T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on a nd i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3.

T he pa ne l una ni m ous l y c onc l ude s thi s c a s e i s s ui t abl e f orde c i s i on ** w ith o u t o r a l a r g u m e n t. See F ed. R . A pp . P . 34 (a )( 2). NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. S HA WN HO L I DA Y, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 11- 50400 D . C . N o. 3: 09 -c r- 03 39 3-B T M -4 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e S o u th e rn D is tr ic t o f C a lif o rn ia B a rry T . M os kow i t z , D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng S ubm i tt e d D e c e m be r7, 2012 ** P a s a d e n a , C a lif

o rn ia B efo re: P R E G E R S O N , P A E Z , an d H U R W IT Z , C i rcu i tJu d g es. D e f e nda ntS ha w n H ol i da y appe a l s the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s f i na l j udgm e nta nd 120- m onth s e nt e nc e ba s e d on hi s j ury c onvi c t i on of pos s e s s i on of

c r a c k c oc a i ne a n d p o s s e s s i o n o f

c r a c k c o c a i n e w i th i n t e n tt o d i s tr i b u t e , i n v i o l a t i o n o f 2 1 U . S. C. 

# FI LED DE C 26 2012 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

§ 841( a ) ( 1) . H ol i da y a r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc our te rr e d w he n i tde ni e d hi s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s e vi de nc e s e i z e d f r om hi m a f

t e rhi s a rr e s t , w hi c h he c ont e nds w a s not supp ort ed by prob abl e c ause . W e r e v ie w d e n o v o th e d e te rm in a tio n o f p r o b ab le c a u s e . See O rnelas v. U ni ted Stat es , 51 7 U . S . 69 0, 69 9 (19 96 ). P robabl e c ause t o arr es texi st s w hen, un der the t ot al i ty of c i rc um st ance s kn ow n t o the arre st i ng offi ce rs , a prudentpers on w ou l d h ave c on cl ud ed thatthere w a s af a irp r o b ab ility th a t [ th e d e f e n d a n t] h a d c o m m itte d a c r im e . U ni ted Stat es v. L op ez , 482 F . 3d 1067, 1072 ( 9th C i r . 2007) . P r obabl e c a us e de t e rm i na t i ons m a y be b a s e d in p a r t o n r e a s o n ab le in f e r e n c e s . U

n ite d S ta te s v . D a v is , 530 F . 3d 1069, 1084 ( 9 th C ir . 2 0 0 8 ) . T h e “c o lle c tiv e k n o w le d g e d o c tr in e ” p e rm its a g g r e g a tio n o f f a c ts k n o w n to e a c h o f

th e o f f ic e r s w h e n th e o f

f ic e r s w e r e w o rk in g a s a te a m . U ni ted Stat es v. R am i rez , 47 3 F . 3d 10 26 , 10 32 -33 (9th C i r. 20 07 ). H ol i da y a r gue s tha tpr obabl e c a us e t o a rr e s thi m di d note xi s tbe c a us e no o f f i c e rs a w h i m e nga ge i n adrug tr a ns a c t i on. T he of f i c e r s di d, how e ve r , obs e rve s u b s ta n tia l c ir c u m s ta n tia l e v id e n c e th a t w h o e v e rw a s in a n id e n tif ie d L in c o ln N a v ig a to rw a s a p a r ty to th e d ru g tr a n s a c tio n , a s d e ta ile d b y th e d is tr ic t c o u r t in its o r d e r s d e n y in g th e s u p p r e s s io n m o tio n a n d m o tio n f o rr e c o n s id e r a tio n . T h e s e f a c ts w oul d l e a d a prude ntpe r s on t o c onc l ude tha tthe r e w a s a f a i rpr obabi l i ty tha tthe3

dri ver a nd sol e occ up antof the L i ncol n N avi gat or had j ustengaged i n a cr i m e. L op ez , 4 8 2 F . 3 d at1 0 7 2 . T h atp erso n tu rn ed o u tt o b e H o l i d ay. H o lid a y c h a r a c te r iz e s th e p r o b ab le c a u s e d e te rm in a tio n a s h in g in g o n h is

“ m e r e pr e s e nc e , ” c i t i ng Y b a r r a v . I

llin o is , 44 4 U . S . 85 , 91 (197 9). T he “ m er e pr e s e nc e doc tr i ne , ” how e ve r , appl i e s onl y i f “ the f a c t s a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s do not supp ortan i nfer ence thatthe i nd i vi du al i s c on nect ed t o the prox i m at e c ri m i nal ac t i vi ty. ” U

ni ted Stat es v. B uckner , 1 7 9 F .3 d 8 3 4 , 8 3 9 ( 9 th C ir . 1 9 9 9 ) . H e r e , a s in B uckner , the “ a tt e nda ntf a c t s a nd c i r c um s t a nc e s s uppor ta f a i rpr obabi l i ty tha t[ the d e f e n d a n t] w a s lin k e d to th e c r im e o f d ru g tr a f

f ic k in g .” I

d. a t839; se e al

so U ni ted State s v . V

al e nc i a-A m ez c ua , 27 8 F . 3d 90 1, 90 7 (9th C i r. 20 02 ). M oreover, w here survei l l ance re veal s a“ patt ern o f a ct i vi ty i nd i ca t i ng part i ci pat i on i n a narcot i cs tra nsac t i on , ” the courti s notsw ay ed by the “ pres ence or abse nce of any part i cul ar ob se rvat i on al on e. ” U

n i ted S ta tes v. D el

V i zo , 91 8 F . 2d 82 1, 82 7 (9th C i r. 19 90 ). H ol i da y w a s notm e r e l y i n the c a rw a s h a ta n i noppor tune t i m e . R a the r , he w a s the dr i ve ra nd s ol e oc c upa ntof a L i nc ol n N a vi ga t ortha tw a s unde rc ons t a nt s urve i l l a nc e by the pol i c e a f t e ri ta rr i ve d a tthe c a rw a s h. T he N a vi ga t orw a s not w as hed d uri ng the t en m i nu t es i tw as i n the ca r w as h. D ef endantB ra nch ap p ro ach ed th e N av i g at o r tw i ce, retu rn i n g w i th $ 8 0 0 0 i n cash g i v en t o h i m b y a confi dent i al source t o b uy drug s. W hi l e i nsi de the ca r w as h, B ra nch w as ob se rved4

t al ki ng t o an A fr i ca n-A m er i ca n m al e i n the N avi gat or; and returned w i th cra ck c oc a i ne . H ol i da y , a n A f r i c a n- A m e r i c a n, w a s appr e he nde d w hi l e dr i vi ng the N a vi ga t ora f

t e ri tl e f tthe c a rw a s h. U nd erthese fa ct s, the di stri ctcourtdi d n oterr i n con cl ud i ng thatthere w as p r o b ab le c a u s e f

o rH o lid a y 's a rr e s t.

AF F I R ME D.