 

Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993). No activities or natural discharge areas in the vicinities of GM-5 and GM-7 would suggest that an upward component of flow should exist. Vertical 

hydraulic gradients at clusters AF-9, AF-11, AF-19, and AF20, each of which has wells screened in the shallow and 

lower aquifers, are small. Previous measurements of water 

levels (1987-92) indicate consistently downward gradients at 

AF-9 and variable (upward and downward) gradients at AF11 (O’Brien and Gere Engineers, Inc., 1993). The confining 

unit between the shallow and lower aquifers is absent in the 

area centered on these well clusters (Earth Tech, 1997). 

Water-table Aquifer

Water levels were measured in 69 wells completed in the 

water-table aquifer or at depths consistent with those of the 

water-table aquifer. Of these 69 wells, 52 were at GEAE and 

none were at Pristine. Altitude and configuration of the water 

table in the vicinity of GEAE are shown on plate 12. 

Although water levels in the water-table aquifer were measured elsewhere in the study area, this aquifer is too discontinuous and the distances between measuring points too great 

to allow plotting of a regional water table.

The water-table surface at GEAE is depicted as continuous on plate 12, but some doubt exists as to whether the 

water-table aquifer itself is continuous, especially in the area 

bounded by well clusters AF-18, AF-14, and AF-12. Most 

vertical hydraulic gradients (table 6) are in the range of 0.05-

0.12 ft/ft. Hydraulic gradients at clusters AF-12, AF-13, and 

AF-14, however, are in the range of 0.28-0.56 ft/ft. A shallow well was not installed at AF-18, but the gradient between 

the water-table and lower aquifers at AF-18 is 0.57 ft/ft. The 

relatively high gradients at AF-12, -13, -14, and -18 compared to those in nested wells in the rest of the area suggest 

that the water-table aquifer at GEAE is not continuous. 

Hydraulic gradients between nested wells in the water-table 

and underlying shallow aquifers are downward in all cases. 

Water levels indicate that flow in the water-table 

aquifer is lateral to the central part of GEAE, then southward 

toward Mill Creek. Evidence of this flow pattern is provided 

by Earth Tech (1999), who traced a plume of volatile organic 

contaminants in the water-table aquifer at GEAE from north 

to south. The plume delineated by Earth Tech is consistent 

with the flow directions indicated on plate 12. Further relations between the water-table aquifer and Mill Creek were 

characterized by use of piezometers and streamflow measurements. Three piezometers were driven into the 

streambed of Mill Creek and one into the streambed of West 

Fork Mill Creek to estimate directions of flow between the 

creeks and the underlying sediments (table 7). Locations of 

the piezometers are shown on plate 1. All of the piezometers 

were installed near one of the banks of the creeks rather than 

in the center of the channels. Attempts to install piezometers 

south of Evendale were thwarted by the numerous cobbles in 

the streambed of Mill Creek between piezometer 3 (table 7) 

and the stage-only gage on Mill Creek in Reading (USGS 

station 03255500). Heads in the piezometers and streams 

were measured six times from September 25, 2000, through 

February 22, 2001, including November 27-28, 2000 (table 

8). The measurements of November 27, 2000, probably were 

affected by rainfall the previous night. 

Heads in the piezometer at Kemper Road were influenced by a dewatering operation in conjunction with sewer 

work between Mill Creek and Mosteller Road north of 

Kemper Road (Les Eihorn, Kelley Dewatering, Inc., oral 

commun., 2000); the dewatering operation artificially lowered the heads in the aquifer to produce gradients that do not 

reflect normal conditions. The piezometer at Sharon Road 

was installed in a tight clay and never equilibrated adequately; the presence and consistency of the clay, however, 

indicate that the aquifer and the stream are in poor hydraulic 

connection at that location.

Most of the head gradients measured in Mill Creek at 

the railroad bridge (piezometer 3) and West Fork Mill Creek 

(piezometer 4) were within the 0.01-ft error of measurement. 
18 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

Two of the measurements in Mill Creek at the railroad bridge 

and one at West Fork Mill Creek, however, indicated potential for upward flow from the underlying sediments, or a 

gaining stream. Discharge measurements at two points on 

West Fork Mill Creek were made to verify the gaining nature 

of the stream; stream gain or loss, however, was indeterminate on the basis of measurement error.

USGS has been recording water levels and temperature in wells AF-5P and AF-5S since November 1997 

(fig. 7). Water levels in these wells were plotted with stage in 

Mill Creek (station 03255500, about 1 mi south of AF-5) to 

estimate relations between the water-table aquifer, the shallow aquifer, and Mill Creek. A pump-and-treat system was 

operating until March 1998 in the shallow aquifer adjacent to 

AF-5; water levels in AF-5S and AF-5P were affected by the 

pumping, though the greater effect was in AF-5S. Since 

about August 1998, water levels in AF-5S and AF-5P have 

mimicked one another, with water levels in AF-5S normally 

being between 0.24 and 1.25 ft lower than those in AF-5P. 

Flooding occurs in the Mill Creek Valley fairly regularly. Since 1998, flood stage exceeded about 10 ft above 

datum five times. Little effect on water levels was observed 

Well 

cluster

Well depth (feet) Head (feet) Gradient 

(foot per 

foot)

Head 

difference 

(feet)

Watertable ShallowWatertable Shallow

AF-1 29 51.5 540.22 537.95 0.10 2.27

AF-2 33 51.5 539.31 537.76 0.08 1.55

AF-3 31 52 539.12 537.70 0.07 1.42

AF-4 34.5 56.5 538.84 537.56 0.06 1.28

AF-5 33 51 538.22 537.29 0.05 0.93

AF-6 33 51.5 538.44 537.40 0.06 1.04

AF-7 36.5 56.5 537.08 536.90 0.01 0.18

AF-10 22.4 71.5 539.16 533.32 0.12 5.84

AF-12 19.5 75 562.28 532.40 0.54 29.88

AF-13 15.4 61 559.07 533.61 0.56 25.46

AF-14 27.5 66.5 544.19 533.39 0.28 10.80

GM-1 24.1 57 544.51 541.46 0.09 3.05

GM-3 29.3 56.5 539.44 539.28 0.01 0.16

GM-6 20.1 47.4 548.34 542.54 0.21 5.80

GM-9 28 55.2 540.56 538.31 0.08 2.25

GM-11 30.8 60.9 541.47 538.38 0.10 3.09

Table 6. Ground-water gradients between wells in water-table and shallow 

aquifers on GEAE, November 27-29, 2000

Number Name Latitude Longitude

Screen 

length 

(inches)

Depth to 

top of 

screen (feet 

below 

streambed)

1 Mill Creek at Kemper Road 39o 17’ 05” 84o 25’ 58” 14 2.8

2 Mill Creek at Sharon Road 39o 16’ 09” 84o 25’ 56” 18 1.7

3 Mill Creek at railroad bridge 39o 14’ 19” 84o

 26’ 11” 18 2.8

4 West Fork Mill Creek at Wayne Avenue 39o

 14’ 03” 84o 27’ 37” 24 2.5

Table 7. Characteristics of piezometers installed in Mill Creek and West Fork Mill Creek, Ohio
Summary and Conclusions 19

during the three winter floods because the ground was frozen 

and infiltration was impeded. During spring and summer 

floods, however, water levels in the water-table aquifer 

responded quickly to flood events. The flood of July 2001, 

for example, caused a sharp rise in water levels and temperature in the water-table aquifer. Water-level data in AF-5S 

were lost during the flood of July 2001, probably because the 

instrument was wetted or fouled. Temperature data in 

AF-5S, however, do not show a response to the July 2001 

flood, indicating that Mill Creek and the shallow aquifer at 

AF-5S are not as well connected as Mill Creek and the watertable aquifer at AF-5P.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The unconsolidated deposits in the central Mill Creek Valley, 

Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio, have been used as a 

source of water supply since before 1900. Documentation of 

water use showed increasing pumpage of water from the 

lower confined aquifer through the early 1950s, when resulting water levels reached critical levels and inspired changes 

to the management of the water supply. Because of the 

changes in water management, which included the importation of industrial supply water from a source outside the Mill 

Creek Valley, water levels in the lower aquifer have risen 

between 65 and 105 ft throughout the study area, restoring 

the aquifer to a confined state. 

Piezometer 

number Date Time

Depth to 

water, 

sediments 

(feet)

Depth to 

water, 

stream 

(feet) Comment

1 10/25/2000 1500 DRY 1.61 Dewatering

1 11/15/2000 1130 4.40 1.62 Dewatering

1 11/24/2000 1326 5.84 1.68 Dewatering

1 11/27/2000 1045 4.69 1.50 Dewatering

1 11/28/2000 0830 4.79 1.65 Dewatering

1 2/22/2001 0950 1.78 1.55 Dewatering

2 10/25/2000 NM -- -- Not equilibrated

2 11/15/2000 1140 2.91 1.92 Not equilibrated

2 11/24/2000 1333 3.10 2.05 Not equilibrated

2 11/27/2000 1400 3.04 1.82 Not equilibrated

2 2/22/2001 1000 2.91 1.81 Not equilibrated

3 10/25/2000 1115 2.77 2.80 Gaining stream

3 11/15/2000 1200 1.75 1.75 Within measurement error

3 11/24/2000 1348 1.93 1.92 Within measurement error

3 11/27/2000 1455 1.63 1.62 Within measurement error

3 11/28/2000 830 1.71 1.74 Gaining stream

3 2/22/2001 NM -- -- Inaccessible

4 10/25/2000 1230 2.04 2.03 Within measurement error

4 11/15/2000 1220 1.09 1.10 Within measurement error

4 11/24/2000 1400 1.18 1.19 Within measurement error

4 11/28/2000 1442 1.10 1.11 Within measurement error

4 2/22/2001 1015 0.99 1.01 Gaining stream

Table 8. Depths to water measured in piezometers, October 2000 to February 2001, Mill Creek 

Valley, Ohio [NM, not measured; --, no data. Piezometer number described in Table 7. All 

depths were measured from the tops of the piezometers and are not related to any established 

datum.]
20 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

The most recent study of ground-water conditions in 

the study area was completed in 1970. Since 1970, new 

hydrogeologic information has become available as part of 

remedial investigations at several industrial sites in the valley. The hydrogeologic data were used to update maps of 

regional aquifers, bedrock boundaries, and confining units. 

The hydrogeologic data indicate that (1) the lower aquifer is 

continuous in the buried valley throughout the study area, 

whereas the shallow and water-table aquifers are not; and (2) 

the confining unit overlying the lower aquifer is absent in 

several places. The updated maps can be used by planners 

and scientists who wish to investigate ground-water flow in 

the region.

Historical and current water-use and water-level data 

were compiled and analyzed to quantify the changes in the 

status of ground water since the 1940s. About 85 percent less 

water is pumped today near Lockland and Wyoming than 

was pumped in 1942. The amount of water pumped in the 

Sharonville area today is about the same as or slightly greater 

than the amount pumped during the 1940s. Two municipal 

well fields, one in Lockland and one in Reading, have been 

closed since the 1980s, and a remedial pump-and-treat system at the Pristine Superfund site has been operating since 

1997. Water levels have increased steadily in the lower aquifer since about 1950 in response to the decrease in groundwater use. Although long-term water-level data are not available for the shallow and water-table aquifers, data from 1987 

D J M M J A O D J M M J A O D J M M J A O D J M M J A

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

DATE

18

24

19

20

21

22

23

0

30

5

10

15

20

25

Mill Creek

D J M M J A O D J M M J A O D J M M J A O D J M M J A

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001

15.5

18.5

16.0

16.5

17.0

17.5

18.0

WATER LEVEL, IN FEET BELOW LAND SURFACE

STAGE, IN FEET ABOVE

DATUM (537.0 FT ABOVE SEA LEVEL)

AF-5S

AF-5P

AF-5P

AF-5S

DATE

TEMPERATURE, IN DEGREES CELSIUS

Figure 7. Ground-water levels and temperature in wells AF-5P and AF-5S, 1997-2001.
Suggestions for Future Study 21

through 1997 indicate that water levels in these shallower 

aquifers also increased in response to the decrease in pumping in the lower aquifer. From 1988 through 1997 in Evendale, water levels rose about 26 ft in the lower aquifer and 23 

ft in the semiconfined shallow aquifer. Water levels in the 

water-table aquifer rose 4.5 ft between 1992 and 1997, at 

least partly in response to decreased pumping in the lower 

aquifer. The response of water levels in the shallower aquifers is an indication of the leaky nature of the underlying 

confining unit, at least in some parts of the study area. 

Water levels were measured in 182 wells, of which 

155 were at the industrial sites of General Electric Aircraft 

Engines (GEAE) and the Pristine, Inc., Superfund site. Most 

of the wells were completed in the lower and water-table 

aquifers. Water levels in the lower aquifer were plotted 

regionally, but water levels in the shallower aquifers were 

plotted only in the vicinity of GEAE because of the discontinuity of the aquifers and the sparseness of available data. 

Despite the extent and productivity of the aquifers, not many 

wells other than those at GEAE and Pristine are in the study 

area. 

The primary flow direction in the lower aquifer is 

northeast to southwest, following the orientation of the buried valley except where influenced by pumping in the lower 

aquifer, such as at the municipal well fields and the Pristine 

remediation site. In the vicinity of GEAE, the primary flow 

direction in the shallow aquifer also is northeast to southwest, though some variation to the pattern is evident on the 

eastern part of GEAE, possibly in response to the influences 

of either Mill Creek or pumping at the Pristine site. Flow in 

the water-table aquifer at GEAE converges from the eastern 

and western parts of the facility, then turns southward toward 

Mill Creek south of GEAE. Limited piezometer, discharge, 

and continuous water-level data indicate that the streams in 

the southern part of the study area are in connection with and 

can be gaining water from the water table.

The lower aquifer is recharged primarily in areas 

where the overlying confining unit is absent, which include 

locations at GEAE and Pristine. Where the confining unit is 

absent or leaky, the effect of pumping in the lower aquifer on 

water levels in the shallow and water-table aquifers has been 

observed; recharge to the lower aquifer is increased; and 

advective transport to the lower aquifer is possible. Although 

vertical gradients in areas where the confining unit is absent 

may be small under normal conditions, they would undoubtedly increase, and percolation of water to the lower aquifer 

occur, during significant recharge events and (or) pumping 

in the lower aquifer.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE STUDY

Because of the proximity of industrial sites to municipal well 

fields (those of Glendale, Lockland, and Wyoming), the 

ground-water-flow paths in the lower aquifer, and the scarcity of monitoring wells throughout the valley, installation of 

more wells in the Sharonville, Reading, and Lockland areas 

would be useful. With the addition of new monitoring points, 

another survey of water levels would provide a clearer overall picture of ground-water flow in the area. 

The extent and continuity of the shallow and watertable aquifers between Evendale and Wyoming are 

unknown. The potentiometric surfaces of both aquifers indicate gradients to the southwest or south, and the terminal 

locations of flow in these aquifers is important from a waterquality perspective. To define these terminal locations more 

clearly, the extents of and water levels in these aquifers 

should be mapped in more detail than currently exists.

To clarify interactions among the aquifers and with 

Mill Creek, water levels and temperature in the water-table, 

shallow, and lower aquifers need to be monitored continuously at several locations, especially near Mill Creek and in 

areas where the confining unit is absent. Stresses on the aquifers, such as pumping and recharge during rainfall events, 

can increase the vertical hydraulic gradients between the 

aquifers. Continuously recorded data will provide information on how the aquifers respond to stresses and interact with 

each other and Mill Creek.

Although Mill Creek does not seem to influence flow 

in the lower aquifer in this area, it may be influencing 

recharge to and flow directions in the shallow aquifers. Studies are needed to ascertain the relation of Mill Creek and the 

underlying aquifer, especially near Evendale and Reading. 

Gaining and losing reaches of Mill Creek between Evendale 

and Reading could be mapped by use of piezometers and 

seepage meters during low flow so that relations between the 

creek and the underlying aquifer can be estimated. New, 

shallow wells could be installed near Mill Creek so that vertical gradients between the creek and the water table can be 

monitored and estimates of discharge to the creek can be 

made. A water-quality study would help to address whether 

Mill Creek is a receptor of flow from the water-table aquifer 

south of Evendale. 

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conditions in Butler and Hamilton Counties, Ohio, 

1946: Ohio Water Resources Board Bulletin 8, 35 p.

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investigation report, Pristine, Inc., site, Reading, Ohio: 

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Chem-Nuclear Geotech, Inc., 1993, Draft preliminary 

assessment/site inspection and RCRA facility investigation report, volume I: Consultant report to U.S. Air 

Force Aeronautical Systems Center, Wright-Patterson 

Air Force Base, Ohio [variously paginated].
22 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio

Conestoga-Rovers and Associates, 1995, 72-hour pumping 

test report, Pristine, Inc., site, Reading, Ohio: Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, Consultant report for the Pristine 

Facility Trust [variously paginated].

———, 1996, Technical memorandum no. 2, Lower aquifer 

investigation, Pristine, Inc., site, Reading, Ohio: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Consultant report for the Pristine 

Facility Trust [variously paginated].

———1997, EW4 pumping test report, Pristine, Inc., site, 

Reading, Ohio: Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Consultant 

report for the Pristine Facility Trust [variously paginated].

———, 1999, Round nine lower aquifer monitoring well 

sample results, Pristine, Inc., site, Reading, Ohio: 

Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, Consultant report for the 

Pristine Facility Trust [variously paginated].

———, 2000, Round fourteen monitoring well sampling 

results, Pristine, Inc., site, Reading, Ohio: Waterloo, 

Ontario, Canada, Consultant report for the Pristine 

Facility Trust [variously paginated].

Deutsch, M., and Theis, C.V., 1952, Geology and ground 

water in the vicinity of the General Electric Company 

site, Lockland, Ohio: Columbus, Ohio, U.S. Geological 

Survey declassified report, 42 p., figures. 

Earth Tech, 1997, Site investigation report for the groundwater investigation of the communication area: Alexandria, Va., Consultant report for U.S. Air Force 

Aeronautical Systems Center [variously paginated].

Earth Tech, 1999, Site investigation report for the source 

area investigation: Alexandria, Va., Consultant report 

for U.S. Air Force Aeronautical Systems Center, [variously paginated].

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vicinity: Ohio Geological Survey, Bulletin 19, 207 p.

Fetter, C.W., 1994, Applied hydrogeology (3d ed.): New 

York, Macmillan College Publishing Company, 691 p.

Fidler, R.E., 1970, Potential development and recharge of 

ground water in Mill Creek Valley, Butler and Hamilton 

Counties, Ohio, based on analog model analysis: U.S. 

Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1893, 37 p., 

plates.

Fuller, M.L., and Clapp, F.G., 1912, The underground waters 

of southwestern Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey WaterSupply Paper 259, 228 p.

Geomatrix Consultants, Inc., 2000, Current conditions 

report, Morton International, Inc., facility, Reading, 

Ohio: Austin, Tex., Consultant report for The Rohm 

and Haas Company [variously paginated].

Geraghty & Miller, Inc., 1988, Assessment of hydrogeologic 

conditions at the U.S. Air Force Plant 36, Evendale, 

Ohio: Dublin, Ohio, Consultant report to General Electric Aircraft Engines, Evendale, Ohio [variously paginated].

Hedeen, Stanley, 1994, The Mill Creek:–An unnatural history of an urban stream: Cincinnati, Blue Heron Press, 

212 p.

Howard Consultants, Inc., 1986, Evaluation of pumping test, 

Reading production well #15, Reading, Ohio: Owensboro, Ky., Consultant report to the City of Reading, 

Ohio [variously paginated].

Klaer, F.H., and Thompson, D.G., 1948, Ground-water 

resources of the Cincinnati area, Butler and Hamilton 

Counties, Ohio: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Supply 

Paper 999, 168 p.

Midwestern Regional Climate Center, 2001, data recorded at 

Cincinnati Lunken airport, available at 

http://mcc.sws.uiuc.edu/Summary/Data/331576.txt. 

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http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/coop-precip/ohio.txt.

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investigation-phase I: Syracuse, N.Y., Consultant report 

to General Electric Aircraft Engines, Evendale, Ohio 

[variously paginated].

Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, 

http://swdoweb.epa.state.oh.us/pristine.htm.

Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Council of Governments, 

1990, Survey of industrial groundwater usage and data 

in Butler, Clermont, Hamilton, and Warren Counties, 

Ohio: OKI Regional Council of Governments, 

Cincinnati, Ohio, 9 p., append.

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resources data, Ohio, water year 2000: U.S. Geological 

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Appendix 1 23

APPENDIX 1

Well and Borehole Data
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

1 1429014 490144 ODOT26 -- -- -- -- -- -- 33 611 .1 -- 2 1428172 489563 ODOT27 -- -- -- -- -- -- 53 635 .1 -- 3 1421063 486744 999-177 -- -- -- -- 160 -- -- 599 1 -- 4 1428061 486730 ODOT22 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 632 .1 -- 5 1427413 485116 BU-30 -- -- 40 45 -- -- -- 632 5 -0.48 66 1422565 484227 530991 0 30 -- -- 100 133 -- 595 1 -- 7 1422828 484190 566409 5 20 50 55 -- -- -- 596 1 -- 8 1422097 482967 483135 -- -- -- -- 100 104 -- 591 1 -- 9 1412654 481975 78739 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 690 1 -- 10 1410617 481753 366567 -- -- -- -- 75 160 -- 675 1 -- 11 1411017 481101 247767 -- -- -- -- 141 155 -- 675 1 -- 12 1420775 480941 277611 -- -- -- -- 90 91 -- 595 1 -- 13 1412066 480853 58821 -- -- -- -- -- -- 47 680 1 -- 14 1420359 480496 634865 -- -- 45 51 53 90 -- 595 1 -- 15 1420866 480492 624387 9 27 -- -- 46 87 -- 595 1 -- 16 1427807 480277 189863 8 52 -- -- -- -- -- 630 1 -- 17 1428478 480014 145213 -- -- -- -- -- -- 63 660 1 -- 18 1420179 479796 999-180 -- -- -- -- 53 90 90 588.6 0.1 -- 19 1428421 479779 100473 -- -- -- -- -- -- 34 660 1 -- 20 1422990 479078 175766 10 50 -- -- -- -- -- 590 1 -- 21 1428042 478975 999-183 -- -- -- -- 60 -- -- 635 1 -- 22 1428597 478751 BU-31 2 70 -- -- -- -- 70 695 5 1.08 623 1421976 475521 865244 4 39 -- -- -- -- -- 585 1 2.9 524 1421568 474775 999-204.4 -- -- -- -- 98 108 108 576 1 -- 25 1426396 474330 834555 8 30 -- -- -- -- -- 605 1 -- 26 1421221 474238 999-204.6 -- -- -- -- 69 101 101 576 1 -- 27 1421662 474066 151055 -- -- -- -- 208 218 -- 582 1 -- 28 1421730 473887 794703 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 579.9 0.1 -0.35 529 1421966 473882 794704 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 579.9 0.1 -0.35 530 1427331 473163 819528 -- -- -- -- 78 120 -- 602 1 -- 31 1429265 472907 GREEN4 4 18 -- -- -- -- 29 631 5 2.0 632 1430947 472839 94122 -- -- -- -- -- -- 6 700 1 -- 33 1428519 472759 GREEN8029 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 615 5 -- 34 1428487 472756 GREEN1 18 22 -- -- -- -- -- 615 5 2.5 6

24 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

35 1428941 472736 GREEN7 17 18 -- -- -- -- -- 620 5 -0.35 636 1428681 472723 GREEN3 8 27 -- -- -- -- -- 615 5 2.87 637 1428542 472721 GREEN5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 615 5 2.2 638 1428483 472716 GREEN2 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 615 5 2.4 639 1417636 472556 699582 -- -- -- -- -- -- 7 630 1 -- 40 1426381 472539 142790 40 43 74 80 100 140 -- 588 1 -- 41 1427020 471774 XTEK8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 588.64 0.01 -0.31 542 1415202 471681 276469 -- -- -- -- -- -- 78 642 1 -- 43 1427332 471666 358256 -- -- -- -- 90 185 -- 590 1 -- 45 1421572 471513 9931175 20 30 -- -- 98 201 201 573 5 -- 46 1427404 471361 XTEK4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 590.01 0.01 -0.28 547 1421541 471314 9931174 -- -- -- -- 90 201 201 573 5 -- 48 1423954 471309 279262 17 22 -- -- 85 200 -- 578 1 -- 49 1424192 471304 lockland7 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 578 1 3.9 550 1427324 471261 XTEK1 14 15 -- -- -- -- -- 587.45 0.01 -0.41 551 1427243 471162 XTEK5 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 586.10 0.01 -0.21 552 1424190 471124 lockland6 6 36 -- -- 70 196 196 578 1 3.9 553 1423810 470514 FORD3 6 14 -- -- -- -- -- 573.34 0.01 1.9 554 1423430 470471 FORD1 6 16 -- -- -- -- -- 573.16 0.01 2.44 555 1413372 469931 696967 -- -- 26 30 -- -- 30 650 1 1.28 656 1426611 469732 174657 18 30 30 60 60 118 -- 591 1 -- 57 1427436 469556 ODOT19 -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- 597 .1 -- 58 1427463 469451 ODOT18 -- -- 30 -- -- -- -- 597 .1 -- 59 1428330 468244 145239 -- -- -- -- -- -- 20 625 1 -- 60 1422705 467997 51743 6 74 -- -- 85 194 -- 572 1 9.53 561 1422515 467721 9931159 6 52 62 69 82 181 -- 571 5 -- 62 1423783 467710 9931141 5 37 55 70 81 185 -- 571 5 -- 63 1425522 467700 9931140 18 41 57 82 88 202 202 581 5 -- 64 1424347 467669 999-208 -- -- -- -- 90 194 194 575 5 -- 65 1422421 466564 999-209 -- -- -- -- 77 -- -- 570 5 -- 66 1420716 465617 999-210 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 590 5 -- 67 1420276 479383 BU-9 -- -- 53 90 -- -- -- 586.89 .01 4.66 

Appendix 1 25 
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

68 1420221 464588 9931143 -- -- -- -- 90 192 -- 578 5 -- 69 1422396 468206 H-6 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 570.65 0.01 4.05 70 1422599 464420 406 0 33 44 47 76 101 -- 570 1 -- 71 1411605 464236 999-235 -- -- -- -- 70 -- -- 610 1 -- 72 1422295 463659 999-212 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 572.7 0.1 -- 73 1422579 462932 999-213 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 565 1 -- 74 1421979 462522 999-214 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 570 1 -- 75 1424397 462375 835861 0 25 -- -- -- -- -- 583 1 -- 76 1418674 462331 NWBG-MW1S 9 15 -- -- -- -- -- 569.0 0.1 2.10 577 1418617 461702 20-MW3S 6 20 -- -- -- -- -- 567.5 0.1 1.80 578 1418599 461643 20-MW3D 10 25 45 85 100 135 -- 567.6 0.1 1.47 579 1418761 461569 20-MW1S 7 25 -- -- -- -- -- 565.8 0.1 -0.23 580 1419811 461485 NEBG-MW1S 4 22 -- -- -- -- -- 565.5 0.1 2.21 581 1419854 461481 NEBG-MW1D 10 40 65 70 80 150 -- 565.8 0.1 1.20 582 1421316 461227 999-215 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 557.8 0.1 -- 83 1419376 461218 AOCL-MW1S 1 27 -- -- -- -- -- 565 0.1 -0.25 584 1419209 461133 32-MW1S 7 28 -- -- -- -- -- 565.4 0.1 1.99 585 1419620 461111 MW-306-6 6 24 -- -- -- -- -- 565.2 0.1 -0.32 586 1419409 461084 61_67-MW3S 5 28 -- -- -- -- -- 564.7 0.1 -0.23 587 1419376 460997 61_67-MW1S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 564.2 0.1 2.05 588 1417366 460967 ODOT24 5 7 -- -- -- -- -- 584 0.1 -- 89 1417650 460861 ODOT23 2 20 63 68 -- -- -- 570 0.1 -- 90 1419626 460440 70-MW1S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 561.8 0.1 -0.45 591 1419310 460287 MW-301-8 0 25 -- -- -- -- -- 561.6 0.1 -0.21 592 1419609 460143 86-MW4S 7 27 -- -- -- -- -- 560.7 0.1 -0.28 593 1417356 459992 9931147 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 568 5 -- 94 1417444 459981 436 -- -- -- -- 105 170 170 570 1 -- 95 1417329 459915 9931144 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 568 5 -- 96 1418014 459900 435 -- -- 27 40 75 182 182 560 1 -- 97 1418000 459828 GM-2 10 29 -- -- -- -- -- 561.94 0.01 1.17 598 1418784 459798 9931149 4 28 40 68 80 176 -- 559 5 -- 99 1419522 459681 433 -- -- 25 45 75 183 183 560 1 -- 

26 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

100 1418682 459652 9931156 6 32 42 54 62 82 -- 559 5 -- 101 1418915 459391 H-7 -- -- -- -- -- 180 -- 559.78 0.01 3.4 5102 1419299 459261 9931158 4 30 42 54 62 180 -- 560 5 -- 103 1416948 459240 9931154 10 14 29 64 79 171 171 562 5 -- 104 1416931 459160 WBG-MW2S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 569.4 0.1 1.88 5105 1416931 459156 WBG-MW2D -- -- 55 70 90 125 -- 569.3 0.1 1.50 5106 1419266 459124 64_68-MW1S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 562.18 0.01 -0.28 5107 1417408 459119 9931155 10 25 50 55 90 158 158 559 5 -- 108 1421157 459098 142775 15 30 -- -- 110 161 -- 580 1 -- 5109 1421285 459073 250804 23 28 34 73 76 178 178 572 1 -- 110 1419614 459067 EBG-MW4D 10 35 55 65 70 112 -- 556.4 0.1 1.72 5111 1417684 459065 AOCPST-MW3S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 558.2 0.1 -0.32 5112 1421510 459061 250803 -- -- 30 70 96 169 169 572 1 -- 113 1421371 459057 101817 -- -- 60 83 118 191 -- 580 1 1.45 5114 1417960 459057 AOCPST-MW2S 8 26 -- -- -- -- -- 559.9 0.1 -0.20 5115 1417797 459053 AOCPST-MW1S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 556.73 0.01 -0.45 5116 1421686 459050 358267 24 31 -- -- 86 168 -- 580 1 1.66 5117 1419112 458959 93_94-MW2S 16 17 -- -- -- -- -- 560.7 0.1 2.00 5118 1418890 458856 9931146 16 21 -- -- -- -- -- 560 5 -- 119 1418874 458770 GM-4 10 36 -- -- -- -- -- 558.82 0.01 2.00 5120 1420096 458766 GM-7D 15 19 43 53 85 110 -- 568.18 0.01 1.00 5121 1420167 458741 GM-7S -- -- 43 52 -- -- -- 568.24 0.01 1.67 5122 1418835 458728 9931150 6 32 39 67 79 178 -- 560 5 -- 123 1416167 458602 ODOT17 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 583 0.1 -- 124 1416221 458451 ODOT16 8 24 45 61 -- -- -- 575 0.1 -- 125 1416328 458380 ODOT15 10 12 -- -- -- -- -- 569 0.1 -- 126 1419007 458309 9931145 13 25 -- -- -- -- -- 558 5 -- 127 1418822 458282 AOCW6-MW1S 2 25 -- -- -- -- -- 560.0 0.1 -0.24 5128 1420084 458182 EBG-MW4S 7 16 -- -- -- -- -- 561.2 0.1 2.02 5129 1418845 458161 98_99-MW1S -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 560.2 0.1 -0.19 5130 1418919 458092 123-MW1S 11 27 -- -- -- -- -- 560.1 0.1 -0.23 5131 1419068 458029 EBG-MW1S 5 20 -- -- -- -- -- 556.3 0.1 1.93 5

Appendix 1 27
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

132 1416733 457998 GM-8D -- -- 41 44 57 110 -- 561.80 0.01 0.75 5133 1416733 457989 GM-8S 10 16 39 66 -- -- -- 561.72 0.01 0.83 5134 1420504 457945 GM-6P 3 18 -- -- -- -- -- 560.70 0.01 2.10 5135 1420520 457934 GM-6D 6 17 42 44 116 160 -- 561.11 0.01 1.71 5136 1420510 457932 GM-6S 5 7 38 44 -- -- -- 561.34 0.01 2.25 5137 1417368 457884 AOCLD-MW3S 2 25 -- -- -- -- -- 556.5 0.1 0.29 5138 1417836 457826 AOCLD-MW2S 16 27 -- -- -- -- -- 556.4 0.1 -0.26 5139 1419572 457657 27_28-MW1D 11 20 41 79 135 153 -- 561.4 0.1 1.82 5140 1419566 457643 27_28-MW1S 12 22 -- -- -- -- -- 561.7 0.1 1.97 5141 1418587 457529 62_63-MW4S 14 30 -- -- -- -- -- 561.7 0.1 -0.23 5142 1418222 457451 9931153 6 32 -- -- 57 163 163 552 5 -- 143 1418207 457323 9931152 5 50 61 68 83 167 -- 552 5 -- 144 1416754 457241 GM-5D 6 21 45 72 100 116 -- 562.53 0.01 1.54 5145 1416752 457229 GM-5S 10 17 46 62 -- -- -- 562.49 0.01 1.83 5146 1418266 457163 GM-3D 14 25 50 57 128 147 -- 560.80 0.01 1.67 5147 1418264 457152 GM-3S 5 7 15 57 -- -- -- 560.67 0.01 2.19 5148 1420054 457134 EBG-MW3S 6 16 -- -- -- -- -- 557.6 0.1 2.00 5149 1419566 457106 GM-1P -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 562.50 0.01 2.11 5150 1417244 457101 GM-9P 6 28 -- -- -- -- -- 560.30 0.01 -0.35 5151 1417254 457100 GM-9D 16 29 42 53 80 111 -- 561.02 0.01 -0.96 5152 1417249 457094 GM-9S 10 31 41 52 -- -- -- 560.95 0.01 -0.82 5153 1419574 457082 GM-1 15 17 35 56 -- -- -- 562.33 0.01 2.08 5154 1418304 457075 GM-3P -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 559.50 0.01 -0.26 5155 1415971 457043 AF-18P -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 577.08 0.01 0.89 5156 1415971 457037 AF-18D -- -- -- -- 61 80 -- 577.25 0.01 1.24 5157 1417281 457009 AF-16P 9 30 -- -- -- -- -- 560.40 0.01 1.53 5158 1418666 457009 27_28-MW2D 10 35 50 65 125 130 -- 564.1 0.1 1.71 5159 1417281 457004 AF-16D 5 32 40 72 90 101 -- 560.40 0.01 1.43 5160 1416852 456992 AF-15D 10 20 47 70 84 115 -- 559.80 0.01 1.15 5161 1416851 456990 AF-15S 0 22 44 57 -- -- -- 559.90 0.01 1.49 5162 1418869 456983 GM-11S 20 31 51 59 -- -- -- 565.8 0.1 2.81 5163 1418810 456978 GM-11P 17 29 -- -- -- -- -- 564.4 0.1 2.32 5164 1419129 456972 GM-10P 11 23 -- -- -- -- -- 559.0 0.1 1.62 5

28 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

165 1417966 456927 AF-1P 4 29 -- -- -- -- -- 559.38 0.01 0 5166 1417978 456927 AF-1D 6 35 -- -- 103 118 -- 559.66 0.01 0 5167 1417977 456921 AF-1S 6 31 40 52 -- -- -- 559.45 0.01 0 5168 1419200 456884 27_31-MW5D 20 35 50 85 95 150 -- 558.7 0.1 1.41 5169 1419561 456875 18-MW1S 27 32 -- -- -- -- -- 557.6 0.1 1.92 5170 1418466 456843 EBG-MW5S 6 20 -- -- -- -- -- 553.7 0.1 1.96 5171 1419958 456835 142780 2 20 35 45 83 160 -- 551 1 -- 172 1419684 456704 142795 -- -- -- -- 84 163 -- 551 1 -- 173 1421525 456563 ODOT25 5 15 - -- -- -- 30 577 0.1 -- 174 1419962 456531 MW71 23 24 -- -- 55 65 -- 562.1 0.1 1.67 5175 1416791 456529 AF-14P 16 27 -- -- -- -- -- 559.32 0.01 -0.89 5176 1416789 456526 AF-14S 12 19 54 67 -- -- -- 559.37 0.01 -0.92 5177 1419959 456521 MW73 23 24 -- -- 52 145 145 562.0 0.1 2.04 5178 1419962 456510 MW72 23 24 -- -- 52 94 145 562.3 0.1 1.96 5179 1416527 456495 AF-13P 0 16 -- -- -- -- -- 565.40 0.01 1.42 5180 1416524 456490 AF-13S 1 9 50 57 -- -- -- 565.50 0.01 2.76 5181 1417468 456484 AF-17D 8 34 41 75 89 100 -- 561.16 0.01 0 5182 1417474 456483 AF-17P 9 33 -- -- -- -- -- 560.96 0.01 0 5183 1419390 456469 51741 -- -- -- -- 59 172 -- 551 1 -- 184 1419777 456447 MW75 28 30 40 46 58 97 160 567.0 0.1 2.03 5185 1419755 456445 MW74 28 30 40 46 58 66 -- 565.8 0.1 2.32 5186 1419767 456445 MW76 28 30 40 46 58 160 160 566.5 0.1 1.74 5187 1418009 456379 AF-2P 15 33 -- -- -- -- -- 561.45 0.01 1.76 5188 1418006 456374 AF-2S 12 28 32 52 -- -- -- 561.57 0.01 0.90 5189 1412801 456335 747653 -- -- -- -- 81 103 -- 565 1 -- 190 1416192 456298 AF-12D -- -- 53 84 94 115 -- 573.00 0.01 2.14 5191 1417884 456297 AF-3P 5 32 -- -- -- -- -- 559.69 0.01 1.93 5192 1416186 456297 AF-12S -- -- 49 75 -- -- -- 573.74 0.01 1.38 5193 1416183 456296 AF-12P 14 16 -- -- -- -- -- 573.52 0.01 1.25 5194 1417880 456296 AF-3S 4 32 43 57 -- -- -- 559.85 0.01 1.94 5195 1415852 456249 ODOT13 -- -- 30 35 -- -- -- 586 0.1 -- 196 1419851 456220 MW80 33 35 54 57 70 81 -- 578.4 0.1 1.78 5

Appendix 1 29
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

197 1417880 456183 AF-4S 14 35 42 57 -- -- -- 560.10 0.01 1.97 5198 1417878 456181 AF-4P 14 35 -- -- -- -- -- 560.18 0.01 1.54 5199 1415104 456142 ODOT14 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 580 0.1 -- 200 1416979 456134 AF-10S 0 24 63 72 -- -- -- 559.74 0.01 2.16 5201 1416978 456128 AF-10P 3 22 -- -- -- -- -- 559.46 0.01 1.95 5202 1416580 456098 AF-11P 15 22 -- -- -- -- -- 564.52 0.01 1.63 203 1416578 456095 AF-11S 20 39 45 62 -- -- -- 564.55 0.01 0.44 5204 1416584 456088 AF-11D 23 40 46 71 76 106 -- 564.71 0.01 1.37 5205 1418955 456061 999-217 9 16 33 69 86 -- -- 550 1 -- 206 1417403 456060 AF-6P 4 34 -- -- -- -- -- 559.55 0.01 2.05 5207 1417403 456056 AF-6S 12 52 -- -- -- -- -- 560.00 0.01 2.59 5208 1419853 455949 MW81 8 12 28 74 81 89 -- 581.0 0.1 -0.74 5209 1419955 455943 MW68 -- -- 24 78 85 99 158 581.2 0.1 0.11 5210 1419623 455941 MW77 18 29 -- -- 54 66 -- 558.6 0.1 2.21 5211 1416777 455941 AF-21D 15 33 37 -- -- 90 -- 559.99 0.01 -0.38 5212 1419616 455935 MW79 18 29 -- -- 53 125 125 558.6 0.1 2.28 5213 1419257 455934 201948 9 13 33 48 50 156 -- 550 1 -- 214 1419957 455934 MW69 -- -- 24 77 85 121 158 581.0 0.1 -0.45 5215 1416941 455934 AF-20D 14 21 55 -- -- 90 -- 559.80 0.01 2.62 5216 1416941 455928 AF-20S 32 38 54 -- -- 69 -- 559.78 0.01 2.60 5217 1419848 455927 PZ-S-1 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 578.54 0.01 1.50 218 1419614 455926 MW78 18 29 -- -- 53 108 125 558.6 0.1 2.04 5219 1419959 455925 MW70 -- -- 23 73 84 149 158 580.5 0.1 0.07 5220 1418995 455924 58819 0 52 -- -- 104 175 -- 551 1 -- 221 1418893 455921 999-218 -- -- -- -- 98 -- -- 553 1 -- 222 1417839 455917 AF-INT1 15 35 42 59 -- -- -- 553 1 -- 223 1419840 455913 PZ-D-1 -- -- -- -- -- 143 -- 577.66 0.01 -- 5224 1420047 455912 MW82 19 23 64 83 91 101 -- 580.8 0.1 2.04 5225 1419858 455912 EW1 8 34 35 70 75 148 163 579.6 0.1 1.92 5226 1417835 455889 AF-5D 2 34 41 62 91 111 -- 559.47 0.01 2.18 5227 1417833 455887 AF-5S 2 39 41 51 -- -- -- 559.47 0.01 2.09 5228 1417832 455883 AF-5P 4 34 -- -- -- -- -- 559.89 0.01 1.34 5229 1417038 455823 AF-19S 14 23 53 -- -- 62 -- 561.50 0.01 2.29 5

30 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

230 1417039 455818 AF-19D 12 21 48 -- -- 92 -- 561.65 0.01 2.37 5231 1416787 455794 AF-9D -- -- 39 -- -- 91 -- 562.10 0.01 1.71 5232 1416793 455791 AF-9S -- -- 35 -- -- 52 -- 561.83 0.01 2.25 5233 1419897 455736 MW85 -- -- 47 58 89 136 137 579.4 0.1 -0.16 5234 1419903 455736 MW84 -- -- 46 58 89 114 137 579.3 0.1 -0.01 5235 1419900 455735 MW83 -- -- 46 50 88 102 137 579.0 0.1 -0.19 236 1417088 455525 AF-8S 6 20 49 62 -- -- -- 559.17 0.01 1.90 5237 1417092 455518 AF-8D 8 22 49 66 77 101 -- 558.95 0.01 1.81 5238 1417579 455489 AF-7D 3 38 44 60 92 120 -- 559.63 0.01 1.47 5239 1412197 455485 999-236 -- -- -- -- 96 182 182 550 1 -- 240 1417578 455482 AF-7S 3 35 40 57 -- -- -- 559.58 0.01 2.32 5241 1417577 455478 AF-7P 5 38 -- -- -- -- -- 559.38 0.01 1.70 5242 1418151 455289 MW93 8 25 34 73 75 154 154 551.8 0.1 -0.17 5243 1418154 455286 MW92 8 25 34 73 75 92 154 552.0 0.1 -0.25 5244 1413346 455090 lockland4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 555 1 -- 245 1419606 454972 PZ2 7 13 58 71 116 127 129 563.0 0.1 0.03 5246 1419672 454966 MW86 16 35 65 66 111 130 136 564.1 0.1 -0.23 5247 1419662 454966 EW2 -- -- -- -- 114 133 133 564.1 0.1 -- 5248 1418898 454812 MW88 5 49 64 72 100 145 163 564.1 0.1 -0.23 5249 1418895 454806 MW87 5 49 64 72 100 110 163 564.1 0.1 -0.37 5250 1418892 454799 MW89 5 49 64 72 100 163 163 563.9 0.1 -0.24 5251 1417336 454691 999-219 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 545 1 -- 252 1419605 454574 198166 9 18 57 64 90 143 143 565 1 -- 253 1411829 454562 250805 -- -- -- -- 105 194 194 575 1 -- 254 1419395 454537 PZ3 6 39 52 62 97 140 141 563.4 0.1 -0.01 5255 1419381 454533 EW3 -- -- -- -- 97 143 143 563.4 0.1 -- 5256 1416763 454266 Sawbrook 14 20 38 47 126 174 174 554.85 0.01 1.92 5257 1417757 454241 230003 -- -- 58 76 85 153 -- 550 1 -- 258 1417968 454029 MW100 6 50 57 88 92 151 151 548.5 0.1 -0.20 5259 1419193 454010 MW94 5 41 49 55 75 90 140 563.9 0.1 -0.23 5260 1417966 454006 9931161 31 47 72 81 94 152 -- 565 5 -- 261 1419189 454003 MW95 5 42 49 55 75 140 140 563.9 0.1 -0.24 5

Appendix 1 31
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

262 1419071 453932 PZ4 -- -- 62 77 85 150 151 563.5 0.1 0.07 5263 1419064 453916 EW4 -- -- -- -- 70 152 152 563.5 0.1 -- 5264 1419046 453882 PZ5 13 29 -- -- 72 145 146 564.5 0.1 0.07 5265 1419678 453796 PB7-94 23 25 -- -- -- -- 55 567 1 -- 266 1413268 453791 710927 0 20 -- -- -- -- -- 575 1 -- 267 1416541 453601 999-221 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 550 1 -- 268 1418937 453588 PZ-S-7 14 19 42 44 61 100 147 562.6 0.1 0.03 5269 1418936 453588 PZ-D-7 14 19 42 44 61 147 147 562.6 0.1 0.03 5270 1417569 453585 999-220.3 -- -- -- -- 101 156 156 555 1 -- 271 1418893 453538 EW5 -- -- -- -- 58 149 149 562.5 0.1 -- 5272 1418888 453525 PZ6 7 10 43 45 54 148 148 562.5 0.1 0.02 5273 1417853 453498 MW90 3 20 28 56 72 148 148 548.6 0.1 -0.30 5274 1417854 453494 MW91 3 20 27 56 72 148 148 548.3 0.1 -0.17 5275 1411884 453405 H-8 -- -- -- -- 180 200 -- 570.65 0.01 4.35 5276 1416303 453379 ODOT9 12 14 44 67 -- -- -- 569 0.1 -- 277 1415078 453352 999-240.T -- -- -- -- 112 175 175 540 1 -- 278 1414284 453149 999-238 -- -- -- -- 131 -- -- 546 1 -- 279 1416985 453128 MW104 12 55 57 71 85 148 148 552.0 0.1 -0.18 5280 1416981 453120 MW105 12 55 57 71 85 107 148 551.7 0.1 -0.21 5281 1411556 453053 342965 -- -- 19 72 131 195 -- 578 1 -- 282 1411598 453043 250801 -- -- 45 85 120 196 196 578 1 -- 283 1419158 453001 727418 1 7 14 50 -- -- -- 570 1 -- 284 1416392 452911 ODOT8 24 33 41 64 87 -- -- 559 0.1 -- 285 1414479 452844 9931134 -- -- 55 60 96 178 178 552 5 -- 286 1416402 452822 ODOT7 7 10 41 59 -- -- -- 560 0.1 -- 287 1411906 452720 819525 -- -- -- -- 110 180 -- 575 1 2.75 5288 1418337 452649 MW101 5 12 29 55 117 147 147 560.0 0.1 -0.06 5289 1416442 452573 ODOT6 14 17 40 59 -- -- -- 558 0.1 -- 290 1417000 452570 MW98 5 14 26 69 83 148 150 549.4 0.1 0.12 5291 1417012 452569 MW99 13 14 26 69 83 104 150 549.6 0.1 0.07 5292 1422349 452562 258873 -- -- 37 42 -- -- 42 680 1 -- 293 1415685 452402 999-222 -- -- 40 55 85 170 170 560 1 -- 294 1414906 452230 999-241 -- -- -- -- 115 175 175 560 1 -- 

32 Hydrogeology, Ground-Water Use, and Ground-Water Levels in the Mill Creek Valley Near Evendale, Ohio
Appendix 1. Well and borehole data, central Mill Creek Valley, Ohio

[Well number referenced in plate 1; fbls, feet below land surface; fals, feet above land surface; msl, feet above sea level; alt, altitude; coord, coordinate; --, no data. WT (water tab

in the report. State-plane feet coordinates, Ohio South zone, North American datum of 1983.]Well East North Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Bottom Top Land Altitude Measure num- coord coord Well WT WT shallow shallow lower lower bedrock altitude accuracy point alt ber (feet) (feet) name (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (fbls) (sl) (feet) (fals) 

295 1416512 452225 ODOT5 -- -- 31 54 -- -- -- 552 0.1 -- 296 1414406 452173 9931135 -- -- 25 -- -- 175 -- 559 5 -- 297 1414574 452110 9931139 -- -- 65 69 86 175 175 558 5 -- 298 1416601 451827 ODOT4 2 18 28 52 91 -- -- 552 0.1 -- 299 1417308 451769 MW103 16 48 61 63 75 96 150 552.0 0.1 -0.23 5300 1417314 451768 MW102 16 48 61 63 75 150 150 552.0 0.1 -0.21 5301 1413972 451748 999-240.1 -- -- -- -- 95 170 170 552 1 -- 302 1417133 451623 999-223 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 550.6 0.1 -- 303 1417940 451616 MW96 13 17 53 68 75 135 142 556.9 0.1 -0.32 5304 1417947 451614 MW97 13 17 53 71 75 85 142 557.0 0.1 -0.11 5305 1416641 451558 ODOT3 7 18 24 44 80 91 -- 544 0.1 -- 306 1416651 451429 ODOT2 8 14 21 44 80 90 -- 544 0.1 -- 307 1412742 451078 999-243 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 587 1 -- 308 1416658 451017 ODOT10 -- -- 36 64 -- -- -- 562 0.1 -- 309 1416641 450852 ODOT1 -- -- 36 55 -- -- -- 556 0.1 -- 310 1416633 450525 ODOT21 -- -- 33 51 -- -- -- 554 0.1 -- 311 1413069 450517 999-242 -- -- -- -- 105 185 185 550 1 -- 312 1419993 450467 33682 -- -- 44 65 89 141 141 650 1 -- 313 1416555 450437 ODOT20 -- -- 30 47 -- -- -- 552 0.1 -- 314 1417803 450268 999-224 -- -- -- -- -- 118 118 545 1 -- 315 1416994 449133 142762 -- -- 36 46 87 141 -- 550 1 -- 316 1415994 449002 ODOT12 16 46 -- -- -- -- -- 544 0.1 -- 317 1415917 448915 ODOT11 5 41 -- -- 85 91 -- 543 0.1 -- 318 1417113 446940 ODOT28 18 30 -- -- -- -- 50 570 0.1 -- 319 1414172 451686 H-9 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 555.30 0.01 2.76 

Appendix 1 33


C.W.Schalk,T.L.Schumann,2002.Hydrogeology,ground-wateruse,and

ground-waterlevelsintheMillCreekValleynearEvendale,Ohio

WATER-RESOURCESINVESTIGATIONSREPORT02–4167

Hydrogeologicsections–PLATE3

PREPAREDINCOOPERATIONWITHTHE

UNITEDSTATESAIRFORCE

AERONAUTICALSYSTEMSCENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICALSURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENTOFTHEINTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICALSURVEY

Wyoming

Lockland

Reading

Evendale

Sharonville

Glendale

East

Mill

Creek

Sharon

Creek

West

Mill

Fork

Creek

Mill

Creek

Fork

Creek

84°27'30"

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

84°25'

84°27'30" 84°25'

0

0

1

1

2 MILES

2 KILOMETERS

Study Area

OHIO

Base map of modified from U.S. Geological

Survey digital line graphs, State-plane feet coordinates, North American Datum of 1983

103

EXPLANATION

STUDY AREA BOUNDARY

SURFACE-WATER

MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY

APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF LOWER AQUIFER

LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF LOWER AQUIFER–in feet.

Interval 20 feet. Dashed where approximate

BOREHOLE OR WELL AND THICKNESS OF LOWER

AQUIFER–in feet

BOREHOLE OR WELL AT WHICH LOWER AQUIFER IS

PRESENT, THICKNESS UNKNOWN

BOREHOLE OR WELL AT WHICH LOWER AQUIFER

IS ABSENT

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Thickness of lower aquifer–PLATE 5

MAP SHOWING THICKNESS OF THE LOWER AQUIFER,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Mill

80

100

20

0

40

80

80

80

80

60

100

0

40

60

80

10

0

6

0

8

0

100

80

60

20

2

0

80

76

89

86

75

89

82

60

63

85

75

65

63

48

80

67

30

55 76

59

63

94

86

82

65

53

46

19

48

88 74

102

73

102

92

68

65 107 108

104

111

103

11

32

114
Wyoming

Lockland

Reading

Evendale

Sharonville

Glendale

East

Mill

Creek

Sharon

Creek

West

Mill

Fork

Creek

Mill

Creek

Fork

Creek

84°27'30"

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

84°25'

84°27'30" 84°25'

0

0

1

1

2 MILES

2 KILOMETERS

Study Area

OHIO

Base map of modified from U.S. Geological

Survey digital line graphs, State-plane feet coordinates, North American Datum of 1983

56

EXPLANATION

STUDY AREA BOUNDARY

SURFACE-WATER

MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY

APPROXIMATE EXTENT OF LOWER AQUIFER

AREA IN WHICH CONFINING UNIT IS ABSENT

LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF LOWER CONFINING

UNIT SEPARATING UPPER AND LOWER

AQUIFERS–in feet. Interval 10 feet

LOCATION AND THICKNESS OF CONFINING UNIT–in

feet. Plus symbol (+) indicates thickness is greater

than indicated value

LOCATION AT WHICH CONFINING UNIT IS ABSENT

LOCATION AT WHICH UPPER OR LOWER AQUIFER

IS ABSENT

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Thickness of confining unit–PLATE 6

MAP SHOWING THICKNESS OF THE CONFINING UNIT BETWEEN SHALLOW AND LOWER AQUIFERS,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Mill

40

NOTE: For the purpose of this map, thickness of the confining unit is

relevant only in those areas where the upper and lower aquifers are present

20

10

20

20

10

40

30

30

40

50

60

70

1

0

60

20

10

40

2

1

0

0

20

30

10

20

30

10

10

20

30

40

50 60

70

60

40

50 30

20

17

35

56

36

30

22+

41

19+

15+ 16+

2+ 36

36

39

11 12+

23

12

14

7

14

62

16

4+

79

17 10

4

9

2

8

20

26

36

29 45

45 32

26 10 5

11

16

18

27

15

28

14

29

21

17

60 71

15

31

9

12 7

14

12

2

10

1+ 38

56

72

32

20 26

12

15 35

35

3+

8

12

8 5

30

15 10

29

13

11

11 6

0

20

2

5+

5

35
Wyoming

Lockland

Reading

Evendale

Sharonville

Glendale

East

Mill

Creek

Sharon

Creek

West

Mill

Fork

Creek

Mill

Creek

Fork

Creek

84°27'30"

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

84°25'

84°27'30" 84°25'

0

0

1

1

2 MILES

2 KILOMETERS

Study Area

OHIO

Base map of modified from U.S. Geological

Survey digital line graphs, State-plane feet coordinates, North American Datum of 1983

535

EXPLANATION

AREA WHERE SHALLOW AQUIFER IS ABSENT

STUDY AREA BOUNDARY

SURFACE-WATER

MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY

CONTOUR ON THE SURFACE OF THE SHALLOW

AQUIFER–in feet above sea level. Interval 10 feet.

Dashed where approximate

BOREHOLE OR WELL AND ALTITUDE OF THE SURFACE

OF THE SHALLOW AQUIFER–in feet above sea level

LOCATION WHERE SHALLOW AQUIFER IS ABSENT

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Altitude and configuration of surface of shallow aquifer–PLATE 7

MAP SHOWING ALTITUDE AND CONFIGURATION OF THE SURFACE OF THE SHALLOW AQUIFER,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Mill

520

570

520

530

540

510

530

520

500

520

500

500

540

500

530

510

550

560

520

510

510

510

530

510

5

40

550

560

590

5

8

0

510

510

520

592

546

550

534

514

561

567

516 509

526

523 501

533 519

517

535

518

501

525 521

538

520

542

523

520

509

533

514

530

523

516520 513 520

556

491

511

519

514

515 509

527

516

527

524

517

530

519 517

505 520 516

525

519

497

509

505

527

523

510

520

518

518

517

533

505 500

508

517 492 511

492 515

502

643

521

520

556 531

521 495

525

497

534 493

518 523

521

491 524

557

545 553

504

606

520

526

520

522

514

559 533

507

499

Wyoming

Lockland

Reading

Evendale

Sharonville

Glendale

East

Mill

Creek

Sharon

Creek

West

Mill

Fork

Creek

Mill

Creek

Fork

Creek

84°27'30"

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

39°15'

39°12'30"

39°17'30"

39°20'

84°25'

84°27'30" 84°25'

0

0

1

1

2 MILES

2 KILOMETERS

Study Area

OHIO

Base map of modified from U.S. Geological

Survey digital line graphs, State-plane feet coordinates, North American Datum of 1983

21

EXPLANATION

STUDY AREA BOUNDARY

SURFACE-WATER

MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY

LINE OF EQUAL THICKNESS OF THE WATER-TABLE

AQUIFER–in feet. Interval 10 feet. Dashed

where approximate

BOREHOLE OR WELL AND THICKNESS OF THE

WATER-TABLE AQUIFER–in feet. Plus symbol (+)

indicates thickness is greater than value

LOCATION WHERE WATER-TABLE AQUIFER IS ABSENT

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Thickness of water-table aquifer–PLATE 9

MAP SHOWING THICKNESS OF THE WATER-TABLE AQUIFER,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Mill

10

0

0

0

0

0

0

20

20

0

3

0

30

40

0

10

1

0

40

0

20

10

0

0

0

10

20

20

40

10

20

50

10

10

30 20

20

20

30

20

10

10

30

15

18

40

68

35

3 19 1

14

5

30 10 1

10 8

12

23 32

68

46

33

6

2

14

15 18

18

25

24 19 26

4

16

2

15 18

26

5 1

26

25

4

15

5 7

15 23 9

15

11

11

10

18

1

3 2

5

2

15

12 12 25

15

26 45 11

25

21

27

7

22

2 11 8

19 24

26 28 16

21

18 6

9

14

35

32

17

6

2

9

3 3 1

43

43

17

7

6

3

5

16

37

2

44

33 9

19

6

5

27 4

4 11

52

4 16 32

11

6

30

36

12

44+

22+

25+

20+

27+ 21+

24+

18+

16+

11+

24+

40+

12+

16+

20+

7

18

84°26'52"

39°13'20"

39°15'

39°13'20"

39°15'

84°26'15"

84°26'52" 84°25'

Study Area

OHIO

Base map from General Electric Aircraft Engines AutoCAD DXF file obtained March 1999

State-plane feet projection, Ohio South zone, North American Datum of 1983

537.29

EXPLANATION

FORMER AIR FORCE PLANT 36

GENERAL ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT ENGINES PLANT

PRISTINE SUPERFUND SITE

SURFACE-WATER

BUILDINGS

CONTOUR ON THE POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE–in

feet above sea level. Interval 1 foot. Dashed

where approximate

WELL AND WATER LEVEL–in feet above sea level

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Water levels in shallow aquifer at General Electric–PLATE 11

MAP SHOWING WATER LEVELS IN THE SHALLOW AQUIFER AT GENERAL ELECTRIC,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO,NOVEMBER 27-29, 2000

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

541

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 FEET

0 500 METERS

Mill

Creek

Unnamed

ditch

Unnamed

ditch

542

541

539

540

538

53

5

7

36

535

534

533

542.66

544.77

538.38

539.28

537.95

536.09

534.22

538.31

537.76

537.7

537.56

537.29

537.4

532.4

533.61

534.65

533.39

533.32

532.72

532.81

533.08

533.44

533.84

536.9
84°26'52"

39°13'20"

39°15'

39°13'20"

39°15'

84°26'15"

84°26'52" 84°25'

Study Area

OHIO

Base map from General Electric Aircraft Engines AutoCAD DXF file obtained March 1999

State-plane feet projection, Ohio South zone, North American Datum of 1983

537.29

EXPLANATION

FORMER AIR FORCE PLANT 36

GENERAL ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT ENGINES PLANT

PRISTINE SUPERFUND SITE

SURFACE-WATER

BUILDINGS

CONTOUR ON THE POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE–in

feet above sea level. Interval 1 foot. Dashed

where approximate

WELL AND WATER LEVEL–in feet above sea level

C.W. Schalk, T.L. Schumann, 2002. Hydrogeology, ground-water use, and

ground-water levels in the Mill Creek Valley near Evendale, Ohio

WATER-RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS REPORT 02–4167

Water levels in water-table aquifer at General Electric–PLATE 12

MAP SHOWING WATER LEVELS IN THE WATER-TABLE AQUIFER AT GENERAL ELECTRIC,CENTRAL MILL CREEK VALLEY,OHIO,NOVEMBER 27-29, 2000

By

C.W. Schalk and T.L. Schumann

2002

By

20

PREPARED IN COOPERATION WITH THE

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS CENTER

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

U.S.GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

541

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 FEET

0 500 METERS

Mill

Creek

Unnamed

ditch

Unnamed

ditch

556

555

5

51 5

50

549

548

547

546

545

544

543

542

541

541

540

5

51 5

50

549

548

547

546

545

544

543

542

552

553

554

5

60

5

61

5

6

5

2

6

3

5

64

539

538

5

5

6

5

5

8

536.09

556.29

553.45

551.07

550.26

549.18

548.51

548.68

548.94

548.23

546.74

545.5

542.19

540.7

540.73

541.01

541.11

541.14

551.52

548.34

544.77

545.68 544.51

541.71

540.46

541.47 543.46

540.47

539.44 540.22

539.31

539.12

538.84

538.44

538.22

540.38

540.56

541.05

541.97

539.32

537.08

539.16

544.19 559.07

562.28

564.45

554.24

541.53

541.52

541.42

543.5