COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-15-00140-CV 

MARIA SANTANA APPELLANT

V.

ANTHONY SANTANA APPELLEE 

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FROM THE 233RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. 233-517686-12

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. INTRODUCTION

This is an appeal from a final decree of divorce, which appointed Appellant 

Maria Santana and Appellee Anthony Santana as joint managing conservators of 

their daughter, granted Anthony the exclusive right to designate the child’s 

primary residence within Tarrant County, and ordered Maria to pay monthly child 

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
2

support. In four issues, Maria argues that the trial court abused its discretion by 

excluding an undesignated witness’s testimony and by excluding a social study 

and a witness’s testimony concerning it.

2 We will affirm.3

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

We review a trial court’s decision to exclude evidence under an abuse-ofdiscretion standard and will not reverse the trial court’s ruling absent an abuse of 

that discretion. See Nat’l Liab. & Fire Ins. Co. v. Allen, 15 S.W.3d 525, 527–28 

(Tex. 2000). We must uphold a trial court’s evidentiary ruling if there is any 

legitimate basis for it. Owens–Corning Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 

35, 43 (Tex. 1998). Moreover, we will not reverse based on an erroneous 

evidentiary ruling unless the error probably caused the rendition of an improper 

judgment or probably prevented the appellant from properly presenting the case 

to this court. Tex. R. App. P. 44.1(a); Romero v. KPH Consolidation, Inc., 166 

S.W.3d 212, 225 (Tex. 2005). 

III. EXCLUSION OF UNDESIGNATED WITNESS UNDER RULE 193.6

In her first issue, Maria argues that the trial court abused its discretion by 

excluding the Family Court Services (FCS) representative from testifying based 

on Maria’s failure to disclose her as a witness. Maria contends that Anthony 

 

2Although given the opportunity, Anthony, who is appearing pro se on 

appeal, chose not to file a brief with this court.

3Because Maria’s four issues challenge only the exclusion of evidence—

not the sufficiency of the evidence, we omit a detailed factual and procedural 

background of the case.
3

waived his right to a “rule 215 sanction”—exclusion of the undesignated 

witness—by failing to raise the issue of a discovery dispute prior to the

commencement of the trial. Maria further argues that because the best interest 

of the child is the primary consideration in determining issues of conservatorship, 

the technical rules of pleading and practice should not operate to exclude the

testimony of the FCS representative. 

Texas Rule of Civil Procedure 193.6 provides that a party who fails to 

make, amend, or supplement a discovery response in a timely manner may not 

offer the testimony of a witness—other than a named party—who was not timely 

identified unless the court makes a finding that (1) there was good cause for the 

failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response or (2) the 

failure to timely make, amend, or supplement the discovery response will not 

unfairly surprise or prejudice the other party. Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6(a). The rule 

is mandatory, and the penalty—exclusion of evidence—is automatic, absent a 

showing of good cause, lack of unfair surprise, or lack of unfair prejudice. Good 

v. Baker, 339 S.W.3d 260, 271 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, pet. denied). Even 

if the party seeking to call the witness fails to carry the burden of establishing an 

exception to the automatic exclusion, the trial court may grant that party’s request 

for a continuance and temporarily postpone the trial to allow a response to be

amended or supplemented and to allow opposing parties to conduct discovery 

regarding any new information presented by that response. Tex. R. Civ. P. 

193.6(c).
4

Here, it is undisputed that after the trial court appointed FCS to conduct a

social study, Maria did not supplement her discovery responses to designate as 

a witness the FCS representative who performed the social study. In Maria’s 

initial argument, she contends that the testimony of the FCS representative was

erroneously excluded as a rule 215 sanction and that it was incumbent on 

Anthony to obtain a pretrial ruling on this alleged “discovery dispute.” As set forth 

above, rule 193.6 governs the exclusion of evidence when a party fails to 

supplement a discovery response in a timely manner, not rule 215. Tex. R. Civ. 

P. 193.6(a). Unlike rule 215.2, which relates to discovery sanctions and merely 

gives a trial court discretion to prohibit a party from introducing a matter into 

evidence when the party fails to comply with discovery requests, rule 193.6(a)’s

exclusion of evidence is mandatory. Compare Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6(a), with Tex. 

R. Civ. P. 215.2. Moreover, because rule 193.6(a)’s exclusion of evidence is 

automatic and mandatory, Anthony was not required to obtain a pretrial ruling on 

Maria’s failure to disclose the FCS representative as a witness.4 See F & H 

 

4Maria claims that the exclusion of the testimony of the FCS representative 

was equivalent to a death-penalty sanction. But a trial court’s imposition of the 

automatic witness exclusion mandated by rule 193.6 is not a death-penalty 

sanction and is not reviewed as such. See, e.g., TransAm. Nat. Gas Corp. v. 

Powell, 811 S.W.2d 913, 917 (Tex. 1991) (explaining that discretionary sanction 

imposed by trial court to punish discovery abuse must be no more severe than to 

satisfy its legitimate purposes); Didur-Jones v. Family Dollar, No. 02-09-00069-

CV, 2009 WL 3937477, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Nov. 19, 2009, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.) (holding that “the cautionary factors set out in TransAmerican Natural 

Gas Corp. apply to discretionary sanctions, not to the automatic sanctions under 

rule 193.6”). 
5

Invs., Inc. v. State, 55 S.W.3d 663, 670 (Tex. App.—Waco 2001, no pet.) 

(holding that rule 193.6’s exclusionary sanction was automatic and did not 

require motion to compel); White v. Perez, No. 02-09-00251-CV, 2010 WL 

87469, at *1 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Jan. 7, 2010, pet. denied) (mem. op.)

(same). 

Under rule 193.6(b), the burden of establishing good cause or lack of 

unfair surprise or unfair prejudice was on Maria. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6(b). 

Maria did not present any evidence to show that her failure to designate the FCS 

representative as a witness fell within any exception to rule 193.6(b)’s automatic 

exclusion, and because Maria did not request a continuance, the trial court 

excluded the testimony of the FCS representative. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 193.6;

O’Dell v. Wright, 320 S.W.3d 505, 511–12 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2010, pet. 

denied) (upholding exclusion of witness’s testimony because appellant failed to

establish good cause for nondisclosure or lack of surprise or prejudice to

appellee), abrogated on other grounds by Zorrilla v. Aypco Constr. II, LLC, 469 

S.W.3d 143 (Tex. 2015).

Maria further argues in her first issue that rule 193.6’s automatic exclusion 

is inoperative here because the best interest of the child is the guiding factor in 

deciding conservatorship. Although the best interest of the child must be taken 

into account, “a party cannot ignore the rules of civil procedure and then argue 

best interest[] of the child to try to avoid the consequences of having failed to 

abide by the rules. After all, the discovery rules apply to family law cases. If they 
6

are not followed, consequences will result.” Kernan v. Cratty, No. 14-00-00865-

CV, 2001 WL 1136153, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] Sept. 27, 2001, no 

pet.) (not designated for publication).5 Rule 193.6 has several built-in safeguards 

creating exceptions to the automatic exclusion, but Maria did not avail herself of 

them. See Kernan, 2001 WL 1136153, at *3.

We hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by following rule 

193.6’s mandate and by automatically excluding an undesignated witness 

because Maria neither presented nor argued any basis for applying an exception 

and did not seek a continuance. See In re T.K.D.-H., 439 S.W.3d 473, 479 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 2014, no pet.) (holding that trial court did not abuse its 

discretion by automatically excluding undesignated witness because no basis for 

applying an exception was argued to trial court); White, 2010 WL 87469, at *1 

(holding that evidence, which should have been provided in discovery in suit for 

divorce, was properly and automatically excluded by trial court in light of 

 

5

The two main cases relied upon by Maria are factually distinguishable. 

Spurck involved termination of parental rights—a right of constitutional 

dimension, not simply conservatorship. See Spurck v. Tex. Dep’t of Family & 

Protective Servs., 396 S.W.3d 205, 213–17 (Tex. App.—Austin 2013, no pet.) 

(stating that “in a termination proceeding, formal concerns about the rules of 

discovery are less important than providing the jury as much relevant information 

as possible” and holding that trial court properly admitted testimony from 

undesignated witnesses). And In re P.M.B. was decided under former rules

215(3) and 215(5) and involved a motion for sanctions for failure to answer 

discovery. 2 S.W.3d 618, 621, 623–25 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 1999, 

no pet.).
7

appellant’s failure to attempt to establish good cause); Kernan, 2001 WL 

1136153, at *2 (same). We therefore overrule Maria’s first issue.

IV. EXCLUSION OF EVIDENCE FOR WHICH NO OFFER OF PROOF OR BILL OF 

EXCEPTION WAS MADE

In her second, third, and fourth issues, Maria argues that the trial court 

abused its discretion by excluding the social study and by excluding Anthony’s

testimony related to the social study. Maria contends on appeal that this 

evidence would have provided the trial court with information from police records 

concerning various criminal incidents involving Anthony and that such evidence 

“would have negatively affected his chance of getting custody of the child.” 

To preserve error on the ground that the trial court improperly excluded 

evidence, a party must inform the trial court of the substance of the evidence by 

an offer of proof, unless the substance was apparent from the context. See Tex. 

R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Tex. R. App. P. 33.2; Gipson–Jelks v. Gipson, 468 S.W.3d 

600, 606 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no. pet.). The failure to make 

an offer of proof containing a summary of the excluded evidence waives any 

complaint about the exclusion of the evidence on appeal. Akin v. Santa Clara 

Land Co., 34 S.W.3d 334, 339 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. denied).

Here, although on appeal Maria provides a cogent summary of the content 

of the social study and what Anthony’s testimony related to the social study 

would have shown, when the trial court excluded the social study and Anthony’s
8

testimony related to the social study, Maria’s trial counsel6did not make an offer 

of proof or file a bill of exception.7 Failure to demonstrate the substance of the 

excluded evidence results in waiver. See Sw. Country Enters., Inc., 991 S.W.2d 

at 494. We are therefore constrained to hold that Maria failed to preserve any 

claim of error from the exclusion of the social study and Anthony’s testimony 

related to the social study. See Tex. R. Evid. 103(a)(2); Tex. R. App. P. 33.2;

Gipson–Jelks, 468 S.W.3d at 606 (holding that appellant did not preserve issue 

challenging exclusion of evidence related to mental capacity and fraud because 

she did not make an offer of proof regarding evidence she sought to introduce);

Cantu v. Cantu, No. 13-13-00448-CV, 2015 WL 1020632, at *2–3 (Tex. App.—

Corpus Christi Mar. 5, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that appellant failed to 

preserve her issues challenging exclusion of the social study and testimony 

 

6Maria secured new counsel after trial.

7Although the social study was filed with the trial court before the trial and 

was admitted into evidence at the hearing on Maria’s motion for new trial, this 

does not satisfy the offer-of-proof requirement of rule 103(a)(2). See, e.g., Tex. 

R. Evid. 103(c); Sw. Country Enters., Inc. v. Lucky Lady Oil Co., 991 S.W.2d 490, 

494 n. 2 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1999, pet. denied) (noting that affidavits from 

excluded witnesses that were on file with trial court were “not a sufficient offer of 

proof”); see also In re J.F., No. 02-14-00324-CV, 2015 WL 6556969, at *5 (Tex. 

App.—Fort Worth Oct. 29, 2015, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding that trial court did 

not abuse its discretion by refusing to consider evidence that was not admitted at 

trial but was first introduced during offer of proof made at hearing on motion for 

new trial).
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related to it because appellant did not make an offer of proof or file a bill of 

exception). We overrule Maria’s second, third, and fourth issues.8

V. CONCLUSION

Having overruled Maria’s four issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Sue Walker

SUE WALKER

JUSTICE 

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; GARDNER and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: January 21, 2016

 

8

To the extent Maria’s fourth issue may be broadly construed as also 

complaining that the trial court abused its discretion during the hearing on Maria’s 

motion for new trial by excluding evidence of Anthony’s criminal charges that 

predated the couple’s 2007 marriage, at trial, Maria questioned Anthony about a

2004 charge for possession of an unlawful weapon and a 2004 charge for 

possession of marijuana. Because the allegedly improperly excluded evidence 

was already before the trial court, Maria cannot show harm. See Tex. R. App. P. 

44.1(a).