A-1

Appendix A

Scientific Names and Ecotoxicity Summary Tables
A-2

Table A-1. Scientific names for species listed in ecotoxicity tables.

Common name Scientific name

Mallard duck Anas platyrhynchos

Japanese quail Coturnix c. japonica

Ring necked pheasant Phasianus colchicus

Northern bobwhite quail Colinus virginianus

Chicken (domestic) Gallus domesticus

American kestrel Falco sparverius

Laboratory rat Rattus norvegicus

Laboratory mouse Mus musculus

Richardson’s ground squirrel Urocitellus richardsonii

Mink Neovison vison

Pine vole Microtus subterraneus

Meadow vole Microtus pennsylvanicus

Beagle dog Canis lupus familiaris

Cat Felis catus

Dutch rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus

Pig Sus scrofa domesticus

Guinea pig Cavia porcellus

Sheep Ovis aries

Roof rat Rattus rattus

Norway rat (wild) Rattus norvegicus

Hare Lepus spp.

Black-tailed prairie dog Cynomys ludovicianus

Coyote Canus latrans

Mongoose Herpestes spp.
A-3

Table A-2. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time 

to death 

MRID/

Reference and classification

Brodifacoum

Mallard duck 97.6 0.25 

(0.11, 0.40) 3.0 (1.3, 4.7) 1054 g

Observed 28 days

Deaths (3-23 days) most 

from days 7-10)

41563303

Acceptable

Japanese quail Tech. 11.6 

(10.0, 13.6) 6.6 (3.8, 9.3) 206 g

Observed 14 days, 

mortalities between day 2 

and 10

46351304

supplemental

Ring necked 

pheasant

96 0.59 NA 1188 g Observed 35 days

Mortalities 3 to 30 days.

46351303

supplemental

Difethialone

Northern 

bobwhite quail 96 0.30 (0.16, 0.38) 5.9 (1.9, 9.9) 196 g Observed 30 days, mortalities 3-19 days

40696901

Acceptable

Japanese quail 99.5 23.4 (18, 30) Mortalities 4-11 days 42687702 and 40268913, supplemental

Warfarin

Northern 

bobwhite quail 100 >2000 -- -- -- 156284, acceptable

Northern 

bobwhite quail 100 > 2150 -- -- -- 153369, acceptable

Mallard duck Tech. 621 -- -- -- 248782, acceptable

Mallard duck 10 120 -- -- -- 5005716, supplemental

Chicken 

(domestic) 942 -- -- -- Bai and Krishnakumari 1986 Qualitative

Chlorophacinone

Northern 

bobwhite quail 100 258 2.88 --

Mortalities occurred ≤ 5 

days after gavage, 

observed 30 days)

41513101

Acceptable

Northern 

bobwhite quail Tech. 495 -- -- -- 39233 

Supplemental

Diphacinone
A-4

Table A-2. Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time 

to death 

MRID/

Reference and classification

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96.9 1630 NA 190 21 day study

42245201

Supplemental (previous assessments 

reported the LD50 ≥ 400 mg ai/kg-bwt, 

data were re-evaluated and the binomial 

model provided an adequate fit to the 

data)

Northern bobwhite 

quail -- 2014 -- -- -- Rattner et al 2010Quantitative

Mallard duck -- 3158 -- -- -- 00128411

American kestrel 99.2

98.6 

(37.9– 219) 6.69+-2.94 98-127

7-day study, 8-47 hrs for 

mortalities

Rattner et al 2011

Quantitative

Bromethalin

Northern 

bobwhite quail 96.3, 4.6 (3.6-5.8) 3.6 -- -- 00086742, acceptable

Northern 

bobwhite quail 96.3, 11.0 (9.3-13.1) -- -- -- 00086741Ecoref No. 150772, acceptable

Northern 

bobwhite quail 96.3, < 160 -- -- 100% mortality on Day 2 Ecoref No. 150787(van Lier et al. 1980), Qualitative

 Chicken 

(female)

leghorn strain

95.4 8.3 (2.2, 11.5) 3.0 (0.9, 5.2) 1400 14day study

Mortalities from 1-7 days 101542
A-5

Table A-2. Avian Acute Dietary Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LC50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Brodifacoum

Northern bobwhite 

quail 94 1.33 (0, 2.96) 22 g

40-day study, most 

mortalities between day 3 

and 10

00124477

Acceptable

Mallard duck -- 2.75 (0.07, 7.93) 0.6 (0.2, 1.0) --

40-day study, most 

mortalities between day 6 

and 14

00124476

Acceptable

Difethialone 

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96 0.56 (0.16, 1.9), NA 30 g 30-day study, mortalities day 2-23

406969-01

Acceptable

Mallard duck 99.5 1.4 (0.7-5.1) NA 68 g 30-day study, mortalities 

day 2-21

40268912 and 42687703, 

Acceptable

Warfarin

Northern bobwhite 

quail 100 625 NA 33 g

15 day study, most 

deaths days 3-7, one day 

10

153365, acceptable

Northern bobwhite 

quail Tech. 3000 -- -- -- 117979, supplemental

Northern bobwhite 

quail 100 3900 -- -- -- 161724, acceptable

Northern bobwhite 

quail 100 6690 (2537, 551690) 1.1 (0.3, 1.9) 21 g 15 day study, deaths from day 3-9 156283, supplemental,

Mallard duck 100 890 NA 19 day study, deaths 

from day 3-16 153366, acceptable,

Mallard duck Tech. 1726 -- -- -- 157812, acceptable

Mallard duck 100 > 5000 -- -- -- 156285, supplemental

Chlorophacinone

Northern bobwhite 

quail 100 56 1.49 --

(mortalities

occurred ≤ 9 days after

test start, observed 30

days)

41513102 

Acceptable

Northern bobwhite 

quail Tech. 242 -- -- 14 day study 29144 Supplemental
A-6

Table A-2. Avian Acute Dietary Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LC50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Mallard duck 100 172 -- -- 8 day study 41513103 

Acceptable

Mallard duck Tech 426 -- -- 14 day study 29143 

supplemental

Japanese quail 0.25% 60 -- -- 8 day study 47323201

supplemental

Diphacinone

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96.9 >5000 NA 19 22-day test, mortalities 

day 4-18

424088-01

Acceptable

Mallard duck 96.9

906 

(187, 35110)

0.5 

(0.2, 0.8)

185

25-day test, most 

mortalities from 3-8 

days, all mortalities less 

than 16 days

424088-02

Acceptable

Bromethalin

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96.3 210 (150, 310) 3.7 (1.8, 5.6) 20.7 g Observed 8 days, mortalities 1-5 days 00086744, Acceptable

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96.3

> 50

(20% mortality at 

50 ppm)

-- -- Observed 8 days, MRID 00086745

Ecoref No. 150767, Qualitative

Northern bobwhite 

quail 96.3

> 200

(40% mortality at 

200 ppm)

-- -- Observed 5 days, Ecoref No. 150784, Qualitative

Mallard duck 96.3 620 (450, 990) 5.0 (1.7, 8.2) 129 g Observed 8 days, 

mortalities 1-7 days MRID 00086746, Acceptable
A-7

Table A-4. Mammalian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit 

slope 

(95% CI)

Average

Body 

Weight 

(day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Brodifacoum

Laboratory rat 96.1 Male: 0.42 (0.35-0.50)

Female: 0.56 (0.47-0.67) --

Males: 

224-311 g

Females: 

186-250 g

Time to death occurred 

3-8 days after dosing.

42687501

Acceptable

Mouse, males only Tech 0.4 NA 30-35 g Mortalites days 4-12, 

observed 21 days 87131

Richardson’s 

ground squirrel -- 0.13 (0.06-0.19) -- -- -- 48638401Baril and Pallister 1981

Mink 2.5 9.2 NA

Males –

1500 g

Female –

900 g

Mortality days 6-11, 

observed 6 weeks.

00080248 supplemental

Ringer and Aulerich 1978

Pine vole -- 0.36 (0.22-0.59) -- -- -- Byers 1978

Qualitative Meadow vole -- 0.72 (0.53-0.98) -- -- --

Beagle dog -- 0.25-1.0 -- -- -- 00087134*

Cat -- ~25 -- 2-3 kg 8 days (only one death 

since sample was 2 cats) 00087134 *

Dutch rabbit, male 

only tech 0.29 -- 850 g-1 kg 4-12 days (21-day study) 00128426*

Pig -- 0.5-2.0 -- 18-32 kg 6-8 days 00080246*

Guinea pig -- 2.8 -- 450-520 g 7-13 days 00087133*

Sheep -- >25 -- -- -- 00080247*

Difethialone

Laboratory rat 98.9%

M: 0.55 (0.53-0.57)

F: 0.58 (0.56-0.60)

Combined: 0.56 (0.53,0.59)

15 

(10, 20) 230 21-day study, mortalities from days 4-12

40268903.

acceptable

Laboratory mouse tech 1.29 (0.73-1.85) 2.07 +/-

0.90 17-25 g 9 days 40268904. Acceptable
A-8

Table A-4. Mammalian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit 

slope 

(95% CI)

Average

Body 

Weight 

(day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Roof rat -- 0.38 (warfarin resistant) -- -- --

Lechevin, J.C. and R.M. Poché. 1988

qualitative

House mouse -- 0.47 (not warfarin resistant)

0.48 (warfarin resistant) -- -- --

Norway rat (wild) -- 0.29 (not warfarin resistant)

0.51 (warfarin resistant) -- -- --

Hare -- 0.75 -- -- --

Pig -- 2-3 -- -- --

Dog tech 11.8 (6.6-21.2) -- 10-16 kg 18 days 41442201*

Cat -- >16 -- -- -- LiphaTech, Inc, 1997

qualitative

Warfarin

Laboratory rat 100 3.0 (male) -- 196 -- 05002272 (Gaines 1960)

supplemental

Laboratory rat -- 2.5-5.0(females) -- -- -- 00143093*

Laboratory rat -- 35.7 (male)

41.9 (female) -- -- -- EPA 1982Quantitative

Laboratory rat NA 512 (male)

<10 (female) NA 200 14 day observationDeaths 1-10 days

00146977

Cat 100 < 2.5 -- 1.75-3.30 

kg

went to 14 days

mortalities btw 1-10 days 00002461*

Chlorophacinone

Laboratory rat 100%

3.15 (male) 

10.95 (female)

6.26 (combined)

-- -- mortalities occurred 4 to 

9 days after dosing 41875301 Acceptable

Black-tailed 

Prairie Dogs 99.4% 1.94

(1.46, 5.77) 3.45 -- mortalities occurred 9 to 22 days after dosing) 47333601 Supplemental
A-9

Table A-4. Mammalian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit 

slope 

(95% CI)

Average

Body 

Weight 

(day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Pine vole 14.2 (11.4, 17.6) 0.81 -- -- Byers 1978

qualitative

Diphacinone

Laboratory rat, 

males only tech 1.9(1.4, 2.3) NA >175 14-day study, mortalities from days 2-9

05002272 (Gaines 1960)

supplemental

Laboratory rat tech 2.46 -- -- -- 00060605*

Pine vole 57.7 (34.4, 94.3) 0.60 -- --

Byers 1978

Ecotox Ref # J69367

Qualitative

Meadow vole 14.0 (8.8, 22.1) 0.63 -- --

Pine vole 102 (55, 188)

(suspected resistant strain) 0.54 -- --

coyote tech 0.6 (0.3, 1.25) -- -- Observed 21 days, time 

to death 6-14 days

00079312, Savarie et al. 1979

qualitative

mongoose tech 0.18 (0.15, 0.27) 5.2 (2.2, 

8.2) NA Observed 21 days, time to death 3-14 days

40565501

Supplemental

Cats and dogs -- Ranged from 0.88 to 15 -- -- -- LiphaTech, Inc, 1997

qualitative

Bromethalin

Laboratory rat 98.3

Female: 2.11 (1.71-2.55)

Male: 3.17 (2.54-5.41)

Combined: 2.59 (2.2-3.0)

6.51 -- 14-day study MRID 44775101, acceptable

Laboratory rat TGAI in 

PEG-200

Females: 2.0 ± 0.2

Males: 2.4 ± 0.1

Combined: 2.2 (2.0, 2.5)

7.2 (4.7, 

9.7) 110-135 g Mortalities from 1-5 days 00026523

minimum

Laboratory rat TGAI in 

Acacia

Females: 9.1 ± 1.2

Males: 10.7 ± 1.3 -- 110-135 g 14-day study24-48 hrs

00026523

minimum

Roof rat -- 6.6 -- -- -- Jackson et al. 1982

qualitative

Mouse TGAI in 

PEG-200

Females: 8.1 ± 0.6

Males: 5.3 ± 0.6 -- 15-19 g 14-day study 00026523minimum
A-10

Table A-4. Mammalian Acute Oral Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LD50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit 

slope 

(95% CI)

Average

Body 

Weight 

(day=0)

Study length and time 

to death MRID/Reference and classification

Mouse TGAI in 

Acacia

Females: 28.9 ± 5.0

Males: 35.9 ± 3.4 -- 15-19 g 14-day study24-48 hrs

00026523

minimum

Rabbit TGAI in 

PEG-200 12.6 ± 2.3 -- 3.4+/-0.1 kg 24-48 hrs 00026523minimum

Dog TGAI in 

PEG-200 4.8 ± 3.3 -- 5.5-12.9 kg 24 hrs 00026523minimum

Dog TGAI in 

capsule Between 5 and 10 -- -- -- 00026523minimum

Cat TGAI in 

PEG-200 1.8 ± 0.9 -- 2.1-5.6 kg 24-48 hrs 00026523minimum

Cat TGAI in 

capsule 100 -- -- -- 0026523Minimum

* HED or RD DER not located, upon EFED review data presumed to meet ‘qualitatitive’ classification
A-11

Table A-5. Mammalian Acute Dietary Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LC50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time to 

death MRID/Reference and classification

Brodifacoum

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98

0.53 (0.45-

0.68) NA (binomial) 60-74g Observed 14 days, 

mortalities days 4-14

Teeters 1981 (TNM 110)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 0.55 (0.45-0.68) NA (binomial) 60-74g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-11

Teeters 1981 (TNM 112)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 0.57 (0.53, 0.61) 24.4 (10.3, 38.5) 92-120g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 5-13

Teeters 1981 (TNM 50)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 0.55 (0.45-0.68) NA (binomial) 80-119g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-8

Teeters 1981 (TNM 79)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 0.84 (0.67-1.06) 7.1 (3.2, 10.9) 96-120g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-13

Teeters 1981 (TNM 50)

Supplementa1

Difethialone – no data

Warfarin

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 4.41 (3.43-5.64) 5.4 (2.8, 8.0) 60-74g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 3-9

Teeters 1981 (TNM 126)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 5.43 (4.23-7.00) 5.1 (2.8, 7.5) 91-120g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 3-10

Teeters 1981 (TNM 68)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 5. 91 (4.66, 7.51) 5.9 (3.9, 8.8) 61-75 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 3-9

Teeters 1981 (TNM 122)

Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 98 6.03 (4.45-8.20) 3.6 (2.0, 5.3) 81-116 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-9

Teeters 1981 (TNM 50)

Supplementa1

Mink -- 11.7 (9.2, 15.0) 2.0 -- -- Aulerich et al. 1987 (E039689)

qualitative

Black-tailed 

prairie dogs 99 97.6 (23.7, 185.1) 1.38 (0.5, 2.3) >675 g (female) >775 g (male)

15-day feeding exposure, 

observed total 25 days. 

mortalities from 8-22 days

E66881

Mach et al. 2002, Qualitative

Chlorophacinone
A-12

Table A-5. Mammalian Acute Dietary Toxicity Studies

Rodenticide/

 Species % a.i. LC50, mg/kg (95% CI)

Probit slope 

(95% CI) Average Body 

Weight (day=0)

Study length and time to 

death MRID/Reference and classification

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) Tech 1.14 (1.02-1.36) 13.2 (4.5, 21.9) 90-114 g Observed 14 days, mortalities 5-8 days Teeters 1981 (TNM 66), Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) Tech 1.26 (0.97-1.64) 

NA, binomial 

method 87-116 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 5-12 Teeters 1981 (TNM 74), Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) Tech 1.14 (0.98-1.35) 7.2 (3.8, 10.6) 60-72 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-12 Teeters 1981 (TNM 117), Supplementa1

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) tech 1.26 (1.11-1.47) 9.9 (4.9, 14.9) 58-74 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-8 Teeters 1981 (TNM 120), Supplementa1

Diphacinone

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 99.9 2.54 (1.79, 3.19) 6.7 (2.2, 11.2) 93-120 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-10

Teeters 1981 (TNM 51)

Supplemental

Laboratory rat 

(Albino) 99.9 2.08 (1.57, 2.76) 4.2 (2.3, 6.1) 91-120 g Observed 14 days, mortalities days 4-12 Teeters 1981 (TNM 75), Supplementa1

Bromethalin

Laboratory rat 

(wistar strain) NA 5.5 NA (binomial NA Dose group avg days till death ranged from 1.8 to 7.0

Jackson et al 1982

Quantitative

Roof rat NA 7.2 (5.0, 9.2) 5.1 (2.6, 7.6) NA

Dose group avg days till 

death ranged from 4.3 to 

10.0

Jackson et al 1982

Quantitative

House mouse NA 14.1 NA (binomial) NA Dose group avg days till 

death ranged from 3.2 to 6.6

Jackson et al 1982

Quantitative
A-13

Toxicity citations from the 2004 comparative that were not included in this paper.

Brodificoum: Godfrey, M.E.R. 1986. An evaluation of the acute-oral toxicity of brodifacoum to 

birds. Proc. Vertebr. Pest Conf. 12:78-81. Reported LD50 values for 11 bird species. Godfrey’s 

results are characterized by high uncertainty as no raw data were available, the majority of 

species were wild-caught, no control birds were used, some individuals had high levels of lead in 

their livers (evidence of environmental stress prior to capture), and individuals were reported as 

not eating and sustaining injuries (evidence of capture stress).

Brodificoum: MRID 00080232. Fink, R.; Grimes, J. (1979) Final Report: Forty-day Dietary 

LC50-- Laughing Gull: Project No. 123-125. (Unpublished study received Jul 22, 1981 under 

10182-38; prepared by Wildlife International Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, 

Del.; CDL: 245704-B). DER invalidated study for laughing gulls (Leucophaeus atricilla) as a 

vitamin K derivative was added in the feed. In addition, it is unclear if the rat meat fed to the 

birds contained a specified concentration of test material, or if the rats were fed a specified 

concentration of test material. In addition, each pen of birds was offered varying quantities of rat 

meat.

Brodificoum: MRID: 80236. Fink, R.; Grimes, J.; Beavers, J.B.; et al. (1979) Final Report: 

Forty-day Dietary LC50--Laughing Gull: Project No. 123-126. (Unpublished study received Jul 

22, 1981 under 10182-38; pre- pared by Wildlife International Ltd. and Washington College, 

submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; CDL:245704-F). DER invalidated study as 

a vitamin K derivative was added in the feed. In addition, birds were not acclimated to ground rat 

meat prior to start of test and feed consumption of rat meet increased over time during chemical 

exposure.

Brodificoum: MRID: 87129. Hadler, M.R. (1974) Acute Oral Toxicity of WBA8119 to Male 

Rattus norvegicus. (Unpublished study received Jan 3, 1978 under 10182-EX-10; prepared by 

Ward Blenkinsop and Co., Ltd., submitted by ICI Americas, Inc., Wilmington, Del.; 

CDL:232752-D). DER not found; appears to be data reporting error in original study report (for

dose = 0.2 mg a.i./kg-bwt, unclear if 0 or 1 mortalities occurred). 

Brodificoum: Two vole studies: LD50 = 0.2 (0.11-0.32) and LC50 = 1.4 (0.77-2.0). Cited from

HED database; references could not be located.

Brodificoum: Godfrey, M.E.R. 1985. Non-target and secondary poisoning hazards of "second 

generation" anticoagulants. Acta Zoologica Fennica 173:209-212. The possum LD50 = 0.17 was 

cited as a personal communication with no additional information. 

Difethialone: MRID: 40791403. Harling, R.; Burford, P.; Fryer, S.; et al. (1986) LM-2219 Oral 

Toxicity Study in Beagle Dogs: Laboratory Project ID 119G/86199. Unpublished study 

prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre Ltd., England. 166 p. This reference provides a 13-

week exposure of difethialone to dogs; it does not provide an acute oral LD50 value. 
A-14

Warfarin: MRID 2461. Til, H.P.; Spanjers, M.T.; Sinkeldam, E.J. (1974) Acute and Sub- acute 

Oral Toxicity Studies with Pyranocumarin and Warfarin in Cats, Hens and Quail: Rapport Nr. R 

4358. (Unpublished study received Jun 15, 1977 under 655-539; prepared by Central Insti- tute 

for Nutrition and Food Research for Schering AG., submitted by Prentiss Drug and Chemical 

Co., Inc., New York, N.Y.; CDL: 230856-A) This reference was attributed to rat toxicity data 

(LD50 between 2.5 and 20 mg ai/kg-bwt) in the 2004 comparative assessment. Errors corrected in 

this paper.

Warfarin: USFWS. 1993. Biological Opinion: Effects of 16 Vertebrate Control Agents On 

Threatened and Endangered Species. March, 1993. Reprinted by EPA. 168 pp. Reported dog 

LD50 between 20-50 mg ai/kg-bwt; data could not be located. 

Warfarin: Back, N., R. Steger, and J.M. Glassman. 1978. Comparative acute oral toxicity of 

sodium warfarin and microcrystalline warfarin in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Pharmacol. Research

Comm. 10:445-452. Study conducted on warfarin sodium (PCcode 086003), not warfarin; 

insufficient details to determine if endpoints were listed in terms of warfarin.

Warfarin: MRID 05002258. Hagan, E.C. and J.L. Radomski. 1953. The toxicity of 3-

(acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin (warfarin) to laboratory animals. J. Amer. Pharm. Assoc. 

42:379-382. Study conducted on warfarin sodium (PCcode 086003), not warfarin; insufficient 

details to determine if endpoints were listed in terms of warfarin or sodium warfarin. 

Diphacinone and chlorophacinone: Clark, J.P. 1994. Vertebrate Pest Control Handbook. (4th ed.) 

California Dept. Food and Agriculture, Sacramento. 803 pp. available at: 

http://www.vpcrac.org/about/handbook.php. Bird and mammal acute oral toxicity data for 

several species; insufficient information available to use qualitatively or quantitatively in risk 

assessment.

Bromethalin: One rabbit study: LD50 = 2.4 and 2.0 (males and females, respectively). Cited from

HED database; references could not be located.
A-15