Temperature Distribution in a

Test Bungalow With Various

f-'^t;o'^?'fii"-«^?*" ^^ standards XT ^ • /. T\ * Heating Devices

, AW 141947

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORT BMS108

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
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•Out of print. [List continued on cover page iii]
Temperature Distribution in a Test

Bungalow With Various

Heating Devices

by

RICHARD S. DILL and PAUL R. ACHENBACH

ISSUED FEBRUARY 28, 1947

Building Materials and Structures Report BMS108

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE • W. Averell Harriman, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS • E. U. Condon, Director

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1947 FOR SALE BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS, U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 25, D. C. PRICE 10 CENTS
Foreword

Uniformity of temperature throughout houses is a tacitly accepted

American ideal of heating. Probably it is never attained in practice,

and departures from it depend upon the design and construction

of the house and upon the characteristics of the heating system or devices used. Distribution of warmth in houses has usually been

judged only qualitatively by individual engineers on the basis of personal experience or observation. Quantitative data have been

limited almost entirely to laboratory tests on parts of the system.

Tests described in this report were made for the purpose of obtaining

such data oii the temperature distribution in a house heated successively with each of several types of heating systems.

E. U. Condon, Director.

In]
Temperature Distribution in a

Test Bungalow with Various

Heating Devices

by Richard S. Dill and Paul R. Achenbach

ABSTRACT

The temperature distributions attained with various types of heating devices or systems

were determined in the test bungalow at the National Bureau of Standards. The heating

appliances tested included a hot-water heating system, floor furnaces located in several

different positions, space heaters with fans, and electric and oil-burning warm-air furnaces. Each heating device was observed under a variety of weather conditions. The conditions

inside and the weather outside the laboratory were recorded for comparison. Vertical temperature differences were computed for 32° F outside on the assumption that such

differences are proportional to the inside-outside temperature difference.

I. INTRODUCTION

Performance of heating systems has usually

been judged from data gathered during laboratory tests of individual parts of the heating

device alone or by the experience of heating

engineers.

The desii-ability of a heating system depends

on its first cost and economy of operation, on

the amount of smoke, soot, or dirt occasioned

by its operation, on the amount of care and

attention it requires, and on the temperature

distribution it yields throughout a house. The

last characteristic might be called the quality

of its performance.

Information on efficiency, soot deposition,

and attention requirements of a heating device can be obtained by laboratory tests, but qualitv

of performance, as defined above, can only be

determined by actual trial in a house. Therefore, a full-scale house was constructed at the

National Bureau of Standards in which entire

heating systems could be installed. One of the main purposes of the work in this house was to obtain data on temperature

distribution attained with various heating

devices intended for low-cost houses so that

estimates could be made of the performance of

these heating methods in similar houses designed for occupancy. The house is a onestory bungalow designated as the test bungalow

in this report. An exterior view of the test bungalow is shown in figure 1. It is now commonly accepted that dry-bulb

temperature is not the only important factor

affecting human comfort. It is known that

such factors as relative humidity, air velocity,

and the amount of radiant heat present in an environment affect the degree of comfort at any

given dry-bulb temperature. However, these

several factors are frequently not subject to independent control in the present conventional

heating systems and especially for those in the

lower cost range. Consequently, for many sys- tems the possible combinations of these several

factors that determine the comfort are veiy

limited. Various instruments intended to in- clude radiant heat and other factors in evaluating the comfort of environments have been

developed through the years, but no such device

has yet attained general usage.

CONTENTS

Page

I. Introduction 1 II. Test equipment 2

III. Test specimens 3

1. Electric heater 3

2. Oil-burning warm-air furnace 4

3. Jacketed gas-fired space heater 5

4. Jacketed oil-fired space heater 6

5. Single gas-burning gravity floor furnace 7

6. Two gas-burning gravity floor fur- naces 7

7. Gas-burning floor furnace (with

circulating fan) 9

8. Oil-burning gravity floor furnace 9

9. Gravity hot-water heating S3^stem.. 9 IV. Test procedure 11 V. Vertical temperature differences 11 VI. Horizontal temperature differences 12

VII. Discussion 13

VIII. References 14

[1]
FiuTjiiE ]. — Exterior vieio oj lest bungalow

Whether or not some other factor more

accurately indicates comfort conditions in heated buildings, uniform dry-bidb temperature

throughout the building appears to be the generally accepted standard. Uniformity of temperature is never quite achieved in practice,

and the data presented herein indicate what

departures from uniformity are to be expected

in houses similar to the test bungalow when

heated with different types of heating devices.

Data in this report are intended to assist in determining the degree of variability in temperature distribution that can be or should be

tolerated.

Appliances tested include a hot-water heating

system, floor furnaces located in several differ- ent positions, oil and gas space heaters with

fans, and electric and oil-burning warm-air

furnaces.

11. TEST EQUIPMENT

The test bungalow at the National Bureau of

Standards is similar to house B, described in Technical Bulletin No. 4, Principles of Planning

Small Houses, issued by the Federal Housing

Administration. This bungalow has four rooms and bath, floor j^lan of which is shown in figure 2. A small hallway \\\ approximately the middle of the house connects the room.s. Adjacent to the hallway is a utility closet, intended to ac- commodate the heating equipro.ent. All rooms

except the bath, including the hallway, are provided with movable ceilings that can be adjusted

to any height between 7 ft and 9 ft by permanently installed overhead screw jacks. During the tests described in this report, the ceiling

height was 8 ft. The bungalow is provided

with a full basement in which heating system.s can be installed for comjDarison with devices

located on the first floor. The outside walls of the test bungalow are conventional in construction and consist of 2- by 4-in. studding witli sheathing and lap siding on the outside, separated by a layer of building

paper, and K-in. gypsum board on the inside. The walls are not insulated. The bungalow

has a double floor of 1-in. pine. Building paper

is laid between the subfloor and the finish floor in the conventional manner. The ceiling consists of )4-in. plywood supported by a framework of 2- by 4-in. timbers. A blanket of

wood-fiber insulating material 2 in. thick was

placed on top of the plywood. The windows

are double hung except the one in the bathroom

and one of those in the kitchen. Window

frames and sash are of wood. There is no

weatherstripping around windows or doors.

Data on temperature conditions inside the

bungalow were recorded by various types of

instruments. Heat-transfer coefficients for

floors, side walls, and ceilings were measured

by fastening heat-flow meters of the Nicholls

type to the surfaces. Coefficients were ex- pressed in terms of Btu per sq ft per hr per

deg F difference, and were obtained with an

outside wind velocity of approximately 3 mph.

Expressed in these units, the coefficients were:

for side walls from inside to outside, 0.276; for |; floor from upper floor surface to basement air.

[2]
0.363; and for ceiling from under surfiice of

ceiling to attic air, 0.166. Thermocouples suspended from the ceiling

by strings were used to measure air tem])er- atures in the test bungalow. Five strings were hung in each room, one at the center and one midway between the center and eacli corner of

the room. Five thermocouples were attached

to each string, at points 2, 30, 60, 78, and 94

in. above the floor. These thermocouples were

insulated to minimize the effect of cycles of

the heater and were wrapped in aluminum foil to reflect radiant heat. Additional thermocouples were used to determine temperatures

of top and bottom surfaces of the floor, inside

of exterior walls, outside of exterior walls,

basement air, and attic air. A multiple-point resistance thermometer re- corder was used to obtain a continuous record

of the temperature at the center of each room,

30 in. above the floor. A room thermostat having a bimetallic

temperature-sensitive element controlled the

operation of automatic heating devices. The

thermostat was located on the inside wall of

the living room, 30 in. above the floor. Oiitdoor conditions in the vicinity of the test

bungalow were recorded by the type of uistruments employed by the United States Weather

Bureau. These instruments included a liygrothermograph for recording temperature and

relative humidity, a mercury-in-glass thermometer for registering the temperature, a three-cup anemometer with integrating dial for indicating the wind velocity and integrating the total air movement, and a weather- vane for indicating the wind direction.

in. TEST SPECIMENS

Temperatures in the test bungalow were

observed when heat was being supplied in turn by an experunental electric heater, an oil- burning warm-air furnace, a jacketed gasfired space heater, a jacketed oil-fired space

heater, a single gas-burning gravity floor fur- nace, two gas-burning gravity floor furnaces,

a gas-burning floor furnace with forced circulation, an oil-burning gi'avity floor furnace,

and a conventional gravity flow hot-water

heating system.

1. Electric HkATER

The experimental electric heater consisted of a vertical rectangular metal duct, 17 by 23 in.

FLOOR PLAN

SCALE = 1/4"= I'-O"

Up

Kitchen

m'- 9")by(IO'-2")

12 x 10 Reg. at Ceilmq

Porch ^ K

— 26-4

Up Porch

Both

(5'-0")by(6'-Ci')

I2"x8" Reg at Ceiling

i-i I

PLENUM

12x10 A\ Reg ot I- Cei ling

:} at

Ceiling'

North Bedroom

(8'-3")by(ll'-4")

r

'2"x 8" Reg. ot Ceiling

Living Room

(13-7") by(l3'-6"

Trcp

Door

Dn.

' r r

Wood , ^1 , ^

Ladder' Closet Space

I2"x8" Reg. at Cei ling

South Bedroom

(11-9') by {10'- 2") Dn

FiGUiiE 2. —Floor plan of test bungalow.

I [31
in cross section, lined with transite board, having 30 socket-tyi^e electric heaters, each of 660-

watt capacity, mounted on the inside. The

bottom of the heater was open to receive re- turn air from the house, and the device was

supported 12 in. from the floor by legs. The

warm-air outlet of the heater was connected by

a sheet-metal duct to a plenum chamber over- head.

The plenum chamber was approximately 11

in. high by 24 in. square. Warm air was supplied to each room from the plenum by a short

duct. The pleninn and ducts occupied the

space in the hallway between 7 ft and 8 ft above the floor. The shape and location of the

plenum chamber and ducts are shown on figure

2. The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in tables 1 to 4 of this report.

For tests with forced chculation, the heater was raised to accommodate a centrifugal blower

that was installed underneath it. A magnetic

switch with a suitable relay permitted the

thermostat to start and stop both the electric heater and the blower. The blower circulated

air through the heater, plenum chamber, ducts.

Table 1.— Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by electric warm-air heater located in utility space with air distribvted by gravity circulation through

plenum chamber

Maxi- mimi

Height above

floor Kitch- en

Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Average

temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 12° to 14° F)

in. 0 p 0 p

o p o p

o po p 0 p

2 58 64 60 58 59 58 6

30__^ _- 67 64 65 65 69 66 5 60_.__ _ 78 75 78 77 79 77 4 78 97 80 93 85 93 90 17 94 114 86 109 96 119 105 33 Basement 40 Attic

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 20 21 184919 20 19 2 to 94 56 32 38 60 47

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 28 ° TO 32° F)

2 64 60 66 65 65 64 6

30 72 70 72

80

71 74 72 4

60 8196

78 79 82 80 4 78 82 94 87 95 91 14

94.. 111 81 106 97 120 103 39 Basement 42

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 17 18 14 14 17 10

2 to 94 47 21 40 32 55 39

14]

and rooms. A photograph of the experimental

electric heater with the blower attached is shown in figure 3. The electric heater was used for tests with

gravity circulation, with intermittent forced

ciiTulation of air at rates of 780 cfm and 1,460

cfm, and with continuous forced circulation of

air at a rate of 1,460 cfm.

2. Oil-Burning Warm-Air Furnace

The oil-burning warm-air furnace was of the

cabinet type having a top outlet and a side

inlet above the floor. A disk fan capable of delivering about 650 cfm against a static pres- sure of 0.12 in. of water, circulated air around

a single heat-transfer cylinder. The furnace

had a natural-draft, pot-type burner 13 in. in diameter, operating on high and low fire as required. The operation of the furnace was

completely automatic, with the room thermostat

controlling the fuel supply to the burner, and

the bonnet temperature controlling the operation of the circulating fan. The rate of oil supply to the burner on high fire was 0.55

gal/hr, and the manufacturer's output rating

Table 2. — Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by electric warm-air heater located in utility space with air distributed by intermittent forced circula- tion through plenum chamber (780 cfm)

Height above

floor Kitch- en

Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Average

Maxi- mum

temp

differ- ence be- tvceen rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 8° to 10° F)

in. 9

° F

53

o p

52

° F

57

o p

58

0 p

53

o p

55

o p

6

30 70 70 69 70 69 70 1 60 82 81 79 82 82 8188

3 78 85 83 82 89 103 21 94 97 87 79 90 115 94 36 Basement 35

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 29 29 22 24 29 26

2 to 94 44 35 22 32 62 39

Room Temperature (Outisde Temperature 28° to 32° F)

2 - 60 57 61 60 59 59 4 30 70 68 69 69 70 69 2 60 78 75 76 79 78 77 4 78 82 78 81 84 95 84 17 94 91 82 80 86 108 89 28

48

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 18 18 15 19 1949

18 2 to 94 31 25 19 26 30
Table 3.

Tcmpcral ure dislrihidion in a h-sl bungalow

heated by electric warm-air heater located in utility space with air distributed by intermittent forced circulation through plenum chamber {l,Ji60 cfm)

Height above

lloor Kitchen Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Average

Maxi- mum

temp

'

differ- ence be- tween rooms Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 16° to 20° F)

in. 0 p ° F 0 p ° F ° F 0 p ° F

2 58 58 62 61 54 59 S 30 71 71 69 72 68 70 4 60 77 75 73 78 77 76 78 70 76 82 88 80 12 94 88 79 75 82 99 85 24 Basement 36 Attic Temperature Difference

2 to 60 19 17 11 17 23 17 2 to 94 30 21 13 21 45 26 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 22° to 26° F)

2 59 55 60 60 59 59 5 30 69 70 69 67 70 69 3 60 75

77 74 73 74 76 74 3 78 76 75 75 79 76

94.. 86 79 75 76 81 79 l1 Basement 38

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 16 19 13 14 17 15

2 to 94 27 24 15 16 22 20

Table 4.

-Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by electric warm-air heater located in utility space with air distributed by continuous forced circulation through plenum chamber {1,460 cfm)

Height above

floor Kitchen Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath

I

AverMaxi- mum

temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 34° to 38° F)

in. 0 p ° F o p ° F ° F o p ° F

2 62 64 61 64 60 62 4 30 70 69 68 70 68 69 2 60 72 70 69 72 72 71 3 78.-_ <5 71 70 73 77 73 7 94 75 71 68 73 76 73 8 45

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 10

13 6 8

7

8

9 12

16

9

2 to 94 11 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 40° TO 45 ' F)

2 64 70 64 65 62 65 8 30 71 72 68 71 69 70 4 60 73 73 69 72 72 72 4 78 74 74 70 72 73 73 4 94 74 73 70 72 72 72 4 Basement-- . 44

Attic - 68 Temperature Difference

2 to 60 9

10

3

3 56 7 10

10

7 2 to 94. 7

Figure 3.Electric heater with blower attached. on high fire was 55,000 Btu/hr. This heater was connected to the plenum chamber and

duct system described above. A view of the

furnace in the position used for the tests is shown in figure 4. The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in table 5.

3. Jacketed Gas-Fired Space He.\ter

The gas-fired space heater was jacketed and was equipped with a disk fan 18 in. in diameter

mounted on the back. The fan forced air through openings in a cast-iron heat-transfer

element and a circular grille 21}^ in. in diameter

with deflecting vanes. The grille was located

in front of the jacket and could be rotated in the jacket to deliver warm air in a desired

direction.

The burner was controlled by a room thermostat, and the fan operation was controlled by

the temperature of the heat-transfer element.

The heater was placed in the living room in

front of the fireplace opening for the test. The

[5]
Figure 4. —Oil-burning warm-air furnace in Ihc position used for the tests. movement of air to and from the other rooms

took place through the open doorways. The

specimen heater is shown in figure 5, in the

position used for the tests. The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in table 6.

4. Jacketed Oil-Fired Space Heater

The oil-fired space heater was jacketed. It was equipped with a disk fan to circulate air downward around the combustion drum and

deliver it near the floor through a grille in the

front and one in the side of the heater. The

heater was also used to heat the bungalow by

gravity circulation, with the warm air beingdelivered from the top of the heater. The unit was equipped with a natural-draft pot-type

burner with a diameter of 13 in. The oil supply

to this unit was manually controlled. It had a maximum output of about 35,000 Btu/hr.

This heater also was placed in the living room

in front of the fireplace opening, and the heat was permitted to flow into the other rooms

through the open doorways.

The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in tables 7 and 8.

Table 5. — Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by oil-fired furnace located in utility space with

air distributed by intermittent forced circulation through plenum chamber

MaxiHeight above

floor Kitch- en Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Average

mum

temp

differ- ence be- tween

rooms Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 22° to 26° F)

in. 0 TT O p ° F

o po p ° F ° F

2 57 60 59 63 55 59 8

30 70 71 70 71 69 70 2

60 82 83 83 83 83 83 1 78._ 89 88 93 90 97 91 9 97 94 97 92 101 96 9 Basement 45

Attic.- _ 56 Temperature Difference

2 to 60 25

40

2334243820

29

284624

2 to 94 37 Room Temperature (Outride Temperature 34° TO 38° F)

2 62 62 63 64 60 62 4

30.- 70 70 70 70 71 70 1 60 77 76 78 78 80 78 4

78.. 83 81 85 82 86 83 5 94 87 84 89 84 92 87 8 Basement-— . 47

.A.ttic 58 Temperature Difference

2 to 60 15 14 15 14 20 16

2 to 94 25 22 26 20 32 25

Table 6. — Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by a jacketed gas-fired space heater located in

living room with air distributed by disk fan inside

heater jacket

Height above

floor Kitch- Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- room

Bath Average

Maxi- mum

temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 23° F)

in. 0 ° F 0 p

o po po p ° o 56 60 55 57 52 56 8 30 69 68 67 66 65 67 4 60 80 91 76 76 74 79 17 78 84 94 80 79 79 83 15 94 87 98 82 80 79 85 19

43 Attic 43

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 24 31 21 19 22 23

2 to 94 31 38 27 23 27 :9 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 37° F)

2 59 65 58 62 57 60 8 30 69 70 68 69 66 68 4 60 76 85 74 74 72 70 13 78 80 89 78 77 76 80 13 94 - 82 •91 79 78 77 81 14 47

01

Temperature Difference

2 to 60-

2 to 94.

17 20 16 12 15 16

23 26 21 16 20 21

[6]
Table 7. —Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by jacketed oil-fired space heater located in

living room with air distributed by gravity circulation

Height above

floor Kitch- Living North

bed- South

bed- B:ith Aver- en room

room room

age

Maxi- mum

temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 13' F)

in. "F °F °F op °F °F

2 63 70 63 66 58 04 12 30 69 73 70 72 68 70 5 60 77 81 76 77 74 77 78 87 112 82 82 80 89 32 94 96 123 86 87 84 95 39 Basement-- -- 52

Attio- 67

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 14

33

115313231121162613

2 to 94 31

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 48° F)

2 70 75 69 70 67 70 S 30 76 78 75 75 75 76 3 60 83 86 81 82 81 83 5 78 92 112 87 86 86 93 26 94 98 123 89 90 89 98 34 Basement 54

AttiC- -. - - - 70

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 13281148

122012201422

12

2 to 94 28

Table 8. —Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by jacketed oil-fired space heater located in

living room with air distributed by a disk fan inside

heater jacket (downward flow)

Maxi- mum

Height above

floor Kitch- en Living room

North

bed- Southbed- Bath Average temp

differ- room room ence be- tween

rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 48° F)

in. °F °F "F op °F "F "F

2 66 87 64 66 62 69 25

30 77 87 76 77 75 78 12 60 85 91 81 82 81 84 HI 78 87 94 84 85 85 87 10 94 90 101 85 86 85 89 l(i Basement 52

66

Temperature Difference

2 to 60.

2 to 94. 19 4 16 19 16 24 14 21

1

20 23 20

5. Single Gas-Burning Gravity Floor

Furnace

The single gas-burning floor furnace of the

gravity type was installed in the floor of the hall

in the conventional manner. It had a rated

input of 70,000 Btu/hr. The warmed air was

discharged, from the furnace and the cold air was returned to the furnace through a grille

measuring 26 by 38 in. The return air passed over the floor and entered the hall from all the rooms through open doorways.

Figures 6 and 7 show views of the furnace

from under the floor and above the floor,

respectively. Figure 7 is typical of the installation of all the floor furnaces tested in the hall. The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in table 9.

6. Two Gas-Burning Gravity Floor

Furnaces

The two gas-burning gravity floor fui'naces were operated simultaneously in the bungalow.

Each had a rated input of 35,000 Btu/hr. The

hot-air outlet and the cold -air return of each

furnace were at floor level and were incorporated in a single register measuring 1 8 by 32

in. One furnace was installed in the hall, and

the other in the living room under tlu> south

windows 15 in. from the wall. Both furnaces were controlled during the tests by one room

thermostat, located on an inside wall of the

living room. The results obtained on these heating devices

are summarized in table 10.

FiuuHE 5. — Jnrkt'tdl giis-Jinil space heater in the position used Jor the tests.

723584°—47 2

[7]
Figure 6. —Single gas-hm mug floor furnace, gravity It/ pe, shown J rom luitlrr llie floor. Table 9.— Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by gas-fired floor furnace with air distributed by

gravity circulation

Maxi- mum

Height above

floor Kitch- en

Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Average tempdiffer- ence be- tween rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 34° F)

in. °F op "F op op op op

2_ 60 60 60 61 57 60 4 30 69 68 69 70 67 69 3 60 75 76 78 78 76 77 3

78._ 79 79 83 80 83 81 4 94 82 82 83 81 84 82 3 Basement— . 50 Attic 49

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 1522

. 1622

182317

20

1927

17

2 to 94 22

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 42° F)

2 61 61 62 64 59 61 5 30 69 69 70 71 68 69 3 60 75 75 78 77 76 76 3 78 79 78 82 79 82 80 4 94- 82 80 82 80 83 81 3 Basement _.. 49 Attic 57

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 14

21 1419 1620

13

16

172415 2 to 94 20

Table 10.— Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by two gas-fired floor furnaces, one located in

living room, the other in hallway, with air from both distributed by gravity circulation

Maxi- mum

Ileight above

floor Kitch- en

Living room

North

bed- South

bed- Bath Average temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms

room room

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 27° F)

in. o p o p o p ° F o p o p 0 p

2 60 62 59 61 58 60 4

30 68 69 67 69 66 68 3 60 74 78 73 75 72 74 6 78 77 80 76 76 75 77 5 94 77 81 76 76 75 6 Basement . 53 Attic 44

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 14

17

16

19 1417

14

- 15 14

17 142 to 94 17 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 38° F)

2.. 61 63 60 62 59 61 4 30 - 69 70 68 69 67 69 3 60 73 77 72 74 72 74 5 78 75 78 75 74 74 75 4

94 75 79 75 75 74 76 5 Basement. . 52 Attic. _ 50 Temperature Difference

2 to 60.. 12

14 1416 12

15 12

13 1315

13

2 to 94. _ 15

[8]
Figure 7.

Single gas-burning floor furnace, gravity

type, shown from above the floor.

7. Gas-Bukning Floor Furnace

(With Circulating Fan)

The gas-burning floor furnace with the

circulating fan was installed in the hall. A

plenum chamber 6 in. high was built over

the furnace above the floor level and suitable

openings permitted the warm.ed air to be forced

toward the doorways of the surrounding rooms

just above the floor. In practice, the furnace

and its plenum, would be placed in. a closet or under a stairway adjacent to the hall, but this location was only sim.ulated in the test bungalow

to eliminate excessive changing of partitions.

The circulating fan. was of the propeller type.

It was mounted in a vertical position under the

heat-transfer e]em.en.t and was used to circulate

the air through the heater and the house.

Cold-air return ducts under the floor con- nected the furnace casing to a floor register near an outside wall in each room except the bath.

The ducts serving the two bedrooms were 9 in. in diaro.eter while those serving the living room

and kitchen were 12 in. in diameter. The

furnace was automatically controlled by a room

thermostat aiul a boiuiet switcli in I he codventional way.

Figure 8 shows tlie manner in whicli the

cold-air returns were connected to the fuinace

casing.

The results obtained on this heating device

ai'e summ.arized in table 1 1

.

Table 11. — Temperature distribution in a teal bungalow

heated by gaa-fired floor furnace located in hallway with

air distributed by disk fan inside furnace casing and

with connected returns under the floor

Ilci.chl. iibovc

(looi- Kitdi011 Living room

North

bed- room

South

borl- rooin Bath Avorago

Maxi- mum

temp

differ- onco be- tween rooms

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 35° F)

in. 230

1)0 78

94Basemen t

0

(i2 07

0909

70

o p

02

08

71

7173

o p

OS70

7272

73

o p

04

R9

7172

72

0 p

02

09

7172

71

o p

0309

71

7172

5547

o 3

3

3

3

3

Attic

Temperature Difference

2 to CO 78

9

11 78

78998

2 to 94 _.. 9

Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 40° F)

2 63 65 65 65 02 64 3

30. 67 09 70 71 68 09 4

60._ 69 71 71 72 70 71 3 78 69 72 72 72 70 71 3 94 70 73 72 72 70 71 3 Basement 50 Attic 52

Temperature Difference

2 to 60. 6 6 6 7 8 7

2 to 94 7 8 7 7 8 7

8. Oil-Burning Gravity Floor Furnace

The oil-burning gravity floor furnace was

installed in the floor of the hall. The warm-air

discharge and the cold-air return were incorporated in a single register measuring 22 by 30 in. A pot-type vaporizing burner with automatic

electric ignition was used in the furnace. The

operation was automatically controlled by the room thermostat during the tests. The input

rating of the furnace was 70,000 Btu/hr.

The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in table 12.

9. Gravity Hot-Water Heating System

The gravity hot-water heating system was of

tlie conventional type and was designed in cooperation with the Heating, Piping, and Air

Conditioning Contractors National Association.

The boiler was a rectangular, cast-iron boUer

[9]
Figure 8. —Manner in which cold-air returns were connected to the casing of the gas-burning

floor furnace with circulating fan. Table 12. —Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by an oil-fired floor furnace located in hallway

with air distributed by gravity circulation

Height above

floor Kitch- en Living room

North

bed- Southbed- Bath Aver- room room

age

Maxi- mum

temp

differ- ence be- tween rooms Room Temperature (OuTsroE Temperature 31° F)

in. o p 0 p o F ° F 0 p

O p o 2 60 60 62 63 60 61 3 30.--- -.. 69 69 69 69 68 69 1 60- --- 77 77 78 78 78 78 1 78 82 80 82 80 84 82 4 94 84 82 83 81 85 83 4 Basement 50 Attic 59 Temperature Difference

2 to 60- 2 to 94-

17 17 16 1 15 18 17 24 22 21 18 25 22 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 36° F)

230

60

78---- , 94BasementAttic

62 61

85

Temperature Difference

2 to 60 -- 14 13 14 14 16 14

2 to 94 21 18 19 18 24 20

Table 13. — Temperature distribution in a test bungalow

heated by oil-fired hot-water boiler located in basement

with heat distributed by gravity circulation through

cast-iron radiators

Maxi- mum

Height above

floor Kitch- en ^ Living room

North

bed- room

South

bed- roomBath Average tempdiffer- ence be- tween rooms Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 19° F)

in. o p o p ° F ° F

O po pO p

2 66 66 66 66 64 66 2 30— 70 69 69 69 68 69 2

60 76 75 74 74 73 74 3 78 - 79 77 76 76 76 77 4 94 81 79 77 77 76 78 Basement-. 75 Attic 39 Temperature Difference

2 to 60-

2 to 94- 13 11 11 12 12 Room Temperature (Outside Temperature 32° F)

2 67 68 67 67 66 67 2 30 70 70 69 69 68 69 2 60 74 73 72 72 71 72 3 78 76 75 73 72 73 74 4 94 78 76 74 74 73 75 5 Basement—

7550 r Temperature Difference

2 to 60 7 5 5 5 5 5 2 to 94 11 8 7 7 7 8

[10]
Figure Q. —Oil-fired boiler and a companion conl-fired

boiler of the same model.

of three sections, with a wet base. It was fired with a g-im-tyj)e oil burner. The burner was

controlled by a room thermostat and an immersion aquastat connected in series. Small-tube

radiators were used to warm the rooms.

Figure 9 shows a view of the oil-fired boiler

and a companion coal-fired boiler of the same

model that was installed for making comparisons in performance. No data on the coal-fired

boiler are presented in this report.

The results obtained on this heating device

are summarized in table 13.

IV. TEST PKOCEDURE

Each heating system was operated for several days to assure temperature distribution

characteristic of the heater. The automatic

devices were controlled by a room thermostat

placed 30 in. above the floor on an inside wall

of the living room. The setting of the thermostat remained at 70° F continuously during

these tests. The manually controlled units were adjusted to maintain ajjproximately 70°

F at the 30-in. level. Each heater, when in- stalled, was adjusted in accordance with the

manufac turer 's ins trueti ons

.

Continuous records of the outdoor weather

conditions and of the temperature at the 30-in.

level in the center of each room were obtained

with the recording instruments described above.

The tenipei'atures indicated by the thei'mocouples in each I'oom, by those on the floor and

wall surfaces, and by those in the basement and

attic were observed at intervals throughout the

day.

V. VERTICAL TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCES

The average temperatures obtained at five levels in the rooms with the various devices

tested are presented in tables 1 to 13. The.

temperatures shown are those obtained for a

typical observation at the given outdoor temperature rather than an average of all the observations taken at the same outdoor temperature. The average difl'erence in temperature

between the 2-in. level and the 60-in. level above the floor and that between the 2-in. level and the 94-in. level are tabulated for each room

and also for the entire house for each device.

The 94-in. level was 2 in. below the ceiling.

The data presented for each device are (a), those that were obtained during the coldest

weather that occurred while the device was

under test, and (b), those that were obtained

when the outdoor temperature was as near to 32° F as occurred during the test period.

From the standpoint of comfort, the temperatures from the floor to 5 feet above the floor are more significant than the temperatures at higher levels. However, an appreciable amount

of heat will be radiated from the ceiling when it reaches a high temperature; this radiation may

be of importance in maintaining warm floors,

depending upon the conditions. High temperatures in the upper parts of the rooms will affect the heat loss from the building materially,

especially if the ceiling is not insulated from

the attic. Tables 4, 11, and 13, show that the average

temperature differences produced in the test bungalow between the 2-in. level and the 60-in. level with continuous forced circulation of air through a plenum chamber, with a forced-circulation gas floor furnace, and with a gravity hotwater heating system, respectively, were less than 10 deg F for outside temperatures in the

range from 32° to 38° F. The temperature

dift'erences produced in this same zone by all the other devices tested ranged from 14 to 18

deg F between the level 2 in. above the floor and 60 in. above the floor at comparable outside temperatures. These devices included:

gravity circulation of air through a plenum,

intermittent forced circulation of air through a plenum with either the electric heater or the oil furnace, gravity floor furnaces, and a gas space

heater with a disk fan. The same heating devices or heating systems

that produced the lower temperature differ-

[11]
0 lO 20 30 40 50

OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE, "F. Figure 10. —Vertical temperature differences attained with various heating devices in the test hungaloiv at the National Bureau of Standards.

A, Gravity hot water heating system with radiators; B, electric heater with gravity circulation through a plenum chamber; C, electric heater with forced circulation (780 cfm) through a plenum chamber; D, oil furnace with forced circulation through a plenum chamber; E, gas space

heater with a disk fan. ences from the 2-iii. to the 60-in. levels, also produced lower temperature differences from

the 2-in. level to the 94-in. level. Except for

the case of the electric heater when used with a continuous circulation of 1,460 cfm of air (reported in table 4), the heating devices

operating with the plenum chaniber at the

ceiling in the hall produced higher temperature

differences between the floor and the ceiling

than the other devices tested. Tliis condition was to be expected since the method of introducing the warm air did not diffuse heat

throughout the lower parts of the room. A comparison of tables 7 and 8 shows

that, at an outside temperature of 48° F, the use of a disk fan to force air downward through

a space heater and then across the living room

near the floor caused the zone below the 60-in. level in that room to be warmer than it was with

gravity, circulation and that the fan caused the

air 2 in. above the floor in the other rooms to average 4.5 deg F lower than was the case when gravity circulation was used. The air in the lower 60 in. of the living room was warm

heater and the oil-burning furnace, when at- tached to the plenum chamber, were nearly as

enough for comfort with gravity circulation of

air through the space heater jacket.

The vertical tem.peraturc (lifferenccs between

levels increased as tlie outside temperature

decreased with all the heating devices tested. The variation in the vertical temperature

differences with outside temperature for five heating systems is shown in figure 10. Data

were obtained for a sufficient range of outside

temperatures to show the trend. It will be

noted that the gravity hot-water heating j, system yielded the smallest temperature differ- \ ences between levels throughout the range of - outside temperatures shown. The heat re- leased in the basem.ent by the boiler, piping,

and srookepipe w^as probably influential in keeping the temperature differences small.

Table 13 shows that when the gravity hot- < water system was used, the temperature in the

basement under the floor joists was 75° F

when the outside temperature was 19° F. The heat transfer through the wood floor was

in an upward direction for this system.

Two other interesting results are shown in

figure 10. The vertical tem.perature difference was less between the 2-in. level and the 60-in.

level for outside temperatures of 35° F, or lower j| with the electxic heater having gravity circula- ' tion of air througli a plenum., than with either

the electric heater or the oil-burning furnace

having foi'ced circulation through the same

plenum..

Vertical tem.perature differences between the

2-in. and 60-in. levels for the gas space heater

with a disk fan were substantially equal to those observed for the oil-burning furnace with

the plenum distribution system.

VI. HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE

DIFFERENCES

The maximum temperature difference oc- curring between any two room.s at each of the

five levels is also evaluated for each device in tables 1 to 13. The tem.perature recorded at each level for each room is the average of all the temperatures observed at that level in each room. The horizontal tem.perature difference has no

direct relationship to the vertical temperature

difference. The comparison indicates, rather,

the effect of the heater location for gravity

circulation devices and, to som.e extent the

effect of register or damper adjustments for forced circulation devices.

The results show that the average of the

horizontal tem.perature differences at all levels of measurement ranged from 2 to 4 deg F for the several floor furnaces and for the gravity

hot-water system. The horizontal tempera- i ture differences obtained with the electric ;

[12]
sin.all for the levels 2-, 30-, and 60-in. above

the floor as for the above-mentioned devices,

but they were substantiaily greater in the

upper levels in the house.

As would be expected, the temperature dif- ference between rooms was greater for the

space heaters located in the living room than

for the other heaters tested. This eft'ect can

probably be attributed to the fact that the rooms other than the one containing the heater

are warmed by the overflow of heat ft-om the

living room through the doorways. If there were no temperature differences between room.s, there would be no motivating force for air cir- culation. In some instances, the tero.perature

differences between rooms can be decreased by

the use of a fan on or near the space heater.

However, a comparison of tables 7 and 8 shows

that the fan increased the horizontal temperature difference between rooms at the 2-, 30-,

and 60-m. levels for the oil-burning heater.

The results in tables 1 to 13 show that, except

for the space heaters, the average horizontal

temperature dift'erences from 2 to 60 in. above

the floor did not increase with lower outside

tem.peratures. When the bungalow was heated

with a space heater located in the living room,

the tem.perature dift'erence between room.s usually increased somewhat with decreasing

outside temperature.

VII. DISCUSSION

It was noted that the vertical temperature

difference inside the test bungalow increased as the outside temperature decreased. To determine whether or not the temperature dift'er- ence between the 2- and the 60-in. levels was

proportional to the difference between the inside

and outside temperature, table 14 was prepared

evaluating the ratio of these factors for several

days of operation with some of the heating

devices tested. The observed temperature dif- ^ference between the outside air and the air inside

the building at the 30-in. level is represented by

DTi in table 14. The 30-in. level was chosen

because the room thermostat was located at that

height and because it was the midpoint between

the 2- and 60-in. levels. The observed temperature dift'erence between the air 2 in. above the

floor and 60 in. above the floor is represented bv

DT2. The third column in table 14, {DT.2/DTI)

X38, represents the calulated temperature dif- ference between the 2- and 60-in. levels for a

38-degree temperature dift'erence between inside

and outside, i. e. for an outside temperature of 32° F and an inside temperature of 70° F.

If the temperature difference between the

2- and 60-in. levels was directly proportional

to the dift'erence between interior and exterior

temperatures, the ratio of DT2 and DTi would

be a constant. Then the value for the temperaTable 14. — Temperature difference from 2 in 60 in. above

floor for an inside temperature of 70 ° F and an outride

Iciapcraliire of 32 ° F

Weather Wind velocity and direction

Electric Heater—GRAVixr Circulation

o p

o p mph

34.8 11.9 13.0 Clear 5N.

41. 5 18.7 17.

1

do 5 N.

48.9 18.3 14.2 do 15 NW.

51.0 20.3 15. 1 do Quiet.

38.6 13.4 13. 2 .....do 6 NW.

42. 5 16.1 14.4 do 6NW.

42. 5 15.4 13.8 Cloudy .. 5 NW.

46.9 18.1 14.7 do.... 3 NW.

40.3 11.

1

10. 5 Clear... 3NW.

49.3 18.7 14.4 do 2NW.

Average.. 14.0 Electric Heater—Intermittent Forced Circulation (780 cfm)

60.8 25.7 16.1 Clear .. 6NW.

54.6 21.1 14.7 do 7NW.

55.4 24.9 17. 1 do 6NW.

39. 5 17.8 17.

1

CloudV. 2 SE.

36.3 12.9 13.5 Clear . . 5 N.

49. 1 21.0 16.3 do 12 NW.

Average 15.8 Electric Heater—Intermittent Forced Circulation (1,460 cfm)

52.0 16.7 12.2 Clear 10 NW.

54.

1

17. 1 12.0 do 9NW.

43.0 13.8 12.2 do 5 NE.

38.9 13.6 13.3 do 2N.

35.5 13.9 14.9 do 5 NW.

27.3 11. 1 15.4 do 3 S

46.6 13.8 11.3 Cloudy 10 NW.

41.6 17.4 15.9 Clear .. 9 NW.

Average 13.4 Electric Heater—Continuous Forced Circulation (1,460 cfm)

29.8 10.3 13.

1

Partly cloudy. 3 NW.

25.4 5.7 8.6 do 2NW.

34.8 9.

1

9.9 Cloudy .. _ ... 2NW.

31.2 8.4 10.2 do.... 1 NW.

29.5 8.3 10.7 do 5NW.

29.

1

7.8 10.2 do 7NW.

Average 10.5 Oil Floor Furnace--Gravity Circulation

37.9 16.2 16. 2 Cloudy 2 NW.

33.9 14.3 16.0 do 3 SE.

.36.5 15.6 16.2 do 1 SE.

33.6 13.9 15.7 do 2 E.

35.8 13.8 14.7 Clear 7NW.

34.0 15.6 17.4 Cloudy. 4 S.

.37.3 15.6 15.9 .....do 5NW.

Average 16.0 Gravity Hot-Water System With Radiators

50.4 9.0 6.8 Clear . . . 15 NW.

44.0 6.7 5.8 do 12 NW.

37.0 5.7 5.9 Cloudy... 9NE.

24.4 2.8 4.4 Partly cloudy . 9NW.

Average 5.7 Oil Furnace—Forced Circulation Through Plenum

32,8 13.1 15.2 Clear 2N.

23.0 1.5.1 24.9 do 4 W.

8.3 7.9 36.2 do 5 W.

18.8 U. 0 22.2 Cloudy... 3 NW.

21.3 8.3 14.7 Partly cloudy... . 3 NE.

35. 8 13.4 14.2 Raining.. 10 NW.

41. 5 16.6 15.2 Snowing.

.

11 NW.

42.3 20.9 18.8 Clear 8 NW.

34. 3 15.4 17.1 do 8 NW.

38.8 20.0 19.6 do 6 NW.

33.6 18.4 20.8 do 4N.

25.0 14.0 21.3 Cloudy . 2.5 NE.

25.8 11.5 16.9 do 2NE.

33.4 15.0 17.

1

do 2N.

, 33. 0 14.9 17.2 do 2.5 N.

34.8 16.7 18.2 Clear 5 N.

30.4 13. 1 16.4 do 6 NW.

32.6 19. 2 22.4 do __ 6.5 N.

28.6 11.

1

14.8 do... 7.5 N.

33.0 18.5 21.3 do 4.5 S. 46.3 22.8 18.7 do 6 NW.

40.3 17.7 16.7 do 5N.

Average 19.1

[13]
tare between the 2- and 60-in. levels corrected

to an outside temperature of 32° F would be

the same no matter what the outside temperature was when the observations were made.

The results obtained by these calculations show

that the quantity (DT2/DT,)X38 was not

strictly constant, but that with some exceptions

its value remained reasonably steady during

the use of any one heating (k'vice.

For the electric heater, the value of tlie quantity (Z)r2/^7'i)X 38 averaged 10.5 deg F with

continuous forced circulation of 1,460 cfm of

air; for the hot-water heating system it aver- aged 5.7 deg F, and for the oil-fired warm-air

furnace, 19.1 deg F. It will be noted that the

averages for the ratio (DTa/PTi) X38 in table

14 agree closely with the values for the temperature dift'erence between the 2- and 60-in. levels at an outside temperature of 32° F

indicated by the curves on figure 10 for the

corresponding system.

A study of the data in table 10 shows no

significant correlation between the value of the

quantity {DT2/DTi)XS8 and the prevailing

weather nor with the wind direction or velocity even though it was expected that a strong wind

would produce a greater temperature difference

between levels in the structure because more

heat was required.

Consideration of the methods of heat trans- mission from a house suggests that the temperature distribution attained in a house with a heating system depends not only on the design

of the heater and the distribution system, but

also on the construction of the house. It is considered probable that the vertical temperature dift'erences and, to some extent, the horizontal temperature differences attained with

a given type heater and heating system will depend on the materials used in the walls,

ceiling, and floor, the amount of insulation used

in these elements, the amount of window area

in the house, whether a basement or crawl

space is used imder the house, whether or not

all of the rooms are on one floor, the arrangement of the rooms, and perhaps other factors. Certain types of heaters may be suitable for houses of one construction and not suitable for

other constructions. For example, a high

temperature near the ceiling would not cause much additional heat loss if the ceiling were well

insulated, or an insulated flooi' might permit the

use of heaters that do not deliver warmed air at or near the floor level. Furthermore, some

types of heaters that provide comfort in areas where extremely low temperatures do not occur, may not provide comfort in colder climates.

The data reported herein were all obtained,

with the same wall construction, the same degree of insulation, and the same arrangement of

interior partitions, so that the data are directly

comparable. Data on the effect of wall insulation, floor insulation, weatherstripping, storm

windows, and other variables on the temperature

distribution, are needed to provide a more

nearly complete study of temperature distribution, but these phases of the subject were not

taken into consideration during the present

program. It is probable that lower temperature dift'erences than those reported herein can

be attained with the same heaters in houses of

different construction and that a wider variation in temperature might be produced in other

houses.

While no standards of performance in the

fleld of vertical or horizontal temperature differ- ences in residences have been established, these

tests indicate that the air temperatures in the

living zone of all rooms should range from 65°

to 80° F for comfort when heated by the conventional types of heating systems.

A floor temperature of 60° F, when continued

for 1 hour or more, was found to be too low for foot comfort; when a floor temperature of 65°

F was continued for the same period, discomfort was no longer apparent. It was further observed that air temperatures of approximatelj'

85° F around the level of the head became

oppressive, especially if the air had an appreciable velocity. Of course, variations in the

humidity of the air and the presence of a large

amount of radiant heat or a large amount of cold window surface might alter these observations on comfort.

The test results obtained with the devices

used in the test bungalow indicate that further

improvement in the design of house construction and heating systems is necessary in order

to provide comfort in all rooms of basementless

houses. A more nearly uniform temperature

distribution can probably be obtained either by

the use of more insulation in the house elements,

by improving the heat-distribution systems, or by a combination of both.

VIII. REFERENCES

A. P. Kratz and S. Konzo, Investigation of oil-fired forced-air furnace systems in the Research Residence,

Univ. Illinois Eng. Exp. Sta. Bui. 318. G. L. Larson, D. W. Nelson and John James, Tests of three heating systems in an industrial type of building, A. S. H.' V. E. Research Report Xo. 1011, A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, 41, 185 (1935). D. B. Anderson, Heat loss studies in four identical buildings to determine the effect of insulation, A. S. H. V. E. Transactions, 48, (1942). A. S. H. V. E. Guide, 1945 ed. Joseph W. Simons and Frank B. Lanham, Factors

affecting temperatures in Southern farmhouses, U. S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bui. 822, (1942). Washington, January 16, 1946.

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• Out of print

BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page ii] Structural Properties of Two Brick-Concrete-Block Wall Constructions and a Concrete- Block Wall Construction Sponsored by the National Concrete Masonry Association. 15j{ Plastic Calking Materials 15(5 Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 1 lOjS Stability of Sheathing Papers as Determined by Accelerated Aging *

Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall, Partition, Floor, and Roof Constructions

with "Red Stripe" Lath Sponsored by The Weston Paper and Manufacturing Co 10^

Structural Properties of "Palisade Homes" Constructions for WaUs, Partitions, and

Floors, Sponsored by Palisade Homes * Structural Properties of Two "Dunstone" Wall Constructions Sponsored by the W. E. Dunn Manufacturing Co 10{5 Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Pfeifer Units" Sponsored by the Wisconsin Units Co 10^ Structural Properties of a Wall Construction of "Knap Concrete Wall Units" Sponsored

by Knap America, Inc .: lOji Effect of Heating and Cooling on the Permeability of Masonry Walls *

Structural Properties of Wood-Frame Wall and Partition Constructions with "Celotex"

Insulating Boards Sponsored by The Celotex Coporation 15^ Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 2 15^ Surface Treatment of Steel Prior to Painting 10^

Air Infiltration Through Windows 15jS Structural Properties of "Scot-Bilt" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by The Globe-Wernicke Co lOjS Structural Properties of Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for WaUs, Partitions,

and Floors Sponsored by American Houses, Inc 10j5 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built" Frame WaU and Partition Constructions

Sponsored by the Homasote Co 15j5 Metallic Roofing for Low-Cost House Construction 10^

Stability of Fiber Building Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging 10^

Structural Properties of "Tilecrete Type A" Floor Construction Sponsored by the

Tilecrete Co 10^

EfiFect of Ceiling Insulation Upon Summer Comfort lOji Structural Properties of a Masonry WaU Construction of "Munlock Dry Wall Brick"

Sponsored by the Munlock Engineering Co 10^

Effect of Soot on the Rating of an Oil-Fired Heating Boiler 10^

Effects of Wetting and Drj'ing on the Permeability of Masonry Walls 10^ A Survey of Humidities in Residences 10^ Roofing in the United States—Results of a Questionnaire * Strength of Soft-Soldered Joints in Copper Tubing 10^

Properties of Adhesives for Floor Coverings 10)5 Strength, Absorption, and Resistance to Laboratory Freezing and Thawing of Biu'lding

Bricks Produced in the United States 15^

Structural Properties of Two Nonreinforced Monolithic Concrete Wall Constructions.. 10^

Structural Properties of a Precast Joist Concrete Floor Construction Sponsored by the Portland Cement Association 10(5 Moisture Condensation in Building Walls 10(4 Solar Heating of Various Surfaces 10(5 Methods of Estimating Loads in Plumbing Systems 10(5 Plumbing Manual * Structural Properties of "Mu-Steel" Prefabricated Sheet-Steel Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floor, and Roofs Sponsored by Herman A. Mugler 15^ Performance Test for Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 3 15(5 Stability of Fiber Sheathing Boards as Determined by Accelerated Aging lOji Asphalt-Prepared RoU Roofings and Shingles 15^

Fire Tests of Wood- and Metal-Framed Partitions 20^

Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." Prefabricated Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 10(5 Indentation Characteristics of Floor Coverings 10(5 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "U. S. S. Panelbilt" Prefabricated SheetSteel Constructions for Walls, Partitions, and Roofs Sponsored by the Tennessee

Coal, Iron & Railroad Co 15^ Survey of Roofing Materials in the North Central States 15^

Effect of Outdoor Exposure on the Water Permeability of Masonry Walls 15^5 Properties and Performance of Fiber Tile Boards 10<5 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of Five Earth-Wall Constructions ; 20^

Water-Distributing Systems for Buildings 15^ Performance Test of Floor Coverings for Use in Low-Cost Housing: Part 4 15^

Field Inspectors' Check List for Building Constructions (cloth cover, 5 x 7J^ inches) 20^

[List continued on cover page iv]
BUILDING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES REPORTS

[Continued from cover page in]

BMS82 Water Permeability of Walls Built of Masonry "Units _ 20^ BMS83 Strength of Sleeve Joints in Copper Tubing Made With Various Lead-Base Solders 10^ BMS84 Survey of Roofing Materials in the South Central States 15^ BMS85 Dimensional Changes of Floor Coverings with Changes in Relative Humidity and Temperature 10^ BMS86 Structural, Heat-Transfer, and Water-Permeability Properties of "Speedbrik" Wall Construction Sponsored by the General Shale Products Corporation 15^ BMS87 A Method for Developing Specifications for Building Construction—^Report of Subcommittee on Specifications of the Central Housing Committee on Research, Design,

and Construction 15^ BMS88 Recommended Building Code Requirements for New Dwelling Construction With Special

Reference to War Housing '. * BMS89 Structural Properties of "Precision-Built, Jr." (Second Construction) Prefabricated

Wood-Frame Wall Construction Sponsored by the Homasote Co 150 BMS90 Structural Properties of "PHC" Prefabricated Wood-Frame Constructions for Walls,

Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the PHC Housing Corporation . 150 BMS91 A Glossary of Housing Terms . 150 BMS92 Fire-Resistance Classifications of Building Constructions . 300

BMS93 Accumulation of Moisture in Walls of Frame Construction During Winter Exposure.— 100 BMS94 Water Permeability and Weathering Resistance of Stucco-Faced, Gunite-Faced, and

"Knap Concrete-Unit" Walls 100 BMS95 Tests of Cement-Water Paints and Other Waterproofings for Unit-Masonry Walls 150 BMS96 Properties of a Porous Concrete of Cement and Uniform-Sized Gravel 100 BMS97 Experimental Dry-Wall Construction With Fiber Insulating Board 100 BMS98 Physical Properties of Terrazzo Aggregates 150 BMS99 Structural and Heat-Transfer Properties of "Multiple Box-Girder Plywood Panels" for Walls, Floors, and Roofs 150 BMSlOO Relative Slipperiness of Floor and Deck Surfaces 100 BMSlOl Strength and Resistance to Corrosion of Ties for Cavity Walls 100 BMS102 Painting Steel 100 BMS103 Measurements of Heat Losses From Slab Floors 100 BMS104 Structural Properties of Prefabricated Plywood Lightweight Constructions for Walls,

Partitions, Floors, and Roofs Sponsored by the Douglas Fir Plywood Association.. 250 BMS105 Paint Manual . $L 00 BMS106 Laboratory Observations of Condensation in Wall Specimens.. * BMS107 Minimum Requirements for New Dwelling Construction 200 BMS108 Temperature Distribution in a Test Bungalow With Various Heating Devices 100 •Out of print.