MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS IN

CHEMICAL PROCESSING

!'

i Thomas M. Flynn

I J. Douglas Way

I

1

j

I

i

I National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Boulder, CO 80303

December 1982

100

,U56

82-1675

1982

NBSIR 82-1675

MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS IN

CHEMICAL PROCESSING

r

IJAtional bureau

.OF STANDARDS

library

JAN 21 )9g3

Thomas M. Flynn

J. Douglas Way

Thermophysical Properties Division

Center for Chemical Engineering

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Boulder, CO 80303

December 1982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director
X

I
Membrane Separations in Chemical Processing

Thomas M. Flynn

J. Douglas Way

Thermophysical Properties Division

Center for Chemical Engineering

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

Boulder, Colorado 80303

Rapidly rising energy and operating costs have underscored the

need for novel energy efficient separations processes, such as mem- brane processes, which avoid the energy consuming phase change step

of many conventional separations (e.g., distillation, absorption,

stripping). It is well known that membrane separation is the most

energy efficient separation technique thermodynamically possible,

since it does not rely upon vaporization and condensation to effect

fractionation. Recent developments in solid polymer, hollow fiber

and liquid membranes give excellent promise for industrial application. Hence, because of recent technological developments of these

new membranes, and because of its great energy savings potential,

research is being conducted on the fundamentals determining separation rates, separation factors, and selectivity of new types of solid

and liquid membranes with potential application to the chemical pro- cess industry.

Key words: chemical engineering; facilitated transport; liquid membrane; membrane; purification; separation.

1.0 Introduction

In a typical reaction process in the chemical process industry (CPI), 70%

of the capital costs and 80% of the energy consumed are used in separation and

concentration steps (Chem. and Eng. News, 7-28-80). Fractional distillation

has been the separation technique of choice, and doubtlessly will continue to

be so, because of its proven reliability and predictability. Distillation is,

however, energy intensive, requiring as it does the phase changes of boiling

and condensing. Therefore, it has become appropriate to examine less energy

intensive separation techniques. One of these is the separation of components

by membranes.

1
A membrane is a thin section of material that acts as a phase separator,

yet is permeable to components in solution, such as gas mixtures and liquid

solutions. The membrane may be a solid, such as natural cell walls in biological processes, or the synthetic polymers used for gas separations and water

desalinization (reverse osmosis). Recently (Li, 1968, 1971), attention has

been focused on liquid membranes. In these systems, a liquid solution which

may contain a preferential carrier is immobilized on a solid substrate (thin

sponge), or stabilized by surfactants in an emulsion. Each of these two broad

types, solid and liquid membranes, will be discussed below.

2.0 Solid Polymer Membranes

Consider a multicomponent fluid mixture in contact with one surface of a

membrane barrier (e.g., a solid, homogeneous film). On the other side of the

membrane is another fluid mixture. If the partial molar free energies (chemical potentials) of one or more components common to both fluids differ across

the membrane, then there will generally be a transfer of components through

the membrane in the direction of declining chemical potential for each. If

the "upstream" and "downstream" fluids are gas or vapor mixtures at differing

hydrostatic pressures, for example, components pass through the barrier in the

direction of declining partial pressure by a process usually termed gas

permeation . If the "upstream" fluid is a liquid mixture and the "downstream"

fluid is a gas in which the partial pressures of the permeating components are

lower than the vapor pressures over the components in the upstream liquid,

transmembrane permeation occurs by a process often termed pervaporation . If

liquid phases are in contact with the membrane at equal hydrostatic pressures,

components can transfer across the barrier under the action of a concentration

difference between the contracting liquids by the process of dialysis . If a

2
liquid mixture is confined at high hydrostatic pressure on one side of a

barrier where lower hydrostatic pressure is maintained on the other side,

certain components of the upstream liquid will permeate the membrane by the

process of ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis .

All of these membrane transport processes have the common features of:

(a) transport of mass by the action of a free-energy driving force, and (b)

the capacity to alter mixture composition by virtue of the ability of the

membrane barrier to pass one component more rapidly than another, despite

equality of driving potential. It is this latter unique characteristic of

membrane separation which differentiates this process from most common separation operations (Michaels and Bixler, 1968).

Thus the synthetic polymeric membranes can discriminate between substances on the basis of several physical properties. In the process called

ultrafiltration , molecules are separated according to their size; in elec -

trodialysis according to their electric charge; in solvent extraction according to their differing chemical potential in solution. Membranes that are

permeable almost exclusively to water are employed in the process called

reverse osmosis . With an arrangement of several membranes, a solution of a

salt in water can be decomposed into an acid and a base, and by binding an

enzyme to a membrane, chemical reactions can be promoted with efficient

separation of reactants and products (Gregor, 1978).

2.1 Ultrafiltration

Perhaps the most straightforward membrane technology is ultrafiltration,

in which dissolved molecules and suspended particles are sorted out primarily

according to whether or not they are small enough to pass through pores in the

membrane. In ordinary filtration, a liquid is forced under pressure through a

3
porous medium, such as a sheet of paper or a bed of packed sand. Ultrafiltration is not fundamentally different, except that the pores are roughly 1,000

times smaller than those in an ordinary filter, so that not only particulate

matter but also selected molecules can be removed and concentrated.

Ultrafiltration is in essence molecular filtration; it discriminates

between molecules of different sizes, and roughly speaking between those with

different molecular weights.

An ultrafiltration membrane is made, or "cast," from a solution of

long-chain polymers, such as cellulose acetate dissolved in acetone. The

solution is viscous (rather like honey), and it is spread with a knife edge so

as to form a thin layer. Some of the solvent is then allowed to evaporate,

with the result that the polymer starts to come out of solution, creating a

thin, semisolid matrix. Finally the membrane is plunged into another solvent,

such as water, that rapidly precipitates all of the remaining polymer. It is

this quenching that forms the pores in the membrane, as the rapid precipitation leads to the clumping or coagulation of the polymer.

Loeb discovered a method of casting membranes that are both thin enough

and tight enough for practical reverse osmosis (Loeb, 1966). His method takes

advantage of a phenomenon observed when a membrane is cast by allowing a

solvent to evaporate: after an initial period of drying, a skin appears

because the solution exposed at the surface dries faster than the layers

underneath. The formation of such a skin is ordinarily avoided, so as to

create a membrane of uniform porosity. Loeb deliberately created a skin, then

plunged the membrane into water to coagulate the polymers in the deeper layers

that had not yet completely dried. The result was a membrane with an extremely

thin film of tight, coherent polymer over a much thicker layer of highly

porous material. Such membranes are strong enough to withstand high pressure.

4
but their active skin is only about 1 percent as thick as that of an ordinary

ultrafiltration membrane. As a result the flux of water is 100 times greater.

2.2 Reverse-osmosis

Probably the largest single application of polymer membranes is the

desalinization of water through reverse-osmosis.

In a reverse-osmosis process, the object is to make water flow selectively out of a concentrated salt solution, through a polymeric membrane, and

into a solution of low salt concentration. The natural process of osmosis

would cause the water to flow in the opposite direction until a pressure

imbalance equal to the osmotic pressure is built up. The osmotic pressure is

proportional to solute activity, and hence is approximately proportional to

the salt concentration; for natural seawater the osmotic pressure is about

2.5 MPa (King, 1980). This means that in the absence of other forces, water

would tend to flow from pure water into seawater--across a membrane permeable

only to water--until a static head of 2.5 MPa, or 258 m, of water was built up

on the seawater side. This assumes that the seawater is not significantly

diluted by the water transferring into it. If the pressure difference across

the membrane were less than the osmotic pressure, water would enter the

seawater solution by osmosis. When the pressure difference across the membrane is greater than the osmotic pressure, water will flow from the seawater

solution into the pure-water side by reverse osmosis. For the water passing

through the membrane to be salt-free in a reverse-osmosis process, the membrane must be permeable to water but relatively impermeable to salt, since the

salt would pass through the membrane with the water if the membrane were

salt-permeable.

5
A number of devices have been used to evaluate different membrane materials for the desalination of seawater by reverse osmosis. It has been found

(Merten, 1966) that the flux of water and salt through a membrane can be

described by two equations

N = k (AP - An) w w^ ^

N

s

)

where N , N w’ s

AP

An

C , C

k , k

w’ s

water and salt fluxes, respectively, across membrane,

mol/time-area

drop in total pressure across membrane

drop in osmotic pressure across membrane

salt concentrations on two sides of membrane

empirical constants depending on membrane structure and nature

of salt.

If the membrane has a low salt permeability C C ), we can derive the

$2 Si

separation factor for the membrane from the above equations as:

C C N C k (AP - An)

Si W2 W Si w^ ^

w-s

C C So Wi

N p

s "^w p ^

if is expressed in moles per liter and p^ is the molar density of water in

moles per liter. Since the separation factor for a given k^ and k^ should

depend upon AP and C (through An), it is possible to compare the separation

Si

factors of different membranes at the same AP and C . Si

6
2.3 Capacity of Polymeric Membranes

The capacity (flux) of an ultrafiltration or reverse osmosis membrane can

be measured in terms of the volume transmitted by a unit area of membrane in a

given period and at a given applied pressure. As expected, the flow increases

as the pores become larger. The practical unit is gallons per square foot per

day at an applied pressure of 100 pounds per square inch; the metric unit is

micrometers per second at a pressure difference of one 0.987 bar (1 atmosphere).

Directly measuring the size of the pores in a membrane is a difficult

procedure, but the size can be estimated by measuring the rate of flow under

standard conditions, which is determined largely by pore size. The measured

flux can be calibrated by observing the rejection of molecules of various

sizes by a membrane with a known rate of flow. Typical test molecules might

be beef serum albumin (a protein of molecular weight 75,000), the dye

erythrosin (molecular weight 800) and sucrose (molecular weight 342). A

"tight" membrane, with a flux of one micrometer per second at one 0.987 bar (1

atmosphere) (or equivalently 14 gallons per square foot per day at 100 pounds

per square inch) rejects the larger molecules almost completely and excludes

some of the sugar. A membrane of average flux, approximately three micrometers per second at one atmosphere, rejects the dye and the protein but allows

most of the sugar to pass. A membrane characterized as "fast," with a flux of

from 10 to 20 micrometers per second, rejects only the proteins, and one that

is very fast (greater than 50 micrometers per second) allows even the protein

to pass but excludes particulate matter such as microorganisms.

2.4 Hollow Fiber Polymeric Membranes

Such membranes take the form of flat sheets as in leaf type filter

presses, or may be spiral wound. In another configuration, the membrane is

spun in the form of a hollow fiber, usually no thicker than a human hair.

7
Because the fibers have thick walls compared to their overall dimensions they

can usually withstand pressures of as much as 10 MPa (1,500 psi). The cost is

about the same as it is for the spiral-wound construction.

Such hollow fiber membrane separators have been successfully applied to

separate H 2 from process or purge gas streams in the chemical process industry

(Narayan, 1981). They have been demonstrated in H2/C02“C0 systems, H 2 recovery from ammonia plant purge gas streams, and H 2 recovery from other

hydrogenation processes.

These membrane separators physically resemble a shell and tube heat

exchanger. A bundle of hollow fibers is plugged at one end with the other

open end being cast in a tube sheet. This bundle is housed in a steel shell

with appropriate inlet and outlet piping. The feed gas containing hydrogen

and other components enters through the shell feed inlet and passes along the

outside surface of the hollow fibers. The hydrogen permeates through the

fiber wall and is recovered from the open end of the bores. The hydrogen

depleted non-permeate stream exits through the shell outlet piping. The

driving force for permeation is the difference in hydrogen partial pressure

between the shell and bore sides of the fiber.

Similar hollow fiber membrane processes have been developed by Canadian

and Japanese companies for the recovery of helium from natural gas.

The Canadian process was developed in Edmonton (Business Week, 1974).

The technology was used (Chemical Week, 1978) to build a pilot scale facility

in 1978 consisting of a three-stage hollow fiber permeation train operating

5.9 to 6.9 MPa (850-1000 psi) to produce 90% helium. The pilot plant was

scheduled to run until March 1981 at which time a decision would be made

concerning the commercialization of the process.

8
The Japanese have also developed a membrane process for helium recovery

(Chem. and Eng. News, 1972). The process employs hollow fiber membranes

operating at room temperature and 2.9 MPa (425) psi. It is claimed that the

membrane process will reduce operating costs by 30% when compared with conventional helium recovery processes.

3.0 Liquid Membranes

An effective method for increasing the selectivity and throughput capacity

of a membrane in a separation process is to incorporate a substance which

reacts chemically with the component to be transmitted preferentially (Robb

and Ward, 1967; Ward, 1970; Reusch and Cussler, 1973). The chemical reaction

increases the concentration of the component within the membrane, and thereby

increases the concentration-difference driving force for diffusion of the

component through the membrane. Such systems are referred to as Facilitated

Transport Membranes, and the current activity in this field is largely due

originally to Norman Li (Li, 1966).

The liquid membrane technique is simultaneous extraction/stripping

process by means of a selective liquid membrane separating two other miscible

1 iquid phases.

The term liquid membrane itself is used to denote that component of, in

general, three liquid phases which separates spatially an external phase

present in excess (either continuous feed or batch process) from a lean phase.

Transport of a dissolved material through the membrane phase can take place

from the external phase into the lean phase, or in the opposite direction.

This process is termed permeation. In general, membrane processes are characterized by the driving force and the type of transport process which are

present. Thus, as discussed above, filtration, ultrafiltration, and reverse

9
osmosis represent convective mass transport processes, the driving force for

which is a pressure gradient across the membrane.

In contrast to these processes, the mass transport selectivity and

transfer rate of a liquid membrane are determined primarily by the solubilities and diffusion coefficients of the permeant in the membrane phase. The

driving force of the transport process is the chemical potential gradient,

which is the concentration gradient in the simplest case.

Liquid membranes may take one of two forms (Fig. 1). In the first, the

liquid membrane containing a carrier chemical is impregnated on a polymer

support which acts like a sponge. Such systems are called Immobilized Liquid

Membranes (ILM's) (Fig. 1-a). In the second form, the liquid membrane is

stabilized with surfactants and stirred into the lean phase. An emulsion

results, in which the liquid membrane surrounds and encapsulates the lean

phase, like the shell of a jelly bean. Such systems are called Emulsion

Liquid Membranes (ELM's) (Fig. 1-b).

3.1 Immobilized Liquid Membranes

The diffusion coefficient of most molecules in polymers is so low that

exceedingly thin polymeric membranes must be constructed to produce

industrially acceptable fluxes. These thin membranes may have fabrication and

mechanical integrity problems. Selectivity has usually been poor in membrane

systems unless the mixture components are radically different, as in

desalination. On the other hand, diffusion coefficients in liquid films are

sufficiently large that fluxes become industrially interesting. Specific

chemical carriers can be incorporated into these immobilized liquid films to

give the desired selectivity toward one component of a mixture. Work is now

being directed toward applying this new class of membranes to large scale

operations.

10
Immobilized facilitated transport membranes hold excellent promise for

industrial application. Indeed, early studies show potential cost savings of

30% to 50% over common acid scrubbing of CO 2 , and energy savings as much as a

factor of 3 (Kimura et al., 1979). For instance, conventional processes for

scrubbing CO2 require absorption at feed stream pressure and subsequent

regeneration at reduced pressure (Fig. 2). Such processes may involve high

solution circulation rates and large pumping power requirements, and thus are

capital intensive. A schematic diagram of an equivalent CO 2 immobilized

liquid membrane scrubber is shown in Figure 3-a. The facilitated transport

membrane can be viewed as an absorber on the high-pressure side and a stripper

on the low pressure surface. Thus, the membrane system is analogous to a

conventional scrubbing system, but requires only a single vessel. Also, need

for circulation of a large volume of absorbent liquid is eliminated.

A schematic representation of the CO 2 facilitated transport occurring in

the liquid membrane is shown in Figure 3-b.

The important reactions occurring are:

CO2 + H2O ^ + HCO3

COs^ + ^ HCO3

Addition of these two reactions yields the net results:

CO2 + CO3 + H 2 O ^ 2 HCO3

This reaction occurs on the high-pressure side of the membrane while the

reverse reaction occurs when CO 2 is rejected on the low-pressure side of the

membrane regenerating the carbonate complex.

11
In practice, a porous support (typically cellulose acetate) could be

impregnated with a nonvolatile liquid membrane such as a carbonate solution.

Reactants and/or catalysts in the membrane react with the solute and carry it

to the solute lean side of the membrane, where the reaction is reversed and

the solute is expelled. In this way the selectivity for solutes is markedly

increased, in the case of CO 2 , by as much as by a factor of 10^

Recently, Hughes et al . (1981) presented results of a pilot scale study

of ethylene and propylene transport using immobilized liquid membranes.

Cellulose acetate hollow fibers were impregnated with an aqueous solution of

silver nitrate. The silver ions acted as the complexing agent in the facilitated transport process. The pilot plant was based on a commercial size

(18.6 m2 membrane area) hollow fiber permeation vessel and was fed a vent

stream from a polypropylene plant containing 75% propylene. The pilot plant

succeeded in producing a 98% purity propylene gas product. Hughes et al. reported no current plans to commercialize this process further.

3.2 Emulsion Liquid Membranes

The other form of facilitated transport liquid membranes is the ELM,

shown schematically in Figure 4.

The upper part, (a), of Figure 4 shows an idealized model representation

of a liquid membrane capsule. In the lower part, (b), a realistic liquid

membrane is sketched. The membrane itself separates two miscible phases from

each other, and in insoluble in these phases. It can have a hydrophilic or a

lipophilic character. In the case sketched here, such as for the removal of

phenol from a continuous aqueous phase, the membrane can consist of a hydrocarbon mixture. It is stabilized by a surfactant with a suitable value of the

12
hydorphilic-lipophilic balance (HLB). The typical diameter of a liquidmembrane globule lies in the order of magnitude range for 10 pm to 1 mm.

Transport of the desired component across the ELM is the same as above,

the driving force being the difference in chemical potential of the component

between the outer and inner phases. On the inside of the liquid membrane

capsule, an attempt is usually made to modify the permeant chemically in some

way, as far as possible, in order to set up a maximum concentration gradient

across the membrane, and hence to maximize the driving force of the transport

process. The optimum volumetric ratio of the dispersed phase to the membrane

phase is specific to the system (1:1 to 10:1). Compared with traditional

extraction techniques, up to 90% of the cost of the solvent phase can be

saved. The introduction of liquid-membrane techniques can therefore also be

economically interesting even in those cases where relatively expensive

membrane liquids such as silicone oils are needed. The membrane viscosity and

surfactant concentration are of decisive importance as regards the membrane

thickness, transfer rates, stability, and selectivity of the liquid membranes.

Figure 5 is a flowsheet for a hypothethical industrial separation process

employing the emulsion liquid membrane technique (Halwachs, 1980).

The heart of the plant is the mixer, which is fed with contaminated

water. For the removal of weak acids, such as phenol, hydrogen sulfide,

hydrocyanic acid, acetic acid, mercaptans, or other weak organic acids,

caustic soda solution should be introduced as the disperse phase. For the

removal of weak bases, such as ammonia or amines, dilute sulfuric acid should

be considered for encapsulation.

Kitagawa et al. (1976) have reported the use of licensed EML technology

to remove toxic ionic species such as Cr Hg*^ , Cd'^ and Cu*^ from industrial wastewater. Pilot plant studies to optimize the ELM process for industrial wastewater treatment continued into 1979 (Hayworth, 1981).

13
After the actual separation of the materials, there is still the treatment of the multi-emulsion to be considered. The latter is first passed to a

settler unit, in which the liquid membrane phase and the continuous aqueous

phase are separated on the basis of the density difference. The aqueous phase

is then in the form of a purified wastewater, which may be subjected to

further after-purification processes as required. The recovered emulsion

phase must be broken, in turn, and the disperse phase recuperated or discarded. The membrane phase, as the most valuable component of the multiemulsion, is passed into an emulsifier, mixed with fresh phase to be encapsulated, and introduced again into the mixer.

Analogous processes serve for the oxidation of ethylene to vinyl acetate

by means of an acetic acid--pal ladium chloride--copper chloride membrane

phase, for the oxidation of propylene with oxygen to acetone, for the oxidation of acetaldehyde with oxygen to acetic acid, for the carbonyl ati on of

methanol with carbon monoxide to acetic acid, and for hydroformyl ati on of

propylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to n-butyraldehyde (Halwachs,

1980).

Another promising application, where, indeed, the center of gravity of

possible ELM applications may lie, is in metallurgy. ELM's may advantageously

be used for the recovery of copper and uranium for dilute ores, and for the

concentration of strategic metals. It has been estimated (Cahn and Li, 1980)

that ELMS could reduce the capital and operating costs of copper recovery by

up to 40% when compared with solvent extraction.

4.0 Conclusion

Rapidly rising energy and operating costs have underscored the need for

novel energy efficient separation processes, such as membrane processes, which

14
avoid the energy consuming phase change step of many conventional separations

(e.g. , distillation, absorption, stripping). It is well known that membrane

separation is the most energy efficient separation technique thermodynamically

possible, since it does not rely upon vaporization and condensation to effect

fractionation. Approaching this minimum energy in practice, however, is

difficult. Despite considerable efforts, membrane devices have not made

substantial inroads in industrial separations to date due to problems of (a)

speed and selectivity, (b) predictability, and (c) reliability. Recent

development in solid polymer, hollow fiber and liquid membranes give excellent

promise for industrial application. Hence, because of recent technological

developments of these new membranes, and because of its great energy savings

potential, research is being conducted on the fundamentals determining

separation rates, separation factors, and selectivity of new types of solid

and liquid membranes with potential application to the chemical process

i ndustry.

15
LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Facilitated Transport Liquid Membranes.

Conventional Acid Gas Scrubbing System.

Membrane CO2 Scrubber.

Schematic Representation of Emulsion Liquid Membrane (ELM).

Representative ELM Flowsheet for Wastewater Purification.

16
REFERENCES

Business Week, p. 58, Feb. 16, (1974).

Cahn, R.P., Frankenfeld, J.W. , and N.N. Li, "Extraction of Copper with Liquid

Membranes," paper number 22b presented at the 73rd Annual AIChE Meeting,

Chicago, Illinois, November, 1980.

Chemical and Engineering News, p. 11, Oct. 16, (1972).

Chemical and Engineering News, (July 28, 1980).

Chemical Week, p. 36, Mar. 29, (1978).

Gregor, H.P., and Gregor, C.D., "Synthetic-Membrane Technology," Scientific

American, 2^, (1), (July 1978).

Halwachs, W. , and Schugel , K. , "The Liquid Membrane - a Promising Extraction

Process," Int. and Eng'g. Chem. , Vol. 20, No. 4, (1980).

Hayworth, H.C., "A Case in Technology Transfer," Chemtech, p. 342-6, June,

(1981).

Hughes, R.D., Steiglmann, E.F., and Mahoney, J.A., "Olefin Separation by

Facilitated Transport Membranes," Paper 1-d, A. I. Ch. E. National Meeting, April 5-9, Houston, TX (1981).

17
Kimura, S.G., Matson, S.L. , and W.J. Ward III, "Industrial Applications of

Facilitated Transport," in Recent Developments in Separation Science ,

Vol. 5, Li, N.N., ed. , CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio (1979).

King, C.J., Separation Processes , 2nd ed. , McGraw-Hill, New York (1980).

Kitagawa, T. , Nishikawa, Y. , Frankenfeld, J. , and N.N. Li, "Waste Water

4 Treatment by Liquid Membrane Process," Environmental Science and Technology, n, 602 (1977).

Li, N.N., U.S. Patent 3410 794 (1968).

Li, N.N., "Separation of Hydrocarbons by Liquid Membrane Permeation," Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Development, 10,

215 (1971).

Loeb, S. , "Preparation and Performance of High-Flux Cellulose Acetate

Desalination Membranes," in Desalination by Reverse Osmosis , U. Merten,

ed. , M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA (1966).

Merten, U. , Desalination by Reverse Osmosis , M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, MA

(1966).

Michaels, A.S., and Bixler, H.H., "Membrane Permeation: Theory and Practice,

in Progress in Separation and Purification , Vol. 1, E.S. Perry, ed.

,

Interscience Publishers, J. Wiley & Sons, NY (1968).

18
Narayan, R.S., Horne, J.R. , and Patton, C.J., "Application of Prism (TM)

Separators for H2 Recovery in Petrochemical Processes," Paper 1-e,

A.I.Ch.E. National Meeting, April 5-9, Houston, TX (1981).

Reusch, C.F., and Cussler, E.L., "Selective Membrane Transport," A.I.Ch.E.

Journal, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1973).

Robb, W.L. , and Ward, W.J., "Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen Separation: Facilitated

Transport of Carbon Dioxide Across a Liquid Film," Science, 156 , 1481

(1967).

Ward, W.J., "Analytical and Experimental Studies of Facilitated Transport,"

AIChE J. , IS, 405 (1970).

19
(a)

IMMOBILIZED

LIQUID

MEMBRANES

20

Figure

1.

Facilitated

Transport

Liquid

Membranes.
Purified

Gas

To

Dehydration

21

Figure

2.

Conventional

Acid

Gas

Scrubbing

System
MEMBRANE

COo

SCRUBBER

22

Figure

3.

Membrane

Carbon

Dioxide

Scrubber
(/> c

C (D

O

^

w (0

-Si ® o «

(0 *0 £

^ T3 O » -o

35“ 2. ®

O’ N

2

- i=

3 r X) 7 O) (Q •“

-j o <0

o

<

23
Addition

of

LM

Components

« «

® ® ^ S

® § ‘2

0) 2 s

fiCO oS <0

o

0) *

«0 £ 0) 0. >

I. o

o o

(0

0)

o

a

^

<0

(Q

O

(0

o

o

0.

24

Figure

5.

Representative

ELM

Flowsheet

for

Wastewater

Purification
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1, PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Date BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 82-1675 December 1982

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

riembrane Separations in Chemical Processing

5. AUTHOR(S)

Thomas M. Flynn and J. Douglas Way

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than MBS, see in struction s) 7. Confraqt/Grant No. national bureau of STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE 8. Type of Report & Period Covered

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City. State. ZIP)

10,

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Also published in abbreviated form as "Membrane Separations for the Chemical Process

Industry" in Energy Progress .

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document Includes a significant

bi bliography or literature survey, mention it here)

Rapidly rising energy and operating costs have underscored the need for novel energy

efficient separations processes, such as membrane processes, which avoid the energy

consuming phase change step of many conventional separations (e.g., distillation,

absorption, stripping). It is well known that membrane separation is the most energy

efficient separation technique thermodynamical ly possible, since it does not rely upon

vaporization and condensation to effect fractionation. Recent developments in solid

polymer, hollow fiber and liquid membranes give excellent promise for industrial application. Hence, because of recent technological developments of these new membranes,

and because of its great energy savings potential, research is being conducted on the

fundamentals determining separation rates, separation factors, and selectivity of new types of solid and liquid membranes with potential application to the chemical

process industry.

12.

KEY WORDS (S/x to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)

chemical engineering; facilitated transport; liquid membrane; membrane; purification;

separation.

13.

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