In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 16-2234

JOHN SIMPSON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

BROWN COUNTY, et al.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Southern District of Indiana, Indianapolis Division.

No. 1:13-cv-01660-TWP-TAB — Tanya Walton Pratt, Judge.

____________________

ARGUED FEBRUARY 14, 2017 — DECIDED JUNE 26, 2017

____________________

Before ROVNER, WILLIAMS, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge. This appeal presents a classic test 

of procedural due process. As the case comes to us, we must 

assume that a county board revoked a man’s professional license without giving him prior notice or an opportunity to be 

heard.
2 No. 16-2234

The case arises from Brown County, Indiana, where the 

rolling hills and brilliant fall foliage draw over a million visitors each year, and where the natural beauty has been the subject of countless paintings, including those of T.C. Steele, a 

noted American Impressionist. Rural Brown County is home 

to just about 15,000 residents, or fewer than fifty people per 

square mile. With such a sparse population, most families and 

businesses depend on septic systems to dispose of 

wastewater. Plaintiff John Simpson installed and repaired 

septic systems in the county until June 14, 2013, when his license to do so was revoked by the Brown County Board of 

Health.

Simpson then brought this action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 

against Brown County, the Brown County Health Department, and the Brown County Board of Health (collectively, 

“the County”). Simpson alleged he was deprived of property 

without due process of law and sought compensatory damages for his loss of income. After prolonged procedural fencing over the pleadings, the district court dismissed Simpson’s 

operative complaint under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 

12(b)(6). The district court’s theory was that post-deprivation 

remedies under state law, such as common-law judicial review, satisfied the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process requirement and that Simpson had not availed himself of such 

remedies. Simpson appeals that decision. Taking Simpson’s 

allegations as true, we hold (1) that Simpson has plausibly alleged that he was denied the pre-deprivation notice and hearing he was due; and (2) that even if the evidence ultimately 

shows the County had some basis for summary action, the 

County has not shown there is an adequate post-deprivation 

remedy under state law, whether in the form of common-law 
No. 16-2234 3

judicial review or anything other. We reverse and remand for 

further proceedings.

I. Factual and Procedural Background

Plaintiff John Simpson owns Monroe, LLC, a septic installation company based in Brown County. Simpson previously 

held a license to install and repair septic systems. He was told 

his license was revoked in a letter sent by County Health Officer Paul Page on June 14, 2013. 

Two weeks earlier, on May 31, 2013, Page had sent Simpson a corrective action letter demanding that he immediately 

repair the septic system on Simpson’s mother’s property. In 

that letter, Page threatened that if Simpson did not make the 

necessary repairs to the septic system, Page would request legal action through the county prosecutor’s office and “may 

request an executive meeting of the Health Board to recommend that [Simpson’s] license to install septics be rescinded.” 

Without apparent further process or an opportunity for Simpson to be heard, Page followed through on that threat with his 

June 14 letter: “Based on the findings our Health Board members approved the removal of your name from our list of approved septic contractors.” The letter did not inform Simpson 

of any law or regulation he had violated, and it did not identify any opportunities for administrative or judicial review.1

 1 These letters, surprisingly, were neither appended to Simpson’s complaint nor included in the briefing before the district court. At oral argument, we directed the parties to supplement the record on appeal with 

copies of the letters. The parties jointly submitted the letters, and we treat 

their submission as a correction by stipulation or pursuant to our inherent 

authority under Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(e)(2)(A) or (C). 

See United States v. Miller, 832 F.3d 703, 704 (7th Cir. 2016) (“Although litigants generally are not allowed to bypass the district court and present 
4 No. 16-2234

At the time, septic installation and repair licenses were 

governed by a county ordinance.2 The ordinance provided in 

section 501: “Any person engaged in ... the installation or repair of sewage disposal systems within Brown County shall 

submit an application to the Health Officer to have his name 

placed on the County Register.” The procedures for removal 

of a septic installer from the register were described in section 

503. That section broadly delegated the power of license revocation to the Health Officer, who could remove any person 

or firm that had demonstrated “inability or unwillingness to 

comply with these rules and requirements.” The affected 

party could re-apply for a license after one year, and if the 

Health Officer still deemed him unable or unwilling to “comply,” then the installer might be removed from the register 

permanently.

Simpson brought this suit in October 2013 alleging that his 

removal from the list of licensed septic installers deprived 

him of a protected property interest without due process of 

law. After two rounds of amendments to the complaint, the 

 

evidence for the first time to the court of appeals we’ve allowed exceptions.”). It is particularly appropriate for us to consider the contents of the 

letters since they are excerpted in Simpson’s complaint and are central to 

his claim. See Bogie v. Rosenberg, 705 F.3d 603, 609 (7th Cir. 2013); Citadel 

Group Ltd. v. Washington Regional Medical Center, 692 F.3d 580, 591 (7th Cir. 

2012).

2 While this case was pending in federal court, a related case proceeded in 

Indiana state court. In 2015, the state court held that the septic ordinance 

was invalid because it was not properly published. Brown County Board of 

Health v. Simpson, No. 07C01-1312-OV-000873, slip. op. at 5 (Brown Cty. 

Cir. Ct. Apr. 13, 2015). It appears that the County is currently in the process 

of enacting a new septic ordinance that complies with the publication requirements of Indiana Code § 36-2-4-8.
No. 16-2234 5

district court granted the County’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss and dismissed the case with prejudice in 2014. Relying 

on the balancing test from Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 

(1976), the district court held that Simpson was not entitled to 

pre-deprivation remedies because the County’s interest in 

protecting public health outweighed “the potential value of 

affording [Simpson] additional procedures prior to revocation.” Simpson v. Brown County, No. 1:13-cv-01660-TWP-TAB, 

2014 WL 4840768, at *3 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 29, 2014). The court had 

erroneously assumed that Simpson had an adequate postdeprivation remedy under Indiana Code § 13-15-7-3, which 

authorizes the state’s Office of Environmental Adjudication to 

review certain environmental permit revocations. As the district court acknowledged a year later in granting in part Simpson’s subsequent Rule 59(e) motion, § 13-15-7-3 has no bearing on a county-level revocation of a septic installer’s license. 

See Simpson v. Brown County, No. 1:13-cv-01660-TWP-TAB, 

2015 WL 5775513, at *3, 7, 9 (S.D. Ind. Sept. 30, 2015).

The district court corrected its mistake but then held for 

the first time that Simpson had alleged a “random and unauthorized” deprivation of his license, such that the County had 

no duty to provide pre-deprivation process. Id. at *5. The 

court granted Simpson leave to amend his complaint again, 

but only if he could “plead sufficient facts to [show] that he 

actually pursued all available post-deprivation remedies or 

sufficiently explain the specific reasons that the available 

post-deprivation remedies were inadequate.” Id. at *9.

In his third amended complaint, Simpson cited the septic 

ordinance, though he had no obligation to do so. See Johnson 

v. City of Shelby, 574 U.S. —, 135 S. Ct. 346, 346 (2014) (“Federal 

pleading rules call for ‘a short and plain statement of the claim 
6 No. 16-2234

showing that the pleader is entitled to relief’; they do not 

countenance dismissal of a complaint for imperfect statement 

of the legal theory supporting the claim asserted.”) (citation 

omitted); Avila v. CitiMortgage, Inc., 801 F.3d 777, 783 (7th Cir. 

2015) (“plaintiffs are not required to plead specific legal theories”), citing King v. Kramer, 763 F.3d 635, 642 (7th Cir. 2014). 

Simpson argued that the revocation of his license occurred 

pursuant to section 503 of the county ordinance and that, far 

from “random and unauthorized” conduct, the revocation 

was a “predictable abuse of broadly delegated uncircumscribed power.” Simpson argued he was thus entitled to predeprivation procedures and received none. Alternatively, 

Simpson argued that state law afforded him no adequate 

post-deprivation remedy.

The district court rejected Simpson’s arguments, chiding 

him for “attempting to re-litigate the previously decided issue 

of pre-deprivation due process” and adding that he failed to 

plead that he had taken advantage of the one post-deprivation 

remedy available to him under state law in the form of common-law judicial review. Simpson v. Brown County, No. 1:13-

cv-01660-TWP-TAB, 2016 WL 1700370, at *4–5 (S.D. Ind. Apr. 

27, 2016). The court dismissed the action with prejudice. 

Simpson appeals.

II. Analysis

We review de novo the district court’s dismissal for failure 

to state a claim. Tamayo v. Blagojevich, 526 F.3d 1074, 1081 (7th 

Cir. 2008). In doing so, we construe the operative third 

amended complaint in the light most favorable to Simpson, 

accepting as true all well-pled facts and drawing all reasonable inferences in his favor. Id.
No. 16-2234 7

Before addressing the substance of the procedural due 

process issues in this appeal, we pause to address the pleading posture. Though the actions giving rise to Simpson’s claim 

were undertaken by County employees—principally Paul 

Page and the members of the Board of Health—the defendants in this suit are all County entities (the County itself and 

its Board of Health and Health Department). Such municipal 

governments cannot be held liable for damages under 42 

U.S.C. § 1983 on a theory of respondeat superior for constitutional violations committed by their employees. They can, 

however, be held liable for unconstitutional municipal policies or customs. Monell v. Dep’t of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658, 

690–91 (1978); Glisson v. Indiana Dep’t of Corrections, 849 F.3d 

372, 378–79 (7th Cir. 2017) (en banc) (explaining theories of 

Monell liability). Monell issues have not been part of this appeal thus far; we assume that Simpson is alleging the septic 

ordinance was unconstitutional, at least to the extent it failed 

to provide for due process of law, and that he was injured by 

officials carrying out that ordinance so as to trigger Monell liability.

A. Notice and Opportunity to be Heard Before the Deprivation

1. Due Process Basics

Procedural due process in constitutional law generally involves a familiar line of inquiry: (1) is there a property or liberty interest protected by due process; and (2) if so, what process is due, and when must that process be made available?

Simpson was deprived of a protected property interest. 

Government-issued licenses to perform certain types of work 

that allow the license holders to earn their livelihoods are a 

form of government-created property—an entitlement—and 
8 No. 16-2234

have long been considered property protected by the Fifth 

and Fourteenth Amendments. See Cleveland Board of Education 

v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 543 (1985); Board of Regents v. Roth, 

408 U.S. 564, 577–78 (1972); see also Barry v. Barchi, 443 U.S. 

55, 64 (1979) (“[I]t is clear that [plaintiff] had a property interest in his license [as a harness-racing trainer] sufficient to invoke the protection of the Due Process Clause.”). Our task in 

this appeal is thus to determine what process was due Simpson, and when.

The general test for determining what process is due and 

when was set out in Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319 (1976). 

Mathews identified three factors to be balanced: first, the private interest at stake; second, the risk of erroneous deprivation and the value, if any, of additional procedural safeguards; 

and third, the government’s countervailing interests. Id. at 

335. The basic rights guaranteed by constitutional due process 

are notice of the intended adverse government action and an 

opportunity to be heard in response, although more elaborate 

procedural rights—such as the rights to present evidence, to 

confront adverse witnesses, and to be represented by counsel—may apply in cases in which vital private interests are at 

risk. See generally Goldberg v. Kelly, 397 U.S. 254 (1970). Governments may, of course, offer procedural protections that exceed the constitutional minimum through statute or administrative rule. Many state and local licensing schemes provide 

procedural protections that are far more elaborate than due 

process requires.

The Mathews balancing test generally requires some process before one is deprived of liberty or property. However, the 

Supreme Court has recognized that due process, “unlike 

some legal rules, is not a technical conception with a fixed 
No. 16-2234 9

content unrelated to time, place and circumstances.” Mathews, 

424 U.S. at 334 (citation omitted). The spectrum of due process 

requirements includes, at one end, a full trial-type evidentiary 

hearing before a deprivation occurs, as in Goldberg v. Kelly (termination of welfare benefits), and at the other end, procedures conducted after summary action has been taken in response to an emergency, as in Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Ass’n, 452 U.S. 264 (1981) (emergency order 

to stop mine operations followed immediately by notice and 

hearing).

2. Random and Unauthorized Deprivations

The Supreme Court has recognized another special category of deprivations of property or liberty for which pre-deprivation procedures may not be required. In some situations 

when a government official tortiously deprives a person of 

property or liberty randomly and without authorization, it is 

impractical to insist on a pre-deprivation hearing. See Parratt 

v. Taylor, 451 U.S. 527 (1981) (prisoner was deprived of property due to negligence of prison officials, in violation of prison 

regulations), overruled in part on other grounds by Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327 (1986); Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517 (1984) 

(prisoner’s property, including legal papers, was intentionally 

destroyed by guard in unauthorized “shakedown” in his cell). 

The Parratt-Hudson line of cases has a pragmatic foundation. 

When a person is deprived of property as a result of an unexpected or rogue act, it would be unreasonable to require the 

government to conduct a pre-deprivation hearing.

Situations involving such random and unauthorized conduct are relatively rare. We do not apply Parratt and Hudson

unless the government “could not predict the conduct caus-
10 No. 16-2234

ing the deprivation, could not provide a pre-deprivation hearing as a practical matter, and did not enable the deprivation 

through established state procedures and a broad delegation 

of power.” Armstrong v. Daily, 786 F.3d 529, 544 (7th Cir. 2015). 

Compare Veterans Legal Defense Fund v. Schwartz, 330 F.3d 937, 

940 (7th Cir. 2003) (“Parratt essentially stands for the rule that 

when predeprivation hearings are impractical because the actions of the state officers were ‘random and unauthorized’ the 

state is only responsible for providing postdeprivation remedies.”), with Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co., 455 U.S. 422, 436 

(1982) (Parratt does not control where “it is the state system 

itself that destroys a complainant’s property interest” without 

according him “proper procedural safeguards”), and Zinermon v. Burch, 494 U.S. 113, 136 (1990) (Parratt and Hudson do 

not control where a plaintiff “seeks to hold state officials accountable for their abuse of their broadly delegated, uncircumscribed power to effect the deprivation at issue”).

We have, of course, encountered cases in which an alleged 

deprivation occurred through truly random and unauthorized conduct. E.g., Leavell v. Illinois Dep’t of Natural Resources, 

600 F.3d 798, 805–06 (7th Cir. 2010) (plaintiff alleged that state 

officials violated unambiguous law requiring notice of hearing concerning closure of oil well); Schwartz, 330 F.3d at 941 

(defendants acted in a manner “patently inconsistent with Illinois law” by favoring non-veterans over veterans for jobs, 

even though state law required an absolute veteran’s preference in hiring).

However, any license revocation that is “random and unauthorized” will be an aberration. The existence of a license 

or permit implies the existence of a legal framework with revocation guidelines, even if those guidelines are unduly broad. 
No. 16-2234 11

To trigger the Parratt-Hudson exception in the licensing context, a rogue government official would have to violate the licensing scheme in an unpredictable way. Thus, for instance, 

in Easter House v. Felder, 910 F.2d 1387 (7th Cir. 1990) (en banc), 

we found the conduct of state licensing officials random and 

unauthorized where they (1) allegedly conspired to freeze the 

plaintiff adoption agency’s license renewal while expediting 

its competitor’s application, and (2) falsely told third parties 

(including a state judge) that plaintiff had no active license. 

The alleged conspiracy, we explained, was “nothing more 

than a random decision of state employees to disregard state 

policy and procedure which resulted in injuries to [plaintiff].” 

Id. at 1399. While the licensing officials “did exercise a certain 

amount of discretion and authority over the failure or success 

of renewal applications, that discretion was not ‘uncircumscribed’ or otherwise unregulated.” The deprivation the 

plaintiff complained of was “not one that the state could have 

predicted or, more importantly, prevented through the implementation of additional predeprivation procedural safeguards.” Id. at 1401.

The random, rogue behavior by the licensing officials in 

Easter House distinguished that case from Zinermon, where the 

conduct of the state actors in committing the plaintiff for inpatient mental health treatment was “not only ‘authorized’, 

but also, under the circumstances of that case, highly ‘predictable.’” Id. at 1402; see also Stauch v. City of Columbia Heights, 

212 F.3d 425, 432–33 (8th Cir. 2000) (“The existence of state 

post-deprivation remedies has been deemed to satisfy procedural due process in situations where the alleged constitutional deprivation was caused by random and unauthorized 

action. ... The actions taken by the City were neither random 

nor unauthorized and it was certainly feasible for the City to 
12 No. 16-2234

have provided [plaintiffs] with an opportunity to appeal the 

[adverse] determination ... .”).

Simpson’s third amended complaint, construed in the 

light most favorable to him, does not allege “random and unauthorized” actions by County officials. Rather, it alleges official conduct sanctioned by the County. The County had a 

septic ordinance that plainly described the process for the 

placement of septic installers on a register and (not so plainly) 

described the process for their removal. When County Health 

Officer Page revoked Simpson’s license, he acted pursuant to 

his broadly delegated powers derived from the ordinance. By 

its terms, the ordinance gave Page as agent for the Board of 

Health broad discretion to remove any person who had 

demonstrated “inability or unwillingness to comply” with the 

ordinance. Page was not acting unpredictably or breaking the 

rules: he did exactly what the ordinance told him to do. The 

possibility of license revocation without due process was not 

unforeseeable. It was authorized in the ordinance itself.

3. Applying Mathews v. Eldridge

Without the shield of a “random and unauthorized” defense, the County’s actions must be evaluated pursuant to the 

standard Mathews v. Eldridge factors: (1) private interest, (2) 

risk of erroneous deprivation, and (3) state interest.

Private Interest. First, the County (like the district court) 

understates the strong private interest at stake. We must assume that Simpson’s ability to earn a livelihood depends on 

his septic license and that the County’s actions deprived him 

of his livelihood. The weight of the private interest in continued employment “cannot be gainsaid.” Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 
No. 16-2234 13

543. The Supreme Court has “frequently recognized the severity of depriving a person of the means of livelihood.” Id.

In defense of its actions, the County asserts that Simpson 

could have simply found himself another line of work or pursued septic work somewhere else. If that argument were sufficient, few employees or license-holders would ever have a 

viable due process claim, for any employer or license-issuer 

could make that argument. The mere possibility of some other 

work in some other place must seem cold comfort to Simpson 

or to others who lose their jobs or professional licenses. 

“While a fired worker may find employment elsewhere, doing so will take some time and is likely to be burdened by the 

questionable circumstances under which he left his previous 

job.” Id. This is especially true where a license revocation 

forces a person not only to find a new job but also to transition 

to a new field.

Risk of Error. Next, we consider the risk that, under the established procedures (such as they are), a deprivation might 

occur erroneously. Here, the septic ordinance vests broad discretion in the County Health Officer to determine when a septic installer demonstrates “inability or unwillingness to comply” with vague “rules and requirements.” It does not specify 

the process by which the Health Officer may remove the installer from the register. Under this ordinance, there is a high 

risk that someone like Simpson could have his license revoked 

without so much as a warning, to say nothing of a fair opportunity to be heard. Indeed, taking Simpson’s allegations as 

true (as we must in reviewing the district court’s dismissal of 

his third amended complaint), that is essentially what happened here. Simpson received a vague notice of a problem on 

his mother’s property followed by a notice that his license had 
14 No. 16-2234

been terminated. There is no indication on the face of the complaint or in the letters from Paul Page that Simpson received 

a hearing or was even advised of an opportunity to tell his 

side of the story.

We see no reason to believe that the cost of basic procedures (e.g., meaningful notice and an informal hearing) 

would be unduly burdensome in comparison with the protections those additional procedures would provide. See Mackey 

v. Montrym, 443 U.S. 1, 21 (1979) (“When a deprivation is irreversible—as is the case with a license suspension that can at 

best be shortened but cannot be undone—the requirement of 

some kind of hearing before a final deprivation takes effect is 

all the more important.”).

Government Interest. Finally, the County frames its interest 

in public health and safety as paramount. The County is quite 

right that public health is “[o]ne of the oldest examples” of a 

government interest that can justify summary deprivation of 

property. Hodel, 452 U.S. at 300 (alteration in original) (citation 

omitted) (allowing emergency orders to stop mine operations 

to avoid imminent disasters). But to compare the ambiguous 

and uncertain septic situation on Simpson’s mother’s property with the collapsing mines in Hodel is at best premature. 

Brown County has an interest in preventing unqualified individuals from repairing and installing septic systems. That interest is rooted in its concern for public health and safety. Improperly treated sewage, including failed septic systems, is a 

leading cause of water pollution in Indiana, and it poses a significant risk to public health and the environment. See Conservation Law Center & INTERA, Inc., Water and Quality of Life 

in Indiana 34–35 (2017). But nothing in Simpson’s third 

amended complaint or in the limited record here suggests that
No. 16-2234 15

septic problems associated with Simpson were both so serious 

and so urgent as to justify summary action by the County, 

without an opportunity for Simpson to be heard.

On review of a Rule 12(b)(6) dismissal, we must take the 

truth of the allegations in Simpson’s complaint at face value. 

See Tamayo, 526 F.3d at 1081. As alleged, there were no random acts by county officials and no public health emergency. 

There were only County officials acting pursuant to broadly 

delegated power. Brown County cannot give its Health Officer unfettered discretion to decide when, how, and why he 

revokes licenses, and then claim that he was acting so unpredictably that it would be impossible to provide pre-revocation 

notice. Cf. Zinermon, 494 U.S. at 135 (“It may be permissible 

constitutionally for a State to have a statutory scheme ... 

which gives state officials broad power and little guidance ... . 

But when those officials fail to provide constitutionally required procedural safeguards to a person whom they deprive 

of liberty, the state officials cannot then escape liability by invoking Parratt and Hudson.”). Under the Mathews v. Eldridge

balancing test, Simpson has plausibly alleged that he was denied the pre-deprivation process he was due before his license 

could be revoked.3

B. Post-Deprivation Remedies

Perhaps, on remand, facts will emerge that weaken Simpson’s claim for pre-deprivation notice and an opportunity to 

 3 The County implies that Simpson did in fact receive notice and a hearing 

before his license was revoked. Both in its brief and at oral argument, the 

County intimated that Simpson received more pre-deprivation process 

than he has alleged. That issue requires further fact-finding, not a decision 

on the pleadings.
16 No. 16-2234

be heard. To avoid any confusion as this litigation proceeds, 

we take this opportunity to clarify that common-law judicial 

review, as described in the cases on which the County relies, 

could not adequately redress the harm Simpson alleges and 

therefore would not be a sufficient corrective for a due process 

violation in the form of a summary license revocation.

In those cases where a plaintiff is not entitled to pre-deprivation process (e.g., where state action is random and unauthorized or where a Hodel-type emergency warrants summary 

action), the Constitution still requires an adequate post-deprivation remedy. Such a remedy need not be identical to the 

remedy otherwise available under § 1983. In Parratt, for instance, the state’s tort claims procedure authorized an action 

against the state alone, not its individual employees, and did 

not authorize punitive damages or guarantee the right to a 

trial by jury. 451 U.S. at 543–44. Nevertheless, the “remedies 

provided could have fully compensated the [plaintiff] for the 

property loss he suffered,” and those remedies were therefore 

“sufficient to satisfy the requirements of due process.” Id. at 

544; see also Gable v. City of Chicago, 296 F.3d 531, 540 (7th Cir. 

2002) (state tort remedies were adequate even though they 

did not provide for attorney fees); Archuleta v. Colorado Dep’t 

of Institutions, 936 F.2d 483, 491 (10th Cir. 1991) (discharged 

employee who was reinstated with back pay and benefits 

could not bring due process claim for punitive damages and 

damages for emotional distress; the “fact that plaintiff could 

obtain more relief under § 1983 does not mean that the remedy for the temporary deprivation of her property was constitutionally inadequate”).

Though a state remedy need not match in every respect 

the relief otherwise available under § 1983, such a remedy 
No. 16-2234 17

must still offer meaningful redress for the particular injury 

suffered by the plaintiff. See Easter House, 910 F.2d at 1406 

(state remedy cannot be “meaningless or nonexistent”). 

Meaningful post-deprivation remedies are “characterized by 

promptness and by the ability to restore the claimant to possession.” Baird v. Board of Education, 389 F.3d 685, 692 (7th Cir. 

2004) (breach-of-contract action under state law was inadequate post-termination remedy for former school superintendent who possessed present entitlement to job and who had 

been afforded only limited pre-termination hearing); see also 

Joshua v. Newell, 871 F.2d 884, 887 (9th Cir. 1989) (“To satisfy 

due process, the state remedy need not provide the [plaintiffs] 

with all the relief available under section 1983, so long as it 

would fully compensate their property loss.”); Wilson v. Beebe, 

770 F.2d 578, 584 (6th Cir. 1985) (“Applying the substantive 

law of Michigan to [plaintiff’s] pendent claim for negligence, 

the district court awarded [plaintiff] substantial damages. ... 

Though the state remedy did not permit [plaintiff] to recover 

attorney fees, which would have been available if § 1983 had 

been the basis of his recovery of damages, this did not render 

that remedy inadequate.”).4

 

4 In Easter House, we remarked that “we should not reject the application 

of Parratt unless the remedy which an injured party may pursue in state 

court can readily be characterized as inadequate to the point that it is 

meaningless or nonexistent and, thus, in no way can be said to provide the 

due process relief guaranteed by the fourteenth amendment.” 910 F.2d at 

1406. But in that case, we identified no fewer than five “potential causes 

of action, among others,” that could have afforded the plaintiff meaningful redress. Id. at 1405. If the plaintiff had prevailed on these theories in 

state court, it could have recovered damages as well as injunctive relief. 

Our comment about “meaningless or nonexistent” remedies did not suggest that any remedy, however limited or removed from the actual harm 
18 No. 16-2234

In many cases that discuss the adequacy of post-deprivation remedies, the underlying conduct of government actors 

was random and unauthorized within the meaning of Parratt 

and Hudson. This should come as no surprise: if a deprivation 

does not fall within the narrow Parratt-Hudson exception, 

some pre-deprivation process is generally required, as explained above.

In Gable v. City of Chicago, for instance, plaintiffs’ complaint 

focused on two categories of random and unauthorized acts: 

(1) false denials by city employees that plaintiffs’ impounded 

vehicles were stored at a particular lot; and (2) acts of theft 

and vandalism by city employees. 296 F.3d at 540. Finding 

that it would “not have been practicable for the City ‘to anticipate and control in advance’ such random acts,” id., we 

turned to the question of post-deprivation remedies. Under 

state law, plaintiffs could have brought a bailment action to 

recover compensation for damage to their vehicles as well as 

compensation for the time their vehicles were wrongfully impounded. Thus, a bailment action would have afforded plaintiffs a “complete remedy.” Id. Compare, e.g., Tucker v. Williams, 682 F.3d 654, 661 (7th Cir. 2012) (plaintiff was not entitled to pre-deprivation process because initial seizure of backhoe satisfied Fourth Amendment; post-deprivation remedy 

was adequate because plaintiff could have brought suit for 

conversion or replevin), and Stork v. McKinley, 444 F. App’x 

920, 922 (7th Cir. 2011) (plaintiff was not entitled to pre-deprivation process because alleged deprivation of plaintiff’s cash 

was random and unauthorized; post-deprivation remedy was 

adequate because plaintiff could have brought claim under 

 

about which the plaintiff complains, will be deemed adequate so as to bar 

a constitutional due process claim.
No. 16-2234 19

Indiana Tort Claims Act), with Belcher v. Norton, 497 F.3d 742, 

751, 753 (7th Cir. 2007) (plaintiff was not entitled to pre-deprivation process because deputy marshal’s actions were random and unauthorized; post-deprivation remedy was inadequate because deputy had acted within the scope of his employment and was therefore immune from tort liability).

Our decision in Pro’s Sports Bar & Grill, Inc. v. City of Country Club Hills, 589 F.3d 865 (7th Cir. 2009), helps to show the 

types of post-deprivation remedies that are and are not adequate when the plaintiff alleges an economic injury, as plaintiff Simpson does here. In Pro’s Sports Bar, a city acted without 

a hearing to modify a bar’s liquor license and to restrict its 

hours. The city argued that because the bar could have pursued a mandamus action in state court for reinstatement of its 

old license, it had no valid federal due process claim. We rejected that argument, explaining that unless a state remedy 

existed that would compensate the bar for its damages, it had 

no adequate remedy under state law. See id. at 872 (“Pro’s is 

asking for more than an injunction compelling the City to issue an unrestricted liquor license. The owners of Pro’s seek 

damages to compensate them for the period of time in which 

the restricted hours were enforced against them.”) (citation 

omitted).

The reasoning underlying Pro’s Sports Bar—that a remedy 

cannot be deemed “adequate” if the plaintiff’s injury is financial and the remedy offers no compensation at all—comports 

with the broader principle that due process “is not a technical 

conception with a fixed content” but is instead “flexible and 

calls for such procedural protections as the particular situation demands.” Mathews, 424 U.S. at 334 (citations omitted). 
20 No. 16-2234

This principle runs through procedural due process cases decided in this circuit and elsewhere. Compare Parrett v. City of 

Connersville, 737 F.2d 690, 697 (7th Cir. 1984) (former police official had inadequate post-deprivation remedy under union 

grievance procedure; since arbitrator was not empowered to 

award full common-law damages, due process required that 

arbitrator be “able to prevent the harm to the grievant before 

it occurs, which requires faster action than was taken ... in this 

case”), with Copsey v. Swearingen, 36 F.3d 1336, 1343 (5th Cir. 

1994) (concessionaire had adequate post-deprivation remedy 

where stipulation restored concession stand and provided for 

compensation for intervening period as well as attorney fees), 

and Greco v. Guss, 775 F.2d 161, 172 (7th Cir. 1985) (liquor licensee had adequate post-deprivation remedy where it could 

have obtained review by state liquor control commission and 

could have continued serving liquor during pendency of appeal; “since the state procedure would have allowed [licensee] 

to keep its license until the appeal was decided, [licensee] 

would have suffered no monetary damages”).

The requirement that an adequate post-deprivation remedy for an economic injury must provide some form of compensation parallels the requirement of just compensation under the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment. “When the 

government physically takes possession of an interest in 

property for some public purpose, it has a categorical duty to 

compensate the former owner ... . Thus, compensation is 

mandated when [property] is taken and the government occupies the property for its own purposes, even though that 

use is temporary.” Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302, 322 (2002) (citations 

omitted); see also First English Evangelical Lutheran Church of 

Glendale v. County of Los Angeles, 482 U.S. 304, 321 (1987) 
No. 16-2234 21

(“[W]here the government’s activities have already worked a 

taking of all use of property, no subsequent action by the government can relieve it of the duty to provide compensation for 

the period during which the taking was effective.”).

In the takings context, as in some due process contexts, 

where the state provides adequate procedures to seek just 

compensation, a plaintiff must avail himself of those procedures. See Black Earth Meat Market, LLC v. Village of Black Earth, 

834 F.3d 841, 847 (7th Cir. 2016). But where the state fails to 

provide such procedures or where the plaintiff is denied just 

compensation, the plaintiff is then entitled to bring an action 

under the Takings Clause. See Williamson County Regional 

Planning Comm’n v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City, 473 U.S. 172, 

195 (1985) (reasoning by analogy from Parratt and Hudson that 

“the State’s action is not ‘complete’ in the sense of causing a 

constitutional injury ‘unless or until the State fails to provide 

an adequate postdeprivation remedy for the property loss’”) 

(citation omitted); Harbours Pointe of Nashotah, LLC v. Village of 

Nashotah, 278 F.3d 701, 704 (7th Cir. 2002) (“If a state provides 

adequate procedures for seeking just compensation, a property owner cannot state a claim under federal law until he has 

used those procedures and been denied compensation.”).

As explained above in Part II-A, nothing on the face of 

Simpson’s complaint indicates that the County had a sufficiently urgent interest to justify summary revocation of his license. But even if the County could prove that it had such an 

interest (or even if the County had afforded Simpson enough 

preliminary process to get over the pre-deprivation hurdle), it 

has not shown that any existing state remedy could have 

made Simpson whole in the event that he ultimately proved 

the license revocation was wrongful.
22 No. 16-2234

Like the plaintiff in Pro’s Sports Bar, Simpson seeks damages to compensate him for income he allegedly lost when his 

license was terminated. The County proposes a petition for 

common-law judicial review, but we are aware of no Indiana 

case (and the County has cited none) where a litigant obtained 

damages through such an action. The proposed remedy, in 

other words, cannot address the harm Simpson claims that he 

suffered, and it is inadequate on the facts of this case as alleged. Reinstatement of a septic license, like reinstatement of 

a liquor license, does not address the financial losses resulting 

from an inability to operate one’s business for some length of 

time.

We are aware of no alternative state remedy that might redress Simpson’s injury. The parties agree that he cannot bring 

a claim under Indiana’s Administrative Orders and Procedures Act because the revocation was the act of a county 

agency, not a state agency. Simpson also cannot bring a tort 

claim on the basis of a license revocation. See Ind. Code § 34-

13-3-3(11) (providing that a governmental entity or employee 

is not liable for a loss resulting from the “issuance, denial, suspension, or revocation of ... any permit, license, certificate, 

approval, order, or similar authorization, where the authority 

is discretionary under the law”).

Taking Simpson’s allegations as true, he has stated a claim 

for a violation of procedural due process. His septic license 

was revoked pursuant to a broad delegation that gave county 

officers the power to act without affording Simpson notice 

and an opportunity to be heard before the revocation. Moreover, the County has identified no state law remedy (and we 

are aware of none) that could vindicate Simpson’s rights. 

While discovery may cast new light on the situation, Simpson 
No. 16-2234 23

is entitled to proceed with his § 1983 claim for deprivation of 

property without due process of law. We REVERSE the judgment of dismissal and REMAND for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.