Selected Light Sources

Belinda L. Collins

Belinda Y. Kuo

Suzin E. Mayerson

James A. Worthey

Gerald L. Howett

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Building Technology

Building Physics Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

December 1986

Sponsored by:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

• U56

86-3493

1986

NBSIR 86-3493

SAFETY COLOR APPEARANCE UNDER

NESS RESEARCH

INFORMATION CENTER

Cic ;oo

SELECTED LIGHT SOURCES

>9 r(u

Belinda L. Collins

Belinda Y. Kuo

Suzin E. Mayerson

James A. Worthey

Gerald L. Howett

U S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Bureau of Standards

Center for Building Technology

Building Physics Division

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

December 1986

Sponsored by:

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration

U.S. Department of Labor

Washington, DC

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler. Director

ABSTRACT

The present report provides data on the color appearance and

physical measurements of 58 safety color samples viewed under

each of seven light sources. Ten observers participated in an

experiment which determined the accuracy with which different

color samples could be identified under sources which varied in

spectral composition. The seven light sources included

incandescent, cool white fluorescent, clear mercury, metal

halide, metal halide-high pressure sodium mix, high pressure

sodium, and low pressure sodium. Color samples included ones for

safety red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple (magenta) , brown,

white, gray, and black of several different types including

ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective, and retroref lective

fluorescent. Analysis of the data indicated that the standard

ANSI (American National Standards Institute) samples were often

not identified accurately under many of the sources studied, with

particularly poor performance for the two sodium sources and

clear mercury. Specifications are given for a new set of samples

that were identified more accurately under all seven sources and

which showed a greater gamut of coloration in a uniform color

space for all sources. Chromaticity and luminance coordinates

for all 58 color samples are presented for both CIE x,y,Y and CIE

L*a*b* values. In addition, the psychophysical data are

compared with the CIELAB data.

Keywords:

chromaticity, color, color appearance, energy-efficient lights,

high-intensity discharge lights, illumination, light source,

safety colors, vision.

iii
FOREWORD

This report is one of a series documenting the results of NBS

research in support of the Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA) in fulfillment of an Interagency Agreement

between NBS and OSHA.

The report summarizes research conducted in the period July 1983

- July 1986.

We wish to acknowledge with special thanks the interest, cooperation, and encouragement of the sponsor's Technical Project

officers, Mr. Tom Seymour, Ms. Audrey Best, and Ms. JoAnne

Slattery of the OSHA Office of Standards Development. We also

wish to acknowledge with deep appreciation the efforts of Mr.

Marvel Freund who was instrumental in designing, constructing,

and building the illumination color lab, and those of Mr. Peter

Spellerberg who wrote the computer programs for analyzing the

psychophysical data.

DISCLAIMER

Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are

identified in this report in order to specify the experimental

procedure adequately. Such identification does not imply

recommendation or endorsement by the National Bureau of

Standards, nor does it imply that the materials or equipment

identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ABSTRACT . . iii

FOREWORD iv

DISCLAIMER iv

LIST OF TABLES vi

LIST OF FIGURES vii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1 . 1 Overview 1

1.2 Previous Research 2

2 . APPROACH 5

2.1 Participants 5

2 . 2 Apparatus 5

2.3 Experimental Procedure 9

2.3.1 Spectroradiometric Measurement Procedure 9

2.3.2 Psychophysical Measurement Procedure 12

3. PSYCHOPHYSICAL RESULTS 17

3.1 General Findings 17

3.1.1 Tabulation Procedure 17

3.1.2 Overview of the Results 19

3.2 Statistical Comparison of Samples 22

3.3 Selection of Improved Safety Colors 24

4. SPECTRORADIOMETRIC RESULTS 28

4.1 Chromaticity and Luminance Data 2 8

4.2 Uniform Color Space.... 28

4.3 Gamut of Coloration.... 37

5. DISCUSSION 41

5.1 Summary of Psychophysical Results 41

5.2 Supporting Research 41

5.3 Recommendations 4 3

6. REFERENCES 4 5

APPENDIX A - DETAILED PSYCHOPHYSICAL RESULTS 47

A . 1 Results for Each Nominal Color Name 47

A. 1.1 Red Sample Results 4 7

A. 1.2 Orange Sample Results 4 8

A. 1.3 Yellow Sample Results 50

A. 1.4 Green Sample Results 52

A. 1.5 Blue Sample Results .54

A. 1.6 Purple/Magenta Sample Results 55

A. 1.7 Brown, White, Gray and Black Sample Results .... 55

APPENDIX B - ADDITIONAL TABLES OF RESULTS 115

v
LIST OF TABLES

Page

1. Vertical Luminance Data Reflected from a PTFE Standard

Measured at the Sample Position During the Experiment 6

2. Identification of Samples Used in the Experiment for Each

Nominal Color Name 10

3 . Instructions to Observers for Experiment on Safety Color

Appearance 15

4 . Percentage of Times Sample Given Dominant Color Name Under

Each Source 2 0

5. Statistical Comparisons Between Sample Types Studied 2 3

6. Frequency of Color Name Errors for Each Sample, Source and

Observer 2 5

A1-A58 . Results for Each Individual Sample as Viewed Under

the Seven Sources 57

Bl. Rank Ordering of Samples for Each Light Source 115

B2 . CIE Specifications for ANSI and Best Colors in x,y,Y and

L*a*b* Coordinates 117

B3 . CIELAB Values and Psychophysical Responses for Each

Sample 121

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

Page

1. Spectral Power Distribution Data for Each Source Used

in the Experiment 7

2. Comparison of spectral reflectance factors of ANSI

standard green, blue, and yellow samples with "best"

samples under tungsten illumination... 29

3. Comparison of spectral reflectance factors of ANSI

standard red and orange samples with "best" samples under

tungsten illumination and under mercury illumination 30

4. ANSI Red, Orange, and Yellow samples under different

illuminants including Dg 5 in CIE a*b* space 32

5. ANSI Green, Blue, and Purple samples under different

illuminants including D65 in CIE a*b* space 33

6 . ANSI Brown, White, Gray and Black samples under different

illuminants including D55 in CIE a*b* space 34

7. "Best" Red, Orange, and Yellow samples under different

illuminants including D65 in CIE a*b* space 35

8 . "Best" Green (yellow-green), Green (blue-green), and Blue

samples under different illuminants including D65 in CIE

a*b* space 36

9. Gamut of coloration for ANSI standard and "Best" samples

on a CIELAB a*b* diagram for incandescent, mercury, and cool

white fluorescent sources 3 8

10. Gamut of coloration for ANSI standard and "Best" samples

on a CIELAB a*b* diagram for metal halide, HPSMH mix, HPS,

and LPS sources 3 9

vii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Several previous research studies (Jerome, 1977? Thornton, 1977,

and Glass, Howett, Lister and Collins, 1983) have indicated that

many of the standard safety colors (ANSI Z53, 1979) are not.

perceived accurately under some high intensity discharge (HID)

sources.

The present study was an attempt to determine the extent to which

the ANSI standard safety colors - red, orange, yellow, green,

blue, purple, brown, white, gray, and black - are not accurately

recognized under common HID sources, and to explore the

effectiveness of a set of potentially better colors. A two-part

experimental approach was used in the study.

First, psychophysical color data were obtained for a set of 58

color samples under each of seven light sources with 10

observers. The seven light sources included: low pressure

sodium ( LPS ) , high pressure sodium (HPS) , clear mercury, metal

halide, a high pressure sodium metal halide (HPSMH) mix, cool

white fluorescent, and incandescent. Each observer provided data

on color name (as related to safety alerting) and then gave

judgments of primary hue, secondary hue, percentage of secondary

hue, lightness, and saturation. In this way the appearance of

each sample was specified in three dimensions for each source.

The second set of data was comprised of physical color

measurements. In this portion of the experiment, the spectral

reflectance of all 58 color samples was measured under

incandescent light using a spectroradiometer . At the same time,

the reflectance of a nearly perfect white diffuser was measured

under all seven illuminants so that the spectral radiance factor

could be calculated for all non-fluorescent samples for each

source. The twenty-seven fluorescent samples were measured

directly under each source, and spectral radiance factors

calculated. The spectral radiance factor data were then

converted into a uniform color space (CIELAB) so that the effects

of varying sample and source could be easily assessed.

Results from the psychophysical investigation indicated that

several of the ANSI standard colors, particularly red, orange,

green, blue, and purple, were not accurately recognized under

sources such as LPS, HPS and clear mercury. Examination of the

physical gamut of coloration in a CIELAB a*b* space revealed

reduced gamut - or diminished color differences - for these same

sources relative to the incandescent source. Psychophysical

results for the new samples indicated that two fluorescent

samples, particularly red and orange, and several ordinary

samples, including yellow, green and blue were more accurately

recognized. In addition, the gamuts of coloration for these

samples were always greater than for the ANSI samples regardless

of the source.

viii
The results suggest that effective safety alerting requires

knowledge of the possible detrimental effects of the light source

on the appearance of safety colors. Particularly for LPS, HPS

and clear mercury, the use of supplementary good color rendering

lighting or the use of the "best" colors should be considered.

Although further research is needed to evaluate the long-term

stability of the fluorescent pigments, the improvement in

performance relative to the current standard color samples

suggests that the "best" colors deserve serious consideration as

part of a more effective scheme of safety alerting.

ix
' . - ; ; •

..

v " ' ; • ' ‘ ' • . ' - - '
1. Introduction

1 . 1 Overview

Previous research by Glass, Howett, Lister and Collins (1983)

indicated that many of the standard safety colors (ANSI Z53,

1979) are not perceived accurately under some high intensity

discharge (HID) light sources. Safety colors are used to encode

different types of warning and safety messages. Current ANSI

(American National Standards Institute) Z535 draft standards call

for the following color use:

Red - Danger

Orange - Warning

Yellow - Caution

Green - Safety

Blue - Information

Black/White - Contrast

Gray, Brown, Purple - Reserved for later application.

Glass, et al, presented data indicating that selected fluorescent

colors can be more effective than ordinary colors* under many

common light sources and suggested several candidate safety

colors. Their report did not provide any physical measurements

of these new colors, however, and focused primarily on red

samples (used to indicate dangerous conditions)

.

The present research was intended to extend the study by Glass,

et al, and provide an in-depth analysis of the effects of

variation in light source spectral composition on four different

types of safety colors - ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective

,

and retroreflective-fluorescent. The identif iability and

physical color characteristics for 58 different color samples

were studied for seven different light sources, including five

HID sources. The first goal was to determine if there were a set

of color samples that could be accurately identified for each

safety color name - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple,

brown, gray, black and white - under each of the seven sources.

The second goal was to provide physical measures of chromaticity

and luminance for each different color sample under all sources.

The present study included a number of color samples used by

Glass, et al, as well as some additional samples. It extended

the number of light sources to include clear mercury, cool white

fluorescent, and a mixture of high pressure sodium and metal

halide, as well as the incandescent, metal halide, high pressure

sodium, and low pressure sodium sources used in the earlier

experiment.

In this report, an ''ordinary"color sample is one which is

neither fluorescent nor retroreflective

.

1
1.2 Previous Research

Two recent studies also evaluated the effectiveness of safety

colors under different light sources.

Jerome (1977) asked 20 observers to identify the primary color

name of the ANSI standard safety colors under each of six sources

(daylight fluorescent, incandescent, metal halide, deluxe

mercury, clear mercury, and high pressure sodium) . Jerome did

not use low pressure sodium because pilot research had indicated

that any differences between colors seen under this source were

due primarily to brightness differences rather than color

differences. As a result, he claimed that all colors would be

confused under this source. In Jerome's study, the illuminance

level was only 0.5 fc - the level specified by IES for emergency

lighting. Each observer was shown the safety colors presented in

a random sequence which included a single duplicate of each color

as well as white, gray, and black. A total of 40 observations

was made for each color under each source.

A two-step data analysis procedure was followed in which Jerome

first tabulated the percentage of responses for each sample under

each source. Then, he set criterion levels for performance:

defining a slight confusion as 5-10 percent wrong answers; some

confusion as 10-20 percent wrong answers; and a definite confusion as more than 2 0 percent wrong answers for a given color

sample

Jerome found no real confusions for the safety colors under

daylight fluorescent light. For incandescent light, he found

some confusion (10-20 percent errors) of green with blue, and

purple with red. For metal halide he found some confusions

between red and orange, blue and green, and gray and yellow.

Under deluxe mercury, he found definite confusions between purple

and red, yellow and white, gray and green, and black with both

blue and purple. For clear mercury, Jerome found numerous

definite confusions. These occurred between red, orange, and

yellow, black and blue, and red with both purple and black, and

green with white. In fact, purple was termed red more often than

it was termed purple while black was termed red, blue or purple

with equal frequency.

Under HPS Jerome also found many definite confusions. Again red,

yellow, and orange were confused with each other, as were green,

blue, and black. Orange, in fact was termed yellow 69 percent of

the time. Red, purple, and orange were confused as were yellow

and white. Gray was confused with both green and yellow. It

should be noted that some of these confusions may have been due

to the low illuminance provided (0.5 fc) . Such a low level

reduces the ability to make accurate color discriminations since

it is below the level of photopic (color) vision. This may be

2
one reason for the observed confusions between yellow and white,

and green, blue and black.

Jerome concluded (1977, p.182) that "there are some light sources

being used extensively under which the safety colors cannot be

identified positively with any degree of certainty. Under these

circumstances, if the safety colors are to perform their assigned

function, supplementary lighting must be provided for the colors

under which their identification can be determined without

ambiguity.

Jerome also discussed the prediction of safety color appearance

using the CIE Color Rendering Index (CRI) . When the special

indices of the CRI were computed for each color, it was found

that the indices did not correlate well with the data. Jerome

suggested (1977 p. 182) that "Apparently the answer is not how

faithfully the colors are rendered, the attribute indicated by

the Color Rendering Index, but how well the colors can be

perceived as different from the other colors. That is, if the

red can be identified as red and not some other color, even

though it may differ greatly from its daylight appearance, it is

performing its function as a safety color satisfactorily." Thus,

the important attribute for safety colors is the difference in

chromaticities between colors. Jerome calculated the gamut of

coloration for the safety colors for the six sources studied on

the CIE Uniform Color Space diagram (U*, V*) . This analysis

suggested "that if the adjacent colors are separated by at least

40 U*,V* units they can be distinguished at least 90 percent of

the time" (1977, p. 182). The converse is not always true, since

some colors separated by a smaller distance were identified

correctly. Jerome concluded that "If the chromaticities of the

safety colors illuminated by a particular source, plotted on the

U* , V* diagram, are separated by less than 40 units confusion may

exist and further investigations should be made to determine the

extent of the problem and to determine what supplementary

lighting may be necessary to eliminate it" (1977, p. 183).

In another effort, Thornton (1977) conducted a theoretical

analysis designed to determine the chromaticities of a set of

safety colors that should be more identifiable under common HID

and tri-phosphor sources. He suggested that the problem was one

of selecting object colors which would be identified correctly

when presented by themselves. Thornton's solution to the problem

of safety color identification was to redesign the colors

themselves. When he calculated gamuts of coloration for the six

standard ANSI colors under different illuminants, he found that

the gamut of coloration for HPS and clear mercury was severely

reduced, particularly for ANSI red.

Thornton suggested that altering the spectral reflectance of

color samples to suppress blue-green and yellow reflectance could

improve the recognizability under a number of sources. For lamps

3
such as LPS and clear mercury, which have limited spectral power

at wavelengths longer than about 570-590 nm and which cannot

render reds properly, altering the spectral composition of the

safety colors in these regions will have little effect. For

these sources, the use of fluorescent materials appears to be the

solution. Thornton presented suggested spectral reflectances for

redesigned safety colors that would be more accurately identified

under all sources.

Thornton also noted (1977, p. 95) that "auxiliary illumination on

safety colors is simple in principle, and effective. For

example, incandescent lamps may illuminate the safety colors, at

added footcandle levels considerably below the footcandle levels

of the offending main illuminant and good identif iability can be

restored. However, in practice, auxiliary illumination is both

expensive and unwieldy since many objects marked with safety

colors are movable" ... and could require complex, movable light

sources

In view of the preceding studies, the best solution to the

problem of safety color identification appears to be the redesign

of either the safety colors themselves or of the light sources.

Although Worthey (1982, 1985) has pointed out that many

conventional illuminants tend to decrease differences between red

and green object colors, thus reinforcing the need to improve

their color rendering properties, the present study was an

attempt to determine if altering the spectral reflectance of

particular object colors would improve their recognizability for

sources already in common use. Several different types of safety

colors and color pigments were thus studied under a variety of

illuminants to provide baseline data on the effectiveness of

"improved" safety colors.

4
2 . Approach

2.1 Participants

Ten employees of the National Bureau of Standards, three females

and seven males, participated in the experiment. Their age

ranged from 20 to 53. All participants had normal (20/20) or

corrected-to-normal visual acuity. They also had normal color

vision, as verified by the A.O.H-R-R Pseudo-Isochromatic Plates.

2 . 2 Apparatus

All experimental sessions were conducted in the NBS Illumination

Color Laboratory which contains a smaller illumination chamber,

3.9 m by 2.5 m with a 2.4 m ceiling. For the experiment, gray

canvas walls were used on three sides of the chamber with a movable black wall as the fourth side. The floors were of light

grey speckled tile. The ceiling consisted of two layers of

translucent plastic diffusers, above which were mounted seven

different types of light sources. These sources represent

commonly occurring energy-efficient or high color-rendering

sources. Sources included low pressure sodium (LPS) , high

pressure sodium (HPS) , metal halide (MH) , clear mercury (MER)

,

cool white fluorescent (CW) , incandescent tungsten (TUN) , as well

as an equal luminance mixture of high pressure sodium and metal

halide (HPSMH) . The overall vertical luminance level at the

sample location was between 79 and 550 cd/m2 . It was at the

highest level only for LPS to maximize color recognition, if at

all possible. Excluding LPS, the mean luminance was 107 cd/m2

. The overall illuminance was varied by means of mechanical

shutters, so that problems of altering spectral power distribution by electronic dimming were avoided. Table 1 provides

vertical luminance data measured for each source, while figure 1

presents measured spectral power distribution data for each of

the seven sources used in the experiment.

Four types of color samples were used in the experiment: ordinary

surface (O) colors, fluorescent (F) colors, retroreflective (R)

colors, and retroreflective fluorescent (RF) colors. (A fluorescent color is one which absorbs light at a given wavelength and

reradiates it at a longer wavelength, while a retroreflective

material is one which contains glass beads designed to reflect

incident light back along the axis of incidence, thus increasing

its night visibility.) All four types of materials are commonly

used on safety and highway signs. The samples represented eleven

nominal color name categories used in safety alerting. These

included Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Purple, Magenta,

White, Grey, Brown, and Black. The color samples included the

standard ANSI Z53 (1979) safety colors (ordinary colors) , as well

as several fluorescent and retroreflective colors that had been

identified as effective in the previous experiment (Glass, et al,

1983) .

5
Table 1. Vertical Luminance Data Reflected from a PTFE Standard

Measured at the Sample Position During the Experiment.

Incandescent light

78.8 cd/m2

Cool White Fluorescent Light

113.0 cd/m2

Clear Mercury

124.2 cd/m2

Metal Halide

85.1 cd/m2

High Pressure Sodium

108.0 cd/m2

Low Pressure Sodium

550.0

cd/n?

High Pressure Sodium/Metal Halide Mix

136.4 cd/m2

6
SPECTRAL

POWER

a. SPD of an Incandescent

Illuminant

c. SPD of a Low Pressure

Sodium Illuminant

WAVELENGTH

b. SPD of a Cool White

Fluorescent Illuminant

WAVELENGTH

d. SPD of a Clear Mercury

Illuminant

Figure 1. Spectral Power Distribution Data for Each Source Used

in the Experiment.

Hill 800

jjllI 800

7
SPECTRAL

POWER

e. SPD of a Metal Halide

Illuminant

WAVELENGTH

f. SPD of a High Pressure

Illuminant

g.

SPD of a Mixture of HPS

and Metal Halide Illuminants

Figure 1 continued.

8
Although previous research by Glass, et al, had suggested that

retroref lective samples were more identifiable than other

samples, this finding was confounded with colorant type. Because

it was not clear whether the effect was due to the colorant or

the retroreflectance , in the present study several color samples

were tested in both a retroreflective and an ordinary version.

In particular, samples in the series 11 through 32 were available

in both a retroref lective and non-retroreflective version.

Strictly retroref lective samples were made in an ordinary form

(e.g. 11 and 12) , while retroref lective-fluorescent colors were

produced in a fluorescent version only (e.g. 13 and 14) . Samples

15-18 and 19-22 also represent variations of the same nominal

color pigment. This approach allowed the effects of

retroref lectance and fluorescence to be assessed for the same

nominal color pigment.

Table 2 identifies the colors (using the manufacturer's color

name) , the sample type (0, F, R, or RF) , and the sample number

identifier. The eleven cases in which a pair of samples involved

the same basic pigment in both a retroreflective and nonretroref lective version are listed at the bottom of table 2. In

six of these pairs, the common pigment was ordinary, and in five

pairs it was fluorescent. Although retroref lection was the

principal difference between members of each pair, other confounding factors may have been present, including the thickness

of the colorant layer and the nature of the substrate or backing

material

A total of 58 color samples was used in the experiment. They

included the following nominal color names: eleven red, ten

orange, eight yellow, ten green, six blue, five purple/magenta,

two brown, four white, one gray and one black. Each sample was

mounted in a plastic frame 12.7 cm by 17.8 cm.

2 . 3 Experimental Procedure

2.3.1 Spectroradiometric Measurement Procedure

Measurements of chromaticity and luminance were made for each

color sample using a spectroradiometer . Illumination was

provided by an incandescent source consisting of a small 12-volt

spotlight with diffusing plastic mounted in front. The light was

powered by a voltage regulated DC-source. It had a chromaticity

of about x, 0.453, y = 0.419 or CIE 1960 U, 0.254, v = 0.353.

Although the light was incident along the normal to the spot

measured (about 7" away)

the spectroradiometer was aimed at 45°

to the normal so that the spectral measurements had a 0°-4 5°

geometry - thus excluding the specular component of reflectance

for all practical purposes. For the ordinary samples, these

measurements also provided spectral reflectance factor data.

9
Table 2. Identification of Samples Used in the Experiment for

Each Nominal Color Name.

RED ORANGE

Sample Number Type Sample Number Type

6 0 (ANSI) 5 0 (ANSI)

11 R 15 RF

12 0 16 F

13 RF 17 R

14 F 18 0

33 R 35 R

34 R 42 RF

45 F 46 F

57 F 48 F

58 F 56 RF

YELLOW

Sample Number Type

*

47

GREEN

Sample Number

F

Type

4 0 (ANSI) 3 0 (ANSI)

19 RF 23 RF

20 F 24 F

21 R 25 R

22 0 26 0

36 R 39 R

37 R 43 RF

49 F 51 F

50 F 55 R

BLUE PURPLE /MAGENTA

Sample Number Type Sample Number Type

2 0 (ANSI) 1 O (ANSI)

27 R 29 RF

28 0 30 F

40 R 44 F

52 F 53 F

54 R

10
Table 2. Continued.

BROWN GRAY

Sample Number Type Sample Number Tvpe

7 0 (ANSI) 9 0 (ANSI)

38 R

WHITE BLACK

Sample Number Tvpe Sample Number Tvpe

10 0 (ANSI) 8 0 (ANSI)

31 R

32 0

41 R

11
Measurements were also made under each source used in the

experiment. All samples were first measured under TUN. For each

illuminant, several measures of spectral reflectance were also

taken for a PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene or white diffusing)

sample (Weidner and Hsia, 1981) , yielding the data shown in

figure 1. These measures provided baseline spectral power

distribution data which allowed computation of the spectral

radiance factor distribution for each sample.

The 27 fluorescent and retroreflective-fluorescent samples were

also measured under all seven sources. These additional

measurements were taken to determine the variation in spectral

radiance factor as a function of light source due to fluorescing

of the samples. All measurements were made with the sample

mounted in the same position used for the observers. In this

case, the light source was approximately 4 5° from the normal to

the sample, while the spectroradiometer was focused along the

normal. Again the intent was to exclude specular reflections.

Since some of the samples had glossy plastic covers, additional

care was taken to exclude specular reflections for them.

2.3.2 Psychophysical Measurement Procedure

The psychophysical experimental sessions began with a 15 minute

adaptation period to the light source during which the observer

read material consisting of black print on a white surface. This

adaptation time was sufficiently long to allow full light

adaptation (about 1 to 2 minutes, according to Cornsweet, 1970)

The overall light level maintained in the chamber was high enough

(50-100 fc or 500-1000 lux) to permit each light source to reach

maximum color rendering capabilities. Colored objects were

removed from the chamber so as not to influence color judgements.

The observer was also draped with a black cloth to remove

supplemental color information and reflections from clothes.

The observer was seated 1 m from the sample exposure area at a comfortable height.

During each experimental session only one light source was used.

Observers saw all 58 color samples during a session. Some

observers viewed the sample set twice, if they were not tired,

and if the light source allowed easy identification of the

colors. Because LPS caused so many problems in accurate color

identification, all observers saw the full set of samples only

once under this source in a session. The entire sample set was

randomized for each exposure. The samples were exposed one at a time in the center of the black vertical wall at the observer's

eye level (1.2 m) . Samples were exposed briefly, but long enough

to allow observers time to identify them.

In all, 140 experimental sessions were conducted, for a total of

8120 sample presentations. Every sample was viewed 20 times

under each of the seven sources.

12
A set of five responses was selected for the observers to give

for each sample under each light source. The first response was

that of a simple, overall color name for the sample. This

response was intended to determine the correspondence between the

color name and the desired safety color for safety alerting

purposes. To simplify the data analysis, observers were asked to

restrict their choices to the following color names, or

combinations thereof: Red, Yellow, Orange, Pink, Tan, Olive,

Green, Blue, Purple, Gold, Magenta, Brown, White, Grey, and

Black.

The other four responses, involving primary and secondary hue,

lightness, and saturation, were chosen in an attempt to tie the

observer's responses to existing color order systems, two in

particular. The basic approach required of the observers for

specifying color appearance paralleled the Munsell system, which

categorizes colors in terms of hue, chroma (saturation) , and

value (lightness) . Because hue was considered to be the most

important variable in the present experiment, a fairly precise

measure of hue was sought. Use of the number/letter notation for

Munsell hue is abstract and difficult for inexperienced subjects

to use. As a result, the observers were trained on the hue

notation of the Swedish Natural Color System (NCS) , which is tied

direct to visual perception. The NCS characterizes colors in

accordance with opponent colors theory using four fundamental hue

perceptions - red, green, yellow and blue - and characterizes any

hue as either being one of these, or as being some percentage of

the way between two of the adjacent fundamental hues (Hard and

Sivik, 1981)

Since lightness and saturation were considered to be less

important than hue, and to avoid prolonged training on the

numerical Munsell scales for these two dimensions, observers

rated both variables on a three-point scale of High, Medium, and

Low. It was expected that hue, saturation, and lightness would

all vary for a given sample as a function of light source.

To summarize, the second response given by the observers was the

identification of primary hue, while the third was the name and

percentage of secondary hue. As an example of hue response,

observers were told that one Orange sample might be a Red with 40

percent Yellow, while another might be a Yellow with 40 percent

Red. The observer's fourth response was the lightness of the

color in terms of High, Medium, or Low. As an example, they were

told to consider brown as a dark orange. The fifth response was

the saturation or vividness of a color, again in terms of High,

Medium, or Low. Thus, an observer's response to a pink color

might be: Pink, Red, 10% Blue, High Lightness, Low Saturation.

Table 3 presents the instructions given to the observers.

Observers were first trained on the concepts used for the

responses with the Munsell Book of Color - Glossy Finish (1976).

13
They were shown a page in the book and told that it presented a series of colors which were the same hue but which varied in

lightness and saturation. They were shown how lightness

decreases toward the bottom of the page, and how saturation

increases toward the outer edge of the page. This procedure ‘was

repeated for each of the hue families. Once the experimenter was

confident that an observer understood the concepts of hue,

lightness, and saturation, he or she was given a practice session

in the illumination chamber. For this session a set of colors

used in the previous experiment by Glass, et al (1983) was used

under incandescent (TUN) light. Observers went through the

response procedure, with the experimenter providing feedback if

the observer expressed difficulties or if the response seemed

inappropriate. Once the experimenter believed that the observer

understood the procedure, the experimental sessions were begun.

A source with at least reasonably good color rendering was chosen

for the first session so that the experimenter could be sure that

the observer's responses were appropriate. As Hard and Sivik

(1981) reported, observers were able to make consistent, reliable

judgements of color appearance with only 15-30 minutes of

training.

14
Table 3. Instructions to Observers for

Experiment on Safety Color Appearance

We are conducting an experiment on the appearance of colors under

different types of light sources. The colors have been carefully

chosen to be easily recognized under daylight illumination.

Under different light sources, however, they may not be recognized as easily. As a result, we are conducting an experiment to

determine what the colors look like under a variety of commonly

used light sources.

In this experiment we will ask for five different types of

information from you about the appearance of each color.

The first is your very first reaction to the color—its color

name. This is your initial reaction to the color. We want you

to tell us what color you see. If possible, please restrict your

choices to the following color names, or combinations thereof:

Red, Yellow, Orange, Pink, Tan, Olive, Green, Blue, Purple,

Gold, Magenta, Brown, White, Gray, and Black

Secondly, we want to know what the underlying hue is. For this

judgement, you may think of a color circle with RED at the top,

YELLOW at the right, GREEN at the bottom, and BLUE at the left.

RED

BLUE YELLOW

GREEN

Third, we want to know what the secondary hue is, if any.

Because any color may be formed by a combination of two of these

hues, we want you to give us the primary hue, followed by the

percentage, if any, of the secondary hue. For example, you may

think of orange as a RED with 40% YELLOW; or a brown, as a YELLOW

with 30% RED and also low lightness and saturation.

The percentage of secondary color may be any number up to 50%.

For example, you may see a blue green that is mostly blue, but

partly green. You would term that "BLUE", 20% (or some such

percentage) green. A fifty percent mixture would mean that the

color was equally blue and green. We will provide you with some

examples under good light to demonstrate what we mean.

The fourth type of information concerns the lightness of the

color. Is it light or dark? Light means that there is a great

15
deal of white in the color; dark means a great deal of black.

Again, we will show you an example.

The fifth type of information concerns the saturation or vividness of the color. This relates to the amount of chromatic

quality in the color—or the strength of the color. It is a measure of how much a color differs from a gray of the same

lightness. A color can be saturated and either light or dark.

Please note that we are considering that white, gray, and black

have no saturation. Also by definition white is high in lightness, and black is low.

To explain color name, lightness, and saturation further, we will

show you examples from the MUNSELL BOOK OF COLORS.

Each page of this book presents a series of colors which vary in

lightness and saturation for one color (or hue, in the Munsell

system) . As you go down the page for the color, the lightness

decreases. Thus, colors higher on the page are lighter; colors

lower on the page are darker.

Variations in saturation are shown in the horizontal direction.

As you go out from the spine of the book towards the edge, the

saturation increases. Thus, colors near the spine are dull or

low in saturation; colors near the edge are vivid or high in

saturation. Colors along a row all have the same lightness,

while colors in a column all have the same saturation.

We would like you to retain the idea of both lightness and

saturation as dimensions which additionally define the appearance

of a color. To do this please indicate the amount of lightness

by saying HIGH, MEDIUM, or LOW LIGHTNESS. Similarly, please

indicate the amount of saturation next by saying HIGH, MEDIUM, or

LOW SATURATION.

Thus for this experiment, we ask you to;

Give the color name;

Give the primary hue, in terms of RED, YELLOW, GREEN, or BLUE.

Give the secondary hue; and the percentage of secondary hue, if

any, up to 50%;

Give the lightness of the hue, using High, Medium, or Low;

Give the saturation of the hue, using High, Medium, or Low;

If you get confused, the experimenter will remind you which

variables you have mentioned.

16
3 . Psychophysical Results

3 . 1 General Findings

3.1.1 Tabulation Procedures

Each observer's responses were recorded for each color chip as

they were uttered. The color name was recorded first, followed

by the primary hue name. The secondary hue name, and percentage

of secondary hue, if any, was given next. The observer then gave

the lightness and saturation judgments for the sample. For about

half the observers, these data were recorded by hand and later

transcribed into a computerized database management program. For

the other observers, the data were recorded directly by a computer into a database management program.

Data recorded included sample number, observer identifier,

source, date, color name, primary hue, secondary hue, percent

secondary hue, lightness, and saturation. The database

management program was then used to sort the data by observer and

light source for each sample number. The summary tabulations

enabled the data for each color sample to be examined for a given

source so that anomalies such as repeated entries could be

detected readily.

Because of the amount of raw data, the database was further

organized. In this step, data for selected samples were compiled

and combined. The first step was to convert color names to one

of the categories initially given to the observer to use. The

following categories were selected based on the originally

suggested responses and the actual names given by the observers:

Red, Red-Orange, Orange-Red, Pink, Orange, Gold, Yellow, Yellow

Green, Tan, Olive, Green, Blue-Green, Blue, Purple, Magenta,

Brown, Gray, Black, and White. This categorization was intended

to identify those cases where a color name was used that was not

a valid safety color. The following rules were used for this

categorization:

a) Any modifier referring to lightness or saturation was

dropped, e.g. "Light", "Dark", "Pale", "Dull", "Bright", "Fluorescent", "Brick", etc., because lightness judgments had been

obtained separately.

b) Combined colors were categorized with the non-safety

color part of the pair; e.g. Olive-Green as Olive; or Yellow-Tan

as Tan. Red-Brown was tabulated as Brown since the sample was

obviously not seen as safety Red.

c) Red-purple and Purple-pink were categorized as Magenta.

d) Maroon (given by only 2 observers) was categorized as

brown rather than purple or magenta, since it was generally

17
reported to have a red primary hue and a yellow secondary with

low lightness and saturation. While purple might appear to be an

appropriate name, no nominal purple was ever termed maroon under

any source. Rather, use of maroon was confined to some nominally

red samples under certain sources, such as mercury.

e) Where observers combined color name categories, these

were generally retained. Combined categories included

red-orange, orange-red, yellow-green, and blue-green.

Yellow-green and blue-green combined all responses that were

either green and yellow, or blue and green, regardless of order.

Red-Orange and Orange-Red were treated as separate categories

because of the importance of both Red and Orange in signaling the

presence of a hazard.

A series of 58 detailed tables (one for each sample) was

generated based on the categorization described above. Each

table contains five tabulations: Color Name, Lightness,

Saturation, Primary Hue, and Secondary Hue for each individual

color sample. In the first block, the 19 possible Color Names

are listed along with the frequency of occurrence of that name

for each source. Twenty responses for Color Name (two from each

of 10 observers) were obtained for each source. The next block

presents the frequency with which a sample was categorized into

one of the three lightness levels. Similar tabulations were made

in the third block for each of the three possible saturation

levels. In the latter case, responses may not sum to 20, since

some colors were seen as gray, white or black under selected

sources. Gray, white, and black have no saturation, by definition. (Some grays and whites were seen as highly saturated

yellows under LPS, however.)

The fourth tabulation was that of primary hue. This block of the

table lists the frequency that each of the four primary hues

(Red, Blue, Green, and Yellow) was given for each sample under

each source. In addition, the block lists the mean percentage of

hue assigned to the primary hue component. Two steps were taken

to obtain the percentage of primary hue. First, the individual

percentage of primary hue was obtained by subtracting the

percentage of secondary hue associated with that primary hue from

1.0 (meaning 100%) for each hue given by a observer. Thus, if a observer termed a particular sample as Red only, its primary hue

would be recorded as red and the percentage as 100. If a secondary hue were given, such as blue-10%, the percent of red

would be calculated to be 90%. All calculated percentages for

each hue name were then summed and divided by the number of

responses for that hue name to obtain a mean percent of primary

hue. Note that the total frequency for the primary hue was

sometimes less than 20 in cases where a sample was seen as

neutral (white, gray, or black)

18
The fifth tabulation provides similar information for secondary

hue. The same procedure for calculating mean percentage was

followed, except that the initial percentages did not have to be

calculated. Because there were numerous cases in which secondary

hue names were not given, fewer than 20 responses occurred for

many sample/source combinations. This means that in a number of

cases the mean percentage of primary hue and of secondary hue do

not sum to 100.

Because of the sheer volume of data, the 58 detailed tables are

presented and discussed in Appendix A.

3.1.2 Overview of the Results

Table 4 compares the data on dominant color name for the ANSI

standard samples (indicated by an asterisk) with the data for

several new samples. The new samples are those that emerged as

"Best" in terms of percentage of accurate color recognition. The

table tabulates the percentage of times the sample was given the

dominant color name as appropriate for the nominal color

categories shown in Table 1. In cases where no color name

emerged as dominant, secondary color names are also given.

Inspection of Table 4 reveals striking effects due to the light

source. While findings for each color sample are discussed in

detail in the appendix, inspection of table 4 indicates that the

ANSI red sample was rarely termed red by all observers under

every source. Performance was particularly poor under HPS, LPS

and MER. Performance was also poor for the ANSI Orange under

these particular sources. For both red and orange, performance

was much better for the new fluorescent samples (57 and 48) , although it still remained rather poor under LPS. Light source

had less apparent effect on the appearance of yellow, although

both MER and MH diminished performance for the ANSI yellow

sample. Light source, however, had a notable effect on the green

samples, with neither the ANSI nor the "best" sample being seen

as green under LPS. Both these samples tended to be called blue

green or green under all sources except LPS. While almost all

blue samples were named correctly under most sources, only one

sample (the "best" one, sample 28) was also named correctly under

LPS. Purple, white and brown also were not named accurately

under LPS

.

For a detailed discussion of the results for each sample, please

see Appendix A.

19
Table 4 . Percentage of Times Sample Given Dominant Color Name

Under Each Source.

Sample Name CW HPS Mix LPS HER Mil TUN

Nominal Red

6 Red

Orange

01 ive

Brown

Red-orange

55

75 45

40

100

45

60

57 Red 85 85 75 40 90 95 85

Brown 35

Nominal Orange

5 Orange

Yellow

65

65

50

100 60

55 85

Gold 25

4 3 Orange 90 100 90 100 100 100 95

Nominal Yellow

4 Yellow 75 95 85 100 40 80 85

Yellow Green 50

22 Yellow 80 95 90 100 65 85 85

Nominal Green

3 Blue-green 45 50 45 85 40 35

Green

Gray

55 40 50

65

60 65

26 Blue-green 50 75 70 60 45

Green

Gray

50 10 25

85

85 35 55

Nominal Blue

2 Blue 100 100 100 40 100 100

Purple 60

Gray 60

3 Blue 100 100 100 70 95 100 100

20
Table 4 Continued

Sample name CW IiPS Mix LPS HER MH TUN

Nominal Purple

1 Purple

Gi ay

100 95 100

35

100 100 75

Nominal Brown

7 Brown

Olive

Tan

100 55

35

75

30

30

55

35

90 95

Nominal White

10 White

Yellow

100 100 100

100

95 95 100

- Nominal Gray

9 Gray

Olive

95 95 95

45

100 100 95

Nominal Black

8 Black 100 100 90 80 90 100 100

21
3.2 Statistical Comparison of Samples

Several color samples were available in different formulations of

the same nominal pigment; such as ordinary and fluorescent,

retroreflective and retroreflective-fluorescent , etc. The

performance for these different sample types was compared, to

determine if adding retroreflectivity to a sample altered its

appearance under different sources.

Chi square comparisons of the results given in Table 5a indicated

few significant differences between pairs of samples containing

retroreflective materials. This analysis compared the frequency

of responses for the nominally correct dominant color name for

the two samples for each light source. The only significant

differences emerged for samples 25 and 26 (retroreflective vs.

ordinary) ; samples 15 and 16 (retroreflective-fluorescent vs.

fluorescent) ; and samples 19 and 20 (retroreflective-fluorescent

vs. fluorescent) . In these cases, performance was superior for

the non-retroref lective samples. Consequently, one cannot draw

any conclusions about the benefits of retroref lectance in

improving safety color appearance under LPS or any other source.

Further chi square comparisons were made between the original

ANSI standard samples and new versions of the samples to

determine if the new samples were identified significantly more

correctly under all light sources. Table 5b presents a summary

of these comparisons. Inspection of table 5b reveals that two

red samples, 57 and 58; three orange samples, 16, 48, and 42; two

green samples, 55 and 39; and one blue sample, 28 performed

better than the appropriate ANSI standard. All yellow samples

performed well under all sources so that no significant

differences in performance were observed. On the other hand, no

purple, white or brown sample did better than the ANSI standard - with none of these samples, regardless of composition, being

correctly identified under LPS.

Additional comparisons were made between several "new" samples

for a given nominal color name relative to each other. These

comparisons involved samples 21 vs. 22 and 20 vs. 36 for yellow;

samples 57 vs. 58 for red; 55 vs. 39 for green; and 16 vs. 48 and

15 vs. 42 for orange. Of all these comparisons only that of

sample 16 vs. 48 was significant (p<.025). This difference is

attributable to the better performance for 48 under LPS, where it

was correctly identified by 20 observers (compared with one

correct response to sample 16)

.

The frequency of errors in the observations was examined for

samples, sources and observers for the ten ANSI standard samples

and the six best samples. This analysis examined the frequency

of errors in color name - or those times in which a sample was

given a color name that was different from either the dominant

color name or the correct color name.

22
Table 5. Statistical Comparisons Between Sample Types Studied

5a. Comparison of Nominal Pigment Types

Nominal Color Comparison Sample Type Significance

1st 2nd

Red 11 VS. 12 R 0 NS

Red-orange 13 vs. 14 RF F NS

Orange 17 vs. 18 R 0 NS

Orange 15 vs. 16 RF F Sig

Yellow 21 vs. 22 R 0 NS

Yellow 19 vs. 20 RF F Sig

Green 25 vs. 26 R F Sig

Green-yellow 23 vs. 24 RF F NS

Blue 27 vs. 28 R 0 NS

Magenta 29 vs. 30 R RF NS

White 31 vs. 32 R 0 NS

5b. Comparison of ANSI Standard with New Samples

Nominal Color Comparison New Sample Type Significance

Red 6 VS. 58 F p<. 001

6 vs. 57 F pc. 001

6 vs. 33 R pc. 01

Orange 5 vs. 16 F pc . 05

5 vs. 48 F pc. 001

5 vs. 42 F pc. 001

Yellow 4 vs. 36 R NS

4 vs. 20 F NS

4 vs. 21 0 NS

4 vs. 22 R NS

Green 3 vs. 55 R pc . 05

3 vs. 39 R pc . 01

3 vs. 24 F NS

3 vs. 23 RF NS

Blue 2 vs. 28 0 pc . 05

2 vs27 R NS

2 vs. 52 F NS

Purple/magenta 1 vs. 44 F NS

1 vs. 53 F NS

White 10 vs. 32 0 NS

Brown 7 vs. 38 R NS

23
Table 6 presents a tabulation of errors for each sample, source

and observer. For each sample a total of 140 observations were

made, as shown in Table 6a. The mean frequency of errors for all

sources was low (20.9 or about 15%), with a range of 2 to 50. -Of

interest are the five sample types for which both an ANSI

standard and a new sample exist - red, orange, yellow, green and

blue. The mean number of errors for the ANSI set was 28.6 while

the mean number for the new set was 14.0 - a noticeable reduction

in the frequency of errors.

The error rate also varied as a function of source and observer.

Table 6b tabulates observer errors for each source, along with

observer and source statistics. The mean number of errors per

observer out of the 224 possible observations is quite small,

between 3.00 and 8.14 (about 2 to 4 percent). Two observers, 1

and 6, had slightly higher error rates, however. They were the

oldest observers in the study and may have had some yellowing of

the lens which affected their color judgments. Similarly, errors

for sources ranged from a low of 2.3 for TUN to 9.1 for LPS (or

0.

7 to 2.8 percent). Thus the fewest number of errors occurred

for the source with the highest color rendering index (CRI)

,

while the greatest number of errors occurred for the source with

the lowest CRI, as might have been expected.

3.3 Selection of Improved Safety Colors

Based on the preceding comparisons of performance, several "new"

color samples can be considered as candidates for standard colors

which are more accurately identified under the seven sources

studied.

Two approaches were followed for selecting new candidate safety

colors. The first was the statistical comparisons discussed

above. The second was a rank-ordering using the following

criteria: 1) high frequency of desired color name; 2) high

frequency and high percentage of desired primary hue; 3) low

percentage of secondary hue (except for orange and purple where

equal percentages of red and yellow or red and blue as primary

and secondary hues were desirable) ; 4) appropriate lightness

(high for yellow but low for blue) ; and 5) high to medium

saturation. When several samples appeared to meet all criteria

equally, they were given the same rank. This situation occurred

frequently for the blue samples where there was little difference

in performance among several samples. Where a sample could not

be ranked, such as white or purple under LPS, it was given an X.

Table IB of Appendix B presents only the sample numbers receiving

ranks 1-3 for each safety color for all sources. In this way,

one can examine Table IB and determine which samples were ranked

1, 2, or 3 most frequently for all sources.

Based on the statistical comparisons and rank ordering, the best

24
Table 6. Frequency of Color Name Errors for Each Sample, Source

and Observer.

Table a. Errors for Specific

140 Observations

Color Samples

ANSI ANSI

Purple Blue

New

Blue

ANSI

Green

New

Green

Yellow

Green

ANSI

Yellow

New

Yellow

Sample 1 2 28 3 26 23 4 22

U rror 13 16 7 11 9 38 27 20

ANSI New

Orange Orange

ANSI

Red

New

Red

ANSI

Brown

ANSI

Black

ANSI

Grey

ANSI

White

Sample 5 48 6 57 7 8 9 10

Error 39 5 50 29 34 8 13 2

..can Ur r ore 20.92

Table b. Frequency of Errors for Observers and Sources

Observer CVF BPS LPS HER MH MIX TUN

Observer

Mean %

Std

Dev

1 1 1 15 9 5 5 4 5.7 2.5 4.6

2 2 1 6 6 4 7 1 3.9 1.7 2.4

3 6 4 5 6 5 3 2 4.4 1.9 1.4

4 3 4 7 5 3 5 1 4.0 1.7 1.8

5 7 7 17 9 4 5 8 8.1 3.6 3.9

6 5 1 6 8 5 3 1 4.1 1.8 2.4

7 7 4 5 4 2 7 1 4.3 1.9 2.1

8 2 1 10 2 0 2 4 3.0 1.3 3.1

9 3 3 9 4 4 3 0 3.7 1.6 2.5

10 1 6 11 4 3 4 1 4.3 1.9 3.2

Source

Mean 3.70 3.20 9.10 5.70 3.50 4.40 2.30

Percent 1.1 1 2.8 1.8 1.1 1.4 0.7

St . Dev

2.24 2.09 3.99 2.24 1.50 1.62 2.28

25
choice for a safety red is sample 57 followed by 58. Both

samples were significantly different from the ANSI standard (6)

;

and were identified correctly under all light sources including

LPS (this latter at a much lower rate) . Although sample 33 was

identified correctly under TUN, CW, HPS, HPSMH , and MH, its poor

performances for both MER and LPS should eliminate it from

consideration.

For Orange, performance was significantly better for 16, 48, 42,

and 15 than for the ANSI standard (5) , with a significant

difference arising between 16 and 48. Sample 48 appears to be

the best choice because of its good performance under LPS, as

well as the other sources, although 15 is a close second.

For Yellow, 22 appears to be the best choice, although 4 is a close second. Sample 4, however, was not seen as yellow under

MER as frequently as sample 22. No statistically significant

differences in performance emerged for these two color samples,

however.

For Green, the best choice for a blue green appears to be sample

26 , which was consistently identified as green or blue green

under all sources except LPS. Sample 23 is a good yellow green,

although its performance was not as good under MER as that of

sample 26.

For Blue, the best choice is sample 28 because of its good

performance under all sources including LPS.

For Purple, only sample 1 was identified as purple - the others

were considered to be pink. No sample, however, was identified

as either purple or pink under LPS, meaning that any color coding

using purple under this source would be ineffective. Sample 1 is

quite effective under the other sources, however.

For Brown, there was very little difference in performance

between sample 7 and sample 38, although sample 38 was identified

accurately somewhat more frequently than 7. Only 2 observers

identified either sample as brown under LPS. As a result, the

ANSI standard appears acceptable.

For White, performance for sample 10 was as good as for 32 under

all sources, except LPS where neither was identified as white.

Sample 10, the ANSI standard, thus appears to be a reasonable

candidate for Safety White. Similarly, sample 9, ANSI gray, had

good performance under all sources except under LPS where it was

generally identified as olive or yellow. Sample 8, ANSI black,

was identified accurately under all sources. Thus the ANSI Gray

and ANSI Black are successful safety colors (except under LPS)

.

While this approach tended to weight all light sources equally,

thus giving LPS as much importance as better color rendering

26
sources, the sample selection would not be markedly altered if

results for LPS were dropped from consideration.

Samples with the best performance for red, orange, and green

tended to be the fluorescent ones. Thus the red 57 and 58, the

orange 48, and the green 23, were typically ranked 1 or 2 for all

sources. Yet, ordinary surface colors were effective for yellow

(22) , blue green (26) , and blue (28) . In the present study,

there was no tendency for retroreflective samples to perform

better than their counterpart ordinary or fluorescent samples.

Data from the present experiment are consistent with those of

Glass, et al, (1983) who had also found samples 57 and 58 to be

some of the best reds tested. Although they had also found

samples 54, 55, and 56 to be the best blue, green, and orange

samples respectively, performance, while good for these samples

in the present study, was even better for several new samples.

Thus, the blue sample 28, the green samples 2 3 and 26, and the

orange sample 48 (which were not studied by Glass, et al) were

the most successful examples of safety blue, green, and orange

respectively.

27
4. SPECTRORADIOMETRIC RESULTS

4 . 1 Chromatic itv and Luminance Data

As described in 2.3.1, spectroradiometric data were obtained for

each sample. First, all 58 samples and the PTFE standard were

measured under tungsten. Then the PTFE standard and the 27

fluorescent samples were measured under the remaining six

sources. The resulting spectral reflectance factor distributions

for each sample under each source were converted to data readable

by a personal computer (PC) which converted them to chromaticity

and luminance values in both the CIE x,y and CIELAB color spaces.

Figures 2 and 3 present spectral reflectance factor distributions

for the ANSI standard and "best" samples under a tungsten

illuminant, and then under a mercury illuminant. The mercury

illuminant was chosen to demonstrate the effects of sample

fluorescence. It should be noted that fluorescence will vary as

a function of the illuminant' s spectral power distribution, so

that these graphs are not representative of all seven sources.

A series of additional calculations was performed for the

ordinary samples, including the ANSI standard samples (1-10)

.

Since these samples were actually measured only under the

incandescent source, spectral reflectance factors were calculated

for the six additional sources used in the experiment as well as

for the standard CIE illuminants - A, B, C, and D-65. CIE Y,x,y

and L*a*b* chromaticity and luminance values derived from these

data are presented in table 2B of Appendix B. Table 2B also

presents similar data for the "Best" samples. For fluorescent

samples, chromaticity and luminance values are given only for the

source under which the sample was actually measured.

4.2 Uniform Color Space

Once spectroradiometric measures of each sample were obtained,

they were converted into a uniform color space for easier

comparison. A uniform color space, CIELAB, was used to compare

different samples under different illuminants because the spacing

between samples in this space corresponds more closely to the

human visual response than it does in the original CIE x,y space.

The CIE (1978) defined two uniform color spaces for use with

color difference formulae. The first space defined by the CIE,

CIELUV , uses a modified version of the CIE 1964 color difference

formula. CIELUV is particularly useful for assessing the effects

of mixing colored lights additively. The other space, CIELAB, is

a cube root version of the formula developed originally by Adams

and Nickerson. The CIE stated (1978, p.9) that: "The cube-root

version of the Adams-Nickerson color-difference formula is based

on a uniform color space, which for constant psychometric

lightness (L*) incorporates an (a*b*) diagram in which straight

28
Reflectance/

perceni

Green under TUN; the dashed line

refers to the "best" Yellow green

(#23); and the dash-dot line refers

to the "Best" Blue-green (#26) , both

under TUN

The solid line refers to ANSI

Blue under TUN; the dashed line

refers to the "Best" blue (#28)

under TUN.

The solid line refers to ANSI

Yellow under TUN; the dashed line

refers to the "Best" yellow (#22)

under TUN.

Figure 2. Comparison of spectral reflectance factors of ANSI

standard green, blue, and yellow samples with "best" samples

under tungsten illumination.

29
The solid line refers to ANSI

Red under TUN; the dashed line

refers to the "Best" Red (#57)

under TUN.

The solid line refers to ANSI

Red under MER; the dashed line

refers to the "Best" Red (#57)

under HER.

The solid line refers to ANSI

Orange under TUN; the dashed

line refers to the "Best" orange

(#48) under TUN.

The solid line refers to ANSI

Orange under MER: the dashed line

refers to the "Best" orange (#48)

under MER.

Figure 3. Comparison of spectral reflectance factors of ANSI

standard red and orange samples with "best" samples under

tungsten illumination and under mercury illumination.

30
lines in the CIE 1931 (x,y) chromaticity diagram become, in

general, curved lines". This space is defined as follows:

L* - 116 (Y/Yn ) 1 / 3 - 16

a* = 500 [ (X/Xn ) V3 -(Y/Yn )V3

] b* = 200 [ (Y/Yn ) V3 - (Z/Z n ) 1/3], where

X/Xn , Y/Yn , Z/Z n > 0.01.

In the above formulae, the quantities X, Y, and Z represent the

CIE 1931 tristimulus values, while Xn , Yn , and Z n represent

tristimulus values of an ideal white sample (a perfectly

reflecting diffuser represented in the presented experiment by

the PTFE standard) - illuminated by the same light source in the

same geometry.

Robertson (1977) compared both CIELUV and CXELAB and found that

Munsell loci of constant hue and chroma were represented somewhat

more accurately in CIELAB. He noted, however, that neither

formula was completely accurate in representing color differences

so that users should use their own best judgement in selecting a color difference space. Nevertheless, the CIELAB space has

become widely used for industrial applications such as textiles

and dyestuffs, and for surface colors in general. As such it

appears more appropriate for presenting data on safety colors

than does the CIELUV space, which is now more widely used for

data on self-luminous colors. Consequently, the data discussed

in this report are presented in a CIE a*b* space to demonstrate

variations in color space as a function of illuminant.

Figures 4-6 present data for the 10 ANSI samples as calculated

for each source, while figures 7-8 present data for the "best"

samples as measured under the seven sources actually used in the

experiment. These plots demonstrate shifts in chromaticity as a function of illuminant which mirror the shifts in dominant color

name found in the psychophysical portion of the experiment.

The CIELAB data discussed above can be compared with the

psychophysical data for color naming. For each sample and

illuminant combination, Table 3B of the appendix presents the

CIELAB data, the dominant color name and frequency, the primary

hue and percentage, the secondary hue and percentage, and the

median lightness and saturation. Table 3B, thus, can be examined

for detailed information about changes in primary and secondary

hue , lightness and saturation, as well as changes in CIELAB values

for all samples under each source. Further comparisons can be

made by examining figures 4-8 which also show the dominant color

name given for each sample.

31
70

BO

SO

40

SO

20

1 O

O

-TO

" OLIVE"

DLPS

o HPS

TUN

aDOO

MER

30 50

1 OO

©o

OO

70

OO

00

*o

30

20

1 O

O — 1 O

"YELLOU1 ^ S ' ° R A N ^LD" "ORANGE'

HPS

ANSI YELLOW

Figure 4. ANSI Red, Orange, and Yellow samples under different

illuminants including Dg 5 in CIE a*b* space. Color names in

quotes refer to the dominant color name given by the observers

for the sample under each source in the psychophysical

experiment.

32
a*"

a*

%

1 O

o

— 1 o

— 20

—30

—*o

ANSI PURPLE

"PURPLE"

-

L

O TUN

a o HRS

_

a mix D a

=>S MM CF

a MER

— 1 o TO

a®

Figure 5. ANSI Green, Blue, and Purple samples under different

illuminants including Dg 5 in CIE a*b* space. Color names in

quotes refer to the dominant color name given by the observers

for the sample under each source in the psychophysical

experiment.

33
ANSI BROWN

"OLIVE"

, r ,~ r-' 1 —2

'BROWN"

C>H TUN

1 I I ^ * IS

3,

ANSI WHITE

a L MER U is "WHITE"

o o

HHMIX

azr o 003 HPS „ TUN

—2 —1012

ANSI GRAY ANSI BLACK

Figure 6. ANSI Brown, White, Gray and Black samples under

different illuminants including D6 5 in CIE a*b* space. Color

names in quotes refer to the dominant color name given by the

observers for the sample under each source in the psychophysical

experiment.

34
40

BEST RED (FLUOR) SAMPLE 57

30

20

%

T O

0

— 1 O

-TO TO 30 30

o* BEST ORANGE (FLUOR) — SAMPLE 48

1 OO

©O

©o

70

©O

30

%

-40 30

20

1 O

O — 1 O— lO TO 30 30 "70 90

TUNcp

"ORANGE"

"RED

BROWN"

"RED"

BEST YELLOW — SAMPLE 22

1 20

no -

1 oo - ©o - «o - 70 - ©o - 30 - 40

30 - 20 - TO - o

TELL OTT"

HRS CF

— 1 O

Figure 7. '’Best'’ Red, Orange, and Yellow samples under different

illuminants including Dgg in CIE a*b* space. Color names in

quotes refer to the dominant color name given by the observers

for the sample under each source in the psychophysical

experiment.

35
BEST GREEN (FLUOR) — SAMPLE 23

2.

BEST GREEN — SAMPLE 26 (BG)

40

30

20

1 O

O — 1 O —20 —30 —40 —30

-80 —70 -50 —30 —lO TO

"GREEN" a MER

063 O

C3CF

MH

TUtM

O

MIX

aHRS

aLRS

%

1 O

o — 1 o — 20 —30

—40

— 30 — 60 —70 —30

-80

— 1 oo — *1 1 o — 120

—70 —30 —30 — lO lO 30

BEST BLUE — SAMPLE 28

"RULE."

063

MH

MIX cr o MER

a HPS

Figure 8. "Best" Green (yellow-green), Green (blue-green), and

Blue samples under different illuminants including Dgs in CIE

a*b* space. Color names in quotes refer to the dominant color

name given by the observers for the sample under each source in

the psychophysical experiment.

36
Placement of the dominant color name for the ANSI standard

samples relative to the a*b* values for these samples measured

under TUN can serve as a reference for the other six sources.

Examination of figure 4 indicates that ANSI red is seen as red

only under TUN, CW and D65 . It shifts to orange for HPS, HPSMH

,

and MH, to brown for MER, and to olive for LPS . Similarly ANSI

orange shifts to gold for HPSMH and yellow for HPS, MER, and LPS,

while ANSI yellow shifts to yellow green under MER. Figure 5

demonstrates that ANSI green, ANSI blue, and ANSI purple shifts

towards black or grey under LPS, while ANSI blue also shifts

toward purple blue under MER. By comparison, the shifts in

figures 7 and 8 are much less pronounced, with the only shift

being that of red-57 toward red brown, and green-23 and 26 toward

olive or grey under LPS.

4 . 3 Gamut of Coloration

One way of presenting the effects of an illuminant on a set of

colors is in terms of a "gamut" of coloration. In this type of

presentation, CIE a*b* values for the six meaningful safety color

samples are presented in one graph for each illuminant. Thus,

the location of safety red, orange, yellow, green, blue and

purple (representing Danger, Warning, Caution, Safety,

Information, and Radiation hazard) in a*b* can be shown for each

illuminant studied, allowing easy comparison of the effects of

each illuminant on the set of safety colors.

The CIELAB space can be thought of as an opponent color space in

which the variables a* and b* correspond to the opponent

chromatic channels of an opponent-colors model. To a first

approximation, positive a* indicates the redness of a color,

while negative a* indicates its greenness. Similarly, positive

b* corresponds to a color's yellowness and negative b* to its

blueness. The separation between two color points in the a*b*

diagram indicates the degree of difference between them. A

particular case is the distance from the origin (the white point

0,0) which should correlate with saturation and with the

difference from neutral. Thus, the larger the difference (or

"gamut") between the six plotted points representing the safety

colors in CIELAB space, the more discriminable these colors

should be, both from each other, and from neutral. Increasing

such discriminability is a key objective of a comprehensive

safety color system.

Figures 9 and 10 present gamuts of coloration showing the six

ANSI safety colors - Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, and Purple

- under the seven sources used in the experiment and the six

"best" colors - fluorescent red, fluorescent orange, yellow,

fluorescent yellow-green, blue green, and blue. Inspection of

37
fin* I Color* Baft Color*

final Color* Sort Colors

Mercury

Bart Color*

Figure 9. Gamut of coloration for ANSI standard and "Best"

samples on a CIELAB a*b* diagram for incandescent, mercury, and

cool white fluorescent sources. Letters refer to nominal sample

color - red (R)

,

orange (O)

,

yellow (Y)

,

green (G)

,

blue (B) and

purple (P)

.

38
fin* I Colors Best Colors

Metal Hal i de

ft-is I Colors Bos* Colors

HP5 l MH Mix

Arts I Colors Bui Colors

Low Pressure Sodium

Bor* Colors

Figure 10. Gamut of coloration for ANSI standard and "Best"

samples on a CIELAB a*b* diagram for metal halide, HPSMH mix,

BPS, and LPS sources. Letters refer to nominal sample colorred (R) , orange (O) , yellow (Y) , green (G) , blue (B) and purple

(P) -

39
these figures for the safety colors - shown by the solid linesreveals that the color gamut shrinks dramatically along the a*

axis as one goes from TUN or CWF to HPS and LPS. The collapse of

the color gamut in the red-green direction (a* axis) is most

apparent for mercury , high pressure sodium, and low pressure

sodium. These plots essentially confirm the psychophysical data

which had indicated that red and green samples were particularly

difficult to identify accurately under these three sources. They

also confirm Worthey's (1982; 1985) theory that light sources

such as sodium and mercury tend to collapse red-green contrasts.

The gamuts shown in figures 9 and 10 indicate much less collapse

along the a* axis for the "best" colors, shown by the dotted

lines, even for mercury and high pressure sodium. In fact,

figure 9 indicates that the best red and orange samples even have

some significant redness under LPS - a statement reinforced by

the psychophysical data showing greater accuracy in identifying

these two samples under LPS. Figures 9 and 10 indicate that the

use of the best samples, including fluorescent ones, is

successful in expanding the gamut of coloration for the various

HID sources including LPS.

The data collected in the present experiment reinforce the idea

that the use of different pigments, including fluorescent ones,

is successful in expanding the physical color gamut for safety

colors - even for LPS, as well as increasing the accuracy of

recognition for these same colors. Nevertheless, even the use of

fluorescent or redesigned ordinary pigments is not particularly

successful in providing a green which can be recognized as such

under LPS

40
5. Discussion

5 . 1 Summary of Psychophysical Results

The preceding discussion of results for each color sample

indicates that for many of the safety colors, a new color was

identified that was more successful than the original ANSI

sample. Typically, these new colors were termed the dominant

color name more frequently, had higher percentages of the desired

primary color, lower percentages of a secondary color, medium

lightness and medium to high saturation - for all seven light

sources. The exception to this latter statement arose with LPS

where samples tended to have lower lightness and saturation.

Nevertheless, examples of red, orange, yellow, blue, and to a lesser extent, green were identified that were accurately

recognized under all seven light sources. No totally effective

examples for purple, brown, gray, and white were identified

because of the poor performance of these sample groups under LPS.

It should be pointed out that LPS is not in widespread use for

indoor applications in the U.S. Its use is increasing for

outdoor applications such as loading docks, parking lots and

highways, however, because of its extremely high efficiency and

long life. This means that color coding for nighttime situations

must consider whether LPS is likely to be used. Any critical

safety messages using color to code information should probably

have supplementary high color-rendering lighting when LPS is the

primary source.

Performance in the present experiment was also poorer under HPS

and MER where the appearance of reds, oranges, and greens was

often distorted. There are, however, color corrected versions of

both sources now on the market which have higher color rendering

indices and should provide better color fidelity. Further

research with these sources is needed to determine the

effectiveness of individual safety colors. Interestingly, the

HPSMH mix was reasonably successful, as was MH alone, with

relatively few serious confusions. Nevertheless, even under CW,

a widely used source, there were distortions in the standard ANSI

colors relative to TUN with red appearing somewhat orange, and

orange appearing somewhat yellow.

5.2 Supporting Research

Other researchers have developed and used the concept of color

gamut as a way of expressing the impact of a light source on a set of colors. Boyce and Simons (1977) conducted a series of

studies involving the effects of light source type and illuminance on a hue discrimination task. The effectiveness of

several light sources, including clear mercury, metal halide, and

tri-phosphor fluorescents was assessed in terms of both the CIE

41
Color Rendering Index, and the Color Gamut approach. Boyce and

Simons defined the color gamut as the following: "It is not a measure of accuracy of color rendering, rather it is related to

the perceptual differences between colours produced by the lamp

of interest. The CIE gamut area for a particular lamp, which' is

the measure to be considered, is defined as the area enclosed in

the 1960 CIE-UCS diagram by a line joining the positions of the

same 8 standard test colors as are used in the calculation of

CRI . "

When it is understood that light sources may differ in their

ability to make object colors appear saturated, color gamut area

is a fairly obvious means to quantify this through calculation.

Pracejus (1967) assumed the eight reference colors of the Color

Rendering Index to be lit by a variety of lamps, and computed the

resulting octagon areas in the 1960 CIE-UCS diagram. To deal

with the confounding effect of lamp color, he compared this area

with that of a reference source. These measures showed some

correlation with "acceptability" of light sources to subjects.

Thornton (1972) proposed computing essentially the same gamut

area, divided by a fixed reference area and expressed as a percentage. This number, which he called "Color-Discrimination

Index" was to be computed with no adjustment in the color of the

reference source, hence no allowance for the color of the lamp

being evaluated.

Boyce and Simons (1977) used very much the same idea of color

gamut area as Thornton, but since they did an experiment using

the 100-hue test, they computed gamut areas in the 1960 CIE-UCS,

based on the 85 colored papers of the 100-hue test. Like

Thornton, they took no step that would adjust the results

according to lamp color. They did find some correlation between

illuminant gamut area, and the scores that subjects made on the

100-hue test. Their data are consistent with the results of the

present experiment which show changes in color gamut as a function of illuminant.

While it is fairly obvious that color gamut area should show a correlation with color discrimination under various lights, no

author has directly addressed the question of the confounding

effect of light source color. Without some correction, it will

be found that all lights of low color temperature give small

gamut areas. Since the visual system tends to correct for

illuminant color (Worthey, 1985) , some color constancy correction

must be in order; this will tend to boost the gamut areas at low

color temperature. Pracejus apparently achieved a constancy

correction through use of multiple reference illuminants. In the

present paper, the correction is intrinsic in the formulas of the

CIELAB uniform color space, in which the gamuts are plotted.

Like Boyce and Simons, we found that the colors of interest in

our experiment naturally formed a polygon in chromaticity ; hence,

42
our gamuts are based on those colors, rather than some other

reference set.

Data from the present experiment are in general agreement with

the predictions made by Thornton (1977) and the data collected by

Jerome (1977). They confirm that the ordinary ANSI colors are

not accurately recognized under many commonly used sources - particularly HPS and MER, In addition, the present data indicate

that it is possible to alter the spectral reflectance

distribution of candidate safety colors and improve their

recognizability under a wider variety of illuminants.

5 . 3 Recommendations

The psychophysical and spectral reflectance factor data presented

in the preceding sections allow the selection of several new

safety colors which are more accurately identified under both HID

and common fluorescent sources. The improved colors for red,

orange, yellow, green and blue are more readily identifiable

under the seven sources studied and can be recommended as serious

candidates for new safety colors. In particular, it is possible

to recommend a fluorescent red, (57)

,

orange (48)

,

and green (23)

sample for use under lighting conditions where the ordinary ANSI

color might not be recognized accurately. In addition, ordinary

colors which are more effective than the corresponding ANSI

safety colors include a yellow (22)

,

a green (26)

,

and a blue

(28). No recommended changes can be suggested for safety purple,

brown, white, gray, or black. Lighting conditions for which

problems in accuracy of recognition might occur include HPS, LPS,

MER, and to a lesser extent HPSMH and MH.

One problem with recommending the use of fluorescent colors is

that the durability of these colors has not been tested in either

outdoor situations or over time. Fluorescent colors degrade

faster under some exposure conditions than do ordinary colors, so

that the use of special coatings should be explored. Their

greater recognizability makes exploration of the durability issue

a critical one, however.

In addition to changing the color sample under light sources that

distort color, in situations where accurate color recognition is

critical, the use of supplementary good color-rendering lighting

should be explored. The present experiment demonstrated that the

mix of HPS and MH was generally effective in bringing color

appearance closer to MH than to HPS. Further experimentation

could explore the amount of incandescent, fluorescent, or metal

halide lighting necessary to improve the accuracy of color

identification under LPS.

The present study has also pointed out that the current ANSI

orange and red are often not recognized accurately, and are often

confused with each other and with yellow. Such confusions

43
between red, orange, and yellow are potentially serious because

of the importance of the safety messages assigned to each color.

The data presented here indicate strongly that use of a threelevel system for indicating the level of hazard can only .be

successful if good color rendering light is used.

In conclusion, the present study has demonstrated that the

current ANSI colors are not accurately identified when

illuminated by many of the most common light sources. To deal

with this problem, the present paper has presented a set of color

samples which are much more accurately identified under these

sources, and which show smaller shift in color gamut using CIELAB

values

44
REFERENCES

1. American National Standards Institute (ANSI). Safety Color

Code for Marking Physical Hazards . Z53.1, 1979.

2. American National Standards Institute (ANSI).

Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs, Z35.1, 1972.

3. Boyce, P.R. and Simons, R.H. Hue Discrimination and Light

Sources, Lighting Research and Technology , 9, pp. 125-140,

1977.

4. Boyce, P.R. Illuminance, Lamp Type and Performance on a Colour Discrimination Task. The Electricity Council

Research Center, ECRC/M-943, NTIS PB-276 753, June 1976.

5. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29, Labor Chapter XVII,

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1981.

6. Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE)

.

Recommendations on Uniform Color Spaces, Color Difference

Equations, and Psychometric Color Terms. Supplement No. 2 to

CIE Publication No. 15 (E-l.3.1) 1971/ (TC-1 . 3 ) , 1978.

7. Cornsweet, T.N. Visual Perception . New York: Academic

Press, 1970.

8. Glass, R. A. , Howett, G.L., Lister, K. , and Collins, B.L.

Some Criteria for Color and Signs in Workplaces. NBSIR

83-2694, April, 1983.

9. Illuminating Engineering Society of North America. IES

Lighting Handbook, Reference Volume . New York, New York,

1984 .

10. Jerome, C.W. The Rendering of ANSI Safety Colors, Journal

of the Illuminating Engineering Society, 6, pp. 180-183,

1977

.

11. Judd, D.B. The Color Perceptions of Deuteranopic and

Protanopic Observers, Journal of the Optical Society of

America . 39, pp. 252-256, 1949.

12. Munsell Book of Colors, Glossy Finish, Baltimore: Munsell

Color Company, 1976.

13. Pracejus, W.G. Preliminary Report on a New Approach to Color

Acceptance Studies. Illuminating Engineering . 62

,

pp. 663-

673, 1967.

14. Robertson, A . R . The CIE 1976 Color-Difference Formulae.

Color Research and Application. 2, pp. 7-11, 1977.

45
15. Thornton, W.A. Color Discrimination Index. Journal of the Optical Society of America . 62 , pp. 191-194, 1972.

16. Thornton, W.A. The Design of Safety Colors. Journal of the

Illuminating Engineering Society, 6, pp. 92-99, 1977.

17. Weidner, V.R., and Hsia, J.J. Reflection Properties of

Pressed Polytetraf luoroethylene Power. Journal of the

Optical Society of America . 7, pp. 856-861, 1981.

18. Worthey, J.A. Opponent-Colors Approach to Color Rendering,

Journal of the Optical Society of America . 72., pp. 74-82,

1982 .

19. Worthey, J.A. Limitations of Color Constancy. Journal of

the Optical Society of America A, 2, pp. 1014-1026, 1985.

20. Wyszecki, G. and Stiles, W.S. Color Science: Concepts and

Methods. Quantitative Data and Formulas, New York: Wiley,

1967 .

46
Appendix A. Detailed Psychophysical Results

A. 1 Results for Each Nominal Color Name

A . 1 . 1 Red Sample Results

Tables 1A through 1XA of the appendix present results for

nominally "red" samples. The tables located at the end of this

appendix are arranged in numerical sequence with Number 6, the

ANSI Red sample, being first. Each table presents the 19

possible color names, the frequency with which the sample number

was given that name under each source (CW, HPS, HPSMH, LPS, MER,

MH, and TUN, in that order) , frequency counts for lightness

judgements, again under the seven sources studied, frequency

counts for saturation judgements, frequency counts and average

percentage judgements for primary hues and for secondary hues.

Each table thus allows one to compare the performance of a given

sample under the various sources.

Table 1A presents data for ANSI Red sample number 6. For ease in

discussing the results, the color name receiving the highest

frequency of responses will be termed the "dominant" color name.

Inspection of table 5 reveals that red was the dominant color

name for sample 6 only under CW and TUN - and that with

relatively low frequency. Under HPS and HPSMH the dominant name

was orange, under LPS it was olive, under MER it was brown, and

under MH it was red orange. The sample had medium lightness

under all sources except MER, and medium saturation under all

sources except LPS and MER. While red was the most frequently

occurring primary hue under all sources except LPS where yellow

occurred most frequently, the percentage of red was always below

85%. Yellow was the secondary hue under all sources except LPS

(for which green is the secondary). The percentage of yellow was

relatively high, ranging from 17% to 31%. Sample 6 is, thus, not

a particularly effective safety red for most sources studied.

Similar trends toward orange are found in the data for sample 11

(table 2A) , sample 12 (table 3A) , sample 13 (table 4A) , and

sample 14 (table 5A) . In fact, samples 13 and 14 should really

have been considered as orange or red-orange, since red was never

given as their dominant color name.

The data for sample 33 (table 6A) suggest that it is a more

effective red than the ANSI standard. Red was the dominant color

name under each sources except LPS and MER, and was the primary

hue for all sources. The percentage of red primary was high (85%

to 88% under LPS and MER to 93-95% for the other 5 sources) . Conversely the percentage of yellow as a secondary was low - around 8-17%. Lightness was either medium or low (LPS, MER and

MH) , while saturation was medium under HPS and MER, low under

LPS, and high under all other sources.

47
Tables 7A, 8A, and 9A present data for samples 34, 45, and 4 , , all less successful red samples. The pattern of performance foi

Sample 34 tended to be similar to that for sample 6, with sample

3 4 being termed red primarily under TUN and CW, and brown under

MER. Sample 45, a fluorescent red, tended to be called pink -oi

orange, while sample 47 (also a fluorescent sample) was always

termed orange. The latter sample is again a much better orange

than a red, having high percentages of yellow secondary.

Tables 10A and 11A present data for some of the most successful

red samples, numbers 57 and 58 (both fluorescent) . Red was the

dominant name for sample 57 under every source, even LPS. It had

medium lightness and saturation under all sources except HPS (for

which it had low lightness) and LPS (for which it had low

saturation) . The primary hue was always red (mean percentage 90%

or greater) , while the secondary hue was yellow under HPS, LPS,

and TUN, and blue under the other sources. The percentage of

secondary hue was relatively low, however. The pattern of

results was similar for sample 58, except that the frequency of

dominant color name was somewhat less across sources and the

percentage of red as the primary hue was slightly lower.

The performance of the different red samples can also be compared

for each light source. Under TUN and MH seven of the eleven

samples were termed red, while under CW six were termed red.

Only three samples were termed red under HPS, HPSMH, and MER, and

only 2 under LPS. Across light sources, the overall performance

was good for samples 58 and 3 3 but best for sample 57. Red was

the dominant name and primary hue for these three fluorescent

samples under most sources. All had medium saturation and

lightness, and relatively small percentages of blue or yellow as

the secondary hue. For sample 57, however, the percentage of red

as the primary hue was always above 90%, with all participants

giving red as the primary hue and many giving red as the dominant

color name. As a result, it can be considered as a good candidate

for safety red, replacing the ANSI standard (sample 6)

A. 1.2 Orange Sample Results

Tables 13A through 21A present data for nominally orange samples.

The color "Orange" can be considered as a 50-50 mixture of red

and yellow. Table 13A indicates that sample 5, the ANSI

standard, was not a particularly successful orange, receiving

orange as the' dominant color name only under CW, HPSMH, MH and

TUN. Under HPS, LPS and MER, this sample was termed yellow, and

even under CW it received a number of mentions of gold as the

dominant color name. Yellow was also the primary hue under all

sources, ranging from 72-76% under CW, MH and TUN to 96% under

LPS. The percentage of red as a secondary hue varied from a low

of 6% under LPS to a high of 28% under CW and MH. The sample had

medium lightness and medium to high saturation for all sources.

48
The data for samples 15 and 16, given in tables 14A and 15A,

suggest that these are more successful orange samples. In fact,

sample 15 was given orange as the dominant color name under all

sources with a frequency of 17 or greater, and had medium

lightness and medium to high saturation for all sources. In

addition, the primary and secondary hues were almost evenly

divided between yellow and red. Although sample 16 is a fluorescent version of the retroref lective-f luorescent sample 15, it

was a less successful orange under LPS, where it shifted toward

yellow. The primary hue for this sample was always yellow, with

red as a smaller secondary. Both lightness and saturation were

medium to high. Samples 17 and 18, which are retroreflective and

ordinary versions of the same nominal pigment, were even less

successful oranges. Each had a lower frequency of orange as the

dominant color name and a greater tendency toward yellow as the

primary hue. Sample 17 was characterized by a shift in dominant

color name to gold under LPS and brown under MER and fluctuation

in primary hue between yellow and red depending on illuminant.

The primary hue for sample 18 was yellow, regardless of source.

Sample 35 (table 16A) also showed a strong shift toward yellow as

the dominant color name for LPS and MER with yellow as the

primary hue under all sources, and relatively small percentages

(7-31%) of red as the secondary hue.

Sample 42 (table 17A) , however, was termed orange under all

sources with a frequency of 17 or more. Its primary hue was red

for all sources except LPS and HPS, while the secondary was

yellow at relatively high percentages (39-45%) meaning that this

sample is an orange that is neither noticeably red nor yellow.

The sample had medium lightness under all sources and high

saturation for all except LPS.

The next orange sample, 46 (table 18A) , was clearly a red orange

rather than a true orange. Only under LPS and HPS was it termed

orange with a high frequency. Under the other sources it tended

to be termed red, red orange, or orange red. The primary hue was

red with relatively small amounts of yellow as a secondary

(except under HPS and LPS) . The sample had medium lightness and

high saturation.

The final two samples to be considered, 48 and 56, (tables 19A

and 20A) are some of the best examples of an orange that is

neither red nor yellow. Sample 48, a fluorescent sample, was

termed orange with a frequency of 18 or greater for all sources.

Its primary hue was red (55 to 60%) , while its secondary was

yellow (40-42%)

,

except for LPS where the primary hue was yellow

(69%) and the secondary was red (31%) . Lightness was medium, and

saturation was high (except for LPS) . Although sample 56 was

also a good orange, its performance was poorer under LPS where

the frequency of orange as the dominant color name dropped to 13

and the saturation dropped to low. The primary hue also shifted

49
to yellow for HPSMH, LPS, MER, and TUN at percentages _ 60

77%.

Performance for the different orange samples can also be compare

for all seven light sources. All ten samples were termed orang

under TUN, CW, and HPSMH, while 9 samples were termed- orang

under HPS and MH. Under HPS, only the ANSI standard, sample 5,

was not termed orange. Under MER and LPS, only 5 samples wen- termed orange. When data for the seven light sources are

compared, samples 15, 42, and 48 were consistently seen as orange

with both red and yellow as nearly equal hue contributors. Ox

the nine orange samples studied, however, sample 48 is one of the

best candidates for safety orange, having orange as the dominant

color name and relatively even mixtures of red and yellow as the

primary and secondary hue - for all sources including LPS. Its

performance was even better than that for samples 4 2 and 15,

which were also good examples of orange.

A. 1.3 Yellow Sample Results

Eight yellow samples were studied (tables 22A-29A) in an attempt

to find a yellow which is neither red nor green, but pure yellow.

The ANSI sample (4) given in table 22A came close to meeting this

criterion, except under MER, where its dominant color name

shifted to yellow green. This shift was reflected in the primary

hue data, where the percentage of yellow was above 90% for all

sources except MER. Although green was the secondary hue for all

sources, the percentage of green was higher (18%) under MER.

Sample 4 had high lightness (except for TUN) and medium to high

saturation.

The shift to yellow green was even more apparent for the next two

samples, 19 and 20 (tables 23A and 24A) . These are

retroreflective fluorescent and fluorescent versions of the same

basic pigment. Sample 19, the RF version, was markedly more

yellow green, being termed yellow mainly under LPS. Although its

primary hue was yellow (71-95%) , this sample had high percentages

of green as the secondary hue (14-31%) . Both lightness and

saturation were high (except under LPS and HPSMH) . Sample 20 was

somewhat more successful being termed yellow green only under CW

and MER. Its primary hue was yellow (81-97%) , with green as the

secondary hue (12-19%). This sample always had high lightness

and saturation.

Samples 21 and 22 (tables 25A and 26A) are retroreflective and

ordinary versions of the same pigment. Sample 21 tended to be

termed yellow under HPS, LPS and MER, and yellow, orange, and

gold under CW, HPSMH, MH, and TUN. Its primary hue was generally

a high percentage of yellow (85-97%)while the secondary hue

shifted between red and green depending on the source. Both

lightness and saturation were medium.

50
Unlike the other three samples in its series, sample 22 had

yellow as the dominant color name for all sources, including MER.

The percentage of yellow as the primary hue was high (92-96%) for

all sources. The secondary hue was green under HPS and MER

(11-13%), but red under HPSMH , LPS, MH and TUN (7-13%), and

either red or green for CW. Sample 22 also had high lightness

and saturation, for all seven light sources, making it one of the

best examples of yellow studied.

Performance was not as good for the remaining three yellow

samples. While sample 36 (table 27A) had yellow as the dominant

color name for all sources, the frequency was much lower than for

sample 22. The percentage of yellow as the primary hue was

slightly lower (85-96%, with only LPS and CW above 90%). The

secondary hue was red under HPSMH and TUN and green for all other

sources (9-19%) . Both lightness and saturation were medium for

all sources. For sample 37 (table 28A) , the dominant color name

shifted toward tan for CW, HPSMH, MH, and TUN, and to yellow for

HPS and LPS. While yellow was the primary hue for all sources,

the percentage was somewhat low (88-92%) , while the percentage of

green as a secondary hue was high (9-16%) . Lightness was medium,

but saturation was low, except under CW, HPS, and LPS. The

performance was even poorer for sample 49 (table 29A) , which was

termed orange for all sources except LPS. The percentage of

yellow as the primary hue also dropped to between 64 and 75% for

all sources except LPS, while the percentage of red as the

secondary hue increased to between 25 and 36%. Lightness was

medium to high, while saturation was high.

Again, performance for the various samples may be compared for

all seven light sources. Only under LPS were all eight yellow

samples termed yellow, although under HPS seven samples were

termed yellow. Under MH five samples were termed yellow, while

under TUN, CW, and MER only four samples were termed yellow.

Under many of these sources the yellows shifted toward green, or

to a lesser extent, toward orange.

Of the yellow samples studied, the best performance for all light

sources was obtained for samples 4 and 22. Performance for the

latter was superior in that it was termed yellow even under

mercury and had a somewhat higher percentage of yellow as the

primary hue. It consistently had medium to high saturation and

lightness, with relatively little green or red as a secondary

hue. Sample 22 thus appears to be the best candidate for an

effective safety yellow. The ANSI sample, 4, is a good candidate

except for its somewhat yellow-green appearance under clear

mercury

.

51
A . 1 . 4 Green Sample Results

The next series of tables, 30A-39A present data for the ten

nominally green samples. Table 30A gives the data for the ANSI

standard, sample 3. The dominant color name for this sample was

green or blue green, except under LPS, where it was termed gray.

Although the primary hue was green (84-89%) , blue was a strong

secondary hue (20-53%) under most sources. It should be noted

that the ANSI Green was deliberately designed to be a blue-green

rather than a yellow green to avoid red green confusions by color

defective observers. Consequently, the strong blue secondary hue

noted by the observers in the present experiment is line with

this intention. Sample 3 also had medium lightness, (low under

LPS and HPS) , and medium saturation (low under MER.) If the

green and blue-green responses are combined, sample 3 is a reasonably effective green, except under LPS.

Sample 23 (table 31A) is an another example of a good green,

being termed green under all sources, except LPS, where it was

termed olive. It did receive two mentions of green under LPS,

however. Under all sources, its primary hue was green (78-92%)

and the secondary hue was yellow (13-24%) , meaning that this

green was considerably yellower and less blue than the ANSI

standard green. It had medium lightness and medium to high

saturation (except under LPS) . Sample 24 (table 32A) is an

example of an even yellower green with yellow green being a strong contender for the dominant color name under most sources.

Its primary hue was green (76-84%) for all sources except LPS,

while the secondary hue was yellow (18 to 24%) . Sample 24 had

medium to high lightness and saturation for all sources except

LPS.

Sample 25 (table 33A) is another sample which was given green or

blue green as a dominant color name for all sources except LPS,

where it was termed black. The primary hue was green (74-92%)

(blue for HPS) , while the secondary hue was blue (12-28%) Its

lightness was medium to low and its saturation was medium for all

sources. A similar pattern of responses was obtained for sample

26 (table 34A, except that this sample also received two olive

responses under LPS. Its primary hue was green even under LPS,

(range of 79-95%) and the secondary hue was blue (range 19-25%)

for all sources except LPS where it was yellow. Its lightness

and saturation were medium for all sources (low under LPS) . The

performance for sample 26 compares favorably with that for sample

3 having about equal frequencies of green or blue green as the

dominant color name, similar percentages of green as the primary

hue, but slightly lower percentages of blue as the secondary hue.

Sample 26 was also more consistently seen as having medium

lightness and saturation than sample 3. As a result, sample 26

appears to be a reasonable candidate to replace sample 3 if a blue green is desired.

52
Sample 39 (table 35A) is another example of a blue green where

the dominant color name tended to be green or blue green. Under

LPS, however, this sample was termed blue. The primary hue was

green (range 62-93%) , although it was blue or blue green under

LPS and HPS . The secondary hue was blue with a range of 7 to

38%. Lightness was generally low to medium, while saturation was

medium.

Sample 40 (table 36A) is a yellow green with a dominant color

name of yellow or yellow green. The primary hue was yellow

(range 74-97%) while the secondary hue was green (range 10 to

26%) . Lightness was high (except for LPS) , while saturation was

medium to high. Sample 50 (table 37A) is also a yellow green

with yellow being the primary hue (74-98%) and green the

secondary (16-2 6%) . This sample was completely yellow under LPS

and also had high lightness and saturation. Sample 51 (table

38A) represents a return to somewhat greener samples, although it

still received a number of yellow and yellow green responses for

dominant color. The primary hue was green (78-86%) except for

LPS where it was yellow, while the secondary hue was yellow

(16-25%). Lightness was medium, while saturation was high for

CW, MH, and TUN; medium for HPS, HPSMH , and MER; and low for LPS.

Sample 55 (table 39A) is the sample that was the best green in

the Glass, et al, (1982) experiment. It is a good example of a blue green for all sources except LPS, where it was termed black

or gray. The primary hue was green (79-89%) while the secondary

hue was blue (i.4-22%). Unlike sample 26, however, the lightness

was medium to low. Saturation was medium except under LPS.

Under all light sources, green is one of the more difficult

samples to identify accurately. The ANSI Standard, 3, was never

seen as the best green, and often not seen as green at all under

some sources. If blue green and green responses for dominant

color name are combined, then 9 of the ten green samples were

termed green under HPS, 8 under TUN, MH, and MER, 7 under CW, and

6 under Mer. Under LPS 3 green samples were termed olive.

Of the green samples studied, sample 26 appears to be a good

candidate for safety green, and is consistent with the philosophy

of using a blue green to avoid red-green color confusions. In

addition, it is r\ot a fluorescent color so it avoids the

potential durability problems that can occur with fluorescent

pigments. If a yellower green is desired, then sample 23 appears

to be a good candidate, particularly since it received two green

responses under LPS. Nevertheless, the picture for green

perception under LPS is very dismal. If the color green needs to

be perceived as such under this source, supplemental lighting

with a better color-rendering source must be used.

Selecting between samples 23 and 26 is difficult because the two

samples are quite different. Sample 23 appears to be closer to a

53
green that is termed neither blue nor yellow, but sample 26

appears to be closer to the original ANSI desire to separate

green and red as much as possible to avoid confusions by color

defective observers.

A. 1.5 Blue Sample Results

Unlike green, blue was one of the most successful colors for all

light sources, having a high frequency of correct dominant color

name and high percentage of blue as the primary hue. Tables

40A-45A present data for the five blue samples studied. Data for

ANSI sample 2 are given in table 40A. This sample was always

termed blue except under MER, and LPS (where it was never termed

blue) . Its primary hue was blue with percentages as high as

97-99%, while the secondary hue was generally a low percentage of

red (except for TUN where it was green) . Lightness was medium to

low, while saturation was medium (low for LPS) . This pattern of

responses was similar for sample 27 (table 41A) which was termed

black under LPS, while receiving extremely high percentages of

blue as the primary hue and small percentages of red or green as

the secondary hue.

Sample 28 (table 42A) , however, was termed blue under all

sources, including LPS. It was one of the only blue samples

termed blue under LPS. Its primary hue was blue (95-98%) for all

sources while its secondary hue was green (8-13%) except for MER

where it was red (10%). Lightness was medium and saturation was

high except for LPS. Thus, sample 28 is a good candidate for

safety blue.

Although sample 40 (table 43A) was termed blue under most

sources, it was not a very successful blue under LPS. While it

received a high percentage of blue as a primary hue under the

other sources (and small percentages of red as a secondary hue)

,

its lightness was low for all sources. Its saturation was

generally high except for LPS and MER. Similarly, samples 52 and

54 (tables 44A and 45A) showed excellent performance for all

sources except LPS. Under that source they were rarely termed

blue, had low or non-existent percentages of blue as the primary

hue, and had low saturation and lightness. Under the other

sources they had high (96-99%) percentages of blue as the primary

hue, and low percentages of red or green as the secondary hue.

Sample 52 had medium lightness and saturation, while sample 54

had low lightness and medium to high saturation.

When performance for different sources is compared, all five

samples were termed blue under TUN, CW, HPS , HPSMH, and MH, with

blue being given as the primary hue 97-99% of the time. Under

MER, the picture for blue changes slightly with only sample 52

termed blue by all observers. Samples 28, 27, 40 and 54 were

termed blue by 18 to 19 observers with percentage of blue as the

primary hue between 94 and 97%. Sample 2, however, was seen as

54
blue only 12 times with a secondary hue of red (16%) . Under LPS

only sample 28 was termed blue. While this sample had low

saturation and lightness, its primary hue was given as blue 14

times with a percentage of 99. All other blue samples were seen

as black or gray.

Thus, the most successful blue sample is 28, although this

characterization is only true when all seven sources are

considered. Again, the ANSI Blue (2) was less successful, having

poor identification as blue under mercury and LPS. Sample 28 had

medium lightness and high saturation under all sources except

clear mercury when the saturation dropped to medium, and LPS

where both lightness and saturation were low.

A. 1.6 Purple/Magenta Sample Results

Tables 46A-50A present data for the five samples studied for

safety purple. Only sample 1, the ANSI standard, emerged as a good candidate for safety purple across light sources; all other

samples were termed magenta or pink but never purple.

Table 46A indicates that sample 1 was termed purple under all

sources except LPS, where it was termed gray, brown, tan, or

olive. Its primary hue was red under HPS and TUN (61-75%) , blue

under HPSMH, MER, MH (59-65%) , split between red and blue under

CW, and green under LPS. This sample had medium lightness and

medium saturation (except for LPS). Samples 29, 30, 44, and 53

(tables 47A to 50A) were successful pinks, receiving pink as the

dominant color name for most sources - and never receiving pink,

purple, or magenta as the dominant name under LPS. Under LPS

they tended to be termed orange, yellow, or red. Under the other

six light sources, the samples varied in the proportion of red

and blue mixtures, but all had red as the primary hue and blue as

the secondary. Samples 29 and 30 had generally high lightness

and saturation, while samples 44 and 53 tended to have medium

lightness and high saturation.

Regardless of light source, none of the new samples studied is an

effective replacement for the ANSI standard purple. In addition,

no sample, including ANSI purple, was an effective purple or

magenta under LPS. If purple is needed to transmit a message,

such as radiation hazard, supplemental lighting with a better

color rendering source must be used.

A. 1.7 Brown. White, Gray and Black Sample Results

Results for safety brown, white, gray and black will be discussed

together since only a few samples were studied for each color

name

.

Two samples were studied for brown, samples 7 and 38, presented

in tables 51A and 52A. There was little difference in per55
formance between the two samples, with both being termed brown

under all sources except LPS, and tan or olive under LPS.

Performance was somewhat poorer for HPS and HER which are

frequently termed olive, even though the dominant color name was

brown. Under CW, HPSMH, MH, and TUN, red was the primary hue for

both samples, while under HPS, MER, and LPS it tended to be

green. For all sources, the secondary hue was generally yellow.

Both samples had generally low lightness and saturation. As a result, there appears to be no reason to switch from the ANSI

standard to a different brown. Although neither brown was

accurately recognized as such under LPS, both samples tended to

be termed tan or olive which could be interpreted as brownish

shades

Four examples of white were studied - samples 10, 31, 32, and 41,

presented in tables 53A-56A. Performance was very similar for

samples 10 and 32 which were almost always termed white under all

sources except LPS. Under LPS they were always termed yellow.

These two samples had high lightness and no saturation, except

under LPS where they were seen as highly saturated. Sample 31

was termed gray for all sources except under LPS where it was

termed yellow. The pattern of responses was mixed for sample 41.

It was termed gray under CW and MH, yellow under LPS, and white

under the remaining light sources. It had high lightness except

under LPS where it also had medium saturation. Only two

candidates for white (samples 10 and 32) were successful with

about equally good performance so that sample 10, the ANSI

sample, continues to be a reasonable Safety White. It should be

noted, however, that no white sample was recognized as such under

LPS. Rather, each was termed yellow. As a result, it appears

likely that a white sign on a black background under LPS might

well be interpreted as a Caution message in yellow and black.

Again, the use of supplementary, good color rendering light is

essential if white is to be distinguished from yellow in critical

situations

One example each of gray (table 57A) and black (table 58A) was

studied. Results for gray were similar to those for white, with

confusions with yellow and olive under LPS and accurate recognition under all other sources. As might be expected, gray had

medium lightness and no saturation (except under LPS where it had

low saturation) . Black was consistently termed black for all

sources with low lightness and no saturation.

A detailed tabulation of the results for each color sample is

presented in the following pages. Results for the red samples

are given first, followed by those for the orange, yellow, green,

blue, purple, brown, white, grey, and black samples in Tables 1A58A

56
Table 1A. Results for Sample 6, ANSI Red.

USHA lGlOh ShNAlx. NO 6

FREQUINCi COLOR NhME CU HPS HPSMH LP5 MLR MH TUN

RED 11 0 2 0 0 6 12 AEu ORANGE 2 1 5 0 0 7 4 ORANGE RED 1 l i 0 0 2 1 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OwWJGZ 5 15 9 0 0 A 3

GOLD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 YClLOU Gt£EN 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 TAN 0 1 0 4 0 0 0 OLIUL 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGCNTh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 1 2 3 0 20 1 0 GRAY 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 UHIIE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOThlS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 1HP5W i LPS MER MH TUN

HIGH 0

l 1 ! 0 1 2 0 0 0 MEDIUM 14 10 1 14 : 15 3 14 18 LOW 6 9 1 6 : 3 17 6 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1 HPSMH : lps

1 MtR TUN

HIGH 5

I

' ' ' 4 : 5

1

: l 0 3

, ..11 MEDIUM 11 13 : 10 i 6 9 14 6 LOU 4 3 : 5 t 13 11 3 3

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH LPS f£R MH TUN

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ lAUGX t-REQ iAOGX

l FREQ iAVGX FREQ 1AVGI FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AVGX

RED 20 i 0 .85 17 : 0 69 19 10.74 0 1 ERR 18 10.82 20 10.79 20 10.85 BLUE o ;crr 0 ! ERR 0 • ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN o :err 0 ‘.ERR 0 1ERR 6 10.85 0 1 ERR 0 S ERR 0 1ERR YELLOW 0 :crr 3 SO .58 1 10.60 13 10.77 2 10.63 0 1ERR 0 S ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 19 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1A0GX TREQ 1A0G1

l FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AUGI TREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AVGX

WED 0 1CWR 3 10.42 1 10 40 4 10 26 2 10.38 0 1ERR 0 i ERR

BLUE 4 10.08 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 ItRR 2 10.08 2 10.15 2 10.08 GREEN 0 1LRR 0 1 ERR 0 : ERR 8 10.24 2 10.35 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR

YELLOW 15 10.18 17 10.31 19 10.26 6 10.15 12 10.20 17 10.24 17 10.17

TOTALS 19 20 20 18 18 19 19

In this table AVG% indicates decimal fractions rather than actual percentages

and ERR simply means no data exist for a given entry.

57
Table 2A. Results for Sample 11, Retroref lective Red

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE. NO 11

FREQUENCY

UULUK PfHTKL CU UPS HPSMH LP5 HER :

1 MH TUN

RED 14 0 4 0

* 6 : 13 13 RED ORANGE s 3 5 0 0 ! S 3 ORANGE REU s s 1 0 0 i 1 2 PINK 0 0 0 0 o : 0 0 ORANCC 3 14 8 0 o :

i 3 2

GOLD 0 0 0 1 o :

i 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 s o : 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 o : 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 6 o : 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 7 0 ! 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 S o : 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 o : 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 o : 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 i i

i 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 o

!

i 0 0

BROUN 0 1 E i 13 ! 2 0 GRAY 0 0 0 1 0 i 0 0 Black 0 0 0 0 o : 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 ii

i

i

i

0 0

TOTALS so so so so so so 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU KP5 : HPSMH ! LPS

l MER HH TUN

HIGH 0 0 S o ; 3 0 0 0 MEDIUM 17 15 : 16 i 14 1 15 19 LOU 3 5 : 4 : 3 19 5 1

TOTALS 20 20 so 20 SO 20 SO

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS ! HPSMH ! LPS

» *R mm t TUN

_ HIGH 10 6 ! 6 ! 0 0 8 13 MEDIUM 10 IS I IS i 5 14 9 7 LOU 0 2 i S : 14 6 3 0

TOTftS 20 20 20 19 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS MER mh TUN

FREQ iavgx FREQ 1AVGX FwEQ 1A0GX TREQ lAVGt FREQ 1A0GX FREQ lAOGt

i _ FREQ 1AVGX1 . RED 20 : 0 86 18 10.64 SO 10.77 2 10.75 20 10.87 20 10.82 20 10.87 BLUE 0 :err 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 IEhR 0 1ERR 7 10 84 0 1LRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YElLOU 0 ;err 2 10.75 0 1ERR 10 10.79 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR

TOTALS SO SO SO 19 SO 30 SO

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AOGX FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1A0GX

i FREQ 1A0GI FREQ 1AOGX

__ i —_ FREQ 1AOGX FREQ 1A0GI

. I RED 0 1ERR 2 10 25 0 'i ERR 3 10.22 0 1 ERR 0 ! ERR 0 1ERR BLUE 3 10 07 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 IEHR 6 10.11 2 10 15 2 10.08 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 7 10.22 1 10.30 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR

YELLOW 16 10.17 18 10.36 20 10.24 7 10.21 10 10 16 18 10.18 16 10.16

totals 19 20 20 17 17 20 18

58
Table 3A. Results for Sample 12, Ordinary Red.

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NG 12

COLOR NAME

FREQUENCY

cu HPS HPSMH ! LPS HER HU TUN

RED 6 0 0

i

: o 10 8 A RED ORANGC 6 2 6 ; o 0 5 5 ORANGE RED A 0 1 i 0 0 1 0 PINK 0 0 1 ; o 1 0 0 ORANGE A 18 12 : l 0 6 11

GOLD 0 0 0 i 2 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 ! 10 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 : l 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 ! 3 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 : 3 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 ; o A 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 ! o

i 2 0 0

GROWN 0 0 0 : o 3 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 : o 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 : o 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 : o

i

i

0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

CU HPS iHPSttT LPS HER MH TUN

HIGH 1 3 ; 1 A 0 0 1 FOIUM 16 15 ! 19 1A 7 19 19 LOU 3 2 i 0 2 13 1 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS : HPSMH

» ... .

! LP5

l _ HER

_ _ _ MH TUN

HIGH 11 8 : 5 i 0 0 6 17 MEDIUM 8 ii : ia ; 10 12 11 3 LOU 1 i ; l : 10 8 3 0

TOTALS 20 o

cu o CU 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 HER m TUN

FREQ IAUGl

1 FREQ IAUGl

l FREQ IAUGl FREQ iAUGl

_ l FREQ iAUGl

• FREQ iAUGl1 FREQ IAUGl

RED 20 i 0 . 78 16 ' 0 . 61 20 10.71 0 iERR 20 i’o.85 20 i 0 . 81 20 10.71 BLUE o :err 0 i ERR 0 !ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR GREEN o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.80 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOW o :err A 10.59 0 iERR 19 !0 87 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 !EhR

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPGFH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ IAUGl

1 TREQ IAUGl

l FREQ iAUGli FREQ iAVGl• TREQ iAUGl FREQ iAUGl1 FREQ iAUGl

i (£0 0 iERR A iO.Al 0 iERR 5 SO. 18 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR BLUE 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 13 10.19 2 10.13 0 iERR GREEN 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 11 10.1A 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOU 20 10.22 16 10.39 20 10.29 1 SO .20 5 10.09 16 10.23 20 10.29

TOTAL5 20 20 20 17 18 18 20

59
Table 4A. Results for Sample 13, Retroref lective-Fluorescent Red Orange.

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 13

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HPS HP5MH LP5 «R MH TUN

RED 1 0 3 2 4 A 1 RED ORANGE 5 7 8 5 8 8 5 ORANGE RED 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 13 12 9 12 8 8 14

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OlIOE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 5 HPSMH : lps

i HEP MH- TUN

HIGH

1 6 4 i 5

(

: 5 5 8 2 MtDIUM 14 16 ! 14 i 15 15 12 18 LOW 0 0 : 1 ; o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 5 HPSMH

i

: lps HER MH TUN

HIGH 18 17 ! 19

1 r' ' * T

: 16 18 20 16 MEDIUM 2 3 : l : 4 2 0 4 LOU 0 o : o : o 0 0 0

TQTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU HP5 HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 5AUGt

l FREQ 5AUGX

• _ FREQ 5AVG* Ft£Q 5 AUGt FREQ 5 AVG1 FREQ 5AVG1 FREQ 5 AUG*

i RED 20 1 0 68 17 10.65 19 ! 0 . 67 19 50.71 20 10.70 20 50.69 19 50 63 BLUE 0 :err 0 !ERR 0 :err 0 '.ERR o :err 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR

GREEN 0 I ERR 0 ! ERR 0 ICRR 0 5 ERR 0 : ERR 0 I ERR 0 iCRR YELLOW 0 i ERR 3 10.57 1 i 0 60 1 50 60 0 ;tRR 0 1ERR 1 50.60

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 5 AUGT FREQ 5 AUG* FREQ 5 AUG* FREQ 5 AUG*

i FREQ 5 AUG* FREQ i AUGX

m

l u FREQ 5AUG*

RED 0 i'bRfl 3 50.43 1 50.40 1 50.40 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 1 50.40 BLUE 0 5 ERR 0 iCRR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 1ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR

YELLOW 20 50.33 17 10 35 19 50.33 19 50.29 20 50.30 20 50.32 19 50.37

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

60
Table 5A. Results for Sample 14, Fluorescent Red Orange.

GSHA COLOR SMPLE MO 14

COLOR NAtC FREQUENCY

CU HP5 HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

RtD 3 0 3 0 5 2 3 RED ORANGL 6 3 5 0 6 8 6 GRANGE RED 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 8 17 12 20 9 9 li

GOLO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE Gftt.EN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

cw : HPS iHPSHH ! LP5 : HER MH TUN

HIGH 4 1 2 ! 2

1 1

i 0 S 1 6 4 MEDIUM 16 : 18 ! 17 : 18 : 19 14 16 LOW o : 0 ! 1 : 2 ; 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS : HPSMH : lps : her m . nn TUN

HIGH 18 15 1 13 15! 9 17 15 ttDIUH 2 5 : 6 ! 12 : 10 2 5 LOW 0 o : i : 3 ! i 1 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1A0G* FREQ 1AVGX FREQ iAUGt

i . _ FREQ lAUGii FREQ lAUGi FREQ lAVGt

RED 20 : 0 . 73 16 10.61 18 10.71 16 10.62 19 10.75 20 10.68 18 10.70 BLUE 0 ;err 0 I ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 ICRR 4 10.58 2 10.60 4 10.63 1 10.60 0 IERR 2 10 55

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH LPS HER Ml TUN

FREQ 1AUGT FREQ 1A0G1 TREQ iAVGt

i TREQ IAVGt1 TREQ IAVGtl FREQ IAVGt» _ FREQ IAVGt_ 1 RED 0 IERR 4 10.43 2 10 40 4 10.38 1 10.40 0 IERR 2 10.45 BLUE 0 IERR 0 ItRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 20 10.27 16 10.39 18 10 29 16 10.% 19 10.25 20 10.32 18 10.30

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

61
Table 6A Results for Sample 33, Retroref lective Dark Red.

05HA COLOR SAMPLC NO 33

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HP5 HP5MH LPS HER HH TUN

RED 20 18 19 0 8 20 19 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 i ORANGE RED 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OftANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

COLO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELlOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0LI0E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 1 2 0 0

MAGENTA 0 i 0 0 1 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 13 9 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 white 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU UPS !HP5NH

i .

i LP5

i MER mhrfl i TUN

HIGH 2 0 i 0 S o 0 0 0 MEDIUM 11 14 l 13 I s 0 8 19 LOU 7 6 i 7 : is 20 12 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU KP5 IHPSMH ! LPS

t HER TUN

HIGH 14 7 ! 13

i

i 0

_2 11 17 MEDIUM 2 11 i 6 : 5 12 7 3 LOU 4 2 : i : 10 6 2 0

TOTALS 20 ro o rv CD 15 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HPStfi LPS MER

_ _ MH TUN

FrEQ IAVG* FREQ I AOGt FREQ IA0GI TREQ IAVC1 FREQ IA0G1

i FREQ IAVG1

, i TREQ I AVG1

RED 20 10 95 20 :o.93 20 10 94 11 10 .85 20 10.88 20 So 95 20 10.96 BLUE o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ILRR o :err 0 IERR 1 10.70 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW o ; ERR 0 ILRR 0 IERR 2 10.75 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 14 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHU LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ IA0G1 FREQ lAOGt FREQ IAUGX

i FREQ IAUG1 FREQ iAOGt FREQ IAUGI FREQ lAUGt

RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 2 10 40 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ILRR CLUE 4 10.09 2 10 .10 3 10.05 1 10.10 8 10.16 6 10.12 3 10 08 GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 2 10.20 0 IERR 0 ILRR 0 IERR YELLOU 8 10 08 12 10.08 10 10 10 7 10.17 9 10.13 3 10.12 7 10 09

TOTALS 12 14 13 12 17 9 10

62
Table 7A. Results for Sample 34, Retroref lective Red

QSriA COlQh ShmPlE NO. 34

COLOR NArtE FREQUENCY

CW HPS HP5KH LPS MGR MH TUN

RED 9 0 2 0 0 8 12 RED ORANGE J 1 6 0 0 2 4 ORANGE RED 3 1 0 0 0 1 2

PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 2 12 10 0 0 6 2

GOLD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 QLIUL 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 1 6 2 1 20 2 0 GRAY 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY I

CW HPS iHPSMH i LPS MER MH TUN i

HIGH 0 0 i 0

i

! 1 0 0

,r 1 « 0 l MEDIUM 12 ii : 16 : 14 2 12 16 : LOW 8 9 : 4 i 5 18 8 A 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CW HPS IHPSMH ! LP5

1 _ _ HER MH TUN

HIGH 8 a : a

«

: o 0 4 10 MEDIUM 12 12 i 11 i 7 9 10 9 LOW 0 A 1 5 ; ii 11 6 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 18 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HPS HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ IAUGl

i FREQ IAUGl FREQ iAUGli

1 REQ iAUGl FREQ IAUGl

i FREQ IAUGl» . FREQ IAUGl

RED 20 10.81 17 10.66 20 10.74 1 10.95 18 10.83 20 10.80 20 10.87 BLUE 0 S ERR 0 1LRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 4 10.81 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YELLOW 0 ! ERR 3 10.63 0 1ERR 12 10.82 2 10.75 0 1ERR 0 1ERR

T0TAL5 20 20 20 17 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS HP5HH LPS fCR MH TUN

FREQ IAUGl FREQ IAUGl FREQ IAUGl TREQ IAUGl FREQ IAUGl FREQ IAUGl

1 . FREQ IAUGl

l RED 0 ICRR 3 10.37 Q S ERR 2 10.20 2 10.25 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR Blue 3 10.07 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 3 10.12 1 10.05 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 10 10.17 2 10 20 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YELLOW 17 10.21 17 10.34 20 10 26 5 10.16 15 10.18 16 10.23 17 10.15

T0TAL5 20 20 . 20 17 19 19 18

63
Table 8A. Results for Sample 45, Fluorescent Red

G5hA COLOR SAMPlE NG. 4o

COLOR NrfWE FREQUENCY

CU HP5 HP5MU LPS HER MU TUN

RED 7 4 3 2 10 ii 9 f£D ORANGE 1 7 3 3 1 0 3 ORANGE RED 1 0 1 3 0 1 0 PINK 9 2 7 0 7 7 A

ORANGE 2 7 3 12 O 0 3

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELlOW GRELN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 2 0 2 1 1

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1 LIGHTNESS !•

1

1

FREQUENCY

CU HPS iHPSHH

1 ......

1 LPS

i HER

- . _ HH TUN

HIGH 1 2

• 3 ; a i A 2 10 6 ttDIUH : 18 17 i 16 : 16 18 10 14 lou : 0 0 i 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU

_ .. HPS iHPSHH

1

i LPS

1 ...... _ h£R K4 TUN

HIGH 13 13 1 10 ! 12

...... . 13 16 14 KDIUK 7 6 : 10 i 8 7 3 6 LOU 0 1 i 0 : 0 0 i 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS HER MU TUN

FREQ iAVGX

l FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX

l FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ 1AVGX

RED 19 SO 88 18 SO .77 20 SO .88 19 ,‘0.67 20 10.92 20 SO .88 20 10.86 BLUE 1 10.70 0 1ERR 0 SChR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR GREEN 0 :err 0 S ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOU 0 :err 2 10.55 0 iERR 1 i0 60 0 SCRfi 0 iERR 0 iERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUE5

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX

- I FREQ iAVGX FREQ IAVGX rREQ IAVGX

i TREQ iAVGXi TREQ iAVGX

i RED 1 10.30 2 SO . 45 0 iERR 1 iO 40 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR BLUE 3 10 15 1 10.10 7 !0. 14 0 iERR 13 iO.10 9 10.16 2 iO.10 GREEN 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOU 10 SO. 16 15 SO .26 11 10.13 19 10.33 2 i 0 . 13 8 10.13 17 10.15

TOTALS 16 18 18 20 15 17 19

64
Table 9A Results for Sample 47, Fluorescent Red Orange

05UA COLOR ShMALE NO. 47

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HAS HP5MH LPS h£R HH TUN

RED 2 1 3 0 6 3 0 RED ORANGE 7 3 6 3 6 5 5 ORANGC RED 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 10 16 11 17 8 11 15

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELlOU green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 blue green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGrlTNESS FREQUENCY

CW HRS 1HP5HH ! LPS HER HH TUN

HIGH 5 2 : 6

l

1

i 3 4 4 6 HLDIUM 15 18 : 14 i 17 16 16 14 LOW 0 0 i 0 ; o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HP5 ! HPSHH ! LPS

l HER lUi m1 TUN

HIGH 19 13 : 16 : 5 17 18 15 MEDIUM 1 7 i 4 : 14 3 2 5 LOW 0 0 i 0 ; i 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HP5 HPSHH LP5 HER HH TUN

FREQ 1 AVG1 FREQ lAVGl

i FREQ IAVGX

l FREQ IAVGX FREQ IAVGX FREQ IAVGX FREQ 1 AVGX

RED

BLl£ GREEN

YELLOW

20 10 67

0 1ERR

o :c«r

0 I ERR

17 io 61

0 '.ERR 0 !ERR

3 10.57

19 10.69

0 IERR

0 IERR

1 10.50

17 10 62

0 IERR

0 IERR 3 10.63

20 10.72

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

20 10.68

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

18 10.64

0 IERR

0 IERR 2 10.60

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS HPSHH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVGX

. i

i REQ 1AVGX FREQ IAVGX

l FREQ IAVGX FREQ IAVGX

l FREQ IAVGXc FREQ IAVGX

l RED BLUE

GREEN YELLOW

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 ‘.ERR 20 10.33

3 10.43

0 IERR

0 IERR

17 10.39

i 10.50

0 IERR

0 IERR

19 10.31

3 10.37

0 IERR

0 IERR

17 10.38

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR 20 10.28

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR 20 10.32

2 10.40

0 IERR

0 IERR

18 10.36

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

65
Table 10A. Results for Sample 57, Fluorescent Red

OSHh COLO* SAMPLE NO. 37

COlOP name FREQUENCY

cu HP 5 1HP5MH LPS HER MH TUN

RED 17 17 1 lt» 8 18 19 17 RED ORMZ 0 i 1 2 0 0 0 i ORANGE RED 0 1 : l 1 0 1 2 PINK 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 ORhNGC 0 0 i 0 1 0 0 0 Gao 0 0 : o 0 0 0 0

YClLOU 0 0

i

i 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 OtlUE 0 0 : o 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 : o 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 ; o 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 2 0 i 0 2 0 0 0

MAGENTA i 0

i

; 2

i i 1 0 0

BROUN 0 1 i o 7 1 0 0 GRAY 0 0 : o 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 i 0

1

t

•

1

0 0 0 0

totals 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

frequency

cu : ups

1 HP5MH I Lf'5

• MER m> TUN

HIGH 0 : o 0

t

i 0 0 0 0 MEDIUM 13 I 8 11 : ii 11 12 16 LOU 7 : 12 9 i 9 9 8 4

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

l

1 SATURATION

!

FREQUENCY

CU

r i UPS ! MP5MH i LPS MER MLI rFI TUN

1 HIGH 4

t 2 : a ! 0 3 4 12

! MEDIUM 13 14 i 13 ! 9 13 14 3

i LOU 3 4 i 3 : n 4 2 5

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

ItES

CU HP5 HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ lAL'GX

l FREQ 1 AUGt1 TREQ 1AV/G1 FREQ 1AVGX1 FREQ iAOGt

l FREQ 1 AUG1i TREQ 1AVGX1 _ RED 20 10.90 20 10.90 20 10.93 20 10.92 20 10.93 20 10.91 20 10.94 BLUE 0 '.ERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 !LRR 0 !CRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 '.ERR 0 '.ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY HUES

CU HP5 HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGX

* — FREQ 1AVCX

l FREQ 1AOG1 FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AVGX

1 __ _ fREQ 1AVGX

RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 10 10.12 3 10.11 8 10.10 4 10.09 10 10 09 8 10.13 5 10.06 GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR YElLOU 6 10.15 10 10.14 4 10.16 13 10.10 6 10.11 6 10.13 7 10 13

T0TAL5 16 15 . 12 17 16 14 12

66
Table 11A. Results for Sample 58 s Fluorescent Red

05HA COLOR 5AMPLE NO. 58

COLOR NAME FREQIENCY

CU HP 5 HPSMH :

1 LP5 HER MH

RED 14 14 13 i 7 15 13 RED ORANGE 0 0 o : 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 1 0 o : 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 o : 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 o :

i 2 0 0

GOLD 0 0 o i

• 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 o : 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 o : 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 o : 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 o : 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 o : 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 o : 0 0 0 PURPLE 2 2 2 i

i 2 2 2

MAGENTA 2 2

a 2 :

i 0 2 3

BROUN 1 2 3 : 9 1 1 GRAY 0 0 o : 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 o : 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 o :

>i

i

i

0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 19

TUN

20

0

00

0

20

LIGHTNESS

FREQIENCY

CU HP5 ! HPSMH

1

I LP5

1 MER_ MH TUN

HIGH 0

1 o : i : o 0 1 0 MEDIUM 11 8 : li ! 12 9 11 15 LOU 9 12 i 8 : 8 11 8 5

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 !HP5MH

. 1

S LPS

1 MER MH TUN

HIGH 4

1 2 ! 4 : o

’ 3 4" 9 MEDIUM 13 15 ! 12 : 10 14 12 7 LOU 3 3 ! 4 : 10 3 4 4

TOTALS 20 OJ o OJ O 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HIES

CU HPS HP5MH LP5 MER MH TUN

FREQ SAVGl

1 FREQ SAVGl1 __ FREQ SAVGl1 FREQ SAVGl1 FREQ SAVGl FREQ IAVGl. I . FREQ SAVGl1 RED

BLUE GREEN

YELLOW

20 10.90

0 ! ERR

0 S ERR

0 '.ERR

19 10.92

0 IERR

0 !ERR

o :err

20 : 0 91

0 5 ERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

20 io.85

o :err

0 IERR

o :err

20 10.90

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

20 SO. 88

0 SERR

0 SERR

0 SERR

20 SO. 94

0 SERR

0 SERR

0 SERR

TOTALS 20 19 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LP5 MER m TUN

FREQ SAVGl FREQ SAVGl

1 FREQ SAVGl FREQ SAVGl FREQ SAVGl

1 FREQ SAVG11 FREQ SAVGl

RED BLUE GREEN YELLQU

o Ierr

11 !0 13

0 IERR 4 10.14

0 IERR 8 10.15

1 10.30 5 10.09

0 IERR

11 10.12

o :err 5 S0.09

o Ierr 4 SO. 13

0 'ERR

15 10.17

0 '.ERR 11 SO 16

0 SERR 3 SO. 07

0 SERR

14 SO. 13

0 SERR 3 SO. 22

0 SERR

6 SO. 09

0 SERR

6 SO. 12

TOTAL5 15 14 16 19 14 17 12

67
Table 12A. Results for Sample 5 , ANSI Orange

Q5HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 5

Pf\ nn FREQUENCY

LvJLUH fxfirVC. CU IIP 5 HP5MH LP5 1 HER HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 ORANGE 13 5 10 o : o

i 11 17

GOLD b 2 5 0 I 3

1 5 1

YCLLOU 0 13 2 20 i 12 1 1 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 i 0 i i 0 0 TAN 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 1 OLIUE 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 o : i 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 1 0

1 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 o ; o 3 0 GRAY 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 UHITC 0 0 0 0 1 0

i

i

i•

0 0

1 FREQUENCY

i

t CU UP5 ! HP5HH 1 LPS I

1 1 i HER uu~ nn

. TUN

HIGH 1 2 6 1

i • 11 9 1 1 2 3 MEDIUM 1 18 13 ; 19 i li ; 17 17 16 LOU 1 0 l : 0 1 0 1 2 1 1

TOTALS 20 20 ru o ru o 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 IHP5MH 1 LPS 1 - t 1 l HER HH TUN

HIGH 1 10 1 5 ! 10 ! 1 3 3 MEDIUM 19 10 I 13 1 61 12 13 15 LOU 0 0 i 2 ! 4 : 7 A 2

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HP5 HP5W LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAUCt

MM 1 MM TREQ lAUGt THEQ 1 AUG*

... . . i FREQ IAVG1 TREQ lAVGt

_ _ l _ _ FREQ IAYGI- l - RED 3 10.57 1 io 50 2 10.55 0 IERR

[ 0 IERR 2 10.55 6 So 58 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.80 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOU 17 10.72 19 10.88 18 I0.B2 20 10.96 19 10.93 18 10.7A LA 10.76

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HP5 1 HPSMH

l LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ lAUGt FREQ IAVG1

l

1 FREQ lAUGt FREQ IAWG% FREQ IAVGX

1 FREQ IAUGX FREQ IAUGX1 _ RED 17 10.28 14 10.16 1 15 10 21 9 10.06 5 10.09 17 10.28 14 10.24 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR : 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 2 10.08 3 10.07 7 10.13 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOU 3 10 43 1 10.50 1 2 10.45 0 IERR 1 10.20 2 10.45 6 10 43

TOTALS 20 15 19 12 13 19 20

68
Table 13A. Results for Sample 15, Retroref lectlve-Fluorescent Orange

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 15

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW Hn5 HP5HH LP5 HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 i i ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 20 19 20 17 20 19 19

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YlLlOW 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 YELLOw GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a IDE 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 blue green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQuENCY

CU HPS HIPjMH

l

: lps

t HER HH TUN

HIGH 8 6 i 4

•

i 5 7 6 3

ttEQIUtt 12 12 ! 16 ! 15 13 14 17 LOU 0 2 ; 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH

i .

: lps

i «R MH TUN

HIGH 18 8 ! 14 : 3 19 17 12 tCDIUH 2 12 1 6 : 14 1 3 8 LOU 0 0 i 0 : 3 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 O

C\J 01 0 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HP5HH LPS mer TUN

FREQ iAUGl FREQ 1A0C% FREQ 1 AVG%

l Ff£Q IAVG1 FREQ !AVG% FREQ 1AVG%._ » FREQ 1AUGXl RED 12 10 54 6 10.53 7 10.56 4 10.53 10 10.54 9 10.60 7 10.57 BLUE o :err 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 ItRR 0 1 ERR

GREEN 0 ICHR 0 1ERR 0 5 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 I ERR YELLOW 8 10.70 14 10.66 13 10.68 16 10.67 10 10.62 11 10.62 13 10.63

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS 1 HPSrtH 1 LPS

l 1 HER MH TUN

FREQ 1A0G1

1 FREQ lAOGt 1FREQ 1A0G% i FREQ lAOGt

i 1 i . 1 _ l FREQ 1A0G%_ _ _ 1 _ .... FREQ lAVGt

0 FREQ lAVGt

RED 8 10.30 14 10 .34 1 13 10.32 ! 15 10.29 10 10. 38 11 10.38 13 10.37 BLUE 0 1ERR 0 ! ERR 1 0 1ERR 1 0 1CRR 0 1CRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 0 1 ERR ! 1 11.00 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 '.ERR YELLOW 12 10.46 6 10.48 1 7 10.44 1 4 10.48 10 10.46 9 10.40 7 10.43

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

69
Table 14A Results for Sample 16, Fluorescent Orange

OSFw COLOP SAMPLE NO. 16

CCL0P name frequency

CU HPS HP5MH LPS HER HH TW

REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fcLD Ot^ANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OAAN&C k£l) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OAANGC £0 20 20 1 19 20 20

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YClLOW 0 0 0 19 1 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HAGEN1

A

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 £0 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU

i . i HPS 1 HPSMH

l LPS

.. HER MH TUN

HIGH 6

i 9 : li 9 8 11 6 MEDIUM 14 11 ! 9 li 12 9 14 LOW 0 o : 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CU HPS !HP5MH : LPS

l HER m.... TUN

HIGH 17 15 I 8 : 14 10 14 9 MEDIUM 3 5 1 11 : 6 10 6 11 LOU 0 0 i 1 : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 *R MH TUN

TrEQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT TREQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT TREQ ! AVGT

i TREQ I AVGT

RED 7 10.60 2 10.55 5 10.57 0 S ERR 6 10.55 9 10.52 3 10 53

BLUE 0 : ERR 0 ! ERR 0 !ERR 0 SERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 :lrr 0 !CRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 IERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR YELLOW 13 10 63 18 tO . 63 15 10.65 20 10.94 14 10.66 11 10.68 17 10.62

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT FREQ IAVGT

i t-REQ IAVGT. I FREQ IAVGT t-REQ IAVGTl RED 13 10.37 18 10 37 15 10.35 12 10.09 14 10.34 11 10.32 17 10.38 BLUE 0 IERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 4 10.05 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 7 10 40 2 10 45 5 10.43 0 IERR 6 10.45 9 10.48 3 10 47

TOTALS 20 20 20 16 20 20 20

70
Table 15A. Results for Sample 17, Retroref lective-Fluorescent Orange

05;ih CL-LOH ShMRLL NU 17

CCLOk NhMc

r REQuCNLY

GW HP'S HpBKH LPS HER MH TUN

rEl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ftED CWhNGl 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 QAhNGC >£D 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 14 13 12 0 1 13 16

GOLD 1 0 J 3 3 0 0

rEu-GW 0 1 0 6 £ 0 0 Y^llOW GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ThN 0 2 2 4 3 0 0 OlIOE 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 GAElN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPll 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 4 4 i 0 7 7 2 CRAY 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

lightness

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH : lps HER Hn TUN

high 1 3 i l

i

: 2

1

1 0 0 MEDIUM li 14 : 15 i 17 10 14 19 LOU 8 3 i 4 : l 9 6 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU

1 1 HP5 1HPSMH

i

: lps HER HH TUN

HIGH 2

i i ; 2

1 " 1 1

: 2

1 0 2 5 HtDIUM 16 16 : 13 ! 7 11 13 11 LOU 2 3 1 5 1 11 9 5 4

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS HER MH TUN

FwEQ ;aog* FREQ 1A0GH FREQ lAOGt FWEQ 1 A0G% FREQ 1AOG* FREQ 1AUG1 FREQ 1A0G*

RED

BLUE GREEN

YELLOW

10 10.76

0 1ERR

0 1ERR

10 10 67

7 10.63

0 1 ERR

0 1LRR

13 10 67

10 10.63

0 1ERR

0 1ERR

10 10 70

0 1LRR

0 1ERR

1 10 70

18 10.90

2 io 88

0 1 ERR

3 10 83

15 10.82

10 10.68

0 1ERR

0 1EPR

10 10.64

17 10 64

0 1ERR

0 1CRR 3 10.58

TOTALS 20 20 20 19 20 20 20

5ECONUARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ 1AVG* FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1A0GX Ff£Q 1 AOG% FREQ lAOGt FREQ lAOGt FREQ 1AOGX

l RED CLUE GREEN

YELLOW

10 10.33

0 1ERR

0 1ERR

10 10.24

13 10.33

0 1CRR

0 1ERR 7 10 37

10 10 31

0 1 CUR

0 1ERR

10 10.37

2 10 05

0 1 ERR

14 10.12

2 10.20

7 10.18

0 1ERR

7 10.21 5 10.15

10 10.36

0 1ERR

1 10.40 9 10.31

3 10.42

0 1 ERR

0 1ERR

17 10.36

TQTAL5 20 20 20 18 19 20 20

71
Table 16A. Results for Sample 18, Fluorescent Orange

05HA COLOR SAnRLE NO. i£t

COLOR NArtE FREQUENCY

CW HPS HP5HH LPS HER Nil TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 URANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 13 17 13 0 3 18 19

GOLD 2 0 3 0 5 0 1

YELLOW 3 3 3 20 12 1 0 YELLOW GP£EN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 OLIUt. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PUwPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NAGCNTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNE5S

FREQUENCY

CW

' 1 " 1 11 11 HP5 IHP5HH 1 LPS

i HER IhiU m TUN

. HIGH 4 8 ! 3

*

i 15 1

' 3 A HEUlUH 16 12 ! 17 i 5 18 17 15 LOU 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HPS IHPSHri

1 .

; lps

1 ... HER

.. mLO 1 TUN

HIGH 7 10 1 6

1

: 15 3 10 8 HEDIUH 13 io : i

a

! 5 15 10 11 LOU 0 o : o : o 2 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIHARY HUES

CW HPS Hpsm LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG*

l FREQ IAUG*i FREQ IAUG*----- 1 . _ ... FREQ IAUG*1 FREQ IAUG*» RED 1 1 0 50 3 10 62 2 10.65 0 ! ERR 0 IERR 1 10.60 3 10.57 BLUE 0 !CRR 0 ICRR 0 ILRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 IERR 0 ! ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR rCLLOU 19 10.76 17 :o.75 18 i0.79 20 10.97 20 10.91 19 10.70 17 10.69

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS KPSMH LPS t£R TUN

FREQ IAUG* TREQ 1 AUG* TREQ IAUG* FREQ I AUG*

. _ i TREQ 1 AUG* FREQ IAUG*

i FREQ 1 AUG*

i FED 17 10 25 15 10 28 17 10 22 7 10.07 9 10.13 19 10.30 17 10.31 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 1 10 20 0 IERR 0 IERR 2 10.05 5 10.11 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 1 10.50 3 10.38 2 10.35 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10 40 3 10.43

TOTALS 19 16 19 9 14 20 20

72
Table 17A. Results for Sample 35, Retroref lective-Fluorescent Orange.

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 35

COLOR name FREQUENCY

CU HP5 HP5MH LP5 HER HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 13 16 12 0 1 16 19

GOLD 1 1 5 0 3 0 0

YELLOW 1 0 1 19 6 1 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 2 3 2 0 2 0 0 OLIOE 0 0 0 I 7 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS FREQUENCY

CU ! HP5 1HP5HH i LP5 ! HER NH TUN

HIGH 2 : 3 i i 7 ! 0 i i : MEDIUH 16 ! 17 16 : 12 : is 16 17 1 LOU 2 : o i 3 ! i : 5 3 2 :

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY 1

CU : HP5 ihpsw ! LPS : HER HH TUN !

HIGH 0

»

: a 3

l

' i """ ' '

: 7 : o 1 4 1 reDIUM 16 : is 13 : 7 : 7 14 12 : LOU 4 : i A : 6 i 13 5 4 :

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HP5 UPSHH LP5 HER HH TUN

FREQ 1AVGH

l FREQ 1AVC1 FREQ 1AVG*

i FREQ lAVGt Ff£Q lAVGt FREQ lAOGti TREQ 1 A0G1

RED

i 6 10.67 5 10.54 6 10 57 0 1 ERR 0 ICRR 8 10.61 13 10.61 BLUE o :err 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 : ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR

GREEN 0 ICRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 ICRR 4 10.85 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YELLOU 14 ; 0 70 15 10.69 14 10.78 20 10 96 16 10.84 12 10.78 7 10.64

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HP5 HPsm LP5 >€R HH TUN

FREQ 1A0GI FREQ 1AUGI

. » ... _ FREQ 1AUGI FREQ 1AVG1

_ 1 FREQ 1AUG1 FREQ 1AVG* FREQ 1AUGX

RED 13 10.31 15 10.31 14 10.22 3 10.07 5 10.13 11 10.24 7 10.36 BLUE 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 1LRR 1 10.10 0 1ERR 0 ICRR GREEN 1 10.20 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 5 10.11 10 10.18 1 10.10 0 1ERR YELLOU 6 10.33 5 10.46 6 10.43 0 ICRR 4 10.15 8 10.39 13 10.39

TOTALS 20 20 20 8 20 20 20

73
Table 18A. Results for Sample 42, Retroref lective Orange.

05HA COLOR SAHPlE NO. 42

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

LIGHTNESS FREQUENCY -

CW HFS HP5MH LPS ICR HH TUN CW HPS

1 IHPSMH

l

! LPS

i _ MER MUm TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HIGH 3

l 2

1

; i

i

i 6 1 4 0 RED ORANGE 1 0 2 0 2 0 0 MEDIUM 17 i 18 : 19 i 12 19 16 20 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 LOW 0 1 0 ; o ; 2 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 19 18 18 18 17 20 20 TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

GOLD 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

YEllOU 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TW 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 FREQUENCY

OLIVE 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 SATURATION

GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CW I HPS ! HP5MH ! LPS ICR mh TUN

clue green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 —‘ - -1

1 _ _

1

•1 ——

, . . — 1 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HIGH 17 i 10 i 12 : a 11 15 11 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MEDIUM 3 ! 9 : 8 i 9 9 3 9 LOW 0 i 1 : o i 8 0 0 0 MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HPS !

• HPSMH LPS ICR MH TUN

FREQ SAVGX FREQ ill. SAVGX SFREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGT FREQ SAVGT

l FREQ SAVGT FREQ SAVGTl RED 14 SO 61 9 SO 58 ! 13 10.57 4 SO. 55 15 10.59 17 10.55 13 SO. 57 BLUE 0 !CRR 0 ! ERR ! 0 1CRR 0 iCRR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GREEN 0 ;err 0 J ERR : 0 ! ERR 0 SERR 0 itRR 0 SERR 0 SERR YCLLOW 6 10.63 11 SO. 62 i 7 10.65 16 SO. 69 5 SO. 63 3 SO. 60 7 SO. 60

TQTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUE5

CW ISPS S

l HP5MH LPS ICR MH TUN

FREQ SAVGT FREQ SAVGt IFREQ SAVGT

1 1 l . _ FREQ SAVGT FREQ SAVGt

i FREQ SAVGT

, • FREQ SAVGt

RED 6 S 0 38 11 SO .38 S 7 10.35 15 SO. 32 3 SO. 37 3 SO. 40 7 SO. 40

BLUE 0 SERR 0 SERR S 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GRELN 0 SERR 0 SERR S 0 SERR 1 SO. 10 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOW 14 SO. 39 9 SO. 42 i 13 SO. 43 4 SO. 45 15 SO. 41 17 SO 45 13 SO. 43

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

74
Table 19A. Results for Sample 46, Ordinary Orange

OSHA COLOR SAHPlE NO 46

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

cu UPS HPSNH LP5 HER MH TUN

RED 5 i 5 i 9 7 5 RED ORANGE 5 3 4 3 4 6 6 ORANGE RED 2 1 i 0 0 3 1 PINK 2 0 1 0 3 0 0 ORANGE 6 15 9 16 4 4 8

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

VELLOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 c 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 UNITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

it

» Tf^UTkXXC •- FREQUENCY

it

i CU HPS 1HP5MH I LP5l HER HH TUN

HIGH : 2

1 3 ; 3 1 3 1 3

' 1 5 MEDIUM 1 18 17 : 17 : 17 19 17 15 LOW ! 0 o : 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH

.

1

i. ..

i lps :

i i HER m TUN

HIGH 15 15 1 14 1 8 i' 17 19 17 MEDIUM 5 5 ; 6 : 12 : 3 1 3 LOW 0 0 i 0 ! o : 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HP5 HPSMH LP5 ffcR HH TUN

FREQ :aog%

• FREQ i AVGS

l FREQ 1AVG1 FREQ 1AVG* FREQ 1AVG1

1 FREQ lAOGt

i FREQ 1A0GX

RED 19 10.79 19 10.66 20 10.77 18 10.64 20 10.84 20 10.77 19 10.75 BLUE 0 iCRR 0 1LRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR GREEN 0 :err 0 1ERR 0 '.ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR

YELLOW 1 :o 60 1 10.50 0 ICRR 2 10.60 0 1ERR 0 ICRR 1 10.60

TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HIES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 MER TUN

TREQ 1AVC% FREQ 1AOGI FREQ 1AVG1 FREQ 1AVG* FREQ 1AVGI

1 rREQ lAVGt

l FREQ 1AVG1

RED 1 10.40 1 10.50 0 ICRR 2 10.40 0 ! ERR 0 ICRR 1 10.40 BLUE 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 4 10.09 1 10.20 0 1ERR GRECN 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 1LRR YELLOU 18 10.23 19 10.34 19 10 24 18 10.36 16 10.18 19 10.23 18 10.27

T0TAL5 19 20 19 20 20 20 19

75
Table 20A. Results for Sample 48, Retroref lective Orange

05HA COlOR SAMPLE NO 48

COLOR name FREQUENCY

cu :

1 HPS HPSMU LPS HER. MH TUN

RED

» i ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 REu ORANGE i : 0 2 0 0 0 1 ORANGE RED o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 i 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 18 i

• 20 18 20 20 20 19

GOLD o :

i 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELlOW GREEN o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIYE o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLUE GREEN o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLC o :

i 0 0 0 0 0 0

MhGCNTA o !

i 0 0 0 0 0 0

CROWN o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLACK o : 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE o :

ii

i•

0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNE55

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1 HPSMH i LP5 MER m TUN

HIGH 9 8 : 5 s' 12 5 7 4 HEDIUH 11 12 : 15 i 8 15 13 16 LOU 0 o : 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTAL

5

20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

l-REQUENCY

CU

_ HPS ! HPSMH- » _ LPS... MER TUN. HIGH 16 16 : 13 8 18 15 16 MEDIUM A A i 7 12 2 5 A LOU 0 0 ! 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGI FREQ i A0G1 FREQ SA0G1 FREQ SAVG1

l FREQ SAUGl FREQ SA1IG1

t FREQ SAUGtl RED 15 : o 60 11 1 0 60 13 10.60 2 SO. 55 17 SO. 58 15 SO. 55 12 SO. 58 CLUE 0 1 ERR 0 :lrr 0 SCRR 0 SCRR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GREEN 0 :err o :err o ;err 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOW 5 SO. 57 9 10.61 7 10.65 18 SO. 69 3 10.57 5 SO. 62 8 10.64

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 ICR m TUN

FREQ SA0G1 FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAUCt

l . FREQ SAUCtl _ TREQ SAVGl

i FREQ SAVGH. • FREQ SAUGX

RED 5 SO 43 9 SO 39 7 10.35 18 SO 31 3 SO 43 5 SO. 38 8 SO. 36

BLUE 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GRECN 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOU 15 SO. 40 11 10.40 13 SO. 40 2 10.45 17 SO. 42 15 10.45 12 SO. 42

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

76
Table 21A. Results for Sample 56, Retroref lective Orange Red

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO 56

COlOR name TWEQUENCY

cw UPS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 i 0 0 0 i 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 19 18 20 13 20 19 20

GOLD 1 1 0 2 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 OlIUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 blue green 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

toGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS I HPSMH : lps

» HER MH TUN

HIGH 3

1 4 1 1 5 1 3 1 MEDIUM 17 15 ! 19 : is 19 17 19 LOU 0 1 i 0 ; 2 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 i HPSMH ! LPS HER MUran TUN

HIGH 13

1 3 : 12 1 2 15 18 6 MEDIUM 7 17 ! 8 : 7 5 2 14 LOU 0 0 i 0 : n 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HP5 HPSMH LP5 HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVG* FREQ ! ADG1

l . TREQ iAUGl rREQ 1A0GXi TREQ 1A0G1i FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

i RED 10 !0 57 12 10.54 9 10.55 4 10.60 7 10 59 12 10.55 8 10.55 BLUE 0 itRR o ;err 0 !ERR 0 1ERR 0 ItRR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 !CRR o ;err 0 !ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR YELLOW 10 10.68 8 10.73 11 10.69 16 10.77 13 10.60 8 10.63 12 10.65

TOTAlS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HRS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGX

l FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1A0GI

1 FREQ 1A0G* FREQ 1AUGI FREQ 1 AUGX

RED 10 10.32 8 10.28 11 10.31 15 10.24 13 10.40 8 10.38 12 10.35 BLUE 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1LRR 0 1LRR 0 IlRR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 ItRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 10.10 0 ILRR 0 1ERR 0 ItRR YELLOU 10 10 44 12 10.46 9 10 45 4 10.40 7 10.41 12 10.45 8 10.45

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

77
05HA CCk.GR SAftPuE NO. 4

COLOR NAHE FREQUENCY

CW HPS HP5HH LPS HER Hil TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RtD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

GOLD 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 15 19 17 20 8 16 17 YElLOU GREEN A 1 2 0 10 4 2 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HAGCNTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS !

1

FREQUENCY

CU HPS IHPSHH ! LP5

1 ... . HER Ml : TUN

1 HIGH I 12 14 i 12 ! 14 11 11 i 9 HEDIUM I 8 6 ! 8 « 6 9 9 : li LOW I 0 0 ! 0 i 0 0 0 1 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS ! HP5HH ! LPS

l HER HH TUN

HIGH 6

•

' ii : 6 i 18 10 12 5 HEDIUH 14 7 : 14 : 2 9 8 14 LOU 0 2 : o : o 1 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIHARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH LP5 HER HH TUN

FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

i FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

1 FREQ lAVGt• RED 0 :err 0 ! ERR o Ierr 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 :err 0 ICRR 0 !ERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR GREEN 0 ;lrr o ;err i :o 60 0 IERR 3 10.80 2 10.75 0 IERR YELLOU 20 10.90 20 10.93 19 10.94 20 10.99 17 10.85 18 10.95 20 10.94

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU

_ HPS HPSHH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ lAVGt

i FREQ lAVGtl TREQ lAVGt TREQ lAVGt

• TREQ lAVGt

l TREQ lAVGt

i FREQ lAVGt

l RED 1 10 10 2 10 10 0 ICRR 1 10.10 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 1 10.30 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 15 10 13 10 10.12 10 10.12 3 10.07 14 10.18 8 10.12 11 10.08 YELLOU 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.40 0 IERR 3 10.20 2 10.25 0 IERR

TOTALS 16 12 11 4 17 10 12

78
Table 23A. Results for Sample 19, Retroref lective-Fluorescent Yellow

GENA COlOR SANPlY NG j.9

COLDS NAME CW HPS HPSMIt lPS MLR HU TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED OhANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RlD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RlNh 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

YELLOW 6 10 6 14 5 3 4 YELLOW Gf£EN 14 9 14 1 12 14 12 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 GREEN 0 1 0 0 3 3 4 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BLhCi< 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW HPS IHPSMh ; lps

1 HER Hri TUN

HIGH 14 12 i 14

1

: 7 U 14 14 MEDIUM 6 8 i 6 i 13 9 6 6 LOW 0 0 : 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

cu HPS IHPSMH 1 LPS

i hEFt HH TUN

HIGH 14 11 ! 6

i

1 7 11 13 7 MEDIUM 6 8 : 14 ! 12 9 7 11 LOW 0 1 i 0 : i 0 0 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HPS HP5MH

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1AVG1

_ . 1 _ _ FREQ 1AVGXl RED 0 I ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 4 10.61 2 10.68 5 10 64 YELLOW 16 tO 81 18 10.86 15 10.78

LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1AVGI

1 _

>- RES 1AVGX FREQ iAVGX

i

0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

0 IERR 6 10.70 6 10.67 8 10.71 20 10.95 14 10.81 14 10.71 12 10.79

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

rwEQ 1AVGX

i TO lAVGt TO lAVGt TO lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt TO lAVGt

RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 2 10.08 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 16 10 19 16 10.16 15 10 22 7 10.14 14 10.19 13 10.31 11 10.23 YELLOW 4 10.39 2 10.33 5 10.36 0 IERR 6 10.30 6 10.33 8 10.29

T0TAL5 20 18 20 9 20 19 19

79
Table 24A. Results for Sample 20, Fluorescent Yellow

OSHh COLUh 5AHRLL M3. 20

COlOk NhHl. FREQUENCY

CU UPS HrSHH LPS HER KH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RLD ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 kANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OkANGC 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 Gao 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 8 18 11 20 8 11 14 YELlOW GREEN 12 2 8 0 12 9 5 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GhECN 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU UPS IHPSHH : lps

1 HER ! HH i

1 i TUN

HIGH 18 15 S 18

1

i 15 15 i 13 ; 15 HEDIUM 2 5 ! 2 I 5 5 ! 7 i 5 LOU 0 0 : o i 0 0 : o : 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 IHPShh

i

! LPS i HER yunn TUN

HIGH 15 13 : 14 : 18 i 14 15 11 HLDIUh 5 6 i 6 ; 2 : 5 5 8 LOU 0 i : o i 0 i 1 0 1

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRInARY

HUES

CU HRS HpSHH LP5 ttR HH TUN

TREQ I AVGI

I _ FREQ I AVGI FREQ I AVGI- - - 1 FREQ I AVGI TREQ IAVGI FREQ IAVGI TREQ IAVGI

RED 0 ICRR 0 iCRR 1 i 0 50 0 iCRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE o :err 0 IERR 0 !LRR o ;err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN i :o 60 0 icrr 1 10 80 o :err 2 10.65 0 IERR 2 50.60 YELLOW 19 10 83 20 10.93 18 50.84 20 50.97 18 10.81 20 50.85 18 50.90

TOIAlS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUE5

CW HPS HPSHri LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ IAVGI

- - i FREQ IAVGI FREQ IAVGI FREQ IAVGIi FREQ IAVGIl FREQ IAVGI FREQ IAVGIi . RED 0 IERR 0 ICRR 2 10.10 2 10 08 0 ILRR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ILRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 18 10.18 12 10.12 15 50.18 3 10.15 18 10.19 16 10.19 13 10.14 YELLOW 1 50.40 0 IERR 2 50 35 0 IERR 2 10.35 0 IERR 2 10.40

TOTALS 19 12 19 5 20 16 15

80
Table 25A. Results for Sample 21, Retroref lective Yellow

UbHH COLOR SAMPuI HO 2i

COLOR NaHE

FftEQtENCY

CU HPS HP5HH LPb Hc.R HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED OkAHGL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 3 1 5 0 0 7 6

GOLD 3 0 2 1 3 6 6

YELLOW ii 18 10 19 13 5 6 YClLOU GREEN 1 1 0 0 3 1 1 TAN i 0 0 0 0 1 1 OLIOL 1 0 3 0 1 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BUCK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FfEQUENC'i

CU HPS 1 HPSHH : lps HER m TUN

HIGH A 7 i 5 : 8 1 A 5 ffiDIUM 16 13 : 15 : 12 19 1A IA LOU 0 o ; 0 ; o 0 2 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS IHPSMH

1 _

! LPS

l HER nn

. TUN

HIGH 3 8 : 6 1 9 2 2 3 MEDIUM 1 A 10 ! 13 : 9 16 14 13 LOU 3 2 1 1 : 2 2 A A

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU HPS HPSHH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1A0GX

_ » FREQ 1AUGI

, i FREQ 1A0GX

i FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1A0GX

.1 _ _ FREQ 1AVG11 RED 1 ; 0 50 o :err o :err 0 ! ERP. 0 1 ERR 3 10 62 0 I ERR

BLUE o :chr o :cur 0 !LRR 0 1LRR 0 1CRR 0 1ERR 0 1CRR GREEN 0 i ERR o :err 1 10.70 0 1ERR 1 10.80 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YELLOU 19 10 94 20 10.95 19 10.88 20 10 97 19 10.96 17 10.85 20 10.85

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH LPS «R MH TUN

FREQ 1 AUG!

I TREQ lAUGl TF£Q 1A0G%

l r

. FREQ 1AUGX

u

l FREQ 1A0GX

. , 1, . FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1AOGX

RED 8 10 08 3 10 12 12 10.17 3 10 05 2 10.05 9 10.22 13 10 20

BLUE 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 6 10 09 5 10 12 3 10.08 5 10 09 10 10.08 6 10.10 2 10.15 YELLOU 1 10.50 0 1ERR 1 10.30 0 1ERR 1 10.20 3 10.38 0 1 ERR

TOTALS 15 8 16 8 13 18 15

81
Table 26A. Results for Sample 22, Ordinary Yellow

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 22

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HP5 IIP5MH LPS HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 3 1 2 0 0 2 3

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

YELLOW 16 19 18 20 13 17 17 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (XIUE 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS FREQUENCY

CW i HpS I HPSMH ! LPS I HER

» 1 » i MUm 1 '’i fly

« ,

HIGH 15 i 13 ! 10 1 13 i 10 11 ! 13 MEDIUM 5 ! 7 : 10 : 7 ! 10 9 S 7 LOU o : o ; o : o i o 0 ! 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CU HP5 IHP5MH

i

! LP5

i HER MH TUN

HIGH 12 12 : 9 : 18 10 11 10 MEDIUM 7 7 ! 10 : 2 9 9 9 LOW 1 1 1 1 : o 1 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

CU UPS HPSMH LPS HER TUN

HUES FREQ 1 AUG1

1 TREQ IAUGX TREQ lAUGt TREQ lAUGtl FREQ lAUGt FREQ lAUGt TREQ IAUGI

RED 0 I CAR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR blue 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ICAR 0 IERR 0 1 EaR 0 IERR 1 10.70 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 20 10. 94 19 10. 94 20 10. 94 20 10.98 19 10.92 20 10.96 20 10.69

TOTAlS 20 19 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

CW HPS HPSMH LPS ffcR MH TUN

1 1 HUE5 FREQ lAUGt

t FREQ lAUGt FREQ lAUGt< FREQ lAUGt FREQ IAUGI

1 . . ... FREQ lAUGt

i FREQ IAUGI

RED A 10.20 A 10.10 9 10 09 3 10.07 0 IERR 7 10.09 9 10.68 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ICAR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN A 10 09 7 10. 11 7 10.06 2 10.13 12 10.13 2 10.15 1 10.05 YELLOW 0 ICAR 0 IERR 0 ICAR 0 ICAR 1 10.30 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 8 11 16 5 13 9 10

82
Table 27A. Results for Sample 36, Retroref lective Yellow

OSKA COlGS brtrtPi_E NO 36

COLOR NAME

FRLQUZNCr'

CW H-3S HPSrtt i LPS MER Ml TUN

RcD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORhNGE 0 2 4 0 0 3 2

GOLD A 2 3 0 1 2 6

YElLOW 12 15 10 17 9 11 10 YEllOW CAELN 2 0 1 1 7 1 1 TAN 1 0 i 1 0 l 1 OLIVE 1 0 1 1 0 2 0 GREEN 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENC'i

CW HPS IHPSMU LPS MLR Ml TUN

HIGH 5 5 : 4 e 6 3 4 MEDIUH 14 15 : is 12 14 14 14 LOW 1 0 : l 0 0 3 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

i RCQIDCY

CW HPS IHPSMI

i LPS MER Ml TUN

HIGH 3 7 ! 4 6 4 2

‘

1 MEDIUM 15 11 ! 15 12 13 11 15 LEW 2 2 : l 2 3 7 4

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CW HPS HP5MH LPS MLR MH TUN

FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX

1 FREQ iAVGX

ii

1 . ii FREQ IAVGX1 FREQ iAVGX FREQ IAVGXe RED 0 !ERR 0 IERR 0 1ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 1 10.50 0 iERR CLUE 0 i ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 SLRR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 !ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 4 10.75 0 iERR 0 IERR YElLOW 20 50.91 20 50 89 20 10.65 20 !0 96 16 10.85 19 10.88 20 10.88

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

ISJES

CW HPS BP5MH LPS MER Mi TUN

FREQ IAVGX FPEQ iAVGX rftEQ iAVGX TREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ IAVGX

RED 4 10.18

"

1 TM

4 10. i6 10 io 63 3 iO 07 0 1LRR 7 50.18 li 10 . 12 BLUE 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 11 !0 10 8 10.19 7 iO.li 6 50.09 14 10.18 8 10.13 6 !0 17 YELLOW 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 4 50.25 1 10.50 0 iERR

TOTAL5 15 12 17 9 18 16 17

83
Table 28A Results for Sample 37, Retroref lective Yellow

ObHA COlDR SAMPLE NO 37

COLOR NAHE FREQUENCE

CU HPS HP5fli LP5 HER NH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED QAANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

GOLD 6 3 A 2 2 6 3

YELLOW A 12 7 15 8 7 6 YllLOW GREEN 0 2 0 1 A 0 0 TAN 7 i 6 0 1 7 9 0LI0E 3 2 2 2 1 0 1 GREEN 0 0 0 0 A 0 1 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGCNTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNE55

FREQLENCY

cw HPS 1HP5HH ! LPS

i f€R : hh ;i . TUN

HIGH 6 6 : 6

l

i 5 6

•

i 6 o 5 IEDIUH 12 ia : 12 I 15 12 : 9 i 12 LOW 2 o : 2 i 0 2 : 5 i 3

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CW HP5 1HP5MH ! LPS HER MUrH

11 TUN

HIGH 0 1 ; 0

i

i 6

„ 0 0 0 ICDIUM 10 ii : 7 i 10 7 7 A LOW 10 8 : is ; a 13 13 16

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HPSNH 1 LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVGX

1 . FREQ IAUG1 FREQ lAVGl 1 FREQ 1AVG1l » l FREQ 1 AUGXl FREQ lAVGtl FREQ 1AVGI

RED 2 10.70 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 0 1ERR 0 5 ERR 0 1ERR 0 ! ERR

BLUE 0 1CRR 0 1CRR 0 1CRR I 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 ItRR 2 10 65 0 1ERR 1 0 1ERR 6 10.82 0 1ERR 2 10.70 YCLLOU 18 10 88 18 10.90 20 10.88 1 20 10.92 14 10.88 20 10.86 18 10.88

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH 1 LP5 ICR HH TUN

FREQ 1AVG1 FREQ lAVCt FREQ 1AVG1 IFREQ 1 AVGX

• i 1 TREQ 1AVG1• FREQ 1 AVGT FREQ lAVGt

I RED 3 10 12 6 10 14 6 10.18 1 A 10.11 0 1CRR 6 10.18 6 10 14 BLUE 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 0 1ERR 0 ItRR 0 1 ERR 0 1LRR GREEN 12 10.15 10 10.09 9 10. 14 1 10 10.13 13 10.13 13 10.13 8 10.16 YELLOW 2 10.30 2 10 35 0 1 ERR 1 0 1 ERR 5 10.22 0 1ERR 2 10.30

TOTALS 17 18 . 15 14 18 19 16

84
Table 29A. Results for Sample 49, Fluorescent Yellow-orange

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO 49

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CM HPS hpsm LP5 MER MU TON

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 19 13 17 0 19 17 20

GOLD 1 1 0 1 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 6 3 19 1 3 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QL I UE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BlUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW 1 HPS 1 HPSMH

1 _

: lps HER Mh TUN

HIGH 9 : 9

l

: li

i “ " 1 1 '

: 9 11 li 12 MEDIUM 11 : li : 9 : li 9 9 8 LOU 0 : o : o : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

cu HPS HP5MH LPS MLR MH TUN

HIGH 13 12 10

i

: 16 11 17 11 MEDIUM 7 8 10 i 3 9 3 9 LOU 0 0 0 ; i 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH Tia

FREQ IAUG! FREQ ! AUG!

» FREQ IAUG! FREQ 1 AUG! FREQ IAUG! FREQ IAUG! FREQ IAUG!i RED 5

•10.60 2 io 60 4 SO 50 o Ierr 2 10.53 5 10.54 3 0 . 53 DLUE 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 !CRR 0 !CRR 0 IERR 0 IERR o :err GREEN 0 : ERR o : ERR 0 !ERR o ;err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOU 15 10.66 18 10.75 16 ! 0 . 71 20 J0.95 18 10.68 15 10.64 17 10.70

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ IAUG!

1 |-REQ IAUG! FREQ IAUG! FREQ I AUG!I FREQ 1 AUG!

i FREQ 1 AUG! FREQ 1 AUG!

RED 15 !0 34 18 10.25 16 IO 29 10 10.09 18 io 32 15 10.36 16 10.30 BLUE 0 IERR o :err o :lrr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 !ERR 0 iCRR 0 ICRR 3 10.05 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.30 YELLOW 5 10 40 2 10.40 4 10.50 0 IERR 2 10.48 5 10.46 3 10.47

TOTALS 20 20 20 13 20 20 20

85
Table 30A. Results for Sample 3, ANSI Green

QSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 3

COlOR name FREQUENCY

cu HPG HP5MH LPS 1 MEN NH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 ORANGC t£D 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 ORANGC 0 0 0 0 i 0

1 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 o i o 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 o : o 0 0 OLIOE 0 0 0 i i i 0 0 GREEN 11 8 10 1 ! 17 12 13 BLUE GREEN 9 10 9 0 i 2 8 7 BLUE 0 2 1 o : o 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 o : o

i 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 o : o

i 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 2 ! 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 is : o 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 3 : o 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 i 0

ii

i•

0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 ru o ru o 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 !MP5MH

t

! LPS i HER MH

HIGH 0 o : 0 5 0 i o 0 Q MEDIUM 12 7 ! 13 : 2 i 10 16 17 LOU 8 13 i 7 : 18 i 10 A 3

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU

_ HP5 5HP5MH ! LP5 HER : mh : TUN

HIGH 1 1 : 0

l

" " '

: o 0

1 1

: l : A MEDIUM 16 13 i 17 ! 3 7 ! 15 ! i A LOU 3 6 S 3 : l 13 ; a : 2

TOTALS 20 ru o ru o A 20 20 to

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5HH LPS HER TUN

FREQ 5A0GX FREQ IAVG1 FREQ 5 AUGt

l FREQ iAVGt

l FREQ 5A0G1 FREQ 5AVG1 FREQ 5AUG1

RED 0 1CHR 0 iCRR 0 5 ERR 2 50.78 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 ! ERR

BLUE 1 10.75 7 10.61 A 50.55 0 5 ERR 1 50.50 1 50.50 2 50.55 GREEN 19 50.84 13 50.81 16 50 84 2 50.95 19 50.89 19 50.87 18 50.58 YELLOU 0 ’.ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 A 20 20 20

5ECONJARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ iAOGt FREQ 5AUG1

1 FREQ 5A0GX FREQ 5A0G1 FREQ 5A0G1 FREQ 5A0G1

i FREQ 5AVGI

RED 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR 0 5 ERR

BLUE 1 A 50.20 8 50.26 11 50.22 0 5LRR 6 50.19 13 50.17 1 A 50.53 GREEN 1 50.25 7 50.39 A 50.45 0 5 ERR 1 50.50 2 50.28 2 50 45 YELLOU 2 50.10 3 50.13 1 50.10 3 50.18 6 50.16 2 50.10 2 50.10

TOTALS 17 18 16 3 13 17 18

86
Table 31A. Results for Sample 23, Retroref lective-Fluorescent Green Yellow

05HA COUP 5AIVLL NO. 23

COUP NAME FREQUENCY

cw IPS HP5HH LPS *£R MH TUN

REu 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED drank: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RtO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 6 3 4 0 7 7 0 TAN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Ol IOZ 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 GREEN 14 17 16 2 13 13 20 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPlE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

HAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 5 0 0 0

Bt_ACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW UPS IHP5HH i LPS HER Hh TUN

HIGH 5 2 ! 3

l n

: o 3 4 2 HlQIJN 15 15 : 17 : li 15 16 17 LOW 0 3 ; 0 : 9 2 0 1

TOTALS 20 O

ru OJo 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CW HPS ilPSHH : LP5 1

• nn « TUN

HIGH 13 9 1 12

1

' " '

: o 7

i t

: 14 : 14

KLDIUrt 7 io : 8 : 2 13 ; 6 ; 6 LOU 0 i : o : 14 0 : o : 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 16 20 20 20

PRIHhRY HUES

CW UPS HPSHH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ iAUGX FREQ ! AVGX

l FREQ 1 A0GX TREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AVGXI FREQ iAOGX• TmEQ iAOGX< RED o :lrr 0 iCRR 0 iERR 6 I© 80 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 iERR BLUE o ;err 0 iERR 0 '.ERR 0 iERR 0 ILRR 0 iERR 0 iERR GREEN 20 10.82 20 !0 91 20 10.84 6 <0.86 19 10.85 20 !0 78 20 10.92 YELLOW o : ERR 0 '.ERR 0 iERR 1 iO .60 1 SO .60 0 iERR 0 iERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 13 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS Hpsm LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ ! A0GX

, i FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1 AUG% FREQ 1A0GX FREQ iAOGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ 1AVGX

FED 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 itRR 0 iERR BLUE 0 iERR 1 :o 10 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 ILRR 0 iERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 4 10.19 1 10.40 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOW 18 10.20 io :o.i7 19 10.17 10 10.20 17 10 17 19 10.24 13 10.13

TOTALS 18 ii 19 14 18 19 13

87
Table 32A. Results for Sample 24, Fluorescent Green Yellow

051 -IA COLOR SAMPLE NO 24

FREQUENCY

UJ-UK IrrtnL CW HP 5 l-iPSMH LR5 HER HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GELD 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

YELLOU 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 12 7 9 2 10 8 7 TAN 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 GRELN 8 13 11 3 10 12 13 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH

» _ •

: lps

>

: m MU 0 nri o TUN

HIGH 11 7 : 7 16! 7 13

: 7 MEDIUM 9 12 : is : ii : 13 7 . 13 LOU 0 1 i 0 1 3 ! 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 IHP5MH

»

! LPS : MER

» - . - -

! TUN

HIGH 16 11 i 14 1 0

•

: 8 15

___

i 10 MEDIUM 4 9 S 6 ; 4 ; 12 4 : 10 LOU 0 o ; o : 16 : o 1 s o

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt TREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt TREQ lAVGt H£Q lAVGt

i TREQ lAVGt

RED 0 !CRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 5 ERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR BLUE o ;err o :err 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 18 10.77 19 10.79 20 10.78 7 10.78 14 10.77 20 10 76 20 10.84 YELLOU 2 10 53 1 10.50 0 1LRR 13 10.80 6 10.66 0 1ERR 0 1ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

secondary

HUES

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

1 FREQ lAVGt

l FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

l FREQ lAVGt

RED 0 1 ERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 4 10.23 0 IERR 0 I ERR 0 IERR CLUE 0 ICRR 0 IErR 0 IERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR GREEN 2 10 48 1 10 50 0 IERR 9 10.18 6 10.34 0 IERR 0 IERR YElLOU 17 10.24 16 10.24 20 10 22 7 10.22 14 10.23 20 10.24 18 10.18

TQTAL5 19 17 20 20 20 20 18

88
Table 33A. Results for Sample 25, Retroref lective Green.

OShA COLOR ShaPuC Nu 2o

FREQUENCY

UULUK rtHTt cu KPS HPSMH LPS MLR Hi TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 TfW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 GREEN ii i 4 0 17 8 7

DLUfc GREEN 8 17 15 0 1 12 13 BLUE i 2 1 c 0 0 0 PURPLC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

DROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU UPS iHPSMH LPS

i HER HH TUN

HIGH 1 o ; 0 i 0 0 1 0 MEDIUM 13 5 : 13 : o 9 15 16 LOW 6 15 i 7 ! 20 11 4 4

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS iHPSMH

1

i LPS

« .... HER

. . m- TUN

HIGH i 4 i 5

«

: o 1 3

' 8 MEDIUM 17 12 i 14 ; o 13 16 12 LOU 2 4 : i : i 6 1 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 i 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ iAVGX

1 _ FREQ IAVGX 1-REQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX1 FREQ iAVGX FFEQ iAVGX

l FREQ iAVGX

RED 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 5 ERR o !err 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR DLUE 4 10.58 12 iO 69 5 50.60 0 iLRR 0 iERR 3 iO .53 4 50.60 GREEN 16 50.85 8 10.77 15 iO 77 0 ; ERR 19 10.92 17 5 0 . 79 16 10.74 YELLOW 0 .'ERR 0 iLRR 0 iLRR 0 iLRR 1 10 65 0 iERR 0 IERR

T0TAL5 20 20 20 0 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUE5

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER m TUN

TREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX rHEQ iAVGX FREQ IAVGX Tf£Q iAVGX TREQ iAVGX

1 FREQ iAVGXi RED 0 iERR 1 iO.iO 0 iLRR 0 iERR 0 iLRR 0 iERR 0 iERR Blue 12 10.20 8 10.23 13 10.27 1 10 05 6 !0.i2 12 10 28 15 10.28 GREEN 4 10 43 11 10.33 5 10.40 0 iLRR 1 10.35 3 10.47 4 10.40 YELLOW 1 10 . 10 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 5 10.16 3 5 0 10 0 iERR

TOTALS 17 20 18 1 12 18 19

89
Table 34A. Results for Sample 26, Ordinary Green

OSriA COLOR ShMPLE NO. 26

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 MER MU i TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 RED OftANGL 0 0 0 0 0 o : o ORANGC RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 ! 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 o : o

1 GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 o : o

t YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 YCLLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 1 i : o TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 OLIOE 0 0 0 2 0 o : o GREEN 10 2 5 0 17 7 i ll GLUE GREEN 10 15 14 0 2 12 ! 9 &-UE 0 3 1 0 0 o ; o PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 o : o

i MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 o : o

BROUN 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 GRAY 0 0 0 17 0 o : o BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 o : o

i

i

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS I HPSMH i lps MER MH TUN

HIGH 8 4

i

i 8

i

1 “ "

: i 7 9 8 MEDIUM 12 16 : 12 : 7 13 11 12 LOW 0 0 : o : 12 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU

. . HPS IHPSW

_ » _ .

: LP5

1 MER. MH TUN. HIGH 6

1 4 : 8

i

i 0

' 2 6 7 MEDIUM 13 16 : 12 : l 12 14 12 LOW 1 o : o : 5 6 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 6 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1A0G1

_ . 1 _ FREQ 1A0GX

l FREQ lAVGt FREQ 1A0G1 FREQ 1A0G1 FREQ lAYCt FREQ 1AVG1

l RED o :err o ierr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 1 10.50 7 10.71 2 10.70 0 IERR 0 IERR 3 10.58 2 10.55 GREEN 19 10.83 13 10 79 18 10.78 4 10 95 20 10.89 17 10.78 18 10.82 YELLOW 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 4 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 MER MH TUN

C gJf 1 lAVGt

1 FREQ 1AVGI FREQ 1AOGI FREQ 1AYG% FREQ 1AUG* TREQ 1AUGT FREQ 1AVG1

l RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 1LRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 15 10.19 13 10 21 15 10.24 0 IERR 6 10.12 12 10.25 14 10.21 GREEN 1 10.50 7 10 29 2 10 30 1 10.10 0 IERR 3 10.42 2 10.45 YELLOW 3 10.10 0 IERR 2 10.20 3 10.20 13 10.11 4 10.19 1 10.30

TOTALS 19 20 19 4 19 19 17

90
Table 35A. Results for Sample 39, Retroref lective Green.

Q5riA COlOR ShFiPlZ MU 39

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HPS HPSHl-i LP5 MLR MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOlD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

yellow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREtN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVL 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 GREEN 13 1 6 0 18 8 8 CLUE GREEN 7 15 14 0 1 12 12 Blue 0 4 0 8 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRA1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLACK 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH ; lps HER MH TUN

HIGH 0 0 i 0

i

1 1 ' '

: o 0 0 0 MEDIUM 15 4 1 9 i 0 8 14 15 LOW 5 16 i 11 i 20 12 6 5

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HPS i HP5MH

. I

! LP5

* HER MH TUN

HIGH 6

0 7 ! 7

•

: o

"

1 9 12 MEDIUM 14 10 i 12 : 6 17 11 8 LOU 0 3 : i i u 2 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 17 20 20 20

PRIMARY

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER TUN

HUES S-REQ :aug% FREQ 1A0G% FREQ 1AUGI

l FREQ 1A0G1

1 . FREQ 1AUG* FREQ lAOGt FREQ 1AUGX1 . RED 0 :err 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 StRR 0 SERR 0 1ERR CLUE 2 10.70 10 10.76 4 SO 63 8 11.00 0 1 ERR 0 SLRR 2 10.55 GREEN 18 10.85 10 10.62 16 10.79 0 SERR 20 10.93 20 10.77 18 10.75 YELLOW 0 !CRR 0 1CRR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 8 20 20 20

! SECONDARY

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

! HUES FREQ lAOGt

1 ..

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1 AVG% FREQ lAVGt F(£Q lAOGt

i FREQ 1 A0G% FREQ 1AUG*t

! RED 0 lERR 1 10.10 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 SERR 0 S ERR 0 i ERR

: BLUE 14 10.19 10 10.38 15 10 22 9 10.07 6 10.13 17 SO 27 17 10.26

! GREEN 2 : o 30 8 10.29 4 10.38 0 SERR 0 1ERR 0 SERR 2 10 45

i YELLOW 1 SO 05 0 1ERR 0 SERR 0 1 ERR 4 10.16 1 10.10 0 1ERR

TOTALS 17 19 19 9 10 18 19

91
Table 36A» Rtiulti for Simple 43, Retrertfleetive-Fluereieent Yellow Green

QSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 43

FREQUENCY I COLOK NAME

CU UPS HP5HH LP5 HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 4 11 8 19 3 6 9 YELLOW GREEN 15 7 IS 0 13 13 9 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 GREEN 1 3 0 0 4 1 S BlUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS so so so so so so so

: i

• l TftJTkhTCC »- FREQUENCY

*

i LlbniPiLaa i

i a i I

i i CM HPS iHPSMHl - -

S LPS

» - i HER I HH TUN

1 HIGH i 14 11 i 13

1

I 7 13 i 13 IS

t MEDIUM 1 6 9 ! 7 i IS 8 1 8 8

i LOU : 0 0 : o 1 1 0 ! 0 0

TOTALS so SO SO SO SO SO SO

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5HH ! LPS i «R MUm- TUN

HIGH IS

' " ‘ 1 9 6 : 7 i 6 : ii ii 4 HtDIUM 8 13 1 13 : u : 9 8 13 LOU 0 s : o ! 3 ; 0 1 3

TOTALS SO SO SO SO SO SO SO

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ 1AUC1 FREQ iAOGl FREQ 1AVG1

l FREQ 1A0GI

» FREQ 1AVG1

l _ FREQ 1AVGI FREQ 1AVGIl RED 0 ':CRR 0 IERR 0 icRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE o : ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 3 50 65 4 10.73 3 10 63 0 IERR 6 10.67 3 10.70 4 10.69 YELLOU 18 10.80 16 10.93 17 10.85 SO 10.97 14 10.74 17 10.79 16 10.87

TOTALS SO SO SO SO 30 30 SO

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LP5 HER HH TUN

. FREQ 1AVGI

1 FREQ 1A0GIl FREQ 1A0GI FREQ 1AUGI FREQ lAVGl_ . 1 FREQ !ADG% FREQ 1AUGI

< RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 3 10.07 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 18 10. SO 13 10.10 16 10.16 3 10. IS 14 10.36 16 10. S3 13 10.16 YELLOU S 10.35 4 10.38 3 10.37 0 IERR 6 10.33 3 10.30 4 10.31

TOTALS SO 17 19 6 SO 19 17

92
Table 37A. Results for Sample 50, Fluorescent Green Yellow.

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO 50

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HP5 I4PSMH LPS TCR MH TUN

REU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORfWGC ^Lii 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW it 13 6 £0 5 J 10 YELLOW GREEN 14 7 13 0 14 14 9 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OlIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

brown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAf 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BUCK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

totals £0 20 £0 £0 £0 £0 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU ! l«>5 1IIP5MH ! LP5 i HER i MH ! TUN

HIGH 18 15 : 19 ! 14 ! 15 16 16 : MEDIUM 2 5 : l I 6 ! 5 4 4 : LOU 0 0 ; o ! 0 ! 0 0 o :

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY !

CU HRS IHPSMH

1 ___

i LPS : ICR

i MH TUN !

HIGH 13 11 : 10 i 18 : 12 14 9 i MEDIUM 6 8 : 9 2 : 8 4 io : LOU 1 1 ; l i 0 ! 0 2 l :

totals 20 20 £0 20 £0 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HRS HP5NH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX

1 FREQ iAVGX TTEQ IAVGX FREQ iAVGX rREQ IAVGX FREQ iAVGXl RED 0 TERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR BLUE 0 !ERR 0 '.ERR 0 '.ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 IERR GREEN 2 <0.65 1 10.70 7 10.62 0 iERR 8 10 69 2 10.88 3 iO .60 YELLOW 18 10 78 19 i 0 . 90 13 10 82 20 10.98 12 i 0 74 18 10.79 17 10.86

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS MLR MII TUN

FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX FREQ iAVGX

, i FREQ iAVGX

1 FREQ iAVGX* FREQ iAVGX

l FREQ iAVGX

KID 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 3 i 0 08 0 iERR 0 i ERR 0 iERR BLUE 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR GREEN 18 10.22 12 !0. 16 12 10.20 2 10 05 12 10 26 16 10.24 14 10.17 YELLOW 2 10 35 1 iO .30 7 i0.38 0 iERR 8 10.31 2 10.13 3 10.40

TOTALS £0 13 19 5 20 18 17

93
Table 38A. Results for Sample 51, Fluorescent Green

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 5i

COLON NAME FREQUENCY

CW HP 5 HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OWANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 6 4 5 1 10 8 5 TAN 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 GREEN 13 16 15 3 10 12 15 BLUE GREEN 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 O 1 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNE55

FREQUENCY

cw : hps iHPsm i lps s her : m • i - » : TUN

HIGH 8 17! 6 1 2 ! 3 1 8 5 HEDIUH 12 ! 12 i 14 i 10 ! 17 i 12 15 LOW 0 i 1 : 0 i 8 i 0 i 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW

. . HPS 1 HPSMH

1

I LP5 MER mm i TUN

. HIGH 12 6 l 8

t

" " " “

i 0 7 12 12 MEDIUM 8 11 i 10 i 4 11 7 7 LOW 0 3 ! 2 ! 14 2 1 1

TOTAL5 20 20 20 18 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HP5 HP5MH LPS MER

. . HH. . TUN

FREQ iavg* FREQ lAVGt

i FREQ lAVGt

- l FREQ IAVC1

l _ _ FREQ lAVGt

- • .. FREQ lAVGt

_ _ _ 1 t-REQ lAVGti RED 0 :err 0 ERR 0 I ERR 0 1 ERR 0 IERR 0 1 ERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 :crr 0 1ERR 0 !CRR 0 ICRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR GREEN 20 10.82 20 10.82 20 10 86 7 10 82 18 10.78 18 10.79 20 10.84 YCLLOW 0 : ERR 0 1 EUR 0 1ERR 11 10.86 2 10.58 2 10.50 0 1ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 18 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS

. . HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ lAVGt

1 . - FREQ lAVGti FREQ 1AVG* FREQ 1 AUG*l FREQ 1AVG*1 FREQ 1AVG*

l FREQ IAVGti RED 0 1 ERR 0 ICRR 0 1 ERR 4 io.io 0 ICRR 0 IERR 0 !CnR BLUE 1 10.10 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 ICRR 6 ! 0 . 19 2 10.43 2 10.50 0 IERR YELLOW 15 10.23 15 10.25 17 10.16 6 10.21 17 10.24 16 10.24 16 10.20 1

TOTALS 16 15 17 16 19 18 16

94
Table 39A. Results for Sample 55, Retroref lective Green

QSHA CCuOR SAMPLE NO 55

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HPS HPSMH LPS F£R HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORFrtGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GfELN 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 14 4 7 0 18 10 8 BLUE GREEN 5 12 13 0 1 10 11 BLUE 1 4 0 i 0 0 i PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY G 0 0 3 0 0 c BLACK 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW HPS i HPSMH

1 _

; lps MLR MH TUN

HIGH 1

< 0 i 0 i 0 0 0 1 MEDIUM 11 2 : 11 i 0 10 15 11 LOW 8 18 i 9 : 20 10 5 8

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CW HPS : HPSMH

1

! LPS MER m TUN

HIGH 1

6 3 : a : o 1 3 7 HEDIUH 17 14 : 15 i 0 14 14 11 LOW 2 3 ; i : 4 5 3 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 4 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CW HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVG! FREQ iAUGl FREQ ! AUG! FREQ 1AVG1

• _ __ FREQ 1AVG1 FREQ 1AVG1t FREQ 1AVG1

RED 0 IERR 0 !ERR 0 !ERR o ;err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 2 10.55 9 JO 73 2 10.55 1 51.00 0 IERR 0 IERR 5 10.60 GREEN 18 iO 87 11 50.78 18 50.79 0 IERR 20 !0.89 20 10.84 15 10.82 YELLOW 0 !CRR 0 !CRR 0 !ERR o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 1 20 20 20

SECONDARY

fl£5

CW HPS HPSW LPS MER TUN

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1AVGX

i IREQ !AVG% FREQ iAVGl

... . 1 FREQ lAUGt FREQ 1A0GI TREQ IAVGl

< RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 1LRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 12 10.18 11 10.22 17 10.22 3 10.04 8 10.14 16 10.20 13 10.20 GREEN 2 10.45 8 10.30 2 10 45 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 5 10.40 YELLOW 2 10.08 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 7 10.17 1 10.05 1 10.10

TOTALS 16 19 19 3 15 17 19

95
Table 40A. Results for Sample 2, ANSI Blue.

OSiiH COLOR SAHPLE NO.

FREQUENCY

colCa n«hl

CW HP 5 HPGHH LP5 HER

r 1 " HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORhNGZ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Pint' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OPAnGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELlOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YEllCW GREEn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BuJl grzhn 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 20 20 20 0 12 20 20 PUkPlE 0 0 0 0 8 0 0

HhGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 8LACK 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1 FREQUENCY

I LIGHTNESS i-

< t

1 1

i i CW HPS 1HP5HH

_ 1 LP5 HER 1 MU i nn TUN

1 HIGH I 0

i 0 ! 0 0 0 i o 0

! HEDIUH 1 14 7 i 13 0 10 ! 17 15

1 LOU i 6 13 i 7 20 10 i 3 5

TOTAl5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW : HPS 1HP5HH : LPG i HER

i l i 1 HH TUN

HIGH 6 i 4 1 5 ! 0 S 3 4 5 iCDIUH 12 i 12 ! 13 ! 0 i 12 12 13 LOW 2 ! 4 ! 2 ! 5 ! 5 4 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 5 20 20 20

PRIMARY

CW HPS HPSHH LP5 *R HH TUN

HUES mor

L_ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt rREQ lAVGt

i _ FREQ lAVGt

RED 0 icRR 0 1ERR 0 iERR 3 10 80 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 20 10.99 20 10.98 20 10 99 0 IERR 20 10.85 20 10.98 20 10.97 GREEN 0 1LRR 0 1ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 1ERR 0 *. ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 3 20 20 20

SECONDARY

CW HPS HPGffrl LPS HER Ifrl TUN

HUES FREQ lAVGt TREQ 1AVG1 FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt FREQ lAVGt

_ _ • FREQ lAVGt• RED 3 10.07 2 10 10 2 10.08 0 IERR 16 10.19 4 10.08 2 10.05 GLUE 0 1ERR 0 1LRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 1ERR 2 10.10 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.05 4 10.13 YElLQW 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 IERR 4 10.16 0 IERR 1 10 05 0 IERR

totals 3 4 2 4 16 6 6

96
Table 41A. Results for Sample 27, Retroref lective Blue.

OSHA CULQR SAMPLE NO. 27

CCLDP NAME FREQUENCY

cw HRS HP5MH LP5 ICR HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PiNK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YElLDU GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OlIUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRElN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 20 20 20 5 19 20 20 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 i 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW KPS IHHSMH : lps f£R HH TUN

HIGH 0 o : 0 1 0 0 0 1 MEDIUM 11 3 : 13 : o 1 15 13 LOW 9 17 : 7 : 20 19 5 6

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CW KPS IHPSMH 1 LPS *R MH TLW

HIGH 12 12 i 12

1

1 1 '

: i 8 11 12 MEDIUM 8 8 1 7 1 2 12 9 8 LOW 0 0 1 1 : 8 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 li 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CW HRS HPSHH LPS MER MH TUN

TREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG*

1 Tf£Q IAUG* TREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG* TREQ I AUG*

RED

BLUE GREEN

YELLOW

0 IERR 20 10.99

0 iLRR

0 IERR

0 IERR 20 10.98

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 ILRR

20 10 99

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 ILRR 5 11.00

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR 20 10.96

0 ICRR

0 IERR

0 ILRR

20 10.98

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR 20 10 98

0 IERR

0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 5 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS IHPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG*

.

1 . . FREQ IAUG* FREQ IAUG*

i FREQ I AUG* FREQ IAUG*1 RED BLUE GREEN YElLOU

3 10.05

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

2 10.10

0 IERR 2 10.08

0 IERR

2 io 08

0 IERR

2 10.08

0 IERR

0 IERR 6 10.05

0 IERR

0 IERR

6 10.13

0 IERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

2 10.05

0 IERR 2 10.10

1 10.10

2 10.05

0 IERR 3 10.12

0 IERR

TOTALS 3 A 4 6 6 5 5

97
Table 42

A

Results for Sample 28, Ordinary Blue

05HA CQLuA SAMPLE NO 26

COlOR NAME

r REQUENCY

cw HR5 IIP5MH LP5 *R NH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RuD orang: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OWANGC (to 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YElLOW WEEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLI0E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BlUc GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 20 20 20 14 19 20 20 PURPlE 0 0 0 0 i 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Black 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 UHITL 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY !

CU

. .i HPS illPSHH

l

! LPS HER MH TUN :

HIGH 7 0 i 6 ! o 3 7 8 ; MEDIUM 13 17 i 13 : o 16 Id 12 : LOU 0 3 : i : 20 1 0 o :

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS iHPSMH ! LPS HER knmi TUN

HIGH 12 13 S 11

i

: o 8

I I 15 12 MEDIUM 7 7 : 9 : 5 12 5 8 LOU 1 o : o : 14 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 OJ o OJ o 19 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS MPSMH LP5 HER HH TUN

FREQ ! A0GX FREQ SAOGX FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVCX TRLQ SAUGt

__ 1 __ FREQ SAVGl FREQ SAUG*

RED 0 !CRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 SERR 0 SCRR 0 SERR 0 SERR BLUE 20 SO. 98 20 10.98 20 !0 97 14 SO 99 20 SO 97 20 10.96 20 SO 95 GREEN 0 ICRR 0 IERR 0 SCwR 0 SERR 0 SEWR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOU 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 14 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ : MGX FREQ SAVGl FREQ 1 AVGt FREQ SAVCX

m l —_ FREQ i AOGt FREQ SAVGI

i FREQ SAOGl

l RED I SO 05 1 10 10 2 SO 05 1 SO. 10 7 SO. 10 1 SO. 05 1 SO 05 BLUE 0 SCHR 0 SEWR 0 SCRR 5 SO 05 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GREEN 4 SO 09 3 SO 08 5 SO. 09 0 SERR 0 SERR 5 SO. 13 7 SO. 13 YELLOU 0 SEWR 0 SCRR 0 SEWR 0 SERR 0 SERR 1 SO. 05 0 SERR

TOTALS 5 4 7 6 7 7 8

98
Table 43A. Results for Sample 40, Retroref lective Blue

051* COLO* SAMkLl NO 40

COlOR NAME FREQUENCY

CM HP5 IIP5MH LPS *R MH TUN

REl) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORhNGL RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GELD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YLU.0U 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIOE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 20 20 20 5 18 20 20 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BUCK 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LiGHTNc.55 FREQUENCY

CU HP5 i HPSHH

l

: lps

i HER KH TUN

HIGH 0 0 i 0 : o 0 0 0 MEDIUM 2 1 ; 2 : o 0 2 3 LOU 18 19 ! 18 : 20 20 16 17

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU MP5 iHPSW ! LPS HER MUran TUN

HIGH 12 10 12 ! o 9 10 12 MEDIUM 7 7 i 6 : a 10 10 6 LOU 1 3 i 2 : 8 1 0 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 12 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HRS HPSHH LPS teR MH TUN

FREQ ! AVGI

• FREQ iAOGa FREQ iAUGl FREQ iAVGt FREQ iAOGX FREQ ! AVCX

i FREQ 1AUG1

REO

BLUE GREEN

YELLOW

0 iERR

20 10 99

0 JLRR

0 :err

0 iERR 20 10.99

0 IERR

0 '.ERR

0 iLRR 20 10.99

0 iERR

0 iERR

0 icRR 5 11.00

0 iLRR

0 iERR

0 iERR 20 10.96

0 iLRR

0 iERR

0 iLRR 20 10.98

0 iLRR

0 iERR

0 iERR 20 il.OO

0 iERR

0 iERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 5 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSHH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ IA0GI FREQ 1A0G4 FREQ 1AOGI

1 FREQ iAUG*

l FREQ 1AOG1 FREQ iAOGli FREQ iAUGi

RED BLUE

GREEN YELLOU

A lo .06

0 iERR

0 IERR

0 IERR

2 iO 08

0 iERR

1 10.05

0 iERR

2 io .08

0 iERR 2 10 08

0 iERR

0 iERR

7 10 05

0 ’.ERR 0 iERR

i. .. ,' 6 10.15

0 iLRR

0 iERR

0 iERR

A 10.09

0 '.ERR

1 10.10

0 iERR

1 io 10

0 iERR

0 IERR

0 iLRR

TOTALS 4 3 4 7 6 5 1

99
Table 44A. Results for Sample 52, Fluorescent Blue

OSHA COLOR SMPLE NO. 52

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HP5 IHPSHH

1 LPS mu m i TUN

RED 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 ! 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 ! 0 ORANGE RED 0 o : 0 0 0 0 i 0 PINK 0 0 I 0 0 0 o : 0 ORANGE 0 o :

i 0 0 0 o :

1 0

COLD 0 o : 0 0 0 o : 0

YELLOW 0 o : 0 0 0 0 i 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 o : 0 0 0 o : 0 TAN 0 o : 0 0 0 0 1 0 CLIDE 0 0 ! 0 0 0 o : 0 GREEN 0 0 i 0 0 0 0 i 0 BlUE GREEN 0 o : 0 0 0 0 ! 0 BLUE 20 20 : 20 0 20 20 : 20 PURPLE 0 0 i 0 1 0 0 1 0

MAGENTA 0 0 i 0 0 0

i o :

i 0

BROWN 0

i 0 i 0 A 0 o : 0 GRAY 0 0 i 0 13 0 o : 0 BLACK 0 0 1 0 2 0 o : 0 WHITE 0 0 s

11

1

1

0 0 0 o :

i

ii

0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

FREQUENCY LIGHTNESS I-

•1

- _ . . 1 CW UPS IHPSHHi LPS HER U.I 1 nn TUN

HIGH 1 4

i 2 1 3 0 2

- TM

6 6 MEDIUM 1 15 14 1 14 4 17 14 13 LOW i 1 4 1 3 16 1 0 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HPS IHPSHH I LP5

i HER 1 MU 1 i nn • TUN

HIGH 7 5 1 8

1

1 0 3

• i

1 7 1 7 MEDIUM 12 13 I 12 I 2 15 1 13 1 12 LOW 1 2 1 0 I 5 2 1 0 1 1

TOTALS 20 20 20 7 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HJES

CW HPS HPSft LPS mu MUnn

. TUN

FREQ ! AVG1 FREQ IAUG1

_ l FREQ IAVG1l FREQ IAVGI FREQ IA0G1 FREQ lAVGt

s FHEQ I AUG*« RED 0 ILRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 4 10 66 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 20 10.99 20 10.99 20 10.99 0 IERR 20 10.99 20 10.99 20 10.96 GREEN 0 I ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.50 0 IERR 0 ILRR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 5 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS 1 HPStfl 1 LPS

l i HER MH TUN

FREQ IA0GX

l FREQ IA0GI I FREQ iAUGl I FREQ IAUGX FREQ lAOGt FREQ IA0G1

1 FREQ IAUGI

RED 0 IERR 1 10.10 1 2 10.08 1 1 10.50 2 10.08 0 I ERR 1 10.05 CLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 0 IERR 1 1 10.50 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 2 10.10 1 10.05 1 0 IERR 1 0 IERR 0 IERR 4 10.05 7 10.11 YELLOW 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 0 IERR 1 3 10.28 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 2 2 2 5 2 4 8

100
Table 45A Results for Sample 54, Retroreflective Blue

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 54

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU KP5 IIPSMH LPS HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YCllOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 QLI0E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 CLUE 20 20 20 4 18 19 18 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BRCWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 i6 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 !HP5HH • LPS

i MER MH TUN

HIGH 2

» o : 1 i 0 0 1 0 MEDIUM 8 4 : 5 i 0 0 7 8 LOU 10 16 i 14 : 20 20 12 12

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION FREQUENCY

CU HP5 1 HPSHH ! LP5

l HER MH TUN

HIGH 9 13 ! 11 i 0 6 11 10 MEDIUM 9 5 i 9 : l 11 9 9 LOU 2 2 : 0 : 7 3 0 1

TOTALS 20 OJ o o 8 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HP5 HPSHH LPS HER MH TUN

TREQ 1AUG1

l TREQ lAYGti FREQ 1AVG*! FREQ lAVGt

i FREQ lAUGt

• FREQ 1A0G1• FREQ !AUG%

RED 0 1CRR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.50 0 IERR BLUE 20 10.99 19 10 99 20 10 97 4 11.00 20 10.94 19 10.98 20 10.96 GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLCW 0 :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 20 19 20 4 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HIES

CU HP5 HPSHH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGTL

i FREQ lAUGt FREQ 1AUGI

1 FREQ 1AOGX FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1AUGI1 FREQ 1AUG*

RED 2 10.08 1 10.10 2 io.io 0 IERR 9 10.13 3 10.07 2 10.10 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 5 10.05 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 2 10 05 5 10.08 0 IERR 0 IERR 2 10.05 3 10.18 YELLOW 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 1LRR 0 IERR 1 10.50 0 IERR

TOTALS 2 3 7 5 9 6 5

101
Table 46A, Results for Sample 1, ANSI Purple

CiShh QOlOk SAMPlE NO, 1

COLOR N*YE FREQUENCY

CU HP5 HPSMH LPS HER MH TUN 1

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 o i RED ORhnGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 o : ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 o : PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 l : OkmNGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I

GOlD 0 0 0 0 0 0 o i

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELlOU GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 blue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 20 19 20 0 20 20 15

MAGENTA 0 1 0 0 0 0 4

BROUN 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0

1

0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCl

CW HPS 1HP5NH

1

: lps

I - - MER MH T

i TUN

HIGH 8

1 9 : 5

1

i 2 A 7 I 3 MEDIUM 11 u i 1 A i 13 13 12 i 16 LOU i o : i : 5 3 i : i

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS i HPSMH ! LP5 !

I 1 1 MER m... TUN

HIGH 2

1 l « 2 : 1 ! 0 I 0 2

~

i MEDIUM 15 12 ! 15 i A ! 15 15 13 LOW 3 6 i At 10 i 5 3 6

TOTAL5 20 20 20 14 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS FER HH TUN

FREQ IAUG1 FREQ 1AVGI

. - i - - . FREQ 1A0W1 . . FREQ 1AUC11 FREQ 1AUGI

• FREQ 1A0GI• FREQ IAUG11 RED 10 10.55 11 10 61 7 10.67 4 10.76 4 10.50 8 10.54 16 10.75 DLUE 10 10 66 9 10.59 13 10 59 0 1ERR 16 10.65 12 10.60 4 10 60 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 6 10 85 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR YELLOW 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 3 10.67 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 13 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS FER MH TUN

TREQ 1AUC% l~R£Q lAUGt TREQ 1AUG1 TREQ 1AOGX FREQ lAOGt

l FREQ 1AVG1 FREQ 1AUGI

RED 10 10.34 9 10 41 13 10.41 1 10.40 16 10.35 12 10.40 4 10.40 BLUE 10 10.45 11 10 39 7 10 33 0 1ERR 4 10.50 8 10.46 16 10.25 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 : ERR 3 10.22 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR YELLOW 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 10 10.19 0 1LRR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 14 20 20 20

102
Table 47A. Results for Sample 29, Retroreflective-Fluorescent Magenta

OSHA COLOR SAMPlE MO 29

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

cu HP5 HPSHH LPS HER Hli TUN

RED 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 RE0 ORANGE 0 2 4 0 0 2 A ORANGE RLD 0 4 3 0 0 A 0 PINK 15 9 13 0 17 13 12 ORANGE 0 5 0 20 0 0 3

GCL0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YCLLCW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 4 0 0 0 1 1 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

yiTITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5HH

1

: lps

» _ _ HER m TUN

HIGH ii ii : 12

<

i 9 7 10 9 MEDIUM 9 8 i 7 i n 13 10 11 LOU 0 i ; 1 ; o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HPSMH

1 _

1 LPS

l HER rSn TUN

HIGH 12 9

l

1 7

i

! 5

' 1 ' 1 ' 13 14 6 MEDIUM 3 7 ! 11 ! 1 A 7 6 12 LOU 0 A : 2 ; i 0 0 2

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUE5

cu HPS HPSHH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1 AVG% F&Q !AVG% FREQ 1AVG%

i FREQ 1AVG11 FREQ 1 AVGX FRE6 !AVG%l FREQ 1AVG1

RED 19 10 .91 19 10.79 20 10.89 6 10.58 20 10.91 20 10.86 20 10 83

BLUE 1 10.70 0 1CRR 0 S ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 1ERR GREEN 0 :err 0 S ERR 0 1ERR 0 1LRR 0 '.ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YEllOU 0 ERR 1 10.70 0 1ERR 1A 10.67 0 1CRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR

TOTALS 20 20 2Q 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HJE5

CU HP5 HPSHH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1AVG^

• . FEEQ 1AVG1 TO 1AVG1 TO 1 AVGS FREQ !AVG%

l TO SAVGt FREQ lAVGt

RED 1 10 30 1 10.30 0 1LRR 14 10.33 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR BLUE ii 10.13 1 10.20 6 10.11 0 1ERR 12 10. ii 7 10.09 4 10.14 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 IEhR 0 iCRR 0 1LRR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERP YELLOU 2 10.18 15 10. 24 11 10.15 6 10.42 4 10 10 12 10.18 15 10.19

TOTALS 1 A 17 17 20 16 19 19

103
Table 48A. Results for Sample 30, Fluorescent Magenta.

05HA COlOA SAMPlE NO. 30

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW ! HRS

l

! HPSMM ! LP5 S HER ! MH TUN CW HP5 ! HPSMH ! LP5 ! MLR MH : TUN

RED o : o i 0 ! 0 ! 0 1 0 0 HIGH 13 18 ! 18 i 11 S 11 16 I 14 RED ORANGE o : o i 0 ! 0 ! 0 i 0 0 MEDIUM 7 2 i 2 ! 9 I 9 4 ; 6 ORANGE RED o ; o : o : o : o i o 1 LOU 0 0 i 0 S0‘. 0 o : o PINK 13 19 17 0 12 16 18 ORANGE 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FREQUENCY

OLIVE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SATURATION

GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CW HP5 IHPSMH ! LP5 HER 1 ULA 1

i m • TUN

rei i sr notru n ft ft ft ft ft ft _ . 1

1 ____ 4 .. • i blue 0 0 0 0 0 0

U

0 HIGH 12 7

«

i 9

1 T1 ~"" rT TM

: li 12

i t

i is ; 9 purple 3 1 1 0 4 0 0 MEDIUH 8 10 i 10 : 8 8 : 2 : 9 LOW 0 3 i 1 ! 1 0 ; 3 s 2 HAGENTA 4 0 2 0 4 4 1 TOTAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTAlS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CW HP5 HPSMH

- -1 LP5 MLR MH TUN

FREQ IAVGI

_

i ^

FREQ S AOGt FREQ SAUGt S FREQ SAUGt

t l l FREQ SAUGt FREQ SAUGt1 FREQ SAUGt

i RtD 19 io .86 19 10.94 20 SO 92 i 0 SERR 20 SO. 87 20 SO. 88 20 10.92 BLUE 1 SO. 80 1 SO 90 0 I ERR : 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR GREEN 0 SEAR 0 SERR 0 SERR 1 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOW 0 1 ERR 0 ! ERR 0 SERR ! 20 SO. 91 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS HPSMH LP5 MER MH TUN

FREQ SAUGt TREQ SAUGt FREQ SAUGt TREQ SAVGt

l FREQ SAVGt

l FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGtl RED 1 SO 20 1 SO. 10 0 SERR 12 SO. 13 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR BLUE 14 SO. 19 6 SO. 09 13 SO. 12 0 SERR 18 SO. 15 13 10.17 9 SO. 14 GRELN 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 3 SO .08 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOW 0 SERR 5 SO. 12 1 SO. 10 0 SERR 0 SERR 2 10.10 3 SO 15

TOTALS 15 12 14 15 18 15 12

104
Table 49A. Results for Sample 44, Fluorescent Magenta

05KA COLOR SAMPLE NO. A

COLOR NAME FFEQUENCY

CW HPS HP5MH LPS HER MU TON

RED I i I i 0 3 3 RED OkANCE 0 1 0 2 0 0 3

OFVrtGZ FED 0 3 0 2 0 0 0 PINK ID 14 13 0 11 9 10 ORANGE 0 0 0 15 0 0 1

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YClLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OL10E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 BLLE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PUHPLL 0 0 0 0 2 1 0

MAGENTA 4 1 6 0 7 6 3

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS IHP5MH i LPS PER MH TUN

HIGH 10 5 ; 8 3 6 8 7 MEDIUM 10 15 : 12 : 17 14 12 13 LOW 0 o ; 0 ; o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5M1I

i 1

1 LPS HER m TUN

HIGH 16 9 : 14

i

! 4 16 17 15 MEOIl* 3 9 : 6 : 16 4 3 5 LOW i 2 i 0 : o 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HUES

CW HPS HPSHH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGX

i FREQ 1AVGXi FREQ 1 AUG% FREQ 1AVGX

l FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AUGX

RED 19 io .89 20 10.87 20 10.89 17 10.69 20 10.89 19 10.87 20 10.85 BLUE 1 10.90 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR GREEN o :err 0 ! ERR 0 IEKR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 10.70 0 1ERR YELLQU 0 !ERR 0 IEkR 0 1ERR 3 10.60 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 1ERP

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY HUES

CU HP5 HPSHH LPS HER mh TUN

FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1 AUG1 Ff£Q 1AVGX

i FREQ 1AUGXl FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1AVGX FREQ 1AVGX

RED 1 10.10 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 3 10.40 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 i ERR

BLUE 14 10.15 7 10.10 16 10.14 0 1 ERR 16 10.14 14 10.17 9 10.18 GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1CRR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1 ERR YELLOW 0 1 ERR 8 10.24 0 1ERR 17 10.31 0 1ERR 5 10.08 9 10.16

TOTALS 15 15 16 20 16 19 18

105
Table 50A. Results for Sample 53, Fluorescent Magenta

05Ha COLOR SAMPLE NO 53

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HP 5 HP5MH LP5 HER HH TUN

RED 0 1 0 e 0 0 3 RED ORANGE 0 i 0 2 0 0 1 ORANGC red 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 PINK 8 12 9 0 7 11 8 0RANCE 0 0 0 e 0 0 0

GOLO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OLIUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURRlE 3 2 4 0 5 3 2

MAGENTA 9 A 7 1 8 6 6

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU

_ _ HP5 iMPSMH

i LPS HER HH ! TUN

HICH 9

i 5 i 7 0 3 4 : 5 MEDIUM 11 15 i 13 15 17 16 ! 15 LOW 0 o : 0 5 0 o : 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH ! LPS

i ICR MUIT. TUN

HIGH 15 10 ! 13 : 4 16 15 12 MEDIUM 5 7 1 7 1 10 4 5 8 LOU 0 3 i 0 : 6 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU hpd HP5MH LP5 ICR HH TUN

FREQ :aug! FREQ iAUG! FREQ ! AUG! FREQ iAUG! FREQ iAVGt

i FREQ iAUG! FREQ iAUG!

RED 20 ! 0 .83 20 !0 .85 20 io.ai 20 io.79 18 io.79 20 iO 81 20 iO .88 BLUE 0 1ERR o :err o :err 0 iERR 2 !0 75 0 IERR 0 iERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 iERR 0 :err 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOW 0 :err 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR

TOTAl 5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS HER TUN

FREQ iAUG!

__

i __ FREQ IAUG!

t FREQ iAUG! FREQ iAUG!i FREQ iAUG!. . . i FREQ IAUG! FREQ iAUG!

RED 0 iERR 0 I tRR 0 iERR 0 iERR 2 50.25 0 iERR 0 iERR BLUE 19 ! 0 . 18 15 10.20 17 iO 23 1 !0.10 18 50.21 19 i0.20 16 50 15 GREEN 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR YELLOW 0 !EhR 1 5 0 05 0 iERR 18 i0.23 0 iERR 0 iERR 1 10 05

TOTALS 19 16 17 19 20 19 17

106
Table 51A. Results for Sample 7, ANSI Brown.

OCHA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 7

COLOR

r requency

CW UPS HP5MH lps ICR KH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 Gao 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 1 3 6 1 2 0 aiuE 0 7 2 6 7 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 DLLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPlE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

NaGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 20 11 15 2 11 18 19 GRAY 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU UPS 1HP5MH ! LPS HER HH TUN

HIGH 0 0 i 0 ! 3 0 0 0 MEDIUM 3 7 i 5 ! 11 7 A 3 LOU 17 13 ! 15 i 6 13 16 17

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU ! HPS IHPSMH

» 1

! LPS CR MH TUN

HIGH 0

l 1

: o i i ! o 0 1 0 MEDIUM 13 ! 10 1 10 I 5 6 9 9 LOU 7 : 10 : 9 : is 14 10 11

TOTALS 20 20 20 18 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS ICR m TUN

FREQ 1 AUG% FREQ IA0G* TREQ 1AVG*

_ 1 FREQ lAUGt

i TREQ lAUGt ncq iaogx

i FREQ IAVG*

RED 12 10.75 8 10.79 11 10 79 4 10.84 6 10.93 14 10.76 15 10.79 BLUE 0 I ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 2 10.65 7 10.70 3 10.73 7 10.87 8 10.86 2 10.60 0 IERR YELLOW 6 10 71 5 10.74 6 10.73 7 10.82 6 10.80 4 10.69 5 10.68

TOTALS 20 20 20 18 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU

4

Si XCL HPSMH LP5 MER flH TIW

FREQ IAUG* FREQ I AUG* I FREQ lAOGt

l l l FREQ !AUG% FREQ 1A0GX FREQ I AUG%

• FREQ lAUGtl RED 4 10.24 3 10.33 1 6 10.27 2 10.30 4 10.20 4 10.31 5 10.32 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 4 10.45 3 10.20 1 4 10.33 6 10.12 4 10.25 4 10.26 1 10.50 YELLOW 11 10.24 14 10.25 1 9 10.21 11 10.14 10 10.10 12 10.26 13 10.20

TOTALS 19 20 19 19 18 20 19

107
Table 52A. Results for Sample 38, Retroref lective Brown

051 1A COLOR 5AMPLL NO 38

COLOR NAME FLUENCY

CW HPS HPSMH LPS MER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE W£0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELlOU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 1 0 A 0 1 0 OLIOE 0 6 2 8 5 1 0 GREEN 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 OLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 20 13 18 2 14 16 20 GRAY 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTfCSS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1 HPSMH i LP5 HER MH TUN

HIGH 0

l i : 1 1 1 0 0 0 medium 4 7 1 5 : 12 3 4 6 LOU 16 12 i 14 ! 7 17 16 14

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

FREQUENCY I SATURATION

CU HAG IHRGHh

• LP5 >€R ! MH : TUN

HIGH 1

i 0 i 0 0 1 : l : 1 MEDIUM 11 10 i 10 3 8 : 12 ; 9 LOU 8 10 i 10 14 11 : 7 i 10

TOTAL5 20 20 20 17 20 20 20

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LPS t£R MH TW

FREQ 1AVGX FhEQ ! AOGt FREQ 1 AYGX FREQ 1AUGX

• TRCQ lAOGt

l FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AVGX

RED 10 S 0 79 10 SO 80 9 SO 79 3 io 77 5 10.95 12 10.78 16 10.78 BLUE 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 2 SO 75 6 SO 71 2 SO .80 7 10 88 8 10.84 2 10.73 0 IERR YELLOU 8 10 60 4 10.78 9 10.68 6 10.79 7 10 74 6 10.63 4 10.80

T0TAL5 20 20 20 16 20 20 20

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HPSMH LP5 HER MH TUN

FREQ 1AUGI FREQ 1A0GX FREQ 1AUGX

1 FREQ lAUGt FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1AUGX FREQ 1AUGX

RED 8 10.36 2 10.30 9 10.34 2 10.35 7 10.21 5 10.34 3 10.27 BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 3 10.50 2 10.45 2 10.35 4 10.16 3 10.37 3 10.43 2 10.25 YELLOU 8 10.16 14 10.23 7 10.12 9 10.17 9 10.09 12 10.20 14 10.21

TOTALS 19 18 . 18 15 19 20 19

108
Table 53A. Results for Sample 10 , ANSI White

QSHA COlOR SAMPxjE. NO. xO

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW HPS HPSMH LPS MER MU TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGC 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELlQW 0 0 0 ao 0 0 0 YELLOW GFEEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLIDE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BROW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 UHITE ao ao ao 0 19 19 ao

T0TAL5 ao ao ao ao ao ao ao

LIGHTNE5S FREQUENCY

GW HPS 1HP5MH

1

: lps MER i rei TUN

HIGH ao ao : ao

•

1 1

! 15

... . ao ao ao MEDIUM 0 o : 0 : 5 0 0 0 LOU 0 o : 0 i 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 ao ao ao ao ao ao ao

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HPS IHPSMH

•

1 LP5 i f£R

i i m TUN

HIGH 0 o : o ; ao : o 0 0 MEDIUM 0 0 ! 0 : o i o 0 0 LOU 0 o : o i 0 i 0 i 0

TOTALS 0 0 0 ao o l 0

PRIMARY HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ :aog% FREQ 1A0G1

i FREQ 1AUG* FREQ 1AVG*

l FREQ 1A0G1

l FREQ !AUG% FREQ 1AUGI

RED 0 ierr o ierr 0 ierr o ierr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 :err 0 !ERR o :err o :ehr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ItRR 0 1ERR 0 !ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLQU 0 :ehr o :err 0 IERR ao 10.97 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 0 0 0 20 0 0 0

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LP5 MER MH TUN mor !A0G% FREQ 1A0G1

1 FREQ 1A0GX FREQ !AVC% TREQ 1 AUG% FREQ lAOGt FREQ 1A0G1

I FED 0 1CRR 0 IERR 0 IERR A 10.08 0 IERR 1 10.05 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR a 10.18 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 0 0 0 6 0 1 0

109
Table 54A. Results for Sample 31, Retroref leetive White

05HA COLOR SAMPLE NO 3i

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CU HP5 1HP5MH LP5 MER ! Mi l :

t TUN

RED 0 0 ! 0 0 0 ! o i 0 RED QRANCC 0 0 : 0 0 0 ! 0 i 0 ORANGE RLO 0 o : 0 0 o : 0 i 0 PINK 0 o : 0 0 o : 0 ! 0 ORANGE 0 0 i

i 0 0 o ;• 0 i

1 0

GOLD 0 0 I

1 0 1 0 ii 0 s

1 0

YELLOW 0 o ! 0 13 o ! 0 I 0 YEllOW GREEN 0 o : 0 2 0 i 0 i 0 TAN 0 i i 0 0 0 i o : 0 GLIDE 0 o : 0 3 o : o : 0 GREEN 0 o : 0 1 0 ! 0 ! 0 BLUE GREEN 0 o : 0 0 o : 0 i 0 BLUE 0 0 i 0 0 0 ! 0 i 0 PURPLE 0 0 i

i 1 0 o :i 0 ! 0

MAGENTA 0 l :

i 0 0 0 1 o i 0

BROWN 0 0 1 0 0

» 0 1 o : 0 GRAY 18 18 i 15 0 15 ! 17 i 16 BLACK 0 0 i 0 0 o ; 0 ! 0 WHITE 8 5 !

11

11

A 0 5 i

i

i

i

i

3 1

l

1

1

1

A

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH I LP5

• . MER HH TUN

HIGH 18

1 15 i 161

i 5 15 15 15 MEDIUM 2 5 I A i 15 5 5 5 LOW 0 o ; 0 ; o 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HPS 1HP5MH

__ i

: lps : mer

• » MH TUN_ . . HIGH

'

1 o : o 16 1 0 0 0 MEDIUM 0 1 i 0 19! 0 0 0 LOW 2 2 : l 15 1 1 1 i

TOTALS 3 a l 20 1 1 1

PRIMARY

HUES

CU HPS HP5MH LPS MER MH TUN

FREQ 1 AUGX FREQ lAOGi FREQ 1 AUGX

i FREQ 1A0GX

i _ . FREQ !AVG%1 . _ FREQ 1 AUGX FREQ l AUGX

RED 0 1ERR 1 10.60 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 ! ERR 0 1ERR BLUE 0 ICAR 0 SEAR 1 10 60 0 'ERR 0 1 ERR 0 1CRR 0 1EAR GREEN 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 2 10.75 0 1 ERR 0 1ERR 0 1ERR YELLOW 0 ICAR 1 10.80 0 1ERR 18 10 94 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 0 iCRR

TOTALS 0 2 1 20 0 0 0

SECONDARY

HJES

CU HP5 HP5MH LPS MER TUN

TREQ 1 AOGt

... 1 . . TREQ 1 AVG% FREQ lAVGi TREQ iAVCt

l

i mm , TREQ 1A0G1 FREQ lADGt TAEQ 1AVGX

___ i __ RED 0 ICRR 1 10.05 1 10 AO 3 10.08 0 ICAR 0 1ERR 0 ICAR blue 2 1 0 05 1 10 AO 0 1ERR 0 1ERR 1 10 10 1 10 10 0 1ERR GREEN 0 1EWR 1 10.20 0 ICRR 8 10.09 0 1ERR 0 ICRR 0 ICAR YElLOU 0 • ERR 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 2 10.25 0 1ERR 0 1 ERR 1 10.05

TOTAL5 2 3 1 13 1 1 1

110
Table 55A. SR

•• ::.lts for Sample 32, Ordinary White.

OSHA COlOR SAMPLE MO 3c

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

1 TTUTiwEXC FREQUENCY

L Ibn 1 ret. 3 j CW HPS HPSMH LPS HER Mil TUN CW HPS 1HPSMH : lps

i HER HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HIGH 20 20 : 20

•

! 13 19 20 20 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MEDIUM 0 o : o : 7 1 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 LOW 0 o : o 1 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FREQUENCY OLIVE 0 0 c 0 0 0 0 SATURATION

GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CW HPS IHPSMH ! LPS MER fetU rcn TUN

BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

' " 1

' iJ £ “ r ' " blue 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 HIGH 0 i : o : 14 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 MEDIUM 0 0 1 0 : 6 0 0 0 LOW 0 2 : o : o 0 0 1 MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 —

TOTALS 0 3 0 20 0 0 1 BROWN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WHITE 19 19 20 0 19 20 20

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

PRIMARY HIES

CW HPS HPSMH LPS HER HH TUN

FREQ lADGl

, i . , FREQ 1AUG*

l FFEQ ! AUGi FREQ IAVG%» FREQ IAVGI FREQ IAUG%l FFEQ IADGX

RED 0 ! ERR o ierr o Ierr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 ICRR 0 ierr 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ICRR 0 ICRR 0 IERR GREEN o ;err 0 IERR o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 !CRR o ierr 0 IERR 20 10.98 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ICRR

TOTALS 0 0 0 20 0 0 0

SECONDARY HIES

CU HP5 HPSMH LP5 HER TUN

FFEQ IA0GH FREQ I AUG* FREQ IADGH

l FREQ !AVG%

i FREQ IAVGI FREQ lAOGi FFEQ ! AVG11 FED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ICRR 4 10.06 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 ICRR 2 10.05 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 IERR 3 10.05 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.05

TOTALS 0 3 0 6 0 0 i

111
Table 56A. Results for Sample 41, Retroref lective White

OSHA COLOP SAMPLE NO. 41

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW UPS IHPSMH

* - lps :

1 MER HH TUN

RED 0 o : 0

1 o : 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 o : 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 o : 0 o : 0 0 0 PINK 0 o : i 0 ! 0 0 0 ORANGC 0 0 i

i 0 0 !

1 0 0 0

GOLD 0 o i 0

1 i : 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 o i 0 18 i 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 o ; 0 i : 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 i 0 o : 0 0 0 OLIGE 0 o : 0 0 ! 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 i 0 0 ! 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 i 0 o : 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 i 0 0 ! 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 i

i 0 0 !

1 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 o i

• 0 0 1 0 0 0

BROWN 0 o : 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 11 6 1 4 0 6 10 9 BLACK 0 0 i 0 o : 0 0 0 WHITE 9 14 !

1

!

15 0 !

1

1

i1

14 10 11

1

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

I FREQUENCY LIGHTNESS I1

1 . CW KP5 IHPSMHi LPS HER

- MH i TUN

HIGH I 18 18 i 19 7 19 18 1 18 MEDIUM i 2 2 1 1 13 1 2 i 2 LOU 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 o ; 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

1

1 ^ATMDATTnkl 1 - FREQUENCY

H1 UKH 1 1UN i

i

i

i CW. . KPS 1HP5MH I LPS

1 MER ! MH :l i TUN

HIGH 1 0 o : l : 8 0 i o 0 MEDIUM i 0 0 i 0 ! 9 0 : o : 0 LOU 1 2 l : o i 3 2 i 2 : 1

TOTALS 2 i i 20 2 2 1

PRIMARY

CU HP5 HP5MH LP5 MER MH

... ..... TUN_ HUES TREQ IA0G1

i FREQ I AYGt

........ l FREQ IAVG* FREQ IAVG1 FREQ IA0G*

l FREQ IAVGX» _ FREQ IAUGI

RED 0 ierr o Ierr o Ierr 0 IERR 0 IcRR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 ;err o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 : ERR o ierr 0 !ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 'ERR 0 IERR 0 : ERR 20 10.95 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 0 0 0 20 0 0 0

SECONDARY

CU HRS HP3HH LPS MER

. HH TUN

HUES FREQ 1A0GX

i __ _ FREQ IAUGI FREQ IA0GX FREQ IAUGI

_ i FREQ IAUGI

- I FREQ IA0GI

. l .. .. FREQ iAUGt

1 _ RED 0 ierr o Ierr i io.io 4 10.06 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 2 10 05 0 IERR o :err 0 IERR 2 10.02 2 10.05 0 IERR GREEN 0 IERR 0 IERR o :err 9 10 08 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR YELLOW 0 IERR 1 10.10 o :err 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 1 10.05

TOTALS 2 1 i 13 2 2 1

112
Table 57A. Results for Sample 9, ANSI Gray

Q5KA COLOR SAMPLE NO. 9

COLOR NAME FREQUENCY

CW UPS KPShH LP5 HER MH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

YELlOW 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 YELlOW GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 TAN 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 OLIVE 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 CLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPlE i 0 i 0 0 0 1

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GRAY 19 19 19 2 20 20 19 BLACK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WhITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CW HP5 1HPSMH ! LPS HEW HH TUN

HIGH 5 8 : 7 3 3 5 2 MEDIUM 13 12 : 13 : 14 16 15 18 LOW 2 o ; 0 ; 3 1 0 0

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CW HPS iHPSMH : LPS HER HH TUN

HIGH 0 0 S 0 : o 0 0 0 MEDIUM 0 0 ! 0 : 5 0 0 0 LOW 2 2 ! 1 : 14 3 1 1

TOTALS 2 2 1 19 3 1 1

PRIMARY HUES

CW HP5 HPGMH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ SAVGt tkeq SAVGt FREQ SAVGt FtEQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt

I mm FREQ SAVGt F(£Q SAVGt

RED 1 5 0 50 0 1 ERR 1 SO 60 1 SO 60 0 SERR 0 SERR 1 SO 50

BLUE 0 1 ERR o :err 0 SEAR 0 SERR 0 SERR G SERR 0 SERR GREEN 0 !CRR 0 :err 0 SERR 6 SO 83 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLOW o :err i ; o 70 0 SERR 11 10.75 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR

TOTALS i i i 18 0 0 1

SECONDARY

HUES

CW HPS HP5HH LPS HER MH TUN

FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt FREQ SAVGt

t FREQ SAVGt

RED 0 SERR

l

i SO. 30 0 SERR 3 SO. 28

i i 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR BLIE 2 SO. 28 0 SERR 1 SO 40 0 SERR 2 SO 08 1 SO 05 1 SO. 50 GREEN 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR 9 SO 22 i 10.02 0 SERR 0 SERR YELLCW 0 SERR 1 SO 05 0 SERR 6 SO 23 0 SERR 0 SERR 0 SERR

TOTALS 2 2 1 18 3 1 1

113
Table 58A. Results for Sample 8, ANSI Black

OSHA COLOR SAMPLE NO. G

COlOR, NMC

FREQUENCY

CU Hr 5 HPGMH LP5 HER HH TUN

RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RED ORANGE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 OAANGC RED 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PINK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ORANGE 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

GOLD 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

YELLOW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 YELLOW GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TAN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 olive 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE GREEN 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BLUE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PURPLE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

MAGENTA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BROUN 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 GRAY 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 BLACK 20 20 18 16 18 20 20 WHITE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

T0TAL5 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

LIGHTNESS

FREQUENCY

CU KPS 1HP5MH

1 _ _

i LP5 K£R MH TUN

HIGH 0 0 i 0 i o 0 0 0 HEDIUH 0 0 1 0 : o 0 0 0 LOW 20 20 : 20 : 20 20 20 20

TOTALS 20 20 20 20 20 20 20

SATURATION

FREQUENCY

CU HP5 1HP5MH : lps ; her

l 1 __ Hn TUN

HIGH 0 0 ! 0 ; o ; o 0 0 MEDIUM 0 1 i 0 : o : l 0 0 LOU 0 0 ! 0 13! 0 i 0

TOTALS 0 1 0 3 1 i 0

PRIMARY

HUE5

CU HP5 HP5MH LP5 MER m TUN

FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl

mm l m, m TREQ iAVGl

1 FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl

RED 0 ! ERR 0 5 ERR 0 'ERR 1 10.95 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR BLUE 0 ! ERR 0 ;err 0 ! ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 IERR GREEN 0 ! ERR 0 ! ERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 !CkR YELLOW 0 !ERR 0 ItRR 0 IERR 1 10.85 0 IERR 0 ! ERR 0 IERR

TOTALS 0 0 0 2 0 0 0

SECONDARY

HUES

CU HP5 HPSMh LPS MLR MH TUN

FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl FREQ iAVGl

__ t FREQ 1AVGI FREQ i AVGl

1 FREQ iAVGl FREQ IAVGl

1 RED 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 1 10.15 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 iERR BLUE 0 iERR 1 10.10 0 iERR 1 iO.10 1 iO.10 1 iO 10 0 iERR GREEN 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 '.ERR 0 IERR 0 IERR 0 iERR YELLOW 0 IERR 0 iERR 0 iERR 1 !0 05 0 iERR 0 iERR 0 '.ERR

TOTALS 0 1 0 3 1 1 0

114
Appendix B . Additional Tables of Results

Table IB. Rank Ordering of Samples for Each Light Source.

RANKS

RED

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 58 33 33 33 33 57 57

2 33 57 57 57 57 45 58

3 57 58 58 58 58 12 45,47

ORANGE

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 42,16, 56 15 56,16 15,16,56 42,48 48,56,15 48

2 48,35,15,

18

16 - 16 42

3 42,56 15 - - - 15

48 42,48 42,48 56,15 16 46

YELLOW

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 4,22 22 22,4 22 22 21,22 4,22,20

2

- 4 - 4 4 - -

3 20 36 21,20 21,36 36,20 36 - 4 * 23 21,49

GREEN

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 23 55 23 23 23 39,55 23

2 51 23 51 51 3

- X

3 24 39,51 24 24 24 26,25,3 X

115
Table IB. Continued

BLUE

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 2,27 2,27 28,52 2,27 2,27 52 28

28,52 28,52 - 28,52 28,52 - (27)

2

- - - - - 28 (40)

3 " “ 2,27,40,54 “ 27 -

PURPLE /MAGENTA

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

P-1 1 1 1 1 1 1 X

M-2

3 53 53 53 53 53 53 X

BROWN

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 38 7 38 38 7 38 7 2 7 38 7 7 38 7 38

WHITE

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 10 10 10 10 32 10 X

2 32 32 32 32 10 32 X

3 41 “ 41 41 41 41 X

GRAY

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 9 9 9 9 9 9 X

BLACK

TUN CW HPS HPS MH MH MER LPS

1 8 8 8 8 8 8 8y

116
able 2B. CIE Specifications for

and L*a*b* Coordinates

SAMPLE LIGHT M/C Y

ANSI RED TUN H 19

ANSI RED CWF nv./ 12

ANSI RED HER c 6

ANSI RED Mil c 12

ANSI RED npSMii c 14

ANSI RED iips c 18

ANSI RED LPS c 17

ANSI RED D-6 5 c 12

ANSI RED A c 18

ANSI RED B c 14

ANSI RED C c 12

ANSI ORANGE TUN M 41

ANSI ORANGE CWF C 36

ANSI ORANGE HER C 33

ANSI ORANGE MU c 37

ANSI ORANGE HPSMH c 42

ANSI ORANGE HPS c 49

ANSI ORANGE LPS c 56

ANSI ORANGE D-6 5 c 31

ANSI ORANGE A c 39

ANSI ORANGE B c 33

ANSI ORANGE C c 31

ANSI YELLOW TUN M 69

ANSI YELLOW CWF C 67

ANSI YELLOW HER C 59

ANSI YELLOW MFI c 67

ANSI YELLOW HPSMH c 70

ANSI YELLOW HPS c 74

ANS

YELLOW LPS c 77

ANSI YELLOW D-6 5 c 62

ANSI YELLOW A c 68

ANSI YELLOW B c 64

ANSI YELLOW C c 62

ANSI GREEN TUN M 8

ANSI GREEN CWF C 9

ANSI GREEN MER C 9

ANSI GREEN 1 1 El c 9

ANSI GREEN HPSMH c 7

ANSI GREEN HPS c 5 ANSI GREEN LPS c 3

ANSI GREEN D-6 5 c 12

ANSI GREEN A c 9

ANSI GREEN B c 11

ANSI GREEN C r 11

and Best Color s in y r X t y t

4<\ y L* a* b*

0.654 0.333 51.2 56.96 54.31

0.590 0.360 42.3 45.57 39.04

0.459 0.423 30.1 17.58 17.84

0.580 0.374 41.6 41.63 37.74

0.602 0.372 45.5 37.17 44.28

0.622 0.371 50.2 28.82 51.87

0.574 0.425 48.5 1.94 38.10

0.585 0.331 41.9 57.44 38.42

0.646 0.334 49.6 58.58 51.60

0.608 0.333 44.2 58.54 42.37

0.584 0.327 42.2 55.32 33.87

0.602 0.391 70.2 38.47 88.84

0.545 0.441 66.9 27.11 88.76

0.4 65 0.520 64.4 7.10 87.95

0.543 0.444 67.5 28.58 88.52

0.563 0.429 71.0 23.65 94.02

0.582 0.415 75.6 14.69 97.88

0.571 0.428 80.0 1.04 72.98

0.547 0.423 62.6 36.65 80.65

0.594 0.397 68.9 39.84 88.10

0.563 0.415 64.6 38.27 83.65

0.548 0.420 62.9 33.85 81.53

0.541 0.442 86.6 10.07 82.56

0.433 0.489 86.0 -0.80 95.66

0.427 0.554 86.6 -12.91 103.43

0.4 84 0.488 85.9 2.81 91.53

0.519 0.4 64 87.2 3.69 93.00

0.558 0.435 89.0 3.07 89.78

0.569 0.430 90.5 0.24 70.00

0.455 0.486 83.2 -2.14 83.4 6

0.527 0.450 86.1 9.59 84.78

0.479 0.475 84.1 2.51 88.62

0.458 0.481 83.2 -4.05 89.53

0.302 0.549 35.8 -48.24 -1.47

0.204 0.524 36.7 -41.57 13.87

0.332 0.576 36.5 -26.92 32.14

0.276 0.537 36.9 -43.65 10.99

0.327 0.517 33.5 -35.55 4.30

0.437 0.472 27.7 -18.24 -12.93

0.557 0.434 23.0 -1.74 -16.64

0.204 0.491 41.2 -59.33 16.86

0.281 0.543 36.3 -50.57 2.53

0.224 0.501 39.8 -56.11 13.18

0.206 0.476 40.3 -58.39 16.89

ANSI

4

7

3

3

9

6

2

5

10

6

0

5

3

2

2

3

7

1

2

6

5

2

9

3

8

5

3

4

5

1

3

6

9

4

2

5

8

4

8

0

4

1

7

117
Table 2B Continued

ANSI BLUE TUN M 6.2 0.274 0.343 29.9 -22.28 -49 oN :: ANSI BLUE CWF C 6.4 0.214 0.228 30.3 -3.69 -47 0 - ANSI BLUE MER C 5.4 0.229 0.213 27.8 15.85 -47.81

ANSI BLUE MH c 6.6 0.217 0.265 30.8 -11.31 -45.53

ANSI BLUE HPSMH c 5.5 0.258 0.284 28.1 -11.31 -50 . 4 6

ANSI BLUE HPS c 4.0 0.380 0.344 23.7 -7.23 -60 . 63

ANSI BLUE LPS c 3.2 0.549 0.421 20.7 -0.77 -56.97

ANSI BLUE D-6 5 c 8.9 0.171 0.194 35.8 -5.82 -39.56

ANSI BLUE A c 6.6 0.244 0.310 31.0 -21.28 -48.00

ANSI BLUE B c 8.2 0.183 0.215 34.3 -10.58 -42.21

ANSI BLUE C c 8.8 0.170 0.182 35.7 -3.32 -39.72

ANSI PURPLE TUN M 17.3 0.554 0.340 48.6 34.79 -7.30

ANSI PURPLE CWF C 13.3 0.385 0.297 43.2 23.56 -21.38

ANSI PURPLE MER C 11.0 0.305 0.288 39.6 18.96 -31.63

ANSI PURPLE MH c 12.8 0.391 0.318 42.5 20.33 -21.65

ANSI PURPLE HPSMH c 13.2 0.452 0.341 43.1 17.12 -20.26

ANSI PURPLE HPS c 13.8 0.550 0.380 44.0 12.42 -16.18

ANSI PURPLE LPS c 11.0 0.567 0.425 39.6 0.52 -21.34

ANSI PURPLE D-65 c 14.6 0.340 0.246 45.0 34.92 -16.35

ANSI PURPLE A c 16.7 0.520 0.330 47.9 35.06 -9.39

ANSI PURPLE B c 15.1 0.389 0.271 45.8 35.02 -14.70

ANSI PURPLE C c 14.7 0.336 0.236 45.2 35.12 -16.31

ANSI BROWN TUN M 7.1 0.574 0.400 32.0 16.10 30.75

ANSI BROWN CWF C 6.7 0.507 0.429 31.0 12.08 30.44

ANSI BROWN MER C 6.4 0.444 0.486 30.3 5.42 30.15

ANSI BROWN MH C 6.8 0.511 0.436 31.4 13.12 31.20

ANSI BROWN HPSMH C 7.6 0.539 0.429 33.2 10.25 34.08

ANSI BROWN HPS C 8.8 0.568 0.421 35.6 5.28 36.68

ANSI BROWN LPS C 10.2 0.570 0.429 38.1 0.41 32.39

ANSI BROWN D-65 C 5.7 0.479 0.398 28.7 15.85 26.27

ANSI BROWN A C 6.8 0.561 0.403 31.4 16.83 30.16

ANSI BROWN B C 6.1 0.506 0.401 29.6 16.37 27.69

ANSI BROWN C C 5.8 0.477 0.392 28.8 14.43 26.66

ANSI WHITE TUN M 81.5 0.479 0.417 92.3 0.82 2.26

ANSI WHITE CWF C 81.3 0.387 0.389 92.3 0.08 2.74

ANSI WHITE MER C 81.3 0.349 0.416 92.2 -0.72 3.66

ANSI WHITE MH c 81.3 0.396 0.407 92.3 0.08 3.17

ANSI WHITE HPSMH c 81.5 0.450 0.412 92.4 0.22 3.18

ANSI WHITE HPS c 81.8 0.530 0.421 92.5 0.29 2.53

ANSI WHITE LPS c 82.1 0.567 0.429 92.6 0.02 3.79

ANSI WHITE D-65 c 81.1 0.317 0.334 92.2 -0.15 2.47

ANSI WHITE A c 81.4 0.451 0.409 92.3 0.75 2.35

ANSI WHITE B c 81.2 0.353 0.356 92.2 0.21 2.41

ANSI WHITE C c 81.1 0.314 0.321 92.2 -0.22 2.44

118
Table 2B Continued

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI GRAY

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

ANSI BLACK

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST RED - F

BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE - BEST ORANGE -

TUN M

CWF C

MER C

MH C

HPSMH C

HPS C

LPS C

D-6 5 C

A C

B C

C C

TUN M

CWF C

MER C

MH C

HPSMH C

HPS C

LPS C

D-6 5 C

A C

B C

c c

TUN M

CWF M

MER M

MH M

HPSMH M

HPS M

LPS M

F TUN M

F CWF M

F MER M

F MH M

F HPSMH M

F HPS M

F LPS M

19.2 0.476

19.2 0.384

19.3 0.347

19.2 0.393

19.3 0.448

19.3 0.529

19.3 0.567

19.2 0.314

19.2 0.447

19.2 0.349

19.2 0.311

1.6 0.494

1.6 0.408

1.6 Q .368

1.6 0.415

1.6 0.466

1.6 0.537

1.6 0.568

1.5 0.342

1.6 0.469

1.5 0.378

1.5 0.340

16.7 0.647

10.9 0.572

10.5 0.537

12.8 0.579

12.1 0.596

12.1 0.629

8.8 0.616

57.9 0.637

50.6 0.609

51.9 0.587

66.6 0.604

58.5 0.611

67.7 0.622

62.8 0.596

0.418 50.9

0.387 51.0

0.412 51.1

0.405 51.0

0.412 51.0

0.422 51.0

0.429 51.1

0.332 50.9

0.410 50.9

0.355 50.9

0.320 50.9

0.423 13.1

0.414 13.0

0.450 13.0

0.430 13.0

0.428 13.1

0.425 13.2

0.429 13.4

0.368 12.8

0.420 13.0

0.384 12.9

0.356 12.8

0.325 47.8

0.341 39.4

0.359 38.8

0.348 42.5

0.351 41.4

0.354 41.4

0.381 35.7

0.354 80.7

0.372 76.4

0.387 77.2

0.379 85.3

0.377 81

0.374 85.9

0.401 83.3

-0.48 0.66

-0.32 0.78

-0.17 0.92

-0.30 1.05

-0.27 1.03

-0.24 0.85

-0.01 1.36

-0.59 0.84

-0.48 0.72

-0.54 0.81

-0.62 0.84

0.82 4.52

-0.37 5.30

-1.30 6.16

-0.32 5.53

-0.03 5.53

0.22 4.79

0.02 5.11

-0.95 5.07

0.68 4.71

-0.34 5.03

-1.13 5.14

55.66 34.21

45.58 23.63

49.61 20.32

49.09 25.92

39.17 24.34

30.32 25.93

15.44 12.21

67.61 90.95

72.12 89.65

86.99 83.89

78.02 96.04

59.22 92.48

42.82 97.03

16.97 12.4

119
Table 2B Continued

BEST YELLOW - 0 TUN M 70,0 0.552 0.433 87.0 16.41 87.0-1

BEST YELLOW - 0 CWF C 68.6 0.495 0.480 86.3 5.43 98.76

BEST YELLOW - 0 MER C 68.6 0.439 0.544 86,3 -6.40 110.48

BEST YELLOW - 0 MH c 68.1 0.497 0.478 86.1 9.91 93.40

BEST YELLOW - 0 HPSMH c 72.7 0.527 0,457 88.3 8.19 96.76

BEST YELLOW - 0 UPS c 79.2 0.560 0.435 91.3 3.71 97.82

BEST YELLOW - 0 LPS c 82.7 0.570 0.429 92.9 0.32 73.45

BEST YELLOW - 0 D-65 c 61.0 0.473 0.471 82.4 7.97 88.62

BEST YELLOW - 0 A c 68.5 0.540 0.440 86.3 16.62 88.35

BEST YELLOW - 0 B c 63.4 0.495 0.462 83.7 11.47 89.82

BEST YELLOW - 0 C c 61.3 0.476 0.467 82.5 5.52 89.83

BEST GREEN - F TUN M 16.1 0.316 0.647 47.1 -67.35 42.87

BEST GREEN - F CWF M 21.9 0.300 0.653 53.9 -68.32 61.31

BEST GREEN - F MER M 21.1 0.309 0.648 53 -51.59 61.91

BEST GREEN - F MH M 23.4 0.300 0.658 55.5 -68.8 61.5

BEST GREEN - F HPSMH M 16.6 0.324 0.634 47.8 -61.4 46.72

BEST GREEN - F HPS M 9.7 0.413 0.565 37.3 -38.05 28.35

BEST GREEN - F LPS M 4 0.561 0.433 23.6 -1.14 -5.1

BEST GREEN _ O TUN M 21.6 0.258 0.560 53.6 -78.5 -9.47

BEST GREEN - O CWF C 24.3 0.258 0.507 56.3 -62.19 10.64

BEST GREEN - O MER C 26.5 0.315 0.557 58.5 -40.12 35.2

BEST GREEN - O MH c 23.7 0.252 0.521 55.8 -64.46 6.35

BEST GREEN - O MIX c 19 0.289 0.514 50.6 -57.04 -3.43

BEST GREEN - O HPS c 12.2 0.385 0.493 41.5 -36.45 -27.23

BEST GREEN - O LPS c 5.7 0.544 0.439 28.7 -4.28 -41.68

BEST GREEN - O D6 5 c 29.8 0.189 0.452 61.4 -79.75 13.35

BEST GREEN - O A c 23.1 0.243 0.543 55.2 -79.49 -4.32

BEST GREEN - O B c 27.6 0.203 0.471 59.6 -78.93 8,78

BEST GREEN - 0 C c 29.2 0.190 0.436 61 -78.38 13.36

BEST BLUE - O TUN M 11.4 0.172 0.345 40.3 -58.57 -73.30

BEST BLUE - 0 CWF C 11.4 0.159 0.205 40.2 -18.97 -70.33

BEST BLUE - 0 MER C 8.0 0.189 0.164 34.0 23.68 -75.34

BEST BLUE - 0 MH C 12.1 0.153 0.248 41.4 -34.95 -67.06

BEST BLUE - 0 HPSMH C 8.7 0.164 0.251 35.4 -34.77 -77.87

BEST BLUE - 0 HPS C 3.9 0.214 0.270 23.3 -24.10 -102.52

BEST BLUE - 0 LPS C 1.4 0.466 0.393 12.2 -4.32 -109.04

BEST BLUE - 0 D-65 C 19.6 0.140 0.197 51.4 -26.78 -53.11

BEST BLUE - 0 A c 12.8 0.161 0.309 42.4 -55.56 -69.39

BEST BLUE - 0 B c 17.3 0.143 0.214 48.6 -34.20 -58.16

BEST BLUE - 0 C c 19.2 0.141 0.182 50.9 -21.79 -53.79

120
Table 3B. CIELAB and Psychophysical Responses

Sample L* a* b* Source Name N LT SAT HUE1 % HUE2 %

0 PURPLE 1 43. 2 23. 5b -21. 38 CRF P 20 M M R/B . 55/. bb R/B . 34/. 45

0 PURPLE 1 44. 0 12. 42 -1 b. 18 HPS P 19 M M R 0. bl B 0. 39

0 PURPLE 1 43. 1 17. 12 -20. 2b HPSMH P 20 M M B 0. 59 R 0. 41

0 PURPLE 1 39. b 0. 52 -21. 34 LPS GY 7 M L G 0. 85 Y 0. 19

0 PURPLE 1 39. b 18. 9b -31. b3 HER P 20 M M B 0. b5 R 0. 35

0 PURPLE 1 42. 5 20. 33 -21 . b5 MH P 20 M M B 0. bO R 0. 40

0 PURPLE 1 48. b 34. 79 -7. 30 TUN P 15 M M R 0. 75 B 0. 25

0 BLUE 2 30 . 3 -3. b9 -47. 48 CRF B 20 M M B 0. 99 R 0. 07

0 ELUE 2 23. 7 -7. 23 -bO. b9 HPS B 20 L M B 0. 98 - - 0 BLUE 2 28. 1 -11.31 -50. 4b HPSMH B 20 M M B 0. 99 R 0. 08

0 BLUE 2 20. 7 -0. 77 -5b. 97 LPS GY 12 L L R 0. 80 Y 0. 1b

0 BLUE 2 27. 8 15. 85 -47. 81 MER B 12 M/L M B 0. 83 R 0. 19

0 BLUE 2 30. 8 -1 1 . 31 -45. 53 MH B 20 M M B 0. 98 R 0. 08

0 BLUE 2 29. 9 -22. 28 -49. 81 TUN B 20 M M B 0. 97 G 0. 13

0 GREEN 3 3b. 7 -41. 57 1 3. 87 CRF G 1

M M G 0. 84 B 0. 20

0 GREEN 3 27. 7 -18. 24 -12. 93 HPS BG 10 L M G 0. 81 B 0. 2b

0 GREEN 3 33. 5 -35. 55 4. 30 HPSMH G 10 M M G 0. 84 B 0. 22

0 GREEN 3 23. 0 -1. 74 -1b. b4 LPS GY 13 L

- - - - - 0 GREEN 3 3b. 5 -2b. 92 32. 14 MER G 17 M/L L G 0. 89 B/Y . 19/. 1b

0 GREEN 3 3b. 9 -43. b5 10. 99 MH G 12 M M G 0. 87 B 0. 17

0 GREEN 3 35. 8 -48. 24 -1. 47 TUN G 13 M M G 1. 00 B 0. 08

0 YELLOH 4 8b. 0 -0. 80 95. bb CRF Y 15 H M Y 0. 90 G 0. 13

0 YELLOR 4 89. 0 3. 07 89. 78 HPS Y 19 H H Y 0. 93 G 0. 1 2 0 YELLOH 4 87. 2 3. b9 93. 00 HPSMH Y 17 H M Y 0. 94 G 0. 12

0 YELLOR 4 90. 5 0. 24 70. 00 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 99 G 0. 07

0 YELLOR 4 8b. b -12. 91 108. 43 MER YG 1 0 H e Y 0. 85 G 0. 1 8 0 YELLOR 4 85. 9 2. 81 91. 53 MH Y 18 H e Y 0. 95 G 0. 12

0 YELLOH 4 8b. b 10. 07 82. 5b TUN Y 17 M M Y 0. 94 G 0. 08

0 ORANGE 5 bb. 9 27. 1

88. 7b CRF 0 13 M M Y 0. 72 R 0. 28

0 ORANGE 5 75. b 14. b9 97. 88 HPS Y 13 M H/M Y 0. 88 R 0. 1b

0 ORANGE 5 71. 0 23. b5 94. 02 HPSMH 0 10 M M Y 0. 82 R 0. 21 0 ORANGE 5 80. 0 1. 04 72. 98 LPS Y 20 M H Y 0. 9b R 0. Ob

0 ORANGE 5 b4. 4 7. 10 87. 95 MER Y 12 M M Y 0. 93 G 0. 13

0 ORANGE 5 b7. 5 28. 58 88. 52 MH 0 1

M M Y 0. 74 R 0. 28

0 ORANGE 5 70. 2 38. 47 88. 84 TUN 0 17 M M Y 0. 7b R 0. 24

0 RED 6 42. 3 45. 57 39. 04 CRF R 1

M M R 0. 85 Y 0. 18

0 RED 6 50. 2 28. 82 51. 87 HPS 0 13 M M R 0. b

Y 0. 31

0 RED 6 45. 5 37. 17 44. 28 HPSMH 0 9 M M R 0. 74 Y 0. 2b

0 RED 6 48. 5 1. 94 38. 10 LPS ov 8 M L Y 0. 77 G 0. 24

0 RED 6 30. 1 17. 58 17. 84 MER BRN 20 L L R 0. 82 Y 0. 20

0 RED 6 41.

41. b3 37. 74 MH RO 7 M M R 0. 79 Y 0. 24

0 RED 6 51. 2 5b. 9b 54. 31 TUN R 12 M H R 0. 85 Y 0. 17

0 BROHN 7 31 .12. 08 30. 44 CRF BRN 20 L M R 0. 75 Y 0. 24

0 BRORN 7 35. b 5. 28 3b. b8 HPS BRN 1

L M/L R 0. 79 Y 0. 25

0 BROHN 7 33. 2 10. 25 34. 08 HPSMH BRN 15 L M R 0. 79 Y 0. 21

0 BRORN 7 38. 1 0. 41 32. 39 LPS BRN - M L G/Y . 87/. 82 Y 0. 14

0 BRORN 7 30. 3 5. 42 30. 15 MER BRN 1

L L G 0. 8b Y 0. 10

0 BRORN 7 31. 4 13 - 12 31. 20 MH BRN 18 L L R 0. 7b Y 0. 2b

0 BROHN 7 32. 0 1b. 10 30. 75 TUN BRN 19 L L R 0. 79 Y 0. 20

121
Table 3B Continued

0 BLACK 8 13. 0 -0. 37 5. 30 CHF BK 20 L

- - - - - 0 BLACK 8 13. 2 0. 22 4. 79 BPS BK 20 L

- - - - - 0 BLACK 8 13. 1 -0. 03 5. 53 HPSMH BK 18 L

- - - - - 0 BLACK 8 13. 4 0. 02 5. 11 LPS BK 1b L

- - - - - 0 BLACK 8 13. 0 -1. 30 6. 16 HER BK 18 L

- - - - -

* 0 BLACK 8 1 3. 0 -0. 32 5. 53 HH BK 20 L

- - - - - 0 BLACK 8 13. 1 0. 82 4. 52 TON BK 20 L

- - - - -

0 GRAY 9 51. 0 -0. 32 0. 78 CHF GY 19 M

- - - - - 0 GRAY 9 51.

0

-0. 24 0. 85 BPS GY 19 M

- - - - - 0 GRAY 9 51. 0 -0. 27 1. 03 HPSMB GY 19 M

- - - - - 0 GRAY 9 51. 1 -0. 01 1. 36 LPS OV OV M L Y 0. 75 G 0. 22

0 GRAY 9 51. 1 -0. 1 7 0. 92 HER GY 20 M

- - - - - 0 GRAY 9 51. 0 -0. 30 1. 05 MB GY 20 M

- - - - - 0 GRAY 9 50. 9 -0. 48 0. 66 TON GY 19 M

- - - - -

0 WHITE 10 92 . 3 0. 08 2. 74 CHF H 20 H

- - - - - 0 HHITE 10 92 . 5 0. 29 2. 53 HPS H 20 H

- - - - - 0 HHITE 10 92 . 4 0. 22 3. 18 HPSMH H 20 H

- - - - - 0 HHITE 10 92 . 6 0. 02 3. 79 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 97 R 0. 08

0 HHITE 10 92 . 2 -0. 72 3. 66 MERCORY H 19 H

- - - - - 0 HHITE 10 92 . 3 0. 08 3. 17 MH H 19 H

- - - - - 0 HHITE 10 92 . 3 0. 82 2. 26 TON H 20 H

- - - - -

R RED 11 38. 1 47. 71 36. 28 CHF R 14 M H/M R 0. 86 Y 0. 17

R RED 11 46. 6 29. 84 52. 89 HPS 0 14 M M R 0. 64 Y 0. 36

R RED 11 41. 5 38. 55 41. Ob HPSMH 0 8 M M R 0. 77 Y 0. 24

R RED 11 44. 8 2. 10 34. 67 LPS OV 7 M L Y 0. 79 Y/G . 21/. 22

R RED 11 23. 6 22. 10 7. 24 MER BHN 13 L M R 0. 87 Y 0. 16

R RED 11 37. 3 43. 36 33. 45 MH R 12 M M R 0. 82 Y 0. 18

R RED 11 4b. 7 55. 97 54. 11 TON R 13 M H R 0. 87 Y 0. 16

0 RED 12 50. 2 58. 58 51. 26 CHF R/RO 6/6 M H R 0. 78 Y 0. 22

0 RED 12 61. 9 35. 50 75. 49 HPS 0 18 M M R 0. 61 Y 0. 39

0 RED 12 55. 6 46. 94 58. 22 HPSMH 0 12 M M R 0. 71 Y 0. 29

0 RED 12 64. 2 2. 50 52. 83 LPS Y 10 M M/L Y 0. 87 G 0. 14

0 RED 12 31. 7 29. 00 11. 9b MER R 10 L M R 0. 85 B 0. 19

0 RED 12 50. 4 53. 65 48. 61 MH R 8 H M R 0. 81 Y 0. 23

0 RED 12 60. 1 67. 26 74. 62 TON 0 1

1

M H R 0. 71 Y 0. 29

RF R-ORAMGE 13 6b. 1 83. 40 99. 66 CHF 0 13 M H R 0. 68 Y 0. 33

RF R-ORANGE 13 64. 3 50. 50 92. 09 HPS 0 12 M H R 0. 65 Y 0. 35

RF R-ORANGE 13 66. 7 71. 15 97. 58 HPSMH 0 9 M H R 0. 67 Y 0. 33

RF R-ORANGE 13 63. 9 44. 09 49. 91 LPS 0 12 M H R 0. 71 Y 0. 29

RF R-ORANGE 13 66. 2 106. 08 99. 89 MER 0 8 M H R 0. 70 Y 0. 30

RF R-ORANGE 13 69. 0 89. 01 99. 55 MH 0 8 M H R 0. 69 Y 0. 32

RF R-ORANGE 1 3 63. 7 67. 25 101. 06 TON 0 14 M H R 0. 63 Y 0. 37

F R-ORANGE 14 65. 4 78. 36 74. 14 CHF 0 8 M H R 0. 73 Y 0. 27

F R-ORANGE 14 71. 0 48. 35 86. 53 HPS 0 17 M H R 0. 61 Y 0. 39

F R-ORANGE 14 65. 7 63. 11 72. 78 HPSMH 0 12 M H R 0. 71 Y 0. 29

F R-ORANGE 14 60. 2 25. 17 18. 64 LPS 0 20 M M R

' 0. 62 Y 0. 38

F R-ORANGE 14 59. 6 88. 50 57. 92 MER 0 9 M M R 0. 75 Y 0. 25

F R-ORANGE 14 67. 3 78. 43 72. 77 MH 0 9 M B R 0. 68 Y 0. 32

F R-ORANGE 14 69. 0 73- 13 85. 85 TON 0 11 M H R 0. 70 Y 0. 30

122
Table 3B Continued

RF ORANGE 15 74. 7 59. 50 1 05. 51 CRF 0 20 M H R 0. 54 Y 0. 46

RF ORANGE 15 73- 6 33. 20 97. 93 HPS 0 19 M M Y 0. 66 R 0. 34

RF ORANGE 15 74. 9 47. 78 1 02. 1 9 HPSMH 0 20 M H Y 0. 68 R 0. 32

RF ORANGE 15 70. 1 15. 75 27. 95 LPS 0 17 M M Y 0. 67 R 0. 29

RF ORANGE 15 77. 4 82. 54 108. 75 HER 0 20 M H R/Y . 54/. 62 R/Y . 38/. 46

RF ORANGE 15 81 .

64. 88 1 1 2. 47 HH 0 19 M H Y 0. 62 R 0. 38

RF ORANGE 15 71 . 5 49. 21 1 04. 79 TON 0 19 M H Y 0. 63 R 0. 37

F ORANGE 16 79. 2 57. 10 1 03. 21 CHF 0 20 M H Y 0. 63 R 0. 37

F ORANGE 16 87. 0 32. 1 0 1 07. 97 HPS 0 20 M H Y 0. 63 R 0. 37

F ORANGE 16 81 . 5 43. 79 1 02. 61 HPSMH 0 20 H M Y 0. 65 R 0. 35

F ORANGE 1 6 90. 9 4. 70 25. 09 LPS Y 19 M H Y 0. 94 R 0. 09

F ORANGE 16 78. 3 63. 07 98. 35 MER 0 19 M H/M Y 0. 66 R 0. 34

F ORANGE 16 84. 8 57. 81 1 07. 51 MH 0 20 H H Y 0. 68 R 0. 32

F ORANGE 1 6 82. 3 57. 28 1 02. 01 TON 0 20 M M Y 0. 62 R 0. 38

R ORANGE 17 41. 5 34. 97 64. 95 CHF 0 14 M M R/Y . 76/. 67 R/Y . 33/. 24

R ORANGE 17 49. 7 21. 49 74. 64 HPS 0 13 M M Y 0. 67 R 0. 33

R ORANGE 17 45. 3 28. 99 70. 33 HPSMH 0 12 M M R/Y . 63/. 70 R/Y . 31/. 37

R ORANGE 17 51. 9 1. 45 53. 06 LPS GO 8 M L Y 0. 90 G 0. 12

R ORANGE 17 33. 9 1 1. 47 53. 92 MER BRN 7 M M Y 0. 82 R/G . 18/. 21 R ORANGE 17 41. 7 32. 89 64. 74 MH 0 13 M M R/Y . 68/. 64 R 0. 36

R ORANGE 17 47. 1 43. 97 71. 09 TON 0 16 M M R 0. 64 Y 0. 36

0 ORANGE 18 71 . 2 31. 17 92. 54 CRF 0 13 M M Y 0. 76 R 0. 25

0 ORANGE 18 80. 8 17. 72 106. 28 HPS 0 17 M H/M Y 0. 75 R 0. 28

0 ORANGE 18 75. 8 27. 1 6 98. 92 HPSMH 0 13 M M Y 0. 79 R 0. 22

0 ORANGE 18 86. 2 1. 21 77. 56 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 97 R 0. 07

0 ORANGE 18 67. 8 9. 52 84. 81 MER Y 12 M M Y 0. 91 R 0. 1 3 0 ORANGE 1 8 72. 0 32. 28 92. 52 MH 0 18 M H/M Y 0. 70 R 0. 30

0 ORANGE 18 75. 1 42. 49 96. 65 TON 0 19 M M Y 0. 69 R 0. 31

RF YELLOH 19 80. 8 -32. 04 102. 39 CRF YG 14 H fl Y 0. 81 G 0. 19

RF YELLOH 19 73. 3 -10. 17 79. 1 8 HPS Y 10 H H Y 0. 86 G 0. 16

RF YELLOH 19 79. 3 -26. 01 92. 1

HPSMH YG 14 H M Y 0. 78 G 0. 22

RF YELLOH 19 70. 0 0. 27 6. 81 LPS Y 14 M M Y 0. 95 G 0. 1 4 RF YELLOH 19 81. 5 -32. 03 103. 82 MER YG 12 H H Y 0. 81 G 0. 19

RF YELLOH 19 85. 8 -32. 49 1 03. 84 MH YG 14 H H Y 0. 71 G 0. 31 RF YELLOH 19 75. 3 -17. 76 77. 21 TON YG 1 2 E M Y 0. 79 G 0. 23

F YELLOH 20 93. 6 -16. 77 111. 86 CRF YG 1 2 H H Y 0. 83 G 0. 1 8 F YELLOH 20 98. 1 -2. 1 6 105. 22 HPS Y 18 H H Y 0. 93 G 0. 1 2 F YELLOH 20 98. 0 -10. 87 109. 52 HPSMH Y 11 H H Y 0. 84 G 0. 18

F YELLOH 20 99. 9 0. 19 -8. 46 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 97 G 0. 15

F YELLOH 20 98. 8 -25. 66 124. 35 HER YG 12 H H Y 0. 81 G 0. 19

F YELLOH 20 101.

-15. 17 115. 15 MH Y 1H H Y 0. 85 G 0. 1 9 F YELLOH 20 92. 9 -4. 01 96. 78 ton' Y 14 H H Y 0. 90 G 0. 14

R YELLOH 21 65. 0 10. 90 88. 66 CHF Y 1

M M Y 0. 94 R 0. 08

R YELLOH 21 71. 1 3. 50 91. 38 HPS Y 18 M M Y 0. 95 G 0. 1 2 R YELLOH 21 67. 5 1 0. 84 89. 80 HPSMH Y 10 M M Y 0. 88 R 0. 17

R YELLOH 21 72. 8 0. 33 66. 43 LPS Y 19 M H/M Y 0. 97 G 0. 09

R YELLOH 21 64. 7 1. 47 95- 39 MER Y 13 M M Y ' 0. 96 G 0. 08

R YELLOH 21 64. 8 14. 95 85. 83 MH 0 7 M M Y 0. 85 R 0. 22

R YELLOH 21 65. 4 19. 67 81.16 TON O/GO/Y 6 M M Y 0. 85 R 0. 20

123
Table 3B Continued

0 YELLOH 22 85. 7 5. 55 98. 39 CRF Y 16 H H Y 0. 94 R/G . 20/. 09

0 YELLOH 22 90. 7 3. 77 97. 49 HPS Y 19 H H Y 0. 94 G 0. 1

1

0 YELLOH 22 87. 7 8. 2b 96. 43 HPSMH Y 18 H/M M Y 0. 94 R 0. 09

0 YELLOH 22 92. 3 0. 32 73. 18 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 98 R 0. 07

0 YELLOH 22 85- 7 -b. 31 1 10. 03 HER Y 13 H/M H Y 0. 92 G C. 13

0 YELLOH 22 85- 4 1 0. 00 93- 07 MH Y 17 H H Y 0. 9b R 0. 09

0 YELLOH 22 8b. 4 1b. 54 86. 79 TUN Y 17 H H Y 0. 94 R 0. 12

RF G-YELLOR 23 53. 9 -68. 32 61. 31 CHF G 14 M H G 0. 82 Y 0. 20

RF G-YELLOH 23 37. 3 -38. 05 28. 35 HPS G 17 M M G 0. 91 Y 0. 17

RF G-YELLOH 23 47. 8 -bl . 40 46. 72 HPSMH G 1b M H G 0. 84 Y 0. 17

RF G-YELLOH 23 23. 6 -1.14 -5. 1 0 LPS OV 7 M L R/G . 80/. 8b Y 0. 20

RF G-YELLOH 23 53. 0 -51. 59 61. 91 MER G 13 M M G 0. 85 Y 0. 17

RF G-YELLOH 23 55. 5 -68. 80 61 . 50 MH G 13 M H G 0. 78 Y 0. 24

RT G-YELLOR 23 47. 1 -67. 35 42. 87 TUN G 20 M H G 0. 92 Y 0. 13

F G-YELLOH 24 74. 9 -61. 69 CD CO vO -Cr CHF YG 12 H H G 0. 77 Y 0. 24

F G-YELLOH 24 bO. 4 -31. 73 64. 1 8 HPS G 13 M H G 0. 79 Y 0. 24

F G-YELLOH 24 b8. 3 -49. 36 73. 24 HPSMH G 11 M H G 0. 78 Y 0. 22

F G-YELLOR 24 57. b -0. 80 -8. 45 LPS OV 7 M L Y 0. 80 G 0. 18

F G-YELLOH 24 80. 3 -44. 28 100. 15 MER G 10 M M G 0. 77 Y 0. 23

F G-YELLOH 24 77. 2 -58. 98 81 . 77 MH G 12 B H G 0. 7b Y 0. 24

F G-YELLOH 24 b8. 1 -68. 85 67. 80 TUN G 13 M H/M G 0. 84 Y 0. 18

R GREEN 25 2b. 0 -35. 30 -2. 17 CRF G 1

1

M M G 0. 85 B 0. 20

R GREEN 25 17. 3 -1 8. 8b -25. 26 HPS BG 17 L M B 0. 67 G 0. 33

R GREEN 25 22. 9 -32. 88 -10. 01 HPSMH BG 15 M M G 0. 77 B 0. 27

R GREEN 25 11.0 -2. 15 -30. 53 LPS BK 14 L

- - - - -

R GREEN 25 25. 6 -21. 02 10. 92 MER G 17 L M G 0. 92 G 0. 12

R GREEN 25 2b. 1 -38. 34 -3. 92 MH BG 12 M M G 0. 79 G 0. 28

R GREEN 25 25. 1 -43. 83 -13. 53 TUN BG 13 M M G 0. 74 G 0. 28

0 GREEN 2b 55. 8 -61. 75 10. 8b CHF G 10 M M G 0. 83 B 0. 19

0 GREEN 2b 41 . 1 -36. 1 6 -2b. 71 HPS BG 15 M M G 0. 79 B 0. 21

0 GREEN 2b 50. 2 -56. 58 -3. 1 2 HPSMH BG 14 M M G 0. 78 B 0. 24

0 GREEN 2b 28. 5 -4. 23 -41. 05 LPS GY 17 L

- G 0. 95 Y 0. 20

0 GREEN 2b 58. 0 -39. 88 35. 32 MER G 17 M M G 0. 89 Y 0. 11 0 GREEN 2b 55. 3 -63. 95 6. 58 MH BG 12 M M G 0. 78 B 0. 25

0 GREEN 2b 53. 2 -77. 90 -8. 95 TUN G 1

1

M M G 0. 82 B 0. 21

R BLUE 27 17. 3 6. 76 -57. 21 CHF B 20 M B B 0. 99 R 0. 05

R BLUE 27 9. 8 -6. 34 -72. 41 HPS B 20 L H B 0. 98 R/G . 10/. 08

R BLUE 27 15. 1 -b. 81 -59. 72 HPSMH B 20 M H B 0. 99 - - R BLUE 27 5. 7 -0. 80 -69. 44 LPS BK 15 L L B 1 . 00 B 0. 05

R BLUE 27 12. 3 33. 68 -60. 39 MER B 19 L M B 0. 9b R 0. 13

R BLUE 27 18. 0 -4. 46 -54. 23 MH B 20 M H B 0. 98 - - R BLUE 27 17. 2 -19. 05 -59. 46 TUN B 20 H H B 0. 98 G 0. 12

0 BLUE 28 39. 8 -19. 18 -69. 36 CHF B 20 M H B 0. 98 G 0. 09

0 BLUE 28 23. 0 -23. 94 -101. 34 HPS B 20 M H B 0. 98 G 0. 08

0 BLUE 28 35. 0 -34. 71 -76. 8b HPSMH B 20 M H B 0. 97 G 0. 09

0 BLUE 28 12. 0 -4. 28 -107. 77 LPS B 14 L L B 0. 99 B 0. 05

0 BLUE 28 33. 6 22. 94 -74. 20 MER B 19 M M B

' 0. 97 R 0. 1 0 BLUE 28 40. 9 -34. 96 -bb. 15 MH B 20 M H B 0. 9b G 0. 1 3 0 BLUE 28 39. 9 -58. 12 -72. 25 TUN B 20 M H B 0. 95 G 0. 1 3

124
Table 3B Continued

RF MAGENTA 29 67. 6 72. 73 34. 08 CHF PK 15 H H R 0. 91 B 0. 13

RF MAGENTA 29 70. 5 41. 01 40. 43 HPS PK 9 H H R 0. 79 Y 0. 24

RF MAGENTA 29 69. 1 58. 30 40. 38 HPSMH PK 13 H M R 0. 89 Y 0. 15

RF MAGENTA 29 70. 6 24. 46 22. 25 LPS 0 20 M M Y 0. 67 R 0. 33

RF MAGENTA 29 67. 4 94. 57 29. 26 MER PK 17 M H R 0. 91 B 0. 1

RF MAGENTA 29 73. 9 77. 90 44. 26 MH PK 13 H/M H R 0. 86 Y 0. 18

RF MAGENTA 29 68. 3 59. 22 42. 83 TON PK 12 M M R 0. 83 Y 0. 19

F MAGENTA 30 69. 5 72. 31 -13. 24 CHF PK 13 H H R 0. 86 B 0. 19

F MAGENTA 30 78. 1 38. 31 2. 31 HPS PK 19 H M R 0. 94 B 0. 09

F MAGENTA 30 74. 9 55. 86 -3. 66 HPSMH PK 17 e M R 0. 92 B 0. 12

F MAGENTA 30 83. 4 6. 21 20. 64 LPS Y 17 H H Y 0. 91 R 0. 13

F MAGENTA 30 64. 0 86. 01 -33. 23 MER PK 12 H H R 0. 87 B 0. 15

F MAGENTA 30 75. 2 71. 70 -6. 06 MH PK 16 H H R 0. 88 B 0. 17

F MAGENTA 30 75. 4 65. 03 1. 47 TUN PK 1 8 H H/M R 0. 92 B 0. 14

R HHITE 31 62. 3 -o. 67 5. 26 CHF GY 12 e L

- - - R HHITE 31 62. 4 0. 45 3. 87 HPS GY 13 e L

- - - R HHITE 31 62. 3 -0. 17 5. 41 HPSMH GY 15 H

- - - - R HHITE 3 1 62. 3 0. 01 4. 89 LPS Y 13 M M Y 0. 94 G 0. 09

R HHITE 31 62. 2 -2. 18 7. 1MER GY 15 H

- - - -

R HHITE 31 62. 3 -o. 75 5. 59 MH GY 17 H

- - - - R HHITE 31 62. 6 1

48 4. 10 TUN GY 16 H

- - - -

0 HHITE 32 93. 8 -0. 63 2. 69 CHF H 19 H

- - - - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 0. 03 1

88 HPS H 19 H

- - - - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 -o. 35 3. 02 HPSMH R 20 H

- - - - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 -0. 01 3. 37 LPS Y 20 H e Y 0. 98 - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 -1. 36 4. 02 MER H 19 H

- - - - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 -o. 68 3. 17 MH H 20 H

- - - - 0 HHITE 32 93. 8 0. 17 1

89 TUN H 20 H

- - - -

R DK RED 33 32. 1 52. 03 51. 96 CHF R 20 M H R 0. 95 Y 0. 08

R DK RED 33 38. 1 35. 06 60. 2 HPS R 18 M M R 0. 93 Y 0. 08

R DK RED 33 33. 3 43. 44 53. 37 HPSMH R 29 M H R 0. 94 Y 0. 10

R DK RED 33 24. 6 3. 07 29. 31 LPS BHN 13 L L R 0. 85 Y 0. 17

R DK RED 33 14. 4 23. 65 23. 14 MER BHN 9 L M R 0. 88 Y 0. 13

R DK RED 33 29. 1 48. 23 46. 4 MH R 20 L H R 0. 95 B 0. 12

R DK RED 33 44. 1 63. 02 70. 61 TUN R 19 M H R 0. 96 Y 0. 09

R RED 34 39. 3 43. 25 41. 29 CHF R 9 M M R 0. 81 Y 0. 21

R RED 34 47. 7 26. 3 56. 16 HPS 0 12 M M R 0. 66 Y 0. 34

R RED 34 43. 1 34. 96 45. 65 HPSMH 0 10 M M R 0. 74 Y 0. 26

R RED 34 48. 8 1. 74 40. 44 LPS OV 7 M L Y 0. 82 G 0. 17

R RED 34 28. 6 18. 33 20. 1 2 MER BHN 20 L L R 0. 83 Y 0. 18

R RED 34 39. 3 39. 92 38. 87 MH R 8 M M R 0. 80 Y 0. 23

R RED 34 47. 1 52. 61 56. 1 2 TUN R 1 2 M H R 0. 87 Y 0. 15

R ORANGE 35 57. 7 34. 75 72. 75 CHF 0 13 M M Y 0. 70 R 0. 31 R ORANCE 35 66. 9 21

17 84. 04 HPS 0 16 M M Y 0. 69 R 0. 31

R ORANGE 35 62. 4 29. 35 78. 79 HPSMH 0 1 2 M M Y 0. 78 R 0. 22

R ORANGE 35 73. 2 1

42 66. 06 LPS Y 1 9 M H/M Y 0. 96 G 0. 1

R ORANGE 35 53. 1 8. 66 67. 17 MER ov 7 M L Y 0. 84 G 0. 1 8 R ORANGE 35 58. 9 33. 69 73. 09 MH 0 16 M M Y 0. 73 P. 0. 24

R ORANGE 35 62. 5 44. 71 76. 86 TUN 0 19 M M R 0. 61 Y 0. 39

125
Table 3B Continued

R YELLOR 3b 71. 4

CO £) Cd 103. 15 CRF Y 12 M M Y 0. 91 G 0. 10

R YELLOH 3b 7b. 4 5. 3 103. 04 BPS Y 13 M M Y 0. 89 G 0. 19

R YELLOR 3b 73. 5 10. 09 103. 61 HPSMH Y 10 M M Y 0. 90 R 0. 14

R YELLOH 3b 73. 5 0. 44 72. 84 LPS Y 17 M M Y 0. 96 G 0. 09

R YELLOR 3b 72. b -7. 24 111. 25 HER Y 9 M M Y 0. 85 G 0. 18

R YELLOH 3b 71. 4 12. 31 100. 76 HH Y 11 M M Y 0. 88 G 0. 13

R YELLOR 3b 72 19. 37 94. 16 TUN Y 10 M M Y 0. 88 R 0. 12

R GOLD 37 b4. 3 4. 70 51. 00 CRF T 7 M M/L Y 0. 88 G 0. 15

R GOLD 37 b8. 4 3. 32 54. 97 BPS Y 12 M M Y 0. 90 G 0. 09

R GOLD 37 6b. 5 6. 57 50. 43 HPSMH Y 7 M L Y 0. 88 G 0. 14

R GOLD 37 71. 2 0. 30 42. 19 LPS Y 15 M M Y 0. 92 G 0. 13

R GOLD 37 b5. 9 -3. 86 53. 80 HER Y 8 M L Y 0. 88 G 0. 13

R GOLD 37 65. 1 8. 07 47. 77 MB Y/T 7 M L Y 0. 86 G 0. 13

R GOLD 37 65. 2 11. 35 48. 27 TUN T 9 M L Y 0. 88 G 0. 16

P, BROHN 38 28 1 3. 99 45. 77 CRF BRN 20 L M R 0. 79 R/Y . 36/ . 16

R BRORN 38 33. 5 6. 62 52. 52 HPS BRN 19 L M/L R 0. 80 Y 0. 23

P BRORN 38 31 1 2. 1 8 50. 25 HPSMH BRN 1 8 L M/L R/Y . 79/. 68 R 0. 34

R BRORN 33 38. 9 0. 53 43. 1 LPS OV 8 M L G 0. 88 Y 0. 17

R BRORN 38 27. 7 6. 08 46. 83 MER BRN 14 L L G 0. 84 Y 0. 09

R BRORN 38 29. 1 15. 62 47. 27 MH BRN 16 L M R 0. 78 Y 0. 20

R BROHN 38 29. 2 18. 37 45. 48 TUN BRN 20 L L R 0. 78 Y 0. 21

R GREEN 39 27. 3 -5b. 52 2. 28 CRF G 13 M M G 0. 85 B 0. 19

R GREEN 39 13. 9 -31. 77 -34. 41 HPS BG 15 L M B/G . 76/. 62 B 0. 38

R GREEN 39 23. 3 -54. 17 -1 0. 81 HPSMH BG 14 L M G 0. 79 B 0. 22

R GREEN 39 4. 2 -3. 44 -46. 42 LPS BK 12 L L B 0. 10 B 0. 07

R GREEN 39 25. 1 -3b. 88 28. 81 MER G 18 L M G 0. 93 B 0. 13

R GREEN 39 27. 9 -bl. 23 -2. 04 MH BG 12 M M G 0. 77 B 0. 27

R GREEN 39 27. 1 -b5. 7b -14. 74 TUN BG 12 M H G 0. 75 B 0. 26

R BLUE 40 12. 8 9. 88 -53. 66 CRF B 20 L H B 0. 99 R 0. 06

R BLUE 40 7. 2 -4. 41 -66. 27 HPS B 20 L H B 0. 99 -

R BLUE 40 11.3 -3. 98 -54. 89 HPSMH B 20 L H B 0. 99 - R BLUE 40 4. 2 -0. 53 -61. 25 LPS BK 15 L L B 1. 00 B 0. 05

R BLUE 40 7. 6 35. 72 -56. 65 MER B 18 L M B 0. 96 R 0. 15

R BLUE 40 1 3. 6 -1. 42 -50. 29 MH B 20 L H/M B 0. 98 R 0. 09

R BLUE 40 1 2. 7 -13. 32 -56. 38 TUN B 20 L H B 1. 00 -

R HHITE 41 78. 5 -1. 09 1.16 CRF GY 11 H

- - - - R RHITE 41 78. 4 -0. 42 0. 32 HPS R 14 H

- - - - R RHITE 41 78. 5 -0. 85 1. 41 HPSMH R 15 H

- - - - R HHITE 41 78. 4 -0. 03 1. 88 LPS Y 18 M H Y 0. 95 G 0. 08

R HHITE 41 78. 6 -1. 06 2. 27 MER R 14 H

- - - - R RHITE 41 78. 5 -1. 15 1. 64 MH GY/R 10 H

- - - - R RHITE 41 78. 4 -1.18 0. 36 TUN R 11 H

- - - —

RF ORANGE 42 67. 5 62. 33 99. 80 CRF 0 19 M H R 0. 61 Y 0. 39

RF ORANGE 42 69. 5 3b. 75 95. 65 HPS 0 18 M H Y 0. 62 R 0. 38

RF ORANGE 42 68. 3 50. 04 96. 96 HPSMH 0 18 M H R 0. 57 Y 0. 43

RF ORANGE 42 68. 3 14. 51 5. 34 LPS 0 18 M M Y 0. 69 R 0. 32

RF ORANGE 42 63. 3 74. 34 94. 92 MER 0 17 M H R 0. 59 Y 0. 41

RF ORANGE 42 69. 9 b3. 54 101. 90 MH 0 20 M H R 0. 55 Y 0. 45

RF ORANGE 42 68. 2 5b. 63 107. 42 TUN 0 20 M H R 0. 57 Y 0. 43

126
Table 3B Continued

RF Y-GREEN 43 85. 1 -21. 15 107. 99 CHF YG 15 H H Y 0. 80 G 0. 20

RF Y-GREEN 43 85- 5 -4. 95 97. 66 HPS Y 1 1 H M Y 0. 92 G 0. 1 0

RF Y-GREEN 43 88. 0 -1 4. 40 1 06. 45 HPSMH YG 1 2 H M Y 0. 85 G 0. 1 6 RF Y-GREEN 43 81 . 7 0. 29 4. 55 LPS Y 19 M M Y 0. 97 - - RF Y-GREEN 43 90. 0 -26. 60 1 1 6. 96 MER YG 13 H H Y 0. 74 G 0. 26

RF Y-GREEN 43 90. 4 -19. 59 1 1 3. 01 MH YG 13 H H Y 0. 79 G 0. 22

RF Y-GREEN 43 84. 0 -9. 12 84. 53 TON Y/YG 9 H M Y 0. 87 G 0. 1 6

F MAGENTA 44 66. 1 85. 54 1 2. 96 CHF PK 15 H/M H R 0. 89 B 0. 15

F MAGENTA 44 72. 8 53. 94 26. 96 HPS PK 14 M H/M R 0. 87 Y 0. 24

F MAGENTA 44 69. 7 72. 52 19. 16 HPSMH PK 13 M H R 0. 89 B 0. 14

F MAGENTA 44 65. 0 34. 17 34. 55 LPS 0 15 M M R 0. 69 Y 0. 31 F MAGENTA 44 62. 1 101. 93 -3. 78 MER PK 1

M H R 0. 89 B 0. 14

F MAGENTA 44 68. 8 88. 56 1 6. 40 MH PK 9 M H R 0. 87 B 0. 17

F MAGENTA 44 71.

77. 97 31. 03 TUN PK 10 M H R 0. 85 B/Y . 18/. 16

F RED 45 63. 1 80. 72 40. 51 CHF PK 9 M H R 0. 88 Y 0. 16

F RED 45 71. 5 54. 53 50. 53 HPS RO/O 7 M H R 0. 77 Y 0. 26

F RED 45 67. 8 70. 63 45. 38 HPSMH PK 7 M H/M R 0. 88 Y 0. 1 3 F RED 45 63. 8 36. 24 31. 36 LPS 0 1 2 M H R 0. 67 Y 0. 33

F RED 45 60. 8 96. 32 29. 59 MER R 10 M H R 0. 92 B 0. 1 F RED 45 67. 1 85. 34 43. 67 MH R 1

H/M H R 0. 88 B 0. 16

F RED 45 71 . 1 78. 24 55. 40 TUN R 9 M H R 0. 86 Y 0. 15

R O-RED 46 65. 6 81. 73 62. 27 CHF 0 6 M H R 0. 79 Y 0. 23

R O-RED 46 73. 4 54. 20 69. 99 HPS 0 15 M H R 0. 66 Y 0. 34

R 0-RED 46 69. 9 71. 18 65. 88 HPSMH 0 9 M H R 0. 77 Y 0. 24

R O-RED 46 65. 5 35. 16 42. 85 LPS 0 16 M M R 0. 64 Y 0. 36

R O-RED 46 62. 8 96. 26 50. 55 MER R 9 M H R 0. 84 Y 0. 18

R O-RED 46 69. 9 87. 67 65. 21 MH R 7 M H R 0. 77 Y 0. 23

R O-RED 46 73. 4 79. 22 74. 12 TUN 0 8 M H R 0. 75 Y 0. 27

F R-ORANGE 47 68. 3 81. 61 78. 75 CHF 0 10 M H R 0. 67 Y 0. 33

F R-ORANGE 47 73. 5 51. 68 80. 64 HPS 0 16 M H R 0. 61 Y 0. 39

F R-ORANGE 47 70. 5 68. 26 77. 72 HPSMH 0 1

M H R 0. 69 Y 0. 31 F R-ORANGE 47 68. 0 30. 55 41 . 71 LPS 0 17 M M R 0. 62 Y 0. 38

F R-ORANGE 47 65. 1 94. 73 68. 84 MER 0 8 M H R 0. 72 Y 0. 28

F R-ORANGE 47 70. 9 84. 66 78. 81 MH 0 11 M H R 0. 68 Y 0. 32

F R-ORANGE 47 74. 9 77. 76 85. 13 TUN 0 15 M H R 0. 64 Y 0. 36

F ORANGE 48 76. 4 72. 12 89. 65 CHF 0 18 M H R 0. 60 Y 0. 40

F ORANGE 48 85. 9 42. 82 97. 03 HPS 0 20 M H R 0. 60 Y 0. 40

F ORANGE 48 81.

59. 22 92. 48 HPSMH 0 18 M H R 0. 60 Y 0. 40

F ORANGE 48 83. 3 16. 97 12. 40 LPS 0 20 H M Y 0. 69 R 0. 45

F ORANGE 48 77. 2 86. 99 83. 89 MER 0 20 M H R 0. 58 Y 0. 42

F ORANGE 48 85. 3 78. 02 96. 04 MH 0 20 M e R 0. 55 Y 0. 45

F ORANGE 48 80. 7 67. 61 90. 95 TUN 0 19 M H R 0. 58 Y 0. 42

F Y-ORANGE 49 89. 0 52. 27 107. 62 CHF 0 19 M H Y 0. 66 R 0. 34

F Y-ORANGE 49 93. 3 24. 69 105. 16 HPS 0 13 M H Y 0. 75 R 0. 25

F Y-ORANGE 49 92. 2 40. 18 1 1 0. 46 HPSMH 0 17 H H/M Y 0. 71 R 0. 29

F Y-ORANGE 49 94. 4 4. 1 8 1 . 05 LPS Y 19 M H Y 0. 95 R 0. 09

F Y-ORANGE 49 94. 7 55. 85 114. 34 MER 0 19 H H Y 0. 68 R 0. 32

F Y-ORANGE 49 88. 7 60. 19 105. 03 MH 0 17 H H Y 0. 64 R 0. 36

F Y-ORANGE 49 89. 3 51. 34 109. 45 TUN 0 20 H H Y 0. 70 R 0. 30

127
Table 3B Continued

F G-YELLOH 50 100. 0 -26. 76 101. 80 CRF YG 14 H H Y 0. 78 G 0. 22

F G-YELLOR 50 101. 6 -4. 48 87. 18 HPS Y 13 H H Y 0. 90 G 0. 16

F G-YELLOR 50 101. 3 -16. 95 94. 03 HPSMH YG 13 H H Y 0. 82 G 0. 20

F G-YELLOR 50 98. 4 0. 44 -15. 95 LPS Y 20 H H Y 0. 93 R 0, 03

F G-YELLOH 50 105. 9 -34. 35 109. 44 MER YG 14 H H Y 0. 74 G 0. 21b F G-YELLOH 50 106. 0 -25. 18 100. 12 MH YG 14 H H Y 0. 79 G 0. 24

F G-YELLOR 50 98. 3 -9. 09 86. 48 TUN Y 10 H M Y 0. 86 G 0. 17

F GREEN 51 69. 4 -59. 10 60. 80 CRF G 13 M H G 0. 82 Y 0. 23

F GREEN 51 61. 8 -27. 27 34. 77 HPS G 16 M M G 0. 82 Y 0. 25

F GREEN 51 67. 4 -48. 34 48. 94 HPSMH G 15 M M G 0. 86 Y 0. 16

F GREEN 51 53. 3 -0. 53 -0. 51 LPS OV 7 M L Y 0. 86 G/Y . 19/. 21

F GREEN 51 76. 1 -45. 95 73. 52 MER G 10 M M G 0. 78 Y 0. 24

F GREEN 51 74. 9 -60. 34 58. 82 MH G 12 M H G 0. 79 Y 0. 24

F GREEN 51 66. 6 -60. 07 42. 38 TUN G 15 M H G 0. 84 Y 0. 20

F BLOE 52 40. 3 -14. 06 -55. 31 CRF B 20 M M B 0. 99 G 0. 10

F BLUE 52 31.

9

-13. 40 -79. 60 HPS B 20 M M B 0. 99 - -

F BLUE 52 38. 6 -19. 28 -69. 55 HPSMH B 20 M M B 0. 99 R 0. 08

F BLUE 52 25. 9 -0. 52 -38. 50 LPS GY 13 L L R 0. 66 Y 0. 28

F BLUE 52 39. 5 13. 86 -62. 80 MER B 20 M M B 0. 99 R 0. 03

F BLUE 52 44. 5 -20. 21 -65. 69 MH B 20 M M B 0. 99 G 0. 05

F BLUE 52 40. 6 -37. 29 -61. 68 TUN B 20 M M B 0. 96 G 0. 1

1

F MAGENTA 53 54. 6 75. 80 -17. 62 CRF MG 9 M H R 0. 83 B 0. 18

F MAGENTA 53 60. 3 48. 07 -10. 78 HPS PK 12 M H R 0. 85 B 0. 20

F MAGENTA 53 57. 8 63. 38 - 15 . 12 HPSMH PK 9 M H R 0. 81 B 0. 23

F MAGENTA 53 51. 9 27. 63 18. 42 LPS R/0 8 M M R 0. 79 Y 0. 23

F MAGENTA 53 52. 4 92. 96 -32. 70 MER MG 8 M H R 0. 79 B 0. 21 F MAGENTA 53 59. 2 79. 98 -18. 12 MH PK 11 M H R 0. 81 B 0. 20

F MAGENTA 53 63. 3 72. 08 -0. 62 TUN PK 8 M H R 0. 88 B 0. 15

R BLUE 54 18. 1 0. 69 -49. 45 CRF B 20 L H/M B 0. 99 - - R BLUE 54 9. 8 -8. 77 -70. 65 HPS B 20 L H B 0. 99 - - R BLUE 54 1 5. 8 -11.13 -50. 07 HPSMH B 20 L H B 0. 97 G 0. 08

R BLUE 54 3. 8 -0. 36 -20. 79 LPS BK 1 6 L L B 1 B 0. 05

R BLUE 54 10. 6 27. 97 -53. 41 MER B 18 L M B 0. 94 R 0. 13

R BLUE 54 18. 2 -8. 88 -47. 67 MH B 20 L H B 0. 98 R 0. 07

R BLUE 54 15. 0 -20. 05 -48. 37 TUN B 18 L H B 0. 96 G 0. 18

R B-GREEN 55 25. 7 -36. 67 1. 79 CRF G 14 M M G 0. 87 B 0. 18

R B-GREEN 55 16. 3 -23. 06 -22. 60 HPS BG 12 L M G 0. 78 B 0. 22

R B-GREEN 55 21 .

7

-33. 11 -6. 33 HPSMH BG 13 M M G 0. 79 B 0. 22

R B-GREEN 55 11. 8 -0. 82 -0. 56 LPS BK 16 L

- - - B 0. 04

R B-GREEN 55 27. 5 -22. 31 13. 89 MER G 18 M/L M G 0. 89 B 0. 1 4

R B-GREEN 55 25- 8 -39. 60 -0. 96 MH G/BG 10 M M G 0. 84 B 0. 20

R B-GREEN 55 29. 2 -44. 98 -8. 55 TUN BG 11 M M G 0. 82 B 0. 20

128
Table 3B Continued

RF ORANGE 5b 66. 0 50. CO 90. 12 CHF 0 19 M H R/Y . 57/ . 68 R/Y . 32/ . 44

RF ORANGE 5b 61. 4 27. 17 80. 29 HPS 0 18 M M R 0 . 54 Y 0 . 4b

RF ORANGE 5b 67. 5 41. 05 90. 56 BPSMH 0 20 M H Y 0 . 69 R 0 . 31 RF ORANGE 5b 56. 8 12. 26 1 2. 21 LPS 0 13 M L Y 0 . 77 R 0 . 24

RF ORANGE 5b 66. 6 70. 64 95. 49 HER 0 20 M H Y 0 . 60 R 0 . 40

RF ORANGE 5b 71. 8 55. 52 99. 39 MH 0 19 M H R 0 . 55 Y 0 . 45

RF ORANGE 5b 62. 6 40. 10 84. 90 TON 0 20 M M Y 0 . b5 R 0 . 35

F RED 57 39. 4 45. 58 23. 63 CHF R 17 M M R 0 . 90 B 0 . 12

F RED 57 41. 4 30. 32 25. 93 HPS R 17 L M R 0 . 90 Y 0 . 14

F RED 57 41. 4 39. 17 24. 34 HPSMH R 15 M M R 0 . 93 B 0 . 10

F RED 57 35. 7 15. 44 1 2. 21 LPS R 8 M L R 0 . 92 Y 0 . 10

F RED 57 38. 8 49. 61 20. 32 HER R 18 M M R 0 . 93 B 0 . 09

F RED 57 42. 5 49. 09 25- 92 MH R 19 M M R 0 . 91 B 0 . 13

F RED 57 47. 8 55. 66 34. 21 TON R 17 M H R 0 . 94 Y 0 . 13

F RED 58 37. 8 43. 13 17. 47 CHF R 14 M M R 0 . 90 B 0 . 13

F RED 58 41. 4 28. 26 18. 89 HPS R 14 L M R 0 . 92 B 0 . 15

F RED 58 40. 0 36. 86 19. 10 HPSMH R 13 M M R 0 . 91 E 0 . 12

F RED 53 35. 1 1 2. 49 1 0 . 56 LPS BHN 9 M M/L R 0 . 85 Y 0 . 17

F RED 58 37. 0 45. 99 12. 27 MER R 16 L M R 0 . 90 B 0 . 1 6 F RED 58 40. 9 44. 83 18. 67 MH R 13 M M R 0 . 88 B 0 . 13

F RED 58 46. 6 53. 91 32. 18 TON R 20 M H R 0 . 94 B/Y . 09/ . 1 2

129
NBS-114A (rev. 2 -ao) U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3. Publication Oat® BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

REPORT NO.

SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR 86-3493 JANUARY 1987

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Safety Color Appearance Under Selected Light Sources

5. AUTHOR(S)

B.L. Collins, B.Y. Kuo, S.E. Mayerson, J.A. Worthey, G.L. Howett

6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions)

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

S. Type of Report & Period Covered

9.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street. City. State. ZIP

)

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

200 Constitution Avenue

Washington, D.C. 20210

10.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11.

ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant — bibliography or literature survey , mention Jt.here) , , , . , The present report provides data on the color appearance and physical

measurements of 58 safety color samples viewed under each of seven light

sources. Ten observers participated in an experiment which determined

the accuracy with which different color samples could be identified under

sources which varied in spectral composition. The seven light sources

included incandescent, cool white fluorescent, clear mercury, metal

halide, metal halide-high pressure sodium mix, high pressure sodium, and

low pressure sodium. Color samples included ones for safety red, orange,

yellow, green, blue, purple (magenta), brown, white, gray, and black of

several different types including ordinary, fluorescent, re t ror e f lec t ive

,

and re tr or e f 1 ec t ive fluorescent. Analysis of the data indicated that the

standard ANSI (American National Standards Institute) samples were often

not identified accurately under many of the sources studied, with

particularly poor performance for the two sodium sources and clear

mercury. Specifications are given for a new set of samples that were

all seven sources and which showed

uniform color space for all sources,

ates for all 58 color samples are

CIE L*a*b* values. In addition, the

Sp e c i f ic at io n s ar e g iv

d mo r e ac cu r a t e iy u nd e r amu t o f col or a t ion i n a ity a nd lumi na n c e c oo r d i

for b o th C IE x,y ) Y a nd

s ic a 1 d a ta a r e c omp a re d w

12.

KEY WORQS ($/x to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate k^y vyords by serrucplon s) chromat ic ity , color, color appearance, energy-efficient lights,

high-intensity discharge lights, illumination, light source, safety

colors, vision.

13. AVAILABILITY

QX] Unlimited

| | For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

~] Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. QQ Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA, 22161

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

139

15. Price

$18.95

U S COMM- D C 6043-P80