CHANGES IN THE LIVES OF U.S. CHILDREN: 1990 – 2000 

By Julia Overturf Johnson, Robert Kominski, Kristin Smith, and Paul Tillman 

Population Division 

U. S. Census Bureau 

Washington, DC 20233-8800 

November 2005 

Population Division Working Paper No. 78 
CONTENTS
 

INTRODUCTION 

NATIONAL CHANGES 

Summary Characteristics 

Nativity of Children and Their Parents 

Family Living Arrangements of Children 

APPENDIX A. 

Definition of Terms 

TABLES 

Report Tables 

1. Selected Characteristics of Children for the United States: 1990 - 2000. 

2. Children’s Nativity and Parent’s Nativity for the United States, by Selected 

Characteristics: 1990 - 2000. 

3. Household Family Structure of Children for the United States, by Selected 

Characteristics: 1990 - 2000. 

Detailed State Tables 

 Children’s Characteristics 

C1. Nativity and Citizenship of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

C2. Language and English Ability of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

C3. Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin of Children, for Regions and States: 

1990 - 2000. 

C4. School Enrollment for Age Groups of Children, for Regions and States: 

1990 - 2000. 

C5. Private School Enrollment for Age Groups of Children, for Regions and States: 

1990 - 2000. 

Characteristics of Children’s Families 

F1. Household Family Structure of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

F2. Other Living Arrangements of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

Characteristics of Children’s Parents 

P1. Parental Educational Attainment and Military Employment, for Regions and 

States: 1990 - 2000. 

P2. Parental Nativity and Language, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

Characteristics of Children’s Economic Situation 

E1. Receipt of Public Assistance for Children, for Regions and States: 1989 - 1999. 

E2. Family Income as a Percent of Poverty for Children, for Regions and States: 

1989 - 1999. 

1
 
 

 

 E3. Married Parents’ Labor Force Status, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

 E4. Single Parent’s Labor Force Status, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

Characteristics of Children’s Housing 

 H1. Household Structural Types for Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000. 

 H2. Children’s Housing and Stability Characteristics, for Regions and States: 

1990 - 2000. 

STATE CHANGES 

MAPS 

Section 1: Characteristics of Children 

Characteristics of Children 1: Nativity and Citizenship for States: 1990 - 2000 

• Foreign-born children 

• Children who are not U.S. citizens 

• Recent immigrant children 

Characteristics of Children 2: Language and English Ability for States: 1990 - 2000 

• Speaks a language other than English at home 

• Speaks English less than “very well” 

Characteristics of Children 3: Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin Groups for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• White (alone) 

• Black(alone) 

• American Indian and Alaska Native (alone) 

• Asian or Pacific Islander (alone) 

• Some other race (alone) 

• Hispanic 

• Non-Hispanic White (alone) 

Characteristics of Children 4: School Enrollment by Age Groups for States: 1990 - 2000 

• 3-to 5-year olds enrolled in school 

• 6-to 11-year olds enrolled in school 

• 12-to17-year olds enrolled in school 

Characteristics of Children 5: Private School Enrollment by Age Groups for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• 3-to 5-year olds enrolled in private school 

• 6-to 11-year olds enrolled in private school 

• 12-to17-year olds enrolled in private school 

2
 
Section 2: Characteristics of Children’s Families 

Characteristics of Children’s Families 1: Household Family Structure for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• Married-couple family 

• Mother-only family 

• Father-only family 

• No parent present 

Characteristics of Children’s Families 2: Other Living Arrangements for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• Living in a multigenerational household 

• Living in an opposite-sex unmarried partner household 

• Living with a never-married single parent 

Section 3: Characteristics of Children’s Parents 

Characteristics of Children’s Parents 1: Educational Attainment and Military 

Employment for States: 1990 - 2000 

• Living with at least one parent who had not completed high school 

• Living with at least one parent who has a bachelor’s degree or higher 

• Living with at least one parent who is on active duty in the Armed Forces 

Characteristics of Children’s Parents 2: Nativity and Language for States: 1990 - 2000 

• Living with at least one foreign-born parent 

• Living with at least one parent who is a recent immigrant 

• Living with at least one parent who speaks other than English at home 

• Living with at least one parent who has difficulty speaking English 

Section 4: Children’s Economic Condition 

Children’s Economic Condition 1: Receipt of Public Assistance for States: 1989 - 1999 

• In household receiving public assistance 

Children’s Economic Condition 2: Family Income as a Percent of Poverty for States: 

1989 - 1999 

• In family in poverty (income below poverty level) 

• Family income between 100 and 199 percent of poverty level 

• Family income between 200 and 399 percent of poverty level 

• Family income of 400 percent or more of poverty level 

3
 
Children’s Economic Condition 3: Married Parents’ Labor Force Status for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• Living in married-couple family, both parents in the labor force 

• Living in married-couple family, neither parent in labor force 

• Living in married-couple family, father only in labor force 

• Living in married-couple family, mother only in labor force 

Children’s Economic Condition 3: Single Parents’ Labor Force Status for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• Living in mother-only family, mother in the labor force 

• Living in mother-only family, mother not in the labor force 

• Living in father-only family, father in the labor force 

• Living in father-only family, father not in the labor force 

Section 5. Characteristics of Children’s Housing 

Characteristics of Children’s Housing 1: Structural Types for States: 1990 - 2000 

• Living in an owned home 

• Lived in the same house five years ago 

• Living in crowded housing 

• Living in a home with complete plumbing or kitchen 

Characteristics of Children’s Housing 2: Housing and Stability Characteristics for States: 

1990 - 2000 

• Living in a one-family housing unit 

• Living in an apartment housing unit 

• Living in an “other” type of housing unit 

4
 
ABSTRACT 

Data from the 1990 and 2000 decennial censuses is used to look at the current and 

changing state of children in the U.S. The focus areas included are the social 

characteristics of children, their families and economic situation, and their housing 

situation. Tables and maps of the percentage change in these characteristics are shown 

for each state and the District of Columbia. Detailed tables on characteristics of children 

by their parents’ nativity and their living arrangements are also discussed. 

5
 
INTRODUCTION 

The focus of this report is on the characteristics of children, their families, their 

households and how they have changed over time. Data from the decennial censuses of 

1990 and 2000 are used to present data on a wide variety of children’s characteristics and 

the geographic variation in their changes over the decade. The long form of the decennial 

census asked questions on a large number of social, economic, and housing 

characteristics, many of which are relevant to children. Although other data about 

children is available through governmental, non-profit, and private organizations, the 

information in this report is uniquely important. This uniqueness stems from the 

characteristics of the Census long form. The sample size and the complexity and stability 

of the questionnaire allow detailed analysis at the state level for two points in time. As 

such, this report provides a rare opportunity to create a detailed picture of children in the 

United States as they changed between 1990 and 2000. 

The universe for this report includes all children under 18 years of age living in 

households except teenagers who are householders or spouses maintaining their own 

household or who are parenting a child of their own in a relative’s household. These 

young people are not children in the sense that they are probably no longer dependent on 

their parents and have taken on some responsibilities normally associated with adulthood. 

The characteristics included in this report are grouped into sections that cover five 

topical “domains.” These domains look at characteristics of children themselves, 

families they live with, their parents in the household, their economic condition, and the 

housing they live in. These domains were chosen because of their influence on children’s 

lives and the availability from decennial census data. In general, items that changed in 

6
 
wording or editing between the two censuses were excluded, as one objective of this 

report is to use consistently measured indicators. An exception to this exclusion was 

made for race. In this report, estimates used for comparison of race are based on persons 

who reported a single race even though the race question was changed in 2000 to allow 

respondents to choose more than one race. This will be discussed in detail later in the 

report. 

A decade is a relatively short period of time to study change, since for the most 

part, societal change happens very slowly. It does, however, make any measurable 

change in this ten-year period particularly interesting. A caveat to keep in mind is that 

two points in time do not define a trend. A difference between 1990 and 2000 may be an 

isolated occurrence rather than a sign that an aspect of children’s lives is different now 

than it was in the past. Those characteristics that do change should be watched closely in 

the future to see whether they continue to change, and in what direction they move. 

This report begins with a discussion of the various indicators used at the national 

level for 1990 and 2000 and focuses on data from Table 1. Then, the two sets of selected 

indicators related to nativity and family living arrangements shown in Tables 2 and 3 will 

be highlighted. The last section of the report is a series of state-level maps that illustrate 

the areas of change and the magnitude of this change over the decade. With each map, 

brief points discuss notable national, regional, and state-level changes that have occurred. 

Maps are grouped together by the domains discussed earlier. Characteristics that share 

subject matter within a domain are shown on the same page so they can easily be 

compared with each other. Some subject matter groups are analyzed collectively in the 

bullet points on their page. Such groups include percentage distributions such as the 

7
 
 

 

household family structure and labor force participation of parents. Definitions of terms 

used in the report can be found in Appendix A. 

NATIONAL CHANGES 

Summary Characteristics 

Table 1 provides the complete series of children’s characteristics used in this 

report at the national level for 1990 and 2000, as well as the percentage point change. 

The composition and characteristics of children changed in a variety of ways over the 

decade. Using the definition for children used in this report, children as a proportion of 

the population barely increased, from 25.4 percent to 25.5 percent of the population. 

Following the general national trend of increasing ethnic diversity, the proportion of 

children who are Hispanic rose 5 percentage points, from 12 percent to 17 percent of all 

children.1 

Direct comparison of race groups between the two decades is unadvisable because 

of the change in the question format which permitted respondents to choose more than 

one race in 2000. During this same time, the share of children who were foreign-born 

rose by 1 percentage point, and those who spoke a language other than English at home 

increased by 5 percentage points. 

As the living arrangements of America’s adults continues to diversify, so do the 

family and household arrangements of children. Table 1 shows that the proportion of 

children living in a married-couple family dropped 4 percentage points over the decade. 

1

 The estimates in this report are based on responses from a sample of the population. As with all surveys, 

estimates may vary from the actual values because of sampling variation or other factors. All statements 

made in this report have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90-percent confidence level 

unless otherwise noted. 

8
 
 

Concurrently, there were increases in the percentage of children living in families with a 

never-married parent, in multigenerational households, and in households maintained by 

opposite-sex unmarried partners (definitions in Appendix A). 

Change occurred as well in the characteristics of children’s parents. Reflecting 

national education trends, a larger share of children in 2000 lived in homes with highlyeducated parents.2

 The proportion living with parents who spoke a language other than 

English at home and with parents who had difficulty speaking English also increased. 

These characteristics are often related to parental nativity which is examined in more 

detail later in this report. 

Changes also were seen in the labor force activity of children’s parents. This 

included decreases in the percentage of children living with married parents where both 

were in the labor force and where only the father was in the labor force. At the same 

time, there was an increase in the percentage of children living with married parents and 

the mother only or neither parent was in the labor force. Increases also occurred in the 

percentage of children living with a mother only or father only who was in the labor 

force. 

Census data on income and poverty show that the economic situation for many 

children improved over the decade. The overall percentage of children who lived in 

families with incomes below the poverty line (in 1989 and 1999 respectively) fell 2 

percentage points, while those living in families with incomes in excess of 400-percent of 

the poverty level rose 4 percentage points. The percentage of children living in 

2

 Kurt J. Bauman and Nikki L. Graf, Educational Attainment: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 

Brief, C2KBR-24, Washington D.C., 2003. 

9
 
 

households that reported receiving some kind of public assistance (defined in Appendix 

A) also fell 2 percentage points over the same time period. 

The final domain of interest in Table 1 is a series of items about housing. 

Increases occurred in the percentage of children who lived in an owned home as well as 

the percentage who lived in crowded housing. 

Nativity of Children and Their Parents 

During the 1990s, one indicator of the increasing diversity of the population was 

the changing nativity of the population.3 Table 2 shows selected characteristics for 

children grouped by their own nativity and that of their parents. Nativity in the 

decennial census is determined by place of birth and U.S. citizenship status. A foreignborn person may or may not be a naturalized citizen. Only people who are citizens at 

birth are considered to be native. Children born abroad to an American citizen are 

considered citizens at birth, as well as all those born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or 

U.S. Island Areas. Children born to foreign-born parents in the U.S. may differ in many 

ways from those children who came to the U.S. as immigrants with their foreign-born 

parents. 

Table 2 provides data on the characteristics of foreign-born and native children 

with foreign-born parents compared with those of children born to native parents. Only 

the nativity of parents living with their children at the time of the census can be taken into 

account. If at least one of a child’s parents is foreign born, the child is included in the 

foreign-born parent category. Children living with only native parents are included in the 

3

 Nolan Malone, K.F. Baluja, J.M. Costanza, and C.J. Davis. The Foreign-Born Population: 2000, U.S. 

Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR-34, Washington D.C., 2003. 

10
 
native parent category. The percentages across the child/parent nativity groups do not 

add to 100 percent because some children do not live with a parent in their homes and are 

not included in this table. 

Foreign-born children of at least one foreign-born parent comprised just 4 percent 

of all people under 18 in the year 2000. Although there was less than a 1-percentage 

point increase in this group among all children, it represented a 40 percent growth in the 

size of this population. There was a larger increase in the proportion of native children 

with at least one foreign-born parent (4 percentage points). The share of children who 

had native parents had an even larger change, but it was a decline (6.8 percentage points). 

Even with the decline, 3 in every 4 children had native parents in 2000. 

Language and English-speaking ability 

The ability to speak English in the United States is important for communicating 

with a wide array of institutions on a daily basis. Language questions were asked of 

every person 5 years and older in both the 1990 and 2000 decennial censuses. Whether a 

child with a foreign-born parent speaks English fluently can be dependent on many 

factors, such as whether their country of origin is English-speaking and whether they 

immigrated to the United States in their early childhood or after they already began 

speaking another language. 

About three-quarters of foreign-born children of foreign-born parents had at least 

one parent who had difficulty speaking English in 2000, representing an increase of 21 

percentage points over the decade. The percentage with a parent who had difficulty 

11
 
speaking English was 55 percent for native children of foreign-born parents, rising 6 

percentage points over the decade. 

The patterns in English fluency for foreign-born parents were not necessarily 

mirrored in the fluency differences among their children. For example, native children of 

foreign-born parents recorded a 9 percentage point increase in the percentage speaking 

another language at home between 1990 and 2000. At the same time this group of 

children had a 19 percentage point decline in the percentage speaking English less than 

very well. At the same time that increasing percentages of native children with foreignborn parents were speaking their parent’s language while at home, increasing percentages 

were showing fluency in English. In 2000, 6 percent of children with native parents 

spoke another language and 2 percent had difficulty speaking English. 

Living arrangements 

Cultural differences, characteristics of those who choose to immigrate to the 

United States, and the economic situations of immigrants may all affect the living 

arrangements of families with a foreign-born parent in comparison to native parent 

families. Among the three nativity combination groups shown in Table 2, native children 

with at least one foreign-born parent were the most likely to be living in a married-couple 

family in both 1990 and 2000 – about 8 in every 10 children in both years. For children 

of native parents the ratio was about 7 in every 10, and the percentage had declined since 

1990. Foreign-born children with a foreign-born parent was the only group to see an 

increase in the percentage living with married parents and the only one to have a decrease 

in those living with a mother only. The groups all had similar percentages of children 

12
 
living with only their father in 2000 (5 to 6 percentage points), and all had increases in 

this arrangement over the decade. 

Children who live with one or both parents may be living in a multigenerational 

household. Higher percentages of children in this living arrangement were observed for 

children with at least one foreign-born parent than those with only native parents. 

Thirteen percent of both native and foreign-born children of a foreign-born parent were in 

a multigenerational household in 2000, and they both increased by over 4 percentage 

points over the decade. The percentage in 2000 was 8 percent for children with native 

parents 

Economic domain 

Among the three nativity combinations, the highest percentage of children in 

poverty in 1999 was among foreign-born children of at least one foreign-born parent (28 

percent). The percentage was twice that of children with native parents. Both of these 

nativity groups had decreases over the decade in the percent of children in poverty. At 

the opposite end of the income spectrum, the situation was reversed, with slightly more 

than twice the percentage of children of native parents than foreign-born children of a 

foreign-born parent having family incomes of 400 percent or more of the poverty level. 

The native parent group also experienced the biggest change since 1989, a 6 percentage 

point increase of children in the highest income group. Native children of a foreign-born 

parent were in between the other groups’ percentages for both of the income categories 

for both years. 

13
 
 

A parental characteristic that is associated with income levels is educational 

attainment. In 2000, 55 percent of foreign-born children of a foreign-born parent lived 

with at least one parent who had not completed high school. The corresponding level for 

children of native parents was 17 percent. The proportion of children in these two 

nativity groups living with at least one parent with a bachelor’s degree were more similar 

(26 percent and 31 percent, respectively). For both nativity groups, having a parent with 

less than a high school diploma decreased since 1990 while the percentage with a parent 

with a bachelor’s degree increased. 

Housing domain 

The final area of interest concerns the characteristics of the child’s physical home. 

Almost twice the percentage of children with native parents than foreign-born children of 

a foreign-born parent lived in an owned home in 2000. The two groups both had 

increases over the decade, but the percentage point increase was greater for the foreignborn children and represented a bigger relative increase for that group. Living in a 

single-family housing unit (as opposed to an apartment, mobile home, or other housing) 

followed the same pattern as being in an owned home, with the highest percentage in 

both years belonging to those with native parents. Only children of native parents 

recorded an increase in this characteristic since 1990 among the three groups. 

 Crowded housing is defined as homes where there is an average of more than one 

person per room.

4

 This was the living situation in 2000 for 6 in every 10 foreign-born 

children of a foreign-born parent, a little over 4 in 10 native children of a foreign-born 

4

 Robert Bennefield and Robert Bonnette, Structural and Occupancy Characteristics of Housing: 2000, 

U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000 Brief, C2KBR-32, Washington D.C., 2003. 

14
 
parents and about 1 in 10 children of native parents. While there was a 6-percentage point 

increase in crowded housing for native children with a foreign-born parent, the other two 

groups experienced declines. 

Overall, Table 2 shows that children of these three different nativity arrangements 

varied across numerous measures, and that the levels of change in these domains varied 

across the decade as well. 

Family Living Arrangements of Children 

A second major dimension of importance in understanding the characteristics of 

children is the kind of family living arrangement they are a part of. Table 3 provides data 

regarding children’s living arrangements and some of the indicators in the domains 

previously discussed. Three general living arrangements are identified: married-couple 

families, mother-only families, and father-only families. Together, these three family 

types account for over 67 million children in 2000, or about 95 percent of children in our 

universe of study. As Table 3 shows, the percentage of children living with two married 

parents declined by 4 percentage points between 1990 and 2000. Increases in the 

percentage of children living with only their mother or only their father absorbed most of 

the increase over the decade, but there was also slightly under a 2 percentage-point 

increase in children living with neither parent. 

It was more common in 2000 for children living with a single mother or single 

father to be in a multigenerational household (18 percent and 19 percent, respectively) 

than children living with both parents (5 percent). The 2-percentage point decline in 

children of single mothers in multigenerational households since 1990 was the opposite 

15
 
 

of the slightly more than 2-percentage point increase for children of married parents. 

This increase represented a 67 percent increase in the proportion of married-couple 

children living in multigenerational households. 

Less than 1 percent of children in married-couple family groups in both 1990 and 

2000 lived in a household where the householder had an unmarried partner (situations 

where the child and parents were a subfamily).5 Being in an unmarried partner 

household was more common for children living with an unmarried father than an 

unmarried mother. More than 1 in every 3 children with a single father were in an 

unmarried partner household in 2000 while it was about 1 in every 10 children with a 

single mother. The incidence of this characteristic increased since 1990 for both motheronly and father-only family groups. 

Economic domain 

Sixteen percent of children were living in poverty in 1999, a decrease of about 2 

percentage points from 1989 (Table 1). In Table 3 we see that the percentage of children 

with two married parents with an income below the poverty level was half that of all 

children in 1999 (8 percent) and had also decreased over the decade. While there were 

larger percentage point decreases in the poverty rate for children living with their mother 

only or father only, the overall percentages of these children in poverty remained higher 

in 1999 than for those in married-couple families (39 percent and 20 percent respectively, 

compared with 8 percent). 

5

 Terry Lugaila and Julia Overturf, Children and the Households They Live In: 2000, U.S. Census Bureau, 

Census Special Report, CENSR-14, Washington, D.C., 2003. 

16
 
 

A similar pattern was seen in the proportion of children living in households 

receiving public assistance. The percentage of children in married-couple families 

receiving assistance increased by less than 1 percentage point over the decade. There 

were larger decreases in both mother-only and father-only families (13 percentage points 

and 5 percentage points, respectively). In 2000, children in single-parent families were 

still more likely to be in households receiving public assistance (22 percent for motheronly and 13 percent for father-only) than children in married-couple families (5 percent). 

Finally, while the children in all three family group types experienced increases in 

the percentage of children living at 400-percent or more of the poverty level, the increase 

was greatest for children in married-parent families (6 percentage points). This familygroup type also had the greatest proportion of children in the highest income bracket in 

both 1990 and 2000 (30 percent and 36 percent). 

Parental characteristics 

In general, parental characteristics in this report are shown as whether at least one 

of the parents in the household has that characteristic. Sometimes though, it may matter 

more for a child if both of their parents have a certain attribute. For example, if one 

parent is not a high school graduate while the other has a college degree, the family may 

experience different job opportunities than if both parents did not complete high school. 

For this reason, characteristics in the “Parental” section of Table 3 are shown for children 

in married-couple families by whether one or both parents have the characteristic. The 

percentage with at least one parent with a characteristic can be calculated by summing the 

two relevant data lines. 

17
 
A greater percentage of children in married-couple families in 2000 had one 

parent as opposed to two parents who had not completed high school (13 percent and 9 

percent respectively). This means 22 percent had at least one parent without a high 

school diploma, compared with 25 percent of children with a mother only and 30 percent 

of those with a father only. During the decade, this percentage with this characteristic 

decreased for all family types, while the percentages with one or both parents with a 

bachelor’s degree increased. Eleven percent of children in single parent families in 2000 

had a mother or father with a bachelor’s degree. In comparison, a total of 38 percent of 

children in married-couple families lived with at least one parent with a bachelor’s 

degree: 20 percent with one parent with a bachelor’s degree and 18 percent with both. 

A higher proportion of children in married-couple families had at least one parent 

who had difficulty speaking English than either group of single-parent children. From 

Table 2 we can see that a higher percentage of children with foreign-born parents than 

children of native parents were in married-couple families. Since foreign-born parents 

are more likely to have difficulty speaking English this helps to explain the relatively 

high percentage of children with non-fluent married-couple parents in 2000. Among 

those with married parents, it was more common for both rather than only one to be 

foreign-born (15 percent compared with 6 percent). The children in the three types of 

living arrangements all were more likely to live with at least one parent who had 

difficulty speaking English or who was foreign-born in 2000 than they were in 1990. 

18
 
 

Housing domain 

In 2000, 77 percent of children with married parents lived in an owned home, an 

increase of 3 percentage points since 1990. While the percentage of children living in 

owned homes rose for all family types between 1990 and 2000, the percentage in 2000 

was still lower among children in mother-only and father-only families (40 percent and 

54 percent, respectively). Living in a single-family housing unit was also more common 

among children in married-couple households (81 percent) than among those with a 

mother only (55 percent) and those with a father only (64 percent). The percentage of 

children living in crowded housing rose somewhat for married-couple families (3 

percentage points). The resultant level for these children (17 percent) remained below 

that of children in one-parent families (21 percent for mother-only and 24 percent for 

father-only). 

STATE CHANGES 

The final section of this report focuses on the indicators and domains that have 

been discussed at the national level, but presents them for each of the fifty states, the 

District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. The data are presented as a series of maps which 

focus on the percentage-point change that occurred between 1990 and 2000. 

Accompanying each map are several basic observations about changes that occurred at 

the national, regional, and state levels. 

In all the maps shown, the estimates of change, which are based on sample data, 

are used to partition the states into groups that reflect a specific percentage-point change 

19
 
range between 1990 and 2000. These ranges were determined primarily by the national 

level change when possible. Additional groups were partitioned according to natural 

breaking points among the states’ percentages. For characteristics where many states 

decreased at the same time that others increased, the national average did not constitute a 

logical separation. For these map, the groups consist of states that increased, states that 

decreased, and those that did not change. As with all sample survey estimates, these 

estimates may vary from the actual values due to sampling and nonsampling errors, 

which could possibly result in a state being assigned to a different group. States in 

different groups may not be significantly different from one another, and states in the 

same group may be significantly different. 

ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES 

The data contained in this report are based on the sample of households who 

responded to the Census 2000 long form. Nationally, approximately one out of every six 

housing units was included in this sample. As a result, the sample estimates may differ 

somewhat from the100-percent figures that would have been obtained if all housing units, 

people within those housing units, and people living in group quarters had been 

enumerated using the same questionnaires, instructions, enumerators, and so forth. The 

sample estimates also differ from the values that would have been obtained from different 

samples of housing units, and hence of people living in those housing units, and people 

living in group quarters. The deviation of a sample estimate from the average of all 

possible samples is called the sampling error. 

20
 
 

In addition to the variability that arises from the sampling procedures, both 

sample data and 100-percent data are subject to nonsampling error. Nonsampling error 

may be introduced during any of the various complex operations used to collect and 

process data. Such errors may include: not enumerating every household or every person 

in the population, failing to obtain all required information from the respondents, 

obtaining incorrect or inconsistent information, and recording information incorrectly. In 

addition, errors can occur during the field review of the enumerators’ work, during 

clerical handling of the census questionnaires, or during the electronic processing of the 

questionnaires. 

While it is impossible to completely eliminate error from an operation as large 

and complex as the decennial census, the Census Bureau attempts to control the sources 

of such error during the data collection and processing operations. The primary sources 

of error and the programs instituted to control error in Census 2000 are described in detail 

in Summary File 3 Technical Documentation under Chapter 8, Accuracy of the Data, 

located at www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. 

Nonsampling error may affect the data in two ways: (1) errors that are introduced 

randomly will increase the variability of the data and, therefore, should be reflected in the 

standard errors; and (2) errors that tend to be consistent in one direction will bias both 

sample and 100-percent data in that direction. For example, if respondents consistently 

tend to underreport their incomes, then the resulting estimates of households or families 

by income category will tend to be understated for the higher income categories and 

overstated for the lower income categories. Such biases are not reflected in the standard 

errors. 

21
 
All statements in this Census 2000 Brief have undergone statistical testing and all 

comparisons are significant at the 90-percent confidence level, unless otherwise noted. 

The estimates in tables, maps, and other figures may vary from actual values due to 

sampling and nonsampling errors. As a result, estimates in one category used to 

summarize statistics in the maps and figures may not be significantly different from 

estimates assigned to a different category. Further information on the accuracy of the 

data is located at www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. For further information on 

the computation and use of standard errors, contact the Decennial Statistical Studies 

Division at 301-763-4242. 

For More Information 

For more information on children’s relationships to householders in the United States, 

visit the U.S. Census Bureau’s Internet site at 

www.census.gov/population/www/socdemo/hh-fam.html. 

Data on children and on the relationship of various household members to the 

householder from Census 2000 Summary File 3 were released on a state-by-state basis 

during the summer of 2002. Census 2000 Summary File 3 data are available on the 

Internet via factfinder.census.gov and for purchase on CD-ROM and on DVD. 

For information on confidentiality protection, nonsampling error, sampling error, and 

definitions, also see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf or contact our Customer 

Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636). 

Information on other population and housing topics is presented in the Census 

2000 Briefs and Census 2000 Special Reports series, located on the U.S. Census Bureau’s 

22
 
 

Web site at www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs.html. This series presents 

information on race, Hispanic origin, age, sex, household type, housing tenure, and other 

social, economic, and housing characteristics. 

For more information about Census 2000, including data products, call our Customer 

Services Center at 301-763-INFO (4636), or e-mail webmaster@census.gov. 

23
 
 

 

Appendix A. 

Definition of terms 

Children: All persons under 18 years living in households except householders, 

subfamily reference persons, and their spouses. A subfamily does not maintain its own 

household, but lives in a household where the householder or householder’s spouse is a 

relative. 

Foreign born: Includes all people who were not citizens at birth which includes those not 

born in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. outlying territories, or abroad to 

American parents. 

Recent immigrant: A foreign-born person who came to live in the United States in the 

five years prior to the survey; only includes those 5 and over. 

Difficulty speaking English: Speaks a language other than English at home and speaks 

English less than “very well”. This includes those who speak English “well”, “not very 

well”, and “not at all”. Language questions were only asked of people ages 5 and over. 

Race: The 1990 census allowed respondents to choose only one race. Data on race from 

Census 2000 are not directly comparable with those from the 1990 census. Census 2000 

allowed respondents to choose more than one race. The six major categories are: White, 

Black or African American, American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian 

or Other Pacific Islander, and Some other race. The use of the single-race population in 

this report does not imply that it is the preferred method of presenting or analyzing data. 

The Census Bureau uses a variety of approaches. 

American Indian and Alaskan Native (alone): In 1990 the group was American Indian, 

Eskimo, or Aleut. In 2000 the group was American Indian and Alaskan Native alone. 

Asian or Pacific Islander (alone): In 1990 this group was Asian or Pacific Islander. In 

2000 the groups were shown separately as Asian alone and Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander alone. The percentage for 2000 shown here includes those who marked one or 

both. 

Hispanic or Latino origin: Persons of Hispanic or Latino origin may be of any race. 

School enrollment: For children ages 3-to 5-years of age, enrollment includes nursery 

school, preschool, kindergarten, or elementary school. Total school enrollment includes 

public and private schools. 

No parent present in household: Child is not the biological, adopted, or step child of the 

householder or of a subfamily reference person. Includes children who are in other 

relationships to the householder and those not related to the householder. 

24
 
Appendix A.- continued 

Never-married single parent family: Children living with one parent present whose 

current marital status is never married. 

Opposite-sex unmarried-partner households: Householder lives with unmarried partner; 

this does not include children who are the unmarried partner of the householder. 

Multigenerational household: Households where the householder is living with their son 

or daughter and their grandchild or where the householder is living with their child and 

their parent or parent-in-law. 

In family in poverty: Poverty data is only shown for children related to the householder 

and is determined by family income and family size. Data collected in the 1990 and 

2000 censuses refer to poverty in calendar year 1989 and 1999 respectively. 

Receiving public assistance: Child lives in household that received Supplemental 

Security Income, other public assistance, or welfare payments in 1989 or 1999, 

respectively. 

Crowded housing: Number of persons per room in the household is greater than one. 

Single-family house: A single unit structure either attached or detached to other 

structures. 

Other type of housing: In 2000 this included mobile home and the choice of boat, RV, 

van, etc. In 1990 this included mobile home or trailer, and other. 

Owned home: The owner or co-owner of the housing unit lives in the household and 

owns the home with a mortgage, loan, or free and clear. 

Lived in same house 5 years previously: Only includes children aged 5- to17-years. 

Incomplete plumbing or kitchen: Any combination of incomplete plumbing facilities or 

kitchen facilities. 

25
 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. 

Selected Characteristics of Children in the United States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf) 

Subject

1990 2000 Percentage point 

change a Number Percent Number Percent 

All Children.................................................................

NATIVITY AND CITIZENSHIP OF CHILDREN 

63,126,193 100.0 71,623,390 100.0 

Foreign-born b .................................................................... 2,060,887 3.3 3,169,096 4.4 1.2 

Not U.S. citizens................................................................. 1,727,793 2.7 2,631,660 3.7 0.9 

Recent immigrants c 

........................................................... 

...................................................................... 

LANGUAGE OF CHILDREN 

1,190,037 2.7 1,834,011 3.5 0.8 

Children 5-to 17-years................................................ 44,889,016 100.0 52,606,285 100.0 

Speaking a language other than English at home.............. 6,240,932 13.9 9,671,767 18.4 4.5 

Difficulty speaking English d 

............................................... 

RACE AND HISPANIC ORIGIN OF CHILDREN 

2,355,742 5.2 3,453,699 6.6 1.3 

All Children................................................................. 63,126,193 100.0 71,623,390 100.0 

White (alone)...................................................................... 47,489,478 75.2 49,282,114 68.8 -6.4 

Non-Hispanic................................................................... 43,697,133 69.2 43,810,195 61.2 -8.1 

Black (alone)...................................................................... 9,409,698 14.9 10,594,324 14.8 -0.1 

American Indian Alaskan Native (alone) e 

.......................... 680,009 1.1 801,582 1.1 NS 

Asian or Pacific Islander (alone) f 

....................................... 2,043,382 3.2 2,462,738 3.4 0.2 

Some other race (alone)..................................................... 3,053,626 5.6 5,467,143 7.6 2.1 

Hispanic (of any race)........................................................ 

SCHOOL ENROLLMENT OF CHILDREN 

7,557,835 12.0 12,148,066 17.0 5.0 

Children 3-to 5-years g

............................................... 11,012,834 100.0 11,666,338 100.0 

Enrolled in School.............................................................. 4,625,939 42.0 7,167,960 61.4 19.4 

Private School.................................................................... 1,825,600 16.6 2,628,452 22.5 6.0 

Children 6-to 11-years................................................ 21,510,759 100.0 25,003,886 100.0 

Enrolled in School.............................................................. 20,431,769 95.0 24,670,583 98.7 3.7 

Private School.................................................................... 2,237,628 10.4 2,832,430 11.3 0.9 

Children 12-to 17-years.............................................. 19,695,707 100.0 23,627,935 100.0 

Enrolled in School.............................................................. 18,689,111 94.9 23,627,935 97.2 2.4 

Private School.................................................................... 

LIVING ARRANGEMENTS OF CHILDREN h 

1,654,447 8.4 2,212,058 9.4 1.0 

All Children................................................................. 63,126,193 100.0 71,623,390 100.0 

Married couple family......................................................... 45,625,934 72.3 48,746,172 68.1 -4.2 

Mother only family.............................................................. 12,663,665 20.1 14,938,921 20.9 0.8 

Father only family............................................................... 2,500,410 4.0 4,145,181 5.8 1.8 

No parent present in household......................................... 2,336,184 3.7 3,793,116 5.3 1.6 

In a multi-generational household I 

.................................... 4,577,748 7.3 6,907,297 9.6 2.4 

In an opposite-sex unmarried partner household j 

.............. 2,296,323 3.6 3,667,823 5.1 1.5 

In never-married single parent family k 

............................... 4,802,630 7.6 7,271,874 10.2 2.5

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000.

 b. The foreign-born are those not born in the 50 states, the District of Columbia, U.S. outlying territories, or abroad to American parents.

 c. Percent of children between 5 and 17 years who came to the U.S. within the five years prior to the survey.

 d. People with difficulty speaking English speak a language other than English at home and speak English less than ‘very well.’ This includes 

those who speak English ‘well,’ ‘not very well,’ and ‘not at all.’ 

e. In 1990 the group was American Indian, Eskimo, or Aleut. In 2000 the group was American Indian and Alaskan Native alone.

 f. In 1990 this group was Asian or Pacific Islander. In 2000 the groups were shown separately as Asian alone and Native Hawaiian and Pacific 

Islander alone. The percentage for 2000 shown here includes those who marked one or both.

 g. Includes enrollment in nursery school, preschool, kindergarten, and elementary school.

 h. Determined by relationship of child to householder or reference person in a related subfamily 

i. Children living with only one parent who is never married 

j. Includes households where a householder is living with their son or daughter and their grandchild; and where a householder is

living with their child and their parent or parent-in-law.

 k. Does not include children who are the unmarried partner of the householder. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1. 

Selected Characteristics of Children in the United States: 1990 - 2000 - Continued
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf) 

Subject

1990 2000 Percentage point 

change a Number Percent Number Percent 

All Children.................................................................

PARENTAL CHARACTERISTICS 

Living with at least one parent who l 

63,126,193 100.0 71,623,390 100.0 

Has not completed High School...................................... 15,852,164 25.1 15,672,944 21.9 -3.2 

Has a bachelor's degree or higher.................................. 16,150,709 25.6 20,680,190 28.9 3.3 

Is on active duty in the U.S. Military................................ 1,038,170 1.6 736,412 1.0 -0.6 

Is foreign-born ................................................................ 8,170,151 12.9 12,948,270 18.1 5.1 

Is a recent immigrant ...................................................... 1,434,200 2.3 2,129,992 3.0 0.7 

Speaks language other than English at home ............... 11,213,149 17.8 16,439,389 23.0 5.2 

Has difficulty speaking English ....................................... 

PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND POVERTY 

5,791,682 9.2 8,922,800 12.5 3.3 

In household receiving public assistance m ........................ 7,621,646 12.1 7,060,836 9.9 -2.2 

Related Children n 

...................................................... 62,117,011 100.0 70,349,994 100.0 

In a family in poverty (income below poverty level)............ 

In a low-income family (income 100 to 199 percent of 

11,010,883 17.7 11,253,475 16.0 -1.7 

poverty level)...................................................... 

In a middle-income family (income 200 to 399 percent of 

13,091,202 21.1 14,980,594 21.3 0.2 

poverty level)................................................... 

In high-income family (income 400+ percent of poverty 

23,184,075 37.3 24,477,351 34.8 -2.5 

PARENT'S LABOR FORCE STATUS 

level)................................................... 14,837,742 23.9 19,638,574 27.9 4.0 

All Children................................................................. 63,126,193 100.0 71,623,390 100.0 

Married parents, both in labor force................................... 28,329,315 44.9 29,315,308 40.9 -3.9 

Married parents, father only in labor force.......................... 15,237,302 24.1 14,885,428 20.8 -3.4 

Married parents, mother only in labor force........................ 1,009,862 1.6 2,046,529 2.9 1.3 

Married parents, neither in labor force............................... 1,049,455 1.7 2,498,907 3.5 1.8 

Mother only family, in the labor force................................. 8,310,271 13.2 11,078,486 15.5 2.3 

Mother only family, not in the labor force........................... 4,353,394 6.9 3,860,435 5.4 -1.5 

Father only family, in the labor force.................................. 2,174,091 3.4 3,417,892 4.8 1.3 

Father only family, not in the labor force............................ 

HOUSING 

326,319 0.5 727,289 1.0 0.5 

Living in a single-family house o 

......................................... 47,004,211 74.5 53,045,046 74.1 -0.4 

Living in an apartment........................................................ 11,482,442 18.2 13,248,023 18.5 0.3 

Living in an "other" type of housing unit p

........................... 4,631,852 7.3 5,330,321 7.4 0.1 

Living in an owned home q

................................................. 40,832,703 64.7 47,860,399 66.8 2.1 

Lived in the same house 5 years ago r 

............................... 23,100,932 51.5 27,835,111 52.9 1.4 

Living in crowded housing s 

................................................ 10,246,166 16.2 13,621,317 19.0 2.8 

Living in a house without complete plumbing or kitchen t.. 742,061 1.2 679,504 0.9 -0.2

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level

 l. If child lives with 2 parents, both parents are considered. 

m. Households where one or more members is receiving Supplemental Security Income or other public assistance or welfare payments.

 n. Poverty data is only shown for children related to the householder and is determined by family income and family size. Data collected in the 

1990 and 2000 censuses refer to poverty in calendar years 1989 and 1999 respectively. 

o. A one-family housing unit, either attached to or detached from other houses.

 p. In 2000, the 'other' category of home included boat, RV, van, etc. In 1990, 'other' types were mobile home, trailer, and other.

 q. Only includes children between 5 and 17 years.

 r. The owner or co-owner of the housing unit lives in the household and owns the home with a mortgage, loan, or free and clear. 

s. Number of persons per room in the household is greater than 1.

 t. Any combination of incomplete plumbing facilities and kitchen facilities. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary Tape File 3
Table 2. 

Children's Nativity and Parent's Nativitya for the United States, by Selected Characteristics: 1990 - 2000

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. See Appendix A for further 

Characteristic 

Children with native parent(s) Foreign-born children with foreign-born parent(s) Native ch

Percent Percentagepoint 

changeb 

Percent Percentagepoint 

changeb 

1990 2000 1990 2000 

Children (number).................................................. 52,619,858 54,882,004 (X) 1,874,411 2,628,054 (X) 6,295

Percent of all children............................................ 

Languagec 

83.4 76.6 -6.8 3.0 3.7 0.7 

Speaks language other than English at home............. 5.6 5.7 0.1 86.9 88.5 1.5 

Difficulty speaking English........................................... 

Living Arrangements d 

3.7 1.8 -1.9 43.8 41.1 -2.7 

Married-couple family.................................................. 73.8 69.8 -4.0 77.8 78.9 1.1 

Mother-only family....................................................... 22.1 23.9 1.9 16.3 14.9 -1.4 

Father-only family........................................................ 4.1 6.3 2.2 5.9 6.2 0.3 

Multigenerational household........................................ 7.0 7.8 0.8 8.9 13.2 4.3 

Opposite-sex unmarried-partner household................ 

Economic (1989 and 1999) 

3.1 4.8 1.7 3.1 2.8 -0.3 

In household receiving public assistance.................... 11.6 8.8 -2.8 14.7 12.0 -2.7 

In a family in poverty (income below poverty level)..... In high-income family (income 400+ percent of 

16.7 14.1 -2.5 31.8 28.3 -3.5 

Parents 

Living with at least one parent who e 

poverty level)................................................... 24.7 30.3 5.6 12.4 14.4 2.0 

Has not completed high school................................ 22.5 17.0 -5.4 59.1 55.0 -4.0 

Has a bachelor's degree or higher........................... 26.6 31.4 4.7 23.1 26.0 2.8 

Has difficulty speaking English ................................ 

Housing 

2.5 2.2 -0.3 55.8 76.4 20.6 

Living in a single-family house..................................... 76.7 77.5 0.7 48.8 48.9 (NS) 

Living in an owned home............................................. 67.0 70.3 3.3 32.4 38.2 5.7 

Living in crowded housing........................................... 11.5 11.4 -0.2 62.2 60.4 -1.8 

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Not applicable. Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses. Children living with no parent pre a. 

Children living with any foreign-born parents are shown as living with foreign born parents. 

b. 

The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

c. 

Language questions were only asked only of people aged 5 and over

 d. Determined by relationship of child to householder or reference person in a related subfamily. e. 

If child lives with 2 parents both parents are considered. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary Tape File 3 
Table 3. 

Household Family Structure of Childrena for the United States, by Selected Characteristics : 1990 - 2000

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. See Appendix A for furthe

Children (number).................................................. 

Percent of all children........................................... 

Living Arrangements 

Multigenerational household....................................... Opposite-sex unmarried partner household................

Economic (1989 and 1999) 

In household receiving public assistance.................... 

In a family in poverty (income below poverty level).... 

Parental 

One parent has not completed high school................ Both parents have not completed high school............ One parent with bachelor's or higher degree.............. Both parents with bachelor's or higher degree............ 

One parent is foreign-born.......................................... Both parents are foreign-born..................................... One parent has difficulty speaking English................. Both parents have difficulty speaking English............. 

Housing 

Living in a single-family house.................................... Living in an owned home............................................ Living in crowded housing........................................... 

Characteristic 

In high-income family (income 400+ percent of poverty level)..................................................

45,625,934 48,746,172 (X) 

72.3 68.1 -4.2 

3.1 5.3 2.1 

- - (NS) 

4.8 4.9 0.1 

8.9 8.0 -0.9 

29.6 35.7 6.1 

14.7 12.9 -1.8 

9.4 9.1 -0.3 

18.4 19.7 1.3 14.1 18.3 4.2 

5.5 6.3 0.8 

9.4 15.1 5.8 

3.9 5.5 1.6 6.1 9.1 3.0 

81.1 81.2 0.1 73.9 76.8 2.9 14.0 17.0 3.0 

Living in a married-couple family 

Percent Percentage 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

12,663,665 14,938,921 (X) 

20.1 20.9 0.8 19.5 17.5 -2.0 

8.1 10.7 2.6 

34.7 22.2 -12.6 

46.6 38.6 -8.0 

6.2 8.3 2.1 

31.5 24.7 -6.8 

(X) (X) (X) 

8.3 11.3 2.9 

(X) (X) (X) 

8.2 12.1 3.8 

(X) (X) (X) 

7.3 8.7 1.4 

(X) (X) (X) 

54.2 55.3 1.1 36.2 40.2 3.9 20.9 20.6 -0.3 

Percentage 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

Living in a mother-only family 

Percent 

2,500

L

(-) Represents or rounds to zero. (X) Not applicable. (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses. Children living with no parent prea. 

Determined by relationship of child to householder or reference person in a related subfamily.

 b. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary Tape File 3 
Table C1.
 

Nativity and Citizenship of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf

 See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area

 Foreign-born Not U.S. citizens Recent immigrant 

Percent Percent Percent

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000 

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000 Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000

 United States................... 3.3 4.4 1.2 2.7 3.7 0.9 2.7 3.5 0.8 

Region

 Northeast........................ 3.8 4.9 1.1 3.1 3.8 0.7 3.2 3.8 0.6

 Midwest.......................... 1.1 2.4 1.3 0.9 1.9 1.0 0.9 2.0 1.1

 South.............................. 2.1 3.6 1.5 1.8 3.1 1.3 1.7 3.1 1.4

 West............................... 7.0 7.2 0.2 6.0 6.2 0.2 5.7 5.3 -0.4 

State 

Alabama........................... 0.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.6 

Alaska.............................. 1.0 2.2 1.2 0.7 1.4 0.7 0.9 1.6 0.7 

Arizona............................. 3.5 6.7 3.2 2.9 6.0 3.0 3.1 5.6 2.5 

Arkansas.......................... 0.3 1.5 1.2 0.3 1.3 1.0 0.2 1.3 1.1 

California.......................... 10.9 9.4 -1.5 9.4 8.1 -1.3 9.0 6.5 -2.5 

Colorado........................... 1.5 4.5 3.0 1.2 3.9 2.7 1.2 4.1 2.9 

Connecticut...................... 2.6 4.0 1.4 2.2 3.0 0.8 2.2 3.4 1.2 

Delaware.......................... 0.8 2.6 1.7 0.7 2.0 1.4 0.7 2.2 1.5 

District of Columbia.......... 4.2 5.1 1.0 3.6 4.2 (NS) 4.5 4.9 (NS) 

Florida.............................. 5.0 6.3 1.3 4.4 5.4 1.0 4.2 5.3 1.1 

Georgia............................ 1.1 3.4 2.3 0.9 2.9 2.0 0.9 3.2 2.2 

Hawaii.............................. 4.6 5.3 0.7 3.0 3.4 0.4 3.5 4.0 0.5 

Idaho................................ 1.0 2.6 1.7 0.8 2.2 1.4 0.9 1.8 0.9 

Illinois............................... 2.9 4.8 1.9 2.3 4.1 1.7 2.3 3.8 1.5 

Indiana............................. 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.3 1.1 0.7 0.4 1.3 0.9 

Iowa.................................. 0.5 1.9 1.4 0.5 1.4 1.0 0.4 1.7 1.2 

Kansas............................. 1.1 2.6 1.6 0.8 2.2 1.3 0.8 2.2 1.4 

Kentucky.......................... 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.8 0.6 0.3 1.0 0.7 

Louisiana.......................... 0.7 0.7 (NS) 0.6 0.6 (NS) 0.4 0.6 0.2 

Maine............................... 0.5 1.0 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 

Maryland.......................... 2.6 3.8 1.1 2.2 2.9 0.6 2.4 3.2 0.8 

Massachusetts................. 3.5 4.5 0.9 3.1 3.6 0.5 3.1 3.7 0.5 

Michigan........................... 0.9 2.3 1.4 0.7 1.7 1.0 0.7 1.9 1.2 

Minnesota......................... 1.2 3.4 2.2 1.1 2.5 1.4 1.0 2.6 1.6 

Mississippi........................ 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 

Missouri............................ 0.4 1.3 0.9 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.3 0.9 

Montana........................... 0.3 0.7 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 

Nebraska.......................... 0.5 2.5 2.0 0.4 2.0 1.6 0.4 2.2 1.8 

Nevada............................. 3.7 6.8 3.1 3.1 5.7 2.6 3.5 5.5 2.0 

New Hampshire................ 0.7 1.7 1.1 0.6 1.3 0.7 0.6 1.5 0.9 

New Jersey...................... 4.6 6.5 1.8 3.8 5.1 1.3 4.0 5.2 1.2 

New Mexico...................... 2.2 3.8 1.6 1.8 3.3 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.4 

New York.......................... 6.1 7.1 1.0 4.8 5.5 0.7 5.3 5.4 (NS) 

North Carolina.................. 0.6 2.9 2.3 0.5 2.5 2.0 0.5 2.8 2.3 

North Dakota.................... 0.1 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.1 1.0 1.0 

Ohio.................................. 0.5 1.1 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.6 

Oklahoma......................... 0.7 1.8 1.1 0.6 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.5 1.0 

Oregon............................. 1.8 4.4 2.6 1.6 3.7 2.1 1.6 3.5 1.9 

Pennsylvania.................... 0.9 1.7 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.5 0.7 1.4 0.7 

Rhode Island.................... 4.2 4.5 (NS) 3.6 3.5 (NS) 3.4 3.2 (NS) 

South Carolina................. 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.3 1.1 0.8 

South Dakota................... 0.2 1.2 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.6 0.1 1.1 1.0 

Tennessee....................... 0.5 1.4 0.9 0.4 1.2 0.8 0.4 1.3 0.9 

Texas............................... 4.0 5.9 1.9 3.3 5.2 1.9 2.9 4.9 2.0 

Utah.................................. 0.9 3.2 2.3 0.7 2.8 2.0 0.7 3.1 2.4 

Vermont............................ 0.4 1.7 1.3 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 1.4 1.1 

Virginia............................. 2.2 3.3 1.2 1.8 2.7 0.8 1.9 2.9 1.0 

Washington...................... 2.5 5.0 2.5 2.1 4.0 1.9 2.1 3.8 1.7 

West Virginia.................... 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2 

Wisconsin......................... 0.9 2.0 1.1 0.8 1.6 0.8 0.8 1.4 0.7 

Wyoming.......................... 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.4 

Puerto Rico........................ (X) 0.9 (X) (X) 0.7 (X) (X) 0.7 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage-point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary Tape File 3 
Table C2. 

Language and English Ability of Children Aged 5 and Older, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

Speaks a language other than English 

at home Difficulty speaking English 

Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 

Percent 

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000 1990 2000

 United States.................. 13.9 18.4 4.5 5.2 6.6 1.3 

Region

 Northeast...................... 16.0 19.3 3.3 5.5 6.0 0.5

 Midwest........................ 6.6 9.5 2.9 2.3 3.4 1.2

 South............................ 11.5 15.2 3.7 4.2 5.4 1.1

 West............................. 24.3 31.2 6.9 10.0 11.9 1.9 

State 

Alabama......................... 3.0 3.7 0.8 1.0 1.5 0.4 

Alaska............................. 9.4 12.9 3.4 3.5 4.3 0.8 

Arizona........................... 22.6 28.8 6.1 8.8 11.0 2.2 

Arkansas......................... 2.9 5.4 2.4 0.9 2.3 1.4 

California........................ 35.0 42.6 7.6 14.8 16.4 1.6 

Colorado......................... 8.4 14.4 6.0 2.9 5.7 2.8 

Connecticut..................... 14.9 17.4 2.6 5.1 5.1 (NS) 

Delaware........................ 6.4 9.3 2.9 2.4 3.4 1.1 

District of Columbia........ 11.9 14.9 3.0 5.0 5.5 (NS) 

Florida............................. 17.8 23.6 5.8 5.6 6.6 1.0 

Georgia........................... 4.5 9.4 4.9 1.6 3.9 2.4 

Hawaii............................. 14.9 18.2 3.3 5.7 6.2 0.6 

Idaho............................... 5.7 9.7 4.0 2.0 3.2 1.2 

Illinois.............................. 14.4 19.5 5.1 4.8 7.0 2.1 

Indiana............................ 4.9 6.3 1.5 1.8 2.3 0.5 

Iowa................................ 3.9 6.5 2.6 1.4 2.5 1.1 

Kansas............................ 5.2 9.4 4.2 1.8 3.4 1.6 

Kentucky......................... 2.8 4.0 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.4 

Louisiana........................ 5.5 5.6 (NS) 1.9 1.7 -0.2 

Maine.............................. 4.4 4.1 (NS) 1.2 1.1 (NS) 

Maryland......................... 8.4 11.4 2.9 2.7 3.4 0.7 

Massachusetts................ 15.2 18.8 3.5 5.3 5.5 (NS) 

Michigan......................... 5.4 7.8 2.3 1.6 2.5 0.9 

Minnesota....................... 5.1 9.7 4.6 2.0 3.9 1.9 

Mississippi...................... 3.0 3.3 0.3 1.1 1.3 0.1 

Missouri.......................... 3.5 5.1 1.5 1.3 1.9 0.6 

Montana.......................... 3.4 4.7 1.3 0.9 1.5 0.6 

Nebraska........................ 3.6 8.4 4.8 1.1 3.3 2.2 

Nevada........................... 11.8 25.6 13.8 4.4 9.4 5.0 

New Hampshire.............. 4.4 5.4 1.0 1.3 1.5 (NS) 

New Jersey..................... 19.4 24.1 4.7 6.0 6.5 0.5 

New Mexico.................... 29.3 31.1 1.8 10.4 10.1 (NS) 

New York........................ 23.3 26.9 3.7 8.2 8.8 0.5 

North Carolina................ 4.7 8.2 3.5 1.9 3.5 1.6 

North Dakota.................. 2.7 4.1 1.4 0.7 1.2 0.6 

Ohio................................ 5.0 5.6 0.6 1.8 2.0 0.2 

Oklahoma....................... 4.6 7.7 3.1 1.5 2.7 1.2 

Oregon............................ 7.0 14.0 7.0 2.5 5.5 3.0 

Pennsylvania.................. 6.8 8.6 1.8 2.5 2.9 0.4 

Rhode Island.................. 16.3 20.9 4.6 5.6 6.6 1.0 

South Carolina................ 3.5 4.9 1.4 1.2 2.0 0.8 

South Dakota.................. 4.0 5.9 1.9 1.3 2.4 1.1 

Tennessee...................... 3.2 4.5 1.3 1.1 1.8 0.7 

Texas.............................. 28.1 32.3 4.2 11.3 12.1 0.8 

Utah................................ 5.5 10.3 4.8 1.8 3.6 1.7 

Vermont.......................... 3.1 4.4 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.5 

Virginia............................ 7.0 10.5 3.5 2.2 3.4 1.2 

Washington..................... 8.7 14.4 5.7 3.3 5.3 2.0 

West Virginia.................. 2.7 2.4 -0.3 0.8 0.8 (NS) 

Wisconsin....................... 5.5 8.4 3.0 2.1 3.3 1.3 

Wyoming......................... 3.9 5.4 1.5 1.1 1.5 0.4 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 85.7 (X) (X) 76.6 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire 

make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: For language questions, children include people 5 to 17 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, 

and their spouses. 

a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census Summary File 3
Table C3. 

Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

White (alone) Black (alone) American Indian and Alaska 

Native (alone) Asian or Pacific Islander (alone) 

Percent Percentage Percent Percentage Percent Percentage Percent Percentage 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States................. 75.2 68.8 -6.4 14.9 14.8 -0.1 1.1 1.1 (NS) 3.2 3.6 0.4 

Region

 Northeast..................... 78.2 72.0 -6.2 13.7 13.8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 3.0 4.0 1.0

 Midwest........................ 83.7 78.6 -5.1 11.9 12.5 0.6 0.8 0.8 (NS) 1.6 2.0 0.4

 South............................ 70.5 65.9 -4.7 23.3 23.1 -0.3 0.9 0.9 (NS) 1.4 1.9 0.4

 West............................. 70.5 61.2 -9.4 6.1 5.3 -0.8 2.4 2.4 -0.1 8.1 7.5 -0.6 

State 

Alabama......................... 66.5 64.5 -2.0 32.2 31.7 -0.4 0.6 0.6 (NS) 0.6 0.7 0.1 

Alaska............................ 70.9 61.0 -10.0 4.5 4.1 -0.4 20.0 19.4 -0.6 3.6 4.3 0.8 

Arizona........................... 73.0 66.0 -7.0 3.8 3.4 -0.3 8.7 7.1 -1.5 1.5 1.7 0.2 

Arkansas........................ 76.6 73.5 -3.1 21.8 20.5 -1.3 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.2 

California........................ 61.7 51.5 -10.2 8.5 7.2 -1.3 0.9 1.0 0.1 10.5 10.0 -0.5 

Colorado........................ 85.2 77.2 -8.0 4.8 4.3 -0.5 1.0 1.1 0.1 2.1 2.2 (NS) 

Connecticut.................... 81.9 75.4 -6.5 11.1 11.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 1.9 2.6 0.7 

Delaware........................ 75.0 67.6 -7.4 21.6 23.5 2.0 0.2 0.4 0.2 1.4 1.9 0.5 

District of Columbia........ 14.6 15.0 (NS) 80.5 75.1 -5.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.3 1.5 0.2 

Florida............................ 74.7 69.0 -5.7 21.1 21.0 (NS) 0.3 0.4 (NS) 1.4 1.7 0.3 

Georgia.......................... 64.5 58.5 -6.0 33.3 34.1 0.8 0.2 0.3 (NS) 1.3 2.1 0.8 

Hawaii............................ 30.6 16.5 -14.1 3.0 1.8 -1.2 0.6 0.2 -0.4 63.8 49.3 -14.4 

Idaho.............................. 93.2 87.8 -5.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.7 1.6 (NS) 0.9 0.8 (NS) 

Illinois............................. 72.4 67.1 -5.4 18.6 18.4 -0.1 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.8 3.1 0.3 

Indiana........................... 88.3 84.0 -4.3 9.7 10.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 (NS) 0.7 0.9 0.2 

Iowa............................... 95.5 91.1 -4.4 2.3 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 (NS) 1.1 1.3 0.2 

Kansas........................... 87.5 81.3 -6.2 7.1 6.8 -0.3 1.1 1.1 (NS) 1.5 1.7 0.1 

Kentucky........................ 90.5 87.4 -3.0 8.5 8.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 (NS) 0.6 0.7 0.2 

Louisiana........................ 60.2 56.2 -4.0 37.7 39.5 1.7 0.6 0.7 0.1 1.1 1.3 0.2 

Maine............................. 97.8 95.5 -2.2 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.7 0.8 (NS) 0.8 0.9 (NS) 

Maryland........................ 66.2 58.4 -7.8 29.1 31.8 2.7 0.3 0.3 (NS) 3.2 3.7 0.5 

Massachusetts............... 85.7 79.3 -6.4 6.7 7.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 (NS) 2.9 4.0 1.1 

Michigan......................... 79.7 74.9 -4.8 16.8 17.2 0.4 0.8 0.7 -0.1 1.4 1.9 0.5 

Minnesota...................... 91.5 84.1 -7.4 3.1 4.9 1.8 1.7 1.5 -0.1 2.9 4.2 1.2 

Mississippi...................... 53.7 52.5 -1.2 45.2 44.7 -0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.6 0.6 (NS) 

Missouri.......................... 84.7 80.6 -4.1 13.4 14.1 0.7 0.4 0.5 (NS) 0.9 1.0 0.2 

Montana......................... 89.7 85.8 -3.9 0.3 0.3 (NS) 8.8 9.3 0.5 0.6 0.6 (NS) 

Nebraska........................ 91.8 85.6 -6.2 4.8 5.2 0.4 1.2 1.3 (NS) 1.0 1.3 0.3 

Nevada........................... 80.1 68.4 -11.7 8.7 8.0 -0.8 2.1 1.5 -0.5 3.3 4.2 0.9 

New Hampshire............. 97.5 94.9 -2.6 0.8 0.9 (NS) 0.2 0.2 (NS) 1.0 1.4 0.3 

New Jersey.................... 73.8 66.9 -6.8 16.6 16.0 -0.6 0.2 0.2 (NS) 4.4 6.1 1.7 

New Mexico................... 69.7 57.5 -12.2 2.3 2.0 -0.3 12.1 12.6 0.6 1.0 0.9 (NS) 

New York....................... 68.6 61.9 -6.6 19.4 18.8 -0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 4.0 5.1 1.1 

North Carolina................ 69.2 65.2 -4.0 27.7 26.3 -1.5 1.7 1.5 -0.1 0.9 1.6 0.7 

North Dakota.................. 92.1 87.9 -4.2 0.8 0.8 (NS) 6.2 7.9 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Ohio............................... 85.1 80.6 -4.5 13.0 14.1 1.2 0.2 0.2 (NS) 0.9 1.1 0.2 

Oklahoma....................... 76.5 67.7 -8.8 9.4 9.4 (NS) 11.1 10.7 -0.5 1.1 1.2 0.1 

Oregon........................... 90.6 81.2 -9.4 2.2 1.9 -0.2 1.9 1.5 -0.4 2.7 3.2 0.5 

Pennsylvania.................. 85.4 80.5 -4.9 11.2 12.6 1.4 0.1 0.2 (NS) 1.5 1.9 0.5 

Rhode Island.................. 87.4 77.8 -9.6 5.6 5.9 (NS) 0.5 0.8 0.3 2.7 2.7 (NS) 

South Carolina............... 60.9 59.4 -1.5 37.9 36.4 -1.5 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.7 0.9 0.2 

South Dakota................. 86.8 82.2 -4.7 0.6 0.7 (NS) 11.6 13.1 1.5 0.6 0.8 0.2 

Tennessee..................... 78.2 74.4 -3.7 20.6 21.1 0.5 0.2 0.3 (NS) 0.8 1.0 0.2 

Texas............................. 70.1 65.6 -4.5 13.5 12.5 -1.0 0.4 0.6 0.2 1.9 2.5 0.5 

Utah............................... 93.5 87.3 -6.3 0.6 0.8 0.2 1.7 1.5 -0.2 1.9 2.1 0.3 

Vermont......................... 98.1 95.3 -2.8 0.6 0.7 (NS) 0.5 0.5 (NS) 0.7 1.1 0.4 

Virginia........................... 73.2 66.8 -6.4 22.5 23.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.1 2.9 3.5 0.6 

Washington.................... 85.3 75.8 -9.5 3.9 3.7 -0.2 2.2 2.0 -0.2 5.1 5.6 0.5 

West Virginia.................. 95.6 93.7 -2.0 3.5 3.5 (NS) 0.2 0.2 (NS) 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Wisconsin....................... 88.3 83.2 -5.0 7.5 8.2 0.7 1.1 1.3 0.2 1.7 2.4 0.7 

Wyoming........................ 92.8 89.4 -3.4 0.8 0.6 -0.2 3.0 3.2 (NS) 0.6 0.6 (NS) 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 80.5 (X) (X) 7.3 (X) (X) 0.3 (X) (X) 0.3 (X) 
Table C3 - continued. 

Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

Area 

Some other race (alone) Hispanic (of any race) Non-Hispanic White (alone) 

Percent Percentage Percent Percentage Percent Percentage 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States 5.6 7.6 2.1 12.0 17.0 5.0 69.2 61.2 -8.1 

Region

 Northeast 4.8 6.2 1.4 9.7 12.9 3.2 74.1 67.0 -7.1

 Midwest 2.0 3.1 1.1 4.1 6.8 2.8 81.7 75.5 -6.2

 South 3.8 5.3 1.5 10.2 14.8 4.6 64.4 57.5 -6.9

 West 12.8 16.6 3.8 25.5 33.3 7.8 58.7 48.0 -10.6 

State 

Alabama 0.2 0.9 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.4 66.0 63.5 -2.5 

Alaska 1.0 1.7 0.7 3.9 5.3 1.4 68.7 59.0 -9.7 

Arizona 13.1 16.5 3.4 26.8 36.1 9.3 60.1 49.9 -10.2 

Arkansas 0.3 2.2 1.9 1.2 4.6 3.5 75.8 71.6 -4.2 

California 18.4 22.9 4.5 34.8 43.8 9.0 46.3 34.9 -11.4 

Colorado 6.9 9.9 3.0 17.5 23.3 5.8 75.1 66.5 -8.5 

Connecticut 5.0 6.5 1.5 9.9 13.5 3.7 77.3 69.9 -7.5 

Delaware 1.8 3.0 1.2 3.2 7.0 3.7 73.7 64.7 -9.0 

District of Columbia 3.4 5.2 1.8 5.8 9.8 4.0 12.7 12.0 (NS) 

Florida 2.4 4.2 1.8 13.5 19.1 5.6 64.1 55.7 -8.5 

Georgia 0.7 2.8 2.1 1.8 6.2 4.4 63.6 55.7 -7.8 

Hawaii 2.1 1.2 -0.9 10.9 11.7 0.8 27.6 15.0 -12.6 

Idaho 3.8 6.0 2.2 7.1 11.5 4.3 90.1 83.6 -6.5 

Illinois 6.0 8.0 2.0 11.0 17.0 5.9 67.6 59.5 -8.2 

Indiana 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.4 4.7 2.3 86.9 81.9 -5.1 

Iowa 0.7 2.0 1.3 1.7 4.3 2.6 94.5 89.2 -5.2 

Kansas 2.7 4.8 2.1 5.4 10.2 4.8 85.0 77.2 -7.8 

Kentucky 0.3 0.8 0.5 0.7 1.8 1.1 90.0 86.6 -3.4 

Louisiana 0.5 0.8 0.3 2.1 2.5 0.4 58.7 54.9 -3.8 

Maine 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.9 1.1 0.2 97.0 94.9 -2.2 

Maryland 1.2 2.3 1.1 3.0 5.3 2.3 64.6 56.1 -8.4 

Massachusetts 4.4 5.7 1.3 7.6 10.3 2.7 82.6 75.6 -7.1 

Michigan 1.3 1.8 0.4 3.0 4.6 1.6 78.1 72.7 -5.3 

Minnesota 0.8 1.8 1.1 1.8 4.2 2.4 90.5 82.3 -8.2 

Mississippi 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.6 1.5 0.8 53.3 51.9 -1.4 

Missouri 0.6 1.1 0.5 1.6 3.0 1.3 83.7 79.2 -4.5 

Montana 0.6 0.7 0.1 2.4 3.3 0.9 88.2 84.1 -4.1 

Nebraska 1.3 3.9 2.5 3.3 8.1 4.8 89.9 82.2 -7.7 

Nevada 5.8 11.3 5.5 13.8 28.5 14.8 72.7 54.1 -18.5 

New Hampshire 0.5 0.9 0.4 1.6 2.4 0.8 96.4 93.6 -2.8 

New Jersey 5.0 6.8 1.8 12.1 16.1 4.0 67.5 59.6 -7.8 

New Mexico 15.0 21.1 6.1 45.5 50.9 5.3 40.0 32.7 -7.3 

New York 7.7 9.2 1.6 15.4 18.9 3.4 62.5 55.1 -7.4 

North Carolina 0.6 3.0 2.4 1.3 6.0 4.6 68.5 62.8 -5.7 

North Dakota 0.4 0.5 0.1 1.3 1.8 0.5 91.3 87.0 -4.3 

Ohio 0.9 1.1 0.3 1.8 2.7 0.9 84.1 79.4 -4.7 

Oklahoma 1.9 3.5 1.6 4.0 7.8 3.7 74.8 64.9 -9.9 

Oregon 2.6 6.4 3.8 6.0 12.6 6.6 87.4 76.7 -10.7 

Pennsylvania 1.8 2.5 0.7 3.0 5.0 2.0 84.3 78.7 -5.6 

Rhode Island 3.8 8.1 4.2 6.9 14.0 7.1 84.2 73.1 -11.1 

South Carolina 0.3 1.2 0.9 1.0 2.7 1.8 60.4 58.3 -2.1 

South Dakota 0.4 0.6 0.2 1.2 2.1 0.9 86.2 81.3 -4.9 

Tennessee 0.2 1.2 1.0 0.8 2.7 1.8 77.6 73.2 -4.4 

Texas 14.1 15.3 1.2 33.2 40.5 7.3 51.2 42.7 -8.5 

Utah 2.3 4.8 2.5 5.5 10.6 5.1 90.5 82.8 -7.7 

Vermont 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.9 1.1 0.3 97.4 94.6 -2.8 

Virginia 1.1 2.5 1.4 3.0 5.8 2.9 71.5 64.2 -7.3 

Washington 3.5 5.9 2.4 6.5 11.5 5.0 82.6 71.7 -10.9 

West Virginia 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.9 0.4 95.2 93.1 -2.1 

Wisconsin 1.3 2.2 0.9 2.9 5.4 2.5 86.7 80.9 -5.9 

Wyoming 2.7 3.1 0.4 7.3 8.6 1.3 88.6 85.3 -3.3 

Puerto Rico (X) 7.5 (X) (X) 98.9 (X) (X) 0.9 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table C4. 

School Enrollment for Age Groups of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

3-to 5-year olds enrolled in school 6-to 11-year olds enrolled in school 12-to 17-year olds enrolled in school 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States................. 42.0 61.4 19.4 95.0 98.7 3.7 94.9 97.2 2.4 

Region

 Northeast...................... 47.8 67.7 19.9 94.8 98.7 3.9 94.9 97.7 2.8

 Midwest........................ 39.7 59.6 19.9 95.2 98.8 3.6 95.4 97.6 2.1

 South............................ 41.4 62.0 20.6 95.0 98.7 3.7 94.6 97.0 2.3

 West............................. 40.7 57.7 17.0 94.9 98.5 3.6 94.7 97.0 2.3 

State 

Alabama......................... 40.7 59.4 18.7 95.1 98.7 3.7 94.4 97.1 2.7 

Alaska............................. 37.2 51.6 14.4 95.8 98.5 2.7 95.0 96.9 1.8 

Arizona........................... 35.1 53.0 18.0 94.9 98.3 3.4 93.9 95.6 1.7 

Arkansas........................ 33.9 56.5 22.6 95.0 98.7 3.7 95.0 97.1 2.1 

California........................ 43.0 59.8 16.8 94.7 98.6 3.9 94.4 97.4 3.0 

Colorado......................... 40.5 61.5 21.0 95.3 98.7 3.3 95.7 96.2 0.6 

Connecticut.................... 53.7 72.2 18.5 95.3 99.0 3.6 95.4 98.0 2.6 

Delaware........................ 47.5 64.1 16.6 95.3 98.7 3.4 94.6 96.6 2.0 

District of Columbia........ 57.4 76.4 19.0 92.7 98.0 5.2 92.5 96.5 4.0 

Florida............................ 44.3 65.0 20.7 94.5 98.6 4.1 93.9 96.7 2.8 

Georgia........................... 40.3 67.3 27.0 94.7 98.7 4.0 94.2 96.5 2.4 

Hawaii............................. 50.5 63.4 12.9 96.0 98.0 2.0 96.0 97.7 1.7 

Idaho.............................. 33.5 50.0 16.5 96.1 98.5 2.4 95.8 96.9 1.1 

Illinois............................. 44.6 64.1 19.5 95.0 98.7 3.6 94.7 97.1 2.4 

Indiana............................ 35.2 50.9 15.6 95.0 98.6 3.7 94.5 97.1 2.6 

Iowa................................ 40.7 58.8 18.1 95.4 98.9 3.5 95.9 98.0 2.1 

Kansas........................... 37.0 59.4 22.4 95.5 99.0 3.5 95.8 97.7 2.0 

Kentucky......................... 33.6 57.1 23.5 95.6 98.9 3.3 95.0 97.0 2.0 

Louisiana........................ 45.6 66.9 21.3 95.3 98.7 3.4 94.5 96.9 2.4 

Maine.............................. 39.7 58.0 18.3 95.8 98.7 3.0 95.4 97.9 2.6 

Maryland......................... 50.9 69.5 18.6 94.4 98.7 4.3 94.5 97.4 2.9 

Massachusetts............... 49.1 69.7 20.6 95.2 98.9 3.7 95.2 97.9 2.8 

Michigan......................... 46.3 63.0 16.7 95.4 98.8 3.4 95.4 97.5 2.2 

Minnesota....................... 35.7 58.6 22.8 95.3 98.9 3.6 96.3 98.4 2.1 

Mississippi...................... 43.2 62.8 19.6 94.7 98.4 3.7 94.7 97.0 2.2 

Missouri.......................... 35.7 58.0 22.3 95.1 98.8 3.7 94.8 96.9 2.1 

Montana......................... 32.6 54.1 21.5 95.9 98.5 2.6 96.2 97.4 1.1 

Nebraska........................ 36.7 57.9 21.2 95.7 99.0 3.2 96.2 97.7 1.5 

Nevada........................... 34.1 49.5 15.4 94.6 98.3 3.7 94.5 95.8 1.3 

New Hampshire.............. 39.5 61.9 22.4 94.5 98.7 4.2 95.5 97.7 2.2 

New Jersey..................... 51.4 72.8 21.4 94.2 98.7 4.5 94.7 97.8 3.1 

New Mexico.................... 33.7 52.9 19.2 95.2 98.4 3.2 94.8 96.5 1.7 

New York........................ 50.1 69.4 19.3 94.8 98.6 3.8 94.8 97.5 2.6 

North Carolina................ 39.3 62.1 22.8 94.9 98.6 3.8 94.0 96.4 2.4 

North Dakota.................. 28.6 48.4 19.7 96.5 99.0 2.6 97.3 98.4 1.1 

Ohio................................ 37.6 59.2 21.6 94.9 98.8 3.9 95.7 97.7 2.1 

Oklahoma....................... 36.3 58.9 22.6 95.0 98.7 3.6 95.4 97.3 1.8 

Oregon........................... 36.7 53.2 16.5 94.4 98.2 3.8 94.3 96.5 2.1 

Pennsylvania.................. 41.9 60.6 18.7 94.5 98.6 4.1 94.8 97.7 2.9 

Rhode Island.................. 45.1 65.8 20.7 94.4 98.9 4.6 94.1 97.2 3.1 

South Carolina................ 46.8 65.1 18.3 95.2 98.8 3.5 94.7 97.1 2.4 

South Dakota.................. 30.2 52.5 22.4 96.1 98.8 2.7 95.6 97.3 1.7 

Tennessee...................... 35.3 56.9 21.5 95.0 98.7 3.8 94.8 97.7 2.8 

Texas.............................. 40.0 58.4 18.4 95.3 98.7 3.3 95.0 96.8 1.9 

Utah................................ 37.9 53.3 15.4 96.3 98.8 2.5 96.3 97.6 1.4 

Vermont.......................... 41.1 61.7 20.6 96.1 98.7 2.5 95.2 97.8 2.7 

Virginia........................... 44.2 63.8 19.6 95.0 98.7 3.8 95.3 97.8 2.5 

Washington.................... 39.9 56.9 17.0 94.7 98.3 3.6 95.0 97.3 2.3 

West Virginia.................. 30.9 50.5 19.6 95.5 99.0 3.5 95.4 97.4 2.1 

Wisconsin....................... 38.3 58.7 20.4 95.5 98.9 3.4 96.6 98.1 1.6 

Wyoming........................ 34.6 55.2 20.6 96.0 98.8 2.8 96.5 98.0 1.5 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 57.4 (X) (X) 99.0 (X) (X) 96.5 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table C5. 

Private School Enrollment for Age Groups of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

3-to 5-year olds enrolled in private 

school 

6-to 11-year olds enrolled in private 

school 

12-to 17-year olds enrolled in private 

school 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States.................. 16.6 22.5 6.0 10.4 11.3 0.9 8.4 9.4 1.0 

Region

 Northeast...................... 20.9 28.6 7.7 14.2 13.7 -0.5 12.8 12.3 -0.5

 Midwest........................ 14.8 20.7 5.9 12.4 13.6 1.2 9.3 10.2 0.9

 South............................ 16.1 22.5 6.4 8.2 10.1 1.9 6.5 8.5 2.0

 West............................. 15.6 19.7 4.1 8.4 9.2 0.8 6.6 7.5 1.0 

State 

Alabama......................... 15.6 23.5 7.9 8.0 10.5 2.6 6.3 9.5 3.2 

Alaska............................. 11.5 16.8 5.3 5.3 6.9 1.6 3.5 6.0 2.5 

Arizona........................... 13.0 16.3 3.3 5.3 6.3 1.1 4.9 5.3 0.4 

Arkansas......................... 11.0 16.6 5.6 6.3 7.9 1.6 4.0 6.2 2.2 

California........................ 16.3 19.6 3.3 10.2 10.2 (NS) 7.8 8.2 0.5 

Colorado......................... 16.4 22.4 6.0 6.8 9.1 2.3 5.1 7.3 2.3 

Connecticut..................... 22.7 27.8 5.1 10.2 10.1 (NS) 12.5 10.3 -2.3 

Delaware........................ 21.2 29.3 8.1 17.4 19.0 1.6 15.0 15.0 (NS) 

District of Columbia........ 17.1 18.2 (NS) 14.8 13.3 (NS) 16.6 17.8 (NS) 

Florida............................. 21.4 28.5 7.0 10.6 12.1 1.5 8.5 10.0 1.5 

Georgia........................... 17.2 22.9 5.6 6.9 8.6 1.7 6.3 7.8 1.5 

Hawaii............................. 22.4 24.8 2.4 14.4 13.2 -1.2 16.8 18.0 1.2 

Idaho............................... 10.8 18.6 7.8 4.4 7.7 3.3 3.1 5.6 2.6 

Illinois.............................. 17.4 22.2 4.8 14.7 14.1 -0.5 12.0 11.4 -0.6 

Indiana............................ 14.8 22.7 7.9 10.1 12.8 2.7 6.9 9.1 2.2 

Iowa................................ 14.4 18.7 4.3 10.0 11.6 1.6 6.9 7.8 0.9 

Kansas............................ 13.9 21.1 7.1 8.6 12.0 3.4 6.2 8.3 2.1 

Kentucky......................... 10.7 17.2 6.4 9.6 12.4 2.8 7.1 10.2 3.1 

Louisiana........................ 17.2 23.1 5.9 15.1 17.8 2.7 13.4 16.0 2.6 

Maine.............................. 13.4 20.1 6.7 5.3 7.1 1.8 4.7 7.8 3.1 

Maryland......................... 20.9 29.3 8.4 13.0 15.3 2.2 12.0 13.4 1.3 

Massachusetts................ 22.4 30.6 8.2 11.3 11.0 (NS) 12.1 11.1 -1.0 

Michigan......................... 13.1 17.7 4.6 11.5 11.7 (NS) 8.4 9.1 0.7 

Minnesota....................... 12.4 19.2 6.7 11.2 12.6 1.4 7.6 8.1 0.5 

Mississippi...................... 12.8 18.6 5.8 9.0 10.5 1.5 7.5 9.6 2.1 

Missouri.......................... 16.6 22.1 5.5 13.5 14.0 0.5 10.5 11.7 1.3 

Montana.......................... 11.2 18.0 6.8 5.1 8.0 2.9 4.3 5.9 1.6 

Nebraska........................ 14.1 21.4 7.3 11.7 14.8 3.1 9.4 11.8 2.3 

Nevada........................... 12.5 15.5 3.1 4.8 4.8 (NS) 4.2 4.4 (NS) 

New Hampshire.............. 23.8 32.7 8.9 9.9 10.4 (NS) 7.1 9.1 1.9 

New Jersey..................... 24.9 34.8 9.8 14.7 13.8 -0.9 13.6 12.4 -1.2 

New Mexico.................... 9.9 14.6 4.7 5.6 7.9 2.4 4.9 7.9 3.0 

New York........................ 20.2 26.6 6.4 14.8 14.2 -0.6 13.4 13.1 -0.4 

North Carolina................ 14.4 22.5 8.1 5.5 8.6 3.1 3.9 6.7 2.9 

North Dakota.................. 7.9 11.1 3.2 5.9 7.6 1.7 4.0 6.0 2.0 

Ohio................................ 15.5 21.5 6.0 12.9 14.9 2.0 10.1 11.6 1.5 

Oklahoma....................... 12.8 15.1 2.3 5.3 6.7 1.4 4.2 5.7 1.5 

Oregon............................ 16.3 22.4 6.2 7.6 10.1 2.6 5.3 7.8 2.5 

Pennsylvania.................. 19.2 27.6 8.4 17.3 16.8 -0.6 13.6 13.3 -0.4 

Rhode Island.................. 19.1 25.7 6.6 13.2 12.8 (NS) 12.3 12.2 (NS) 

South Carolina................ 15.7 23.2 7.5 7.1 9.9 2.8 5.1 7.7 2.5 

South Dakota.................. 8.6 16.3 7.7 6.3 8.9 2.6 4.8 5.7 0.9 

Tennessee...................... 12.5 19.3 6.8 7.2 9.5 2.3 6.6 9.5 2.9 

Texas.............................. 14.6 19.4 4.7 6.2 7.2 1.1 3.9 5.7 1.7 

Utah................................ 13.6 19.9 6.3 2.8 4.4 1.6 1.8 3.3 1.5 

Vermont.......................... 13.3 21.6 8.3 5.3 7.2 1.9 7.2 8.3 1.2 

Virginia............................ 19.0 28.8 9.9 7.4 10.1 2.7 5.9 7.9 2.1 

Washington..................... 17.5 23.5 5.9 8.1 9.6 1.5 5.9 7.5 1.6 

West Virginia.................. 8.8 12.6 3.9 4.6 5.8 1.2 3.1 4.4 1.3 

Wisconsin....................... 14.4 21.2 6.8 16.4 17.1 0.7 10.9 11.3 0.4 

Wyoming......................... 11.9 15.7 3.8 3.2 5.0 1.8 1.6 3.0 1.4 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 19.0 (X) (X) 19.0 (X) (X) 15.7 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table F1. 

Household Family Structure of Children,a

 for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

Married-couple family Mother-only family Father-only family No parent present in household 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000

 United States................. 72.3 68.1 -4.2 20.1 20.9 0.8 4.0 5.8 1.8 3.7 5.3 1.6 

Region

 Northeast..................... 72.5 68.8 -3.7 20.6 21.4 0.8 3.6 5.3 1.6 3.3 4.6 1.3

 Midwest........................ 74.9 70.4 -4.5 18.8 19.7 0.8 3.4 5.5 2.1 2.9 4.4 1.5

 South........................... 70.0 65.5 -4.5 21.9 22.9 1.0 4.0 5.7 1.7 4.1 5.9 1.8

 West............................. 72.6 69.0 -3.6 18.2 18.6 0.5 4.9 6.6 1.7 4.3 5.8 1.5 

State 

Alabama......................... 68.7 64.0 -4.7 23.6 25.0 1.4 3.7 5.1 1.5 4.0 5.8 1.9 

Alaska............................ 76.1 70.3 -5.8 15.2 17.2 2.0 5.2 7.7 2.5 3.5 4.8 1.3 

Arizona........................... 71.1 66.5 -4.6 19.9 19.9 (NS) 5.2 7.4 2.3 3.8 6.1 2.3 

Arkansas........................ 71.9 65.8 -6.1 20.6 22.5 1.9 3.5 5.7 2.1 4.0 6.1 2.1 

California........................ 70.4 67.4 -3.0 19.2 19.3 (NS) 5.3 6.8 1.5 5.1 6.5 1.4 

Colorado........................ 75.3 72.7 -2.6 17.9 17.3 -0.7 3.9 5.7 1.8 2.9 4.3 1.4 

Connecticut.................... 74.8 71.0 -3.8 19.5 20.4 0.9 3.0 4.6 1.6 2.7 3.9 1.3 

Delaware........................ 72.0 64.9 -7.1 19.8 23.3 3.5 4.4 5.9 1.6 3.9 5.9 2.0 

District of Columbia........ 35.7 33.0 -2.7 49.3 47.6 -1.7 6.6 7.5 0.9 8.5 11.9 3.4 

Florida............................ 67.9 63.4 -4.5 22.4 23.7 1.3 4.8 6.6 1.8 4.8 6.3 1.4 

Georgia.......................... 67.7 64.1 -3.6 24.2 24.2 (NS) 3.8 5.5 1.7 4.3 6.3 1.9 

Hawaii............................ 74.3 67.0 -7.3 16.6 18.8 2.3 5.1 7.0 1.9 4.1 7.2 3.1 

Idaho.............................. 81.9 77.1 -4.8 12.3 14.1 1.8 3.4 5.3 1.9 2.4 3.5 1.1 

Illinois............................. 72.0 68.9 -3.1 21.1 20.4 -0.8 3.6 5.3 1.7 3.3 5.5 2.2 

Indiana........................... 75.6 70.5 -5.1 17.9 19.4 1.5 3.5 5.7 2.2 3.0 4.5 1.4 

Iowa............................... 80.9 75.9 -5.0 13.8 15.7 1.9 2.9 5.1 2.2 2.4 3.3 0.9 

Kansas........................... 78.9 74.3 -4.6 15.3 16.5 1.3 3.1 5.3 2.2 2.7 3.9 1.2 

Kentucky........................ 75.2 69.4 -5.8 18.3 20.6 2.3 3.3 5.3 2.0 3.2 4.8 1.5 

Louisiana....................... 64.2 58.4 -5.8 27.6 28.6 1.0 4.1 6.2 2.1 4.2 6.9 2.7 

Maine............................. 77.1 71.5 -5.6 16.1 18.3 2.2 3.6 6.1 2.5 3.2 4.1 0.8 

Maryland........................ 69.5 65.8 -3.7 22.3 22.6 (NS) 4.2 5.8 1.6 4.0 5.8 1.8 

Massachusetts............... 74.5 71.4 -3.1 20.2 20.7 0.5 2.7 4.4 1.7 2.5 3.5 1.0 

Michigan........................ 70.9 67.8 -3.1 22.2 21.8 -0.4 3.6 5.7 2.1 3.3 4.7 1.4 

Minnesota...................... 80.9 76.2 -4.7 14.0 15.8 1.8 3.0 4.9 1.9 2.1 3.2 1.0 

Mississippi..................... 62.1 56.4 -5.7 29.0 30.0 1.1 4.3 6.1 1.8 4.6 7.4 2.8 

Missouri......................... 74.3 68.1 -6.2 19.2 21.4 2.2 3.3 5.9 2.5 3.2 4.7 1.5 

Montana......................... 77.7 72.3 -5.4 15.6 17.1 1.5 3.8 6.3 2.5 2.8 4.2 1.4 

Nebraska....................... 80.7 75.1 -5.6 14.4 16.5 2.1 2.8 4.7 1.9 2.1 3.6 1.5 

Nevada.......................... 70.4 65.8 -4.6 19.5 19.7 (NS) 5.5 8.3 2.8 4.5 6.2 1.7 

New Hampshire............. 80.7 75.5 -5.2 13.2 15.4 2.2 3.4 5.8 2.3 2.7 3.3 0.6 

New Jersey.................... 73.8 72.0 -1.8 19.4 18.6 -0.8 3.7 5.0 1.2 3.1 4.4 1.3 

New Mexico................... 70.1 63.3 -6.8 20.0 22.6 2.7 6.2 8.4 2.2 3.8 5.8 1.9 

New York....................... 68.3 64.8 -3.5 23.7 24.3 0.6 4.0 5.5 1.5 4.0 5.4 1.5 

North Carolina................ 70.1 66.3 -3.8 21.8 22.4 0.6 3.9 5.5 1.6 4.2 5.8 1.6 

North Dakota.................. 83.1 77.1 -6.0 12.4 15.0 2.6 2.6 4.9 2.2 1.8 3.0 1.2 

Ohio............................... 73.5 68.3 -5.2 20.1 21.6 1.5 3.4 5.7 2.3 2.9 4.5 1.5 

Oklahoma...................... 74.3 67.9 -6.4 18.3 20.4 2.1 3.7 6.0 2.2 3.6 5.7 2.1 

Oregon........................... 74.6 70.9 -3.7 16.7 17.8 1.1 4.7 6.3 1.6 4.0 5.0 1.0 

Pennsylvania................. 74.8 69.9 -4.9 18.5 20.2 1.7 3.6 5.6 2.0 3.0 4.3 1.2 

Rhode Island.................. 73.7 66.8 -6.9 20.2 24.4 4.2 3.5 5.2 1.7 2.6 3.5 1.0 

South Carolina............... 66.9 61.7 -5.2 24.7 25.9 1.2 3.9 5.9 2.0 4.5 6.5 2.0 

South Dakota................. 79.6 73.0 -6.6 14.1 16.6 2.5 3.6 6.1 2.5 2.6 4.3 1.6 

Tennessee..................... 70.7 65.6 -5.1 21.8 23.2 1.4 3.7 5.5 1.8 3.8 5.7 1.9 

Texas............................. 72.6 68.7 -3.9 19.6 20.2 0.6 4.0 5.4 1.5 3.8 5.6 1.8 

Utah............................... 84.3 81.2 -3.1 11.5 11.9 0.3 2.3 3.8 1.5 1.9 3.2 1.3 

Vermont......................... 77.6 72.9 -4.7 15.3 17.5 2.2 4.3 6.3 2.0 2.7 3.4 0.6 

Virginia........................... 73.8 69.4 -4.4 18.8 20.4 1.6 3.6 5.2 1.6 3.8 5.0 1.2 

Washington.................... 75.2 71.6 -3.6 16.8 17.7 0.9 4.2 6.1 2.0 3.8 4.5 0.8 

West Virginia.................. 76.9 70.5 -6.4 16.3 18.7 2.4 3.7 6.2 2.5 3.1 4.6 1.4 

Wisconsin...................... 77.5 73.3 -4.2 16.8 17.7 0.9 3.1 5.2 2.2 2.6 3.8 1.2 

Wyoming........................ 79.8 73.6 -6.2 14.0 16.5 2.5 3.6 5.8 2.2 2.6 4.0 1.5 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 62.3 (X) (X) 27.8 (X) (X) 4.8 (X) (X) 5.1 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. Determined by relationship of child to householder or to a reference person in a related subfamily. 

b. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3
Table F2. 

Other Living Arrangements of Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

In a multigenerational household In an opposite-sex unmarried partner 

household 

Living with a never-married single 

parent 

Percent Percent Percentage- Percent 

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000 

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000 point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States................ 7.3 9.6 2.4 3.6 5.1 1.5 7.6 10.2 2.5 

Region

 Northeast..................... 7.5 9.5 2.0 3.8 5.2 1.4 8.4 11.1 2.7

 Midwest....................... 5.6 7.0 1.4 3.5 5.2 1.8 7.0 9.8 2.8

 South........................... 8.2 10.2 2.0 3.2 4.7 1.5 8.4 10.7 2.3

 West............................ 7.4 11.5 4.1 4.4 5.6 1.2 6.5 9.0 2.5 

State 

Alabama........................ 9.0 9.4 0.4 2.2 3.4 1.3 9.6 11.7 2.1 

Alaska............................ 4.6 6.8 2.2 5.2 6.7 1.5 6.0 8.6 2.7 

Arizona.......................... 7.7 11.4 3.7 5.1 6.6 1.6 7.2 9.9 2.7 

Arkansas....................... 7.3 8.5 1.2 2.7 4.3 1.6 7.4 9.4 2.0 

California....................... 9.0 13.9 4.9 4.6 5.6 1.0 7.7 10.0 2.3 

Colorado........................ 4.1 7.0 2.9 3.4 4.2 0.8 4.7 6.8 2.1 

Connecticut................... 6.0 8.0 2.1 3.5 4.9 1.4 7.9 10.8 2.9 

Delaware....................... 7.3 9.7 2.4 4.7 6.4 1.7 9.9 12.9 3.0 

District of Columbia....... 20.1 18.9 -1.2 5.1 6.1 1.0 32.8 37.2 4.5 

Florida........................... 8.6 11.1 2.5 4.5 6.2 1.7 8.3 10.7 2.4 

Georgia.......................... 8.5 10.5 2.0 3.1 4.7 1.6 10.0 12.6 2.6 

Hawaii............................ 15.9 21.3 5.3 3.4 5.1 1.7 6.8 10.2 3.4 

Idaho............................. 3.0 5.1 2.1 2.6 4.1 1.5 2.0 4.1 2.0 

Illinois............................ 7.9 10.7 2.8 3.5 4.6 1.1 9.4 11.2 1.8 

Indiana........................... 5.4 6.4 1.0 3.8 5.7 1.8 5.8 8.9 3.1 

Iowa............................... 2.5 3.8 1.3 3.2 5.1 2.0 3.8 6.5 2.7 

Kansas.......................... 3.5 5.3 1.8 2.6 4.0 1.4 3.8 6.1 2.2 

Kentucky........................ 5.6 6.4 0.7 2.8 4.8 1.9 5.4 7.8 2.4 

Louisiana....................... 9.7 12.0 2.3 3.5 5.2 1.7 12.7 15.8 3.1 

Maine............................. 3.6 4.3 0.7 5.0 7.3 2.3 4.2 7.2 2.9 

Maryland........................ 9.2 11.0 1.9 4.4 5.2 0.8 10.7 12.7 2.0 

Massachusetts.............. 5.6 8.0 2.4 3.1 4.7 1.6 7.2 9.8 2.7 

Michigan........................ 7.4 7.8 0.5 3.9 5.7 1.8 9.1 11.9 2.7 

Minnesota...................... 2.4 4.3 1.9 3.4 4.9 1.5 4.6 7.4 2.8 

Mississippi..................... 11.7 13.3 1.5 3.3 5.3 2.0 14.2 17.3 3.1 

Missouri......................... 5.6 6.6 1.1 3.3 5.6 2.3 6.6 9.9 3.3 

Montana........................ 3.0 5.3 2.3 3.2 5.1 1.9 3.7 6.1 2.4 

Nebraska....................... 2.6 4.2 1.6 2.4 4.1 1.7 4.3 6.7 2.4 

Nevada.......................... 6.7 10.8 4.1 5.3 7.2 1.9 5.6 9.0 3.4 

New Hampshire............. 4.1 5.1 1.0 3.9 6.0 2.1 3.1 5.9 2.8 

New Jersey.................... 9.1 11.3 2.2 3.7 4.5 0.8 8.5 10.0 1.5 

New Mexico................... 7.6 11.2 3.6 5.5 7.6 2.0 8.4 12.9 4.5 

New York....................... 9.0 11.4 2.4 3.9 5.2 1.2 10.2 12.7 2.5 

North Carolina............... 7.5 8.4 0.9 3.0 4.6 1.6 8.8 11.1 2.3 

North Dakota................. 1.9 3.0 1.2 2.2 4.9 2.7 3.5 6.8 3.3 

Ohio............................... 5.9 6.7 0.7 3.3 5.7 2.4 7.2 10.9 3.8 

Oklahoma...................... 5.2 7.2 2.1 2.9 4.4 1.5 4.8 7.5 2.7 

Oregon.......................... 4.1 6.9 2.8 4.8 5.7 0.8 4.3 7.1 2.8 

Pennsylvania................. 6.7 8.0 1.2 3.7 5.4 1.7 7.5 11.0 3.5 

Rhode Island................. 5.9 7.9 2.0 3.4 6.0 2.5 7.0 12.2 5.2 

South Carolina............... 10.0 10.5 0.5 2.9 4.9 2.1 10.7 13.4 2.7 

South Dakota................. 3.3 5.4 2.1 3.6 5.7 2.1 4.4 8.0 3.6 

Tennessee..................... 7.4 8.8 1.3 2.6 4.3 1.6 8.0 10.3 2.3 

Texas............................. 8.4 11.6 3.2 2.9 4.1 1.1 5.9 8.1 2.2 

Utah............................... 3.3 7.0 3.8 1.8 2.4 0.6 2.1 3.7 1.6 

Vermont......................... 2.8 3.9 1.2 5.6 6.8 1.2 4.5 6.8 2.3 

Virginia.......................... 7.1 8.6 1.5 2.9 4.2 1.3 7.3 9.4 2.1 

Washington................... 4.1 6.5 2.4 4.4 5.7 1.3 4.5 7.1 2.6 

West Virginia................. 5.3 6.5 1.3 3.1 5.8 2.7 4.3 7.5 3.2 

Wisconsin...................... 3.7 5.0 1.3 3.8 5.4 1.6 6.2 8.8 2.6 

Wyoming....................... 2.6 4.9 2.2 2.9 5.4 2.5 2.7 5.6 2.9 

Puerto Rico..................... (X) 13.6 (X) (X) 3.1 (X) (X) 13.6 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table P1. 

Parental Educational Attainment and Military Employment,a for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

Living with at least one parent who has 

not completed high school 

Living with at least one parent with a 

bachelor's or higher degree 

Living with at least one parent who is 

on active duty in the Armed Forces 

Percent Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changeb 1990 2000 

Percentagepoint changeb 1990 2000 point 

changeb 1990 2000

 United States.................. 25.1 21.9 -3.2 25.6 28.9 3.3 1.6 1.0 -0.6 

Region

 Northeast...................... 21.9 17.7 -4.1 30.2 34.6 4.4 0.7 0.3 -0.3

 Midwest........................ 20.0 16.3 -3.6 25.4 30.1 4.7 0.7 0.4 -0.3

 South............................ 29.3 23.8 -5.5 23.0 26.3 3.3 2.5 1.7 -0.8

 West............................. 27.1 27.6 0.5 25.9 27.1 1.2 2.2 1.2 -1.0 

State 

Alabama......................... 30.4 24.1 -6.3 20.7 24.0 3.3 1.6 1.1 -0.5 

Alaska............................. 16.0 13.7 -2.3 26.2 27.1 0.9 10.9 7.8 -3.1 

Arizona........................... 28.0 28.1 (NS) 23.1 24.3 1.2 1.8 1.0 -0.7 

Arkansas......................... 30.6 23.2 -7.4 18.5 20.8 2.3 1.3 0.7 -0.6 

California........................ 33.1 34.1 1.0 24.3 25.1 0.8 1.8 0.8 -1.0 

Colorado......................... 17.4 17.3 (NS) 33.1 37.2 4.1 3.0 1.8 -1.2 

Connecticut..................... 19.1 14.5 -4.6 37.3 41.4 4.1 1.1 0.6 -0.5 

Delaware........................ 21.0 16.5 -4.5 27.9 30.1 2.2 2.4 1.7 -0.7 

District of Columbia........ 31.1 26.7 -4.4 21.6 21.7 (NS) 2.3 1.3 -1.0 

Florida............................. 27.0 22.9 -4.1 23.4 26.3 2.9 2.3 1.2 -1.1 

Georgia........................... 29.0 21.5 -7.5 23.1 28.0 4.9 2.4 1.8 -0.6 

Hawaii............................. 18.2 13.7 -4.5 26.8 28.7 1.9 12.2 8.0 -4.2 

Idaho............................... 18.9 18.0 -0.9 26.8 29.1 2.3 1.4 1.2 -0.2 

Illinois.............................. 23.4 20.4 -3.0 27.1 31.4 4.4 0.6 0.3 -0.3 

Indiana............................ 22.5 17.8 -4.7 22.1 26.3 4.2 0.5 0.1 -0.3 

Iowa................................ 13.6 11.9 -1.8 25.9 31.2 5.2 0.2 0.2 (NS) 

Kansas............................ 16.6 15.1 -1.5 30.3 34.8 4.5 2.7 1.6 -1.1 

Kentucky......................... 33.1 23.6 -9.5 18.2 22.6 4.4 1.8 1.4 -0.4 

Louisiana........................ 31.5 25.3 -6.1 19.3 21.1 1.8 1.7 1.0 -0.7 

Maine.............................. 16.8 11.3 -5.5 26.1 30.7 4.6 2.3 1.1 -1.2 

Maryland......................... 18.7 14.3 -4.4 33.3 37.9 4.6 2.6 1.7 -0.9 

Massachusetts................ 19.9 14.8 -5.1 35.1 41.7 6.7 0.7 0.2 -0.5 

Michigan......................... 20.5 16.2 -4.4 22.9 27.9 5.0 0.4 0.1 -0.2 

Minnesota....................... 12.0 10.8 -1.2 30.5 36.8 6.3 0.2 0.1 -0.1 

Mississippi...................... 35.6 26.1 -9.5 17.5 19.2 1.6 1.4 1.2 -0.2 

Missouri.......................... 22.2 17.9 -4.3 25.3 28.6 3.3 0.9 0.7 -0.3 

Montana.......................... 14.6 12.1 -2.5 29.3 31.9 2.6 1.6 1.1 -0.5 

Nebraska........................ 12.3 12.3 (NS) 29.8 34.2 4.4 2.7 1.6 -1.1 

Nevada........................... 24.6 28.1 3.5 20.0 20.0 (NS) 2.8 1.2 -1.6 

New Hampshire.............. 16.5 11.3 -5.3 34.5 38.7 4.1 1.3 0.2 -1.1 

New Jersey..................... 20.9 16.4 -4.5 35.3 40.0 4.7 0.7 0.3 -0.4 

New Mexico.................... 28.7 26.5 -2.2 21.7 22.1 0.4 2.8 1.7 -1.2 

New York........................ 25.4 22.1 -3.3 27.6 31.0 3.4 0.5 0.3 -0.2 

North Carolina................ 27.3 20.6 -6.7 22.1 27.4 5.3 3.7 2.6 -1.1 

North Dakota.................. 13.2 8.9 -4.3 30.6 35.1 4.5 4.1 3.4 -0.7 

Ohio................................ 22.2 16.1 -6.1 23.3 28.0 4.7 0.5 0.3 -0.2 

Oklahoma....................... 23.5 20.6 -2.9 24.4 25.3 0.9 2.3 1.7 -0.6 

Oregon............................ 18.7 19.0 0.3 27.4 29.0 1.6 0.3 0.2 -0.1 

Pennsylvania.................. 19.8 15.4 -4.4 26.6 31.0 4.4 0.4 0.2 -0.2 

Rhode Island.................. 25.1 21.7 -3.4 30.5 32.6 2.1 1.9 1.0 -1.0 

South Carolina................ 29.9 22.0 -7.9 20.0 24.0 4.1 3.8 1.7 -2.2 

South Dakota.................. 15.7 12.8 -3.0 27.1 31.3 4.2 2.6 1.2 -1.3 

Tennessee...................... 30.2 22.1 -8.1 21.6 24.8 3.3 1.2 1.0 -0.2 

Texas.............................. 33.7 31.4 -2.3 22.8 24.7 1.9 1.7 1.2 -0.6 

Utah................................ 13.2 14.1 1.0 35.7 36.7 1.0 1.1 0.7 -0.4 

Vermont.......................... 17.2 11.3 -5.9 31.7 37.1 5.4 0.3 0.3 (NS) 

Virginia............................ 23.3 16.8 -6.5 30.9 35.8 4.9 7.6 5.3 -2.3 

Washington..................... 17.1 17.1 (NS) 29.0 31.5 2.5 2.9 2.2 -0.7 

West Virginia.................. 31.1 22.5 -8.5 17.9 20.5 2.6 0.2 0.4 0.1 

Wisconsin....................... 17.3 14.9 -2.4 25.2 30.5 5.3 0.3 0.2 -0.1 

Wyoming......................... 15.6 13.2 -2.3 26.1 26.5 (NS) 2.0 1.9 (NS) 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 35.5 (X) (X) 22.4 (X) (X) 0.2 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. If child lives with 2 parents both parents are considered. 

b. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3
Table P2. 

Parental Nativity and Language,a

 for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

Living with at least one foreignborn parent Living with at least one parent 

who is a recent immigrant 

Living with at least one parent 

who speaks a language other 

than English at home 

Living with at least one parent 

who has difficulty speaking 

English 

Percent Percentage 

point- Percent Percentage 

point- Percent Percentage 

point- Percent Percentage 

pointchangeb 1990 2000 changeb 1990 2000 changeb 1990 2000 changeb 1990 2000

 United States.................. 12.9 18.1 5.1 2.3 3.0 0.7 17.8 23.0 5.2 9.2 12.5 3.3 

Region

 Northeast...................... 15.4 19.6 4.2 2.7 3.1 0.4 19.8 24.2 4.3 9.9 12.0 2.1

 Midwest........................ 5.7 8.7 3.0 0.9 1.8 0.9 8.6 12.0 3.4 3.9 6.0 2.2

 South............................ 9.2 14.2 5.0 1.6 2.8 1.2 14.6 19.5 4.9 7.1 9.9 2.8

 West............................. 24.7 31.9 7.2 4.5 4.3 -0.3 31.1 37.9 6.8 17.7 23.0 5.3 

State 

Alabama......................... 2.0 3.1 1.1 0.3 0.7 0.4 3.9 5.4 1.5 1.3 2.1 0.8 

Alaska............................. 7.7 9.7 2.0 1.3 1.5 (NS) 16.9 19.7 2.8 6.1 7.5 1.4 

Arizona........................... 15.1 24.2 9.1 2.8 5.0 2.2 32.0 37.4 5.4 14.0 19.9 5.8 

Arkansas......................... 1.9 4.9 3.0 0.3 1.2 0.9 3.9 7.4 3.5 1.4 3.8 2.4 

California........................ 36.4 44.3 7.8 6.7 4.9 -1.8 41.4 49.0 7.6 25.9 31.8 5.8 

Colorado......................... 8.0 14.9 6.9 1.3 3.6 2.3 14.6 20.4 5.8 5.6 10.6 5.0 

Connecticut..................... 13.2 15.7 2.5 2.2 2.9 0.7 19.1 23.0 3.9 9.0 9.9 0.9 

Delaware........................ 5.3 8.5 3.1 0.7 1.8 1.1 8.9 12.9 4.0 3.4 5.6 2.3 

District of Columbia........ 11.4 15.7 4.2 3.2 3.1 (NS) 12.5 16.7 4.2 6.1 9.7 3.6 

Florida............................. 18.8 25.2 6.4 3.4 4.6 1.2 21.1 28.5 7.4 10.7 14.4 3.7 

Georgia........................... 4.3 10.3 6.0 1.0 2.8 1.8 6.2 12.0 5.8 2.6 6.3 3.7 

Hawaii............................. 23.6 26.1 2.5 4.0 3.7 (NS) 28.0 31.0 2.9 13.8 14.9 1.1 

Idaho............................... 5.6 9.7 4.1 0.9 1.7 0.8 9.8 14.1 4.4 4.0 7.0 3.0 

Illinois.............................. 14.0 19.6 5.6 2.0 3.4 1.4 17.5 23.4 5.9 9.7 13.8 4.1 

Indiana............................ 2.8 4.7 1.9 0.4 1.1 0.7 6.4 8.8 2.4 2.5 3.6 1.1 

Iowa................................ 2.3 5.2 2.9 0.4 1.5 1.1 4.6 8.1 3.5 1.8 4.0 2.2 

Kansas............................ 5.0 9.2 4.2 0.9 2.1 1.2 7.9 12.4 4.5 3.3 6.6 3.3 

Kentucky......................... 1.7 2.9 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.5 3.5 5.4 1.9 1.3 2.0 0.8 

Louisiana........................ 3.4 4.0 0.6 0.5 0.7 0.2 11.4 9.3 -2.0 3.5 3.0 -0.5 

Maine.............................. 4.7 4.1 -0.6 0.7 0.6 (NS) 10.3 8.5 -1.8 2.4 1.9 -0.5 

Maryland......................... 10.3 14.5 4.3 2.1 2.6 0.5 11.1 15.3 4.2 4.5 6.7 2.2 

Massachusetts................ 15.1 18.6 3.5 2.8 3.1 0.3 19.0 23.3 4.3 9.8 11.5 1.7 

Michigan......................... 5.6 7.9 2.3 0.8 1.9 1.1 7.6 10.5 2.9 2.9 4.6 1.7 

Minnesota....................... 4.4 9.1 4.7 1.0 2.1 1.1 6.5 11.3 4.8 2.8 6.0 3.2 

Mississippi...................... 1.3 2.0 0.7 0.2 0.4 0.2 3.6 4.5 0.9 1.4 1.6 0.2 

Missouri.......................... 2.7 4.2 1.5 0.4 1.1 0.7 4.9 6.8 1.9 1.8 2.9 1.1 

Montana.......................... 2.5 3.1 0.6 0.3 0.4 (NS) 6.4 7.5 1.1 1.7 2.1 0.4 

Nebraska........................ 2.9 7.4 4.5 0.4 1.9 1.5 5.8 10.5 4.7 2.0 5.8 3.8 

Nevada........................... 14.3 27.8 13.6 2.8 4.8 2.0 17.9 31.4 13.6 8.4 19.2 10.8 

New Hampshire.............. 6.4 6.7 (NS) 0.7 1.4 0.6 9.7 9.6 (NS) 2.8 3.2 0.4 

New Jersey..................... 19.5 25.8 6.3 3.5 4.3 0.8 24.3 30.4 6.1 12.5 15.2 2.7 

New Mexico.................... 11.8 16.8 4.9 1.7 2.6 0.9 48.3 47.6 (NS) 16.8 17.8 1.1 

New York........................ 22.9 28.4 5.5 4.0 4.2 0.2 27.5 32.4 4.9 14.4 17.2 2.8 

North Carolina................ 3.3 8.5 5.3 0.7 2.5 1.8 5.3 10.8 5.5 2.0 5.6 3.7 

North Dakota.................. 2.1 3.1 1.0 0.3 0.9 0.6 7.2 6.7 (NS) 1.7 2.0 (NS) 

Ohio................................ 3.4 4.1 0.8 0.5 0.9 0.4 6.5 8.0 1.5 2.4 2.9 0.6 

Oklahoma....................... 4.1 6.9 2.8 0.6 1.5 0.8 7.4 10.5 3.1 2.9 4.9 2.0 

Oregon............................ 7.9 15.3 7.3 1.5 3.1 1.6 10.1 17.8 7.6 4.6 10.4 5.8 

Pennsylvania.................. 4.5 6.1 1.6 0.7 1.2 0.5 8.6 11.3 2.6 3.7 4.7 1.0 

Rhode Island.................. 16.9 20.4 3.5 3.2 2.7 -0.5 20.7 26.0 5.3 11.3 13.9 2.7 

South Carolina................ 2.5 4.3 1.9 0.4 1.1 0.7 4.5 6.6 2.1 1.6 2.7 1.2 

South Dakota.................. 1.8 3.0 1.2 0.3 0.9 0.5 8.6 9.0 (NS) 2.3 3.2 0.9 

Tennessee...................... 2.3 4.4 2.1 0.4 1.1 0.7 4.1 6.6 2.5 1.5 2.9 1.3 

Texas.............................. 18.9 26.2 7.3 2.8 4.7 1.9 35.0 40.7 5.8 18.6 21.8 3.2 

Utah................................ 6.1 11.2 5.2 0.9 2.7 1.8 10.5 16.6 6.1 3.3 7.3 4.0 

Vermont.......................... 4.4 5.4 0.9 0.5 1.2 0.7 6.7 7.3 (NS) 1.5 2.0 0.6 

Virginia............................ 8.2 12.6 4.3 1.8 2.5 0.7 9.6 14.3 4.7 4.0 6.7 2.7 

Washington..................... 10.9 17.7 6.8 2.1 3.6 1.4 12.5 19.9 7.4 5.9 11.1 5.2 

West Virginia.................. 1.5 1.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 (NS) 3.2 3.7 0.5 1.0 1.0 (NS) 

Wisconsin....................... 4.1 6.4 2.2 0.8 1.2 0.5 6.9 10.0 3.1 3.0 4.8 1.9 

Wyoming......................... 3.2 4.1 1.0 0.4 0.6 (NS) 8.2 8.3 (NS) 2.6 2.6 (NS) 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 4.5 (X) (X) 0.8 (X) (X) 83.1 (X) (X) 73.2 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses. 

a. If child lives with 2 parents both parents are considered. 

b. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table E1. 

Receipt of Public Assistance for Children, for Regions and States: 1989 - 1999
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see 

www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf. See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

In household receiving government public 

assistance 

Percent 

Percentagepoint changea 1990 2000

 United States..................... 12.1 9.9 -2.2 

Region

 Northeast.......................... 12.2 10.4 -1.8

 Midwest............................ 12.6 8.4 -4.2

 South................................ 11.3 9.1 -2.2

 West................................. 12.8 11.9 -0.9 

State 

Alabama............................. 10.8 8.6 -2.2 

Alaska................................ 10.7 13.3 2.6 

Arizona............................... 10.9 9.1 -1.8 

Arkansas............................ 11.1 9.6 -1.5 

California............................ 15.2 14.6 -0.6 

Colorado............................. 8.4 5.8 -2.6 

Connecticut........................ 9.5 8.0 -1.5 

Delaware............................ 8.6 7.9 -0.7 

District of Columbia............ 22.5 25.5 3.0 

Florida................................ 9.9 9.2 -0.7 

Georgia.............................. 12.3 8.6 -3.7 

Hawaii................................ 11.9 17.0 5.1 

Idaho.................................. 7.0 6.2 -0.7 

Illinois................................. 13.2 9.4 -3.7 

Indiana............................... 8.6 7.0 -1.6 

Iowa.................................... 9.1 7.3 -1.8 

Kansas............................... 8.1 6.0 -2.1 

Kentucky............................ 13.1 11.9 -1.2 

Louisiana............................ 17.0 11.1 -5.9 

Maine................................. 11.5 10.5 -1.0 

Maryland............................ 9.8 6.7 -3.1 

Massachusetts................... 12.2 8.8 -3.5 

Michigan............................. 16.5 10.2 -6.3 

Minnesota........................... 9.8 7.8 -2.0 

Mississippi.......................... 18.4 12.5 -6.0 

Missouri.............................. 11.1 9.3 -1.7 

Montana............................. 11.1 8.9 -2.2 

Nebraska............................ 7.7 6.8 -0.9 

Nevada............................... 7.1 6.0 -1.0 

New Hampshire.................. 5.2 6.0 0.8 

New Jersey........................ 9.5 7.5 -2.1 

New Mexico........................ 12.4 13.1 0.7 

New York............................ 14.8 13.5 -1.2 

North Carolina.................... 10.3 8.3 -2.1 

North Dakota...................... 9.3 6.9 -2.5 

Ohio.................................... 14.2 9.0 -5.2 

Oklahoma........................... 10.1 8.6 -1.5 

Oregon............................... 9.9 8.7 -1.1 

Pennsylvania...................... 11.5 9.2 -2.3 

Rhode Island...................... 12.9 14.3 1.4 

South Carolina................... 11.4 8.0 -3.4 

South Dakota..................... 10.6 8.0 -2.6 

Tennessee......................... 12.1 10.8 -1.3 

Texas................................. 10.5 9.0 -1.6 

Utah.................................... 6.8 6.2 -0.6 

Vermont.............................. 10.1 10.0 (NS) 

Virginia............................... 8.0 6.8 -1.2 

Washington........................ 11.3 9.7 -1.5 

West Virginia...................... 15.0 12.3 -2.8 

Wisconsin........................... 12.2 5.5 -6.7 

Wyoming............................ 9.2 7.0 -2.3 

Puerto Rico.......................... (X) 27.2 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. 

(X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table E2. 

Family Income as a Percent of Poverty for Children, for Regions and States: 1989 - 1999
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions). 

Area 

In family in poverty (income below 

poverty level) 

In low-income family (income 100 -

199 percent of poverty level) 

In middle-income family (income 

200-399 percent of poverty level) 

In high-income family (income 400+ 

percent of poverty level)

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States.................. 17.7 16.0 -1.7 21.1 21.3 0.2 37.3 34.8 -2.5 23.9 27.9 4.0 

Region

 Northeast...................... 14.9 14.7 -0.1 16.8 17.6 0.8 38.0 33.7 -4.3 30.4 34.0 3.7

 Midwest........................ 16.0 12.8 -3.2 20.1 19.4 -0.7 41.2 38.7 -2.5 22.8 29.1 6.4

 South............................ 21.0 18.2 -2.8 23.3 23.3 (NS) 35.1 33.9 -1.2 20.6 24.6 4.0

 West............................. 16.9 16.8 -0.1 22.3 23.0 0.7 36.0 33.3 -2.7 24.8 27.0 2.1 

State 

Alabama......................... 23.7 21.0 -2.7 24.5 23.8 -0.7 34.9 34.2 -0.6 17.0 21.0 4.0 

Alaska............................. 10.8 11.0 (NS) 18.4 20.7 2.3 34.0 36.4 2.5 36.9 31.9 -5.0 

Arizona........................... 21.5 18.6 -2.9 24.2 25.1 1.0 35.2 33.9 -1.3 19.2 22.4 3.2 

Arkansas......................... 24.7 21.2 -3.5 28.5 27.6 -0.9 34.2 34.8 0.6 12.6 16.4 3.9 

California........................ 17.6 18.8 1.2 21.3 23.4 2.1 33.2 30.0 -3.1 28.0 27.8 -0.2 

Colorado......................... 14.8 10.7 -4.1 20.9 18.7 -2.1 39.1 37.0 -2.1 25.3 33.6 8.3 

Connecticut..................... 10.3 10.0 -0.3 11.2 13.7 2.5 36.5 32.0 -4.4 42.1 44.3 2.3 

Delaware........................ 11.5 11.8 (NS) 18.1 18.2 (NS) 39.5 36.5 -3.0 30.9 33.6 2.7 

District of Columbia........ 24.8 31.0 6.2 21.7 21.9 (NS) 29.9 24.3 -5.6 23.6 22.9 (NS) 

Florida............................. 18.1 17.0 -1.1 23.8 23.6 -0.2 36.4 34.8 -1.6 21.8 24.7 2.9 

Georgia........................... 19.6 16.6 -3.0 22.0 21.6 -0.4 35.8 34.3 -1.5 22.6 27.5 4.9 

Hawaii............................. 11.0 13.4 2.4 19.8 20.4 0.6 39.4 36.8 -2.6 29.9 29.5 (NS) 

Idaho............................... 15.6 13.6 -2.0 31.4 27.8 -3.5 39.0 39.7 0.7 14.0 18.8 4.8 

Illinois.............................. 16.6 13.8 -2.7 17.8 18.3 0.5 39.2 35.6 -3.5 26.4 32.2 5.7 

Indiana............................ 13.7 11.6 -2.1 21.8 20.3 -1.4 43.3 41.0 -2.2 21.3 27.0 5.7 

Iowa................................ 13.8 10.4 -3.5 23.7 21.1 -2.6 44.4 43.9 -0.5 18.1 24.6 6.6 

Kansas............................ 13.8 11.4 -2.4 23.7 21.7 -2.0 41.6 40.3 -1.3 20.9 26.7 5.7 

Kentucky......................... 24.2 20.2 -4.0 23.7 23.2 -0.5 35.8 34.7 -1.1 16.3 21.9 5.6 

Louisiana........................ 30.9 26.1 -4.8 23.3 23.5 (NS) 31.1 31.3 (NS) 14.7 19.1 4.4 

Maine.............................. 13.1 12.9 (NS) 22.9 21.7 -1.2 43.8 40.9 -2.9 20.2 24.5 4.3 

Maryland......................... 10.8 10.2 -0.6 14.6 15.3 0.7 37.5 34.5 -3.0 37.1 40.1 2.9 

Massachusetts................ 12.8 11.5 -1.3 13.6 14.4 0.8 38.3 32.8 -5.5 35.3 41.3 6.0 

Michigan......................... 18.1 13.3 -4.7 18.0 18.5 0.5 38.7 36.8 -1.9 25.3 31.4 6.1 

Minnesota....................... 12.3 9.1 -3.2 18.6 16.5 -2.0 43.3 39.2 -4.1 25.8 35.2 9.4 

Mississippi...................... 33.1 26.5 -6.6 26.2 26.5 0.3 29.0 31.3 2.3 11.7 15.7 4.0 

Missouri.......................... 17.2 15.1 -2.1 22.4 22.3 (NS) 39.9 37.8 -2.1 20.5 24.8 4.3 

Montana.......................... 19.8 18.2 -1.6 27.5 27.4 (NS) 39.5 37.5 -2.0 13.2 16.9 3.7 

Nebraska........................ 13.3 11.7 -1.6 25.7 22.3 -3.4 43.5 41.7 -1.9 17.5 24.3 6.8 

Nevada........................... 12.7 13.4 0.7 22.1 22.4 (NS) 41.2 38.4 -2.9 24.0 25.8 1.9 

New Hampshire.............. 7.0 7.2 (NS) 14.9 14.7 (NS) 45.0 40.2 -4.8 33.2 37.8 4.7 

New Jersey..................... 10.9 10.7 -0.2 13.2 14.4 1.1 36.0 31.5 -4.5 39.8 43.4 3.6 

New Mexico.................... 27.2 24.4 -2.8 27.0 28.0 1.1 32.1 30.8 -1.3 13.8 16.8 3.0 

New York........................ 18.6 19.5 0.8 17.8 19.2 1.4 35.3 31.6 -3.7 28.3 29.8 1.5 

North Carolina................ 16.7 15.6 -1.1 24.2 22.9 -1.3 38.9 36.2 -2.7 20.2 25.3 5.1 

North Dakota.................. 16.6 13.4 -3.2 27.0 22.8 -4.2 41.9 43.4 1.5 14.4 20.4 6.0 

Ohio................................ 17.4 13.9 -3.5 19.4 19.6 0.2 41.3 38.6 -2.8 21.8 27.9 6.1 

Oklahoma....................... 21.1 19.0 -2.2 26.0 27.2 1.1 36.4 35.2 -1.2 16.4 18.7 2.3 

Oregon............................ 15.0 13.9 -1.2 23.6 22.7 -0.9 41.7 37.6 -4.1 19.8 25.9 6.2 

Pennsylvania.................. 15.2 14.2 -1.0 19.9 19.8 (NS) 41.5 37.5 -4.0 23.4 28.6 5.2 

Rhode Island.................. 13.4 16.4 3.0 17.3 17.3 (NS) 42.0 35.4 -6.6 27.3 30.9 3.6 

South Carolina................ 20.5 18.3 -2.2 25.4 24.1 -1.3 36.5 35.9 -0.6 17.6 21.7 4.1 

South Dakota.................. 19.9 16.5 -3.4 29.1 24.0 -5.1 38.9 40.6 1.7 12.1 18.8 6.8 

Tennessee...................... 20.5 17.5 -3.0 24.0 23.4 -0.6 36.6 36.2 -0.4 18.9 23.0 4.0 

Texas.............................. 23.8 20.0 -3.8 24.1 25.2 1.1 32.3 31.2 -1.1 19.8 23.6 3.8 

Utah................................ 12.0 9.6 -2.5 28.3 23.1 -5.3 45.4 44.1 -1.2 14.3 23.2 8.9 

Vermont.......................... 11.4 10.6 -0.8 21.6 21.2 -0.4 44.2 41.3 -2.8 22.9 26.9 4.0 

Virginia............................ 12.9 11.8 -1.1 19.5 19.1 -0.4 38.0 35.6 -2.4 29.7 33.5 3.8 

Washington..................... 13.9 13.0 -0.8 20.0 19.4 -0.7 41.3 37.2 -4.1 24.8 30.4 5.6 

West Virginia.................. 25.6 23.7 -2.0 24.8 26.1 1.3 35.3 33.8 -1.5 14.3 16.4 2.1 

Wisconsin....................... 14.4 10.7 -3.7 19.9 17.9 -2.0 44.6 41.9 -2.7 21.1 29.5 8.5 

Wyoming......................... 14.0 13.7 (NS) 24.8 23.2 -1.6 43.3 42.2 -1.1 17.9 20.9 2.9 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 57.9 (X) (X) 23.9 (X) (X) 13.4 (X) (X) 4.8 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 Note: Poverty and poverty related characteristics include only children who are related to the householder. Children in poverty live in a family whose income and family 

size put the child below the poverty threshold. Poverty data collected in the 1990 and 2000 censuses refer to poverty in calender year 1989 and 1999, respectively. The 

average poverty threshold for a family of four was $12,674 in 1989 and $17,029 in 1999. 

a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table E3. 

Married Parents' Labor Force Status, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions) 

Living in married-couple family, Living in married-couple family, Living in married-couple family, Living in married-couple family, 

Area

both parents in the labor force only father is in the labor force only mother is in the labor force neither parent in the labor force 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint point point point

1990 2000 changea 1990 2000 changea 1990 2000 changea 1990 2000 changea 

United States................. 44.9 40.9 -3.9 24.1 20.8 -3.4 1.6 2.9 1.3 1.7 3.5 1.8 

Region

 Northeast...................... 44.2 41.9 -2.2 25.4 21.1 -4.4 1.5 2.8 1.3 1.4 3.0 1.6

 Midwest........................ 49.0 46.4 -2.5 23.2 19.2 -3.9 1.4 2.5 1.1 1.4 2.3 1.0

 South............................ 43.6 38.8 -4.7 23.1 20.3 -2.8 1.7 2.9 1.2 1.6 3.5 1.8

 West............................. 42.9 37.9 -5.0 25.7 22.8 -2.9 1.7 3.2 1.5 2.3 5.1 2.8 

State 

Alabama......................... 42.8 38.0 -4.7 22.6 20.1 -2.4 1.8 3.0 1.2 1.6 2.9 1.3 

Alaska............................. 46.3 43.3 -3.1 25.1 20.4 -4.7 2.5 3.9 1.4 2.2 2.8 0.6 

Arizona........................... 41.1 35.3 -5.8 26.1 23.3 -2.8 1.9 3.0 1.1 1.9 4.9 3.0 

Arkansas........................ 45.8 40.5 -5.3 21.8 19.0 -2.8 2.3 3.3 1.0 2.1 3.0 0.9 

California........................ 40.3 34.7 -5.7 25.7 22.7 -3.0 1.6 3.5 1.9 2.9 6.5 3.7 

Colorado......................... 49.5 45.2 -4.3 23.1 21.9 -1.2 1.6 2.6 1.0 1.1 3.0 1.9 

Connecticut.................... 49.1 46.2 -2.9 23.8 20.4 -3.5 1.1 2.5 1.4 0.8 2.0 1.2 

Delaware........................ 49.2 43.2 -6.0 20.6 17.5 -3.1 1.5 2.3 0.8 0.7 2.0 1.3 

District of Columbia........ 25.6 20.3 -5.3 8.0 8.0 (NS) 1.2 2.0 0.8 0.9 2.7 1.8 

Florida............................ 43.3 37.8 -5.5 21.6 18.8 -2.8 1.8 3.2 1.4 1.3 3.6 2.3 

Georgia........................... 44.6 38.7 -6.0 20.4 20.0 -0.4 1.6 2.6 1.1 1.1 2.8 1.7 

Hawaii............................. 50.7 43.4 -7.3 19.4 16.2 -3.2 2.3 3.6 1.3 1.9 3.8 1.9 

Idaho.............................. 50.1 47.0 -3.2 28.8 26.0 -2.9 1.6 2.1 0.5 1.3 2.1 0.8 

Illinois............................. 45.1 41.7 -3.4 24.6 20.9 -3.7 1.2 2.7 1.5 1.1 3.5 2.4 

Indiana............................ 49.5 45.5 -4.0 23.8 20.7 -3.1 1.3 2.2 0.9 1.0 2.0 1.0 

Iowa................................ 59.3 57.1 -2.2 19.3 14.8 -4.5 1.3 2.4 1.1 0.9 1.6 0.7 

Kansas........................... 53.2 49.6 -3.6 23.3 20.0 -3.2 1.3 2.4 1.1 1.1 2.2 1.1 

Kentucky......................... 43.1 41.1 -2.0 26.2 20.8 -5.4 2.2 3.6 1.4 3.7 3.9 0.2 

Louisiana........................ 35.3 33.8 -1.5 24.4 18.5 -5.9 2.1 2.9 0.8 2.3 3.2 0.8 

Maine.............................. 51.5 49.3 -2.2 22.0 17.2 -4.8 1.9 3.0 1.1 1.6 1.9 0.3 

Maryland......................... 47.6 43.6 -4.0 20.1 17.6 -2.5 1.1 2.4 1.2 0.6 2.2 1.5 

Massachusetts............... 48.9 46.5 -2.4 22.6 19.4 -3.2 1.6 2.7 1.1 1.4 2.8 1.3 

Michigan......................... 43.4 42.1 -1.3 24.3 20.9 -3.4 1.5 2.5 1.0 1.6 2.2 0.6 

Minnesota....................... 58.5 55.5 -3.0 19.6 16.4 -3.2 1.4 2.3 0.9 1.4 2.0 0.6 

Mississippi...................... 39.7 34.6 -5.1 18.5 15.9 -2.6 2.1 3.1 1.0 1.7 2.8 1.0 

Missouri.......................... 48.7 45.0 -3.8 22.6 18.5 -4.1 1.6 2.6 1.0 1.4 2.0 0.6 

Montana......................... 50.4 49.0 -1.4 22.9 18.1 -4.8 2.4 3.0 0.6 2.0 2.2 0.2 

Nebraska........................ 58.2 54.7 -3.5 20.0 16.1 -3.9 1.5 2.3 0.8 1.0 2.1 1.1 

Nevada........................... 45.0 37.2 -7.8 23.2 20.5 -2.7 1.3 3.1 1.8 0.9 5.0 4.1 

New Hampshire.............. 56.4 51.9 -4.5 22.0 20.0 -2.0 1.5 2.3 0.9 0.8 1.3 0.5 

New Jersey..................... 44.6 42.5 -2.1 27.1 23.5 -3.5 1.2 2.8 1.6 0.9 3.2 2.3 

New Mexico.................... 39.2 34.6 -4.6 25.7 20.4 -5.3 2.5 3.5 1.0 2.7 4.8 2.1 

New York........................ 39.2 36.8 -2.4 25.8 20.9 -4.9 1.6 3.1 1.5 1.7 4.0 2.3 

North Carolina................ 48.7 41.7 -7.0 18.9 19.4 0.5 1.6 2.7 1.1 1.0 2.6 1.6 

North Dakota.................. 58.9 58.4 (NS) 20.1 14.4 -5.7 2.3 2.6 0.3 1.8 1.7 (NS) 

Ohio................................ 44.9 43.7 -1.1 25.3 20.2 -5.1 1.5 2.4 0.8 1.8 1.9 0.2 

Oklahoma....................... 45.1 40.4 -4.6 25.7 21.7 -4.0 2.0 2.9 0.9 1.5 2.8 1.3 

Oregon........................... 46.2 43.4 -2.8 25.3 22.6 -2.8 1.8 2.6 0.8 1.3 2.3 1.0 

Pennsylvania.................. 44.9 43.5 -1.4 27.0 21.8 -5.2 1.4 2.5 1.1 1.5 2.1 0.6 

Rhode Island.................. 49.1 45.0 -4.1 21.2 16.4 -4.7 2.2 2.7 0.5 1.3 2.8 1.5 

South Carolina................ 45.3 38.8 -6.5 18.9 17.4 -1.5 1.6 3.0 1.4 1.1 2.5 1.4 

South Dakota.................. 57.5 55.4 -2.1 18.5 12.9 -5.6 1.9 2.6 0.7 1.7 2.1 0.4 

Tennessee...................... 45.0 40.2 -4.9 22.3 20.2 -2.0 1.7 2.8 1.0 1.7 2.5 0.8 

Texas.............................. 41.7 36.8 -4.8 27.4 23.8 -3.7 1.7 3.0 1.2 1.8 5.2 3.4 

Utah................................ 49.1 45.0 -4.0 33.0 31.8 -1.2 1.3 2.1 0.8 1.0 2.2 1.2 

Vermont.......................... 55.1 53.6 -1.6 19.5 15.5 -4.0 1.7 2.3 0.6 1.2 1.4 0.2 

Virginia........................... 48.5 44.1 -4.4 23.0 20.4 -2.6 1.3 2.5 1.3 1.1 2.4 1.4 

Washington.................... 45.7 43.0 -2.7 26.3 23.1 -3.2 1.6 2.8 1.2 1.6 2.6 1.0 

West Virginia.................. 37.5 37.8 (NS) 32.0 23.9 -8.1 2.4 4.0 1.6 4.9 4.9 (NS) 

Wisconsin....................... 54.8 52.9 -1.9 20.1 15.9 -4.2 1.3 2.4 1.1 1.3 2.0 0.7 

Wyoming........................ 51.4 49.2 -2.2 25.5 20.5 -5.0 1.7 2.2 0.5 1.2 1.7 0.6 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 21.3 (X) (X) 20.9 (X) (X) 4.6 (X) (X) 15.5 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table E4. 

Single Parents' Labor Force Status, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions) 

Area 

Living in mother-only family, 

mother in the labor force 

Living in mother-only family, 

mother not in the labor force 

Living in father-only family, father 

in the labor force 

Living in father-only family, father 

not in the labor force 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States................. 13.2 15.5 2.3 6.9 5.4 -1.5 3.4 4.8 1.3 0.5 1.0 0.5 

Region

 Northeast...................... 12.4 15.2 2.8 8.1 6.2 -2.0 3.1 4.3 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5

 Midwest........................ 12.3 15.3 3.0 6.5 4.4 -2.1 3.0 4.6 1.7 0.4 0.8 0.4

 South............................ 15.1 17.0 1.9 6.8 5.9 -0.9 3.4 4.7 1.2 0.6 1.0 0.5

 West............................. 11.7 13.6 1.9 6.5 5.1 -1.4 4.3 5.4 1.1 0.6 1.2 0.6 

State 

Alabama......................... 16.2 17.6 1.4 7.4 7.4 (NS) 3.1 4.0 0.9 0.6 1.1 0.5 

Alaska............................. 9.8 13.3 3.5 5.4 3.9 -1.5 4.3 6.4 2.1 0.9 1.3 0.4 

Arizona........................... 13.6 14.6 1.0 6.3 5.3 -1.0 4.5 6.1 1.6 0.7 1.3 0.6 

Arkansas........................ 14.3 16.4 2.0 6.2 6.1 (NS) 3.0 4.6 1.6 0.6 1.1 0.5 

California........................ 11.7 13.4 1.7 7.6 6.0 -1.6 4.6 5.4 0.8 0.7 1.4 0.7 

Colorado......................... 12.7 13.8 1.1 5.2 3.5 -1.7 3.5 4.9 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.4 

Connecticut.................... 12.1 15.8 3.7 7.4 4.6 -2.8 2.7 4.0 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 

Delaware........................ 14.3 18.4 4.1 5.5 4.9 -0.6 3.9 5.2 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.3 

District of Columbia........ 32.2 30.6 -1.6 17.1 17.0 (NS) 5.1 5.6 0.4 1.4 1.9 0.5 

Florida............................ 16.2 17.8 1.6 6.2 5.9 -0.3 4.2 5.4 1.2 0.5 1.1 0.6 

Georgia........................... 16.4 18.1 1.7 7.8 6.1 -1.7 3.3 4.5 1.2 0.5 1.0 0.5 

Hawaii............................. 10.8 14.1 3.3 5.8 4.8 -1.0 4.5 5.6 1.2 0.6 1.3 0.7 

Idaho.............................. 9.4 11.5 2.1 2.9 2.6 -0.4 3.1 4.7 1.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 

Illinois............................. 13.6 15.4 1.8 7.6 5.0 -2.6 3.1 4.3 1.1 0.4 1.1 0.6 

Indiana............................ 13.1 15.3 2.2 4.8 4.1 -0.7 3.2 5.0 1.8 0.3 0.7 0.4 

Iowa................................ 9.7 12.7 3.1 4.2 3.0 -1.2 2.7 4.5 1.9 0.2 0.5 0.3 

Kansas........................... 11.1 13.5 2.5 4.2 3.0 -1.2 2.9 4.6 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.4 

Kentucky......................... 11.3 14.6 3.3 7.0 6.0 -1.0 2.7 4.2 1.5 0.6 1.1 0.5 

Louisiana........................ 16.5 20.2 3.6 11.0 8.4 -2.6 3.2 4.7 1.5 0.9 1.4 0.6 

Maine.............................. 10.6 14.2 3.7 5.5 4.1 -1.4 3.2 5.3 2.1 0.4 0.9 0.4 

Maryland......................... 15.9 17.8 2.0 6.4 4.8 -1.7 3.8 4.9 1.1 0.4 0.9 0.5 

Massachusetts............... 11.9 14.7 2.8 8.3 6.0 -2.3 2.4 3.7 1.3 0.4 0.7 0.3 

Michigan......................... 13.5 16.9 3.4 8.7 4.9 -3.8 3.1 4.8 1.7 0.5 0.9 0.3 

Minnesota....................... 9.3 12.9 3.6 4.7 2.9 -1.8 2.6 4.3 1.6 0.3 0.6 0.3 

Mississippi...................... 19.0 21.0 2.0 9.9 9.0 -0.9 3.4 4.6 1.2 0.9 1.5 0.6 

Missouri.......................... 13.6 16.4 2.9 5.7 5.0 -0.7 3.0 5.0 2.0 0.4 0.9 0.5 

Montana......................... 10.6 14.0 3.4 5.0 3.1 -1.9 3.3 5.6 2.3 0.5 0.8 0.3 

Nebraska........................ 11.2 13.5 2.3 3.2 3.0 -0.2 2.6 4.2 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 

Nevada........................... 14.8 15.4 0.5 4.7 4.4 -0.3 5.1 7.0 1.9 0.5 1.3 0.8 

New Hampshire.............. 10.4 12.6 2.2 2.9 2.8 (NS) 3.1 5.2 2.1 0.3 0.6 0.3 

New Jersey..................... 12.9 13.8 0.9 6.5 4.8 -1.7 3.3 4.0 0.7 0.4 1.0 0.5 

New Mexico.................... 12.8 16.3 3.5 7.1 6.4 -0.8 5.3 6.7 1.4 0.9 1.7 0.8 

New York........................ 13.5 16.3 2.8 10.2 8.1 -2.2 3.3 4.3 0.9 0.6 1.2 0.5 

North Carolina................ 15.8 17.1 1.3 6.0 5.3 -0.7 3.5 4.7 1.2 0.4 0.9 0.4 

North Dakota.................. 8.4 12.1 3.7 4.0 2.9 -1.2 2.3 4.3 2.0 0.3 0.5 0.2 

Ohio................................ 12.3 16.5 4.2 7.8 5.1 -2.7 3.0 4.8 1.9 0.5 0.8 0.4 

Oklahoma....................... 13.0 15.6 2.7 5.3 4.7 -0.6 3.2 5.0 1.8 0.6 1.0 0.4 

Oregon........................... 11.9 14.1 2.2 4.8 3.7 -1.2 4.3 5.6 1.3 0.4 0.8 0.4 

Pennsylvania.................. 11.5 15.1 3.6 7.0 5.1 -1.9 3.1 4.7 1.6 0.5 0.9 0.4 

Rhode Island.................. 11.6 16.1 4.5 8.7 8.3 (NS) 3.1 4.2 1.0 0.4 1.0 0.7 

South Carolina................ 17.8 19.4 1.5 6.9 6.6 -0.3 3.4 4.8 1.4 0.5 1.2 0.6 

South Dakota.................. 10.2 13.4 3.2 3.9 3.2 -0.7 3.1 5.2 2.1 0.5 1.0 0.4 

Tennessee...................... 15.0 17.0 2.0 6.8 6.2 -0.7 3.1 4.6 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.4 

Texas.............................. 13.6 15.0 1.4 6.0 5.2 -0.7 3.4 4.4 1.0 0.5 1.0 0.5 

Utah................................ 8.5 9.5 1.0 3.0 2.4 -0.6 2.1 3.3 1.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 

Vermont.......................... 10.6 13.6 3.0 4.7 3.9 -0.8 3.8 5.7 1.8 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Virginia........................... 13.6 16.0 2.4 5.1 4.4 -0.8 3.2 4.4 1.2 0.4 0.8 0.4 

Washington.................... 11.2 13.9 2.7 5.6 3.8 -1.8 3.7 5.3 1.6 0.5 0.8 0.3 

West Virginia.................. 9.4 13.0 3.5 6.9 5.8 -1.1 2.9 4.8 1.9 0.8 1.4 0.5 

Wisconsin....................... 11.3 14.2 2.9 5.5 3.6 -2.0 2.8 4.5 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.4 

Wyoming........................ 10.1 14.0 3.9 3.9 2.5 -1.4 3.3 5.3 1.9 0.3 0.5 0.2 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 12.5 (X) (X) 15.3 (X) (X) 2.9 (X) (X) 1.9 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table H1. 

Housing Structural Types for Children, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions) 

Area 

Living in a single-family house Living in an apartment Living in an "other" type of housing 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000 

point 

changea 1990 2000

 United States................. 74.5 74.1 -0.4 18.2 18.5 0.3 7.3 7.4 0.1 

Region

 Northeast...................... 66.9 68.5 1.6 29.5 29.0 -0.4 3.6 2.5 -1.1

 Midwest........................ 80.5 80.7 0.3 14.2 14.2 (NS) 5.4 5.0 -0.3

 South............................ 74.0 72.8 -1.3 14.3 14.6 0.3 11.7 12.6 1.0

 West............................. 74.8 73.7 -1.1 19.2 20.5 1.3 5.9 5.8 -0.1 

State 

Alabama......................... 72.5 69.6 -2.8 11.5 10.9 -0.6 16.0 19.5 3.4 

Alaska............................ 69.6 72.2 2.6 22.0 20.6 -1.4 8.4 7.2 -1.2 

Arizona........................... 74.5 72.9 -1.6 15.0 16.4 1.4 10.6 10.8 0.2 

Arkansas........................ 75.6 72.5 -3.1 8.9 10.2 1.3 15.4 17.3 1.9 

California........................ 72.8 72.1 -0.7 24.1 25.1 1.0 3.1 2.8 -0.3 

Colorado......................... 81.0 79.7 -1.3 12.8 14.1 1.2 6.2 6.3 (NS) 

Connecticut.................... 70.5 73.3 2.8 28.3 26.3 -2.0 1.2 0.4 -0.8 

Delaware........................ 79.2 79.3 (NS) 11.0 11.9 0.9 9.7 8.8 -0.9 

District of Columbia........ 52.8 53.1 (NS) 46.5 46.8 (NS) 0.6 0.1 -0.6 

Florida............................ 72.5 72.8 0.3 18.3 18.6 0.3 9.2 8.6 -0.6 

Georgia.......................... 70.2 70.3 (NS) 16.0 15.9 (NS) 13.8 13.8 (NS) 

Hawaii............................ 75.3 74.6 -0.7 23.5 25.1 1.7 1.2 0.3 -1.0 

Idaho.............................. 81.2 80.0 -1.2 6.7 8.2 1.4 12.1 11.8 (NS) 

Illinois............................. 71.2 72.7 1.5 25.6 24.7 -1.0 3.2 2.6 -0.6 

Indiana........................... 82.7 82.7 (NS) 10.4 10.9 0.4 6.8 6.5 -0.4 

Iowa................................ 88.0 86.8 -1.2 7.4 8.4 1.0 4.6 4.8 0.2 

Kansas........................... 84.7 84.6 (NS) 8.0 8.2 0.2 7.3 7.2 (NS) 

Kentucky........................ 73.4 72.1 -1.2 11.9 11.6 -0.2 14.8 16.2 1.4 

Louisiana........................ 71.8 70.2 -1.7 14.0 14.3 0.3 14.2 15.6 1.4 

Maine............................. 72.8 74.8 2.0 16.7 13.9 -2.9 10.4 11.3 0.9 

Maryland........................ 82.4 83.7 1.2 15.3 14.8 -0.4 2.3 1.5 -0.8 

Massachusetts............... 64.6 67.8 3.2 34.4 31.8 -2.6 1.0 0.4 -0.6 

Michigan......................... 84.2 83.8 -0.4 9.9 10.1 0.2 5.9 6.1 0.2 

Minnesota....................... 84.5 84.9 0.4 10.6 10.9 0.3 4.9 4.2 -0.8 

Mississippi...................... 73.3 68.4 -4.8 10.7 11.6 0.8 16.0 20.0 4.0 

Missouri.......................... 80.9 80.2 -0.7 11.1 11.0 (NS) 8.0 8.8 0.8 

Montana......................... 76.6 76.5 (NS) 7.4 8.3 0.9 16.1 15.3 -0.8 

Nebraska........................ 87.9 86.5 -1.4 7.1 8.9 1.7 5.0 4.6 -0.4 

Nevada........................... 66.0 67.7 1.7 22.5 24.1 1.5 11.5 8.3 -3.2 

New Hampshire.............. 74.4 76.8 2.4 19.8 18.3 -1.5 5.8 5.0 -0.9 

New Jersey.................... 70.9 72.4 1.5 27.6 27.2 -0.5 1.4 0.5 -1.0 

New Mexico.................... 70.4 66.0 -4.3 9.5 8.9 -0.6 20.1 25.0 4.9 

New York........................ 53.4 54.7 1.3 42.9 42.9 (NS) 3.7 2.4 -1.3 

North Carolina................ 70.7 68.8 -1.9 11.2 11.2 (NS) 18.1 20.0 1.9 

North Dakota.................. 79.3 79.6 (NS) 9.8 10.6 (NS) 10.9 9.8 -1.1 

Ohio................................ 80.7 81.3 0.7 14.3 14.4 (NS) 5.0 4.3 -0.7 

Oklahoma....................... 81.1 79.2 -1.9 8.4 8.9 0.5 10.4 11.8 1.4 

Oregon........................... 79.4 75.1 -4.3 11.5 15.7 4.2 9.2 9.3 (NS) 

Pennsylvania.................. 83.7 85.2 1.6 10.8 10.5 -0.3 5.5 4.3 -1.3 

Rhode Island.................. 64.6 64.9 (NS) 34.2 34.6 (NS) 1.2 0.5 -0.7 

South Carolina............... 68.3 63.4 -4.9 11.3 10.6 -0.7 20.4 26.0 5.6 

South Dakota................. 81.7 80.5 -1.2 7.1 8.0 1.0 11.2 11.4 (NS) 

Tennessee..................... 75.0 73.8 -1.2 14.1 13.6 -0.5 10.9 12.6 1.7 

Texas............................. 75.1 73.1 -2.1 16.0 16.6 0.7 8.9 10.3 1.4 

Utah................................ 85.4 85.1 -0.3 10.7 11.4 0.7 3.9 3.6 -0.4 

Vermont.......................... 73.5 75.5 2.0 16.8 15.6 -1.2 9.7 8.9 -0.8 

Virginia........................... 78.0 79.2 1.2 14.7 14.2 -0.4 7.3 6.5 -0.8 

Washington.................... 78.3 76.2 -2.2 13.1 15.4 2.3 8.5 8.4 (NS) 

West Virginia.................. 74.4 71.8 -2.6 6.4 7.1 0.6 19.1 21.1 2.0 

Wisconsin....................... 78.6 80.2 1.6 17.3 16.6 -0.7 4.1 3.2 -0.9 

Wyoming........................ 74.9 74.1 -0.8 7.5 8.1 0.5 17.6 17.8 (NS) 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 84.6 (X) (X) 15.1 (X) (X) 0.3 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
Table H2. 

Children's Housing and Stability Characteristics, for Regions and States: 1990 - 2000
 

(For information on confidentiality protection, sampling error, nonsampling error, and definitions, see www.census.gov/prod/cen2000/doc/sf3.pdf 

See Appendix A for further definitions) 

Area 

Living in an owned home Lived in the same house 5 years 

agoa Living in crowded housing Living in house without complete 

plumbing or kitchen 

Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentage- Percent Percentagepoint 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000 

point 

changeb 1990 2000

 United States................. 64.7 66.8 2.1 51.5 52.9 1.4 16.2 19.0 2.8 1.2 0.9 -0.2 

Region

 Northeast...................... 65.0 66.0 1.0 60.0 60.9 0.8 12.7 14.6 1.9 0.9 0.9 (NS)

 Midwest........................ 70.7 73.4 2.7 54.5 55.3 0.9 9.4 11.1 1.8 0.8 0.7 (NS)

 South............................ 64.3 67.1 2.8 49.2 50.1 0.9 16.4 17.8 1.4 1.5 0.9 -0.6

 West............................. 58.4 60.6 2.2 44.3 48.6 4.2 26.6 31.9 5.3 1.3 1.3 (NS) 

State 

Alabama......................... 68.2 70.9 2.7 53.6 53.9 (NS) 13.3 11.7 -1.7 1.8 0.7 -1.1 

Alaska............................. 59.0 65.3 6.2 42.9 47.6 4.6 20.8 24.8 4.0 8.9 7.3 -1.6 

Arizona........................... 63.9 66.8 2.9 42.8 44.4 1.5 25.4 29.5 4.1 2.7 1.9 -0.8 

Arkansas........................ 64.8 64.6 (NS) 49.7 47.9 -1.7 15.2 15.0 (NS) 1.7 0.9 -0.9 

California........................ 52.5 54.3 1.8 43.1 49.6 6.5 34.6 41.3 6.7 1.3 1.4 0.1 

Colorado......................... 65.8 71.3 5.5 43.9 44.7 0.8 9.6 14.7 5.1 0.4 0.5 0.1 

Connecticut.................... 67.6 69.6 2.0 55.9 56.7 0.8 8.6 9.7 1.1 0.6 0.7 0.1 

Delaware........................ 70.6 71.7 1.0 52.3 55.0 2.7 8.4 10.1 1.7 1.0 0.4 -0.6 

District of Columbia........ 37.9 37.3 (NS) 55.9 54.4 (NS) 31.5 35.6 4.1 1.1 1.8 0.7 

Florida............................ 62.4 66.4 4.0 40.8 46.3 5.4 19.8 22.0 2.2 0.8 0.8 (NS) 

Georgia........................... 63.6 66.7 3.1 46.9 47.3 (NS) 13.9 15.9 2.1 1.3 0.7 -0.6 

Hawaii............................. 51.9 53.7 1.8 50.0 54.7 4.6 37.3 40.3 3.0 1.5 1.3 -0.2 

Idaho.............................. 71.5 73.1 1.6 49.4 49.7 (NS) 14.0 15.8 1.8 0.7 0.6 -0.1 

Illinois............................. 66.7 70.3 3.6 53.7 56.7 2.9 14.1 17.0 2.9 0.8 0.9 0.1 

Indiana............................ 72.1 73.7 1.6 53.3 52.7 -0.6 8.6 9.2 0.6 0.9 0.8 -0.1 

Iowa................................ 72.1 76.7 4.6 56.8 56.1 -0.7 5.9 7.9 2.0 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Kansas........................... 68.8 72.5 3.7 48.6 50.7 2.1 8.9 11.3 2.3 0.5 0.5 (NS) 

Kentucky......................... 67.9 69.7 1.8 53.7 51.8 -1.9 9.8 8.6 -1.2 2.8 0.9 -1.9 

Louisiana........................ 63.3 65.7 2.4 57.2 57.2 (NS) 20.1 18.9 -1.2 1.4 0.9 -0.5 

Maine.............................. 74.7 76.4 1.7 55.5 59.4 3.8 6.3 5.5 -0.8 1.4 0.6 -0.7 

Maryland......................... 65.6 69.8 4.2 50.0 53.9 4.0 9.3 11.2 1.9 0.8 0.6 -0.2 

Massachusetts............... 64.6 68.7 4.0 59.2 60.6 1.3 8.8 9.8 1.0 0.7 0.9 0.2 

Michigan......................... 72.7 76.0 3.3 55.3 55.6 (NS) 9.6 11.7 2.1 0.6 0.7 0.1 

Minnesota....................... 80.5 82.6 2.1 57.1 59.6 2.6 7.1 10.6 3.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 

Mississippi...................... 67.4 67.9 0.5 56.4 55.7 (NS) 21.0 18.4 -2.5 2.7 1.2 -1.5 

Missouri.......................... 70.4 71.7 1.3 51.2 51.0 (NS) 9.8 10.2 0.4 0.9 0.8 -0.1 

Montana......................... 69.3 71.1 1.8 49.3 52.4 3.0 10.0 12.5 2.5 0.6 1.0 0.4 

Nebraska........................ 68.4 71.4 3.0 55.1 54.4 (NS) 6.3 9.9 3.6 0.4 0.4 0.1 

Nevada........................... 57.4 61.1 3.7 33.8 36.2 2.3 19.6 27.3 7.8 0.5 0.7 0.2 

New Hampshire.............. 74.1 76.7 2.7 51.9 56.4 4.4 5.8 5.9 (NS) 0.5 0.4 (NS) 

New Jersey..................... 67.8 69.1 1.2 59.0 59.5 0.5 12.4 14.6 2.2 0.9 0.8 -0.1 

New Mexico.................... 67.0 70.5 3.4 50.4 54.1 3.7 24.2 25.1 0.9 3.5 2.5 -1.0 

New York........................ 56.2 56.0 -0.2 61.8 62.0 (NS) 19.7 22.8 3.1 1.2 1.1 (NS) 

North Carolina................ 65.8 67.9 2.1 51.8 50.1 -1.8 11.1 12.7 1.7 1.5 0.7 -0.8 

North Dakota.................. 71.5 74.3 2.7 57.9 58.7 (NS) 7.4 8.3 0.9 0.6 0.3 -0.3 

Ohio................................ 69.0 70.7 1.7 54.8 55.3 0.4 7.2 7.3 0.1 0.9 0.7 -0.2 

Oklahoma....................... 65.2 66.1 0.9 46.6 47.1 (NS) 12.1 14.1 1.9 0.8 0.6 -0.1 

Oregon........................... 63.8 64.4 0.6 43.3 45.3 2.0 12.3 17.5 5.2 0.6 0.5 -0.1 

Pennsylvania.................. 73.7 74.8 1.0 61.5 62.3 0.8 7.3 8.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 -0.1 

Rhode Island.................. 63.1 63.0 (NS) 55.1 56.4 (NS) 8.8 11.1 2.3 0.7 0.8 0.1 

South Carolina................ 67.7 70.9 3.2 53.8 53.7 (NS) 14.9 12.6 -2.3 1.8 0.7 -1.1 

South Dakota.................. 68.0 71.8 3.8 55.6 57.2 1.6 11.6 13.3 1.7 1.6 1.2 -0.4 

Tennessee...................... 66.7 69.0 2.3 49.9 50.1 (NS) 10.8 11.3 0.5 1.3 0.7 -0.6 

Texas.............................. 60.7 64.9 4.2 47.4 48.6 1.2 24.8 27.8 3.0 1.8 1.3 -0.5 

Utah................................ 76.1 78.1 2.0 56.3 53.3 -3.1 15.2 15.4 (NS) 0.5 0.6 (NS) 

Vermont.......................... 75.2 76.0 0.7 54.3 61.6 7.3 6.0 6.0 (NS) 0.9 0.5 -0.4 

Virginia........................... 66.1 68.4 2.3 47.0 50.2 3.3 9.3 10.6 1.2 1.7 0.7 -1.0 

Washington.................... 65.1 66.7 1.6 44.4 48.5 4.1 12.2 16.9 4.7 0.6 0.6 (NS) 

West Virginia.................. 73.0 73.4 0.4 61.2 59.6 -1.6 7.7 6.6 -1.1 2.4 0.7 -1.7 

Wisconsin....................... 70.6 73.5 2.9 56.9 56.8 (NS) 8.4 10.3 1.9 0.8 0.9 0.1 

Wyoming........................ 70.4 71.7 1.4 47.3 50.3 3.1 9.1 10.6 1.5 0.5 0.5 (NS) 

Puerto Rico...................... (X) 64.6 (X) (X) 71.4 (X) (X) 44.9 (X) (X) 5.5 (X)

 (NS) Not significantly different from zero at the 90-percent confidence level. (X) Substantial differences in 1990 questionnaire make comparison unadvisable.

 Note: Children are all people under 18 years living in households except householders, subfamily reference persons, and their spouses.

 a. Only includes children aged 5-to 17-years.

 b. The percentage point change between unrounded percents in 1990 and 2000. 

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, Summary File 3; U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 census Summary File 3 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Children 1: Nativity and Citizenship: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.1 or more (9) 

Increase of 1.3 to 2.0 (13) 

Increase of 1.2 or less (26) 

Decrease or No Signif icant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children who are Foreign Born: 

1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.9 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 0.9 or more (22) 

Increase of 0.8 or less (25) 

Decrease (-1.3) (1) 

No Signif icant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children who are Not United 

States Citizens: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.8 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.8 or more (9) 

Increase of 0.8 to 1.7 (24) 

Increase of 0.7 or less (14) 

Decrease or No Signif icant Change (4) 

Change in the Percent of Children who are Recent 

Immigrants: 1990 - 2000 

● In 1990, 3.3 percent of children living in the United 

States were foreign born. The percentage rose to 

4.4 percent by 2000. 

●All regions and almost all states had an increase in 

their proportion of foreign-born children, with 

Colorado, Arizona, and Nevada having increases of 

around 3 percentage points. 

● California was the only state that had a decrease. 

Even with the 1.5-percentage point decrease, 

however, California still had the highest percentage 

of foreign-born children among the states at 9.4 

percent in 2000. 

● There was a 0.9 percentage-point increase in the 

number of children living in the United States who 

were not citizens. This brought the national 

percentage in 2000 to 3.7 percent. 

● All regions and most of the states experienced 

increases in the percent of non-citizen children. 

Many of the states that had increases above the 

national average are in the Western half of the 

United States. 

● As was the case for foreign born and recent 

immigrants, California was the only state to have a 

decrease. 

● In 2000, 3.5 percent of children in the United 

States were immigrants who had entered within the 

previous 5 years, an increase from 2.7 percent in 

1990. 

● While the Western region had the highest 

percentage of recent immigrant children in both 1990 

and 2000, it actually decreased over the decade, the 

only region to do so. 

● Most states increased their percentages of children 

who were recent immigrants, but New York, with one 

of the highest levels in 1990, did not. 
 

 

Characteristics of Children 2 : Language and English Ability: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 4.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 4.5 or more (14) 

Increase of 2.1 up to 4.4 (18) 

Increase of 2.0 or less (16) 

Decrease or No Significant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children who Speak a Language 

Other Than English at Home: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.3 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.3 or more (15) 

Increase of 0.7 to 1.2 (14) 

Increase of 0.6 or less (14) 

Decrease or No Significant Change (8) 

Change In Percent of Children With Difficulty Speaking 

English: 1990 - 2000 

● Nationally, the percentage of children 

speaking a language other than English at home 

increased 4.5 percentage points to 18.4 percent 

in 2000. 

● All regions and most states had increases 

over the decade. Nevada more than doubled its 

percentage of children who spoke a language 

other than English at home. 

● West Virginia was one of a few states that did 

not follow the national trend. It had a slight 

decrease. In both decades this state had one of 

the lowest levels of children speaking a 

language other than English at home. 

● Nationally, the percentage of children with at 

least some difficulty speaking English increased 

from 5.2 percent to 6.6 percent. 

● All regions and most states also had 

increases, with many states in the West having 

increases above the national average. 

● Nevada experienced a 5.0 percentage-point 

increase from 1990 to 2000. 
 

 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Children 3: Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin: 1990 - 2000 

Change in Percent of Children who are White (alone): 

1990 - 2000 

Change in Percent of Children who are Black (alone): 

1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -6.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Decrease of 6.3 or less (31) 

Decrease of 6.4 to 9.9 (14) 

Decrease of 10.0 or more (5) 

No Signif icant Change (1) 

U.S. Change -0.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.1 to 2.7) (21) 

Decrease (-0.1 to -5.5) (21) 

No Significant Change (9) 

U.S. Change NS 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.1 to 1.7) (19) 

Decrease (-0.1 to -1.5) (11) 

No Significant Change (21) 

Change in Percentage of Children who are American 

Indian and Alaska Native (alone): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 0.4 or more (19) 

Increase of 0.3 or less (22) 

Decrease (-0.5 to -14.4) (2) 

No Significant Change (8) 

Change in Percent of Children who are Asian or 

Pacific Islander (alone): 1990 - 2000 
Characteristics of Children 3: Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin: 1990 - 2000 

● Examining percentage-point changes in the race and Hispanic origin of 

children is complicated by the fact that the race measure used in 2000 differed 

significantly from that used in 1990. 

● Keeping this change in mind, the data show that the percentage of children 

who were white declined in every state between 1990 and 2000. 

● There was variation among states in changes in the proportion of children 

who were Black, American Indian and Alaskan Native, or Asian or Pacific 

Islander . This change was due, at least in part, to the change in the 

measurement standard itself. 

● Meanwhile, the percentage of children who were of Hispanic origin (of any 

race) rose by 5 percentage points in the United States and also rose in every 

region and state, as well as the District of Columbia. 
 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Children 3: Race (alone) and Hispanic Origin: 1990 - 2000 - Continued 

U.S. Change 2.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.1 or more (14) 

Increase of 1.0 to 2.0 (17) 

Increase of 0.9 or less (19) 

Decrease (-0.9) (1) 

Change in Percent of Children who are Some Other 

Race (alone): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -8.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Decrease of 4.0 or less (10) 

Decrease of 4.1 to 8.0 (24) 

Decrease of 8.1 or more (16) 

No Significant Change (1) 

Change in Percent of Children who are non-Hispanic 

White (alone): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 5.0 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 5.0 or more (12) 

Increase of 3.0 to 4.9 (12) 

Increase of 2.9 or less (27) 

Change in Percent of Children who are of Hispanic 

Origin (any race): 1990 - 2000 
 

 

 

Characteristics of Children 4: School Enrollment for Age Groups: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 2.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 3.0 or more (4) 

Increase of 2.4 to 2.9 (17) 

Increase of 2.3 or less (30) 

Change in Percent of 12-to 17-Year Olds Enrolled 

in School: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 19.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 22.3 or more (10) 

Increase of 19.4 to 22.2 (18) 

Increase of 19.3 or less (23) 

Change in Percent of 3-to 5-Year Olds Enrolled in 

School: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Percent 3.7 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 3.7 or more (22) 

Increase of 3.0 to 3.6 (20) 

Increase of 2.9 or less (9) 

Change in Percent of 6-to 11-Year Olds Enrolled 

in School: 1990 - 2000 

● Nationally, the proportion of 3-to 5-year old 

children enrolled in school increased from 42.0 

percent in 1990 to 61.4 percent in 2000. 

● All regions and states saw increases in the 

proportion of young children enrolled in school. 

● Many Western states, while still increasing, 

experienced relatively smaller increases. 

● The percent of 6-to 11-year olds enrolled in 

school in the United States increased from 95.0 

percent in 1990 to 98.7 percent in 2000. 

● All of the states and the District of Columbia 

experienced an increase. 

● Many of the largest increases were seen 

among some of the states on the Eastern 

seaboard. 

● In 2000, 97.2 percent of all 12-to 17-year 

olds were enrolled in school, a slight increase of 

2.4 percentage points from 1990. 

● All of the states had small increases, many 

near the national average. 

● California, New Jersey and Rhode Island all 

had increases of around 3 percentage points. 
 

Characteristics of Children 5: Private School Enrollment for Age Groups: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.0 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.0 or more (34) 

Increase of 0.9 or less (7) 

Decrease (-0.4 to -2.3) (6) 

No Signif icant Change (4) 

Change in Percent of 12-to 17-Year Olds Enrolled in 

Private School: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 6.0 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 7.7 or more (13) 

Increase of 6.1 to 7.6 (14) 

Increase of 6.0 or less (23) 

No Signif icant Change (1) 

Change in Percent of 3-to 5-Year Olds Enrolled in 

Private School: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.9 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.5 to 3.4) (38) 

Decrease (-0.5 to -1.2) (5) 

No Signif icant Change (8) 

Change in Percent of 6-to 11-Year Olds Enrolled in 

Private School: 1990 - 2000 

● Nationally, the percent of 3-to 5-year olds in 

private school increased from 16.6 percent in 1990 

to 22.5 percent in 2000. 

● All states experienced an increase in private 

school enrollment. While some states had 

increases nearing 10 percentage points, others 

had increases of only a few points. 

● North Dakota and West Virginia both had small 

increases (3.2 and 3.9 percent respectively) while 

their respective neighboring states (South Dakota 

and Virginia) had increases above the national 

average. 

● Nationally, the percentage of children ages 6 to 

11 that attended private school increased from 

10.4 percent in 1990 to 11.3 percent in 2000. 

● The Northeast region had a 0.5 percentage pointdecline while the South increased by 1.9 

percentage points. 

● Changes among the states varied. Most states 

experienced increases, but a few decreased and a 

few did not change at all. 

● Nationally, the percentage of children aged 12 to 

17 years that attended private school increased by 

1 point, from 8.4 percent in 1990 to 9.4 percent in 

2000. 

● Around 18 percent of 12-to 17-year olds in 

Hawaii and the District of Columbia were in private 

school in 2000. 

● Most states had increases around the national 

average. Decreases were found mostly in New 

England and Mid-Atlantic states, with Illinois being 

the one exception. 
Characteristics of Children's Families 1: Household Family Structure: 1990 - 2000
 

Change In Percent of Children Living in a 

Mother-Only Family: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -4.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Decrease of 4.1 or less (17) 

Decrease of 4.2 to 5.5 (17) 

Decrease of 5.6 or more (17) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in

 Married-Couple Families: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.8 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.5 or more (7) 

Increase of 1.8 to 24 (27) 

Increase of 1.7 or less (17) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in a 

Father-Only Family: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.8 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 0.8 or more (36) 

Increase of 0.7 or less (5) 

Decrease (-0.4 to -1.7) (5) 

No Significant Change (5) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With No Parent 

Present in Household: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.6 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.6 or more (19) 

Increase of 1.0 to 1.5 (27) 

Increase of 0.9 or less (5) 
Characteristics of Children's Families 1: Household Family Structure: 1990 - 2000 

● Nationally, the percentage of children in married-couple families declined by 

4.2 percentage points, to 68.1 percent. 

● About one out of every five children lived with a mother but no father in the 

household, in both 1990 and 2000 (0.8 percentage point increase). The 

proportion of children living with only their father increased from 4.0 percent in 

1990 to 5.8 percent in 2000. There was also an increase in children who lived 

with no parent (1.6 percentage-points). 

● A decrease in the percentage of children living in married-couple families 

occurred across all 50 states, with Hawaii experiencing a decrease of 7.3 

percentage points. 

● While the percentage of children living in a mother-only family increased by 

0.8 percentage points nationally, a few states such as Colorado, Illinois, 

Michigan, and New Jersey experienced declines. 

● All states experienced increases in the percentage of children living in fatheronly families, including an increase of 2.8 percentage points in Nevada. 

● All states experienced increases in the percentage of children living with no 

parent present, with some of the larger increases occurring in Southern states. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Characteristics of Children's Families 2: Other Living Arrangements: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 2.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.4 or more (15) 

Increase of 1.5 to 2.3 (17) 

Increase of 1.4 or less (18) 

Decrease (-1.2) (1) 

Change in Percent of Children in Multigenerational 

Households: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.3 or more (7) 

Increase of 1.5 to 2.2 (28) 

Increase o 1.4 or less (16) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in an Opposite-Sex 

Unmarried Partner Household: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 2.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 3.0 or more (15) 

Increase of 2.5 to 2.9 (17) 

Increase of 2.4 or less (19) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With a Never-Married 

Single Parent: 1990 - 2000 

● The percentage of children living in a 

multigenerational household in the U.S. increased 

from 7.3 percent in 1990 to 9.6 percent in 2000. 

● The prevalence of this characteristic grew in 

every region and state, but not in the District of 

Columbia, which had a decrease. 

● Hawaii, California, and Nevada were among the 

states with the largest percentage point increases. 

● In 2000, 5.1 percent of children lived in an 

opposite-sex unmarried partner household in the 

U.S. This was an increase from 1990 when 3.6 

percent of all children were in such households. 

● All states experienced increases between 0.6 

and 2.7 percentage points. 

● The Midwest had the largest increase among 

the regions (1.8 percentage points). The West 

had the smallest increase, but still had the highest 

percentage of children in this type of living 

arrangement in 2000. 

● One in ten children in the United States were 

living with a never-married single parent in 2000. 

This represented an increase of 2.5 percentage 

points since 1990. 

● Every region had an increase similar to that of 

the nation as a whole. 

● There was variation among the states in 

children living in never married single-parent 

families. They ranged from 3.7 percent in Utah to 

17.3 percent of children in Mississippi in 2000. 
 

 

 

Characteristics of Children's Parents 1: Parental Educational Attainment and Military Employment: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -3.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.3 to 3.5) (4) 

Decrease of 3.2 or less (13) 

Decrease of 3.3 or more (30) 

No Signif icant Change (4) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With at Least One 

Parent who has Not Completed High School: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -0.6 

Percentage Point Change 

1990 to 2000 

Decrease of 0.6 or less (24) 

Decrease of 0.7 to 2.1 (19) 

Decrease of 2.2 or more (4) 

Increase or No Signif icant Change (4) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With at Least One 

Parent on Active Duty in Armed Forces: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 3.3 

Percentage Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 5.0 or more (7) 

Increase of 3.3 to 4.9 (22) 

Increase of 3.2 or less (19) 

No Signif icant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With at Least One 

Parent With a Bachelor's Degree or Higher: 1990 - 2000 

● In 1990 one in four children in the United States lived with 

a parent who had not completed high school. By 2000, this 

had dropped to 21.9 percent of all children. 

● All regions decreased except the West, which increased 

by half a percentage point. Only four states had an increase 

and they were all in the West. 

● Kentucky and Mississippi were among the states with the 

largest decreases, both dropping by 9.5 percentage points. 

● The percentage of children in the United States living with 

a parent who had a bachelor’s degree or higher increased 

from 25.6 percent in 1990 to 28.9 percent in 2000. 

● All regions and almost all states experienced an increase, 

but few grew by more than 5 percentage points. 

● Among the states that did have increases, New Mexico 

had the smallest point increase of 0.4 percentage points. 

● Nationally, the percentage of children who had at least 

one parent on active duty in the Armed Forces decreased 

slightly, to 1.0 percent in 2000. 

● Hawaii decreased by 4.2 percentage points compared to 

national decrease of 0.6 points. Only West Virginia 

experienced an increase. 

● Despite decreases over the decade, Hawaii and Alaska 

had the highest percentage of children living in households 

with at least one parent on active military duty in 2000 and 

1990. 
Characteristics of Children's Parents 2: Parental Nativity and Language: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 5.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 5.1 or more (14) 

Increase of 2.8 to 5.0 (14) 

Increase of 2.7 or less (21) 

Decrease or No Signif icant Change (2) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With at Least 

One Foreign-Born Parent: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.7 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 0.7 or more (29) 

Increase of 0.6 or less (13) 

Decrease (-0.5 to -1.8) (2) 

No Significant Change (7) 

Change in Percent of Children Living With at Least 

One Parent who is a Recent Immigrant: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 5.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 5.2 or more (14) 

Increase of up to 5.1 (29) 

Decrease (-1.8 to -2.0) (2) 

No Significant Change (6) 

Change in Percent of Children With at Least One Parent 

who Speaks a Language Other Than English: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 3.3 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 3.3 or more (14) 

Increase of 3.2 or less (32) 

Decrease (-0.5) (2) 

No Significant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children With at Least One Parent 

With Difficulty Speaking English: 1990 - 2000 
Characteristics of Children's Parents 2: Nativity and Language: 1990 - 2000 

● Children living with at least one foreign-born parent in the United States increased by 5.1 percentage 

points over the 1990s to 18.1 percent in 2000. Nationally, the percentage of children whose parents 

immigrated to the U.S. in the previous five years increased to 3.0 percent by 2000. 

● Among the regions, the West had the largest increase in the percentage of children living with at least 

one foreign-born parent. Maine was the only state to have a decrease. Several western states had 

increases ranging between 7 and 14 percentage points. 

● West Virginia had less than 2 percent of its children living with at least one foreign-born parent in 2000 . 

In contrast, 44.3 percent of children in California in 2000 had a foreign-born parent. 

● Most states saw little change in the percentage of children living with at least one recently immigrated 

parent. While Arizona, Colorado, and Nevada experienced increases in the percentage of these children 

over the decade, the percentage in California fell 1.8 points. 

● The percentage of children living with at least one parent who speaks a language other than English at 

home increased from 17.8 percent in 1990 to 23.0 percent in 2000. The pattern of change among the states 

was similar for the percentage of children with at least one parent with difficulty speaking English. The 

percentage rose nationally from 9.2 percent in 1990 to 12.5 percent in 2000. 

● The Midwest had the smallest regional increase in parents speaking another language while the 

Northeast had the smallest increase in children with a parent with difficulty speaking English. The West had 

the largest changes among the regions. 

● Louisiana and Maine were the only two states to experience decreases in both the percentage of children 

with parents speaking another language at home and parents having difficulty speaking English. 

● Almost half of all children in New Mexico and California lived with a parent who spoke a language other 

than English at home in 2000. This was true for 3.7 percent of children in West Virginia. 
 

Children's Economic Condition 1: Receipt of Public Assistance: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -2.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (1.4 to 5.1) (6) 

Decrease of 2.1 or less (26) 

Decrease of 2.2 or more (18) 

No Significant Change (1) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Households 

Receiving Government Public Assistance: 1990 - 2000 

● Children receiving public assistance live in households where one or more members is receiving 

Supplemental Security Income, other public assistance, or welfare payments. The percent of 

children in the United States in such households decreased by 2.2 percentage points over the 

decade to 9.9 percent in 2000. 

● All regions and most states had decreases in the percentage of children living in households that 

received aid. Five states and the District of Columbia saw increases, with a 5.1 percentage-point 

increase in Hawaii. 

● Some of the largest decreases occurred in southern states such as Louisiana and Mississippi and 

midwestern states like Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin. 
 

 

 

 

Children's Economic Condition 2: Family Income as a Percent of Poverty: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -2.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.6 to 2.5) (6) 

Decrease of 2.4 or less (22) 

Decrease of 2.5 or more (22) 

No Significant Change (1) 

Change in Percent of Children in Middle-Income Families 

(200 - 399 Percent of Poverty Level): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 4.0 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990-2000 

Increase of 6.6 or more (7) 

Increase of 4.1 to 6.5 (19) 

Increase of 4.0 or less (21) 

Decrease or No Signif icant Change (4) 

Change in the Percent of Children in High-Income 

Families (400+ Percent of Poverty Level): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -1.7 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.7 to 6.2) (6) 

Decrese of 1.6 or less (13) 

Decrease of 1.7 or more (27) 

No Significant Change (5) 

Change in Percent of Children in Families in Poverty 

(Income Below Poverty Level): 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -0.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.2 to 2.5) (17) 

Decrease of 1.9 or less (15) 

Decrease of 2.0 or more (10) 

No Significant Change (9) 

Change in Percent of Children in Low-Income Families 

(100 - 199 Percent of Poverty Level): 1990 - 2000 
Children's Economic Condition 2: Family Income as a Percent of Poverty: 1990 - 2000 

● Child poverty decreased for the nation as a whole from 17.7 percent in 1990 to 16.0 

percent in 2000. Despite the national decrease, the percentage of children in poverty 

increased significantly over the decade in California, Hawaii, Nevada, New York, Rhode 

Island, and the District of Columbia. 

● The Midwest had both the largest percentage-point decrease in children in poverty and 

largest increase of children in the highest income group (3.2 percentage points and 6.4 

percentage points respectively). 

● Of the four family income groups, the largest change nationally was the 4.0 percentage 

point increase seen in children in families in the highest income group, those with incomes 

of 400 percent or more of the poverty level. 

● The percentage of children in high income families decreased only in Alaska and 

California. Among the other states, Colorado, Minnesota, Utah and Wisconsin had some of 

the larger percentage-point increases in this family income group. 

● Minnesota simultaneously had a 3.2 percentage-point decrease in children in poverty and 

a 9.4 percentage point increase in children in the highest income category. Utah had a 5.3 

percentage point decline in children living in low-income (100 - 199 percent of poverty level) 

families and a 8.9 percentage point gain in children in the highest income category. 
 

 

Children's Economic Condition 3: Married Parents' Labor Force Status: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -3.9 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990-2000 

No Significant Change (2) 

Decrease of 3.9 or less (25) 

Decrease of 4.0 to 6.4 (20) 

Decrease of 6.5 or more (4) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Married-Couple 

Families, Both Parents in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -3.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase or No Significant Change (2) 

Decrease of 3.4 or less (25) 

Decrease of 3.5 to 4.4 (9) 

Decrease of 4.5 or more (15) 

Change in the Percent of Children Living in Married-Couple 

Families, Father Only in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.3 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.3 or more (13) 

Increase of 0.9 to 1.2 (24) 

Increase of 0.8 or less (14) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Married-Couple 

Families, Mother Only in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.8 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.8 or more (12) 

Increase of 1.0 to 1.7 (18) 

Increase of 0.9 or less (19) 

No Significant Change (2) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Married-Couple 

Families, Neither Parent in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 
Children's Economic Condition 3: Married Parents' Labor Force Status: 1990 - 2000 

● In 2000, a greater percentage of children in the United States were living in a marriedcouple family with both parents in the labor force than in any other family/labor force 

combination. Over the decade, the percentage of children in this category fell by 3.9 

percentage points. If a parent was employed or actively looking for work they were 

considered to be in the labor force. 

● The second most common arrangement was that of a child living in a married-couple family 

where only the father was in the labor force. The percentage of children in this group fell by 

3.4 percentage points over the decade. 

● Over the decade, the nation saw percentage-point increases in children living in marriedcouple families, both where neither parent was in the labor force and where only the mother 

was in the labor force. 

● Compared with the other regions, the West had the largest decrease in children living with 

married parents where both were in the labor force and the largest increase in children living 

with married parents and neither were in the labor force. 

● Among states, some of the biggest changes occurred in the percentage of children living 

with married parents where both were in the labor force. Large decreases were seen in 

Hawaii, Nevada, North Carolina, and South Carolina. 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Children's Economic Condition 4: Economic: Single Parents' Labor Force Status: 1990 - 2000 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Mother-Only 

Families, Mother in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Mother-Only 

Families, Mother not in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.3 or more (29) 

Increase of up to 2.2 (21) 

Decrease (-1.6) (1) U.S. Change 2.3 U.S. Change -1.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Decrease of 1.5 or less (29) 

Decrease of 1.6 to 2.5 (12) 

Decrease of 2.6 or more (5) 

No Significant Change (5) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Father-Only 

Families, Father in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Father-Only 

Families, Father not in Labor Force: 1990 - 2000 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.0 or more (7) 

Increase of 1.3 to 1.9 (27) 

U.S. Change 1.3 Increase of 1.2 or less (17) U.S. Change 0.5 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 0.5 or more (22) 

Increase of 0.4 (14) 

Increase of 0.3 or less (15) 
Children's Economic Condition 4: Economic: Single Parents' Labor Force Status: 1990 - 2000 

● In 2000, a little over one-quarter of all children lived with a single parent, having 

increased 2.7 percentage points during the decade. A majority of children in single-parent 

families were living with a parent in the labor force. 

● Nationally, the proportion of children in all but one of these family types increased, 

reflecting the overall increase in children in single-parent families over the decade. The 

arrangement that decreased was that of children living with a mother who was not in the 

labor force. It decreased by 1.5 percentage points. 

● The Southern and Western regions had increases in the percentage of children living 

with single mothers in the labor force that were below the national average. 

● All but five of the states saw decreases in the proportion of their children living in motheronly families where the mother was not in the labor force. More than half of states had 

decreases smaller than the national average. 

● Every state and the District of Columbia had increases in children living in father-only 

family groups, both where the father worked and where he did not. 
 

 

 

Children's Housing Characteristics 1: Structural Types: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -0.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.3 to 3.2) (17) 

Decrease (-0.3 to -4.9) (26) 

No Signif icant Change (8) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in a Single-Family 

House: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.3 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

No Signif icant Change (8) 

Increase (0.2 to 4.2) (26) 

Decrease (-0.2 to -2.9) (17) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in an Apartment: 

1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 0.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.2 to 5.6) (17) 

Decrease (-0.2 to -3.2) (26) 

No Significant Change (8) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in an "Other" 

Type of Housing Unit: 1990 - 2000 

● Almost 3 in 4 children in the United States lived in a 

single-family house in both 1990 and 2000. There was a 

0.4 percentage-point decrease over the decade. The 

percentage of children in apartments increased by 0.3-

percentage-points to 18.5 percent in 2000. Children living 

in "other housing", such as a mobile homes, RVs, or boats 

increased slightly to 7.4 percent from 7.3 percent in 1990. 

● The direction and level of change in these three housing 

types was more varied among the regions and states. The 

percentage of children in the Northeast living in a singlefamily houses increased by 1.6 points while the West 

decreased by 1.1 points. While the West saw growth in 

the percentage of children living in apartments, the South 

showed the largest regional gain in children living in "other 

housing". 

● In several states, a relatively large drop in the 

percentage of children living in single-family homes 

occurred at the same time that there was an increase in 

those who lived in "other housing." These states include 

Alabama, Mississippi, New Mexico, and South Carolina. 

● In Oregon, a 4.3-percentage-point decrease in children 

living in single-family homes was countered by a 4.2-

percentage-point increase in children living in apartments. 

Massachusetts, meanwhile, showed a 3.2-percentagepoint increase in those in single-family houses, along with 

a 2.6 percentage point decrease in children in apartments. 
Children's Housing Characteristics 2: Household Characteristics and Stability: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 2.1 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.1 or more (26) 

Increase 2.0 or less (21) 

Decrease (-0.2) (1) 

No Significant Change (3) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in an Owned 

Home: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 1.4 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 1.4 or more (21) 

Increase of 1.3 or less (7) 

Decrease (-0.6 to -3.1) (7) 

No Significant Change (16) 

Change In Percent of Children who Lived in Same 

House Five Years Ago: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change 2.8 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase of 2.8 or more (14) 

Increase of 2.7 or less (26) 

Decrease ( -0.8 to -2.5) (7) 

No Significant Change (4) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Crowded 

Housing: 1990 - 2000 

U.S. Change -0.2 

Percentage-Point Change 

1990 - 2000 

Increase (0.1 to 0.7) (15) 

Decrease of 0.2 or less (11) 

Decrease of 0.3 or more (19) 

No Significant Change (6) 

Change in Percent of Children Living in Houses 

Without Complete Plumbing or Kitchens: 1990 - 2000 
2000 

Children's Housing Characteristics 2: Household Characteristics and Stability: 1990 -

● Nationally, a greater percentage of children lived in owned homes in 2000 than in 1990. This 

increase occurred in all regions and most states, with the only decline occurring in New York. 

● In 2000, slightly over half of children ages 5 to 17 years had not moved during the previous 

five years. This represented an increase in the measure from a decade earlier. The 

percentage of children who moved increased by 4.2 points in the West, which had the most 

mobile population in 2000. 

● Vermont's 7.3 percent increase in children living in the same house as they did five years 

ago raised its percentage of nonmover children to 62 percent. 

● Crowded housing is defined as an average of more than one person per room living in a 

household. After increasing by 2.8 percentage points during the decade, 19 percent of children 

lived in crowded housing in 2000. The gain in the West of 5.3 points was the largest among 

the regions. 

● There was wide variation among the states in children living in crowded housing: California, 

Colorado, Nevada, and Oregon had some of the largest increases while Mississippi and South 

Carolina were among the few states that had decreases. 

● The vast majority of children live in homes with adequate plumbing and kitchens. The 

national total of those who do not was 0.9 percent in 2000, which represents a relative 

decrease of 25 percent since 1990. 

●Due to the overall low occurrence of inadequate plumbing and kitchens, most changes over 

the decade were small. Relative improvement though was sizable in the South and in Alaska.