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TENSILE, COMPRESSIVE, AND SHEAR

PROPERTIES OF A 96-kg/m3

POLYURETHANE FOAM AT LOW

TEMPERATURES

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Boulder, Colorado 80303

December 1983

m QC —

100

.U56

83-1696

1983

C . 2

NBSIR 83-1696

TENSILE, COMPRESSIVE, AND SHEAR

PROPERTIES OF A 96-kg/m3

POLYURETHANE FOAM AT LOW

TEMPERATURES

NATIONAL BUREAU

OF STANDARDS

LIBRARY C l' IT c

Q c

I <50

• U 5 C

!C-*

J. M. Arvidsont

R. S. Bell

L. L. Sparks tt Chen Guobang*

t Fracture and Deformation Division

National Measurement Laboratory

tt Chemical Engineering Science Division

National Engineering Laboratory

National Bureau of Standards

U.S. Department of Commerce

Boulder, Colorado 80303

*Guest Worker at NBS; Department of Thermal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou,

Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

December 1 983

Prepared for: Gas Research Institute 8600 West Bryn Mawr Avenue

Chicago, IL 60631

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director

This document contains the mechanical property data for polyurethane foam

(96-kg/m3

) at 295, 111, 76, and 4 K. The engineer or scientist will find the

data included in this report valuable when designing with polyurethane foam.

CONTENTS

PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION 1

2. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION 1

3. SPECIMENS 2

4. TEST PROCEDURE 3

5 . RESULTS 3

6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 4

7. ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5

8. REFERENCES 6

9. LIST OF FIGURES /LIST OF TABLES 7

iii

Tensile, Compressive, and Shear Properties of a 96-kg/m3 Polyurethane

Foam at Low Temperatures

J. M. Arvidson, R. S. Bell, L. L. Sparks, and Chen Guobang

Polyurethane foam, having a density of 96 kg/m3

, was tested at 295, 111,

76, and 4 K. The material properties reported are Young's modulus,

proportional limit, yield strength (at 0.2% offset), tensile, shear, and

compressive strengths, and elongation (elastic and plastic). The test

apparatus permits tension, compression, and shear testing of materials at any

temperature ranging from 295 to 1.8 K. Strain is measured with a concentric,

overlapping-cylinder, capacitance extensometer that is highly sensitive and

linear in output. The extent of linearity was in excess of 2.5 cm for the

—6

cylinder geometry chosen, and the signal noise level was only 10 cm/cm.

Key words: compressive strength; elongation; foam; insulation; low

temperatures; mechanical properties; proportional limit; shear strength;

tensile strength; yield strength; Young's modulus.

v

1 . INTRODUCTION

In a continuing effort to increase the available knowledge of the mechanical

properties of polyurethane foam (PU) , a foam of density 96 kg/m3 was subjected

to the same test program as was previously conducted on less dense

materials [1,2], The data presented will complete a three year effort to

characterize the mechanical properties of three densities of PU foam at low

temperatures. Previous reports on the mechanical properties of 32 and 64

kg/m3 density foams may be obtained from the National Technical Information

Service (NTIS) , Springfield, VA 22161 (request NBSIR 81-1654 and NBSIR

83-1684 respectively).

The apparatus used [1,2] has the capability of operating at various

temperatures (295 K to 4 K) , in gas or liquid environments and at pressures

from subatmospheric to 0.3 MPa absolute. Strain is measured by utilizing

concentric overlapping-cylinders and the change in electrical capacitance [3].

This method for strain extensometry is accurate to better than 0.1 percent,

linear in excess of 2.5 cm elongation, functions well in low temperature

•"6 environments, and provides a low-noise output signal (<_ 10 cm/cm) as long as

the device is situated in a stable single-phase fluid [4,5]. The calibration

can be accomplished at room temperature, in air, and to conduct a test in any

other medium (e.g., liquid nitrogen) the original calibration need only be

corrected for the change in dielectric constant [6]

.

2. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION

The material tested in this study is a nominal 96 kg/m3 PU foam. This

amorphous, organic polymer is a thermosetting foam. Our supply of this

material was obtained from a commercial producer.

1
»lSf - Ir'A, h' •

, «
The shear specimens, 1.9 X 2.54 X 0.4 cm, were epoxied to flat plates and

each plate was attached to the tensile pull-rod system. An aluminum cylinder

slipped over the specimen plates with a resistive heater and thermocouple,

built into the cylinder, was used for temperature control during a test.

4 . TEST PROCEDURE

Tests were conducted at 295 K (air). 111 K (GN^) , 76 K (LN^) , and 4

K (LH ). A minimum of three samples were tested at each temperature, ar.d in

e some cases several more were tested to determine material variability.

Minimization of thermal shock to the sample was accomplished by using very

slow transfer rates of liquid helium or nitrogen; on the order of 0.2 l min

A given temperature was held for a minimum of 15 minutes prior to testing, in

order to ensure that the specimen was isothermal.

Each specimen was "conditioned" in an environmental chamber for at least

four days at 23°C and 50 percent relative humidity. Tension, compression, and

shear tests were conducted using a conventional tension/compression test

-3 -1

machine at a strain rate of 5 X 10 min . Preliminary tests were conducted,

-2 -4 -1

varying the strain rate from 5 X 10 to 5 X 10 min . The test results

indicated there was no measurable effect on the mechanical property values.

Tensile and compressive properties reported include: Young’s modulus,

proportional limit, yield strength (at 0.2% offset), ultimate strength, and

elongation (elastic and plastic)

.

5 . RESULTS

Results are presented in figures 1 through 12 and tables 1 through 6.

The bars on these figures indicate the data spread from replicate tests. The

scatter is typically higher for compression and shear than for tensile tests

3
because the compressive and shear tests are more sensitive to misalignment

during testing (tensile specimens tend to self-align)

All properties were determined in both the longitudinal and transverse

orientations. The temperature dependent tensile results for Young’s modulus,

strength, and strain are shown in figures 1 through 3. Tensile stress versus

strain at all test temperatures is shown in figure 4. Temperature dependent

compressive results for Young’s modulus, strength, proportional limit, yield

strength, and strain are shown in figures 5 through 9. Compressive stress

versus strain at all test temperatures is shown in figure 10. Figure 11 shows

a typical load versus displacement plot that was taken during an actual test.

The shear strength versus temperature is plotted in figure 12.

Tables 1 through 3 give the tensile, compressive, and shear results for

individual specimens and tables 4 through 6 give the average values for all

tests

Owing to material variability, the stress versus strain graphs were

plotted as smooth curves, which do not illustrate the individual cell failure

phenomena. Each stress versus strain curve at a given temperature and orientation is the average of three or more specimens tested.

6. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Compressive and tensile strength, proportional limit, yield strength, and

Young's modulus increase with decreasing temperature. The longitudinally

oriented specimens are always higher in strength than those obtained from the

transverse orientation.

4
As shown in figure 3, tensile strain decreases with temperat\ire as the

material becomes brittle at temperatures below 111 K. Both tensile and

compressive stress versus strain plots (see figures 4 and 10) illustrate the

behavior of longitudinal and transverse specimens tested at 295, 111, 76, and

4 K.

Figure 11 is an actual record of load versus displacement for a typical

specimen. The load drops that occur at low temperature may be associated with

individual or multiple cells collapsing [7,8]. Because the material is less

brittle at room temperature this phenomena is not seen.

The shear strength, as shown in figure 12, increases from room

temperature to 111 K and then levels off as the test temperature decreases to

4 K. The large range of values of shear strength at a given temperature, as

shown in figure 12, could result from misalignment during a test; and except

for tests at 76 K the longitudinal and transverse curves are similar.

It is believed that thermal cycling produces cell degradation [9]

.

Variables such as thermal cycling, moisture content, aging, and others could

be studied in the near future.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are indebted to Edward A. Pierson for his assistance in the

preparation of this manuscript for publication.

5
REFERENCES

[1] J. M. Arvidson and L. L. Sparks, Low Temperature Mechanical Properties of

a Polyurethane Foam, NBS1R 81-1654, National Bureau of Standards,

Boulder, Colorado 80303 (November, 1981).

[2] J. M. Arvidson, L. L. Sparks, and Chen Guobang, Tensile, Compressive, and

Shear Properties of a 64 kg/m3 Polyurethane Foam at Low Temperatures,

NBSIR 83-1684, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303

(February, 1983).

[3, Pv. P. Reed, J. M. Arvidson, and R. L. Durcholz, Tensile Properties of

Polyurethane and Polystyrene Foams From 76 K to 300 K, in_: "Advances in

Cryogenic Engineering", Vol. 18, K.D. Timmerhaus, ed . , Plenum Press, New

York (1973) , pp. 184-193.

[4] J. M. Roberts, R. E. Herring, and D. E. Hartman, The Use of Capacitance

Gauge Sensors to Make Precision Mechanical Property Measurements, in : "Materials Technology", American Society for Mechanical Engineers, New

York (1968), pp. 87-96.

[5] "High-Temperature Capacitive Strain Measurement System," NASA Tech. Brief

B75-10069 , NASA (1975).

[6] G. K. White, Measurement of Thermal Expansion at Low Temperatures,

Cryogenics , 2 (1961), pp. 151-158.

[7] L. J. Gibson, M. F. Ashby, G. S. Schajer, and C. J. Robertson, The

Mechanics of Two-Dimensional Cellular Materials, Proc. R. Soc. Lond.

A382 (1982), pp. 25-42.

[8] L. J. Gibson and M. F. Ashby, The Mechanics of Three-Dimensional Cellular

Materials, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A382, pp. 43-59 (1982).

[9] E. L. Sharpe and R. G. Helenbrook, Durability of Foam Insulation for LH^

Fuel Tanks of Future Subsonic Transports, in Nonmetallic Materials and

Composites at Low Temperatures, (Eds. A. F. Clark, R. P. Reed and

G. Hartwig) , Plenum Press, New York, 1979, pp. 207-230.

6
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE

Figure 1. Tensile Young’s modulus versus temperature 8

Figure 2. Ultimate tensile strength versus temperature 9

Figure 3. Tensile strain versus temperature ]0

Figure 4. Tensile stress versus strain (longitudinal and transverse). . 11

Figure 5. Compressive Young's modulus versus temperature 12

Figure 6. Compressive strength versus temperature 13

Figure 7. Compressive proportional limit versus temperature 14

Figure 8. Compressive yield strength versus temperature 15

Figure 9. Compressive strain versus temperature ..... 16

Figure 10. Compressive stress versus strain (longitudinal and

transverse) 17

Figure 11. Typical load versus displacement (arbitrary units) 18

Figure 12. Shear strength versus temperature (longitudinal and

transverse) 19

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Tensile test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam .... 20

Table 2. Compressive test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam . . 21

Table 3. Shear strength test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane

foam 22

Table 4. Summary of tensile test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane

foam (average values) 23

Table 5. Summary of compressive test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam (average values) ... .... 24

Table 6. Summary of shear strength test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam (average values) 25

7
YOUNG’S

MODULUS,

MPA

200.0

175.0

150.0 H

125.0 -T

100.0 -

75.0i

ii\

T

.Longi tudi nal

50.0

25.0

T ransverse

E]

0.0

0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0

TEMPERATURE,

K

250.0 300.0

Figure 1. Tensile Young's modulus versus temperature.

8
TENSILE

STRENGTH,

MPR

9
TENSILE

STRAIN//

14.0

10
STRESS,

MPR

Figure 4. Tensile stress versus strain (longitudinal and transverse).

11
YOUNG’S

MODULUS,

MPfl

12
COMPRESSIVE

STRENGTH,

MPR

4.04*

3.5-

3.0

2.5-

"

13 .

Longi tudi nal

2.0

1.5

Transverse

s

1 . 0

- \

100.0 150.0 200.0

TEMPERRTURE,K

250.0

Figure 6. Compressive strength versus temperature,

$

l

300.0

13
PROPORTIONAL

LIMIT,

MPA

|

I

I

I

14
YIELD

STRENGTH,

MPR

15
COMPRESSIVE

STRAIN,

14.0

2.0

0.0

Figure 9. Compressive strain versus temperature.

16
STRESS,

MPR

17
Lom

Figure 11. Typical load versus displacement (arbitrary units).

18

Specimen

Test

Specimen

Young's

modulus,

Proportional

limit,

Yield

strength

Ultimate

tensile

Tensile

strain,

%

number

temp.,

orienta-

(at

0.2%

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strength,

K

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MPa

psi

MPa

psi

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2.

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for

a

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3

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(Ji CO o CO Ob O r-H O CM r-H d bp CO r-H oo r- bp O Ob CO Ob co CO o o Ob 1

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d

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21
Table 3. Shear strength test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam

Specimen

number

Test

temperature ,

K

Specimen

orientation

Shear

MPa

strength

,

psi

SL1 295 L 0.902 130.76

SL5 295 L 0.812 117.80

SL10 295 L 0.824 119.53

x = 0.846 122.70

ST2 295 T 0.955 138.52

ST9 295 T 0.864 125.33

ST 14 295 T 0.860 124.78

x = 0.893 129.54

SL2 111 L 1.218 176.70

SL6 111 L 1.051 152.38

SLl 1 111 L 1.073 155.67

X = 1.114 161.58

ST4 111 T 1.102 159.83

ST6 111 T 1.063 154.18

STIC 111 T 1.162 168.55

X = 1.109 160.85

SL3 76 L 0.938 136.10

SL7 76 L 1.073 155.62

SL 12 76 L 1.062 154.06

X = 1.025 148.59

ST3 76 T 1.150 166.73

ST 11 76 T 1.114 161.59

ST16 76 T 1.090 158.13

X = 1.118 162.15

SL4 4 L 1.069 155.03

SL9 4 L 1.152 167.05

SL 15 4 L 0.973 141.05

X = 1.064 154.38

ST 1 4 T 0.975 141.48

ST7 4 T 1.014 147.05

ST 13 4 T 1.071 155.32

X = 1.020 147.95

22
Table

4.

Summary

of

tensile

test

results

fora

96-kg/m 3

polyuretane

foam

(average

values)

04mo G

Li3uG

Li

01CLBGH

04Co 3 -H G 4-> B 3

•H 4J O c G 0) CL -H co Lio

CM 00 O o

CM 00m

oo

uom

<r o — CM

UO MO

cm

*» #» m cm m o —H O m oo o oo i i l i l i l I l i l i l i

r-'- in

CTN O'

O' O' MT 1—1

rco CM O 00 I I I I I I I I

i-J

H hJH hJH

-'-s t-"

r-i cm

CM

O

CM 00 CO CM m co

CM CO

CM O' m co o o

in *"*m —l CO

CO CM

CM CO

O'

r—I UO

CM—* mc O' CM

CM UO O' UO

CM CM O rCM mO O cCM —I ^—s

"N

/""S /-S

O c-\ CO /~\ r- Ob r—4

00 <3M

—

O ON • 00 • • 04 co on • • CT\ • on

»l ln on

—1 u*

O r^

uo r^- <r uo r—

H

Csl

—) O 'w' 'w' ^ '>-c' 'w' ' V—

CM vD r- <r r-» <r Csl ON

<r vo *—H «—i

CM UO —1 CO • • uo <3- 00 MO Vt CsJ o m • • • • • • m co o o o o i—H r-H

i—< H

00

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1

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CM

O CM

00

O 00

—I CO ?—t O O O

CM

O CM

m o uo

CM

O 04

OOO uo CO 00

CO uo 00 CO U0 00

S'?

4-1 •H c G CO H 1—1

cn

C cO

G U-l 0) Li 3 *M u 4-1

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a

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4-1

G •u cn cn CO 4-1 CO 4-> 6^ cn

u 4-i cn

G CO CO 3 cn •H M - 0 O- Li * CL 00 CM CG cfl 00 CL i—1 C3 03 4-1 G u 0) 00 rH O 4-» > 03 3 • M—/ £ C ^ •H rH rH O i—i G CL 3 3 CL •H rM G O •H G cn w CH H w u O 3 TO cti O e a g Li G •U M co C G m O C PLj Li •H &^4

•H 4-) cat Pi rH 4-1 CLl

G s CL >- B § PLi i—1

CO

w 32 cn s H

23

Plastic

Total
Table

5.

Summary

of

compressive

test

results

fora

96-kg/m 3

polyurethane

foam

(average

values)

/-N /-S / V /-> yr-s /'-N CN CO Oh Oh co co r^ UO O <3- CN r~- oo uo CN

CN LO • • • • • • co CO oo o <r 00 co o o m o CO uo

r-H r-H CO CN co co <3* CO i—y -^y uo v-O lo r—

o r-H r-H i— as • • r-H 00 <r o Os

r-H CN • • • • • • co CnI r-H CN Csl CN CN

m oo i—i <t co

m

n r—i tn to o o

0)333

<3333E3H

/—

/-S /—N *—S /—S y—

N y-N CN NO u0 uo O r-H mo co

CN o o oo <r

m mo

co CO • • • • • »

<H <* co <r no

m cr^ 3 o 00 ^ O *

1 o~\ <r

r—H CN CN CO CN CO CO vC CO CN NO co o Sw' 3/ 'w' 'W' 'w' • • o • • • co vO o <3- 00

CO CN <r o t—

H sQ 00 CN r-H CO o o r- O CN *3 • • <r r-H 0> 3 NT

r-H • e • • • UO r-H r—H CN r-H CN CN

co 00 /--N y^S /~S Os o -h NO ON CO CO 3 O CO • * • • • • - as CN 00 o —

r—H CO co o O NO co r-H oo uo CN

r—H '—

c\) cn CO CN co co • • • • • • r—H o w w w w w w CO uO On 3 o co -cr as m UO Oh • • so <r o oo U0 CN 04 r—H • • o • • o 3> m r-H r—H CN r-H Csl CN

/—N /—

N /"~N /—s y^“N /^s yy—N /—s CO co 00 r-H CN Oh r-H O 00 NO r”H O

O'* uO CN Csl • • • • r-H r-H • • o o nt as

*\ <* r-H 00 CN

O <r cn & <T CO as i—H r—H r-H r-H 3 N

O r-H VsO Cn. S S / 'w' S Sw' s»-3 • > • • • • uo CO CN <J- CN NO as r-H Oh as as cn <j- <r o

CN as CN co CO CT\ CT\ O'* • • NO uo 00 3> CO 00

00 »-H • • • • y • CN CN o o o o o o 3O 3 -H 3 3 E 3

•H 3 o 3 3 a) 3, -H

CO 3o

31

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u CJ o 3 3 3 > > is? •H •H •H •H

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3 3 y—

"H - ^ 

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U rH 4-»U r—

1—

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C3 4-> cn cn cn 3 cn cn o cn E 3 3 3 3 c cti C3

U cd cd 3

•H 3 3 Pu 3 - P- 3 3 3 00 3 3 •H 1—1 rH o r—H i—

O U 3 00 i—

O 3 S ' T3 w E 3 3 3 c3 (j-4 PH H w Ph H

a) 3 3 3 3 -3 f—

CM •H 3 3 3 JH -u O 3 -3 03 O & CCJ 3 • 3 X E 3 3 E 4-) a3 3 O O 3 -H Ph •H O 3 3 o 3 3 o cn S 3 13 E § 3 3 S >i s o 3 Is u

24
Table 6. Summary of shear strength test results for a 96-kg/m3 polyurethane foam (average values)

Test

temperature, K

Specimen orientation Shear

MPa

strength

,

psi

295 L 0.846 122.70

T 0.893 129.54

111 L 1.114 161.58

T 1.109 160.85

76 L 1.025 148.59

T 1.118 162.15

4 L 1.064 154.38

T 1.020 147.99

25
NBS-1 14A (REV. 2-80

U.s. DEPT. OF COMM.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET (See instructions)

1. PUBLICATION OR

REPORT NO.

NBSIR 83-1696

2. Performing Organ. Report No 3. Publication Date December 1983

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE

Tensile, Compressive, and Shear Properties of a 96kg/m3 Polyurethane

Foam at Low Temperatures

5. AUTHOR(S)

J.M, Arvidson, R.S. Bell, L.L. Sparks, and Chen Guobanq

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see in struction s) NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

WASHINGTON, D.C. 20234

7. Contract/Grant No.

8. Type of Report & Period Covered

9. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS (Street, City, State, ZIP)

Gas Research Institute, 8600 West Bryn Mawr Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60631

10. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.

11. ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a significant

bibliography or literature survey, mention it here)

Polyurethane foam, having a density of 96 kg/m3

, was tested at 295, 111,

76, and 4 K. The material properties reported are Young's modulus,

proportional limit, yield strength (at 0.2% offset), tensile, shear, and

compressive strengths, and elongation (elastic and plastic). The test

apparatus permits tension, compression, and shear testing of materials at any

temperature ranging from 295 to 1.8 K. Strain is measured with a concentric,

overlapping-cylinder, capacitance extensometer that is highly sensitive and

linear in output. The extent of linearity was in excess of 2.5 cm for the

cylinder geometry chosen, and the signal noise level was only 10 ^ cm/cm.

12. KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolon s) compressive strength, elongation, foam, insulation, low temperatures , mechanical

properties, proportional limit, shear strength, tensile strength, yield strength, Young

^ modulus

14. NO. OF

PRINTED PAGES

13. AVAILABILITY

's

13

Unlimited For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS

Order From Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

29

15. Price

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, VA. 22161 $8.50

USC OMM* D C 6O43-P80