NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 19-3766

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IN RE: ERICA LYNN MILTON, Debtor

GERALD S. LEPRE, JR., Appellant

v.

ERICA LYNN MILTON

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 2-19-cv-00184)

District Judge: Honorable Joy Flowers Conti

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

June 26, 2020

Before: KRAUSE, MATEY, and ROTH, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: October 15, 2020)

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OPINION*

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PER CURIAM

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
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Gerald S. Lepre, Jr., filed an adversary proceeding in Bankruptcy Court seeking a

determination that Chapter 7 debtor Erica Lynn Milton violated 11 U.S.C. § 727(a)(4)(A)

by knowingly and intentionally making materially false statements under oath in

connection with her bankruptcy petition. After a one-day trial, the Bankruptcy Court

ruled in favor of Milton and denied Lepre’s claim. The District Court affirmed and

subsequently denied Lepre’s timely motion for reconsideration. This appeal ensued. For

the reasons that follow, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment.

The District Court had jurisdiction to review the Bankruptcy Court’s final order 

under 28 U.S.C. § 158(a)(1). We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 158(d) and 1291. 

“On an appeal from a bankruptcy case, our review duplicates that of the district court and 

view[s] the bankruptcy court decision unfettered by the district court’s determination.” 

In re Orton, 687 F.3d 612, 614-15 (3d Cir. 2012) (internal quotation and citation 

omitted). Thus, we review the Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact for clear error and its

legal conclusions de novo. Id. at 615. 

Milton filed a voluntary Chapter 7 petition in March 2016. Lepre, who holds an

unsatisfied judgment against Milton stemming from a replevin action in the Court of

Common Pleas of Allegheny County, filed a complaint in the Bankruptcy Court objecting

to Milton’s discharge. As relevant here, Lepre alleged that Milton violated

§ 727(a)(4)(A), which allows for a denial of discharge where a debtor “knowingly and 
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fraudulently, in or in connection with the case[,] made a false oath or account.”1

Specifically, Lepre alleged that, on her Schedules and Statement of Financial Affairs

(SOFA), Milton misrepresented (1) that she owned property belonging to him; (2) that

she held or owned property belonging to someone else, and (3) the value of her house.

In its 22-page written memorandum of decision, the Bankruptcy Court quickly

disposed of the third claim, finding that Lepre wholly failed to present evidence regarding

the valuation of Milton’s home. Bankr. Court Op. at 14. With regard to his first claim,

the Bankruptcy Court noted that Lepre and Milton “previously resided together, were

engaged to be married, purchased items for the home they shared together, and

exchanged some gifts during that period of time.” 2 Id. As a result, the Court explained,

there was much dispute regarding the ownership of certain property. It concluded that,

1 Lepre did not appeal the Bankruptcy Court’s denial of his claims that the debt owed to 

him was nondischargeable pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 523(a)(2)(A), (a)(4), and (a)(6).

2 According to the Bankruptcy Court’s findings of fact, Lepre’s and Milton’s relationship 

had turned acrimonious, and Milton filed a petition for Protection from Abuse (PFA). 

After a PFA order was issued in March 2015, Lepre left Milton’s house with only a few 

of his belongings. Pursuant to the negotiated consent order, the parties were to 

coordinate an arrangement by which Lepre could retrieve his belongings from Milton’s 

residence. In anticipation of the retrieval, Milton moved Lepre’s belongings from her 

home to a shed on the property to await pick-up by Lepre. He “failed to comply with the 

terms of the PFA Order to retrieve his belongings” and the property remained in the shed

“for years.” Bankr. Court Op. at 6, 16. In June 2015, Lepre filed the action in replevin 

to obtain his personal property and to recover an alleged interest in the real property. The 

state court entered a default judgment in favor of Lepre in the amount of $71,700. Lepre

subsequently filed for a writ of execution, but the state proceedings were stayed once

Milton filed a Suggestion of Bankruptcy. 
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even assuming Milton’s statements were false, Lepre failed to prove that she knew of the

falsity. Rather, based on her credible testimony, the Court found that Milton listed

property in her schedules which she truly believed she owned. The Court explained that

this conclusion was supported, not undermined, by Milton’s ready acknowledgement

during the proceedings that certain property in her possession—which she later turned

over to Lepre—did in fact belong to him.

The Bankruptcy Court next determined that Milton did not falsely represent in her

SOFA that she did not “hold or control any property that someone else owns.” It noted

that Milton’s responses, both at the Meeting of Creditors and at trial, indicate that she

was unaware of the extent of Lepre’s property remaining in her possession3 and, in any

event, that she did not believe that she was “holding” Lepre’s property because it was

“readily available to him as long as he complied with the PFA Order.” Id. at 15-16.

Ultimately, it concluded that there was no basis for finding that Milton intended to

deceive either the Bankruptcy Court or Lepre in her SOFA. Moreover, the Court found

that Lepre failed to establish that any alleged falsehood was material to Milton’s

discharge. As the Court observed, there was no attempt to establish that Milton’s

statement impeded the trustee’s or creditors’ efforts to investigate her financial affairs.

See 6 Collier on Bankruptcy ¶ 727.04[1][b] (16th ed. 2020) (noting that a false oath is

3 The Court noted that the parties were focused on a few disputed items, concluding that

any misrepresentation regarding other property Milton possessed which could have easily 

been turned over to Lepre was “inadvertent.”
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material “if it is related to the debtor’s business transactions, or if it concerns the

discovery of assets, business dealings, or the existence or disposition of the debtor’s

property”). Accordingly, the Bankruptcy Court determined that there was no violation of

§ 727(a)(4)(A).

On appeal to the District Court, Lepre did not file a statement of the issues to be

presented on appeal, as required by Fed. R. Bankr. P. 8009(a)(1)(A), nor did he specify in

his brief any specific findings of fact or legal conclusions which were in error. The

District Court nevertheless considered Lepre’s general argument that the Bankruptcy

Court erred in failing to determine that Milton had made a false oath and was not entitled

to a discharge. See In re Comer, 716 F.2d 168, 177 (3d Cir. 1983) (noting that “[n]ot

every failure to follow procedural rules mandates dismissal of the appeal”). We agree

with the District Court that the appeal was meritless.

Lepre had the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

Milton’s discharge should be denied. See In re Crawford, 841 F.3d 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2016).

As the District Court noted, the record supports the Bankruptcy Court’s conclusion that

he failed to establish that Milton knowingly made a materially false statement on her

SOFA with the intent to deceive. The District Court based its findings on the substance

of the witnesses’ testimony and its assessment of their credibility, and Lepre provides no

basis on appeal to disturb these findings. See Kool, Mann, Coffee & Co. v. Coffey, 300

F.3d 340, 434 (3d Cir. 2002) (noting that an appellate court gives “due regard to the

opportunity of [a bankruptcy court] to judge first-hand the credibility of witnesses” and
6

accepts that court’s “ultimate factual determinations” unless they are “completely devoid

of minimum evidentiary support displaying some hue of credibility or bears no rational

relationship to the supportive evidentiary data”).

The mainstay of Lepre’s argument is his contention that the Bankruptcy and

District Courts “intermeddled in a state court matter.” Appellant’s Informal Br. at 3.

First, he argues that the discharge in bankruptcy was barred by the Rooker-Feldman

doctrine,

4 which precludes federal consideration of “cases brought by state-court losers 

complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments rendered before the district court 

proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and rejection of those 

judgments.” Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Indus. Corp., 544 U.S. 280, 284 (2005). 

It is a narrow doctrine, limited to cases where the complained-of injury stems directly 

from the state court’s proceedings. See Great W. Mining & Mineral Co. v. Fox 

Rothschild LLP, 615 F.3d 159, 167 (3d Cir. 2010). It does not apply here, where Lepre

brought the adversary proceeding and Milton does not challenge the state court’s

judgment in the pre-petition replevin action. Indeed, the issue before the Bankruptcy

Court was whether Milton made a false oath in her SOFA such that she was not entitled

to a discharge in bankruptcy of her debts, including the liability stemming from the

default judgment. That issue—whether the bankruptcy discharge should have been

denied—was not before the state court, and, therefore, the source of the injury sought to

4 See D.C. Court of Appeals v. Feldman, 460 U.S. 462 (1983); Rooker v. Fid. Tr. Co., 

263 U.S. 413 (1923).
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be redressed is not the state court judgment. See In re Knapper, 407 F.3d 573, 583 n.22

(3d Cir. 2005) (quoting In re Gruntz, 202 F.3d 1074, 1079 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (“In

apparent contradiction to Rooker-Feldman theory, bankruptcy courts are empowered to

avoid state judgments, to modify them, and to discharge them.”)).

Next, Lepre contends that the Bankruptcy Court lacked the constitutional authority

to enter its judgment, relying on Stern v. Marshall, 564 U.S. 462 (2011). In that case, the

Supreme Court held that a bankruptcy court “lack[s] the constitutional authority to enter a 

final judgment on a state law counterclaim that is not resolved in the process of ruling on 

a creditor’s proof of claim.” Id. at 503. However, here, the Bankruptcy Court did not

adjudicate a claim regarding Lepre’s rights to the property; rather, it rendered a judgment

in a “protypical bankruptcy context, a dischargeability action,” which it was authorized to

do. In re Deitz, 760 F.3d 1038, 1044 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting that the decision in Stern

was narrow and did not affect the bankruptcy court’s authority to determine the

dischargeability of bankruptcy claims) (citing cases); see 28 U.S.C. § 157(b)(2)(I), (J)

(“[D]eterminations as to the dischargeability of particular debts” and “objections to

discharges” are “core proceedings” in bankruptcy.); see also In re Tribune Media Co.,

902 F.3d 384, 393 (3d Cir. 2018) (noting that “[a] bankruptcy court has the constitutional

authority to enter a final judgment on core proceedings”).

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the orders of the District Court affirming

the order of the Bankruptcy Court and denying the motion for reconsideration.