Curtain and Drapery Mills

1997 Economic Census

Manufacturing

Industry Series

1997

Issued November 1999

EC97M-3141B

U.S. Department ofCommerce

Economics and Statistics Administration

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU
The staff of the Manufacturing and Construction Division prepared this report.

Judy M. Dodds, Assistant Chief for Census and Related Programs, was responsible for the overall planning, management, and coordination. Kenneth

Hansen, Chief, Manufactured Durables

Branch, assisted by Mike Brown, Renee

Coley, Raphael Corrado, and Milbren

Thomas, Section Chiefs, Michael Zampogna, Former Chief, Manufactured Nondurables Branch, assisted by Allen Foreman, Robert Miller, Robert Reinard,

and Nat Shelton, Section Chiefs, and Tom

Lee, Robert Rosati, and Tom Flood,

Special Assistants, performed the planning

and implementation. Stephanie Angel,

Brian Appert, Stanis Batton, Carol Beasley, Chris Blackburn, Larry Blumberg, Vera Harris-Bourne, Brenda

Campbell, Suzanne Conard, Vance

Davis, Mary Ellickson, Matt Gaines,

Merry Glascoe, Kay Hanks, Karen

Harshbarger, Nancy Higgins, James

Hinckley, Walter Hunter, Jim Jamski,

Evelyn Jordan, Robert Lee, John Linehan, Paul Marck, Keith McKenzie,

Philippe Morris, Joanna Nguyen, Betty

Pannell, Joyce Pomeroy, Venita Powell,

Cynthia Ramsey, Chris Savage,

Aronda Stovall, Sue Sundermann, Thanos Theodoropoulos, Dora Thomas,

Ann Truffa, Ronanne Vinson, Keeley

Voor, Denneth Wallace, Tempie Whittington, Lissene Witt, and Mike

Yamaner provided primary staff assistance.

Brian Greenberg, Assistant Chief for

Research and Methodology Programs,

assisted by Stacey Cole, Chief, Manufacturing Programs Methodology Branch, and

Robert Struble, Section Chief, provided

the mathematical and statistical techniques as well as the coverage operations.

Jeffrey Dalzell and Cathy Ritenour provided primary staff assistance.

Mendel D. Gayle, Chief, Forms, Publications, and Customer Services Branch,

assisted by Julius Smith Jr. and Baruti

Taylor, Section Chiefs, performed overall

coordination of the publication process.

Kim Credito, Patrick Duck, Chip

Murph, Wanda Sledd, and Veronica

White provided primary staff assistance.

The Economic Planning and Coordination

Division, Lawrence A. Blum, Assistant

Chief for Collection Activities and Shirin

A. Ahmed, Assistant Chief for PostCollection Processing, assisted by Dennis

Shoemaker, Chief, Post-Collection Census

Processing Branch, Brandy Yarbrough,

Section Chief, Sheila Proudfoot, Richard

Williamson, Andrew W. Hait, and Jennifer E. Lins, was responsible for developing the systems and procedures for data

collection, editing, review, correction and

dissemination

The staff of the National Processing Center,

Judith N. Petty, Chief, performed mailout

preparation and receipt operations, clerical

and analytical review activities, data keying, and geocoding review.

The Geography Division staff developed

geographic coding procedures and associated computer programs.

The Economic Statistical Methods and Programming Division, Charles P. Pautler

Jr., Chief, developed and coordinated the

computer processing systems. Martin S.

Harahush, Assistant Chief for Quinquennial Programs, assisted by Barbara Lambert and Christina Arledge were responsible for design and implementation of the

computer systems. Gary T. Sheridan,

Chief, Manufacturing and Construction

Branch, Lori A. Guido and Roy A. Smith,

Section Chiefs, supervised the preparation

of the computer programs.

Computer Services Division, Debra Williams, Chief, performed the computer processing.

The staff of the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Walter C. Odom,

Chief, performed planning, design, composition, editorial review, and printing planning and procurement for publications,

Internet products, and report forms.

Cynthia G. Brooks provided publication

coordination and editing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Curtain and Drapery Mills

1997 Economic Census

Manufacturing

Industry Series

1997

Issued November 1999

EC97M-3141B

U.S. Department of Commerce

William M. Daley,

Secretary

Robert L. Mallett,

Deputy Secretary

Economics

and Statistics

Administration

Robert J. Shapiro,

Under Secretary for

Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Kenneth Prewitt,

Director
Paula J. Schneider,

Principal Associate Director

for Programs

Frederick T. Knickerbocker,

Associate Director

for Economic Programs

Thomas L. Mesenbourg,

Assistant Director

for Economic Programs

William G. Bostic Jr.,

Chief, Manufacturing

and Construction Division

ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS

ADMINISTRATION

Economics

and Statistics

Administration

Robert J. Shapiro,

Under Secretary

for Economic Affairs

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU

Kenneth Prewitt,

Director

William G. Barron,

Deputy Director
 CONTENTS

Introduction to the Economic Census 1 .............................

Manufacturing 5 .................................................

TABLES

1. Industry Statistics on NAICS Basis With Distribution Among

1987 SIC~Based Industries: 1997 7 .........................

2. Industry Statistics for Selected States: 1997 7 .................

3. Detailed Statistics by Industry: 1997 8 ........................

4. Industry Statistics by Employment Size: 1997 9 ................

5. Industry Statistics by Industry and Primary Product Class

Specialization: 1997 9 .....................................

6a. Products Statistics: 1997 and 1992 10 .........................

6b. Product Class Shipments for Selected States: 1997 and 1992 . ~~

7. Materials Consumed by Kind: 1997 and 1992 10 ................

APPENDIXES

A. Explanation of Terms A–1 .....................................

B. NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions B–1 ......................

C. Coverage and Methodology C–1 ................................

D. Geographic Notes ........................................ ~~

E. Metropolitan Areas ....................................... ~~

F. Footnotes for Products Statistics and Materials Consumed by

Kind ................................................... ~~

G. Comparability of Product Classes and Product Codes: 1997 to

1992 G–1 ...................................................

~~ Not applicable for this report.

MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 314121 iii

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Introduction to the Economic Census

PURPOSES AND USES OF THE ECONOMIC CENSUS

The economic census is the major source of facts about

the structure and functioning of the Nation’s economy. It

provides essential information for government, business,

industry, and the general public. Title 13 of the United

States Code (Sections 131, 191, and 224) directs the Census Bureau to take the economic census every 5 years,

covering years ending in 2 and 7.

The economic census furnishes an important part of the

framework for such composite measures as the gross

domestic product estimates, input/output measures, production and price indexes, and other statistical series that

measure short-term changes in economic conditions. Specific uses of economic census data include the following:

• Policymaking agencies of the Federal Government use

the data to monitor economic activity and assess the

effectiveness of policies.

• State and local governments use the data to assess

business activities and tax bases within their jurisdictions and to develop programs to attract business.

• Trade associations study trends in their own and competing industries, which allows them to keep their members informed of market changes.

• Individual businesses use the data to locate potential

markets and to analyze their own production and sales

performance relative to industry or area averages.

ALL-NEW INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATIONS

Data from the 1997 Economic Census are published primarily on the basis of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), unlike earlier censuses, which

were published according to the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system. NAICS is in the process of being

adopted in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Most

economic census reports cover one of the following NAICS

sectors:

21 Mining

22 Utilities

23 Construction

31-33 Manufacturing

42 Wholesale Trade

44-45 Retail Trade

48-49 Transportation and Warehousing

51 Information

52 Finance and Insurance

53 Real Estate and Rental and Leasing

54 Professional, Scientific, and Technical

Services

55 Management of Companies and Enterprises

56 Administrative and Support and Waste

Management and Remediation Services

61 Educational Services

62 Health Care and Social Assistance

71 Arts, Entertainment, and Recreation

72 Accommodation and Foodservices

81 Other Services (except Public Administration)

(Not listed above are the Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and

Hunting sector (NAICS 11), partially covered by the census

of agriculture conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Public Administration sector (NAICS 92),

covered by the census of governments conducted by the

Census Bureau.)

The 20 NAICS sectors are subdivided into 96 subsectors

(three-digit codes), 313 industry groups (four-digit codes),

and, as implemented in the United States, 1170 industries

(five- and six-digit codes).

RELATIONSHIP TO SIC

While many of the individual NAICS industries correspond directly to industries as defined under the SIC system, most of the higher level groupings do not. Particular

care should be taken in comparing data for retail trade,

wholesale trade, and manufacturing, which are sector

titles used in both NAICS and SIC, but cover somewhat different groups of industries. The industry definitions discuss the relationships between NAICS and SIC industries.

Where changes are significant, it will not be possible to

construct time series that include data for points both

before and after 1997.

For 1997, data for auxiliary establishments (those functioning primarily to manage, service, or support the activities of their company’s operating establishments, such as

a central administrative office or warehouse) will not be

included in the sector-specific reports. These data will be

published separately.

GEOGRAPHIC AREA CODING

Accurate and complete information on the physical

location of each establishment is required to tabulate the

census data for the states, metropolitan areas (MAs), counties, parishes, and corporate municipalities including cities, towns, villages, and boroughs. Respondents were

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS INTRODUCTION 1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
required to report their physical location (street address,

municipality, county, and state) if it differed from their

mailing address. For establishments not surveyed by mail

(and those single-establishment companies that did not

provide acceptable information on physical location), location information from Internal Revenue Service tax forms

is used as a basis for coding.

BASIS OF REPORTING

The economic census is conducted on an establishment

basis. A company operating at more than one location is

required to file a separate report for each store, factory,

shop, or other location. Each establishment is assigned a

separate industry classification based on its primary activity and not that of its parent company.

DOLLAR VALUES

All dollar values presented are expressed in current dollars; i.e., 1997 data are expressed in 1997 dollars, and

1992 data, in 1992 dollars. Consequently, when making

comparisons with prior years, users of the data should

consider the changes in prices that have occurred.

All dollar values are shown in thousands of dollars.

AVAILABILITY OF ADDITIONAL DATA

Reports in Print and Electronic Media

All results of the 1997 Economic Census are available

on the Census Bureau Internet site (www.census.gov) and

on compact discs (CD-ROM) for sale by the Census Bureau.

Unlike previous censuses, only selected highlights are

published in printed reports. For more information, including a description of electronic and printed reports being

issued, see the Internet site, or write to U.S. Census

Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300, or call Customer

Services at 301-457-4100.

Special Tabulations

Special tabulations of data collected in the 1997 Economic Census may be obtained, depending on availability

of time and personnel, in electronic or tabular form. The

data will be summaries subject to the same rules prohibiting disclosure of confidential information (including name,

address, kind of business, or other data for individual

business establishments or companies) that govern the

regular publications.

Special tabulations are prepared on a cost basis. A

request for a cost estimate, as well as exact specifications

on the type and format of the data to be provided, should

be directed to the Chief of the division named below, U.S.

Census Bureau, Washington, DC 20233-8300. To discuss a

special tabulation before submitting specifications, call

the appropriate division:

Manufacturing and Construction Division 301-457-4673

Service Sector Statistics Division 301-457-2668

HISTORICAL INFORMATION

The economic census has been taken as an integrated

program at 5-year intervals since 1967 and before that for

1954, 1958, and 1963. Prior to that time, individual components of the economic census were taken separately at

varying intervals.

The economic census traces its beginnings to the 1810

Decennial Census, when questions on manufacturing were

included with those for population. Coverage of economic

activities was expanded for the 1840 Decennial Census

and subsequent censuses to include mining and some

commercial activities. The 1905 Manufactures Census was

the first time a census was taken apart from the regular

decennial population census. Censuses covering retail and

wholesale trade and construction industries were added in

1930, as were some covering service trades in 1933. Censuses of construction, manufacturing, and the other business service censuses were suspended during World War

II.

The 1954 Economic Census was the first census to be

fully integrated: providing comparable census data across

economic sectors, using consistent time periods, concepts, definitions, classifications, and reporting units. It

was the first census to be taken by mail, using lists of

firms provided by the administrative records of other Federal agencies. Since 1963, administrative records also

have been used to provide basic statistics for very small

firms, reducing or eliminating the need to send them census questionnaires.

The range of industries covered in the economic censuses expanded between 1967 and 1992. The census of

construction industries began on a regular basis in 1967,

and the scope of service industries, introduced in 1933,

was broadened in 1967, 1977, and 1987. While a few

transportation industries were covered as early as 1963, it

was not until 1992 that the census broadened to include

all of transportation, communications, and utilities. Also

new for 1992 was coverage of financial, insurance, and

real estate industries. With these additions, the economic

census and the separate census of governments and census of agriculture collectively covered roughly 98 percent

of all economic activity.

Printed statistical reports from the 1992 and earlier

censuses provide historical figures for the study of longterm time series and are available in some large libraries.

All of the census reports printed since 1967 are still available for sale on microfiche from the Census Bureau.

CD-ROMs issued from the 1987 and 1992 Economic Censuses contain databases including nearly all data published in print, plus additional statistics, such as ZIP Code

statistics, published only on CD-ROM.

2 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
SOURCES FOR MORE INFORMATION

More information about the scope, coverage, classification system, data items, and publications for each of the

economic censuses and related surveys is published in the

Guide to the 1997 Economic Census and Related Statistics

at www.census.gov/econguide. More information on the

methodology, procedures, and history of the censuses will

be published in the History of the 1997 Economic Census

at www.census.gov/econ/www/history.html.

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

The following abbreviations and symbols are used with

the 1997 Economic Census data:

A Standard error of 100 percent or more.

D Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual

companies; data are included in higher level

totals.

F Exceeds 100 percent because data include

establishments with payroll exceeding revenue.

N Not available or not comparable.

Q Revenue not collected at this level of detail for

multiestablishment firms.

S Withheld because estimates did not meet

publication standards.

V Represents less than 50 vehicles or .05

percent.

X Not applicable.

Y Disclosure withheld because of insufficient

coverage of merchandise lines.

Z Less than half the unit shown.

a 0 to 19 employees.

b 20 to 99 employees.

c 100 to 249 employees.

e 250 to 499 employees.

f 500 to 999 employees.

g 1,000 to 2,499 employees.

h 2,500 to 4,999 employees.

i 5,000 to 9,999 employees.

j 10,000 to 24,999 employees.

k 25,000 to 49,999 employees.

l 50,000 to 99,999 employees.

m 100,000 employees or more.

p 10 to 19 percent estimated.

q 20 to 29 percent estimated.

r Revised.

s Sampling error exceeds 40 percent.

nec Not elsewhere classified.

nsk Not specified by kind.

– Represents zero (page image/print only).

(CC) Consolidated city.

(IC) Independent city.

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS INTRODUCTION 3

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
This page is intentionally blank.

4 INTRODUCTION 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Manufacturing

SCOPE

The 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing covers all

manufacturing establishments with one or more paid

employees. Manufacturing is defined as the mechanical,

physical, or chemical transformation of materials or substances into new products. The assembly of components

into new products is also considered manufacturing,

except when it is appropriately classified as construction.

Establishments in the manufacturing sector are often

described as plants, factories, or mills and typically use

power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment.

Also included in the manufacturing sector are some establishments that make products by hand, like custom tailors

and the makers of custom draperies. While manufacturers

typically do not sell to the public, some establishments

like bakeries and candy stores that make products on the

premises may be included.

While logging and publishing are no longer in the scope

of manufacturing, data for these industries are included in

the manufacturing industry reports, but are not included

in the manufacturing state, summary, and other reports.

GENERAL

This report, from the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing, is one of a series of 480 industry reports and 51

geographic area reports, each of which provides statistics

for individual industries or states, respectively. Seven of

the industry reports are for industries no longer in the

manufacturing sector but are included with manufacturing

for the 1997 census year. Also included for this sector are

General, Product, and Materials Consumed Summary

reports, a special report on Concentration Ratios in Manufacturing, and data files on Location of Manufacturing

Plants.

Each industry report presents data for a six-digit North

American Industry Classification System (NAICS) industry.

A description of the particular NAICS industry may be

found in Appendix B. These reports include such statistics

as number of establishments, employment, payroll, value

added by manufacture, cost of materials consumed, value

of shipments, capital expenditures, etc. Explanations of

these and other terms may be found in Appendix A. The

industry reports also include data for states with 100

employees or more in the industry.

State reports, which include the District of Columbia,

present similar statistics at the ‘‘all manufacturing’’ level

for each state and its metropolitan areas (MAs) with 250

employees or more, and for counties, consolidated cities,

and places with 500 employees or more. The state reports

also include six-digit NAICS level data for industries with

100 employees or more in the state.

The General Summary report contains industry and geographic area statistics summarized in one report. It

includes higher levels of aggregation than the industry

and state reports, as well as revisions to the data made

after the release of the industry and state reports.

The Products and Materials Consumed reports summarize the products and materials data published in the

industry reports. The Product Summary report also

includes data from the Current Industrial Reports (CIR) and

a special table with data for products that are primary to

more than one industry, which are not in the industry

reports.

The Concentration Ratios report publishes data on the

percentage of value of shipments accounted for by the 4-,

8-, 20-, and 50-largest companies for each manufacturing

industry. Also shown in this report are HirschmannHerfindahl Indexes for each industry.

The Location of Manufacturing data files contain statistics on the number of establishments for the three- and

six-digit NAICS industry by state, county, place, and ZIP

Code by employment-size of the establishment.

GEOGRAPHIC AREAS COVERED

Statistics at the six-digit NAICS industry level are shown

for states and the District of Columbia in both the state

and industry reports for cells with 100 employees or

more.

The state reports also include data at the ‘‘all manufacturing’’ level for a variety of geographies that meet the

employment criteria.

Data are available for the metropolitan areas (MAs) with

250 employees or more. The term MA is a general term

used to encompass all of the specifically defined metropolitan areas. A consolidated metropolitan statistical area

(CMSA) is made up of two or more contiguous primary

metropolitan statistical areas (PMSAs) with a combined

population of at least 1 million. A PMSA is a subdivision of

a CMSA that demonstrates very strong internal economic

and social links separate from the ties to other portions of

the CMSA. A metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is an integrated economic and social unit with a population of at

least 50,000. An MA is made up of one or more counties

meeting standards of metropolitan character. In New

England, cities and towns, rather than counties, are the

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS MANUFACTURING 5

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
component geographic units. Determination of the MAs

was made by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)

as of June 30, 1997. The population estimates were from

the 1990 Census of Population or a subsequent special

census. When applicable, the make-up of an MA is

included in Appendix E. Changes to geographical boundaries are noted in Appendix D.

The state reports include data for counties with 500

employees or more. These are the primary divisions of

states, except in Louisiana where they are called parishes

and in Alaska where they are called boroughs and census

areas. Maryland, Missouri, Nevada, and Virginia have one

or more places that are independent of county organizations. These places are treated as counties and places. The

counties and places are defined as of January 1, 1997.

The state reports include data for places with 500

employees or more. Places are typically cities, towns, and

villages. They may be incorporated municipalities, semiindependent municipalities, special economic urban areas

(SEUAs), or other place equivalents.

The state reports also include data for consolidated cities with 500 employees or more. Consolidated cities are

made up of separately incorporated municipalities.

COMPARABILITY OF THE 1992 AND 1997 CENSUSES

The adoption of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) has had a major impact on the comparability of data between the 1992 and 1997 censuses.

Approximately half of the industries in the manufacturing

sector of NAICS do not have comparable industries in the

Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) system that was

used in the past. If industries are not comparable between

the two censuses, historic data are not shown. When applicable, Appendix G shows the product class and product

comparability between the two systems.

While most of the change affecting the manufacturing

sector was change within the sector, some industries left

manufacturing and others came into manufacturing.

Prominent among those leaving manufacturing are logging

and portions of publishing. Prominent among the industries coming into the manufacturing sector are bakeries,

candy stores where candy is made on the premises, custom tailors, makers of custom draperies, and tire retreading. Data for the industries coming into manufacturing as

well as those leaving manufacturing are included in the

manufacturing industry report series for 1997. However,

the state and summary reports only include data for

industries in the NAICS definition of manufacturing.

Another change resulting from the conversion to NAICS

is that data for central administrative offices (CAOs) associated with manufacturing are not included along side the

manufacturing data. This change affects data in the state

reports and the general summary.

DISCLOSURE

In accordance with Federal law governing census

reports (Title 13 of the United States Code), no data are

published that would disclose the operations of an individual establishment or company. However, the number of

establishments classified in a specific industry or geography is not considered a disclosure, and may be released

even when other information is withheld.

The disclosure analysis for the industry statistics files is

based on the total value of shipments. When the total

value of shipments cannot be shown without disclosing

information for individual companies, the complete line is

suppressed except for capital expenditures. However, the

suppressed data are included in higher-level totals. A separate disclosure analysis is performed for capital expenditures that can be suppressed even though value of shipments data are published.

AVAILABILITY OF MORE FREQUENT ECONOMIC

DATA

The Census Bureau conducts the Annual Survey of

Manufactures (ASM) in each of the 4 years between the

economic censuses. The ASM is a probability-based

sample of approximately 58,000 establishments and collects many of the same industry statistics (including

employment, payroll, value of shipments, etc.) as the economic census. However, there are selected statistics not

included in the ASM. Among these are the number of companies and establishments, detailed product and materials

data, and substate geographic data.

In addition to the ASM, the Census Bureau conducts a

Current Industrial Reports (CIR) program. The CIR publishes detailed product statistics for selected manufacturing industries at the U.S. level annually and, in some

cases, monthly and/or quarterly. For the 1997 Economic

Census – Manufacturing, the annual CIR data are included

in the Product Summary report.

The Census Bureau also conducts the monthly Manufacturers’ Shipments, Inventories, and Orders (M3) program,

which publishes detailed statistics for manufacturing

industries at the U.S. level.

6 MANUFACTURING 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Table 1. Industry Statistics on NAICS Basis With Distribution Among 1987 SIC~Based

Industries: 1997

[NAICS codes appear in bold type. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

NAICS

or SIC

code

Industry

All employees Production workers

Com~

panies1

All

estab~

lish~

ments2 Number

Payroll

($1,000) Number

Hours

(1,000)

Wages

($1,000)

Value added by

manufacture

($1,000)

Cost of

materials

($1,000)

Value of

shipments

($1,000)

Total capital

expendi~

tures

($1,000)

314121 Curtain & drapery mills 2 015 ........ 2 087 25 524 452 770 19 928 35 288 276 509 928 845 907 773 1 824 114 32 251 239100 Curtains & draperies N .......... 1 003 21 037 377 049 16 492 29 692 233 018 783 825 770 887 1 544 427 27 223 571401 Drapery, curtain, and

upholstery stores (pt) N ........ 1 084 4 487 75 721 3 436 5 596 43 491 145 020 136 886 279 687 5 028

1For the census, a company is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control. 2Includes establishments with payroll at any time during the year.

Table 2. Industry Statistics for Selected States: 1997

[States that are disclosures or with less than 100 employees are not shown. For explanation of terms, see appendixes. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text]

Industry and geographic area

All establishments All employees Production workers

E1 Total

With 20 em~ ploy~ ees or

more Number

Payroll

($1,000) Number

Hours

(1,000)

Wages

($1,000)

Value added by manufacture ($1,000)Cost of

materials

($1,000)

Value of

shipments

($1,000)

Total capital

expendi~ tures ($1,000)

314121, CURTAIN & DRAPERY

MILLS

United States 2 .............. 2 087 187 25 524 452 770 19 928 35 288 276 509 928 845 907 773 1 824 114 32 251

Alabama – ........................... 39 7 647 10 184 537 915 5 924 16 531 20 811 37 710 212

Arizona 4 ............................ 34 – 151 2 297 123 213 1 403 5 979 3 960 9 846 83

California 3 .......................... 276 19 1 880 32 799 1 340 2 302 17 685 56 151 49 329 105 752 1 771

Florida 2 ............................. 155 6 1 001 15 324 834 1 299 10 063 29 308 26 651 55 894 882

Georgia 1 ............................ 61 11 1 736 27 414 1 118 1 975 13 565 47 791 36 803 83 081 1 440

Indiana – ............................ 43 6 588 10 805 498 945 7 688 16 421 15 925 32 422 573

Massachusetts 6 ..................... 64 14 1 713 30 829 1 405 2 751 20 843 68 124 70 689 137 764 1 583

Michigan 5 ........................... 66 – 230 3 210 187 284 1 942 5 924 5 700 11 577 210

Minnesota 3 .......................... 35 1 184 2 563 140 223 1 500 4 837 3 808 8 552 233

New Jersey – ........................ 52 6 645 13 402 515 991 7 923 27 664 23 390 51 853 1 681

New York 1 .......................... 126 18 2 831 56 161 2 275 4 010 34 791 104 037 139 486 236 448 6 115

North Carolina 2 ...................... 81 14 3 483 62 547 2 842 5 536 44 260 102 409 105 929 208 285 2 611

Pennsylvania – ....................... 84 8 883 14 266 722 1 152 8 936 36 641 31 600 70 064 507

Rhode Island – ....................... 9 1 103 1 517 95 160 1 240 4 107 3 740 7 808 26

South Carolina 1 ...................... 29 5 868 14 798 714 1 212 10 671 29 294 32 316 59 675 1 083

Texas – ............................. 133 15 2 646 43 871 1 990 3 534 27 489 70 146 103 247 170 424 1 978

* Hawaii has no incorporated places in the sense of functioning governmental units; however, in agreement with Hawaiian law, the Bureau of the Census reports data for census designated

places (CDPs) which have been designated as place equivalents. Those CDPs, only for the state of Hawaii, with 2,500 or more population are recognized.

1Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government

agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. This technique was also used for a

small number of other establishments whose reports were not received at the time data were tabulated. The following symbols are shown where estimated data based on administrative~record data

account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to

89 percent; 9–90 percent or more.

MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 314121 7

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Table 3. Detailed Statistics by Industry: 1997

[For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

Item Value

314121, CURTAIN & DRAPERY MILLS

Companies1 ................................................ number.. 2 015

All establishments number ........................................... .. 2 087

Establishments with 1 to 19 employees number ....................... .. 1 900

Establishments with 20 to 99 employees number ..................... .. 139

Establishments with 100 employees or more number .................. .. 48

All employees number ............................................... .. 25 524 Total compensation2 .......................................... $1,000.. 552 120 Annual payroll $1,000 .............................................. .. 452 770 Total fringe benefits $1,000 ......................................... .. 99 350

Production workers, average for year number .......................... .. 19 928 Production workers on March 12 number ............................ .. 19 893 Production workers on May 12 number .............................. .. 20 147 Production workers on August 12 number ............................ .. 19 828 Production workers on November 12 number ......................... .. 19 844

Production~worker hours 1,000 ....................................... .. 35 288

Production~worker wages $1,000 ...................................... .. 276 509

Total cost of materials $1,000 ......................................... .. 907 773

Cost of materials, parts, containers, etc., consumed $1,000 ............. .. 790 859

Cost of resales $1,000 ............................................. .. 63 388

Cost of fuels $1,000 ............................................... .. 3 422

Cost of purchased electricity $1,000 ................................. .. 7 702

Cost of contract work $1,000 ....................................... .. 42 402

Quantity of electricity purchased for heat and power 1,000 kWh ........... .. 115 400

Quantity of electricity generated less sold for heat and power 1,000 kWh ... .. –

Total value of shipments $1,000 ...................................... .. 1 824 114 Primary products value of shipments $1,000 .......................... .. 1 540 580

Secondary products value of shipments $1,000 ....................... .. 127 969

Total miscellaneous receipts $1,000 ................................. .. 155 565

Value of resales $1,000 .......................................... .. 99 149

Contract receipts $1,000 ......................................... .. 54 808

Other miscellaneous receipts $1,000 .............................. .. 1 608

Primary products specialization ratio percent ........................... .. 92

Value of primary products shipments made in all industries $1,000 ........ .. 1 651 252

Value of primary products shipments made in this industry $1,000 ....... .. 1 540 580

Value of primary products shipments made in other

industries $1,000 ................................................. .. 110 672

Coverage ratio percent .............................................. .. 93

Item Value

314121, CURTAIN & DRAPERY MILLSmCon.

Value added $1,000 ................................................. .. 928 845

Total inventories, beginning of year $1,000 ............................. .. 246 333

Finished goods inventories, beginning of year $1,000 .................. .. 80 425

Work~in~process inventories, beginning of year $1,000 ................. .. 47 293

Materials and supplies inventories, beginning of year $1,000 ............ .. 118 615

Total inventories, end of year $1,000 .................................. .. 261 803 Finished goods inventories, end of year $1,000 ....................... .. 89 245 Work~in~process inventories, end of year $1,000 ...................... .. 50 977 Materials and supplies inventories, end of year $1,000 ................. .. 121 581

Gross book value of total assets at beginning of year $1,000 .............. .. 339 056

Total capital expenditures (new and used) $1,000 ..................... .. 32 251

Capital expenditures for buildings and other structures

(new and used) $1,000 ......................................... .. 7 537

Capital expenditures for machinery and equipment (new

and used) $1,000 .............................................. .. 24 714

Total retirements2 .......................................... $1,000.. 13 787

Gross book value of total assets at end of year $1,000 ................... .. 357 520

Total depreciation during year2 ................................. $1,000.. 32 432

Total rental payments2 ........................................ $1,000.. 52 903 Buildings and other structures rental payments2 ................ $1,000.. 25 081 Machinery and equipment rental payments2.................... $1,000.. 27 822

Cost of purchased services for the repair of buildings and other

structures3.................................................. $1,000.. 1 683

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased services for the repair of machinery and

equipment3 ................................................. $1,000.. 2 975

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased communications services3 .................... $1,000.. 3 209

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased legal services3 .............................. $1,000.. 4 145

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased accounting and bookkeeping services3 ......... $1,000.. 1 934

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased advertising services3 ......................... $1,000.. 19 203

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased software and other data processing

services3 ................................................... $1,000.. 936

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

Cost of purchased refuse removal (including hazardous waste)

services3 ................................................... $1,000.. 653

Response coverage ratio4 .................................. percent.. 66

1For the census, a company is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control. 2These items are collected in the ASM and estimated for the remaining establishments; therefore, the levels of estimation are higher than for other items in the table. 3Based on ASM sample data.

4A response coverage ratio is derived for this item by calculating the ratio of the weighted employment (establishment data multiplied by sample weight) for those ASM establishments that

reported to the weighted total employment for all ASM establishments classified in this industry.

Note: The amounts shown for purchased services reflect only those services that establishments purchase from other companies.

8 NAICS 314121 MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Table 4. Industry Statistics by Employment Size: 1997

[For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

Employment size class

All establishments All employees Production workers

E1 Total

With 20

em~

ploy~

ees or

more Number

Payroll

($1,000) Number

Hours

(1,000)

Wages

($1,000)

Value added by

manufacture

($1,000)

Cost of

materials

($1,000)

Value of

shipments

($1,000)

Total capital

expendi~

tures

($1,000)

314121, CURTAIN & DRAPERY

MILLS

All establishments 2 ......... 2 087 187 25 524 452 770 19 928 35 288 276 509 928 845 907 773 1 824 114 32 251

Establishments with 1 to 4

employees 5 ........................ 1 361 – 2 511 38 244 2 127 3 280 22 545 79 706 79 136 158 258 2 470

Establishments with 5 to 9

employees 4 ........................ 365 – 2 371 38 869 1 855 3 178 23 278 73 589 66 072 139 319 2 272

Establishments with 10 to 19

employees 2 ........................ 174 – 2 287 40 227 1 694 2 907 23 506 71 752 62 052 133 525 2 830

Establishments with 20 to 49

employees 2 ........................ 98 98 2 873 49 754 2 181 3 759 29 580 81 978 72 882 155 363 2 802

Establishments with 50 to 99

employees – ........................ 41 41 2 733 49 234 2 042 3 586 27 034 86 198 102 288 187 755 1 704

Establishments with 100 to 249

employees 1 ........................ 35 35 5 466 97 457 4 403 7 682 64 010 186 323 202 491 390 787 5 146

Establishments with 250 to 499

employees – ........................ 6 6 1 822 32 709 1 363 2 436 20 636 68 243 90 549 157 699 2 603

Establishments with 500 to 999

employees 1 ........................ 55 D D D D D D D D D

Establishments with 1,000 to 2,499

employees 2 ........................ 22 D D D D D D D D D

Establishments with 2,500 employees

or more – ........................... –– – – – – – – – – –

Administrative records2 .............. 9 959 – 2 464 32 587 2 054 3 406 19 161 61 894 63 926 125 317 2 204

1Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government

agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. This technique was also used for a

small number of other establishments whose reports were not received at the time data were tabulated. The following symbols are shown where estimated data based on administrative~record data account for 10 percent or more of the figures shown: 1–10 to 19 percent; 2–20 to 29 percent; 3–30 to 39 percent; 4–40 to 49 percent; 5–50 to 59 percent; 6–60 to 69 percent; 7–70 to 79 percent; 8–80 to

89 percent; 9–90 percent or more. 2Some payroll and sales data for small single~establishment companies with up to 20 employees (cutoff varied by industry) were obtained from administrative records of other government

agencies rather than from census report forms. These data were then used in conjunction with industry averages to estimate statistics for these small establishments. Data are also included in respective size classes shown.

Table 5. Industry Statistics by Industry and Primary Product Class Specialization: 1997

[For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

NAICS

industry or

product

class code

Industry or primary product class

All employees Production workers All estab~ lish~

ments Number

Payroll

($1,000) Number

Hours

(1,000)

Wages

($1,000)

Value addedby manufacture

($1,000)

Cost of

materials

($1,000)

Value of

shipments

($1,000)

Total capital

expendi~ tures

($1,000)

314121 Curtain & drapery mills 2 087 ... 25 524 452 770 19 928 35 288 276 509 928 845 907 773 1 824 114 32 251

MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES NAICS 314121 9

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Table 6a. Products Statistics: 1997 and 1992

[Includes quantity and value of products of this industry produced by (1) establishments classified in this industry (primary) and (2) establishments classified in other industries (secondary). Transfers of

products of this industry from one establishment of a company to another establishment of the same company (interplant transfers) are also included. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see

introductory text. For explanation of terms, see appendixes]

NAICS

product

code

Product

1997 1992

Number of Product shipments Product shipments

companies with shipmentsof $100,000

or more

Quantity of

production for all purposes Quantity

Value ($1,000)

Number of

companies with shipmentsof $100,000

or more

Quantity of

production for all purposes Quantity

Value ($1,000)

314121 Curtains and draperies ............................ N X X 1 651 252 N X X N

3141210 Curtains and draperies, including custom

(made from purchased fabrics).............................. N X X 1 651 252 N X X N

31412101 Curtains and draperies, knit, except lace .................... N X X 113 570 N X X N 3141210111 Curtains and draperies, knit, except lace ................................................. 36 X X 113 570 49 X N 87 167

31412102 Woven window curtains, all fabrics ......................... N X X 401 516 N X N N

3141210221 Woven window curtains, wholly or

chiefly cotton ......................................... 48 X X 119 387 48 X N 112 162

3141210231 Woven window curtains, rayon and/or

acetate fabrics ........................................ 22 X X 103 934 23 X N 61 735

3141210241 Woven window curtains, all other

manmade fiber fabrics, including

glass ................................................ 30 X X 147 688 29 X N 165 290

3141210251 Woven window curtains, other

materials............................................. 13 X X 30 507 20 X N 51 934

31412103 Woven draperies, all fabrics ............................... N X X 567 174 N X X N

3141210361 Woven draperies, wholly or chiefly

cotton ............................................... 101 X X 107 693 88 X N 100 890

3141210371 Woven draperies, rayon and/or acetate

fabrics ............................................... 43 X X 110 403 60 X N 93 071

3141210381 Woven draperies, all other manmade

fiber fabrics, including glass ............................ 73 X X 281 790 61 X N 175 497

3141210391 Woven draperies, other materials ........................ 28 X X 67 288 39 X N 62 115

31412104 Custom drapes and curtains ............................... N X X 270 357 N X X N

31412104A1 Custom drapes and curtains ............................. 534 X X 270 357 N X X N

3141210Y Curtains and draperies, nsk ............................... N X X 298 635 N X X N 3141210YWW Curtains and draperies, nsk, for nonadministrative~record establishments........................................ N X X 184 507 N X X N 3141210YWY Curtains and draperies, nsk, for administrative~record establishments .................... N X X 114 128 N X X N

# Additional information is available for this item; see Appendix F.

@ Additional data are available for these codes at the aggregate U.S. level in the Current Industrial Report (CIR) series; see Appendix F for the CIR survey number and title.

$ This product is primary to more than one industry; see Appendix F for a listing of the related product codes.

Note: For some establishments, data have been estimated from central unit values which are based on quantity~value relationships of reported data. The following symbols are used when

percentage of each quantity figure estimated in this manner equals or exceeds 10 percent of published figure: p 10 to 19 percent estimated; q 20 to 29 percent estimated. If 30 percent or more is

estimated, figure is replaced by S.

Table 6b. Product Class Shipments for Selected States: 1997 and 1992

[Not applicable for this report]

Table 7. Materials Consumed by Kind: 1997 and 1992

[Includes quantity and cost of materials consumed or put into production by establishments classified only in this industry. For meaning of abbreviations and symbols, see introductory text. For explanation

of terms, see appendixes]

NAICS

material

code

Material consumed

1997 1992

Quantity

Delivered cost

($1,000) Quantity

Delivered cost

($1,000)

314121 CURTAIN & DRAPERY MILLS

31321003 Cotton broadwoven fabrics (piece goods) .................................................. X 60 889 X N 31321009 Rayon and acetate broadwoven fabrics (piece goods) ....................................... X 65 738 X N 31321013 Polyester broadwoven fabrics (piece goods)................................................ X 120 018 X N 31321015 Nylon broadwoven fabrics (piece goods) ................................................... X 6 565 X N 31321021 Other broadwoven fabrics (piece goods) ................................................... X 71 521 X N

31322103 Narrow fabrics (12 inches or less in width) ................................................. X 1 019 X N 31311003 Yarn, all fibers.......................................................................... X 40 034 X N 31332001 Plastics coated, impregnated, or laminated fabrics .......................................... X 10 947 X N 32520003 Manmade fibers, staple, and tow.......................................................... X 852 X N 32610013 Plastics products consumed in the form of sheets, rods, tubes, film, and

other shapes .......................................................................... X 7 546 X N 00970099 All other materials and components, parts, containers, and supplies ........................... X 124 458 X N 00971000 Materials, ingredients, containers, and supplies, n.s.k. ....................................... X 281 272 X N

# Additional information is available for this item; see Appendix F.

Note: For some establishments, data have been estimated from central unit values which are based on quantity~value relationships of reported data. The following symbols are used when

percentage of each quantity figure estimated in this manner equals or exceeds 10 percent of published figure: p 10 to 19 percent estimated; q 20 to 29 percent estimated. If 30 percent or more is

estimated, figure is replaced by S.

10 NAICS 314121 MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Appendix A.

Explanation of Terms

BEGINNING- AND END-OF-YEAR INVENTORIES

Respondents were asked to report their beginning-ofyear and end-of-year inventories at cost or market. Effective with the 1982 Economic Census, this change to a uniform instruction for reporting inventories was introduced

for all sector reports. Prior to 1982, respondents were permitted to value inventories using any generally accepted

accounting method (FIFO, LIFO, market, to name a few).

Beginning in 1982, LIFO users were asked to first report

inventory values prior to the LIFO adjustment and then to

report the LIFO reserve and the LIFO value after adjustment for the reserve.

Inventory Data by Stage of Fabrication

Total inventories and three detailed components (1) finished goods, (2) work-in-process, and (3) materials, supplies, fuels, etc., were collected.

When using inventory data by stage of fabrication for

‘‘all industries’’ and at the three-digit subsector level, it

should be noted that an item treated as a finished product

by an establishment in one industry may be reported as a

raw material by an establishment in a different industry.

For example, the finished-product inventories of a steel

mill would be reported as raw materials by a stamping

plant. Such differences are present in the inventory figures

by stage of fabrication shown for all publication levels.

COST OF MATERIALS

This term refers to direct charges actually paid or payable for items consumed or put into production during the

year, including freight charges and other direct charges

incurred by the establishment in acquiring these materials.

It includes the cost of materials or fuel consumed,

whether purchased by the individual establishment from

other companies, transferred to it from other establishments of the same company, or withdrawn from inventory

during the year.

Included in this item are:

1. Cost of parts, components, containers, etc.—Includes

all raw materials, semifinished goods, parts, containers, scrap, and supplies put into production or used as

operating supplies and for repair and maintenance

during the year.

2. Cost of products bought and sold in the same condition.

3. Cost of fuels consumed for heat and power—Includes

the cost of materials or fuel consumed, whether purchased by the individual establishment from other

companies, transferred to it from other establishments

of the same company, or withdrawn from inventory

during the year.

4. Cost of purchased electricity—The cost of purchased

electric energy represents the amount actually used

during the year for heat and power. In addition, information was collected on the quantity of electric

energy generated by the establishment and the quantity of electric energy sold or transferred to other

plants of the same company.

5. Cost of contract work—This term applies to work

done by others on materials furnished by the manufacturing establishment. The actual cost of the material is to be reported on the cost of materials, parts,

and containers line of this item. The term ‘‘Contract

Work’’ refers to the fee a company pays to another

company to perform a service.

Specific Materials Consumed

In addition to the total cost of materials, which every

establishment was required to report, information also

was collected for most manufacturing industries on the

consumption of major materials used in manufacturing.

The inquiries were restricted to those materials which

were important parts of the cost of production in a particular industry and for which cost information was available from manufacturers’ records. If less than $25,000 of

a listed material was consumed by an establishment, the

cost data could be reported in the ‘‘Cost of all other materials...,’’ Census material code 00970099. Also, the cost of

materials for small establishments for which administrative records or short forms were used was imputed into

the ‘‘Materials not specified by kind,’’ Census materials

code 00971000.

Duplication in Cost of Materials and Value of

Shipment

The aggregate of the cost of materials and value of

shipments figures for industry groups and for all manufacturing industries includes large amounts of duplication

since the products of some industries are used as materials by others. This duplication results, in part, from the

addition of related industries representing successive

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS APPENDIX A A–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
stages in the production of a finished manufactured product. Examples are the addition of flour mills to bakeries in

the food group and the addition of pulp mills to paper

mills in the paper and allied products group of industries.

Estimates of the overall extent of this duplication indicate

that the value of manufactured products exclusive of such

duplication (the value of finished manufactures) tends to

approximate two-thirds of the total value of products

reported in the survey.

Duplication of products within individual industries is

significant within a number of industry groups, e.g.,

machinery and transportation industries. These industries

frequently include complete machinery and their parts. In

this case, the parts made for original equipment are materials consumed for assembly plants in the same industry.

Even when no significant amount of duplication is

involved, value of shipments figures are deficient as measures of the relative economic importance of individual

manufacturing industries or geographic areas because of

the wide variation in ratio of materials, labor, and other

processing costs of value of shipments, both among

industries and within the same industry.

Before 1962, cost of materials and value of shipments

were not published for some industries which included

considerable duplication. Since then, these data have been

published for all industries at the U.S. level and beginning

in 1964, for all geographic levels.

COST OF PURCHASED SERVICES

Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) establishments

were requested to provide information on the cost of purchased services for the repair of buildings and other structures, the repair of machinery, communication services,

legal services, accounting and bookkeeping services,

advertising, software and other data processing services,

and refuse removal. Each of these items reflects the costs

paid directly by the establishment and excludes salaries

paid to employees of the establishment for these services.

Included in the cost of purchased services for the repair

of buildings and machinery are payments made for all

maintenance and repair work on buildings and equipment.

Payments made to other establishments of the same company and for repair and maintenance of any leased property also are included. Extensive repairs or reconstruction

that was capitalized is considered capital expenditures

and is, therefore, excluded from this item. Repair and

maintenance costs provided by an owner as part of a

rental contract or incurred directly by an establishment in

using its own work force also are excluded.

Included in the cost of purchased advertising services

are payments for printing, media coverage, and other

advertising services and materials.

Included in the cost of purchased software and other

data processing services are all purchases by the establishment from other companies. Excluded are services provided by other establishments of the same company (such

as by a separate data processing unit).

Included in the cost of purchased refuse removal services are all costs of refuse removal services paid by the

establishment, including costs for hazardous waste

removal or treatment. Excluded are all costs included in

rental payments or as capital expenditures.

Response Coverage Ratio

A response coverage ratio is a measure of the extent to

which respondents report for an item. The estimate is

made by calculating the ratio value of the weighted total

employment data for all the ASM establishments that

report the item to the weighted total employment data for

all ASM establishments classified in an industry (reporters

and non-reporters).

DEPRECIATION CHARGES FOR FIXED ASSETS

This item includes depreciation and amortization

charged during the year against assets. Depreciation

charged against fixed assets acquired since the beginning

of the year and against assets sold or retired during the

year are components of this category. Respondents were

requested to make certain that they did not report accumulated depreciation.

EMPLOYEES

This item includes all full-time and part-time employees

on the payrolls of operating manufacturing establishments

during any part of the pay period which included the 12th

of the months specified on the report form. Included are

all persons on paid sick leave, paid holidays, and paid

vacations during these pay periods. Officers of corporations are included as employees; proprietors and partners

of unincorporated firms are excluded. The ‘‘all employees’’

number is the average number of production workers plus

the number of other employees in mid-March. The number

of production workers is the average for the payroll periods including the 12th of March, May, August, and November.

Production Workers

This item includes workers (up through the linesupervisor level) engaged in fabricating, processing,

assembling, inspecting, receiving, storing, handling, packing, warehousing, shipping (but not delivering), maintenance, repair, janitorial and guard services, product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e.g.,

power plant), recordkeeping, and other services closely

associated with these production operations at the establishment covered by the report. Employees above the

working-supervisor level are excluded from this item.

All Other Employees

This item covers nonproduction employees of the

manufacturing establishment including those engaged in

factory supervision above the line-supervisor level. It

A–2 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
includes sales (including driver-salespersons), sales delivery (highway truck drivers and their helpers), advertising,

credit, collection, installation and servicing of own products, clerical and routine office functions, executive, purchasing, financing, legal, personnel (including cafeteria,

medical, etc.), professional, and technical employees. Also

included are employees on the payroll of the manufacturing establishment engaged in the construction of major

additions or alterations utilized as a separate work force.

FRINGE BENEFITS

Fringe benefits are divided into legally required expenditures and payments for voluntary programs. The legally

required portion consists primarily of Federal old age and

survivors’ insurance, unemployment compensation, and

workers’ compensation. Payments for voluntary programs

include all programs not specifically required by legislation whether they were employer initiated or the result of

collective bargaining. They include the employer portion

of such plans as insurance premiums, premiums for

supplemental accident and sickness insurance, pension

plans, supplemental unemployment compensation, welfare plans, stock purchase plans on which the employer

payment is not subject to withholding tax, and deferred

profit-sharing plans. They exclude such items as companyoperated cafeterias, in-plant medical services, free parking

lots, discounts on employee purchases, and uniforms and

work clothing for employees.

GROSS BOOK VALUE OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS AT

BEGINNING OF YEAR (BOY) AND END OF YEAR (EOY)

Total value of depreciable assets is collected on all census forms. It shows the value of depreciable assets for the

beginning of year and end of year. The data encompass all

fixed depreciable assets on the books of establishments.

The values shown (book value) represent the actual cost

of assets at the time they were acquired, including all

costs incurred in making the assets usable (such as transportation and installation). Included are all buildings,

structures, machinery, and equipment (production, office,

and transportation equipment) for which depreciation

reserves are maintained. Excluded are nondepreciable

capital assets including inventories and intangible assets,

such as timber and mineral rights.

The definition of fixed depreciable assets is consistent

with the definition of capital expenditures. For example,

expenditures include actual capital outlays during the year

rather than the final value of equipment put in place and

buildings completed during the year. Accordingly, the

value of assets at the end of the year includes the value of

construction in progress.

In addition, respondents were requested to make certain that assets at the beginning of the year plus capital

expenditures, less retirements, equaled assets at the end

of the year.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS AND COMPANIES

A separate report was required for each manufacturing

establishment (plant) with one employee or more. An

establishment is defined as a single physical location

where manufacturing is performed. A company, on the

other hand, is defined as a business organization consisting of one establishment or more under common ownership or control.

If the company operated at different physical locations,

even if the individual locations were producing the same

line of goods, a separate report was requested for each

location. If the company operated in two or more distinct

lines of manufacturing at the same location, a separate

report was requested for each activity.

An establishment not in operation for any portion of

the year was requested to return the report form with the

proper notation in the ‘‘Operational Status’’ section of the

form. In addition, the establishment was requested to

report data on any employees, capital expenditures, inventories, or shipments from inventories during the year.

PAYROLL

This item includes the gross earnings of all employees

on the payrolls of operating manufacturing establishments

paid in the calendar year. Respondents were told they

could follow the definition of payrolls used for calculating

the Federal withholding tax. It includes all forms of compensation, such as salaries, wages, commissions, dismissal pay, bonuses, vacation and sick leave pay, and

compensation in kind, prior to such deductions as employees’ social security contributions, withholding taxes,

group insurance, union dues, and savings bonds. The total

includes salaries of officers of corporations; it excludes

payments to proprietors or partners of unincorporated

concerns. Also excluded are payments to members of

Armed Forces and pensioners carried on the active payrolls of manufacturing establishments.

The census definition of payrolls is identical to that recommended to all Federal statistical agencies by the Office

of Management and Budget. It should be noted that this

definition does not include employers’ social security contributions or other nonpayroll labor costs, such as employees’ pension plans, group insurance premiums, and workers’ compensation.

The ASM provides estimates of employers’ total supplemental labor costs (those required by Federal and state

laws and those incurred voluntarily or as part of collective

bargaining agreements).

PRODUCT CODES AND CLASSES OF PRODUCTS

NAICS United States industries are identified by a sixdigit code, in contrast to the four-digit SIC code. The

longer code accommodates the large number of sectors

and allows more flexibility in designing subsectors. Each

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS APPENDIX A A–3

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
product or service is assigned a ten-digit code. The product coding structure represents an extension by the Census Bureau of the six-digit industry classifications of the

manufacturing and mining sectors. The classification system operates so that the industrial coverage is progressively narrower with the successive addition of digits. This

is illustrated as follows:

NAICS level NAICS code Description

Industry .......... 33461 Manufacturing and reproduction

of magnetic and optical media

U.S. industry...... 334612 Reproduction of software

Product class ..... 3346120 Prerecorded compact disc (except

software), tape, and record reproducing

BLS link code..... 3346120X

Product code ..... 3346120XXX

As in previous censuses, data were collected for most

industries on the quantity and value of individual products

shipped. In the 1997 census program, information was

collected on the output of almost 10,000 individual product items.

In the new system, there are about 1,500 product

classes (seven-digit codes), about 6,000 census products

(ten-digit codes), and an additional 3,700 CIR products

(ten-digit codes). The ten-digit products are considered the

primary products of the industry with the same first six

digits.

The list of products for which separate information was

collected was prepared after consultation with industry

and government representatives. Comparability with previous figures was given considerable weight in the selection of product categories so that comparable 1992 information is presented for most products.

Typically, both quantity and value of shipments information were collected. However, if quantity was not significant or could not be reported by manufacturers, only

value of shipments was collected.

Shipments include both commercial shipments and

transfers of products to other plants of the same company. For industries in which a considerable portion of the

total shipments is transferred to other plants of the same

company, separate information on interplant transfers also

was collected. Moreover, for products that are used to a

large degree within the same establishment as materials

or components in the fabrication of other products, total

production and often consumption of the item within the

plant (quantity produced and consumed) was collected.

Typically, the information on production also was collected

for products for which there are significant differences

between total production and shipments in a given year

because of wide fluctuations in finished goods inventories. Other measures of output of products with long production cycles were used as appropriate and feasible.

PRIMARY PRODUCT CLASS CODE

This file presents selected statistics for establishments

according to their degree of specialization in products primary to their industry. This field contains either the sixdigit North American Industrial Classification System

(NAICS) industry code corresponding to all establishments

in the industry, or the seven-digit NAICS product class

code for all establishments within the industry that are

specialized in a particular product class. Product class specialization is determined by evaluating the ratio of the

largest primary product class shipments to total product

shipments (primary plus secondary, excluding miscellaneous receipts) for the establishment.

PRODUCTION-WORKER HOURS

This item covers hours worked or paid for at the plant,

including actual overtime hours (not straight-time equivalent hours). It excludes hours paid for vacations, holidays,

or sick leave.

QUANTITY OF ELECTRIC ENERGY CONSUMED FOR

HEAT AND POWER

Data on the cost of purchased electric energy were collected on all census forms. However, data on the quantity

of purchased electric energy were collected only on the

Annual Survey of Manufactures (ASM) form. In addition,

information is collected on the quantity of electric energy

generated by the establishment and the quantity of electric energy sold or transferred to other plants of the same

company.

RENTAL PAYMENTS

Total rental payments are collected on all census forms.

However, the breakdown between rental payments for

buildings and other structures and rental payments for

machinery and equipment is collected only on the ASM

forms. This item includes rental payments for the use of

all items for which depreciation reserves would be maintained if they were owned by the establishment, e.g.,

structures and buildings, and production, office, and

transportation equipment. Excluded are royalties and

other payments for the use of intangibles and depletable

assets and land rents where separable.

When an establishment of a multiestablishment company was charged rent by another part of the same company for the use of assets owned by the company, it was

instructed to exclude that cost from rental payments.

However, the book value (original cost) of these companyowned assets was to be reported as assets of the establishment at the end of the year.

If there were assets at an establishment rented from

another company and the rents were paid centrally by the

head office of the establishment, the company was

instructed to report these rental payments as if they were

paid directly by the establishment.

A–4 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
RETIREMENTS OF DEPRECIABLE ASSETS

Included in this item is the gross value of assets sold,

retired, scrapped, destroyed, etc., during the calendar

year. When a complete operation or establishment

changed ownership, the respondent was instructed to

report the value of the assets sold at the original cost as

recorded in the books of the seller. The respondent also

was requested to report retirements of equipment or

structures owned by a parent company that the establishment was using as if it were a tenant.

TOTAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES (NEW AND USED)

For establishments in operation and any known plants

under construction, manufacturers were asked to report

their new and used expenditures for (1) permanent additions and major alterations to manufacturing establishments and (2) machinery and equipment used for replacement and additions to plant capacity if they were of the

type for which depreciation accounts were ordinarily maintained.

Totals for expenditures include the costs of assets

leased from nonmanufacturing concerns through capital

leases. New facilities owned by the Federal Government

but operated under contract by private companies and

plant and equipment furnished to the manufacturer by

communities and nonprofit organizations are excluded.

Also excluded are expenditures for land and cost of maintenance and repairs charged as current operating

expenses.

For any equipment or structure transferred for the use

of the reporting establishment by the parent company or

one of its subsidiaries, the value at which it was transferred to the establishment was to be reported. If an

establishment changed ownership during the year, the

cost of the fixed assets (building and equipment) was to

be reported.

VALUE ADDED

This measure of manufacturing activity is derived by

subtracting the cost of materials, supplies, containers,

fuel, purchased electricity, and contract work from the

value of shipments (products manufactured plus receipts

for services rendered). The result of this calculation is

adjusted by the addition of value added by merchandising

operations (i.e., the difference between the sales value

and the cost of merchandise sold without further manufacture, processing, or assembly) plus the net change in finished goods and work-in-process between the beginningand end-of-year inventories.

For those industries where value of production is collected instead of value of shipments, value added is

adjusted only for the change in work-in-process inventories between the beginning and end of year. For those

industries where value of work done is collected, the value

added does not include an adjustment for the change in

finished goods or work-in-process inventories.

‘‘Value added’’ avoids the duplication in the figure for

value of shipments that results from the use of products

of some establishments as materials by others. Value

added is considered to be the best value measure available for comparing the relative economic importance of

manufacturing among industries and geographic areas.

VALUE OF SHIPMENTS

This item covers the received or receivable net selling

values, f.o.b. plant (exclusive of freight and taxes), of all

products shipped, both primary and secondary, as well as

all miscellaneous receipts, such as receipts for contract

work performed for others, installation and repair, sales of

scrap, and sales of products bought and sold without further processing. Included are all items made by or for the

establishments from material owned by it, whether sold,

transferred to other plants of the same company, or

shipped on consignment. The net selling value of products

made in one plant on a contract basis from materials

owned by another was reported by the plant providing the

materials.

In the case of multiunit companies, the manufacturer

was requested to report the value of products transferred

to other establishments of the same company at full economic or commercial value, including not only the direct

cost of production but also a reasonable proportion of ‘‘all

other costs’’ (including company overhead) and profit.

In addition to the value for NAICS defined products,

aggregates of the following categories of miscellaneous

receipts are reported as part of a total establishment’s

value of product shipments:

1. Reported contract work—Receipts for work or services

that a plant performed for others on their materials.

2. Value of resales—Sales of products brought and sold

without further manufacture, processing, or assembly.

3. Other miscellaneous receipts—Such as repair work,

installation, sales of scrap, etc.

Industry primary product value of shipments represents

one of the three components of value of shipments. These

components are:

1. Primary products value of shipments.

2. Secondary product value of shipments.

3. Total miscellaneous receipts.

Primary product shipments is used in the calculations of

industry specialization ratio and industry coverage ratio.

The term ‘‘Value of primary products shipments made in

this industry’’ is used in this publication and refers to the

same data.

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS APPENDIX A A–5

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Duplication in Cost of Materials and Value of

Shipment

The aggregate of the cost of materials and value of

shipments figures for industry groups and for all manufacturing industries includes large amounts of duplication

since the products of some industries are used as materials by others. This duplication results, in part, from the

addition of related industries representing successive

stages in the production of a finished manufactured product. Examples are the addition of flour mills to bakeries in

the food group and the addition of pulp mills to paper

mills in the paper and allied products group of industries.

Estimates of the overall extent of this duplication indicate

that the value of manufactured products exclusive of such

duplication (the value of finished manufactures) tends to

approximate two-thirds of the total value of products

reported in the annual survey.

Duplication of products within individual industries is

significant within a number of industry groups, e.g.,

machinery and transportation industries. These industries

frequently include complete machinery and their parts. In

this case, the parts made for original equipment are materials consumed for assembly plants in the same industry.

Even when no significant amount of duplication is

involved, value of shipments figures are deficient as measures of the relative economic importance of individual

manufacturing industries or geographic areas because of

the wide variation in ratio of materials, labor, and other

processing costs of value of shipments, both among

industries and within the same industry.

Before 1962, cost of materials and value of shipments

were not published for some industries which included

considerable duplication. Since then, these data have been

published for all industries at the U.S. level and beginning

in 1964, for all geographic levels.

Specialization and Coverage Ratios

These items are not collected on the report forms but

are derived from the data shown in Table 3. An establishment is classified in a particular industry if its shipments

of primary products of that industry exceed in value its

shipments of the products of any other single industry.

An establishment’s shipments include those products

assigned to an industry (primary products), those considered primary to other industries (secondary products), and

receipts for miscellaneous activities (merchandising, contract work, resales, etc.). Specialization and coverage

ratios have been developed to measure the relationship of

primary product shipments to the data on shipments for

the industry shown in Tables 1a through 5 and data on

product shipments shown in Tables 6a and 6b.

Specialization ratio represents the ratio of primary

product shipments to total product shipments (primary

and secondary, excluding miscellaneous receipts) for the

establishments classified in the industry.

Coverage ratio represents the ratio of primary products

shipped by the establishments classified in the industry to

the total shipments of such products that are shipped by

all manufacturing establishments wherever classified.

A–6 APPENDIX A 1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Appendix B.

NAICS Codes, Titles, and Descriptions

314121 CURTAIN AND DRAPERY MILLS

This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily

engaged in manufacturing window curtains and draperies

from purchased fabrics or sheet goods. The curtains and

draperies may be made on a stock or custom basis for

sale to individual retail customers.

The data published with NAICS code 314121 include

the following SIC industries:

2391Curtains and draperies

5714 Drapery and upholstery stores (pt)

MANUFACTURING—INDUSTRY SERIES APPENDIX B B–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Appendix C.

Coverage and Methodology

MAIL/NONMAIL UNIVERSE

The manufacturing universe includes about 400,000

establishments. This number includes those industries in

the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS)

definition of manufacturing, but not those industries leaving the manufacturing sector in the classification change.

The amounts of information requested from manufacturing establishments were dependent upon a number of factors. The more important considerations were the size of

the company and whether it was included in the annual

survey of manufactures (ASM). The methods of obtaining

information for the various subsets of the universe to

arrive at the aggregate figures shown in the publication

are described below:

1. Small single-establishment companies not sent a

report form.

Approximately 40 percent of the manufacturing

establishments were small single-establishment companies that were excused from filing a census report.

Selection of these establishments was based on two

factors: annual payroll and our ability to assign the

correct six-digit NAICS industry classification to the

establishment. For each four-digit Standard Industrial

Classification (SIC) industry code, an annual payroll

cutoff was determined. These cutoffs were derived so

that the establishments with payroll less than the cutoff were expected to account for no more than 3 percent of the value of shipments for the industry. Generally, all single-establishment companies with less than

5 employees were excused, while all establishments

with more than 20 employees were mailed forms.

Establishments below the cutoff that could not be

directly assigned a six-digit NAICS code were mailed a

classification report which requested information for

assigning NAICS industry codes. Establishments below

the cutoff that could be directly assigned a six-digit

NAICS code were excused from filing any report. For

below cutoff establishments, information on the

physical location, payroll, and receipts was obtained

from the administrative records of other Federal agencies under special arrangements that safeguarded

their confidentiality.

Estimates of data for these small establishments

were developed using industry averages in conjunction with the administrative information. The value of

shipments and cost of materials were not distributed

among specific products and materials for these

establishments but were included in the product and

material ‘‘not specified by kind’’ (nsk) categories.

The industry classification codes included in the

administrative-record files were assigned on the basis

of brief descriptions of the general activity of the

establishment. As a result, an indeterminate number

of establishments were erroneously coded to a fourdigit SIC industry and then erroneously re-coded to a

six-digit NAICS industry. This was especially true

whenever there was a relatively fine line of demarcation between industries or between manufacturing

and nonmanufacturing activity.

Sometimes the administrative-record cases had

only two- or three-digit SIC group classification codes

available in the files. For the 1997 Economic Census –

Manufacturing, these establishments were sent a

separate classification form, which requested information on the products and services of the establishment. This form was used to code many of these

establishments to the appropriate six-digit NAICS

level. Establishments that did not return the classification form were coded later to those six-digit NAICS

industries identified as ‘‘All other’’ industries within

the given subsector.

As a result of these situations, a number of small

establishments may have been misclassified by industry. However, such possible misclassification has no

significant effect on the statistics other than on the

number of companies and establishments.

The total establishment count for individual industries should be viewed as an approximation rather

than a precise measurement. The counts for establishments with 20 employees or more are far more reliable than the count of total number of establishments.

2. Establishments sent a report form.

The establishments covered in the mail canvass

were divided into three groups:

a. ASM sample establishments.

This group accounts for approximately 15 percent of all manufacturing establishments. The ASM

panel covers all the units of large manufacturing

establishments as well as a sample of the medium

and smaller establishments. The probability of

selection was proportionate to size. For more information, see the Description of the ASM Survey

Sample.

MANUFACTURING APPENDIX C C–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
In an economic census year, the ASM report form

(MA-1000) replaces the first page of the regular

census form for those establishments included in

the ASM. In addition to information on employment, payroll, and other items normally requested

on the regular census form, establishments in the

ASM sample were requested to supply additional

information on gross book value of assets and

capital expenditures. ASM establishments were also

requested to provide information on retirements,

depreciation, rental payments, and supplemental

labor costs. For establishments not included in the

ASM, these additional items were estimated using

relationships observed in the ASM establishment

data. The census statistics for these variables are a

sum of the ASM establishment data and the estimated data for non-ASM establishments. ASM

establishments were also requested to provide

information for selected purchased services. The

census statistics for the purchased service items

were derived solely from the ASM establishments.

See Appendix A, Explanation of Terms for an explanation of these items. The census part of the report

form is 1 of 220 versions containing product, material, and special inquiries. The diversity of manufacturing activities necessitated the use of this many

forms to canvass the 480 manufacturing industries.

Each form was developed for a group of related

industries.

Appearing on each form was a list of products

primary to the group of related industries as well

as secondary products and miscellaneous services

that establishments classified in these industries

were likely to perform. Respondents were

requested to identify the products, the value of

each product, and, in many cases, the quantity of

the product shipped during the survey year. Space

also was provided for the respondent to describe

products not specifically identified on the form.

The report form also contained a materialsconsumed inquiry which varied from form to form

depending on the industries being canvassed. The

respondents were asked to review a list of materials generally used in their production processes.

From this list, each establishment was requested to

identify those materials consumed during the survey year, the cost of each, and, in certain cases, the

quantity consumed. Once again, space was provided for the respondent to describe significant

materials not identified on the form.

A wide variety of special inquiries was included

to measure activities peculiar to a given industry,

such as operations performed and equipment used.

b. Large and medium establishments (non-ASM).

Approximately 30 percent of all manufacturing

establishments were included in this group. A variable cutoff, based on administrative-record payroll

data and determined on an industry-by-industry

basis, was used to select those establishments that

were to receive 1 of the 220 economic census –

manufacturing regular forms. The first page,

requesting establishment data for items such as

employment and payroll, was standard but did not

contain the detailed statistics included on the ASM

form. The product, material, and special inquiry

sections supplied were based on the historical

industry classification of the establishment.

c. Small single-establishment companies (non-ASM).

This group includes approximately 15 percent of

all manufacturing establishments. For those industries where application of the variable cutoff for

administrative-record cases resulted in a large number of small establishments being included in the

mail canvass, an abbreviated or short form was

used. These establishments received 1 of the 31

versions of the short form, which requested summary product and material data and totals but no

details on employment, payroll, cost of materials,

inventories, and capital expenditures.

Use of the short form has no adverse effect on

published totals for the industry statistics because

the same data were collected on the short form as

on the long form. However, detailed information on

products and materials consumed was not collected on the short form; thus, its use would

increase the value of the nsk categories.

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION OF

ESTABLISHMENTS

Each of the establishments covered in the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing was classified in 1 of 480

industries (473 manufacturing industries and 7 former

manufacturing industries) in accordance with the industry

definitions in the 1997 NAICS Manual. This is the first edition of the NAICS Manual and it is a major change from the

1987 SIC Manual that was used previously. Appendix A of

the 1997 NAICS Manual notes the comparability between

the 1987 SIC and 1997 NAICS classification systems. When

applicable, Appendix G of this report shows the product

class and product comparability between the two systems

for data in this report.

In the NAICS system, an industry is generally defined as

a group of establishments that have similar production

processes. To the extent practical, the system uses supplybased or production-oriented concepts in defining industries. The resulting group of establishments must be significant in terms of number, value added by manufacture,

value of shipments, and number of employees.

C–2 APPENDIX C MANUFACTURING

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
The coding system works in such a way that the definitions progressively become narrower with successive

additions of numerical digits. In the manufacturing sector

for 1997, there are 21 subsectors (three-digit NAICS), 86

industry groups (four-digit NAICS), 184 NAICS industries

(five-digit NAICS) that are comparable with Canadian and

Mexican classification, and 473 U.S. industries (six-digit

NAICS). This represents an expansion of the four-digit SICbased U.S. industries from 459 in 1987. Product classes

and products of the manufacturing industries have been

assigned codes based on the industry from which they

originate. In the new system, there are about 1,500 product classes (seven-digit codes), about 6,000 census products, and an additional 3,700 CIR products (ten-digit

codes). The ten-digit products are considered the primary

products of the industry with the same first six digits.

These counts do not include the seven former manufacturing industries that are included in the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing.

For the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing, all

establishments were classified in particular industries

based on the products they produced. If an establishment

made products of more than one industry, it was classified

in the industry with the largest product value. For 1997,

there were no ‘‘resistance rules’’ or ‘‘frozen industries.’’

In ASM years, establishments included in the ASM

sample with certainty weights are reclassified by industry

only if the change in the primary activity from the prior

year is significant or if the change has occurred for 2 successive years. This procedure prevents reclassification

when there are minor shifts in product mix.

In ASM years, establishments included in the ASM

sample with noncertainty weight are not shifted from one

industry classification to another. They are retained in the

industry where they were classified in the base census

year. However, in the following census year, these ASM

plants are allowed to shift from one industry to another.

The results of these rules covering the switching of

plants from one industry classification to another are that

some industries comprise different mixes of establishments in different survey years. Hence, comparisons

between prior-year and current-year published totals, particularly at the six-digit NAICS level, should be viewed

with caution. This is particularly true for the comparison

between the data shown for a census year versus the data

shown for the previous ASM year.

As previously noted, the small establishments that may

have been misclassified by industry are usually

administrative-record cases whose industry codes were

assigned on the basis of incomplete descriptions of the

general activity of the establishment. Such possible misclassifications have no significant effect on the statistics

other than on the number of companies and establishments.

Establishments frequently make products classified

both in their industry (primary products) and other industries (secondary products). Industry statistics (employment, payroll, value added by manufacture, value of shipments, etc.) reflect the activities of the establishments

which may make both primary and secondary products.

Product statistics, however, represent the output of all

establishments without regard for the classification of the

producing establishment. For this reason, when relating

the industry statistics, especially the value of shipments,

to the product statistics, the composition of the industry’s

output should be considered.

The extent to which industry and product statistics may

be matched with each other is measured by the primary

product specialization ratio and the coverage ratio. The

primary product specialization ratio is the proportion of

industry shipments accounted for by the primary products

of establishments classified in the industry. The coverage

ratio is the proportion of product shipments accounted for

by establishments classified in the industry.

ESTABLISHMENT BASIS OF REPORTING

The economic census – manufacturing is conducted on

an establishment basis. A company operating at more

than one location is required to file a separate report for

each location or establishment. The ASM also is conducted

on an establishment basis, but separate reports are filed

for just those establishments selected in the sample. Companies engaged in distinctly different lines of activity at

one location are requested to submit separate reports if

the plant records permit such a separation and if the

activities are substantial in size.

In 1997, as in earlier years, a minimum size limit was

set for inclusion of establishments in the census. All establishments employing one person or more at any time during the census year are included. The same size limitation

has applied since 1947 in censuses and annual surveys of

manufactures. In the 1939 and earlier censuses, establishments with less than $5,000 value of products were

excluded. The change in the minimum size limit in 1947

does not appreciably affect the historical comparability of

the census figures except for data on number of establishments for a few industries.

The 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing excludes

data for central administrative offices (CAOs). These

would include separately operated administrative offices,

warehouses, garages, and other auxiliary units that service manufacturing establishments of the same company.

These data are published in a separate report series.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ASM SURVEY SAMPLE

The annual survey of manufactures (ASM) sample is

drawn for the second survey year after a census. The most

recent sample was drawn for the 1994 survey year based

on the 1992 Census of Manufactures. This sample will be

in place through the 1998 ASM.

MANUFACTURING APPENDIX C C–3

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
In 1992, there were approximately 370,000 individual

manufacturing establishments. For sample efficiency and

cost considerations, the 1992 manufacturing population

was partitioned into two components for developing estimates within the ASM; a mail stratum and a nonmail stratum.

Mail stratum. The mail stratum of the survey is comprised of larger single-location manufacturing companies

and all manufacturing establishments of multiunit companies (companies that operate at more than one physical

location). Approximately 230,000 of the 370,000 establishments in the 1992 census were assigned to the mail

stratum. On an annual basis, the mail stratum is supplemented with larger, newly active single-location companies identified from a list provided by the Internal Revenue

Service (IRS) and new manufacturing locations of multiunit

companies identified from the Census Bureau’s Company

Organization Survey (COS).

For the 1994 survey, a new sample of approximately

58,000 individual establishments was selected from the

mail stratum assembled from the 1992 census. Supplemental samples representing both 1993 and 1994 births

(newly active establishments that were not included in the

1992 census) were also selected. Establishments selected

for the sample are mailed an ASM survey questionnaire for

each year through 1998.

The 1994-98 ASM sample design is similar to the one

used since 1984. Companies in the 1992 Census of Manufactures with manufacturing shipments of at least $500

million were defined as company certainties. For these

large companies, each manufacturing establishment is

included in the mail sample. For the 1994-98 sample,

there are approximately 650 certainty companies collectively accounting for over 18,000 establishments.

For the remaining portion of the mail component of the

survey, the establishment was defined as the sample unit.

All establishments with 250 employees or more were

defined as employment certainties. In addition, all establishments producing products in SIC 3571 (Electronic

Computers) were defined as certainties. Across these three

arbitrary certainty classes, there were approximately

25,000 establishments included in the sample with certainty. Collectively, these certainty establishments

accounted for approximately 80 percent of the total value

of shipments in the 1992 Census of Manufactures.

Smaller establishments in the remaining portion of the

mail stratum were sampled with probabilities ranging

from .02 to 1.00. The initial probabilities of selection

assigned to these establishments were proportionate to a

measure-of-size determined for each establishment. The

measure-of-size was a function of the establishment’s

1992 industry classification, its 1992 product class data,

and the historical variability of the year-to-year estimates

of the product class estimates. For each product class

(1,755) and four-digit industry (459), a desired reliability

constraint was specified. Using a technique developed by

Dr. James R. Chromy of the Research Triangle Institute, the

initial establishment probabilities were optimized such

that the expected sample satisfied all industry and product class reliability constraints while the sample size was

minimized. This technique reduces the likelihood of

selecting nonrepresentative samples for individual product

classes or industries.

This method of assigning probabilities based on product class shipments is motivated by our primary desire to

produce reliable estimates of both product class and

industry shipments. The high correlation between shipments and employment, value-added, and other general

statistics assures that these variables will also be well represented by the sample. The actual sample selection procedure uses an independent chance of selection method

(Poisson sampling) which permits us to prevent small

establishments from being selected in consecutive

samples without introducing a bias into the survey estimates.

Nonmail component. The initial nonmail component of

the survey was comprised of approximately 140,000

small, single-establishment companies that were tabulated

as administrative records in the 1992 Census of Manufactures. The nonmail stratum is also supplemented annually

using the list of newly active single-location companies

provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and payroll

cutoffs. Companies with payroll below the payroll cutoff

are added to the nonmail stratum. For this portion of the

population, sampling is not used. The data for this group

are estimated based on selected information obtained

annually from the administrative records of the IRS and

Social Security Administration (SSA). This administrative

information, which includes payroll, total employment,

industry classification, and physical location, is obtained

under conditions which safeguard the confidentiality of

both tax and census records.

DESCRIPTION OF THE ASM ESTIMATING

PROCEDURE

Most of the ASM estimates derived for the mail stratum

are computed using a difference estimator. At the establishment level, there is a strong correlation between the

current-year data values and the corresponding 1992

(base) data values. Therefore, within the mailed stratum,

for each item at each level of aggregation, an estimate of

the ‘‘difference’’ between the current year and the base

year is computed from sample cases and added to the corresponding base-year values. For the 1993-1997 ASM estimates, the 1992 Census of Manufactures values serve as

the base year. For the 1998 ASM, the base will be updated

to be the 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing.

Due to the positive year-to-year correlation, estimates

derived using this methodology are generally more reliable than comparable estimates developed from the current sample data alone. Estimates for the capital expenditures variables are not generated using the difference

C–4 APPENDIX C MANUFACTURING

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
estimator because the year-to-year correlations are considerably weaker. The standard linear estimator is used for

these variables.

For the nonmail stratum, estimates for payroll and

employment are directly tabulated from the

administrative-record data provided by IRS and SSA. Estimates of data other than payroll and employment are

developed from industry averages. Although the nonmail

stratum contains approximately 170,000 individual establishments in 1994, it accounts for less than 2 percent of

the estimate for total value of shipments at the total

manufacturing level.

Corresponding estimates for the mail and nonmail components are combined to produce the estimates included

in this publication.

QUALIFICATIONS OF THE ASM DATA

The estimates developed from the sample are apt to

differ somewhat from the results of a survey covering all

companies in the sample lists but otherwise conducted

under essentially the same conditions as the actual sample

survey. The estimates of the magnitude of the sampling

errors (the difference between the estimates obtained and

the results theoretically obtained from a comparable,

complete-coverage survey) are provided by the standard

errors of estimates.

The particular sample selected for the ASM is one of

many similar probability samples that, by chance, might

have been selected under the same specifications. Each of

the possible samples would yield somewhat different sets

of results, and the standard errors are measures of the

variation of all the possible sample estimates around the

theoretically comparable, complete-coverage values.

Estimates of the standard errors have been computed

from the sample data for selected ASM statistics in this

report. They are represented in the form of relative standard errors (the standard errors divided by the estimated

values to which they refer).

In conjunction with its associated estimate, the relative

standard error may be used to define confidence intervals

(ranges that would include the comparable, completecoverage value for specified percentages of all the possible samples).

The complete-coverage value would be included in the

range:

From one standard error below to one standard error

above the derived estimate for about two-thirds of all

possible samples.

From two standard errors below to two standard

errors above the derived estimate for about 19 out of

20 of all possible samples.

From three standard errors below to three standard

errors above the derived estimate for nearly all

samples.

An inference that the comparable, complete-survey

result would be within the indicated ranges would be correct in approximately the relative frequencies shown.

Those proportions, therefore, may be interpreted as defining the confidence that the estimates from a particular

sample would differ from complete-coverage results by as

much as one, two, or three standard errors, respectively.

For example, suppose an estimated total is shown at

50,000 with an associated relative standard error of

2 percent, that is, a standard error of 1,000 (2 percent of

50,000). There is approximately 67 percent confidence

that the interval 49,000 to 51,000 includes the completecoverage total, about 95 percent confidence that the interval 48,000 to 52,000 includes the complete-coverage

total, and almost certain confidence that the interval

47,000 to 53,000 includes the complete-coverage total.

In addition to the sample errors, the estimates are subject to various response and operational errors: errors of

collection, reporting, coding, transcription, imputation for

nonresponse, etc. These operational errors also would

occur if a complete canvass were to be conducted under

the same conditions as the survey. Explicit measures of

their effects generally are not available. However, it is

believed that most of the important operational errors

were detected and corrected during the Census Bureau’s

review of the data for reasonableness and consistency.

The small operational errors usually remain. To some

extent, they are compensating in the aggregated totals

shown. When important operational errors were detected

too late to correct the estimates, the data were suppressed

or were specifically qualified in the tables.

As derived, the estimated standard errors included part

of the effect of the operational errors. The total errors,

which depend upon the joint effect of the sampling and

operational errors, are usually of the order of size indicated by the standard error, or moderately higher. However, for particular estimates, the total error may considerably exceed the standard errors shown. Any figures shown

in the tables in this publication having an associated standard error exceeding 15 percent may be combined with

higher level totals, creating a broader aggregate, which

then may be of acceptable reliability.

DATA FROM THE CURRENT INDUSTRIAL REPORTS

(CIR)

The CIR program provides product statistics for

selected manufacturing industries at the U.S. level annually and, in some cases, monthly and/or quarterly. When

detail product data are collected in the CIR, they are not

also collected in the census. However, the annual CIR data

are included in the census Product Summary report.

The CIR program uses a unified data collection, processing, and publication system. The Census Bureau

updates the survey panels for most reports annually and

reconciles the estimates to the results of the broaderbased annual survey of manufactures and the economic

MANUFACTURING APPENDIX C C–5

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
census – manufacturing. The economic census – manufacturing provides a complete list of all producers of the

products covered by the CIR program and serves as the

primary source for CIR sampling. Where a small number of

producers exist, CIR surveys cover all known producers of

a product. However, when the number of producers is

large, cutoff and random sampling techniques are used.

Surveys are continually reviewed and modified to provide

the most up-to-date information on products produced.

While the CIR program includes both mandatory and voluntary surveys, the annual data are mandatory.

DUPLICATION IN COST OF MATERIALS AND VALUE

OF SHIPMENTS

Data for cost of materials and value of shipments

include varying amounts of duplication, especially at

higher levels of aggregation. This is because the products

of one establishment may be the materials of another. The

value added statistics avoid this duplication and are, for

most purposes, the best measure for comparing the relative economic importance of industries and geographic

areas.

VALUE OF INDUSTRY SHIPMENTS COMPARED WITH

VALUE OF PRODUCT SHIPMENTS

The 1997 Economic Census – Manufacturing shows

value of shipments data for industries and products. In the

industry statistics tables and files, these data represent

the total value of shipments of all establishments classified in a particular industry. The data include the shipments of the products classified in the industry (primary

to the industry), products classified in other industries

(secondary to the industry), and miscellaneous receipts

(repair work, sale of scrap, research and development,

installation receipts, and resales). Value of product shipments shown in the products statistics tables and files

represent the total value of all products shipped that are

classified as primary to an industry regardless of the classification of the producing establishment.

C–6 APPENDIX C MANUFACTURING

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Appendix D.

Geographic Notes

Not applicable for this report.

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS APPENDIX D D–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Appendix E.

Metropolitan Areas

Not applicable for this report.

1997 ECONOMIC CENSUS APPENDIX E E–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
Appendix F.

Footnotes for Products Statistics and Materials Consumed

by Kind

Not applicable for this report.

MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES APPENDIX F F–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census Nov. 3, 1999
Appendix G.

Comparability of Product Classes and Product Codes:

1997 to 1992

1997 published 1997 collected 1992 published

3141101 22731 ........... ............ 22731

3141101000 2273100 ....... .......... 2273100

3141103 22732 ........... ............ 22732

3141103110 2273220 ....... .......... 2273220

3141103220 2273240 ....... .......... 2273240

3141103YWV 2273200 ...... .......... 2273200

3141105 22733 ........... ............ 22733

3141105000 2273300 ....... .......... 2273300

314110W 22730 .......... ............ 22730

314110WYWW 2273000 ..... .......... 2273000

314110WYWY 2273002 ..... .......... 2273002

3141210 pt 23910 ......... ............ 23910

3141210 pt 57140 ......... ............ 57140 3141210111 2391010 ....... .......... 2391010 3141210221 2391012 ....... .......... 2391012 3141210231 2391019 ....... .......... 2391019 3141210241 2391023 ....... .......... 2391023 3141210251 2391025 ....... .......... 2391025 3141210361 2391052 ....... .......... 2391052 3141210371 2391059 ....... .......... 2391059 3141210381 2391063 ....... .......... 2391063 3141210391 2391062 ....... .......... 2391062 31412104A1 5714000 pt ....... ........ 5714000 pt

3141210YWW pt 2391000 ... .......... 2391000 3141210YWW pt 5714000 pt ... ........ 5714000 pt

3141210YWY pt 2391002 .... .......... 2391002 3141210YWY pt 5714002 .... .......... 5714002

3141291 23921 ........... ............ 23921

3141291010 2392111 ....... .......... 2392111

3141291020 2392114 ....... .......... 2392114

3141291030 2392116 ....... .......... 2392116

3141291040 2392120 ....... .......... 2392120

3141291050 2392121 ....... .......... 2392121

3141291060 2392113 ....... .......... 2392113

3141291070 2392115 ....... .......... 2392115

3141291YWV 2392100 ...... .......... 2392100

3141293 23922 ........... ............ 23922

3141293000 2392200 ....... .......... 2392200

3141295 23923 ........... ............ 23923

3141295010 2392310 ....... .......... 2392310

3141295020 2392313 ....... .......... 2392313 3141295YWV 2392300 ...... .......... 2392300

3141297 23924 pt ........... .......... 23924 pt

3141297101 2392409 ....... .......... 2392409

3141297210 2392412 ....... .......... 2392412

3141297220 2392414 ....... .......... 2392414

3141297230 2392416 ....... .......... 2392416

31412973J1 2392455 ........ .......... 2392455

31412973K1 2392456 ....... .......... 2392456

31412973L1 2392457 ....... .......... 2392457

31412973M1 2392459 ....... .......... 2392459

3141297440 2392494 ....... .......... 2392494

3141297451 2392433 ....... .......... 2392433

3141297461 2392435 ....... .......... 2392435 3141297471 2392436 ....... .......... 2392436

3141297481 2392437 ....... .......... 2392437

31412974A1 pt 2392439 pt ..... ........ 2392438

31412974A1 pt 2392439 pt ..... ........ 2392440

31412974B1 pt 2392442 pt ..... ........ 2392441

1997 published 1997 collected 1992 published

31412974B1 pt 2392442 pt ..... ........ 2392443

31412974C1 pt 2392444 pt ..... ........ 2392446

31412974C1 pt 2392444 pt ..... ........ 2392448

31412974D1 pt 2392449 pt ..... ........ 2392450

31412974D1 pt 2392449 pt ..... ........ 2392451

31412974E1 2392454 ....... .......... 2392454

31412974F1 2392463 ....... .......... 2392463

31412974H1 2392465 ....... .......... 2392465

31412974J1 2392469 ........ .......... 2392469

31412974K1 2392499 ....... .......... 2392499

3141297YWV 2392400 pt ...... ........ 2392400 pt

314129W 23920 pt .......... .......... 23920 pt

314129WYWW 2392000 pt ..... ........ 2392000 pt

314129WYWY 2392002 pt ..... ........ 2392002 pt

3149110 pt 23920 pt ......... .......... 23920 pt

3149110 pt 23924 pt ......... .......... 23924 pt

3149110 pt 23930 ......... ............ 23930 3149110111 2393012 ....... .......... 2393012 3149110151 2393091 ....... .......... 2393091 3149110221 2393013 ....... .......... 2393013 3149110231 2392481 ....... .......... 2392481 3149110241 2393031 ....... .......... 2393031 3149110261 2393092 ....... .......... 2393095 pt 3149110271 2393099 ....... .......... 2393095 pt 3149110281 2393094 ....... .......... 2393095 pt 3149110291 2393096 ....... .......... 2393096

31491102A1 pt 2393098 pt ..... ........ 2393018

31491102A1 pt 2393098 pt ..... ........ 2393097

3149110YWW pt 2392000 pt ... ........ 2392000 pt

3149110YWW pt 2392400 pt ... ........ 2392400 pt

3149110YWW pt 2393000 ... .......... 2393000

3149110YWY pt 2392002 pt .... ........ 2392002 pt

3149110YWY pt 2393002 .... .......... 2393002

3149120 23940 ........... ............ 23940

3149120111 2394021 ....... .......... 2394021

3149120221 2394034 ....... .......... 2394034

3149120331 2394036 ....... .......... 2394036

3149120441 2394053 ....... .......... 2394053

3149120551 2394055 ....... .......... 2394055

3149120661 2394061 ....... .......... 2394061 3149120671 2394064 ....... .......... 2394064 3149120YWW 2394000 ...... .......... 2394000 3149120YWY 2394002 ...... .......... 2394002

3149911 22981 ........... ............ 22981

3149911111 2298111 ....... .......... 2298111

3149911121 2298135 ....... .......... 2298135

3149911YWV 2298100 ...... .......... 2298100

3149913 22982 ........... ............ 22982

3149913111 2298201 ....... .......... 2298201

3149913121 2298202 ....... .......... 2298202

3149913131 2298203 ....... .......... 2298203

3149913141 2298205 ....... .......... 2298205

3149913251 2298208 ....... .......... 2298208

3149913361 2298214 ....... .......... 2298214

3149913471 2298219 ....... .......... 2298219

3149913581 2298228 ....... .......... 2298228

3149913YWV 2298200 ...... .......... 2298200

1997 published 1997 collected 1992 published

3149915 22983 ........... ............ 22983

3149915111 2298311 ....... .......... 2298311

3149915121 2298325 ....... .......... 2298325

3149915131 2298398 ....... .......... 2298398

3149915YWV 2298300 ...... .......... 2298300

314991W 22980 .......... ............ 22980

314991WYWW 2298000 ..... .......... 2298000

314991WYWY 2298002 ..... .......... 2298002

3149920 22960 ........... ............ 22960

3149920100 2296000 pt ....... ........ 2296000 pt

3149920YWW 2296000 pt ...... ........ 2296000 pt

3149920YWY 2296002 ...... .......... 2296002

3149991 22994 ........... ............ 22994

3149991111 2299411 ....... .......... 2299411

3149991121 2299413 ....... .......... 2299413

3149991131 2299441 ....... .......... 2299441

3149991YWV 2299400 ...... .......... 2299400

3149993 22995 ........... ............ 22995 3149993111 2299517 ....... .......... 2299517 3149993121 2299519 ....... .......... 2299519 3149993131 pt 2299532 pt ..... ........ 2299532 3149993131 pt 2299532 pt ..... ........ 2299535 3149993141 2299533 ....... .......... 2299533 3149993151 2299557 ....... .......... 2299557 3149993YWV 2299500 ...... .......... 2299500

3149995 23952 ........... ............ 23952 3149995100 2395200 ....... .......... 2395200

3149997 23963 pt ........... .......... 23963 pt 3149997111 2396314 ....... .......... 2396312 3149997121 2396333 ....... .......... 2396333 3149997131 2396345 ....... .......... 2396345 3149997YWV 2396300 ...... .......... 2396300

3149999 pt 23990 pt ......... .......... 23990 pt

3149999 pt 39999 pt ......... .......... 39999 pt

3149999111 2399015 ....... .......... 2399015 3149999231 2399041 ....... .......... 2399041 3149999371 2399097 ....... .......... 2399097 3149999421 2399031 ....... .......... 2399031 3149999441 2399085 ....... .......... 2399085 3149999451 2399093 ....... .......... 2399093 3149999461 2399095 ....... .......... 2399095 3149999481 pt 2399099 ..... .......... 2399098 pt

3149999481 pt 3999995 pt ..... ........ 3999913 pt

3149999481 pt 3999995 pt ..... ........ 3999999 pt

3149999YWV pt 2399000 pt .... ........ 2399000 pt

3149999YWV pt 2399002 pt .... ........ 2399002 pt

3149999YWV pt 3999900 pt .... ........ 3999900 pt

314999W pt 22990 pt ........ .......... 22990 pt

314999W pt 23950 pt ........ .......... 23950 pt

314999W pt 23960 pt ........ .......... 23960 pt

314999W pt 39990 pt ........ .......... 39990 pt

314999WYWW pt 2299000 pt ... ........ 2299000 pt

314999WYWW pt 2395000 pt ... ........ 2395000 pt

314999WYWW pt 2396000 pt ... ........ 2396000 pt

314999WYWW pt 3999000 pt ... ........ 3999000 pt

314999WYWY pt 2299002 pt ... ........ 2299002 pt

314999WYWY pt 2395002 pt ... ........ 2395002 pt

314999WYWY pt 2396002 pt ... ........ 2396002 pt

314999WYWY pt 3999002 pt ... ........ 3999002 pt

MANUFACTURINGmINDUSTRY SERIES APPENDIX G G–1

U.S. Census Bureau, 1997 Economic Census
EC97M-3141B 1997 Curtain and Drapery Mills 1997 Economic Census Manufacturing Industry Series USCENSUSBUREAU