For reasons of economy, this document is printed in a limited number. Delegates are 

kindly asked to bring their copies to meetings and not to request additional copies.

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION

IMO 

E

MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION 

COMMITTEE 

60th session 

Agenda item 2 

MEPC 60/2/6

 24 August 2009

 Original: ENGLISH

HARMFUL AQUATIC ORGANISMS IN BALLAST WATER 

Application for Basic Approval of Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (HHI) 

Ballast Water Management System (HiBallast) 

Submitted by the Republic of Korea 

SUMMARY

Executive summary: This document contains the non-confidential information related 

to the application for Basic Approval of the Hyundai Heavy Industries 

Co., Ltd. (HHI) Ballast Water Management System (HiBallast), in 

accordance with the ìProcedure for approval of ballast water 

management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î 

adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57) 

Strategic direction: 7.1 

High-level action: 7.1.2 

Planned output: 7.1.2.4 

Action to be taken: Paragraph 6 

Related documents: BWM/CONF/36; MEPC 53/24; MEPC 58/23; BWM.2/Circ.18 and 

MEPC 59/2/13 

Introduction

1 Ballast water management systems, which make use of Active Substances or Preparations 

containing one or more Active Substances, shall be approved by the Organization under 

regulation D-3.2 of the BWM Convention. 

2 The ìProcedure for approval of ballast water management systems that make use 

of Active Substances (G9)î, adopted by resolution MEPC.169(57), defines the principal aspects 

to be documented by data or testing (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 4.2.1) and some basic 

principles for risk evaluation (MEPC 57/21, annex 1, paragraph 5.3). According to section 6 

of Procedure (G9), the Organization should evaluate the information provided in the application. 
MEPC 60/2/6 - 2 - 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

3 According to BWM.2/Circ.18, proposals for approval of ballast water management 

systems that make use of Active Substances are to be submitted to the Marine Environment 

Division of the Organization to be reviewed by the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group. 

In the meantime, a document on the proposal for approval containing all the non-confidential 

data related to the respective ballast water management systems that make use of Active 

Substance needs to be submitted to MEPC 60. 

4 The competent authority in the Republic of Korea has verified the application dossier 

prepared by Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (HHI) and believes it to satisfy the data 

requirements of Procedure (G9). 

5 The Republic of Korea therefore submits the non-confidential part of the applicantís 

dossier in the annex of this document to the Organization for evaluation according to 

Procedure (G9). The complete dossier will be made available to the experts of the 

GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group with the understanding of confidential treatment. 

Action requested of the Committee

6 The Committee is invited to consider the proposal for approval and decide as appropriate. 

*** 
MEPC 60/2/6 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

ANNEX 

NON-CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION ON THE HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES 

CO., LTD. (HHI) BALLAST WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (HiBallast) 

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION 

1.1 Terms and definitions 

1.2 Abbreviations used in the text 

2 DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM 

2.1 Working principles 

2.2 Description of the ìHiBallastî system and equipment 

2.3 Small-scale and laboratory test 

2.3.1 Laboratory test 

2.3.2 Small-scale test 

2.4 Test Methods 

3 PRINCIPLES OF SYSTEM 

3.1 Disinfection principles by chlorination 

3.2 Principles of electro-chlorination 

3.3 Principles of de-chlorination 

3.4 Chlorination by-product 

4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE (G9: 4.1) 

5 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS 

5.1 Data on effect on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

5.2 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

5.3 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions 

(G9: 4.2.1.3) 

5.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Preparation 

and treated ballast water, if applicable (G9: 4.2.1.4) 

5.5 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (G9: 4.2.1.5) 

6 USE OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE 

7 HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF THE DBPS AND THEIR MATERIAL SAFETY 

DATA SHEETS (G9: 4.2.7) 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 2 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

8 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

8.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity 

8.2 Toxicity testing of treated ballast water 

8.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

8.4 Risk to the aquatic environmental 

9 RISK ASSESSMENT 

9.1 Risk to safety of ship 

9.2 Risk to human health 

9.3 Risk to the aquatic environment 

10 ASSESSMENT REPORT 

10.1 Summary of HAZID report 

10.2 Summary of Risk assessment on aquatic environment 

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) For ìHiBallastî 

System and Laboratory-scale (2 m3/hr) Test Report 

Appendix 2 Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) For ìHiBallastî 

System and Test Report of chemical analysis 

Appendix 3 Aquatic Toxicity Test Report with Discharged Water 

from Laboratory-scale (2 m3/hr) ìHiBallastî 

Appendix 4 Key Data-Set 

Appendix 5 Hazid Study on ìHiBallastî 

Appendix 6 System Description of HHI Ballast Water Management 

System ìHiBallastî 

Appendix 7 Environmental Risk Assessment Report 

Appendix 8 MSDS 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 3 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

This report is structured in accordance with the headlines in the ìProcedure for approval of 

ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î. 

1 INTRODUCTION

Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd. (HHI) has developed a ballast water management system for 

ships, named ìHiBallastî, which will protect the marine environment from the transfer of alien 

harmful species via ballast water. The International Convention for the Control and Management 

of Shipsí Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM Convention) was adopted at a diplomatic 

conference of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in February 2004. Following its 

ratification, a ballast water treatment system has to be used on board all ships. 

HHI is the worldís largest shipbuilding company and leads the global shipbuilding industry. 

There are several requirements and requests from organizations, administrations, shipowners, 

crews and shipyards on ballast water management system to comply with IMO regulations. 

It is clear to consider those requirements and requests in development stage of ballast water 

management system. Above all, considerations such as installation space and economy as well as 

performance and safety are the most important things to facilitate application of 

the BWM Convention. Therefore, the system was devised to minimize installation space and 

operation cost as well as to satisfy performance and safety concerns. 

HHI believes that we could submit test data which will be in full compliance with regulation D-2 

of the BWM Convention, satisfying the standards and procedures of ìGuidelines for approval of 

ballast water management systems (G8)î, and complying with the ìProcedure for approval of 

ballast water management systems that make use of Active Substances (G9)î, after successful 

land-based and shipboard test. 

In addition, HHI recognizes that in case of using filter unit the required disinfectant quantity can 

be significantly decreased, therefore environmental risk due to disinfection by-products also 

could be mitigated. However, installation of filter unit has a weak point due to the limited space, 

increase of ballast pump head, or prolonged ballasting and de-ballasting operation time and so on. 

These shortcomings are more severe in the case of retrofit. 

Thus, the experiment for Basic Approval was performed without using filter unit, which has the 

most severe environmental risk due to disinfection by-products. HHI believes that if we could 

find appropriate dosage of disinfectant which does not have harmful impact on marine 

environment without using filter unit, it is possible to develop simple, easy to install and 

economical ballast water treatment process. 

However, from the result of experiment, we could find some disinfection by-products that have 

an environmental impact, therefore, the system needs mitigation measures to prevent overdose of 

disinfectant through more exact control of disinfectant, to minimize environmental risk. Needless 

to say, the ultimate objective of development is to protect the marine environment. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 4 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

1.1 Terms and definitions 

1.2 Abbreviations used in the text 

ABBREVIATIONS 

< less than 

≤ less than or equal to 

> greater than 

≥ greater than or equal to 

μg Microgram 

b.p. boiling point 

Bw body weight 

BWMS ballast water management system 

C Coulomb 

°C degree of Celsius (Centigrade) 

CAS Chemical Abstract Service 

cc cubic centimetre 

D day(s) 

DOC Dissolved Organic Carbon 

DT50 Disappearance Time, 50% 

EC50 Effect Concentration, 50% (median effective concentration) 

FRO(C) Total Residual Oxidant (Chlorine) as chlorine 

g gram 

GHS Globally Harmonized System 

h hour 

IARC International Agency for Research on Cancer 

IC50 inhibition concentration, 50% 

ISO International Organization for Standardization 

IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 

K degree of Kelvin 

kg kilogram 

Koc organic carbon-water partition coefficient 

L litre 

LC50 lethal concentration, 50% 

LD50 lethal dose, 50% 

LOAEL lowest observed adverse effect level 

LDLO lowest lethal dose 

LOEL(C) lowest observed effect level (Concentration) 

Log Pow logarithm of the octanol/water partition coefficient 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 5 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

MEPC Marine Environment Protection Committee 

m.p. melting point 

mg milligram 

ml millilitre 

ng nanogram 

NOAEL No observed adverse effect level 

NOEL(C) No observed effect level (Concentration) 

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development 

Organization the International Maritime Organization 

PEC Predicted Environmental Concentration 

PNEC Predicted No Effect Concentration 

POC Particulate Organic Carbon 

Pow Octanol/water partition coefficient 

pH -Log [H+

] 

PSU Practical Salinity Unit 

TLV Threshold limit value 

TRO(C) Total Residual Oxidant (Chlorine) as chlorine 

TSS Total Suspended Solid 

US EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency 

WHO World Health Organization 

wt Weight 

2 Description of system 

2.1 Working Principles 

The HHI Ballast Water Management System ìHiBallastî produces Sodium Hypochlorite 

(NaOCl) to disinfect harmful marine organisms. ìHiBallastî uses in-situ seawater electrolysis to 

produce high concentration (more than 1,000 mg/L as Cl2) of disinfectant (NaOCl) from brackish 

water or seawater. To produce disinfectant, part of ballast water is fed to electrolyzer and the 

disinfectant generated in electrolyzer is directly injected into the ballast pipe during shipís 

ballasting operation. The disinfection of marine organisms and bio-fouling control using on-site 

generated chlorine compounds have been widely used in power and desalination plant, swimming 

pool, Marine Growth Prevention System (MGPS) of ship, etc. 

During voyage, hypochlorite and its derivatives will disinfect all marine organisms and final 

concentration of marine organisms in discharged water will meet IMO D-2 standard. The remaining 

hypochlorite concentration will be significantly lower than initial dose, however, to protect the 

marine environment, the reducing agent will be injected into the de-ballasting pipe to remove any 

remaining oxidant which might have harmful effect when discharged without neutralization. The 

ìHiBallastî can be installed in skid-mounted unit or container-enclosed unit in any place in the ship. 

The installation of filter will be optional. The filter can remove large size of marine organisms 

and sediments and can reduce the necessary amount of hypochlorite to disinfect all marine 

organisms, which was proven in laboratory scale experiments. Final configuration of ìHiBallastî 

will be decided with evaluation of life cycle cost of ìHiBallastî during land-based pilot-scale test. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 6 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

2.2 Description of the ìHiBallastî system and equipment 

The ìHiBallastî System is a promising system to protect the marine environment from the risk of 

Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) and its units can be divided into three main functions: filtration 

(optional); in situ seawater electrolysis to produce and inject high concentrate of hypochlorite 

into main ballast pipe; and neutralization during de-ballasting operation. The ìHiBallastî system 

is illustrated schematically in figure 2.1. The detailed description of ìHiBallastî system is 

prepared in appendix 6. 

The system consists of five units as follows: 

.1 Electrolysis Unit; 

.2 Neutralization Unit; 

.3 Filter Unit (optional); 

.4 System Control Unit; and 

.5 Sampling Unit. 

In the case of using filter unit, the first treatment phase is filtration with fully automatic 

back-flushing filter. The principal function of filter unit is removal of suspended objects such as 

large organisms, mud, silt particles and organic and inorganic particulates that could be included in 

sediment. The additional purpose of filter unit is to ensure water quality for treatment efficiency 

of electrolysis unit. The system uses filter unit only in uptake (ballasting) operation and returns 

back-flushed water to its point of origin. Therefore, no new waste is produced from filter. 

The second phase is treatment with electrolysis unit. The key role of electrolysis unit is 

generating Active Substances, which is a kind of disinfectant, using electro-chemical reaction 

and injecting concentrate of disinfectant, Active Substances, into the mainstream of ballast water. 

The operation of this unit is only in ballasting operation. In addition, to ensure safety operation 

of electrolysis unit, specially devised gas venting system was adopted. 

The purpose of neutralization unit is to detoxify possible residuals, which could be residual 

chlorine or bromine derivatives measured as Total Residual Oxidant (TRO) in ballast water. 

In de-ballasting operation, remaining disinfectant which might be harmful to marine environment 

will be reduced by neutralizing agent, such as thiosulfate and sulfite. 

In the case of not using filter unit, the first treatment is done by electrolysis unit during ballasting. 

In this case, more concentration of disinfectant is required to inactivate intake of marine 

organism. The more residuals remain in discharged water, the more neutralizing agent will be 

consumed during the de-ballasting operation. 

The results of laboratory-scale experiments indicate that: without filter unit, 10-15 ppm of TRO, 

chlorine dose was necessary; and with filter unit, about 5 ppm of TRO, chlorine was necessary to 

comply with regulation D-2. In addition, an equivalent of about 1.3-1.7 times of thiosulfate was 

needed for neutralization of residual TRO. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 7 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

BALLAST

WATER

TANKS

FILTRATION

(Option)

ELECTROLYSIS

Ballasting

Sea

Sea

NEUTRALIZATION

S-1 S-2 S-3

S-5 S-4

De-Ballasting

Figure 2.1 : Schematic Process Diagram of the ìHiBallastî Water Management System 

.1 Electrolysis unit 

The principal function of electrolysis unit is production of high concentration of 

disinfectant, hypochlorite generated from in situ electro-chemical reaction. 

Electrochemical production of chlorine is well established technology and has wide 

applications, such as Marine Growth Prevention System (MGPS) of ship and off-shore 

plant, land-based on-shore chemical, power and desalination plant. 

As shown in figure 2.2, in the case of using filter unit, part of seawater will be fed to 

electrolysis unit after filter unit as in case 2. In the case of not using filter unit, part of 

seawater will be also fed to electrolysis unit just after ballast pump as in case 1. In this 

case, to ensure water quality for electrolysis, strainer will be installed before electrolyzer. 

Electro-chemically-produced disinfectant is injected to the mainstream of ballast pipe 

only during ballasting operation. After injection, disinfectant will be diluted with 

seawater in pipe and will flow to ballast tank. During the voyage period, residual of 

disinfectant will kill marine organisms and suppress re-growth of organisms. As a side 

reaction of electro-chemical production of chlorine, hydrogen is generated on cathode of 

cell. Because the gas is highly explosive, it should be properly vented from the system as 

soon as possible whenever it is produced. Therefore, specially devised vent system was 

adopted. The vent system uses water eductor and discharges gas overboard with water. 

After discharge, some part of hydrogen gas will dissolve in seawater and other parts will 

be out of water and diluted with air. The vent system does not need vent line up to upper 

deck when the system is installed in engine-room. The ìHiBallastî system will 

selectively adopt eductor vent system and air blowing vent system according to the 

installation location and customerís requirement. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 8 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

The dosage of disinfectant will be controlled by feedback of TRC (total residual chlorine) 

or FRC (free residual chlorine) measurement and supplementary pH and ORP of diluted 

seawater. Cascade control of disinfectant concentration will be carried out by using 

control of rectifier current and estimated or measured disinfectant concentration. 

.2 Neutralization unit 

The objective function of neutralization unit is to detoxify possible residual chlorine or 

other chemical oxidants contained in ballast water during de-ballasting operation. For 

effective neutralization reaction, effective mixing and reaction time are important. 

Therefore, to make effective mixing between neutralizing agent and ballast water, the 

agent is fed to the suction part of ballast water pump. Then, the agent will be mixed 

passing through pump. The residual concentration is measured or estimated and the value 

is fed back to the neutralizing agent flow controller. For more accurate and robust 

control, cascade control of discharged residual chlorine regulates residual concentration 

to maintain discharged TRO (or FRO) under certain concentration (e.g., 0.2 mg/L as Cl2). 

In addition, to correct and monitor possible measurement error, simultaneous and 

supplementary oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) and pH measurement are 

recommended. The detailed description of neutralization unit is prepared in appendix 6. 

Low Sea

Chest (S)

Water

Ballast Pump

ELECTROLYSIS

UNIT

(U1)

High Sea

Chest (P)

FILTER UNIT BY-PASS

BALLAST WATER

ELECTROLYZER FEED

HIGH CONCENTRATE 

of DISINFECTANT

BACK-FLUSHED WATER

VENT GAS

Filter Unit

(U3)

Overboard 

Discharge

DEBALLAST

WATER

Neutralization 

Unit

(U2)

NEUTRALIZING 

AGENT

Ballast 

Tanks BALLAST

 WATER

DEBALLAST WATER

SYSTEM BOUNDARY

CASE 1

CASE 2

SEA

SEA

Figure 2.2: Block diagram of BWMS

.3 Filter unit (optional) 

This filter unit is composed of a 50 μm filter elements with automatic back flushing. The 

filter removes large particles and organisms from the seawater. This filtration reduces the 

sediment load of the ballast water and, hence, reduces sediment build-up in the ballast 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 9 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

water tanks. According to HHIís laboratory experiments, the filter can reduce the 

required amount of disinfectant to meet IMO D-2 standard. HHI would like to 

recommend the installation of filter for new ship and will evaluate the cost of filter 

installation for retrofit. Also, the exact function and cost benefit of filter will be evaluated 

in the pilot scale and shipboard test in the future. 

.4 System control unit 

The system control unit of BWMS, independent of the shipís Integrated Automation System 

(IAS) or operator console, controls electrolysis, neutralization and filter units and system 

valves and monitors the status of system. The unit has commercial programmable logic 

controller (PLC) and operator can manipulate system via operator interface installed in 

shipís office or cargo control room (CCR). The operator interface will have a design to 

facilitate treatment operation by crew. For system operation, the crew should be educated 

with a minimum required curriculum for operation and maintenance. The unit will 

provide connection of hard wiring or data communication through Ethernet to 

communicate data between IAS or console and other system as an option. 

.5 Sampling unit 

The sampling unit facilitates sampling of treated water equipped with flow measuring and 

sample preparation devices. In addition, residual water after sample preparation will be 

returned to ballast pipe to minimize load of bilge tank or bilge well. 

2.3 Small-scale and laboratory test 

2.3.1 Laboratory test 

2.3.2 Small-scale test 

Small-scale test objective is to verify laboratory test result using marine organisms with the same 

concentration of IMO influent water. The test was performed with seawater and brackish water. 

Through the test, the system performance and required neutralizing agent quantity were carefully 

verified. Chemical analysis with control and treated water was performed to estimate the basis 

for environmental risk assessment. As a result, the system performance was enough to meet 

regulation D-2. 

In addition, acute toxicity tests for marine organisms were conducted with discharged water of 

small-scale test. The test in advance of land-based test showed that some levels of toxicity were 

found for algae. Based on acute toxicity test and environmental risk assessment, appropriate 

measures to minimize environmental impact will be proposed after land-based test. 

.1 Test facility 

The small-scale test system, 1.98 m3

/hr of treatment capacity, was installed at 

Jin-Hae Bay (Masan Bay), the Republic of Korea, as shown in figure 2.7. The small-scale 

test facility was operated for the toxicity test, treatment performance test and sampling of 

chemical analysis in water. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 10 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Figure 2.7: Small Scale Test Facility of ìHiBallastî 

The flow diagram of the test facility is shown in figure 2.8. It has three tanks and three 

pumps. All materials for the test facility such as pipes, valves, pumps and tanks are 

appropriate for electrolysis unit. 

.2 Operation of test facility: 

- Flow rate 1.98 ± 0.1 m3/h 

- Treated volume about 3.8 m3

- Salinity 34 PSU (Seawater), 21 PSU (Brackish water) 

.3 Sampling and measurements 

Sampling locations (points) are indicated by S1-S6 in figure 2.8. All grab samples for 

chemical analysis and performance analysis were collected in triplicates at beginning, 

middle, and end of ballasting and de-ballasting mode, as necessary. S1, S2 and S5 

represent the sampling from each tank, T1 (Feed Water Tank), T2 (Control Water Tank) 

and T3 (Treated Water Tank), respectively. Sampling point S3 was used for sampling 

electrolyzer performance analysis. Procedures for sampling and transfer were described 

in detail in appendix 1. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 11 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

SEA

Feed Water Tank

(T1)

ELECTROLYSIS 

UNIT

Control Water Tank

(T2)

Treated Water Tank

(T3)

Sampling Tank

for Toxicity Test

S1

S2

S3

Neutralizing Agent

(Sodium Thiosulfate )

S5 S4

Sampling Tank

for Toxicity Test

S6

Figure 2.8: Test water flow diagram; Positions of sampling are as follows:

S1: Feed water (IMO soup); S2: Control water; S3: Electrolyzer discharge water (concentrate of 

disinfectant); and S4: Treated water 

Table 2.2: Grab sample information from ìHiBallastî system 

Sampling Location 

Sample for Control 

water 

Treated 

water 

On-site 

measurements 

Off-site 

measurement Remark 

Toxicity S2 S5 - Toxicity 

Day 0 before 

ballasting S1 S1 

Day 0 during 

ballasting S2 S3, S4, S5 

Day 1 S2 S5 

Day 5 before 

de-ballasting S5 

Chemical 

Analysis 

Day 5 after 

neutralization S2 S5 

- DO 

- ORP 

- pH 

- Salinity 

- TRO 

- Turbidity 

- Temperature 

- DOC, TOC, 

POC* 

- Chemicals 

IMO soup S1 S1 

Day 0 during 

ballasting S2 S4 

Day 5 before 

de-ballasting S5 

Performance 

Analysis 

Day 5 after 

neutralization 

(de-ballasting) 

S2 S5, S6 

- DO 

- ORP 

- pH 

- Salinity 

- Turbidity 

- Temperature 

- Organisms: 

≥ 50 μm, 

≥ 10 - 50 μm 

- Bacteria 

- TSS 

Note: POC is estimated value from difference between TOC and DOC. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 12 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

.4 Result of performance test and chemical analysis 

The following table summarizes the result of performance test. As shown in Table 2.4, 

system performance met regulation D-2. It is remarkable that only about 5 ppm of TRO 

after 5 days was enough for both salinity cases without using a filter unit. The result was 

matched well with laboratory experimental result. However, it was found that the 

discharge water has a toxic effect for algae, although the discharged water was 

neutralized with agent. The required neutralizing agent quantities before discharge were 

about 1.3 and 1.7 times of equivalent of sodium thiosulfate for seawater and brackish 

water, respectively. It was presumed that the required concentration of disinfectant 

depends on the concentration of suspended solids and organic compounds in seawater as 

well as organism concentration. We will accumulate all data at different operation 

conditions during land-based test and sea trial. For more detailed result of performance 

and chemical analysis, please refer to appendix 1 and appendix 2. 

As shown in figure 2.9, TRO concentrations were changed according to time. Through 

the experiment, the required initial TRO concentration to inactivate organisms was 

estimated in the range of 10 ñ 15 mg/L as Cl2. 

Table 2.4: Data summary of small-scale test 

Content Feed Water 

(Day 0) 

Control 

(Day 5) 

Treated Water 

before and 

after 

Neutralization 

(Day 5) 

Remark 

Salinity of test water 

(PSU) 34 21 34 21 34 21 

TRO (mg/L as Cl2) 0 0 0 0 5.14/ 

0 

5.76/ 

0 before/after 

FRO (mg/L as Cl2) 0 0 0 0 4.25/ 

0 

3.59/ 

0 before/after 

DOC (mg/L) 4.74 11.9 

POC (mg/L) 9.56 33.5 

TSS (mg/L) 43.5 83.3 

Organism 

(10 μm < size ≤ 50 μm) 

(/ml) 

726 6,675 1,255 30,252 0 0 Acceptable 

Organism 

(size > 50 μm) (/m3) 128,100 354,750 3,150 31,500 0 0 Acceptable 

Heterotrophic Bacteria 

(cfu/100 ml) 15,909 158,182 1,900 Acceptable 

Escherichia coli 

(cfu/100 ml) 19 TNTC 0 21 0 0 Acceptable 

Intestinal Enterococci 

(cfu/100 ml) 11 208 7 6 0 0 Acceptable 

Vibrio cholerae 

(cfu/100 ml) 0 0 0 0 0 0 Acceptable 

Note: TNTC means ìtoo numerous to countî. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 13 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

.5 Toxicity test 

The following tables summarize the result of acute toxicity test for discharged water from 

small-scale test facility. As a result, algal toxicity was found in both of seawater and 

brackish water. Therefore, it was concluded that suitable means, such as preventing 

over-dose, to minimize environmental impact due to toxicity of discharge water is 

required. For more detailed test result, please refer to appendix 3 or section 8.2.4. 

2.4 Test methods 

The detailed sampling and analysis methods were described in appendix 1 and appendix 2.

3 PRINCIPLES OF THE SYSTEM 

3.1 Disinfection principles by chlorination 

There are some other disinfectants used today apart from chlorine, which is one of the most 

popular disinfectants. Besides disinfection, chlorine in aqueous solutions is widely used for a 

number of purposes such as disinfection, fouling control, taste and odour control, bleaching, and 

as a powerful oxidizing agent in various manufacturing processes. Therefore, the chemical 

information of chlorine and its derivatives, which include equilibrium and toxicity, is relatively 

well known. In addition, recent concerns of chlorine disinfection are organic by-product 

formation and its toxic and hazardous effect and control. 

.1 Chlorine chemistry 

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent and has a germicidal effect to modify the chemical 

character of water. For example, it is used to control bacteria, algae, and macroscopic 

bio-fouling organisms in cooling water circuits. It is also used to destruct sulfur dioxide 

and ammonia, the reduction of iron and manganese by converting insoluble form, and the 

reduction of color. In contact with water, chlorine gas dissolves and hydrolyzes to form 

hypochlorous acid (HOCl), as shown in following reaction: 

Cl2 (gas) ! Cl2 (aqueous) 

Cl2 (aqueous) + H2O ! HOCl + H+ + ClThe hypochlorous acid undergoes further ionization to form hypochlorite ions (OCl-

): 

HOCl ! H+ + OClThe equilibrium concentrations of HOCl and OCl-

 depend on the pH of the water. 

Increasing the pH of water shifts the above equilibrium relationships to the right, causing 

the formation of higher concentration of OCl-

. The relative amount of hypochlorous acid 

or hypochlorite present depends on pH and to a slight extent on temperature. The 

following figure 3.1 illustrates equilibrium between HOCl and OCl-

 as a function of pH. 

Since many chemical and electrochemical methods used to determine chlorine 

concentration could not distinguish between them, it is common to express the two 

together as free available or residual chlorine (FAC or FRC): 

FR(A)C = OCl- + HOCl 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 14 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Figure 3.1: Equilibrium changes of free chlorine with pH [Haas] 

.2 Chlorine as a disinfectant 

It was believed that the superior biocidal effectiveness of hypochlorous acid comes from 

the relative ease with which it can penetrate cell walls due to its similar structure of water. 

The penetration is comparable to that of water and can be attributed to both its low 

molecular weight and to its electrical neutrality. On the contrary, hypochlorite ion has a 

relatively poor germicidal effectiveness, because of its inability to diffuse through the cell 

wall of organisms. It is believed that this obstacle comes from negative charge of 

hypochlorite ion. In addition to pH, temperature could affect biocidal efficiency due to 

temperature, which can change the equilibrium state, diffusion and metabolic rate of 

organism. 

Although exact germicidal and biocidal mechanism of chlorine residual is not clear yet, it 

is believed that chlorine reacts irreversibly with enzymatic system of organism, thereby 

killing or inactivating the organism. In addition, it is generally agreed that the relative 

efficiency of disinfecting compounds is a function of the diffusion rate of the active agent 

through the cell wall and internal attack after penetration. Therefore, disinfection 

efficiency is affected by the following factors: 

- kind of disinfectant and its property; 

- concentration of disinfectant; 

- water quality including pH; 

- contact time with disinfectant; and 

- temperature. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 15 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

.3 Chlorine demand 

Reaction with ammonia: In the presence of certain dissolved constituents in water, the 

disinfectant may react and transform to less biocidal chemical forms, in other words, 

lower energy level compound in thermodynamics aspect. In the case of chlorine, these 

principal reactions are with ammonia and amino nitrogen compounds. In the presence of 

ammonium ions, free chlorine can form chloramines, mono-, di-, and tri- chloramine, 

as follows: 

formation of mono-chloramine: NH4

+

 + HOCl = NH2Cl + H2O + H+

formation of di-chloramine: NH2Cl + HOCl = NHCl2 + H2O 

formation of tri-chloramine: NHCl2 + HOCl = NCl3 + H2O 

Reaction with organic matter: Organic amines react with free chlorine to form organic 

monochloramines. Although the rate constant is generally less than that of inorganic 

chloramines, the pattern of reaction is similar to inorganic chloramines. In addition to 

organic chloramines, free chlorine reacts with organic constituents to produce chlorinated 

organic by-products. Phenols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, and pyrrole groups are readily 

susceptible to chlorination. The disinfection by-product (DBPs) will be described in 

subsequent section. 

Reaction with other inorganic compounds: The rate constants of reaction between free 

chlorine residual and inorganic compounds likely to be present in water are summarized 

in the following Table 3.2. From the table, the reaction rates of hypobromite, hypoiodite, 

and sulfate are the most predominant ones, when other conditions are assumed the same. 

Table 3.2 : Summary of kinetics of HOCl and OCl- reduction by 

miscellaneous reducing agents [Haas] 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 16 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Reaction with bromides: The bromide concentration in the seawater is 50-70 mg/L, 

which will be in excess of any chlorine applied for chlorination purposes [White]. When 

the chlorine solution is mixed with seawater, the chlorine reacts readily with bromide ions 

to form hypobromous acid as follows: 

HOCl + Br- ! HOBr + ClSubsequently, hypobromous acid will dissociate as same pattern of hypochlorous acid, 

which depends on pH, temperature and ionic strength. On the contrary free chlorine, 

chloramines which termed as combined chlorine, cannot oxidize bromide. Besides 

hypobromous acid and hypobromite, it was reported that bromate which was known as 

human carcinogen, and chlorate could be formed by chlorination as follows [Xin, et al.]: 

3.2 Principles of Electro-chlorination 

Electrolytic reactions 

The following Table 3.3 summarizes probable electrolytic reactions during seawater and brackish 

water electrolysis. When electric power supplied, electrons move from the anode to the cathode. 

The electron transfer results in electrical potential between electrodes. The possible chemical 

reactions as follows: 

 Oxidations on anode surface 

 Reductions on cathode surface 

Among those reactions, the most probable reactions with seawater and brackish water are 

chlorine and hydrogen production at anode and cathode, respectively. Besides, water hardness, 

such as calcium and magnesium ions, can result in insoluble scale depositions on the cathode 

surface, as follows: 

 HCO3

-

 + OH- = CO3

2- + H2O 

 Ca2+ + CO3

2- = CaCO3 (S) 

Mg2+ + CO3

2- = MgCO3 (S) 

The scale deposition has been an obstacle of electrochemical hypochlorite generation with 

seawater. Conventionally, to clean the deposit on electrode needs acid cleaning. However, the 

acid cleaning could be additional shortcoming in shipboard application. Therefore, the 

development focuses on long-term operation without acid cleaning. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 17 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table 3.3: Electrolytic reactions in electrolysis [Singer, Dean] 

Reaction 

Standard 

Reduction 

Potential 

Eo

red, Volts 

Remark

Anodic Reaction 

Chlorine Cl2(aq) + 2e- = 2Cl- 1.396 

Hypochlorite 1.64 

Hypochlorous acid 1.48 

Hypobromous acid 1.33 

Ozone 2.08 

Hydrogen peroxide 1.78 

Hydroxyl radical 2.85 

Oxygen 1.23 

Cathodic Reaction 

Hydrogen 2H+ + 2e- = H2 0.00 

Active Substances of seawater electrolysis unit 

It was concluded that the following compounds could be formed during seawater or brackish 

water electrolysis after literature review: Chlorine; Hypochlorous acid; Hypochlorite; 

Hypobromous acid; Hypobromite; and Chloramines. Therefore, these compounds were defined 

as Active Substances and some compounds were grouped as a Free Residual Oxidants (FRO) and 

other compound as a combined residual oxidants. The sum of compounds was termed as 

Total Residual Oxidants (TRO).

3.3 Principles of de-chlorination 

Dechlorination with sodium thiosulfate 

As a neutralizing agent, the solution of sodium thiosulfate can be used to convert any remaining 

residual oxidants into stable reduced form such as chloride and bromide. Sodium thiosulfate 

functions as a neutralizing agent when mixed with residual oxidants, such as chlorine, in the 

ballast water and it reacts with chlorine according to the following equation: 

Na2S2O3 + 4Cl2 + 5H2O ! 2NaHSO4 + 8HCl 

Sodium thiosulfate has been used in the pulp and paper industry and is currently tried to be used 

as a neutralizing agent. It has advantage over using sodium bisulfite because, theoretically, 

sodium thiosulfate can reduce four moles of chlorine while sodium bisulfite only can reduce 

one mole of chlorine. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 18 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Dechlorination with sodium bisulfite 

Sodium bisulfite is a powder or granular material and could be used as a neutralizing agent of 

chlorinated water. The reaction is as follows: 

NaHSO3 + Cl2 + H2O ! NaHSO4 + HCl 

Theoretically, one mole of bisulfite could reduce one mole of chlorine. 

3.4 Chlorination by-product

Disinfection by-products (DBPs) are chemical compounds produced as an unintended result of 

water disinfection and oxidation. The compounds of greatest concern contain chlorine and 

bromine atoms. It was reported that more than 700 species of DBPs have been confirmed, among 

which THMs and HAAs were the most commonly detected groups [Chen]. 

It was reported that by-products are produced by chlorination as following table [Hrudey]. The 

more detailed toxicological effects of by-products will be discussed in subsequent sections. 

Table 3.5: Classes of established chlorination DBPs [Hrudey] 

Group Compounds Remark 

THMs (THM4) Chloroform 

Bromodichloromethane 

Dibromochloromethane 

Bromoform 

HAAs (HAA9) Monochloroacetic acid 

Dichloroacetic acid 

Trichloroacetic acid 

Bromochloroacetic acid 

Bromodichloroacetic acid 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 

Monobromoacetic acid 

Dibromoacetic acid 

Tribromoacetic acid 

HANs Trichloroacetonitrile 

Dichloroacetonitrile 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 

Dibromoacetonitrile 

Halogketones (HKs) 1,1-Dichloroacetone 

1,1,1-Trichloroacetone 

Miscellaneous chlorinated 

organics 

Chloral hydrate 

Chloropicrin 

Cyanogen halides Cyanogen chloride 

Cyanogen bromide 

Oxyhalides Chlorite 

Chlorate 

Bromate 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 19 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Group Compounds Remark 

Aldehydes (including 

odorous aldehydes*) 

Formaldehyde 

Acetaldehyde 

Glyoxal 

Methyl glyoxal 

Isobutyraldehyde* 

Isovaleraldehyde* 

2-Methyl butyraldehyde* 

Phenylacetaldehyde* 

Aldoketoacids Pyruvic acid 

Ketomalonic acid 

Carboxylic acids Formate 

Acetate 

Oxalate 

Maleic acids 2-tert-Butylmaleic acid 

Chlorophenols (CPs), 

(odorous) 

Chlorophenol 

Dichlorophenols 

Trichlorophenols 

Chloroanisoles (odorous) Trichloroanisoles 

Trihalomethanes 

Trihalomethanes are formed as a by-product when chlorine or bromine is used to disinfect water 

for drinking water (commonly known as disinfection by-products). They result from the reaction 

of chlorine and/or bromine with organic matters in the water being treated. The THMs produced 

may have adverse health effects at high concentrations, and many governments set limits on the 

amount permissible in drinking water. 

Haloacetic acids 

Haloacetic acids (HAAs) are a common undesirable by-product of drinking water chlorination. 

Following the period of intense research on trihalomethanes and other volatile DBPs in the 

late 1970s, researchers focused on detection, treatment and health effects of polar halogenated 

DBPs in chlorinated drinking water [Agus]. Results of this research indicated that chlorinated 

and brominated acetic acids occur in chlorinated water at concentrations similar to or slightly 

lower than those of the trihalomethanes. 

Halophenols 

The chlorination of phenols (CPs) in natural waters results in the production of chlorine-, 

bromine and iodine-substituted phenols. The concentrations of halophenols in chlorinated water 

normally are in the order of magnitude lower than standards for protection of public health. 

Haloacetonitriles 

Haloacetonitriles (HANs) are small, nitrogenous haloorganics that are most stable in the 

dihalogenated form dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN), and 

bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) [Agus]. Although HANs are usually formed at about in the 

order of magnitude of lower concentrations than the trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids during 

chlorination, they are relatively toxic and are believed to contribute significantly to the overall 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 20 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

health risks associated with consumption of chlorinated water [Agus]. Therefore, numerous 

studies have been conducted on the toxicology, formation, and treatment of haloacetonitriles in 

drinking water. 

Hydrogen 

Toxic compounds, explosive gas and hydrogen will be evolved during electrolysis of water. The 

evolution rate is exactly proportional to supplied current into electrolytic cell. In case of bipolar 

cell unlike mono-polar configuration, the evolution rate of hydrogen gas is affected by number of 

cells in series. Practically, the electric current efficiency of the hydrogen evolution reaction is 

below unity; however, the venting system will be designed considering current efficiency is unity. 

4 IDENTIFICATION OF THE SUBSTANCE (G9: 4.1) 

ìHiBallastî ballast water management system uses brackish or seawater to produce disinfectant 

in situ using the principles of electro-chemical reaction and then injects them into the mainstream 

of ballast water as required quantities to achieve a certain disinfection performance. At the outlet 

of the electrolyzer, concentrate will contain several products of electrochemical reactions taking 

place at the anode and cathode surfaces of the electrolyzer. These are hypochlorous acid (HOCl) 

in equilibrium with hypochlorite ion (OCl-

), hypobromous acid (HOBr) in equilibrium with 

hypobromous ion (OBr-

), certain short-life oxygenated chemical compounds and oxygen gas (O2) 

generated at the anode and hydrogen gas (H2) generated at the cathode. 

The following Table 4.1 summarizes Active Substances, Relevant Chemicals and other 

chemicals in this system. Measured concentrations stated in the table were experimental data of 

small-scale test on day 5 after neutralization. Concentrations are in unit of μg/L, except for gas, 

which is in % volume. 

Table 4.1: Active Substances and by-products of ìHiBallastî 

Component Chemical Name CAS 

Number Unit 

MDL 

(Minimum 

Detection 

Level) 

Conc. 

at 33/20 

(PSU) 

AS, 

RC, BP 

or 

Other6

Initial TRO (measured as chlorine)1 N.A. mg/L 0.22 10.8*

/15.5*

8.86/12.6 AS 

Discharged TRO (measured as 

chlorine)1 N.A. mg/L 0.22 ND/ND AS 

FRO (measured as chlorine)2 N.A. mg/L 0.05 ND/ND AS 

Chlorine 7782-50-5 AS 

Bromine 7726-95-6 AS 

Sodium hypochlorite 7681-52-9 AS 

Sodium hypobromite 13824-96-9 AS 

Hypochlorous acid 7790-92-3 

Hypobromous acid N.A. 

CRO (measured as chlorine)3 N.A. AS 

Chloramines4 N.A. AS 

Bromamines5 N.A. AS 

Sodium bromate 7789-38-0 μg/L 0.10 26.6/32.1 RC 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 21 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Component Chemical Name CAS 

Number Unit 

MDL 

(Minimum 

Detection 

Level) 

Conc. 

at 33/20 

(PSU) 

AS, 

RC, BP 

or 

Other6

Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic 

Compounds including THMs N.A. RC 

1,1,1-Trichloroethane 71-55-6 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,1-Dichloroethane 75-34-3 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane 630-20-6 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 87-61-6 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2,4-Tribrombenzene 615-54-3 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 120-82-1 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,2-Dichloropropane 107-06-2 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

1,3,5-Tribrombenzene 626-39-1 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

2-Chlorotoluene 95-49-8 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

4-Chlorotoluene 106-43-4 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

Bromobenzene 108-86-1 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

Bromochloromethane 74-97-5 μg/L 0.01 ND/0.25 RC 

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

cis-1,2-dichloroethene 156-59-2 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 μg/L 0.01 0.75/6.96 RC 

Dibromomethane 74-95-3 μg/L 0.01 3.37/0.73 RC 

Dichlorobromomethane 75-27-4 μg/L 0.01 0.15/0.51 RC 

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 μg/L 0.01 0.16/1.57 RC 

Tetrachloroethene 127-18-4 μg/L 0.02 ND/ND RC 

Tetrachloromethane 56-23-5 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene 156-60-5 μg/L 0.02 0.01/ND RC 

Trichlorimethane 67-66-3 μg/L 0.02 0.20/0.10 RC 

Tribromomethane 75-25-2 μg/L 0.01 0.25/111 RC 

Halogenated Aceto-nitriles N.A. 

Trichloroacetonitrile 545-06-2 μg/L 0.01 0.02/ND RC 

Dichloroacetonitrile 3018-12-0 μg/L 0.02 0.04/0.14 RC 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 83463-62-1 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

Dibromoacetonitrile 3252-43-5 μg/L 0.01 0.01/0.32 RC 

Chloral hydrate 302-17-0 μg/L 0.02 0.02/0.01 RC 

Chloropicrin 76-06-2 μg/L 0.01 0.45/1.54 RC 

Halogenated Acetic Acids N.A. 

2-monochloroacetic acid 79-11-8 μg/L 0.04 ND/ND RC 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid 79-43-6 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid 76-03-09 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

2-monobromoacetic acid 79-08-3 μg/L 0.01 5.66/6.35 RC 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid 631-64-1 μg/L 0.01 55.1/32.0 RC 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 22 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Component Chemical Name CAS 

Number Unit 

MDL 

(Minimum 

Detection 

Level) 

Conc. 

at 33/20 

(PSU) 

AS, 

RC, BP 

or 

Other6

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid 75-96-7 μg/L 0.01 14.9/13.8 RC 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid 5589-96-8 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

2,2,2-bromodichloroacetic acid 71133-14-7 μg/L 0.01 ND/ND RC 

Dalapon acid N.A. μg/L 0.05 ND/ND RC 

Halogenated Phenols N.A. 

Chlorinated Phenols N.A. RC 

2-Chlorphenol 95-57-8 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

3-Chlorphenol 108-43-0 μg/L 0.5 ND/ND RC 

4-Chlorphenol 106-48-9 μg/L 0.5 ND/ND RC 

2,3-Dichlorphenol 576-24-9 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

2,4-Dichlorphenol 120-83-2 μg/L 0.8 ND/ND RC 

2,5-Dichlorphenol 583-78-8 μg/L 0.9 ND/ND RC 

2,6-Dichlorphenol 87-65-0 μg/L 0.8 ND/ND RC 

3,4-Dichlorphenol 95-77-2 μg/L 0.9 ND/ND RC 

3,5-Dichlorphenol 591-35-5 μg/L 0.6 ND/ND RC 

2,3,4-Trichlorphenol 15950-66-0 μg/L 1.0 ND/ND RC 

2,3,5-Trichlorphenol 933-78-8 μg/L 0.8 ND/ND RC 

2,3,6-Trichlorphenol 933-75-5 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

2,4,5-Trichlorphenol 95-95-4 μg/L 0.8 ND/ND RC 

2,4,6-Trichlorphenol 88-06-2 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

3,4,5-Trichlorphenol 609-19-8 μg/L 1.0 ND/ND RC 

2,3,4,5-Tetrachlorphenol 4901-51-3 μg/L 0.3 ND/ND RC 

2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorphenol 58-90-2 μg/L 0.3 ND/ND RC 

2,3,5,6-Tetrachlorphenol 935-95-5 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

Pentachlorophenol 87-86-5 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

Bromonated Phenols N.A. ND/ND RC 

2,4-Dibromophenol 615-58-7 μg/L 0.5 ND/ND RC 

2,6-Dibromophenol 608-33-3 μg/L 0.4 ND/ND RC 

2,4,6-Tribromophenol 118-79-6 μg/L 0.5 ND/ND RC 

Neutralizing Agent N.A. OC 

 Sodium thiosulfate 7772-98-7 OC 

Gas 

Hydrogen Gas (% vol) 1333-74-0 % 0.1 87.9/93.5 BP 

Ozone Gas 10028-15-6 μL/L 0.2 Negligible BP 

Oxygen Gas 7782-44-7 % 0.1 NA BP 

Chlorine Gas 7782-50-5 μL/L 0.5 Negligible BP 

Note: 1: Total Residual Oxidants 

2: Free Residual Oxidants 

3: Combined Residual Oxidants 

4: A mixture of mono- and di- chloramines, and nitrogen trichloride 

5: A mixture of mono- and di- bromamine, and nitrogen tribromide 

6: AS (Active Substances), RC (Relevant Chemicals), BP (By-Products) 

ND: Not detected; NA: Not analysed; * Estimated concentration of disinfectant as injected TRO 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 23 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

5 DATA-SET FOR ACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND PREPARATIONS (G9: 4.2) 

5.1 Data-sets on effects on aquatic plants, invertebrates and fish (G9: 4.2.1.1) 

Aquatic toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals were collected to 

investigate the effects on the aquatic organisms that are the algae, crustacean and fish. The most 

of aquatic toxicity data refer to the literature and toxicology database provided by several 

research institutes, such as the Toxicology Data Network (ToxNet), Hazardous Substances Data 

Bank (HSDB), and Eco-toxicity (EPA), etc. In this dossier, the lowest toxicity values found in 

the literature and toxicology database for algae, crustacean and fish are depicted. The detailed 

aquatic toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are given in appendix 4. 

5.1.1 Acute aquatic toxicity 

Acute toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals were available in 

freshwater and seawater, and were summarized in Table 5.1. These toxicity data were taken in 

accordance with the test durations with the 72 hours, 48 hours and 96 hours for algae, crustacean 

and fish, respectively. Some toxicity data which did not meet the previous test durations were 

selected for the reasonable condition. 

Table 5.1: Acute aquatic toxicity 

Substances 

F 

C 

A*

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

Active Substances

Sodium hypochlorite F Oncorhynchus kisutch LC50/96hrs/ 

Marine 

0.026-

0.038 - IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/96hrs 2.1 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A Thalassiosira guilardii EC50/24hrs 0.075 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

Monochloramine F Oncorhynchus clarki LC50/96hrs 0.074-

0.094 - PAN Pesticide 

DB 

 C Ceriodaphnia dubia LC50/24hrs 0.016-0.02 - PAN Pesticide 

DB 

 A NA NA - - - 

Relevant Chemicals

Sodium bromate F Bass prolarvae LC50/96hrs 30.8 - HSDB,2009 

 C Crassostrea gigas(Molluscs) EC50/24hrs/SW 170 - ECOTOX DB 

 A Skeletonema costatum -/7days/SW 0.125- >16 - ECOTOX DB 

1,1,2-trichloroethane F Pleuronectes platessa LC50/96hrs/ 

Marine 55 - IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C Eliminius modestus LC50/48hrs 7.5 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A Phaeodactylum tricornutum EC50/96hrs 60 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane F Lepomis macrochirus LC50/96hrs/SW 13 - ECOTOX 

DB 

 C Americamysis bahia LC50/96hrs/SW 9.02 - ECOTOX DB 

 A Skeletonema costatum EC50/96hrs/FW 6.44 - ECOTOX DB 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 24 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Substances 

F 

C 

A*

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 

NOEC/14days 3.2 0.32 NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/21days 0.46 0.17 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs/ 

NOEC/72hrs 1.6 0.23 NITE web site 

1,2,3-trichloropropane F Lepomis macrochirus LC50/96hrs/FW 

NOEC/96hrs 75 10 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna LC50/48hrs 

NOEC/48hrs 20 5.6 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 A Phaeodactylum tricornutum EC50/7days 34 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene F Jordanella floridae LC50/96hrs/FW 1.217 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/0.1days 1.4 0.79 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 5.7 - NITE web site 

2-Chlorotoluene F Salmo gairdneri LC50/96hrs/FW 2.3 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/21days 0.7 0.31 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 

NOEC/72hrs 7.8 2.6 NITE web site 

4-Chlorotoluene F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 6.1 - NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/21days 2.0 0.32 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 6.1 - NITE web site 

Bromobenzene F Pimephales promelas LC50/96hrs/FW 5.6 - ECOTOX DB 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/24hrs 1.6 - ECOTOX DB 

 A NA NA - - - 

Bromochloromethane F Cyprinus carpio LC50/3-5day/FW 61-95 - ECOTOX DB 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Chlorobenzene F Lepomis macrochirus LC50/96hrs/FW 4.5 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/48hrs 19.9 6.25 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum LC50/96hrs 12.5 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

Cis-1,2-dichloroethene F Oryzias latipes LC50/67/96hrs/ 67 - NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/40/48hrs/ 40 - NITE web site 

 A Daphnia Magna EC50/21days 

NOEC/21days 17 4.5 NITE web site 

Dibromochloromethane F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 

NOEC/21days 79 3.2 NITE website 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 27 - NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 

NOEC/72hrs 9.6 4.5 NITE website 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 25 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Substances 

F 

C 

A*

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

Dibromomethane F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Dichloro-bromometane F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 

NOEC/21days 28 0.78 NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/21days 29 0.79 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 12 NITE web site 

Dichloromethane F Pimephales promelas LC50/96 hr/Fresh 177 IUCLID, 2000 

 C Palaemonetes pugio LC50/48hrs 108.5 IUCLID, 2000 

 A Skeletonema costatum EC50/-hrs >660 IUCLID, 2000 

Tetrachloroethene F Oncorhynchus mykiss LC50/96hr/FW 4.99 IUCLID, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/48hrs 7.49 IUCLID, 2000 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 

NOEC/72hrs 27 9.1 NITE web site 

Tetrachloromethane F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 7.6 NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 

NOEC/21days 8.1 0.49 NITE web site 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 

NOEC/72hrs 0.46 0.12 NITE web site 

trans-1,2-

dichloroethene 

(dichloroethene) 

F NA NA - - - 

 C Daphnia magna LC50/24hrs/FW <110 ECOTOX DB 

 A NA NA - - - 

Trichloromethane 

(Chloroform) F Oncorhynchus mykiss LC50/96hrs 18 IUCLID, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/48hrs 29 IUCLID, 2000 

 A Chlamydomonas reinhardii EC50/72hrs 13.3 IUCLID, 2000 

Tribromomethane F Brevoortia tyrannus LC50/96hrs 9-15 ECOTOX DB 

 C Penaeus aztecus LC50/96hrs 20-33 ECOTOX DB 

 A Skeletonema costatum LC50/96hrs 12.3 ECOTOX DB 

Trichloroacetonitrile F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 0.072 NITE web site 

 C Daphnia Magna EC50/48hrs 0.044 NITE web site 

 A NA NA - - - 

Dichloroacetonitrile F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 26 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Substances 

F 

C 

A*

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

Bromochloroacetonitrile F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Dibromoacetonitrile F Pimephales promelas LC50/96hrs 0.55 ECOTOX 

DB 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Chloral hydrate F Leuciscus idus melanotus LC50/48hrs/FW 1720 ECOTOX 

DB 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/48hrs/FW 500 ECOTOX 

DB 

 A Scenedesmus quadricauda LOEC/-/FW 2.8 ECOTOX 

DB 

Chloropicrin F Oncorhynchus mykiss LC50/96hrs/FW 0.014-

0.019 

ECOTOX 

DB 

 C Daphnia pulex EC50/ 

48hrs/FW 

0.047-

0.086 

ECOTOX 

DB 

 A NA NA - - - 

2-monochloroacetic 

acid F Oryzias latipes LC50/96hrs 72 NITE web site 

 C Brachionus calciflorus LC50/48hrs 

NOEC/- 68.9 40 EURA RPT. 

 A Selenastrum capricornutum EC50/72hrs 

NOEC/72hrs 0.16 0.033 NITE web site 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid F NA NA - - - 

 C Nitocra spinipes LC50/96hrs 21-25 ECOTOX DB 

 A NA NA - - - 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic 

acid F Salmo gairdneri LC50/96hrs 1050 IUCLID, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/48hrs 2000 IUCLID, 

2000 

 A Chlorococcales EC10/24hr 1000 IUCLID, 

2000 

2-monobromoacetic 

acid F NA NA - - - 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/24hrs 65 ECOTOX DB 

 A Scenedesmus subspicatus EC50/72hrs 0.2-1.4 ECOTOX DB 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid F Pimephales promelas LC50/96hrs 69 ECOTOX DB 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic 

acid F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 27 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Substances 

F 

C 

A*

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

2,2-bromochloroacetic 

acid F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

2,2,2-

bromodichloroacetic 

acid 

F NA NA - - - 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Sodium thiosulfate F Notropis atherinoides LC50/5days/FW 2 IUCLID, 2000 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A Anlistrodesmus falcatus LC50/1hr 64 IUCLID, 2000 

* Note: F is Fish; C is Crustacean; and A is Algae. 

5.1.2 Chronic aquatic toxicity 

Chronic toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are summarized in 

Table 5.2. Chronic toxicity data provided in the literature and toxicology database were very 

much restricted. However, the data were summarized in this dossier. 

Table 5.2: Chronic aquatic toxicity 

Substances 

F 

C 

A 

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

Active Substances

Sodium hypochlorite F Oncorhynchus gorbuscha NOEC/23days - 0.042 PAN Pesticide 

DB 

 C Dreissena polymorpha LC50/295hrs 1.0 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A NA NA - - - 

Relevant Chemicals

1,1,2-trichloroethane F Pleuronectes platessa LC50/56day 

NOEC/56days 5.5 3 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/21days 

NOEC/21days 32 18 IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A NA NA - - - 

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane F Jordanella floridae LOEC/10day - 7.23 ECOTOX DB 

 C Daphnia magna LC50/28day 14 - HSDB,2005 

 A NA NA - - - 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 28 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Substances 

F 

C 

A 

Species End point L(E)C50 

(mg/L) 

NOEC 

(mg/L) 

Reference/ 

comments 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene F Pimephales promelas NOEC/32day/ 

FW - 0.5 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/28day 0.36-0.6 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A Green Algae EC50/96hr 

NOEC/96hr 24 5.6 PAN Pesticide DB 

2-Chlorotoluene F Pimeohales promelas NOEC/30 day NA 2.9 Ichem,2001 

 C Daphnia magna NOEC/21day - 0.14 Ichem 

dataset,2001 

 A Scenedesmus subspicatus LC50/72h >60 - Ichem dataset, 

2001 

Chlorobenzene F Oryzias latipes NOEC - 0.25 NITE 

web site 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/14days 2.5 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 A NA NA - - - 

Dichloromethane F Oryzias latipes LC50/21day 

NOEC 106 75 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

Tetrachloroethene F Oryzias latipes NOEC - 1.0 NITE 

web site 

 C Daphnia magna EC/28day 0.51 - IUCLID 

data -set,2000 

 A NA NA - - - 

Trichloromethane 

(Chloroform) F Oncorhynchus mykiss LC50/648hrs/ 

FW 2.03 - IUCLID 

dataset, 2000 

 C Daphnia magna EC50/16day 

NOEC/16day 60 15 IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 A NA NA - - - 

Trichloroacetonitrile F Cyprinodon variegatus LC50/<20 days 7.1 - HSDB2009 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 

2-monochloroacetic 

acid F Brachydanio rerio NOEC/28days - 12.5 EURA RPT. 

 C Daphnia magna NOEC/21day 32 - EURA RPT. 

 A NA NA - - - 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic 

acid F Pimephales promelas LC50/96hrs 2000 - OECD-SIDS 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A Chlorella pyrenoidosa NOEC/14days - 0.01 OECD-SIDS 

Sodium thiosulfate F Oncorhynchus mykiss LC50/18month/F

W 600 - IUCLID dataset, 2000 

 C NA NA - - - 

 A NA NA - - - 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 29 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

5.1.3 Endocrine disruption 

No reports on the endocrine disruption potential of Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals were 

found in the literature. Commonly, it was known that the chemicals such as Dichloro diphenyl 

trichloroethane (DDT), Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBís), Bisphenol A, Polybrominated 

diphenylethers (PBDEís), and a variety of Phthalates, etc., are classified as the endocrine disruptor. 

However, no potential endocrine disrupting chemicals had been detected in the treated water. 

5.1.4 Sediment toxicity 

No report on the sediment toxicity, which is classified to the algae, crustacean and fish, for 

Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals were found in the literature. The sorption behaviour 

of substances in the sediment (soils or sludge) can be described through parameters of the 

adsorption coefficient (Koc), which is defined as the ratio between the concentration of the substance 

in the soil/sludge and the concentration of the substance in the aqueous phase at adsorption 

equilibrium. Therefore, the Koc value is a useful indicator of the binding capacity of a chemical on 

organic matter of the sediment and allows comparisons to be made between different chemicals. 

Most of Koc values for Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are less than 500 l/kg. Therefore, 

these compounds are unlikely to have the sediment toxicity. The Koc of 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 

and 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene is estimated at 1,383 l/kg and 1,356 l/kg, respectively. Because the 

octanol/water partition coefficients (Kow) are also more than 3, these chemicals may have effect on 

the sediment toxicity. Koc values for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are summarized 

in Table 5.3. In Relevant Chemicals, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene and 1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene have 

Koc values larger than 500 l/kg, but these compounds were not detected in discharged water on 

day 5 in small-scale test. 

5.1.5 Bioavailability/ biomagnification/ bioconcentration 

The bioaccumulative potential of an organic chemical substance builds up in tissues of living 

organisms as a result of direct exposure to polluted water, air or soil, or through consumption of 

contaminated food. The log Kow value can be used as a screening tool to indicate a 

bioaccumulation potential, but only direct measurement of the BAF or BCF gives a reliable 

indication of a substanceís ability to bioaccumulate. 

Most of Kow values for Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are less than three except 

some chemicals. But, the BCF of these chemicals are less than the EU criteria to determine the 

PBT screening. Therefore, it is expected that the potential for the bioavailability, 

biomagnification and bioconcentration is unlikely to affect on the aquatic organisms. 

5.1.6 Food web/population effects 

Based on the Koc and BCF, it is anticipated that the potential for bioaccumulation in the food 

chain could be negligible because these factors do not exceed the BCF criteria. 

5.2 Data on mammalian toxicity (G9: 4.2.1.2) 

Mammalian toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals is mainly 

summarized in the database of toxicity review papers, such as Toxicology Data Network 

(ToxNet), which is a database including Hazardous Substances Data Bank and Integrated Risk 

Information System), International Uniform Chemical Information Database (IUCLID), EU Risk 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 30 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Assessment Report, and WHO guidelines for drinking water qualities, etc. The studies, discussed 

in these toxicology summarizes, represent valid and reproducible data. The detailed mammalian 

toxicity data for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are given in appendix 4. 

5.2.1 Acute toxicity 

The following table (see confidential dossier) on acute mammalian toxicity lists the 50% kill 

lethal dose (LD50) of the tested animals for the various chemicals. 

5.2.2 Effects on skin and eye 

Table 5.6 (see confidential dossier) lists skin and eye effects for the various chemicals. Some of 

the chemical data could not be found for sensitization effects. As shown in Table 5.6, all of the 

chemicals have potentials to cause irritation to the skin and eyes at sufficient concentrations, 

especially halo-acetic acids (HAAs) have highly corrosive effect to skin and eyes. They are 

much higher than concentrations tested in treated ballast water typically. 

5.2.3 Repeated-dose toxicity

Data on the sub-chronic toxicity studies, typically over a period of 90 days, are listed at Table 5.7 

(see confidential dossier). This table notes the NOAELs (No Observed Adverse Effects Levels) 

when available. 

5.2.4 Chronic toxicity 

Table 5.8 (see confidential dossier) lists the results of chronic mammalian toxicity studies that are 

conducted in rodents over a period of 12 months. This table notes the NOAELs or Lowest 

Observed Adverse Effects Levels (LOAEL), when available. Some of the chemicals reported an 

increase in tumours (see details in section 5.2.6). Effect concentrations are higher than treated 

ballast water concentrations typically. 

5.2.5 Developmental and reproductive toxicity 

Table 5.9 (see confidential dossier) lists the developmental and reproductive toxicity studies. The 

table lists NOAELs or LOAELs when they are available. Even if relatively high doses are used, 

there are no effects on fertility for many of chemicals. 

5.2.6 Carcinogenicity 

Carcinogenicity studies may be combined with the chronic toxicity studies over a period 

of 12 months. Table 5.10 (see confidential dossier) showed the detailed carcinogenicity 

characteristics of chemicals. 

5.2.7 Mutagenicity/genotoxicity

Table 5.11 (see confidential dossier) lists the results of mutagenicity and genotoxicity except for 

halo-acetic acids (HAAs). For the different chemicals and tests, various results were observed. 

According to IPCS, HAAs generally have some mutagenic potential in case of high concentration 

from in vitro and in vivo studies. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 31 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

5.2.8 Toxicokinetics 

Table 5.12 (see confidential dossier) summarizes the available data on toxicokinetics from WHO 

drinking water guidelines. Most of chemicals are rapidly absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and 

excreted in the urine over the course of several hours. 

5.3 Data on environmental fate and effect under aerobic and anaerobic conditions 

(G9: 4.2.1.3) 

5.3.1 Modes of degradation (biotic; abiotic) 

TRO, sodium hypochlorite and sodium hypobromite are rapidly degraded in nature and they are 

not considered to be bio-accumulated on aquatic organisms. Table 5.13 showed biodegradation 

of Relevant Chemicals. The information used in the table is mainly from National Institute of 

Technology and Evaluation database. 

Table 5.13: Biodegradation for Relevant Chemicals 

Chemical Biodegradation Results Reference 

Sodium bromate N.A. 

Sodium thiosulphate N.A. 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 28 days, MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

GC 5% NITE Database

1,1,2,2-

Tetrachloroethane 

28 days, MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

TOC 0%, GC 10% NITE Database

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 2 weeks, MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 0%, GC 0% NITE Database

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 4 weeks, MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 0%, GC 8% NITE Database

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene Activated sludge, Aerobic=56% after 5 days IUCLID, 2000

2-Chlorotoluene Activated sludge 10 mg/l, Aerobic=0% after 28 days IUCLID, 2000

4-Chlorotoluene MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability NITE Database

Bromobenzene MITI-II(OECD TG 302C) Non-biodegradability NITE Database

Bromochloromethane MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability NITE database

Chlorobenzene MITI-II(OECD TG 302C) Non-biodegradability NITE database

cis-1,2-dichloroethene MITI-II(OECD TG 302C) Non-biodegradability NITE database

Dibromochloromethane Aerobic, a static flask screening procedure and 

incubation 28 days, 25-39% loss. HSDB,2006 

Dibromomethane No significant biotic or abiotic degradative processes 

have been reported in natural waters or soil. HSDB,2002 

Dichlorobromomethane Aerobic, a static flask screening procedure and 

incubation 28 days, 51-59% loss. HSDB,2009 

Dichloromethane MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 13% GC 1% NITE database

Tetrachloroethene MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 11% GC 0% NITE database

Tetrachloromethane 2 weeks (MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 0% TOC 0% NITE database
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 32 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical Biodegradation Results Reference 

trans-1,2-

dichloroethene 

Closed Bottle Test (OECD TG 301D) 

Non-biodegradability BOD 0% NITE database

Trichloromethane MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

BOD 0% GC 4.6% 2 weeks NITE database

Tribromomethane MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability 

GC 0% 4 weeks NITE database

Trichloroacetonitrile 

It is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes 

quickly, therefore biodegradation is not expected to be an 

important fate in the environment. 

HSDB, 2009 

Trichloroacetonitrile 

It is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes 

quickly, therefore biodegradation is not expected to be an 

important fate in the environment. 

HSDB, 2009 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 

It is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes 

quickly, therefore biodegradation is not expected to be an 

important fate in the environment. 

HSDB, 2009 

Dibromoaceto-nitrile 

It is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes 

quickly, therefore biodegradation is not expected to be an 

important fate in the environment. 

HSDB, 2009 

Chloral hydrate Biodegradation data for chloral hydrate were not 

available HSDB, 2009 

Chloropicrin 

MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Non-biodegradability GC 4% 

BOD 0% TOC 0%, 4 weeks 

Anaerobic, activated sludge inoculums at 20°C: Aerobic 

biodegradation rate: 1.5/day Half-life: 0.46 days 

NITE database

HSDB, 2009 

2-monochloroacetic 

acid 

MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Ready biodegradability 

GC 100% BOD 65% TOC 99.8% 3 weeks NITE Database

2,2-dichloroacetic acid MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) Ready biodegradability 

HPLC 100% BOD 97% TOC 94% 2 weeks NITE Database

2,2,2-trichloroacetic 

acid 

MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) 4 weeks, Non-biodegradability 

BOD 7%, TOC 42% NITE Database

2-monobromoacetic 

acid 

MITI-I(OECD TG 301C) 3 weeks, Ready 

biodegradability BOD 65%, GC 100%, TOC 99.8% NITE Database

5.3.2 Bioaccumulation, partition coefficient, octanol/water partition coefficient 

The bioaccumulation factors (BCFs) and octanol-water partition coefficient (Kows) for the Active 

Substances and Relevant Chemicals are listed in Table 5.4 of the section 5.1.5. The adsorption 

coefficients (Kocs) for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are given in section 5.1.4.

5.3.3 Persistence and identification of the main metabolites in the relevant media 

Because of low Log Pow and no bioavailability, there was no report on persistence and 

identification of main metabolites in Active Substance. For Relevant Chemicals, the Level III 

Fugacity models of the EPI suit v.4.0 uses three environmental compartments (water, soil, and 

sediment) to determine the persistence of a chemical in the environment. It has estimated that 

any chemical is expected to be found predominantly in any compartment and its persistence 

estimate is based on its transformation in this medium (half-life). The persistence of the above 

by-products is given in sections 5.1, 8.1 and 8.2. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 33 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

5.3.4 Reaction with organic matter

When natural organic matter is treated with hypochlorite species (HOCl, OCl), high molecular 

weight chlorinated compounds form in the first step that is followed by the cleavage of benzene 

rings into trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids. For most of Relevant Chemicals, there is no 

accumulation through aquatic organisms. And there is no information which is available on 

reaction with organic matter by Relevant Chemicals. 

5.3.5 Potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats 

No data were available for potential physical effects on wildlife and benthic habitats. Most of 

Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals have low Kow and BCF values. Therefore, effects on 

wildlife and benthic habitats by treated ballast water would be expectedly low. 

5.3.6 Potential residues in seafood 

For Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals, there is no potential concentration of food chain. 

Due to low Kow and BCF values, it is unlikely that these will be accumulated through the food chain. 

5.3.7 Any known interactive effects 

There is no study of interactive effects on Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals. 

5.4 Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals 

(G9: 4.2.1.4) 

The physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals are 

briefly described in Table 5.14 and detailed in appendix 4 ìChemicals data-setî. 

Table 5.14: Physical and chemical properties for the Active Substances 

and Relevant Chemicals 

Chemical MP BP FA DE VP VD WS DC CM AT 

Sodium hypochlorite 18 96 Non 1210 1740 ï 293000 ï Y Non 

Monochloramine ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï ï 

Sodium bromate 381 1390 381 3339 5.6E-16 ï 364000 ï ï ï 

1,1,2-trichloroethane -35 113 Non 1.44 225 4.21 4400 ï Y 460 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane -43.8 146.5 Non 1595 615.95 5.79 2900 ï Y Non 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 53.5 218.5 112.7 1453.3 28 6.26 18 ï ï ï 

1,2,3-trichloropropane -14.7 156.85 180 1388.9 492 5.1 1750 ï ï 304 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 17 213.5 105 1459 21.5 6.26 19 ï ï 571 

2-Chlorotoluene -35.59 158.97 49 1082.6 350 ï 374 ï ï ï 

4-Chlorotoluene 7.5 162.4 49 1069.7 374 4.37 106 ï ï 595 

Bromobenzene -30.6 156.2 51 1495.2 557.3 5.41 410 ï ï 565 

Bromochloromethane -87.9 68 Non 1934.4 18932 ï 16700 ï Y Non 

Chlorobenzene -45.2 131.7 29.2 1105.8 1200 3.88 502 ï Y 638 

Cis-1,2-dichloroethene -80 60.1 2.2 1283.7 23998 3.54 6410 ï ï 460 

Dibromochloromethane -20 121.3 Non 2451 10133 ï 2700 ï ï Non 

Dibromomethane -52.5 97 Non 2496.9 5866.2 6.05 11900 ï Y Non 

Dichlorobromometane -57 90 Non 1980 666.1 ï 3968 ï ï Non 

Dichloromethane -95 39.75 Non 1326 7653 2.93 13700 ï ï 605 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 34 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical MP BP FA DE VP VD WS DC CM AT 

Tetrachloroethene -22.3 121.3 Non 1620 1900 5.7 160 ï Y Non 

Tetrachloromethane -23 76.8 Non 1594 11940 5.32 793 ï ï ï 

Dichloroethene -49.8 48.7 2.2 1257 44129 3.67 6300 ï ï 460 

Trichloromethane -63.4 61.17 Non 1476 20829 4.12 8000 ï Y Non 

Tribromomethane 8.69 149.1 Non 2879 718.9 8.7 3100 ï Y ï 

Trichloroacetonitrile -42 85.7 195 1440 9879 ï 715 ï ï ï 

Dichloroacetonitrile ï 112 ï 1369 376 ï 33500 ï Y ï 

Bromochloroacetonitrile ï 138 ï 1680 121.7 ï 18700 ï ï ï 

Dibromoacetonitrile ï 68 ï 2296 40.13 ï 9600 ï ï ï 

Chloral hydrate 57 96 ï 1908 1999 5.1 793000 ï ï ï 

Chloropicrin -64 112 Non 1645 3200 5.7 1620 ï Y ï 

2-monochloroacetic acid 63 189.3 126 1370 8.7 3.26 860000 2.85 Y 500 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid 9.7 194 ï 1563 23.9 4.45 1.0E+6 1.26 ï ï 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid 57.5 195.5 Non 1613 8 ï 54000 0.51 ï ï 

2-monobromoacetic acid 49 208 113 1934 15.9 ï 1.8E+6 2.89 ï ï 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid 48 232 113 ï 3.07 ï 2.1E+6 1.48 ï ï 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid 129 245 ï ï 0.037 ï 200000 0.72 ï ï 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid ï 215 110 1985 18.7 ï 250000 1.40 ï ï 

2,2,2-bromodichloroacetic acid ï ï ï ï 4.8 ï 4900 0.72 ï ï 

Sodium thiosulfate 48.3 100 Non 1667 ï ï 209000 ï ï ï 

Note: 

MP : Melting Point, °C BP : Boiling Point, °C

FA : Flammability(Flash point for liquids, °C) DE : Density, kg/m3

VP : Vapour Pressure, Pa VD : Vapour Density, Pa 

WS : Water solubility, mg/l DC : Dissociation Constant, pKa 

CM : Corrosivity to the Materials or equipment of normal ship Construction, Yes/No Details in appendix 4

AT : Autoignition Temperature Non : Non-Flammable 

ï : No available data 

5.5 Analytical methods at environmentally relevant concentrations (G9: 4.2.1.5) 

Procedures for sampling, transferring and analysis methods are described in detail in appendix 2 

(QAPP by KTR). 

6 USE OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE (G9: 4.2.6)

The system is designed to treat ballast water only during ballasting operation and to minimize 

probable harmful effect by Active Substances, so that discharged water will be neutralized during 

discharge operation. 

Required dosage of the system 

The required quantity, dosage, to treat intake water is affected by water quality including natural 

organic/inorganic material which could reduce applied oxidants, concentration of organisms, pH, 

temperature, and so on. The chlorine demand has a key role to determine required dosage of system. 

The results of lab-scale and small-scale experiments are: without filter unit, 10-15 ppm of 

TRO, chlorine dose was necessary; and with filter unit, about 5 ppm of TRO, chlorine was 

enough to comply with regulation D-2. In addition, about 1.3-1.7 times of equivalent of 

thiosulfate was enough for neutralization of residual TRO. Furthermore, the over-dosage could 

lead to environmental problem due to chlorination by-products which could not be detoxified by 

neutralization before discharge. Therefore, the system will measure concentration of residual 

oxidant, pH and temperature simultaneously to avoid over-dose. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 35 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Retention time 

The required retention time is closely related to dosage. More dose of Active Substances to 

ballast water could shorten the required retention time. The design basis of system is 5-daysí 

retention time, but if needed, the design basis could be changed according to shipís voyage cycle. 

On the other hand, short retention time will affect residual concentration of disinfection 

by-products and the residual Active Substance concentration. In case of discharge before 5-day 

retention time, the more neutralizing agent will be required to reduce residual oxidants. 

Power requirement 

The power requirement is 4-5.5 kWh/kg of chlorine equivalent, according to operating condition. 

More detailed specification of system will be available at further development stage. 

System limitation 

For system operation, operating conditions should be in the following range: 

Applicable range of salinity: > 15 PSU 

Applicable range of water temperature: 15 - 33 oC 

Applicable range of atmospheric temperature: 0 - 55 o

C 

Applicable range of pH: 6 - 8.3 

System configuration 

The ìHiBallastî Ballast water management system consists of two main treatment units, 

electrolysis and neutralization unit, and one optional treatment unit, i.e. the filter unit. 

In addition, the system includes system control and sampling units. The following Table 6.1 

summarizes the equipment units in the system. 

Table 6.1: System units 

Unit Function Remark 

Electrolysis Unit Side-stream Electrolysis 

Neutralization Unit De-chlorination during De-ballasting 

Filter Unit Filtration during Ballasting Optional 

System Control Unit BWMS Control and Monitoring 

Sampling Unit Treated Water Sampling 

Details of the major components and materials used 

The Following Tables 6.2 to 6.6 (see confidential dossier) summarize major components of 

system. For more detailed information of system and units (refer to appendix 6 ìSystem 

description and attached process flow diagramî). 

Materials for system will fully comply with class rule. Especially, electrolyzer and piping for 

concentrate will be fabricated with FRP (e.g., GRP) when the system is installed in engine-room. 

In other case, such as installed in upper deck, CPVC or PVC materials could be applicable. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 36 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

System control and safety functions 

The following Tables 6.7 to 6.10 (see confidential dossier) summarize system control functions 

and safety functions related to unit and system shutdown. For more detailed information, refer to 

appendix 6 ìsystem descriptionî. 

Operation and maintenance philosophy 

The design objective of the system is to minimize operation and maintenance cost by providing 

fully integrated operatorís interface and rugged made element. However, the system is in the 

developing stage, more detailed operation and maintenance strategies will be set up at further 

development stage through HAZOP and RAM studies. For more detailed information, please 

refer to appendix 6 ìSystem descriptionî. 

Recommended methods and precautions concerning handling, use, storage and transport 

The hazard of storage, use of chemicals, and accidental release measures will be discussed in 

section 9.2 ìRisk to human health partî. 

7 HAZARD CLASSIFICATION OF THE DBPS AND THEIR MATERIAL SAFETY 

DATA SHEETS

Of the chlorination disinfection by-products, which are known as more than 600 potential 

chemical species [Hrudey], 41 kinds of important groups expected to be produced during 

ìHiBallastî operation were extracted from the MSDS information for risk assessment on Active 

Substances (hereafter referred as AS) and Relevant Chemical (hereafter referred as RC) including 

IMO considerations. From hazard identification, typical hazardous chemicals reflecting potential 

hazards are drawn as shown in Table 7.1. MSDS for all related chemicals are included in 

appendix 8, for more information. 

Table 7.1: Summary of hazard identification on the Active Substances 

and Relevant Chemicals 

Chemical 

class Chemical compound CAS No. AS, RC 

DSCL (EEC) Hazard 

Classification 

Hypochlorous acid 

(as 5wt.% sodium hypochlorite) 7681-52-9 AS R8, R31, R36/38, S28, S36/37/39, S45 

Hypobromous acid (bromine 

water as potassium bromide) 7758-02-3 AS R36/37/38-36, S26-45-61-7, S9-39-36 

Chloramine 10599-90-3 AS R1, R20/22 

TRO 

Bromamine 14519-10-9 AS N/A 

Ozone 10028-15-6 AS R5, R6, R23, R36/37/38 

FRO 

Chlorine 7782-50-5 AS R23, R36/37/38, R50, 

S7, S9, S44/45, S61 

By-product Hydrogen 1333-74-0 AS R12, S9, S16, S33 

Neutralizing 

agent Sodium thiosulfate 7772-98-7 - R36/37/38, S24/25-23-36-26 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 37 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical 

class Chemical compound CAS No. AS, RC 

DSCL (EEC) Hazard 

Classification 

Trichloromethane (Chloroform) 67-66-3 RC R20/22, R38, R40, S36/37 

Bromodichloromethane 75-27-4 RC 

R22-37/38-40-41-39/23/24/25-

23/24/25-11 

S26-36/39-45-36/37-16-

36/37/39 

Dibromochloromethane 124-48-1 RC R22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25, 

S45-36/37/39-26-36/37 

Trihalo 

methanes 

(THM) 

Tribromomethane (Bromoform) 75-25-2 RC R22, R36/38, R40 

Monochloroacetic acid 79-11-8 RC R23/25, R35 

Dichloroacetic acid 79-43-6 RC R21, R35 

Trichloroacetic acid 76-03-9 RC R35, R50/53, S26, S36/37/39, 

S45, S60, S61 

Monobromoacetic acid 79-08-3 RC R23/24/25, R35, R50, S26, 

S36/37/39, S45, S61 

Dibromoacetic acid 631-64-1 RC R20/21/22-34-40-36/37/38 

Tribromoacetic acid 75-96-7 RC R35-40-36/37/38,S26-36, 

S37/39-45-24/25-36-16 

Bromochloroacetic acid 5589-96-8 RC R34-40-36/37/38, 

S26-27-36, S37/39-45-36-16 

Bromodichloroacetic acid 71133-14-7 RC R36/37/38-40-34-20/21/22, 

S16-26-36-45-36/37/39-27 

Haloacetic 

acids 

(HAAs) 

Dibromochloroacetic acid 5278-95-5 RC R36/37/38-40-34, 

S16-26-36-45-36/37/39-27 

Dichloroacetonitrile 3018-12-0 RC R20/21/22 

Trichloroacetonitrile 545-06-2 RC R20/21/22, R36 

Dibromoacetonitrile 3252-43-5 RC R20/21/22-36-22, 

S36/37-26 

Haloaceto 

nitriles 

(HANs) 

Bromochloroacetonitrile 83463-62-1 RC R22-36, S26 

Sodium bromate 7789-38-0 RC R8-22-36/37/38-9-36/37 

S17-26-36-37/39 

1,1,2-Trichloroethane 79-00-5 RC 

R/20/21/22-40-66-39, 

R23/24/25-23/24/25-11, 

S9-36/37-46-45-16 

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 79-34-5 RC 

R26/27-51/53-59-39, 

R23/24/25-23/24/25-11, 

S38-45-61-36/37 

Other 

Chemicals 

1,2,3-Trichlorobenzene 87-61-6 RC 

R22-36/37/38-39/23/24, 

R25-23/24/25-52/53, 

S36/37-26-45-61-36 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 38 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical 

class Chemical compound CAS No. AS, RC 

DSCL (EEC) Hazard 

Classification 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 96-18-4 RC 

R45-60-20/21/22-29, 

R23/24/25-23/24/25-11-38 

S53-45-36/37-36 

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene 87-61-6 RC R22-36/37/38-39/23/24/25-52-

53, S36/37-26-45-61-36 

2-Chlorotoluene 95-49-8 RC 

R25-51/53-39/23/24, 

R25-23/24/25-11, 

S24/25-61-45-36/37-16-7 

4-Chlorotoluene 106-43-4 RC 

R20-51/53-39/23/24/25-23, 

R25-11-10, 

S24/25-61-45-36/37-16-7 

Bromobenzene 108-86-1 RC R10-38-51/53-39/23/24, 

R25-23/25, S61-45-36/37 

Bromochloromethane 74-97-5 RC 

R37/38-41-59-36/37/38-20-

39/23/24/25-23, 

S26-39-59-37/39-45-36/37 

Chlorobenzene 108-90-7 RC 

R10-20-51/53-40-39/23/24/25-

23/24/25-11, 

S24/25-61-36/37-45 

cis-1,2-dichloroethylene 156-59-2 RC 

R11-20-52/53-39/23/24/25-

23/24/25, S7-16-29-61-45-

36/37 

Dibromomethane 74-95-3 RC 

R20-52/53-39/23/24, 

R25-23/25-11, 

S24-61-45-36/37-16-7 

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 RC R40-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11, 

S23-24/25-36/37-45-16-7 

Tetrachloroethylene 127-18-4 RC 

R40-51/53-23/25-11-

39/23/2425-23/25, 

S23-36/37-61-45-24-16-7 

Tetrachloromethane 56-23-5 RC 

R23/24/25-40-48/23-52/53-59-

39/23/24/25-11, 

S23-36/37-45-59-61 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene 156-60-5 RC R11-20-52/53-39/23/24/25-

23/25, S7-16-29-61-45-36/37 

Chloral hydrate 302-17-0 RC 

R25-36/38-39/23/24/25-23/25-

11-36/37/38, S26-45-25-23-

36/37-16-27 

Chloropicrin 76-06-2 RC R22-26-36/37/38, 

S36/37-38-45 

Note: DSCL: Dangerous Substances Classification Labeling, EEC: European Economic Community
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 39 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

8 RISK CHARACTERIZATION 

The study was performed for substances which were detected in discharged water on day 5 

of 33 PSU experiment. Further study will consider chemicals which were detected in the middle 

of 5 daysí storage in land-based test. The applicant recognizes that the intermediate chemical is 

important from a viewpoint of environmental risk assessment because intermediate chemical 

might be harmful in case of emergency discharge of ballast water or short voyage period. 

8.1 Screening for persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicity 

8.1.1 PBT criteria 

Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic (PBT) substances are compounds that possess all three of 

the following characteristics, making them particularly problematic pollutants. 

Persistent 

Some substances are very persistent in the environment, with lifetimes in the order of decades to 

centuries. The molecular structures of these compounds allow them to resist the natural fate 

processes in the atmosphere, waters, and biota that break down other pollutants. A persistent 

substance resists physical, biological and chemical degradation. A measure of a substanceís 

persistence can be determined from laboratory tests and from measurements in the environment. 

It is difficult to extrapolate laboratory degradation tests to the real world due to their complex 

nature. In addition, most current standard tests are relatively short and have to be extrapolated to 

give an indication of persistence over longer periods. Tests often rely on indirect measures of 

degradation, such as oxygen consumption, rather than the direct measurement of a substanceís 

disappearance. Ideally, realistic laboratory tests to determine persistence should give an 

indication of the time it takes to reduce a substanceís concentration in the environment through 

any degradation process, called the disappearance time (DT). The time it takes to reach 50% of 

the original concentration is referred to as the DT50 or half-life. 

Bioaccumulative 

Substances that concentrate in fatty tissue tend to build up to much higher concentrations in 

humans and other organisms. They are also more likely to transfer and accumulate up the food 

chain. 

A bioaccumulative substance builds up in tissues of living organisms as a result of direct 

exposure to polluted water, air or soil, or through consumption of contaminated food. A measure 

of the ability to bioaccumulate is expressed as a ratio of the substanceís concentration in the 

organism and the medium to which it is exposed, termed the bioaccumulation factor (BAF). 

If consumption of contaminated food is not relevant, the ratio is called the bioconcentration factor 

(BCF). A correlation is found between BCFs and the relative solubility of the substance in 

octanol (representing fat) compared to water, known as the log Kow value. For a number of 

chemicals a good correlation has been established, but there are limitations. Additionally, such a 

relationship ignores the metabolic degradation of substances within a living organism. As a 

result, the log Kow value can be used as a screening tool to indicate a bioaccumulation potential, 

but only direct measurement of the BAF or BCF gives a reliable indication of a substanceís 

ability to bioaccumulate. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 40 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Toxic 

Laboratory, field, and epidemiologic research indicates that some substances cause or are 

suspected to cause adverse effects to humans and wildlife in ways that range from minor skin 

irritations to cancer. A toxic substance has the potential to generate adverse human health or 

environmental effects at specific exposures. The intrinsic toxicity of a substance can be identified 

by standard laboratory tests. For the environment, these properties include short-term (acute) or 

long-term (chronic) effects. For human health, the properties include toxicity through breathing 

or swallowing the substance, and effects such as cancer, reproductive and neurological effects. 

Table 8.1: Overview of PBT criteria 

Source P (Persistence) B (Bioaccumulation) Toxicity 

OSPAR PBT 

Criteria 

Not readily 

biodegradable 

Half-life in 

Water > 50 days 

log Kow ≥ 4 

or BCF ≥ 500 

Acute aquatic toxicity 

L(E)C50 ≤ 1 mg/l or 

long-term NOEC ≤ 0.1 mg/l 

or mammalian toxicity: 

CMR or chronic toxicity 

EU PBT 

Criteria1)

Half-life 

> 60 days in marine 

water or 

> 40 days in 

freshwater or 

>180 days in marine 

sediment or 

> 120 days in 

freshwater sediment 

BCF > 2000 or 

 log Pow ≥ 3 

Chronic NOEC < 0.01 mg/l 

or CMR cat 1&2 or 

endocrine disrupting effects 

Canada 

Toxic 

Substances 

Management 

Half-life in 

Air >2 days 

Water >2 months 

Sediment >6 months 

Soil >1 year 

BAF or BCF > 5000 

or log Kow >5 Inherently toxic 

Note: 1) EU PBT criteria were used for this documentation because of marine water data on 

persistence is included and bioaccumulation value (BCF) is nearly medium value in this table. 

However, this data is recommended by document MEPC 53/24/Add.1, annex 4. 

8.1.2 PBT data for the Active Substance and Relevant Chemicals

All Active Substances are not considered to be P (Persistence), B (Bioaccumulative) and 

T (Toxic), because all Active Substances will be neutralized by Sodium thiosulfate when in 

de-ballasting mode. Therefore, all Active Substances are excluded from the PBT. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 41 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table 8.2: PBT data for the Relevant Chemicals as EU PBT criteria 

Chemical 

P*1)

(Yes/No) 

 (Half-life, days) 

B*2)

(Yes/No) 

(BCF: l/kg wet-wt) 

T*3)

(Yes/No) 

(NOEC) 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 5.3-13.0 NA 

Dibromochloromethane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 12.78 NA 

Dibromomethane No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 3.23 NA 

Dichlorobromomethane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 10.01 NA 

Dichloromethane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 2.0-5.4 

No 

Fish:75mg/l 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 12.92 NA 

Trichloromethane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.4-4.7 

No 

Crustracean:15mg/l 

Tribromomethane No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 7.1-21.2 NA 

Trichloroacetonitrile Yes 

60 days in water 

No 

BCF: 12.66 NA 

Dichloroacetonitrile No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 3.0 NA 

Dibromoacetonitrile No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.09 NA 

Chloral hydrate No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.63 NA 

Chloropicrin Yes 

60 days in water 

No 

BCF: 11.95 NA 

2-monochloroacetic acid No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.04 

No 

Fish:12.5mg/l 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.68 NA 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid No 

38 days in water 

No 

BCF: 0.4-1.0 

No 

Algal: 0.01 

2-monobromoacetic acid No 

8.7 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.1 NA 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.29 NA 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 5.19 NA 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid No 

15 days in water 

No 

BCF: 1.24 NA 

Note: 

*1) Cited from http://www.pbtprofiler.net

*2) Refer to Table 5.4 

*3) Refer to Table 5.2 

NA: No Available Data 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 42 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

8.2 Toxicity testing of treated ballast water 

The acute aquatic toxicity test on the 33 and 20 PSU seawater treated by ìHiBallastî through 

final neutralization process was conducted. The preparations on the acute aquatic toxicity study 

are summarized as follows. The detailed content on acute aquatic toxicity test is reported in 

appendix 3 ìAquatic toxicity test report with discharged water from laboratory scale (2 m3

/hr) 

HiBallastî. 

Algae 

For the study the effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî on the diatom, Skeletonema 

costatum, during 72 hours, EC50 value based on the cell densities at the end of the experiment 

was calculated for both 33 and 20 PSU of treated seawater. 

Crustacean 

For the study the effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî on copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, 

during 48 hours, EC50 and LC50 values based on mobilization and survival data at the end of the 

experiment were calculated for both 33 and 20 PSU of treated seawater. 

Fish 

For the study, effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî on olive flounder, Paralichthys 

olivaceus, during 96 hours, LC50 value based on survival data at the end of the experiment was 

calculated for both 33 and 20 PSU of treated seawater. 

8.2.1 Phytoplankton-Skeletonema costatum

8.2.2 Invertebrate-Tigriopus japonicus

8.2.3 Fish-Paralichthys olivaceus

8.2.4 Conclusions of acute aquatic toxicity test 

The result of acute aquatic toxicity study is summarized in Tables 8.3 and 8.4. 

Table 8.3: Acute aquatic toxicity of 33 PSU ballast water treated by ìHiBallastî 

LC50 and/or EC50 Species End point Conc.(%) Reference/Comments 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h 69.30 OECD 201 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h

LC50 48 h

> 100 

> 100 OECD 202 

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 OECD 203 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 43 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table 8.4: Acute aquatic toxicity of 20 PSU ballast water treated by ìHiBallastî 

LC50 and/or EC 50 Species End point Conc.(%) Reference/Comments 

Algae Skeletonema costatum EC50 72 h 63.01 OECD 201 

Crustacean Tigriopus japonicus EC50 48 h 

LC50 48 h

> 100 

> 100 OECD 202 

Fish Paralichthys olivaceus LC50 96 h > 100 OECD 203 

As the result of the short-term toxicity study in Tables 8.3 and 8.4, the ìHiBallastî has an acute 

toxic effect on only the growth of diatom, Skeletonema costatum. The others have no effect on 

the same treated seawater. EC50 value of algae during 72 hours is 69.30% and 63.01% in 

both 33 and 20 PSU treated ballast water, respectively. 

8.3 Risk characterization and analysis 

8.3.1 Reaction with organic matter (G9: 4.2.1.3) 

It was known that as an Active Substance, chlorine and its derivatives, could result in by-products 

via reaction with organic matters which can be found in nature. The probable disinfection 

by-products by chlorination were addressed in section 3.4. Among those by-products, 

halogenated trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) are two major classes of 

disinfection by-products (DBPs) commonly found in waters disinfected with chlorine. There are 

some studies on relations between by-products and disinfection method and correlations between 

precursors of disinfection by-products and disinfection conditions [Sadiq, Singer, Gopal]. 

It was agreed that the type and relative amounts of the chlorination by-products vary with the 

organic content of the water and also with the inorganic species present. Hence, the chlorination 

of water containing ammonia, bromide and organic matters, leads to competitive reactions with 

chlorine. The following diagram shows reaction route of by-products: 

Figure 8.1: Scheme of the main reactions occurring chlorination of waters [Allonier]
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 44 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

In correlations of by-product formation, DOC or TOC, pH, bromide and dose of disinfectant have 

major functions for formation concentration. 

8.3.2 Characterization of degradation rout and rate (G9:5.3.5) 

Degradation of TRO generally has two routes which are chlorine demand and decay rate. 

Because ìHiBallastî system is considered using neutralization system before discharge, it is not 

noted in this section. 

Biodegradation of Relevant Chemicals is summarized in Table 5.13 of the section 5.3.1. The 

detailed degradation data used in MAMPEC modelling for environmental risk assessment were 

summarized in the following Table 8.6. 

Table 8.6: Degradation of Relevant Chemicals for abiotic hydrolysis 

Chemical Degradation 

Route Degradation rate Reference 

1,2,3-trichloropropane Abiotic hydrolysis Half-Life 44.0 yrs at 25°C, pH 9 IUCLID, 

2000 

Dibromochloromethane Abiotic hydrolysis Half-Life 66.954 yrs at 25°C, 

pH 8 EPI suite 4.0

Dichlorobromometane Abiotic hydrolysis Half-Life 18.57 yrs at 25°C, 

pH 8 EPI suite 4.0

Trichloromethane Abiotic hydrolysis Half-Life 340.8 yrs at 25°C, 

pH 8 EPI suite 4.0

Tribromomethane Abiotic hydrolysis Half-Life 601.994 yrs at 25°C, 

pH 8 EPI suite 4.0

Dichloroacetonitrile Abiotic hydrolysis 10days pH 7, 69% loss HSDB 

Dibromoacetonitrile Abiotic hydrolysis 10days pH 8, 81% loss HSDB 

8.3.3 Prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations (G9: 5.3.8) 

The prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations is based on the direct analysis of 

the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals of generated from laboratory test of ìHiBallastî 

and using the modelling of MAMPEC (Marine Anti-foulant Model to Predict Environmental 

Concentration) VER. 2.0. MAMPEC program was developed by the Antifouling Working Group 

of the European Paint Makers Association to calculate environmental concentrations of 

anti-fouling biocides released from ship coatings in the marine environment. To know the 

detailed contents, please refer to the appendix 7 ìEnvironmental Risk Assessment Reportî. 

8.3.3.1 Analysis of discharged chemicals in de-ballasting water

From chemical analysis results of ìHiBallastî laboratory test on the 33 PSU seawater (please 

refer to appendix 2), the discharged chemicals are presented in Table 8.7. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 45 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Because of the neutralization process using sodium thiosulfate before de-ballasting, Total Residual 

Oxidant (TRO) and Free Residual Oxidant (FRO) species containing Active Substances were not 

detected. Of the analysis items recommended by IMO, monochloramine and sodium thiosufate are 

not analysed unfortunately. If neutralization agent would be utilized sufficiently, monochloramine 

is also expected to be neutralized completely. Accordingly, monochloramine are also excluded 

from prediction of discharge and environmental concentrations. Sodium thiosulfate will be 

followed up in the further study. 

As a result of chemical analysis, bromate ion (BrO3

-

) remained in the de-ballast water. In this 

study, it is assumed that bromate ion was identified with sodium bromate. The concentration of 

several chemicals which are not detected in the chemical analysis but included in the key data-set 

of IMO consideration is below the Detection Limit (DL) value for analysed value. 

Table 8.7: Concentrations of potential Relevant Chemicals on control and treated seawater 

samples under 33 PSU salinity condition 

Chemical compounds Unit DL IMO requirement Raw 

seawater Day 1 Day 5 

Active Substance 

TRO mg/L 0.22 Sodium hypochlorite 0 5.32 0 

FRO mg/L 0.05 - 0 4.25 0 

Monochloramine μg/L NA O NA NA NA 

Relevant Chemical 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane μg/L 0.01 O ND ND ND 

Dibromochloromethane μg/L 0.01 O 0.06 1.93 0.73 

Dibromomethane μg/L 0.01 - ND 1.56 3.37 

Dichlorobromomethane μg/L 0.01 O 0.09 0.32 0.15 

Dichloromethane μg/L 0.01 - 1.29 0.81 0.16 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene μg/L 0.02 - ND 0.01 0.01 

Trichlorimethane μg/L 0.01 O 0.27 0.34 0.20 

Tribromomethane μg/L 0.01 O 0.06 8.80 0.25 

Trichloroacetonitrile μg/L 0.01 - ND ND 0.02 

Dichloroacetonitrile μg/L 0.02 - 0.03 0.07 0.04 

Dibromoacetonitrile μg/L 0.01 O 0.01 0.02 0.01 

Chloral hydrate μg/L 0.02 - ND ND 0.02 

2-monochloroacetic acid μg/L 0.04 O ND ND ND 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND ND ND 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND ND ND 

2-monobromoacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND 2.33 5.66 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND 12.5 55.1 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND ND 14.9 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid μg/L 0.01 O ND ND ND 

Bromate ion(BrO3

-

) μg/L 0.10 Sodium bromate ND 25.8 26.6 

Sodium thiosufate μg/L NA O NA NA NA 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 46 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

8.3.3.2 Predicted environmental concentrations modelling 

In order to calculate the PEC using MAMPEC program, the data of three types should be 

required as follows: 

- dimensions and properties of the harbour environment; 

- physico-chemical properties of emission compound; and 

- emission scenario in the marine environment. 

.1 Dimensions and properties of the harbour environment 

The conditions of harbour environment applied the default data of commercial harbour, 

which is similar to the Rotterdam port included in MAMPEC. The input data were as 

follows: 

- Tidal period: 12.41 hrs 

- Silt concentration: 35 mg/l 

- POC: 1 mg OC/l 

- DOC: 2 mg/l 

- Chlorophyll: 3 μg/l 

- Salinity: 30 s.e. 

- Temperature: 15°C 

- Latitude: 50° N 

- pH: 7.5 

- Depth of mixed sediment layer: 0.2 m 

- Sediment density: 1,000 kg/m3

- Fraction organic carbon in sediment: 0.03 

- Sedimentation velocity: 1 m/d 

- Exchange volume 2.59E+08 m3 /tide 

Figure 8.2: Dimensions of harbour model 

- Length, x1: 2,000 m 

- Length, x2: 10,000 m 

- Width, y1: 2,000 m 

- Width, y2: 500 m 

- Depth: 20 m 

- Mouth width, x3: 5,000 m 

- Flow velocity: 1.5 m/s 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 47 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

.2 Physico-chemical properties of emission compound 

In order to predict the environmental concentration of the released compound in the 

harbour water and marine environment, physico-chemical properties of emission 

compound are necessary. Physico-chemical properties were referred from key data-set of 

each chemical compounds which was analysed from de-ballasting water. For detailed 

data as input in the MAMPEC, please refer to the appendix 7. 

.3 Emission scenario in the marine environment 

The emission load into the marine environment was calculated from the concentration of 

each chemical on the de-ballasting water and emission scenario such as the size and 

number of ships, capacity of de-ballasting, and leaching rate. 

The discharged ballast water volume was calculated using the statistical data of Rotterdam port 

for arrivals of seagoing vessels and total through. The discharged ballast water volume is 

different under the ship type and cargo loading volume. 

Internationally, oil tankers occupied 37% of the ballast water transported annually, while dry bulk 

cargo carriers (coal, iron ore, grains and other bulk commodities) occupied 39%. The 

remaining 24% includes general cargo, container vessels, ro-ro ships, chemical tankers and LNG 

tankers. The contribution of the latter group may be lower since general cargo and container 

vessels rarely operate return voyages in ballast condition and mainly used for the purpose of 

ballasting to adjust trim and heel [Oyvind Endresen et al.]. The discharged ballast water volume 

is based on these assumptions that about 35% as Dead Weight Ton (DWT), which is the capacity 

of a ship that can load till the maximum allowable immersion. In here, the outgoing loads are 

considered on the basis of DWTs. 

Consequently, it was assumed that there were 91 bulk carriers, all ships are installed with 

ìHiBallastî system, anchored in the Rotterdam port on an average day, and discharged ballast 

water volume is 103,844 m3

/day. Detailed statistical data of Rotterdam port is represented in 

Tables 8.8, 8.9 and 8.10. 

Table 8.8: Arrival of sea-going vessels by type of ship [Port of Rotterdam Authority] 

2007 2008 Type of ship Number GT(m3

) Number GT(m3) Remarks 

Bulk carriers 9,103 201,373,000 9,430 209,407,000

Bulk carriers, Ore carrier, 

Ore-bulk-oil carriers, 

Tankers 

General cargo 24,606 440,978,000 23,179 449,467,000

Container-bulk carriers, 

General cargo ship, 

Roll-on/off passenger ship, 

Full container ship 

Other vessels 1,163 4,867,000 1,203 4,453,000

Passenger ship, off-shore 

ship, Fishing boat, Non 

classified vessels 

Total 34,872 647,218,000 33,812 663,327,000 

(Source: Port of Rotterdam Authority, http://www.portofrotterdam.com/) 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 48 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table 8.9: Throughput of Rotterdam port [Port of Rotterdam Authority] 

Item 2007 2008 

Incoming (m3/year) 330,608,000 312,987,000 

Outgoing (m3/year) 108,478,000 108,111,000 

Total throughput (m3/year) 409,086,000 421,098,000 

(Source: Port of Rotterdam Authority, http://www.portofrotterdam.com/) 

Table 8.10: Summary of de-ballasting water volume 

Port Average Outgoing 

(m3/year) 

Discharging rate 

(%) 

De-ballasting water volume 

(m3/day) 

Rotterdam 108,295,000 35 103,844 

For the convenience of calculation, it was assumed that equal size of the ships is anchoring at the 

port. The ship information for MAMPEC modelling to calculate the emission load was assumed 

as follows: 

Table 8.11: Information for calculation of the emission load using MAMPEC 

Item Value Remarks 

Ship type Bulk carriers Assumed value 

Surface area (m2) 15,640 Default value 

(in MAMPEC, OECD-EU commercial harbour) 

Ship length class (m) 250 - 300 Default value 

(in MAMPEC) 

Number of ship (ship/day) Average 91 Assumed value 

(in Port of Rotterdam Authority) 

Capacity of de-ballasting 103,844m3/day Assumed value 

(in Port of Rotterdam Authority) 

Background concentration 

in the harbour (mg/L) 0 Assumed value 

The leaching rate of each chemical was calculated as shown in the following Table 8.12. 

As stated above, leaching rate of several chemicals, which are not detected in the chemical 

analysis but included in the key data-set of IMO consideration, are below Detection Limit (DL) 

value for calculated value. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 49 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table 8.12: Leaching rates of each chemical 

Chemical compounds Day1 

(mg/m2/day) 

Day5 

(mg/m2/day) 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane 0.066 0.066 

Dibromochloromethane 12.815 4.847 

Dibromomethane 10.358 22.376 

Dichlorobromomethane 2.125 0.996 

Dichloromethane 5.378 1.062 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene 0.066 0.066 

Trichlorimethane 2.257 1.328 

Tribromomethane 58.429 1.660 

Trichloroacetonitrile 0.066 0.133 

Dichloroacetonitrile 0.465 0.266 

Dibromoacetonitrile 0.133 0.066 

Chloral hydrate 0.133 0.133 

2-monochloroacetic acid 0.266 0.266 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid 0.066 0.066 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid 0.066 0.066 

2-monobromoacetic acid 15.470 37.580 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid 82.996 365.844 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid 0.066 98.931 

2,2-bromochloroacetic acid 0.066 0.066 

Bromate ion (Sodium bromate) 171.303 176.614 

8.3.3.3 The calculation results of modelling 

Based on the calculation conditions of section 8.3.3.2, the PECs of Relevant Chemicals were 

estimated using the MAMPEC modelling. The PEC results which are described in Tables 8.13 

and 8.14 are the total concentration on the harbour and surrounding, respectively. For detailed 

results of MAMPEC modelling, please refer to appendix 7. 

Table 8.13: Total concentration of the PEC on the harbour 

Chemical Duration Max. conc. 

(μg/L) 

95% conc. 

(μg/L) 

Ave. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Median 

conc. 

(μg/L) 

Min. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Day1 2.20E-03 2.17E-03 7.68E-04 1.47E-04 2.54E-05 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Day5 2.20E-03 2.17E-03 7.68E-04 1.47E-04 2.54E-05 

Day1 3.98E-01 3.91E-01 1.40E-01 2.82E-02 4.90E-03 Dibromochloromethane 

Day5 1.50E-01 1.48E-01 5.29E-02 1.07E-02 1.85E-03 

Day1 3.00E-01 2.95E-01 1.07E-01 2.27E-02 3.95E-03 Dibromomethane 

Day5 6.48E-01 6.37E-01 2.30E-01 4.91E-02 8.53E-03 

Day1 5.39E-02 5.28E-02 1.95E-02 4.63E-03 8.05E-04 Dichlorobromomethane 

Day5 2.53E-02 2.48E-02 9.14E-03 2.17E-03 3.77E-04 

Day1 1.03E-01 1.00E-01 3.89E-02 1.12E-02 2.01E-03 Dichloromethane 

Day5 2.04E-02 1.98E-02 7.69E-03 2.21E-03 3.96E-04 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 50 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical Duration Max. conc. 

(μg/L) 

95% conc. 

(μg/L) 

Ave. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Median 

conc. 

(μg/L) 

Min. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Day1 1.29E-03 1.26E-03 4.86E-04 1.38E-04 2.48E-05 trans-1,2-dichloroethene Day5 1.29E-03 1.26E-03 4.86E-04 1.38E-04 2.48E-05 

Day1 3.14E-02 3.03E-02 1.26E-02 4.53E-03 8.23E-04 Trichlorimethane 

Day5 1.85E-02 1.78E-02 7.39E-03 2.66E-03 4.84E-04 

Day1 2.05E+00 2.02E+00 7.10E-01 1.30E-01 2.24E-02 Tribromomethane 

Day5 5.82E-02 5.74E-02 2.02E-02 3.70E-03 6.37E-04 

Day1 5.73E-03 5.70E-03 1.83E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 Trichloroacetonitrile 

Day5 1.15E-02 1.14E-02 3.65E-03 3.66E-04 5.21E-05 

Day1 1.96E-02 1.94E-02 6.65E-03 1.11E-03 1.79E-04 Dichloroacetonitrile 

Day5 1.12E-02 1.11E-02 3.80E-03 6.37E-04 1.03E-04 

Day1 5.72E-03 5.66E-03 1.94E-03 3.20E-04 5.13E-05 Dibromoacetonitrile 

Day5 2.86E-03 2.83E-03 9.68E-04 1.60E-04 2.57E-05 

Day1 1.16E-02 1.16E-02 3.70E-03 3.67E-04 5.21E-05 Chloral hydrate Day5 1.16E-02 1.16E-02 3.70E-03 3.67E-04 5.21E-05 

2-monochloroacetic Day1 2.33E-02 2.31E-02 7.40E-03 7.33E-04 1.04E-04 

acid Day5 2.33E-02 2.31E-02 7.40E-03 7.33E-04 1.04E-04 

Day1 5.82E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 2,2-dichloroacetic acid Day5 5.82E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic Day1 5.81E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

acid Day5 5.81E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

2-monobromoacetic Day1 1.36E+00 1.35E+00 4.31E-01 4.27E-02 6.03E-03 

acid Day5 3.29E+00 3.27E+00 1.05E+00 1.04E-01 1.47E-02 

Day1 7.27E+00 7.23E+00 2.31E+00 2.29E-01 3.25E-02 2,2-dibromoacetic acid Day5 3.21E+01 3.19E+01 1.02E+01 1.01E+00 1.43E-01 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic Day1 5.82E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

acid Day5 8.67E+00 8.62E+00 2.76E+00 2.73E-01 3.88E-02 

2,2-bromochloroacetic Day1 5.82E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

acid Day5 5.82E-03 5.78E-03 1.85E-03 1.83E-04 2.60E-05 

Bromate ion Day1 1.50E+01 1.49E+01 4.77E+00 4.73E-01 6.72E-02 

(Sodium bromate) Day5 1.55E+01 1.54E+01 4.92E+00 4.88E-01 6.93E-02 

Table 8.14: Total concentration of the PEC on the surrounding 

Chemical Duration Max. conc. 

(μg/L) 

95% conc. 

(μg/L) 

Ave. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Median 

conc. 

(μg/L) 

Min. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Day1 1.00E-04 9.21E-05 4.35E-05 4.94E-05 5.81E-11 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Day5 1.00E-04 9.21E-05 4.35E-05 4.94E-05 5.81E-11 

Day1 1.90E-02 1.75E-02 8.28E-03 9.41E-03 1.12E-08 Dibromochloromethane 

Day5 7.19E-03 6.61E-03 3.13E-03 3.56E-03 4.23E-09 

Day1 1.51E-02 1.39E-02 6.60E-03 7.50E-03 9.01E-09 Dibromomethane 

Day5 3.30E-02 3.00E-02 1.43E-02 1.62E-02 1.95E-08 

Day1 3.00E-03 2.75E-03 1.32E-03 1.50E-03 1.84E-09 Dichlorobromomethane 

Day5 1.40E-03 1.29E-03 6.18E-04 7.02E-04 8.61E-10 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 51 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical Duration Max. conc. 

(μg/L) 

95% conc. 

(μg/L) 

Ave. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Median 

conc. 

(μg/L) 

Min. conc. 

(μg/L) 

Day1 7.06E-03 6.50E-03 3.17E-03 3.59E-03 4.57E-09 Dichloromethane 

Day5 1.39E-03 1.28E-03 6.25E-04 7.09E-04 9.03E-10 

Day1 8.74E-05 8.05E-05 3.92E-05 4.45E-05 5.56E-11 trans-1,2-dichloroethene Day5 8.74E-05 8.05E-05 3.92E-05 4.45E-05 5.56E-11 

Day1 2.74E-03 2.52E-03 1.25E-03 1.42E-03 1.87E-09 Trichlorimethane 

Day5 1.61E-03 1.49E-03 7.35E-04 8.32E-04 1.10E-09 

Day1 8.97E-02 8.23E-02 3.87E-02 4.40E-02 5.12E-08 Tribromomethane 

Day5 2.55E-03 2.34E-03 1.10E-03 1.25E-03 1.46E-09 

Day1 1.39E-04 1.27E-04 5.54E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 Trichloroacetonitrile

Day5 2.79E-04 2.54E-04 1.11E-04 1.12E-04 1.19E-10 

Day1 7.53E-04 6.91E-04 3.20E-04 3.64E-04 4.10E-10 Dichloroacetonitrile 

Day5 4.30E-04 3.95E-04 1.83E-04 2.08E-04 2.34E-10 

Day1 2.17E-04 1.99E-04 9.20E-05 1.05E-04 1.17E-10 Dibromoacetonitrile 

Day5 1.08E-04 9.93E-05 4.60E-05 5.23E-05 5.86E-11 

Day1 2.80E-04 2.56E-04 1.11E-04 1.12E-04 1.19E-10 Chloral hydrate Day5 2.80E-04 2.56E-04 1.11E-04 1.12E-04 1.19E-10 

2-monochloroacetic Day1 5.61E-04 5.12E-04 2.23E-04 2.24E-04 2.38E-10 

acid Day5 5.61E-04 5.12E-04 2.23E-04 2.24E-04 2.38E-10 

Day1 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 2,2-dichloroacetic acid Day5 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic Day1 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

acid Day5 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

2-monobromoacetic Day1 3.27E-02 2.98E-02 1.30E-02 1.30E-02 1.39E-08 

acid Day5 7.94E-02 7.24E-02 3.15E-02 3.16E-02 3.37E-08 

Day1 1.75E-01 1.60E-01 6.95E-02 6.98E-02 7.45E-08 2,2-dibromoacetic acid Day5 7.73E-01 7.05E-01 3.07E-01 3.08E-01 3.28E-07 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic Day1 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

acid Day5 2.09E-01 1.91E-01 8.29E-02 8.33E-02 8.88E-08 

2,2-bromochloroacetic Day1 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

acid Day5 1.40E-04 1.28E-04 5.56E-05 5.59E-05 5.96E-11 

Bromate ion Day1 3.26E-01 3.30E-01 1.44E-01 1.44E-01 1.54E-07 

(Sodium bromate) Day5 3.73E-01 3.40E-01 1.48E-01 1.49E-01 1.58E-07 

8.3.4 Assessment of potential for bioaccumulation (G9: 5.3.7) 

The potential for bioaccumulation of chemical substances can be evaluated by the index such as 

the Kow or BCF. As stated in section 8.1.2, it is expected that the potential for bioaccumulation is 

unlikely to affect on the aquatic organisms because the values of all Kow and BCF are 

less than 3 and 500 L/kg wt-wt, respectively. 

8.3.5 Effect assessment 

The acute and chronic aquatic toxicity on the Relevant Chemicals is summarized in Table 8.15. 

It is difficult to find the literature review about chronic aquatic toxicity due to insufficient 

experiment data. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 52 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

The acute aquatic toxicity values on the Trichloroacetonitrile, 2-monochloroacetic acid, 

and 2-monobromoacetic acid are the lowest on the Crustacea species (Daphnia magna) or Algae 

species (Scenedesmus subspicaus). More detailed data was prepared in appendix 7. 

8.3.6 Effects on aquatic organisms 

As shown in the key data-set (please refer to appendix 4), the literature review for the aquatic 

toxicity is carried out to determine the PNEC of aquatic organisms, such as algae, crustacean, and 

fish, with Relevant Chemicals. The short-term toxicity value of L(E)C50 was selected in 

accordance with the test durations with 72 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours for algae, crustacean, 

and fish, respectively. If any substance does not meet the time criterion, the toxicity value makes 

use of a reference. It is difficult to find the literature review about chronic aquatic toxicity due to 

insufficient experiment data. 

On the basis of the literature review on aquatic toxicity data, the PNEC was determined to be 

used as a parameter of the environmental risk assessment. In general, the determination process 

on the multitude of end points is proposed to calculate the geometric mean if more than one 

L(E)C50 value is available for the same species and end-points. In here, the smallest L(E)C50 

value is taken in the literature review data on the aquatic toxicity meets the time criterion 

at 72 hours, 48 hours, and 96 hours for algae, crustacean, and fish, respectively. If NOEC value 

on the chronic toxicity test exists, this value is selected preferentially. 

Finally, the PNEC is determined from the selected aquatic toxicity data and assessment factors. 

Assessment factors were selected based on the guidance of the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working 

Group (MEPC 58/2/7, annex 4) as well as the Technical Guidance Document (TGD) on Risk 

Assessment in support of the EU Commission Joint Research Centre (2003). However, aquatic 

toxicity data are selected from reasonable worst-case assumptions of this study. Assessment 

factors to determine the PNEC are presented in Table 8.16. 

Table 8.16: Assessment factors for determination of PNEC 

Assessment Factor Data-set 

PNEClong PNECshort

Freshwater assessment 

Lowest short-term L(E)C50 from fresh water species 

representing three trophic levels 1000 10-100 

Lowest chronic NOEC from three freshwater or saltwater 

species representing three trophic levels 10 

Saltwater assessment 

Lowest short-term L(E)C50 from marine species representing 

three trophic levels 1000 10-100 

Lowest chronic NOEC from three freshwater or saltwater 

species representing three trophic levels 100 

Lowest chronic NOEC from three saltwater species 

representing three trophic level 100 

Lowest chronic NOEC from three freshwater or saltwater 

species representing three trophic levels + at least two chronic 

NOECs from additional marine taxonomic groups 

10 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 53 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

The PNEC values for the each Relevant Chemical are summarized in the following Table 8.17. 

Because the aquatic toxicity data of dibromomethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 2,2,2-tribromoacetic 

acid, and 2,2-bromochloroacetic acid could not be found, PNEC of these chemical was not 

determined. 

Table 8.17: Summary of determined PNEC value 

Chemical compounds Available data Assessment 

Factor 

End point 

(mg/L) 

PNEC 

(mg/L) 

1,2,3-Trichloropropane Daphnia magna 

(Crustacea/acute/LC50/48hrs) 1000 20 0.002 

Dibromochloromethane Selenastrum capricornutum 

(Algae/acute/EC50/72hrs) 1000 9.6 0.0096 

Dibromomethane NA - NA - 

Dichlorobromomethane Selenastrum capricornutum 

(Algae/acute /EC50/72hrs) 1000 12 0.012 

Dichloromethane Oryzias latipes 

(Fish/chronic/NOEC) 1000 75 0.75 

trans-1,2-dichloroethene Daphnia magna 

(Crustacea/acute/LC50/24hrs) 1000 110 0.11 

Trichlorimethane Ceriodaphnia dubia 

(Crustacea /chronic/NOEC) 1000 3.4 0.0034 

Tribromomethane Brevoortia tyrannus 

(Fish/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 9 0.009 

Trichloroacetonitrile Daphnia magna 

(Crustacea/acute/EC50/48hrs) 1000 0.044 0.000044 

Dichloroacetonitrile NA - NA - 

Dibromoacetonitrile Pimephales promelas 

(Fish/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 0.55 0.00055 

Chloral hydrate Daphnia magna 

(Crustacea/acute/EC50/48hrs) 1000 500 0.5 

2-monochloroacetic acid Brachydanio rerio 

(Fish/ chronic/NOEC) 1000 25 0.025 

2,2-dichloroacetic acid Nitocra spinipes 

(Crustacea/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 21 0.021 

2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid Salmo gairdneri 

(Fish/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 1050 1.05 

2-monobromoacetic acid Daphnia magna 

(Crustacea/Chronic/NOEC) 1000 16 0.016 

2,2-dibromoacetic acid Pimephales promelas 

(Fish/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 69 0.069 

2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid NA - NA - 

2,2-bromochloroacetic 

acid NA - NA - 

Sodium bromate Bass prolarvae 

(Fish/acute/LC50/96hrs) 1000 30.8 0.0308 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 54 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

8.3.7 Effects on sediment 

As shown in section 5, no report on the sediment toxicity, which is classified to the algae, 

crustacean, and fish were found. However, all Koc values for chemicals are less than 30 L/kg wt-wt. 

Therefore, it is expected that all chemicals discharged by the ìHiBallastî system are unlikely to 

have effect on the sediment. 

8.4 Risk to the aquatic environmental 

The PEC/PNEC ratio is adjusted to make final decision of marine environmental risk. If the 

PEC/PNEC ratio is less than 1 on each compartment, it can conclude that evaluated chemical has 

no effect on the aquatic environment. If the PEC/PNEC ratio is greater than or equal to 1, there is a 

need for risk reduction measures. The calculated result of PEC/PNEC ratio is given in Table 8.18. 

Table 8.18: The calculated result of PEC/PNEC ratio 

PEC/PNEC ratio Chemical Duration 

Max. Ave. 

Day1 1.10E-04 3.84E-05 1,2,3-Trichloropropane Day5 1.10E-04 3.84E-05 

Day1 4.15E-02 1.46E-02 Dibromochloromethane Day5 1.56E-02 5.51E-03 

Day1 - - Dibromomethane Day5 - - 

Day1 4.49E-03 1.63E-03 Dichlorobromomethane Day5 2.11E-03 7.62E-04 

Day1 1.37E-03 5.19E-04 Dichloromethane Day5 2.72E-04 1.03E-04 

Day1 1.17E-05 4.42E-06 trans-1,2-dichloroethene Day5 1.17E-05 4.42E-06 

Day1 9.24E-03 3.71E-03 Trichloromethane Day5 5.44E-03 2.17E-03 

Day1 2.28E-01 7.89E-02 Tribromomethane Day5 6.47E-03 2.24E-03 

Day1 1.30E-01 4.16E-02 Trichloroacetonitrile Day5 2.61E-01 8.30E-02 

Day1 - - Dichloroacetonitrile Day5 - - 

Day1 1.04E-02 3.53E-03 Dibromoacetonitrile Day5 5.20E-03 1.76E-03 

Day1 2.32E-05 7.40E-06 Chloral hydrate Day5 2.32E-05 7.40E-06 

Day1 9.32E-04 2.96E-04 2-monochloroacetic acid Day5 9.32E-04 2.96E-04 

Day1 2.77E-04 8.81E-05 2,2-dichloroacetic acid Day5 2.77E-04 8.81E-05 

Day1 5.53E-06 1.76E-06 2,2,2-trichloroacetic acid Day5 5.53E-06 1.76E-06 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 55 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

PEC/PNEC ratio Chemical Duration 

Max. Ave. 

Day1 8.50E-02 2.69E-02 2-monobromoacetic acid Day5 2.06E-01 6.56E-02 

Day1 1.05E-01 3.35E-02 2,2-dibromoacetic acid Day5 4.65E-01 1.48E-01 

Day1 - - 2,2,2-tribromoacetic acid Day5 - - 

Day1 - - 2,2-bromochloroacetic acid Day5 - - 

Day1 4.87E-01 1.55E-01 Sodium bromate Day5 5.03E-01 1.60E-01 

The PEC/PNEC ratios of all chemicals on Day 1 and Day 5 are less than 1 with the maximum 

and average PEC/PNEC ratios. It means that when analysed all chemicals have no effect on the 

aquatic environment. But, due to insufficient toxicity data, a part of chemicals omitted from 

PEC/PNEC ratio calculation should be identified in the further study. 

9 RISK ASSESSMENT 

A HAZID study was conducted to identify potential hazardous events and how to manage 

hazards to ship and crew during the design and operational phase of the ìHiBallastî system. All 

issues on the hazardous event were included in the Risk Register with recommendations on 

corrective or preventive actions. A detailed report of HAZID is described in appendix 5 ìHazard 

Identification Reportî. 

9.1 Risk to safety of ship 

ìHiBallastî will be installed on the particular side stream of main ballast water inlet line. A part 

of ballast water, which is pumped by main ballast pumps, will be introduced to the side stream of 

ìHiBallastî for the seawater electrolysis. In ìHiBallastî, the high concentration of disinfectant 

will be generated and injected into the main ballast line. In the catastrophic failure of the 

ìHiBallastî system, emergency shut-down valve should be automatically operated and 

ìHiBallastî system would be isolated completely. 

Because ìHiBallastî generates the high concentration of oxidative disinfectant, the electrolyzer and 

piping could be exposed to the corrosive environment. The chloro- or bromo- compounds such as 

sodium hypochlorite, dibromomethane, trichloromethane, etc., were investigated as the corrosive 

chemicals in the key data-set. In this Basic Approval dossier, neither short nor long-term corrosion 

test was conducted. The corrosion has potential risks on the leakage of harmful disinfectant having 

an effect on the ship and crew. A comprehensive long-term corrosion test will be performed at 

the ìHiBallastî system during land-based test according to IMO Performance Standard for 

Protective Coating (PSPC) guideline. The corrosivity test of treated seawater will be performed 

using the Simulated Wave Ballast Tank (SWBT) by Coating Performance Test Laboratory in 

Protective Coatings and Corrosion Research Department, Hyundai Industrial Research Institute 

(HIRI) located on Hyundai Heavy Industries Co. LTD. in Ulsan, the Republic of Korea. The 

Institute has personnel with a solid experience in protective coating and corrosion research, and 

all tests were performed according to IMO MSC 82/WP.3. Researchers involved in this project 

are accredited by NACE Certified Coating Inspector Level 2. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 56 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Hydrogen gas (H2), oxygen gas (O2), and the small amounts of chlorine (Cl2) gas can be produced 

during the electrolysis. It is known that hydrogen gas has a flammable range 

between 4% and 75% in air. ìHiBallastî could be expected to produce hydrogen gas outside of 

explosion limit concentration. However, a gas separator and hydrogen gas detector should be 

installed to obtain complete safety. The result of HAZID study was prepared in appendix 5. 

9.2 Risk to human health 

9.2.1 Identification of hazardous chemicals 

As stated in section 9.1 ìRisk to safety of shipî, ìHiBallastî generates the corrosive chemicals. 

These chemicals have a potential hazard on the corrosion in the electrolyzer, piping and their 

connectors, and pumps. If electrolyzer or connection piping is damaged in the middle of long-term 

operation, there is a possibility of leakage of high concentration of disinfectant including Active 

Substances and Relevant Chemicals. So, strict emergency manual shall be prepared to prevent 

human exposure. For example, to prevent direct contact or scattering, it is recommended that 

Acrylic resin-based foam tape should be wound around the possible parts of leakage occurrence. 

However, the selection of anti-corrosive material for these equipment and piping is more important. 

For the emergency situation such as leakage of high concentration of disinfectant, the Human 

Exposure Scenarios (hereafter referred as HES) should be established through other safety 

analysis independently. In addition, the crew should complete the suitable credit hour for training 

such as countermeasure on the leakage case, and usage of safety equipment. Also, the MSDS 

should be supplied to manage the safe handling and storage of the harmful chemical. 

Hazardous chemicals having a possibility of leakage from the ìHiBallastî could be classified 

under the gaseous phase such as hydrogen, chlorine, and liquid phase such as hypochlorite and 

dissolved sodium thiosulfate. 

Free chlorine gas is corrosive and irritating to the eyes of human. It hydrolyzes very rapidly 

yielding hydrochloric acid. Skin burns and mucosal irritation are like that from exposure to 

volatile inorganic acids. Chlorine burns exhibit severe pain, redness, possible swelling and early 

necrosis. Symptoms include lacrimation, cough, laboured breathing, and excessive salivary and 

sputum formation. Excessive irritation of the lungs causes acute pneumonitis and pulmonary 

edema, which could be fatal. Residual pulmonary malfunction may also occur. Chemical 

pneumonitis and pulmonary edema may result from exposure to the lower respiratory tract and 

deep lung. When liquid chlorine is exposed to the atmosphere, it vaporizes rapidly to chlorine 

gas and the resulting physiological effects will be those described above. Chlorine gas has an 

odour detectable at a concentration as low as 3.55 ppm. Irritation of the throat occurs at 15 ppm. 

A concentration of 50 ppm is considered dangerous for even short exposures [Cheremisinoff]. 

Hydrogen is a non-toxic and asphyxiant gas. High concentrations may exclude an adequate 

supply of oxygen to the lungs. Effects of oxygen deficiency resulting from simple asphyxiants 

may include: rapid breathing, diminished mental alertness, impaired muscular coordination, 

faulty judgment, depression of all sensations, emotional instability, and fatigue. As asphyxiation 

progresses, nausea, vomiting, prostration, and loss of consciousness may result, eventually 

leading to convulsions, coma, and death. Natural or artificial ventilation must be provided. 

Electrolyte contains large number of chemical species. Of the chemical species, we can assume 

that chlorine compounds are predominant species. Detailed description on chlorine is contained in 

previous paragraphs. Also, related emergency measures should be complied with that of chlorine. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 57 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Sodium sulfate is hazardous in case of ingestion or inhalation. Also, sodium sulfate is slightly 

hazardous (irritant) in case of skin contact or eye contact. When heated to decomposition 

temperature, it emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, and sodium oxide. 

9.2.2 Establishment of human exposure scenario and measures 

As shown in figure 9.1, the risk assessment process can be represented as a continuum from 

source through exposure and dose to effects. Of the series of elements for human health risk 

assessment, possibilities of human exposure during daily operation of ìHiBallastî system are 

classified with three phases such as gaseous, liquid, and solid, respectively. The first case is gas 

leakage originating from emergency condition such as welding defect, corrosion, vibration and 

mechanical damage etc., listed at the HAZID step. The second case is liquid leakage from 

concentrate of disinfectant and neutralizing agent (namely, sodium thiosulfate) due to fastening 

failure of flanges or overhauling for maintenance. The last case is contact with scattered powder 

during handling of sodium thiosulfate powder. HES and measures for ìHiBallastî are 

summarized through preliminary test as shown in Table 9.1, even if the following cases occur 

scarcely only during emergency situation. If there are some incomplete parts in HES, remainders 

will be dealt with, with consideration for further studies during land-based pilot verification test. 

9.2.2.1 Leakage of hazardous gas 

It is deduced that hazardous gas can evolved from damaged area due to welding defect, 

corrosion, fatigue fracture originating from vibration stress, and evaporation of spilled hazardous 

liquid as stated in HAZID study. For crew protection, avoid contact with eyes, skin, and 

clothing. Gaseous chlorine hydrolyzes in the presence of moisture, forming hydrochloric acid, 

which irritates the eyes and skin. Wash thoroughly after handling chlorine. Shower using plenty 

of soap and water. Before working, crew should be equipped with goggles, rubber shoes, glove, 

hard hat, and a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved 

respirator with an acid gas cartridge where airborne concentrations are expected to exceed 

exposure limits or when symptoms have been observed that are indicative of over-exposure. It is 

essential that each individual who may be exposed to chlorine at all times should use a respirator 

approved for chlorine use. For re-entry into an emergency area, self-contained breathing 

equipment provided must be used. Also, provide adequate ventilation to reduce the accumulation 

of liquid or gaseous chlorine in low areas. In some cases, natural ventilation may be adequate; in 

others, artificial ventilation, such as forced air through a system of ducts, must be provided. 

Readily accessible eye wash fountains and deluge showers must be provided in strategic 

locations wherever electrolyzed solution is used. Emergency kits are commercially available 

from an approved supplier. 

To prevent evolution of chlorine gas from the system, NDT (Non-Destructive Test) for ballast 

water treatment system should be carried out to ensure that chlorine gas can not penetrate 

through joining parts such as welding or adhesion. Because ìHiBallastî is a closed-system, all of 

chlorine will be discharged with treated ballast water if there is no leakage. To detect leakage of 

chlorine, chlorine gas detector should be installed. 

To prevent evolution of hydrogen gas from the system, strict prevention measures shall be 

establish in the same manner such as NDT and ventilation as free chlorine gas. Because 

ìHiBallastî is a closed-system, all of hydrogen will be discharged with treated ballast water if 

there is no leakage. To detect leakage of hydrogen during normal operating phase, hydrogen gas 

detector should be installed. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 58 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Figure 9.1: Scientific elements of human health risk assessment [WHO, 2005]

Table 9.1: Human exposure scenario and measures for ìHiBallastî 

Phase Gas Liquid Solid 

Hazardous 

Chemicals 

- H2

- Cl2

- Concentrate of disinfectant 

- Sodium thiosulfate 

solution 

- Sodium thiosulfate 

Event - Damage of elctrolyzer 

or gas separator due to 

corrosion 

- Fatigue fracture due to 

 vibration 

- Evaporation of spilled 

 hazardous liquid 

- Penetration due to 

welding defect 

- Spill of concentrate of 

disinfectant or sodium 

thiosulfate due to corrosion 

under emergency or 

routine maintenance 

- Spill of concentrate of 

disinfectant or sodium 

thiosulfate due to fatigue 

fracture 

 under emergency or 

routine maintenance 

- Scattering of powder 

during handling for 

dissolution from 

storage tank to 

neutralizing 

agent tank 

Source 

Area 

- Electrolyzer 

- Gas separator 

- Pump 

- Flange 

- Piping 

- Packaging bag 

Exposure 

Route 

- Skin 

- Eye 

- Respiratory organs 

- Skin 

- Eye 

- Respiratory organs 

- Oral cavity (if any) 

- Skin 

- Eye 

- Respiratory organs 

- Oral cavity (if any) 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 59 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Phase Gas Liquid Solid 

Measures - Use goggles, rubber 

shoes, glove, hard hat, 

protective clothing, and a 

NIOSH approved 

respirator 

- Installation of gas 

detector 

- Natural or artificial 

ventilation 

- Providing readily 

accessible eye wash 

fountains and deluge 

showers 

- 100% NDT for joining 

line 

- Installation of rubber 

mount for support of 

pipes, pumps, and 

electrolyzer 

- Use goggles, rubber shoes, 

glove, hard hat, protective 

clothing, and a NIOSHapproved respirator 

- Providing of self-contained 

breathing equipment 

- Providing readily accessible 

eye wash fountains and 

deluge showers 

- Addition of alkaline material 

for neutralization and 

flushing with fresh water 

- Installation of rubber mount 

for control of support of 

pipes, pumps, and 

electrolyzer 

- Carrying out Hydrotest 

- Winding of protective tape 

(e.g., Acrylic foam tape) for 

joining parts

- Use goggles, rubber 

shoes, glove, hard hat, 

protective clothing, 

and a NIOSH 

approved respirator 

9.2.2.2 Leakage of concentrate of disinfectant and neutralizing agent 

Spill of concentrate of disinfectant and neutralizing agent could mainly originate from connecting 

parts such as welding joint or flange due to corrosion and fatigue fracture by vibration stress 

under emergency or routine maintenance. Spilled concentrate of disinfectant and sodium 

thiosulfate can be in contact with crew and related equipment of engine-room and can erode 

human skin or metallic material. Before working, crew should be equipped with goggles, rubber 

shoes, glove, hard hat, and a NIOSH-approved respirator with an acid gas cartridge where 

airborne concentrations are expected to exceed exposure limits or when symptoms have been 

observed that are indicative of overexposure. And readily accessible eye wash fountains and 

deluge showers must be provided in strategic locations wherever concentrate of disinfectant and 

sodium thiosulfate are used. 

The chlorine vapour pressure over a concentrate of disinfectant depends on solution pH, 

decreasing as pH increases (because of the increased formation of non-volatile hypochlorite acid). 

Therefore, the addition of an alkaline material such as lime or sodium bicarbonate will reduce the 

volatility of chlorine from accidental spills or leaks and thus minimize danger to exposed crew. 

After the completion of concentrate of disinfectant neutralization, exposed equipment should be 

flushed with fresh water to prevent corrosion. Small amounts of dilute sodium thiosulfate 

solution can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. 

Larger amounts of solution should be stored for later disposal. To prevent leakage of liquid, 

hydro test should be thoroughly carried out according to designated test procedure. 

9.2.2.3 Contact with sodium thiosulfate powder 

The crew can be exposed to sodium thiosulfate powder during handling for dissolution from 

storage tank to neutralizing agent tank. If sodium thiosulfate powder is scattered in small 

quantities, use appropriate tools to put the spilled solid in a convenient waste disposal container 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 60 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

and finish cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and dispose of according to 

local and regional authority requirements. If sodium thiosulfate powder is dispersed in large 

quantities, use a shovel to put the material into a convenient waste disposal container and finish 

cleaning by spreading water on the contaminated surface and allow evacuating through the 

sanitary system. 

Before handling sodium thiosulfate powder, the crew should be equipped with goggles, rubber 

gloves, rubber shoes, glove, hard hat, and a NIOSH approved respirator. If crewís eyes have 

been in contact with this powder, check and remove any contact lenses (Do not use an eye 

ointment). If it is exposed to crewís skin, after contact with skin, wash immediately with plenty 

of water. Gently and thoroughly wash the contaminated skin with running water and nonabrasive soap. Be particularly careful to clean folds, crevices, creases and groin. Cover the 

irritated skin with an emollient. If irritation persists, seek medical attention. Wash contaminated 

clothing before reusing. In case of serious skin contact, wash with a disinfectant soap and cover 

the contaminated skin with an anti-bacterial cream and seek medical attention. If crew ingests 

sodium sulfate, do not induce vomiting. Loosen tight clothing such as the collar, tie, belt or 

waistband. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Seek immediate 

medical attention. If crew swallowed sodium thiosulfate solution, give several glasses of milk or 

water. Vomiting may occur spontaneously, but it is not necessary to induce. Never give 

anything by mouth to an unconscious person. An explosion may occur if triturated with nitrates, 

chlorates, or permanganates. Sodium sulfate is hygroscopic material. So, keep container tightly 

closed and in a cool, well-ventilated area. 

9.3 Risk to the aquatic environment 

The acute aquatic toxicity test performed under 33 PSU of seawater treated from laboratory scale 

ìHiBallastî system, which is an adopted neutralization process as a final step, was conducted 

with the aquatic organisms such as the algae (Skeletonema costatum), crustacean (Tigriopus 

japonicas), fish (Paralichthys olivaceus) in accordance with OECD methods. Algae were only 

influenced by the seawater treated from ìHiBallastî system. The others were not affected by the 

same seawater. The EC50 value of algae for 72 hours is 69.3%. 

Environmental risk analysis was conducted to evaluate potential risk of the Active Substances 

and Relevant Chemicals generated from ìHiBallastî. Based on the PEC/PNEC ratio, the aquatic 

environmental risk was assessed. The PEC was predicted from the results of chemical analysis 

and MAMPEC modelling. PNEC was determined from the literature reviews of acute and 

chronic toxicity test for the chemicals. For MAMPEC modelling, it was assumed that there 

were 91 bulk carriers, all ships are installed with ìHiBallastî, anchored in the Rotterdam port on 

an average day, and quantity of discharged ballast water was 103,844m3

/day. 

The PEC/PNEC ratio of all chemicals contained in discharged seawater was less than 1 with the 

maximum and average PEC. It means that when analysed all chemicals have no effects on the 

aquatic environment. 

Due to the insufficient toxicity data, a part of chemicals omitted from PEC/PNEC ratio 

calculation should be identified in the further study. Also, the chronic toxicity test and the risk 

characterization for the seawater treated from ìHiBallastî system are required to estimate the 

potential risk for aquatic ecosystem. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 61 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

10 ASSESSMENT REPORT 

10.1 Overview of data and endpoint 

In regard to the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals by the ìHiBallastî system, all of the 

toxicity data for the aquatic organisms and mammalians were investigated from eminent 

literatures and toxicology database provided in the several research institutes, such as Toxicology 

Data Network (ToxNet), Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), Eco-toxicity (US-EPA), and 

European Chemical Bureau (ECB), etc. However, the reliability of endpoints and toxicity data 

presented in Key data-set could not be validated by the OECD methods or EPA methods. 

The chemical analyses on the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals of ìHiBallastî system 

were conducted by Korea Testing and Research Institute (KTR) under the supervision of the 

Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute (KOMERI) holding the Quality Assurance (QA) and 

the Quality Assurance Project Plane (QAPP) certified by Korea Laboratory Accreditation 

Scheme (KOLAS). All chemical analyses were carried out according to the OECD methods or 

EPA methods. Also, the lab-scale test of ìHiBallastî system is adequate for IMO document 

MEPC 58/23, annex 4, Part 2, paragraph 2.3.20 (as well as IMO BWM/CONF/36, 

BWM Convention, and regulation D-2). 

The acute toxicity test on the discharged water treated by ìHiBallastî system was conducted by 

Marine Eco-Technology Institute (MEI) in the Republic of Korea. The acute toxicity test was 

carried out according to OECD methods (OECD 201, 202, 203) on the Algae (Skeletonema 

costatum), Crustacean (Tigriopus japonicus), and Fish (Paralichthys olivaceus), respectively. 

Although MEI Institute is not accredited specifically for toxicological testing 

(e.g., Good Laboratory Practice (GLP)), the Institute has an ecotoxicological laboratory, 

personnel with a solid experience in toxicological research, and all tests were performed 

according to GLP. 

10.2 Summary of risk assessment on the ship, crew and environmental 

The study of the environmental risk assessment was performed for substances which were 

detected in water on day 5 of 33 PSU discharged by the lab-scale ìHiBallastî system and 

referred to the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group (MEPC 59/2/13, annex 1). 

The Predicted Environmental Concentration (PEC) was predicted using the modelling of 

MAMPEC (Marine Anti-foulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentration) VER. 2.0 

developed by the Antifouling Working Group of the European Paint Makers Association. The 

Predicted Non-effect Concentration (PNEC) is determined from the selected aquatic toxicity data 

and assessment factors. Assessment factors were selected based on the guidance of the 

GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group (MEPC 58/2/7, annex 4). 

For the potential risk identification on the ship and crew, a HAZID study was conducted. 

A HAZID study identified potential hazardous events and how to manage hazards to ship and 

crew during the design and operational phase of the ìHiBallastî system. All issues on the 

hazardous event were included in the Risk Register with recommendations on corrective or 

preventive actions. According to the human health assessment [WHO, 2005], the Human 

Exposure Scenario was established on the ìHiBallastî system. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 62 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

REFERENCES 

Agus E., Voutchkovb N. and Sedlaka D. L., Disinfection by-products and their potential impact 

on the quality of water produced by desalination systems: A literature review, Desalination 237: 

214ñ237, 2009. 

Allonier A.S., Khalanski M., Camel V. and Bermond A., Characterization of Chlorination 

By-products in Cooling Effluents of Coastal Nuclear Power Stations. Marine Pollution Bulletin 

Vol. 38, No. 12, 1232-1241, 1999. 

ATSDR Toxicological Profile Information Sheet, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease 

Registry, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/MHMI/mmg.htm

Casson L.W. and Bess, Jr. J.W., Conversion to On-Site Sodium Hypochlorite Generation, Water 

and Wastewater Applications, Lewis Publishers, 2003. 

CCRIS, Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System. National Library of Medicine, 

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?CCRIS 

Chen C., Zhanga X.J., Zhua L.X., Liua J., Heb W. J. and Hanb H.D., Disinfection by-products 

and their precursors in a water treatment plant in North China: Seasonal changes, and fraction 

analysis. Science of the total environment 397:140-147, 2008. 

Cheremisinoff N.P., Cheremisinoff P.N. and Trattner R.B., Chemical and Non-chemical 

Disinfection, Ann Arbor Science, 1981. 

Dean J.A., Langeís Handbook of Chemistry, Fifteenth Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999. 

ECOTOX Database, United State Environmental Protection Agency Mid-Continent Ecology 

Division. http://www.epa.gov/med/Prods_Pubs/ecotox.htm

Endresen O., Behrens H.L., Brynestad S., Anderson A.B. and Skjong R., Viewpoint: Callenages 

in global ballast water management. Marine Pollution Bulletin 48: 615-623, 2004. 

EPI suite V4.0. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm

EU Risk Assessment Report for monochloroacetic acid, European Commission Joint Research 

Centre, 2005. 

EU Risk Assessment Report for sodium hypochlorite, European Commission Joint Research 

Centre, 2007. 

Gopal K., Tripathy S.S., Bersillon J.L. and Dubey S.P., Review: Chlorination byproducts, their 

toxicodynamics and removal from drinking water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 140: 1ñ6, 2007. 

Haas C.N., Chapter 14, Disinfection of the Water Quality and Treatment, A handbook of 

Community Water Supplies, American Water Works Association (AWWA), 1999. 

Hrudey S.E., Review: Chlorination disinfection by-products, public health risk tradeoffs and me, 

Water Research 43: 2057-2092, 2009. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 63 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

HSDB, Hazardous Substances Data Bank, National Library of Medicine. 

http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB

IMO (International Maritime Organization), 2008b. Harmful Aquatic Organisms in Ballast 

Water. MEPC 58/2/7, GESAMP-BWWG 6/9, annex 4. IMO, London, United Kingdom. 

IRIS, Integrated Risk Information System database, United State Environmental Protection 

Agency. http://www.epa.gov/iris/

IUCLID, International Uniform Chemical Information Database, European Chemicals Bureau 

(ECB). http://ecb.jrc.it/esis

NITE (National Institute of Technology and Evaluation) Database, Biodegradation and 

Bioconcentration of the Existing Chemical Substances under the Chemical Substances Control 

Law, 2-49-10 Nishihara, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 151-0066 Japan. 

http://www.safe.nite.go.jp/data/hazkizon/pk_e_kizon_input_second.home_object

NTP, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. 

http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov:8080/query.html?qt=&col=005main

OECD SIDS, Screening Information Data-Set (SIDS) for calcium hypochlorite, Processed by 

UNEP Chemicals, Copyright International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 

http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7778543.pdf

OECD SIDS, Screening Information Data-Set (SIDS) for trichloroacetic acid, Processed by 

UNEP Chemicals, Copyright International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). 

http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/76039.pdf 

PAN Pesticide Database, Citation: Kegley, S.E., Hill, B.R., Orme S. and Choi A.H., Pesticide 

Action Network, North America, San Francisco, CA, 2009. 

http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Search_Chemicals.jsp

Port of Rotterdam Authority, Arrivals of sea-going vessels by type of ship. 

Port of Rotterdam Authority, Throughput port of Rotterdam. 

Sadiq R. and Rodriguez M.J., Disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive 

models for their occurrence: a review. Science of the Total Environment 321: 21ñ46, 2004. 

Singer P.C. and Reckhow D.A., Chapter 12, Chemical Oxidation of the Water Quality and 

Treatment, A handbook of Community Water Supplies, American Water Works Association 

(AWWA), 1999. 

White G.C., Handbook of Chlorination and Alternative Disinfectants, 3rd Edition, Van Nostrand 

Reinhold, New York, 1992. 

WHO, Brominated Acetic Acids in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/79, Background 

document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2004. 

WHO, Monochloroacetic Acid in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/85, Background 

document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2004. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 64 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

WHO, Monochloramine in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/83, Background document 

for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2004. 

WHO, Trichloroacetic Acid in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/120, Background 

document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2004. 

WHO, Bromate in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/78, Background document for 

development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2005. 

WHO, Dichloroacetic Acid in Drinking-water, WHO/SDE/WSH/05.08/121, Background 

document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 2005. 

WHO Geneva, Principles of Characterizing and Applying Human Exposures Models, 

Harmonization Project Document No. 3, 2005. 

Xin H., Naiyun GAO and Yang D., Bromate ion formation in dark chlorination and 

ultraviolet/chlorination processes for bromide-containing water, Journal of Environmental 

Sciences 20: 246ñ251, 2008. 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 65 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 1 

QAPP FOR ìHiBallastî SYSTEM 

Project ID: 09 Elechemtech-BWMS 

System Developer: 

Hyundai Heavy Industry Co., Ltd 

1, Jeongha-dong Dong-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 

Tel. 82-52-202-2114 

Fax. 82-52-202-3470 

www.hhi.co.kr

System Developer 

Elchemtech Co., Ltd. 

429-1 Gasan-dong Geumchun-gu, Seoul 

Tel. 82-2-6277-4100~6 

Fax. 82-2-6277-4107 

www.elchemtech.com 

Primary System Tester (Type Approval Test Organization) 

Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute 

1125-22 Dongsam-dong, Youngdo-gu, Busan, Republic of 

Korea 

Tel. 82-51-400-5000 

Fax. 82-51-400-5091 

www.komeri.re.kr 

February 2009 

Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) 

for 

testing of Elchemtech-BWM System 

for 

Type Approval 

by the 

Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MLTM), 

Republic of Korea 

in accordance with the 

Guidelines for Approval of Ballast Water Management Systems (G8)
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 66 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Contents 

Content ......................................................................................................................................2

Introduction and background ....................................................................................................5 

Quality Management Plan (QMP) ............................................................................................6 

1. HHI ................................................................................................................................... 

2. Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute .................................................................7 

Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) ...................................................................................8 

Quality Statement .............................................................................................................8 

Approval Sheet .................................................................................................................9 

Distribution List .............................................................................................................10 

1. PROJECT MANAGEMENT .......................................................................................12 

1.1 Project Description ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ.....12 

1.1.1 Address of QAPP ........................................................................................12 

1.2 Project Organization and Responsibilities ............................................................12 

1.3 Project and Task Description .................................................................................15 

1.3.1 Test Site .......................................................................................................15 

1.3.2 The ECT-BWM System ..............................................................................15 

1.3.3 Test Schedule ..............................................................................................17 

1.3.4 Task .............................................................................................................17 

1.4 Quality Assurance Objectives ...............................................................................18 

1.5 Training and Certification .....................................................................................20 

1.5.1 Collection and Handling of Samples ..........................................................20 

1.5.2 Laboratory Testing and Analysis .................................................................20 

1.6 Document and Records .........................................................................................21 

1.6.1 QAPP ..........................................................................................................21 

1.6.2 Field Sample Records ..................................................................................24 

1.6.3 Chain of Custody Records ..........................................................................24 

1.6.4 Laboratory Raw Data Records.....................................................................24 

2. MEASUREMENT AND DATA ACQUISITION ........................................................25 

2.1 Sampling Process Design ....................................................................................25 

2.2 Sampling Methods ...............................................................................................26 

2.2.1 Sample Collection, Preparation, Decontamination Procedure ....................26 

2.2.2 Sampling Equipment, Preservation, and Holding Times ............................26 

2.2.3 Sampling/Measurement System Failure Response and Corrective Action 

Process .................................................................................................................26 

2.3 Sample Handling and Custody ............................................................................26 

2.4 Preparation of Samples and Analytical Methods .................................................27 

2.4.1 Analysis of Organisms in Water Samples (≥ 10 ñ 50 μm and ≥ 50 μm) .....27 

2.4.2 Samples for Chemical Analyses (KTR) ......................................................28 

2.4.3 Samples for Bacteriological Analysis .........................................................28 

2.5 Quality Control Procedures .................................................................................29 

2.6 Data Acquisition ..................................................................................................29 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 67 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

2.7 Data Management ................................................................................................30 

2.7.1 Data Recording ...........................................................................................30 

2.7.2 Data Validation ............................................................................................30 

2.7.3 Data Transformation ...................................................................................30 

2.7.4 Data Transmittal ..........................................................................................30 

2.7.5 Data Reduction ............................................................................................30 

2.7.6 Data Analysis ..............................................................................................31 

2.7.7 Data Tracking ..............................................................................................31 

2.7.8 Data Storage and Retrieval .........................................................................31 

2.7.9 Data Release ................................................................................................31 

3. ASSESSEMENT AND OVERSIGHT .........................................................................32 

3.1 Assessment and Response Actions ......................................................................32 

3.2 Reports to Management .......................................................................................33 

4. DATA VALIDATION AND USABILITY ...................................................................33 

4.1 Data Review, Validation, and Verification ...........................................................33 

4.1.1 Sampling Design .........................................................................................33 

4.1.2 Calibration ...................................................................................................33 

4.1.3 Data Reduction and Processing ..................................................................33 

4.2 Validation and Verification Methods ...................................................................34 

5. REFERENCES ............................................................................................................35 

6. APPENDICES .............................................................................................................35 

Appendix 1 ñ Certification of Accreditation (HHI) ...................................................36 

Appendix 2 ñ Certification of Accreditation (KOMERI)...........................................41 

Appendix 3 ñ Certificate for ëIdentification of Marine Microalgaeí 

 from IOC-UNESCO ............................................................................43 

Appendix 4 ñ Electrical Storage Format of QAPP 

 for Elechemtech-BWMS project..........................................................45 

Appendix 5 ñ Chain of Custody Record.....................................................................46 

Appendix 6 ñ Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) ..............................................99 

Appendix 7 ñ Quality Control methods for DOC and TOC analysis .......................126 

Appendix 8 ñ Reference materials and papers .........................................................128 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 68 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Sampling and test methods 

1 Sampling 

Each sample was collected from the sampling ports S1 to S6 during operation of lab-scale 

ìHiBallastî system. Procedures for sampling and transferring are described in details in 

appendix 1 (QAPP, Section 2 ìMeasurement and data acquisitionî). Figure A1 and Table A1 

show sampling points and detailed information for sampling points respectively. 

From now on, day 0 means the point of ballasting, day 1 means 1 day after ballasting. Day 5 

refers to the point of de-ballasting after 5 days. 

Figure A1 Sampling points 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 69 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Table A1: Sampling and Analysis summary 

Sampling Analytical Parameter 

Time Point 

Lapse Activity Time 

Control Treated 

Water 

Onsite 

Analysis 

Lab 

Analysis 

Laboratory 

for 

analytical 

work 

Before 

Ballasting B S1 

Salinity, 

DO, pH, 

Turbidity 

Water density, 

TSS, DOC, 

POC 

KTR 

DO, pH, 

TRO 

DOC,POC, 

Byproducts KTR 

Day 

0 During 

Ballasting 

(10 hrs) 

B, M S2 S3, S4, 

S5 Microorganism KOMERI 

Day Byproducts KTR 

1 Holding M S2 S5 Microorganism KOMERI 

Day 

2 Holding M Microorganism KOMERI 

Day 

3 Holding M Microorganism KOMERI 

Day 

4 Holding M Microorganism KOMERI 

Before 

treating 

ballast water 

M S2 S5 TRO KTR 

During 

treating 

ballast water 

M S6 TRO KTR 

 Microorganism KOMERI 

TRO Byproducts KTR 

Day 

5 

After treating 

ballast water E S6 

 Toxicity MEI 

* B : Beginning of the test; M : Middle of the test; E : End of the test 

2 Evaluation of system Performance 

Test standard used in this test is adequate to the IMO MEPC 58/23, Annex 4, Part 2, 2. 3. 20 (and 

IMO BWM/CONF/36, BWM Convention, regulation D-2) and details as below: 

ï pH: Standard Method 4500 H+B (APHA, 2005) 

Measurement with Electrode multiprobe (Hydrolab, USA) 

ï Water temperature: Standard Method 2550 (APHA, 2005) 

Measurement with Electrode multiprobe (Hydrolab, USA) 

ï DO: Standard Method 4500-O G (APHA, 2005) 

Measurement with Electrode multiprobe (Hydrolab, USA) 

ï Turbidity: Standard Method 2130 B (APHA, 2005) 

Measurement with Electrode multiprobe (Hydrolab, USA) 

ï Salinity: Standard Method 2520 B (APHA, 2005) 

Measurement with Electrode multiprobe (Hydrolab, USA) 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 70 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

ï DOC and POC: Standard Method 5310 B (APHA, 2005) 

ï TSS: Standard Method 2540 D (APHA, 2005) 

ï Viable organism (≥ 10~50 μm): Fluorescein dying with 5-CFDA AM (Anja et al., 2005) 

Standard Method 10200 C (APHA, 2005), Culture 

methods (Manual and Guide, UNESCO, 2005) 

ï Viable organism (≥ 50 μm): Staining method (Tang et al., 2006), Standard Method 

10200 C (APHA, 2005) 

ï Heterotrophic bacteria: Standard Method 9215 C and/or US EPA 1604 (2002) 

ï Total Coliform and E. coli: Standard Method 9215 C and/or US EPA 1604 (2002) 

ï Enterococci: Standard Method 9215 C and/or US EPA 1600 (2002) 

ï Toxicogenic Vibrio cholerae: Standard Method 9260 H (APHA, 2005) and/or 

API 20E kit (BioMerieux, Inc.) 

Two tests were performed in accordance with the requirements of the Guidelines for approval of 

ballast management system (MEPC 58/23, annex 4) and regulation D-2 of the BWM 

Convention). Test results show that this ballast water treatment system meets the ballast water 

performance standard D-2 of the BWM Convention. The test results are briefly described as 

Table A2 and described in details at appendix 1 (Test Report). 

Table A2: Test results of ballast water management system 

Salinity Test duration 

(Ballasting to de-ballasting) 

Results 

(Reg. D-2) 

Valid condition 

(Regulation D-2.1) 

(IMO resolution MEPC.174(58) 

Annex 4, Part 2-2.3.36) 

33 PSU 25 Feb. 2009 ñ 02 Mar. 2009 PASS PASS 

20 PSU 04 Mar. 2009 ñ 09 Mar. 2009 PASS PASS 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 71 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 2

TEST REPORT OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS 

Quality Assurance Project Plan 

(QAPP) 

Elchemtech-BWM System 

Korea Testing & Research Institute 

prepared by: Jae-Hong Kim 

Korea Testing & Research Institute 

411 Daun-dong, Jung-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 

www.ktr.or.kr 

reviewed by: Sung-Uk Lee 

Korea Testing & Research Institute 

411 Daun-dong, Jung-gu, Ulsan, Republic of Korea 

www.ktr.or.kr 

Ph.D. Sang-bong Moon 

Elchemtech 

429-1 Gasan-dong, Cumcheun-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea 

Tel. 82-2-6277-4100/Fax. 82-2-6277-4107 

co-work to 

Young-Soo Kim 

Korean Marine Equipment Research Institute 

1125-22 Dongsam-dong, Youngdo-gu, Busan, Republic of Korea 

eng.komeri.re.kr 

February 2009 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 72 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Chemical analysis 

Procedures for sampling, transferring and analysis methods are described in details on appendix 2 

(QAPP by KTR). 

1 AOX 

Filtering of the sample through a filter with an effective pore size of 0.45 μm. Acidification of 

the filtrate with nitric acid and elution of the inorganic halides with ethyl acetate. Filter sample 

containing particles through a filtration apparatus with a pore width of 0.45 μm. Elution of the 

test sample 100 mL with ethyl acetate 10 mL. 

2 Bromate 

Bromate is measured using Ion-Chromatgraphy with the Addition of a Postcolum Reagent. The 

method uses an IonPac AS9-HC column and followed by postcolumn addition of 

o-ianisidine(ODA) to visible absorbance detection of the bromate ion. 

3 VOCs/THM 

This is a general purpose method for the identification and simultaneous measurement of 

purgeable volatile organic compounds in surface water, ground water, and drinking water in any 

stage of treatment. The method is applicable to a wide range of organic compounds, including 

the four trihalomethane disinfection by-products that have sufficiently high volatility and low 

water solubility to be removed from water samples with purge and trap procedures. 

4 Halogenated Phenols 

Samples are extracted using an appropriate sample preparation method-EPA 3510C. Prior to 

analysis, the extracts are cleaned up, as necessary, and the solvent exchanged to 2-propanol. The 

target Halogenated Phenols also may be derivatized with pentafluorobenzyl bromide (PFBBr) 

and analysed by gas chromatography (GC/ECD). 

5 TRO 

TRO was analysed by US EPA 330.5(1978). Chlorine (hypochlorite ion, hypochlorous acid) and 

chloramines stoichiometrically liberate iodine from potassium iodide at pH 4 or less. The iodine 

is titrated with a standard reducing agent such as sodium thiosulfate using a starch indicator. The 

results are calculated as mg/L Cl even though the actual measurement is of total oxidizing power 

because chlorine is the dominant oxidizing agent present. 

In addition, Phenylenediammonium/potassium iodide (DPD/KI) indicator and a 

Pocket Colorimeter (LaMotte). This procedure was equivalent to US EPA Method 330.5 for 

wastewater and 94 Standard Method 4500-Cl G for drinking water. TRO concentration (mg/L) 

measurements were calculated and expressed as equivalent concentrations of bromine 

(Br2 , 1 mol Cl2 = 0.44 mol 96 Br2). 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 73 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

6 By-product of Disinfection (HANs) 

Methyl tertiary-butyl ether(MTBE, Merck), sodium chloride(Merck), ammonium chloride 

(Merck), chloral hydrate(Accu), dibromoacetonitrile(Accu), trichlorocatonitrile(Accu), 

dichloroacetinitrile(Accu), bromochloroacetonitrile(Accu), chloropicrin(Accu). Stock solutions 

of chlorine by product are prepared in acetone and Internal standard (1,2-dibromo-3-

chloropropane) are prepared in MTBE. 

7 By-product of Disinfection (HAAs) 

A 200-mL volume of sample is adjusted to pH <0.5 and extracted with 4-mL of methyltert -butylether (MTBE). The haloacetic acids that have been partitioned into the organic phase are then 

converted to their methyl esters by the addition of acidic methanol followed by slight heating. 

The acidic extract is neutralized by a back extraction with a saturated solution of sodium 

bicarbonate and the target analytes are identified and measured by capillary column gas 

chromatography using an mass spectrometer (GC/MSD). Analytes are quantitated using 

procedural standard calibration. 

8 Other compounds 

- O3, ClO2 : Model Q45H/64, ATi Analytical technology, Inc/UAS 

- S-2 : US Standard method 4500- S-2 -B 

- H2 : Agilent GC/TCD 

- Cl2, O3 gas : Detector tube, GASTEC/Japan 

- TOC : TOC-VCPH, Shimadzu/Japan 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 74 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 3

TEST REPORTS OF AQUATIC TOXICITY

Acute aquatic toxicity 

Most sensitive organism for ballast water treated by ìHiBallastî system was algae, Skeletonema 

costatum that gave the EC50 value of 69.30% and 63.01% for the 33 PSU and 20 PSU from 

aquatic toxicity test result, respectively. For the other test organisms, no significant acute 

toxicity was observed. 

Algae: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî system on the 

diatom, Skeletonema costatum, during 72 hours, NOEC and LOEC values from Hypothesis Test 

and EC50 values based on the cell densities at the end of the experiment were calculated for 

both 33 PSU and 20 PSU treated ballast water. 

Crustacean: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî system on 

copepod, Tigriopus japonicus, during 48 hours, EC50 and LC50 values based on mobilization and 

survival data at the end of the experiment were calculated for both 33 PSU and 20 PSU ballast 

water. 

Fish: For the study to assess the effects of the seawater treated by ìHiBallastî system on olive 

flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, during 96 hours, LC50 values based on survival data at the end 

of the experiment were calculated for both 33 PSU and 20 PSU ballast water. 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 75 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 4

KEY DATA-SET 

Key data-sets for the Active Substances and Relevant Chemicals were summarized according to 

the form of the GESAMP-Ballast Water Working Group [MEPC 59/2/13, annex 2]. 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 76 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 5

HAZID STUDY

This report is the hazard identification (HAZID) study of ìHiBallastî system to be installed on 

board ship. The objective of this study is to identify and summarize all known hazardous events 

during the normal operation and maintenance phases. The HAZID workshop to be composed of 

experts, who have a lot of experiences of mechanical and process design, manufacture, and ship 

trial test etc., in HHI, was carried. The scopes of HAZID study are as follows: 

• Electrolyzer (including power generator and cooler) 

• Gas separator 

• Injection pump 

• Neutralization unit 

In the HAZID study, the total 27 hazards were identified for the normal operation and 

maintenance phases of ìHiBallastî. The critical 23 hazards were compiled in the Hazard 

Register, and recommended the corrective or preventive action plans. 

The key summaries of HAZID workshop are as follows: 

Hazard 

No. Hazard System (or Sub-system) Mode 

1 Electrode clogging due to foreign material Electrolyzer Operation 

2 Current breaking Electrolyzer Operation 

3 High temperature inside the electrolyzer Electrolyzer Operation 

4 Electrolyzer leakage Electrolyzer Maintenance 

5 Leakage of seawater Electrolyzer Maintenance 

6 Too much vibration Electrolyzer Operation 

7 Electric shock Electrolyzer Operation 

8 Seawater leakage from cooling medium. Electrolyzer Operation 

9 Electrolyte leakage from the electrolyzer Electrolyzer Operation 

10 Corrosion of Inlet pipe Electrolyzer Operation 

11 Flow control valve Failure Gas separator Operation 

12 Vent line leakage (Internal) Gas separator Operation 

13 Pump cavitation Gas separator Operation 

14 Vent failure Gas separator Operation 

15 Gas leakage Gas separator Operation 

16 Injection pump: Failure to start Injection pump Operation 

17 Back-flow from main ballast water line 

(Electrolyte injection pump) Neutralization unit Operation 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 77 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

Hazard 

No. Hazard System (or Sub-system) Mode 

18 Leakage of neutralization solution Neutralization unit Maintenance 

19 Neutralization injection pump failure: 

Failure to start Neutralization unit Operation 

20 Flow control valve failure: Failure to Open Neutralization unit Operation 

21 Back-flow from main ballast water 

line(Neutralization line) Neutralization unit Operation 

22 TRO meter Failure Neutralization unit Operation 

23 No injection of neutralization agent Neutralization unit Operation 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 78 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 6

SYSTEM DESCRIPTION OF ìHiBALLASTî SYSTEM 

1. Introduction 

2. System Overview 

2.1 Process summary 

2.2 System boundary 

2.3 Electric power distribution for treatment system 

2.4 System control 

2.5 Safety functions of system 

2.6 Utilities 

3. Equipment Unit 

3.1 System Control Unit 

3.2 Filter Unit 

3.3 Electrolysis Unit 

3.4 Neutralization Unit 

4. System Operation 

4.1 General 

4.2 Modes of operation 

4.3 Start-up and Shutdown of System 

4.4 Control functions in normal operation 

5. Appendix 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 79 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 7

ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT REPORT 

Environmental risk analysis was conducted to evaluate potential risk of the Active Substances 

and Relevant Chemicals generated from ìHiBallastî system. Based on the PEC/PNEC ratio, the 

aquatic environmental risk was assessed. The PEC was predicted from the results of chemical 

analysis and MAMPEC Marine Anti-foulant Model to Predict Environmental Concentration) 

modelling. PNEC was determined from the literature reviews of acute and chronic toxicity test 

for the chemicals. The procedure of environmental risk analysis applied in this study is 

represented in following Figure A. 

Figure A.: Procedure of environmental risk analysis 

The PEC/PNEC ratios of all chemicals on the Day 1 and Day 5 were less than 1 with the 

maximum and average PEC. It means that when analysed all chemicals have no effects on the 

aquatic environment. 

* * * 
MEPC 60/2/6 

ANNEX 

Page 80 

I:\MEPC\60\2-6.doc 

APPENDIX 8

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS) 

___________