Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

A Conservation Effects Assessment 

Project (CEAP) Bibliography

Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 2006-01 

Compiled by 

Rachel A. Maderik 

Stuart R. Gagnon 

Joseph R. Makuch 

Water Quality Information Center 

National Agricultural Library 

Agricultural Research Service 

U.S. Department of Agriculture 

1225 citations 

National Agricultural Library Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 September 2006 
National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: 

Maderik, Rachel. 

 Wetlands in agricultural landscapes : a Conservation Effects Assessment 

Project (CEAP) bibliography. 

 (Special reference briefs ; NAL-SRB. 2006-01) 

 1. Wetland conservation--Bibliography. 

 2. Agricultural landscape management--Bibliography. 

 3. Agriculture--Research--United States--Bibliography. 

 I. Gagnon, Stuart R. II. Makuch, Joseph R. III. Water Quality Information 

Center (U.S.) IV. Title. 

aZ5071.N3 no. 2006-01 
Abstract 

 

Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes, Special 

Reference Briefs 2006-01. U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. 

This bibliography is one in a multi-volume set 

developed by the Water Quality Information 

Center at the National Agricultural Library in 

support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 

Conservation Effects Assessment Project 

(CEAP). This bibliography is a guide to recent 

scientific literature covering environmental 

aspects of wetlands in agricultural landscapes. 

The purpose of the bibliography is to highlight 

research findings in two main areas: (1) the 

effect of conservation practices (and other 

agricultural activities) on wetlands and (2) the 

environmental effects of wetlands as 

conservation practices (including constructing 

and restoring wetlands). The bibliography will 

also facilitate the identification of knowledge 

gaps regarding effects of conservation practices 

on ecosystem services provided by wetlands in 

agricultual landscapes, and help identify where 

research is needed. 

 

Keywords: wetlands, conservation practices, 

wetland conservation, constructed wetlands, 

ecological restoration, wetland plants, wetland 

soils, water quality, surface water, wildlife 

Mention of trade names or commercial products 

in this report is solely for the purpose of 

providing specific information and does not imply 

recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture. 

To ensure timely distribution, this report has 

been reproduced essentially as supplied by the 

authors. It has received minimal publication 

editing and design. The authors’ views are their 

own and do not necessarily reflect those of the 

U.S. Department of Agriculture. 

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) 

prohibits discrimination in all its programs and 

activities on the basis of race, color, national 

origin, age, disability, and where applicable, sex, 

marital status, familial status, parental status, 

religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, 

political beliefs, reprisal, or because all or part of 

an individual's income is derived from any public 

assistance program. (Not all prohibited bases 

apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities 

who require alternative means for 

communication of program information (Braille, 

large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact 

USDA's TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 

(voice and TDD). To file a complaint of 

discrimination, write to USDA, Director, Office of 

Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W., 

Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call 

(800) 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 

(TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider 

and employer. 

September 2006 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

 Preface 1 

 Acknowledgments 2 

 

 About This Bibliography 3 

 CEAP Wetlands Component Assessment Regions Map 4 

Wetlands at the National and International Scale 

 General Information 5 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 44 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 76 

 Appalachian Highlands Wetlands 

 General Information 111 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 122 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 124 

 Central Plains Wetlands 

 General Information 127 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 127 

 Central Valley Wetlands 

 General Information 129 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 132 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 137 

 Glaciated Interior Plains Wetlands 

 General Information 145 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 154 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 160 

 Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains Wetlands 

 General Information 173 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 200 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 229 
 High Plains Wetlands 

 General Information 263 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 270 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 274 

 Mississippi Alluvial Valley Wetlands 

 General Information 277 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 284 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 287 

 Northwest Wetlands 

 General Information 295 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 301 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 303 

 Prairie Pothole Region Wetlands 

 General Information 309 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 315 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 325 

 

 Wetlands in Multiple CEAP Wetlands Assessment Regions 

 General Information 335 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 347 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 354 

 U.S. Wetlands Outside of CEAP Wetlands Assessment Regions 

 General Information 361 

 Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 364 

 Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 367 

 Subject Index 371 

 Author Index 411 
Preface 

This is one in a series of bibliographies developed by the Water Quality Information Center at 

the National Agricultural Library in support of the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s 

Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP). 

The purpose of CEAP is to study the environmental effects of conservation practices 

implemented through various U.S. Department of Agriculture conservation programs. A 

national assessment covers cropland, wetlands, wildlife and grazing lands. Conservation 

practices that will be assessed include conservation buffers; erosion control; wetlands 

conservation and restoration; establishment of wildlife habitat; and management of nutrients, 

irrigation, tillage, pests, and grazing on rangeland and pastureland. More information about 

this and other components of CEAP is available at www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/. 

The current titles in this series are 

• Environmental Effects of U.S. Department of Agriculture Conservation Programs 

Special Reference Briefs 2004-01 

• Implementing Agricultural Conservation Practices: Barriers and Incentives 

 Special Reference Briefs 2004-02 

• Data and Modeling for Environmental Credit Trading 

 Special Reference Briefs 2004-03 

• Agricultural Conservation Practices and Related Issues: Reviews of the State of the Art 

and Research Needs 

 Special Reference Briefs 2004-04 

• Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

 Special Reference Briefs 2006-01 

• Environmental Effects of Conservation Practices on Grazing Lands 

 Special Reference Briefs 2006-02 

Each of the documents, as well as bibliographies on similar topics, is accessible online from 

the Water Quality Information Center at www.nal.usda.gov/wqic/. 

1 
Acknowledgments 

The center gratefully acknowledges these organizations who granted permission to use their 

citations and abstracts.

• CAB International/CABI Publishing 

 www.cabi-publishing.org 

• CSA 

 www.csa.com 

• Elsevier/Scopus 

www.scopus.com 

• National Information Services Corporation 

(NISC) 

 www.nisc.com 

• Thomson Corporation/Thomson Scientific 

 scientific.thomson.com 

The following databases were used to develop this bibliography: 

• AGRICOLA (National Agricultural Library)

• Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts (CSA) 

• BIOSIS Previews (Thomson Scientific) 

• CAB Abstracts (CABI Publishing) 

• Fish and Fisheries Worldwide (NISC) 

• Scopus (Elsevier) 

• Treesearch (USDA Forest Service) 

• Water Resources Abstracts (CSA) 

• Wildlife and Ecology Studies Worldwide (NISC) 

• Zoological Record (Thomson Scientific) 

In addition, support from the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) for the 

development of these bibliographies is greatly appreciated. Special thanks to Diane Eckles, 

NRCS, for her valuable assistance with this volume. 

2 

About This Bibliography 

This bibliography is a guide to recent scientific literature covering environmental aspects of 

wetlands in agricultural landscapes. The purpose of the bibliography is to highlight research 

findings in two main areas: (1) the effect of conservation practices (and other agricultural 

activities) on wetlands and (2) the environmental effects of wetlands as conservation practices 

(including constructing and restoring wetlands). This information is useful in designing both 

policies and on-farm conservation systems to optimize the environmental benefits of wetlands. 

The bibliography will also facilitate the identification of knowledge gaps regarding effects of 

conservation practices on ecosystem services provided by wetlands in agricultural landscapes, 

and help identify where research is needed. 

When possible, citations are grouped according to CEAP wetlands assessment regions. The 

regions are shown in the map on page 4. Please note that the regional boundaries are not 

absolute. Citations were placed in the regions that appeared to be the best fit, but some 

citations may be relevant to more than one region (e.g., Rolling Plain and Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley). Also, while there are only a few citations in the Central Plains section, additional 

relevant citations can be found in the section covering multiple regions on p. 335. 

For more information on the CEAP wetlands assessment, see the CEAP Web site at 

www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/. 

In addition to the two categories listed above, selected citations to publications that provide 

general information on wetland functions, processes, and occurrence are also included. 

There are 1,225 citations with abstracts (when available) in this bibliography. Citations were 

found through literature searches of the AGRICOLA database, produced by the National 

Agricultural Library, and several commercial bibliographic databases. In addition, Water 

Quality Information Center staff created citations for documents that were located by other 

means. Documents cited were published from 1980 through early 2006. URLs are provided 

for online documents that are freely available. The inclusion or omission of a particular citation 

does not imply endorsement or disapproval. 

Within sections, citations are arranged alphabetically by title. To locate information on a 

specific topic, for example, “frogs,” use the subject index beginning on page 371. To ensure 

that you see all the relevant citations for a particular topic, be sure to also look up related terms 

in the subject index, such as “Anura," from the example above. An author index is also 

available beginning on page 411. 

To obtain a specific document, please contact your local library. Information on how to obtain 

documents from the National Agricultural Library can be found at 

www.nal.usda.gov/services/request.shtml.

3 
 Please refer to http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/nri/ceap/ for the most recent map of the CEAP Wetlands Component Assessment 

 Regions. 

4 
5

Wetlands at the National and International Scale 

General Information 

1. Agricultural conservation: USDA needs to better 

ensure protection of highly erodible cropland and 

wetlands: Report to the ranking Democratic member, 

Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, U.S. 

Senate. 

United States. General Accounting Office. 

U.S. General Accounting Office, 2003. 

Notes: Cover title./ "April 2003."/ Chiefly tables./ Includes 

bibliographical references (p. 106). 

http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d03418.pdf 

Descriptors: agricultural conservation---United States/ soil 

conservation---United States/ wetland conservation---

United States 

2. Agricultural wetlands and waterbirds: A review. 

Czech, H. A. and Parsons, K. C. 

Waterbirds 25(2 [supplement]): 56-65. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695. 

Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated 

Approaches 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural ecosystems/ habitat 

changes/ habitat utilization/ reviews/ aquatic birds/ habitat/ 

literature reviews/ agriculture/ breeding sites/ foraging 

behaviour/ rice fields/ Aves/ birds/ management/ ecology/ 

community studies/ conservation/ wildlife 

management and recreation 

Abstract: Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has 

increased as natural wetlands continue to decline 

worldwide. Little information exists on waterbird use of 

wetland crops such as taro, hasu, and wild rice. Several 

reports exist on waterbird use of cranberry bog systems. 

Information exists on waterbird use of rice fields, especially 

by herons and egrets. Rice fields encompass over 1.5 

million km super(2) of land and are found on all continents 

except Antarctica. Rice fields are seasonally flooded for 

cultivation and to decoy waterfowl, and drawn down for 

sowing and harvest. A wide variety of waterbirds including 

wading birds, shorebirds, waterfowl, marshbirds, and 

seabirds utilize rice fields for foraging and to a lesser extent 

as breeding sites. In some areas, especially Asia, 

waterbirds have come to rely upon rice fields as foraging 

sites. However, few reports exist on waterbird use of rice 

ecosystems outside of the Mediterranean Region. Species 

that are commonly found utilizing agricultural wetlands 

during the breeding season, migration, and as wintering 

grounds are listed. General trends and threats to waterbirds 

utilizing agricultural wetlands, including habitat destruction 

and degradation, contaminant exposure, and prey 

fluctuations are presented. 

© CSA 

3. Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian 

wetlands of a northern temperate landscape. 

Mensing, D. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R. 

Journal of Environmental Management 53(4): 

349-377. (1998) 

NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 

Descriptors: wetlands/ assessment/ land use/ fish/ aquatic 

invertebrates/ riparian vegetation/ effects/ biodiversity/ 

landscape/ land resources/ resource conservation/ 

resource management/ riparian forests/ biological 

indicators/ human activity/ forestry practices/ birds/ 

Amphibia/ Minnesota/ disturbance/ vertebrates/ Chordata/ 

animals/ west north central states of USA/ north central 

states of USA/ United States/ North America/ developed 

countries/ OECD countries/ lake states of USA 

Abstract: The present study explores the relationships 

between riparian wetland communities and anthropogenic 

disturbances, including urban, forestry and cultivated land. 

Small stream riparian wetlands in central Minnesota, USA, 

provided an opportunity to detect these relationships 

because land use within the region is heterogeneous, 

resulting in disturbance gradients at the scales of stream 

reach and landscape. The research tested 2 hypotheses: 

organismal groups (wet meadow vegetation, shrub carr 

vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish 

and birds) respond differently to various types of 

anthropogenic disturbance; and the observed biological 

responses are dependent on the spatial scale of the 

disturbance. It was shown that birds were the best 

indicators of landscape condition within the near vicinity of 

small stream riparian wetlands, and fish community 

composition corresponded to broader landscape land use 

patterns. It is suggested that the type of anthropogenic 

disturbance and the spatial scale at which the disturbance 

occurs will have variable consequences to different 

organismal groups. If the effectiveness of the proposed 

indicators is verified, then managers can strategically 

monitor the biota and accurately interpret the results. The 

strength and interpretability of bird and fish relationships to 

land use of riparian wetlands suggest that indicator and 

criteria development are warranted. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

4. An approach for assessing wetland functions using 

hydrogeomorphic classification, reference wetlands, 

and functional indices. 

Smith, R. Daniel. and United States. Army. Corps of 

Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.). 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program 

technical report WRP-DE-9. (1995) 

Notes: Title from title page. "Final report." "October 1995." 

Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: GB624 .A76 1995 

http://el.erdc.usace.army.mil/elpubs/pdf/wrpde9.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ ecosystem 

management---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

5. Assessing wetland functional condition in 

agricultural landscapes. 

Eckles, S. Diane. and United States. Natural Resources 

Conservation Service. 

Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Natural 

Resources Conservation Service; Series: Wetland technical 

note 1. (2002) 

Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Description 

based on content viewed May 13, 2003. Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: aQH87.3 .A77 2002 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

6

http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/technical/land/pubs/ 

directiv%5F%20files/TN%5FECS%5F190%5F2%5Fa.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ environmental 

impact analysis---United States/ wetland restoration---

United States/ wetland ecology---environmental aspects---

United States/ wetland agriculture---United States/ 

ecological assessment---biology---United States/ 

agricultural landscape management---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

6. Base cation chemistry of storm runoff in a forested 

headwater wetland. 

Hill, A. R. 

Water Resources Research 29(8): 2663-2674. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 

Descriptors: wetlands/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ 

geochemistry/ forest hydrology/ cations/ chemical analysis/ 

stormwater runoff/ catchment area/ stormwater runoff/ 

catchment area/ storm runoff/ headwaters/ forest hydrology/ 

chemical processes/ composition of water 

© CSA 

7. Biological criteria for buffer zones around wetlands 

and riparian habitats for amphibians and reptiles. 

Semlitsch, R. D. and Bodie, J. R. 

Conservation Biology 17(5): 1219-1228. (Oct. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: wetlands/ riparian environments/ environment 

management/ buffers/ conservation/ habitat/ feeding/ life 

cycle/ water resources/ biodiversity/ nature conservation/ 

agricultural practices/ overwintering/ ecotones/ silviculture/ 

breeding/ amphibiotic species/ nesting/ aquatic reptiles/ 

literature reviews/ habitat selection/ Caudata/ Anura/ 

salamanders/ frogs/ toads/ conservation/ biodiversity/ 

habitat community studies/ general 

environmental engineering 

Abstract: Terrestrial habitats surrounding wetlands are 

critical to the management of natural resources. Although 

the protection of water resources from human activities 

such as agriculture, silviculture, and urban development is 

obvious, it is also apparent that terrestrial areas 

surrounding wetlands are core habitats for many 

semiaquatic species that depend on mesic ecotones to 

complete their life cycle. For purposes of conservation and 

management, it is important to define core habitats used by 

local breeding populations surrounding wetlands. Our 

objective was to provide an estimate of the biologically 

relevant size of core habitats surrounding wetlands for 

amphibians and reptiles. We summarize data from the 

literature on the use of terrestrial habitats by amphibians 

and reptiles associated with wetlands (19 frog and 13 

salamander species representing 1363 individuals; 5 snake 

and 28 turtle species representing more than 2245 

individuals). Core terrestrial habitat ranged from 159 to 290 

m for amphibians and from 127 to 289 m for reptiles from 

the edge of the aquatic site. Data from these studies also 

indicated the importance of terrestrial habitats for feeding, 

overwintering, and nesting, and, thus, the biological 

interdependence between aquatic and terrestrial habitats 

that is essential for the persistence of populations. The 

minimum and maximum values for core habitats, depending 

on the level of protection needed, can be used to set 

biologically meaningful buffers for wetland and riparian 

habitats. These results indicate that large areas of 

terrestrial habitat surrounding wetlands are critical for 

maintaining biodiversity. 

© CSA 

8. Bottom-up control of carabid beetle communities in 

early successional wetlands: Mediated by vegetation 

structure or plant diversity? 

Brose, U. 

Oecologia (Berlin) 135(3): 407-413. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QL750.O3; ISSN: 0029-8549 

Descriptors: terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ cluster analysis/ linear regression analysis/ 

mathematical and computer techniques/ pitfall trapping/ 

applied and field techniques/ agricultural landscapes/ 

biodiversity/ bottom up control/ early successional 

woodlands: habitat/ enemy free space/ feeding activity/ 

hunting efficiency/ morphological traits/ plant height/ 

predation/ spatial heterogeneity/ species diversity/ species 

richness/ vegetation structure 

Abstract: Two hypotheses of bottom-up control that predict 

that the species richness of Carabidae will depend either on 

the taxonomic diversity of plants ("taxonomic diversity 

hypothesis") or on the structural heterogeneity of the 

vegetation ("structural heterogeneity hypothesis") were 

tested. Plant species were classified into nine plant 

structural groups through cluster analysis of morphological 

traits (e.g. total height) at 30 early successional temporary 

wetlands in the East-German agricultural landscape. In a 

linear regression analysis, the heterogeneity of vegetation 

structures explained 55% of the variation in carabid beetle 

diversity. According to a partial correlation analysis, plant 

taxonomic diversity did not have a significant effect, 

consistent with the "structural heterogeneity hypothesis," 

and contradicting previous studies which concluded that 

plant taxonomic diversity would be the most important 

factor in early successional habitats. An experimental study 

was used to test hypotheses on the processes underlying 

this bottom-up control by vegetation structure: the "hunting 

efficiency hypothesis," the "enemy-free space hypothesis," 

and the "microhabitat specialization hypothesis." The 

composition of plant structural groups in 15 vegetation plots 

(1 m2) was manipulated, creating a gradient from dense 

vegetation to open plots. Subsequent pitfall catches 

revealed significant differences in the activity-abundances 

of the carabid species. Large species preferred dense 

vegetation plots, consistent with the enemy-free space 

hypothesis that large species are more vulnerable to 

predation on the open plots and prefer dense vegetation to 

escape from natural enemies. The results indicate that 

bottom-up control is not mediated only by plant taxonomic 

or functional group diversity and that vegetation structures 

may be more important than previously suggested. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

9. Capacity of natural wetlands to remove nutrients 

from wastewater. 

Nichols, D. S. 

Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation 55(5): 

495-505. (1983) 

NAL Call #: TD419.R47; ISSN: 1047-7624 

Abstract: Interest in removing nitrogen and phosphorus 

from treated wastewater by applying it to wetlands is rapidly 

increasing. This may be a simple and energy efficient 
National and International Scale: General Information 

7

means of removing these nutrients from wastewater. 

However, the capacities and limitations of wetlands to 

function in this manner have not been well quantified. This 

paper reviews the major mechanisms by which wetlands 

remove N and P from wastewater flows, and develops 

some approximate relations between the nutrient removal 

efficiency of wetlands and wastewater N and P loading 

rates. Wetlands retain P by adsorption and precipitation 

reactions. This capacity declines with continued P addition, 

and a wetland eventually can become saturated. Nitrogen 

removal is mainly by denitrification, which seems not to 

diminish with time. Plant uptake of N and P can be 

important during the growing season, but most of these 

nutrients are quickly returned to the system when the 

vegetation dies and decays. Wetland removal of 

wastewater nutrients can be effective at low loading rates, 

but efficiency decreases rapidly as application rates 

increase. About 1 ha of wetland area seems to be required 

to remove 50% of the N and P from the wastewater 

generated by 60 people. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

10. Carbon distribution of a well- and poorly-drained 

black spruce fire chronosequence. 

Wang, C.; Bond-Lamberty, B.; and Gower, S. T. 

Global Change Biology 9(7): 1066-1079. (July 2003) 

NAL Call #: QC981.8.C5G6323; ISSN: 1354-1013 

Descriptors: wetlands/ carbon/ drainage/ methodology/ 

environmental impact/ forests/ vegetation cover/ plant 

populations/ biomass/ roots/ ecosystem disturbance/ fire/ 

biological age/ Picea mariana/ Bryophyta/ Canada, 

Manitoba/ black spruce/ bryophytes/ hornworts/ mosses/ 

conifers/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: The objective of this study was to quantify carbon 

(C) distribution for boreal black spruce (Picea mariana 

(Mill.) BSP) stands comprising a fire chronosequence in 

northern Manitoba, Canada. The experimental design 

included seven well-drained (dry) and seven poorly-drained 

(wet) stands that burned between 1998 and 1850. 

Vegetation C pools (above-ground + below-ground) steadily 

increased from 1.3 to 83.3 t C ha super(-1) for the dry 

chronosequence, and from 0.6 to 37.4 t C ha super(-1) for 

the wet chronosequence. The detritus C pools (woody 

debris + forest floor) varied from 10.3 to 96.0 t C ha super(-

1) and from 12.6 to 77.4 t C ha super(-1) for the dry and 

wet chronosequence, respectively. Overstorey biomass, 

mean annual biomass increment (MAI), woody debris 

mass, and litterfall were significantly greater (alpha = 0.05) 

for the dry stands than for the wet stands, but the 

bryophyte, understorey, and forest floor C pools were 

significantly less for the dry than for the wet stands. The 

root mass ratio decreased with stand age until 37 years 

after fire, was fairly constant thereafter, and was not 

significantly affected by soil drainage. The C pools of the 

overstorey and bryophyte tended to increase with stand 

age. Foliage biomass, litterfall, and MAI (for the dry stands) 

peaked at 71 years after fire and declined in the oldest 

stands. The results from this study illustrate that the effects 

of disturbance and edaphic conditions must be accounted 

for in boreal forest C inventories and C models. The 

appropriateness of using chronosequences to examine 

effects of wildfire on ecosystem C distribution is discussed. 

© CSA 

11. Carrying capacity of wetland habitats used by 

breeding greater snow geese. 

Masse, H.; Rochefort, L.; and Gauthier, G. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 65(2): 271-281. (Apr. 2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ carrying capacity/ grazing/ wildlife 

management/ Canada, Nunavut/ population number/ 

breeding sites/ herbivores/ food availability/ ecosystem 

management/ environment management/ Chen 

caerulescens atlantica/ Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I./ greater 

snow goose/ management/ population dynamics/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: Because geese can damage their arctic breeding 

habitats through overgrazing, there is debate about limiting 

the rapid growth of the greater snow goose (Chen 

caerulescens atlantica) population and setting a population 

goal. To answer these questions, we assessed the 

nutritional carrying capacity of freshwater wetland habitats 

for breeding greater snow geese at the Bylot Island colony, 

Nunavut, Canada. Specifically, we (1) mapped the different 

types of wetlands on the island; (2) estimated net 

aboveground primary production of these habitats; (3) 

compared total food availability with predicted total food 

requirements of the current population; and (4) validated 

our predictions of plant biomass consumed by comparing 

them to the intensity of goose grazing measured. 

Freshwater wetlands represented 173 plus or minus 6 km 

super(2) or 11% of the total area of the south plain of Bylot 

Island. Streams and wet polygons were the most important 

habitats in terms of availability of suitable forage plants for 

geese. The average net aboveground primary production 

ranged from 21.0 plus or minus 4.6 along lakes to 46.0 plus 

or minus 9.8 g/m super(2) in polygon channels. We 

estimated the total food supply available for geese in 

wetlands at 2,625 plus or minus 461 tons in 1997 but only 

1,247 plus or minus 473 tons in 1996, a year of low plant 

production. We predicted a summer food requirement for 

goslings at 8.1 plus or minus 0.6 kg/bird, for breeding adults 

at 7.9 plus or minus 2.3, and for nonbreeding adults at 4.7 

plus or minus 1.5, and we predicted the total summer food 

requirements of the goose population at 1,201 plus or 

minus 160 tons. The predicted amount of biomass removed 

(32 plus or minus 7%) agreed well with the actual amount 

of biomass removed measured in mid-August (39 plus or 

minus 11%) in 1997, but not in 1996 (67 plus or minus 27% 

vs 26 plus or minus 17%, respectively), possibly because 

the goose population was lower that year due to poor 

breeding success. In 1997, the goose population was at 46 

plus or minus 10% of the theoretical short-term carrying 

capacity (341,000 geese) of the wetlands of Bylot Island. 

We recommend keeping the goose population below this 

theoretical carrying capacity. 

© CSA 

12. A case for wetland restoration. 

Hey, Donald L. and Philippi, Nancy S. 

New York: Wiley; x, 215 p.: ill. (some col.), maps. (1999) 

Notes: "A Wiley-Interscience publication." Includes 

bibliographical references and index. 

NAL Call #: QH75 .H49 1999; ISBN: 0471176427 

Descriptors: wetland conservation/ restoration ecology/ 

wetland conservation---United States---case studies 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

8

13. Classification and inventory of wetlands: A global 

overview. 

Scott, D. A. and Jones, T. A. 

Plant Ecology 118(1-2): 3-16. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QK900.P63; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: conservation/ ecology/ environmental 

sciences/ freshwater ecology/ ecological change 

monitoring/ conservation and resource management/ 

environmental biology/ plants/ limnology 

Abstract: Classification of wetlands is extremely 

problematical, definition of the term wetland being a difficult 

and controversial starting point. Although considerable 

effort has gone into the development of national and 

regional wetland classifications, the only attempt at 

establishing a global system has been under the auspices 

of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International 

Importance. In view of the fact that the Ramsar Convention 

has 70 Contracting Parties world-wide, it is suggested that 

the Convention's definition and classification system should 

be adopted generally for international purposes. Much of 

the world has been covered by preliminary wetland 

inventories, but there is an urgent need to extend coverage 

to those areas not yet included. It is essential that all 

inventory projects give adequate attention to meeting the 

real information needs of agencies and individuals which 

have an impact on the conservation and wise use of 

wetlands. Attention should also be given to providing for 

wide dissemination and regular updating of information and 

establishment of procedures for monitoring ecological 

change at the sites identified. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

14. Climate change, agriculture and wetlands in eastern 

Europe: Vulnerability, adaptation and policy. 

Hartig, Ellen Kracauer; Grozev, Ognyan; and 

Rosenzweig, Cynthia 

Climatic Change 36(1-2): 107-121. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QC980; ISSN: 0165-0009 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: 

environmental sciences/ conservation/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ government and law/ 

agricultural drainage/ agriculture/ climate change/ 

climatology/ conservation/ evapotranspiration/ policy/ 

temperature 

Abstract: Naturally-occurring wetlands perform such 

functions as flood control, pollution filtration, nutrient 

recycling, sediment accretion, groundwater recharge and 

water supply, erosion control, and plant and wildlife 

preservation. A large concentration of wetlands is located in 

Eastern Europe. A significant amount of Eastern European 

wetlands has been converted to agricultural use in the past, 

and remaining wetlands are subject to agricultural drainage. 

Drained wetlands are used as prime agriculture lands for a 

variety of food crops. Other agricultural uses of wetlands 

range from growing Phragmites australis (common reed) for 

thatch and livestock feed, to collecting peat for heating and 

cooking fuel. Altered hydrologic regimes due to global 

climate change could further exacerbate encroachment of 

agricultural land use into wetlands. The vulnerability and 

adaptation studies of the U.S. Country Studies Program are 

used to analyze where climate change impacts to 

agriculture may likewise impact wetland areas. Scenarios 

indicate higher temperatures and greater 

evapotranspiration altering the hydrologic regime such that 

freshwater wetlands are potentially vulnerable in Bulgaria, 

Czech Republic, and Russia, and that coastal wetlands are 

at risk in Estonia. Runoff is identified as a key hydrological 

parameter affecting wetland function. Since wetland losses 

may increase as a result of climate-change-induced 

impacts to agriculture, precautionary management options 

are reviewed, such as establishing buffer areas, promoting 

sustainable uses of wetlands, and restoration of farmed or 

mined wetland areas. These options may reduce the extent 

of negative agricultural impacts on wetlands due to global 

climate change. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

15. Coastal management practices for prevention of 

future impacts on wetlands. 

Baca, B. J. and Clark, J. R. 

In: Ecology and Management of Wetlands Vol 2: 

Management, Use and Value of Wetlands/ Hook, D. D. 

London: Timber Press, 1988; pp. 28-44 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3E26 

Descriptors: land types/ protection/ coastal wetlands 

Abstract: The world's coastal wetlands are seriously 

threatened by both man-made and natural factors. These 

include coastal development and erosion, coastal pollution, 

natural erosion and sea-level rise. Progress in the 

developed countries in reducing man-made impacts on 

wetlands has not reached the developing countries. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

16. Coastal salt marsh systems in the U.S.: A review of 

anthropogenic impacts. 

Kennish, M. J. 

Journal of Coastal Research 17(3): 731-748. (2001); ISSN:

0749-0208 

Descriptors: USA/ coasts/ salt marshes/ reviews/ water 

level fluctuations/ environmental effects/ dredging/ 

drainage/ tides/ subsidence/ global warming/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ coastal morphology/ anthropogenic factors/ 

coastal engineering/ dredge spoil/ harvesting/ flood control/ 

tidal effects/ hydrology/ deglaciation/ sea level changes/ 

eustatic changes/ man-induced effects/ climatic changes/ 

greenhouse effect 

Abstract: During the past century, human modification of 

environmental systems has greatly accelerated tidal salt 

marsh deterioration and shoreline retreat in many coastal 

regions worldwide. As a result, more than 50% of the 

original tidal salt marsh habitat in the U.S. has been lost. 

Numerous human activities have contributed directly or 

indirectly to wetland loss and alteration at local, regional, 

and global scales. Human impacts at the local scale include 

those that directly modify or destroy salt marsh habitat such 

as dredging, spoil dumping, grid ditching, canal cutting, 

leveeing, and salt hay farming. Indirect impacts, which can 

be even more significant, typically are those that interfere 

with normal tidal flooding of the marsh surface, alter 

wetlands drainage, and reduce mineral sediment inputs and 

marsh vertical accretion rates. These impacts usually 

develop over a greater period of time. At the regional scale, 

subsidence caused by subsurface withdrawal of 

groundwater, oil, and gas has submerged and eliminated 

hundreds of square kilometers of salt marsh habitat in the 

Chesapeake Bay, San Francisco Bay, and Gulf of Mexico. 

At the global scale, atmospheric warming due to increased 

burden of anthropogenic greenhouse gases and 

tropospheric sulfate aerosols appears to be strongly 

coupled to glacial melting, thermal expansion of ocean 
National and International Scale: General Information 

9

waters, and eustatic sea-level rise. Changes in coastal 

water levels ascribable to eustatic sea-level rise pose a 

long-term threat to the stability and viability of these 

critically important coastal systems. 

© CSA 

17. Conflicting processes in the wetland plant 

rhizosphere: Metal retention or mobilization? 

Jacob, D. L. and Otte, M. L. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 3(1): 91-104. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 1567-7230 

Descriptors: bioavailability/ metals/ organic matter/ pH/ 

redox/ rhizosphere/ wetland 

Abstract: Increasingly wetlands are used for treatment of 

metal-contaminated water or as a cover over metalenriched mine tailings. Natural wetlands may also be 

contaminated with metals from anthropogenic sources. 

While wetland conditions tend to be favorable for 

immobilization of metals, wetland plants could influence 

metal mobility through redox and pH processes in the 

rhizosphere. Our current knowledge of these processes is 

reviewed, focusing on the question of whether the 

advantages of growing wetland plants in metalcontaminated sediments outweigh the disadvantages. 

Wetland plants alter the redox conditions, pH and organic 

matter content of sediments and so affect the chemical 

speciation and mobility of metals. Metals may be mobilized 

or immobilized, depending on the actual combination of 

factors, and it is extremely difficult to predict which effects 

plants will actually have on metal mobility under a given set 

of conditions. However, while the effects of plants can 

extend several tens of centimeters into the sediments, there 

are no reports suggesting large-scale mobilization of metals 

by wetland plants. © 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

18. Conservation management of freshwater habitats: 

Lakes, rivers and wetlands. 

Maitland, Peter S. and Morgan, N. C. 

London; New York: Chapman & Hall; Series: Conservation 

Biology Series 9; 233 p. (1997) 

Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-223) 

and index. 

NAL Call #: QH75.M34 1997; ISBN: 0412594102 

Descriptors: wetland conservation/ fishery conservation/ 

wildlife conservation/ conservation of natural resources/ 

freshwater fishes 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

19. Constructed wetlands for pollution control: 

Processes, performance, design and operation. 

International Water Association. IWA Specialist Group on 

Use of Macrophytes in Water Pollution Control. 

London: IWA Pub.; Series: Scientific and technical report 

(International Water Association) no. 8; 156 p. (2000) 

Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 141-149) 

and index. 

NAL Call #: TD756.5 .C76 2000 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands/ sewage---purification---

biological treatment 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

20. Constructed wetlands for the treatment of organic 

pollutants. 

Haberl, R.; Langergraber, G.; Grego, S.; Kadlec, R. H.; 

Cicalini, A.-R.; Dias, S. M.; Novais, J. M.; Aubert, S.; Gerth, 

A.; Thomas, H.; and Hebner, A. 

Journal of Soils and Sediments 3(2): 109-124. (2003); 

ISSN: 1439-0108 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands/ groundwater/ organic 

contaminants/ wastewater/ water treatment 

Abstract: Background. Constructed wetlands (wetland 

treatment systems) are wetlands designed to improve water 

quality. They use the same processes that occur in natural 

wetlands but have the flexibility of being constructed. As in 

natural wetlands vegetation, soil and hydrology are the 

major components. Different soil types and plant species 

are used in constructed wetlands. Regarding hydrology 

surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands are 

the main types. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are 

further subdivided into horizontal or vertical flow. Many 

constructed wetlands deal with domestic wastewater where 

BOD and COD (Biochemical and Chemical Oxygen 

Demand respectively) are used as a sum parameter for 

organic matter. However, also special organic compounds 

can be removed. Objective. The objectives are to 

summarise the state-of-the-art on constructed wetlands for 

treatment of specific organic compounds, to the present the 

lack of knowledge, and to derive future research needs. 

Methods. Case studies in combination with a literature 

review are used to summarise the available knowledge on 

removal processes for specific organic compounds. Results 

and Discussion. Case studies are presented for the 

treatment of wastewaters contaminated with aromatic 

organic compounds, and sulphonated anthraquinones, olive 

mill wastewater, landfill leachare, and groundwater 

contaminated with hydrocarbons, cyanides, chlorinated 

volatile organics, and explosives. In general the removal 

efficiency for organic contaminants is high in all presented 

studies. Conclusion. Constructed wetlands are an effective 

and low cost way to treat water polluted with organic 

compounds. There is a lack of knowledge on the detailed 

removal pathways for most of the contaminants. Removal 

rates as well as optimal plant species are substancespecific, and also typically not available. If a constructed 

wetland provides different environmental conditions and 

uses different plant species the treatment efficiency can be 

improved. Recommendations and Outlook. There is a great 

need to lighten the black box 'constructed wetland' to obtain 

performance data for both microbial activity and the 

contribution of the plants to the overall removal process. 

Also genetic modified plants should be considered to 

enhance the treatment performance of constructed 

wetlands for specific compounds. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

21. Constructed wetlands for water quality 

improvement. 

Moshiri, Gerald A. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 632 p. (1993) 

Notes: Papers presented at the Pensacola conference. 

Includes bibliographical references and index. 

NAL Call #: TD756.5.M67 1993; ISBN: 0873715500 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands---congresses/ water 

quality management---congresses/ constructed wetlands---

case studies---congresses 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

10

22. Created and natural wetlands for controlling 

nonpoint source pollution. 

Olson, Richard K.; United States. Environmental Protection 

Agency. Office of Research and Development; and United 

States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of 

Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds 

Boca Raton, Fla.: C.K. Smoley; 216 p. (1993) 

Notes: "U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, 

and Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds." 

Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: TD223.C73 1993; ISBN: 0873719433 

Descriptors: water quality management---United States/ 

water---pollution---United States/ wetland conservation---

United States/ constructed wetlands---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

23. Criteria and procedures to maximize the quality and 

value of wetlands constructed at surface mines. 

Nelson, R. W. 

International Journal of Ecology and Environmental 

Sciences 17(2): 77-90. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QH540.I54; ISSN: 0377-015X 

Abstract: Provides a synthesis of ideas or principles 

derived from recent experience, both at mine reclamation 

sites and with projects designed to replace wetland 

functions and values lost to agricultural and urban 

development. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

24. Cumulative effects on wetland landscapes: Links to 

wetland restoration in the United States and southern 

Canada. 

Bedford, B. L. 

Wetlands 19(4): 775-788. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration 

Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land management/ geohydrology/ 

biogeochemistry/ land reclamation/ environmental quality/ 

environmental restoration/ human impact/ regional 

planning/ hydrology/ biogeochemical cycle/ land use/ 

restoration/ environment management/ ecosystem 

management/ USA/ Canada/ land restoration 

Abstract: The cumulative effects of human actions on 

wetland ecosystems motivate current efforts at wetland 

restoration. They also have created in part the context 

within which restorations are undertaken. Using modern 

hydrogeological understanding of wetland-landscape 

linkages, I argue that restorations should begin with a 

cumulative impact analysis for the entire region in which the 

restoration is proposed. The analysis, however, should not 

focus merely on number of hectares of wetlands lost or 

degraded. It should be based on the concept of templates 

for wetland development. These templates are the diversity 

of settings created in specific landscapes by the complex 

interactions of hydrogeologic factors and climate. They 

control key hydrologic variables and hydrologically 

influenced chemical variables that cause specific wetland 

types to form and to be maintained through time. They also 

determine in large part the biogeochemical cycling 

characteristics specific to different types of wetlands. They 

thus account for both the biological and functional diversity 

of wetlands. A cumulative impact assessment for 

restoration purposes should identify the kinds, numbers, 

relative abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland 

templates in a region - both past and present. These past 

and present profiles of the wetland landscape can be used 

to make decisions regarding the type and location of 

restorations. Matching type and location to the appropriate 

hydrogeologic setting will maximize the probability of 

success for individual projects. Regional wetland diversity 

can be restored if individual restoration decisions about 

wetland type and location are made in light of the diversity 

of templates in past and present regional profiles. 

© CSA 

25. Cumulative impacts to wetlands. 

Johnston, C. A. 

Wetlands 14(1): 49-55. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ United States/ environmental 

impact/ forest industry/ agriculture/ literature reviews/ 

geographic information systems/ environmental effects/ 

forestry/ geographic information systems/ cumulative 

impact analysis/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

freshwater pollution/ effects on water of human nonwater 

activities/ environmental degradation 

Abstract: "Cumulative impact," the incremental effect of an 

impact added to other past, present, and reasonably 

foreseeable future impacts, was reviewed as it pertains to 

southern forested wetlands. In the U.S., the largest losses 

of forested wetlands between the 1970s and 1980s 

occurred in southeastern states that had the most 

bottomland hardwood to begin with: Arkansas, Florida, 

Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, and South 

Carolina. These losses were due primarily to forestry and 

agriculture. Other sources of cumulative impact include 

decrease in average area of individual wetlands, shift in 

proportion of wetland types, change in spatial configuration 

of wetlands, and loss of cumulative wetland function at the 

landscape scale. For two wetland-related functions, flood 

flow and loading of suspended solids, watersheds that 

contained less than 10% wetlands were more sensitive to 

incremental loss of wetland area than were watersheds with 

more than 10% wetlands. The relative position of wetlands 

within a drainage network also influenced their cumulative 

function. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are 

becoming an important tool for evaluating cumulative 

impacts and their effects. 

© CSA 

26. Denitrification in freshwater wetlands. 

Groffman, P. M. 

Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 1: 15-35. 

(1994); ISSN: 1076-4674 

Descriptors: wetlands/ denitrification/ nitrogen fixing 

bacteria/ energy transfer/ biogeochemistry/ nitrogen cycle/ 

water quality/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ 

bacteria/ nutrient cycles/ nutrient cycles/ nitrogen fixing 

bacteria/ physiological ecology/ cycling nutrients/ 

energy transfer 

Abstract: In this paper, I first review the physiology and 

ecology of denitrifying organisms, focusing on how 

conditions in wetlands influence denitrification at 

organismal, ecosystem, landscape, and regional scales. My 

focus is on the role that denitrification plays in wetland 

processes more than on denitrification per se. As a result, 

the physiology discussion is oriented more towards how 

environmental factors regulate physiology than on the 

specifics of the physiology itself. The review of physiology 
National and International Scale: General Information 

11

and ecology is followed by a brief review of methods for 

study of denitrification. The main section of the paper is a 

synthesis of existing data to determine general principles of 

where and when denitrification is likely to be important to 

energy flow, nutrient cycling and water quality maintenance 

in wetlands. The final section discusses key questions and 

issues for future research. 

© CSA 

27. Designing constructed wetlands for nitrogen 

removal. 

Hammer, D. A. and Knight, R. L. 

Water Science and Technology 29(4): 15-27. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ 

nitrogen removal/ biochemical oxygen demand/ nitrification/ 

denitrification/ toxicity/ case studies/ design criteria/ artificial 

wetlands/ case studies/ design criteria 

Abstract: Many constructed wetlands adequately treat 

BOD sub(5), TSS, and bacteria. However, a review of 

nitrogen (N) data from 52 constructed and natural wetlands 

in the North American data base confirmed that N removal 

was variable. Nitrification and denitrification require aerobic 

and anaerobic conditions. This paper presents case 

histories of systems that use alternating shallow and deep 

zones to create both environments. Regression analysis of 

N removal and N loadings in 18 shallow-deep water 

systems suggested that NH sub(4) super(+) loading (kg 

N/ha/day) could be used to predict effluent NH sub(4) 

super(+) values. Combinations of shallow water-emergent 

vegetation and deep water-submergent vegetation with low 

NH sub(4) super(+) (and TKN) loading rates can produce 

very low levels of discharged NH sub(4) super(+). 

© CSA 

28. Determining ecological equivalence in service-toservice scaling of salt marsh restoration. 

Strange, E.; Galgraith, H.; Bickel, S.; Mills, D.; Beltman, D.; 

and Lipton, J. 

Environmental Management 29(2): 290-300. (Feb. 2002) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat/ environmental restoration/ 

salt marshes/ environmental policy/ natural resources/ 

ecology/ habitats/ rehabilitation/ planning/ environmental 

effects/ nutrient cycles/ policies/ ecosystem management/ 

environment management/ restoration/ environmental 

action/ water quality control/ peclamation/ protective 

measures and control/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: The amount of ecological restoration required to 

mitigate or compensate for environmental injury or habitat 

loss is often based on the goal of achieving ecological 

equivalence. However, few tools are available for 

estimating the extent of restoration required to achieve 

habitat services equivalent to those that were lost. This 

paper describes habitat equivalency analysis (HEA), a 

habitat-based "service-to-service approach for determining 

the amount of restoration needed to compensate for natural 

resource losses, and examines issues in its application in 

the case of salt marsh restoration. The scientific literature 

indicates that although structural attributes such as 

vegetation may recover within a few years, there is often a 

significant lag in the development of ecological processes 

such as nutrient cycling that are necessary for a fully 

functioning salt marsh. Moreover, natural variation can 

make recovery trajectories difficult to define and predict for 

many habitat services. HEA is an excellent tool for scaling 

restoration actions because it reflects this ecological 

variability and complexity. At the same time, practitioners 

must recognize that conclusions about the amount of 

restoration needed to provide ecological services 

equivalent to those that are lost will depend critically on the 

ecological data and assumptions that are used in the HEA 

calculation. 

© CSA 

29. Developing an invertebrate index of biological 

integrity for wetlands. 

Helgen, Judy; United States. Environmental Protection 

Agency. Office of Science and Technology; and United 

States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of 

Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2002. 

Notes: Original title: Developing an invertebrate index of 

biological integrity for wetlands (#9); Title from web page. 

"March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-019." Description based on 

content viewed April 10, 2003. "Prepared jointly by U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency, Health and Ecological 

Criteria Division (Office of Science and Technology) and 

Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and 

Watersheds)" Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 H46 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

9Invertebrate.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ aquatic 

invertebrates---environmental aspects---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

30. Developing the scientific basis for assessing 

cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on 

landscape functions: Status, perspectives, and 

prospects.

Bedford, B. L. and Preston, E. M. 

Environmental Management 12(5): 751-771. (1988) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ comprehensive planning/ reviews/ 

environmental effects/ cumulative impacts/ landscape 

functions/ research priorities/ regulations/ synoptic analysis/ 

data acquisition/ environmental protection 

Abstract: The incongruity between the regional and 

national scales at which wetland losses are occurring, and 

the project-specific scale at which wetlands are regulated 

and studied, has become obvious. A synthesis is presented 

of recent efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency 

and the Ecosystems Research Center at Cornell University 

to bring wetland science and regulation into alignment with 

the reality of the cumulative effects of wetland loss and 

degradation on entire landscapes and regions. It 

summarizes the status of our present scientific 

understanding, discusses means by which to actualize the 

existing potential for matching the scales of research and 

regulation with the scales at which effects are observed, 

and provides guidelines for building a stronger scientific 

base for landscape-level assessments of cumulative 

effects. It also provides the outlines for a synoptic and 

qualitative approach to cumulative effects assessment 

based on a reexamination of the generic assessment 

framework. A sound scientific basis for regulation will not 

come merely from acquiring more information on more 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

12

variables. It will come from recognizing that a perceptual 

shift to larger temporal, spatial, and organizational scales is 

overdue. The shift in scale will dictate different--not 

necessarily more--variables to be measured in future 

wetland research and considered in wetland regulation. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

31. Diel flux of dissolved carbohydrate in a salt marsh 

and a simulated estuarine ecosystem. 

Burney, C. M.; Johnson, K. M.; and Sieburth, J. M. 

Marine Biology 63(2): 175-187. (1981) 

NAL Call #: QH91.A1M35; ISSN: 0025-3162 

Descriptors: organic compounds/ salt marshes/ diurnal 

variations/ carbohydrates/ zooplankton/ nutrient cycles/ 

bacteria/ Narragansett Bay/ habitat community studies/ 

ecosystems and energetics 

Abstract: The concentrations of total dissolved 

carbohydrate (TCHO), monosaccharide (MCHO) and 

polysaccharide (PCHO) were followed over a total of ten 

diel cycles in a salt marsh and a 13 m super(3) seawater 

tank simulating an estuarine ecosystem. Their patterns are 

compared to those for total dissolved organic carbon 

(DOC), Sigma CO sub(2), pH, O sub(2), chlorophyll a, 

phaeopigments and solar radiation. During 5 of the 6 marsh 

studies, PCHO underwent periods of sustained 

accumulation starting in the late morning or early afternoon 

and continuing into the early evening. These periods 

possibly represent release of recently synthesized PCHO 

from phototrophs. Similar patterns were not found in the 

tank although direct associations between TCHO and 

phaeopigment dynamics suggest that zooplankton 

excretion was an important source of dissolved 

carbohydrate. The numbers of planktonic bacteria 

determined in one tank study increased rapidly during a late 

morning PCHO pulse and varied inversely with PCHO 

throughout the afternoon and evening, indicating that they 

were able to respond rapidly and control natural substrate 

concentrations on a time scale of a few hours. 

© CSA 

32. Ecoclimatological survey of the wetland biota in the 

tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone. 

Heckman, Charles W. 

Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 6(2): 

97-114. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH84.G56; ISSN: 0960-7447 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: 

environmental sciences/ ecology: environmental sciences/ 

aquatic ecosystem/ biodiversity/ climate/ climatology/ 

floodplains/ Mato grosso/ pantanal/ phylogeny/ recruitment/ 

rice field/ seasonal changes/ tropical ecology/ wetland biota 

Abstract: The distinctness of the conditions in the water 

bodies of the tropical wet-and-dry climatic zone is 

demonstrated by a survey of the adaptations employed by 

the plant and animal species to survive the seasons 

unfavourable to their activity. The species filling common 

niches in the water bodies of this zone on different 

continents are compared. Unmistakable phylogenetic 

relationships among the species filling common niches in 

various parts of the world can be recognized. Through 

comparisons of the activity and distribution of 104 species, 

the adaptations of the biota to the seasonal changes were 

found to be generally similar to those of the biota in the 

temperate zones in that both must produce dormant stages 

during the same months each year. The inherent instability 

of the aquatic ecosystem encourages the development of 

very fast growing organisms with high rates of recruitment 

and very unstable but resilient populations. As a 

consequence of their characteristic population dynamics, 

the impact of intercontinental introductions of aquatic 

species inhabiting this zone are found to be more likely to 

cause severe biotic disturbances than similar introductions 

of species adapted to other climatic zones. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

33. Ecological issues related to wetland preservation, 

restoration, creation and assessment. 

Whigham, Dennis F 

Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3): 31-40. (1999) 

NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697 

Descriptors: ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic 

approach/ wetland assessment/ wetland creation/ wetland 

ecosystem function/ wetland-no-net-loss policy/ wetland 

preservation/ wetland restoration 

Abstract: A wide range of local, state, federal, and private 

programs are available to support the national (USA) policy 

of wetland 'No Net Loss'. Implementation of programs, 

however, has resulted in the continued loss of natural 

wetlands on the premise that restored or created wetlands 

will replace the functions and values lost by destruction of 

natural wetlands. What are the ecological implications and 

consequences of these programs from a biodiversity and 

ecosystem perspective? From a biodiversity perspective, 

ongoing wetland protection policies may not be working 

because restored or created wetlands are often very 

different from natural wetlands. Wetland protection policies 

may also be inadequate to preserve and restore ecological 

processes such as nutrient cycling because they mostly 

focus on individual wetlands and ignore the fact that 

wetlands are integral parts of landscapes. Wetland 

mitigation projects, for example, often result in the 

exchange of one type of wetland for another and result in a 

loss of wetland functions at the landscape level. The most 

striking weakness in the current national wetlands policy is 

the lack of protection for 'dry-end' wetlands that are often 

the focus of debate for what is and what is not a wetland. 

From an ecological perspective, dry-end wetlands such as 

isolated seasonal wetlands and riparian wetlands 

associated with first order streams may be the most 

important landscape elements. They often support a high 

biodiversity and they are impacted by human activities 

more than other types of wetlands. The failings of current 

wetland protection and mitigation policies are also due, in 

part, to the lack of ecologically sound wetland assessment 

methods for guiding decision making processes. The 

ecologically based Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to 

wetland assessment has the potential to be an effective tool 

in managing biodiversity and wetland ecosystem function in 

support of the national 'No Net Loss' policy. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
National and International Scale: General Information 

13

34. Ecology of insect communities in nontidal 

wetlands. 

Batzer, D. P. and Wissinger, S. A. 

Annual Review of Entomology 41: 75-100. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 421 An72; ISSN: 0066-4170 [ARENAA] 

Descriptors: wetlands/ insects/ community ecology/ 

habitats/ interactions/ colonization/ nature conservation/ 

insect communities/ reviews/ freshwater ecology 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

35. Ecotoxicology and risk assessment for wetlands: 

Proceedings from the SETAC Pellston Workshop on 

Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment for Wetlands. 

Lewis, Michael A. 

Pensacola, Fla.: SETAC Press, 1999. 375 p. SETAC 

special publications series. 

Notes: ISBN: 1880611163. "Publication sponsored by the 

Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 

(SETAC) and the SETAC Foundation for Environmental 

Education." Includes bibliographical references and index. 

Venue: Fairmont Hot Springs, Anaconda, Montana. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 S48 1995 

Descriptors: wetland ecology---congresses/ pollution---

environmental aspects---congresses/ ecological risk 

assessment---congresses 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

36. Ecotoxicology and wetland ecosystems: Current 

understanding and future needs. 

Catallo, W. J. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 

2209-2224. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ contaminants/ ecosystem analysis/ 

toxins/ ecosystems/ pollutants/ aquatic environment/ 

environmental policy/ literature reviews/ ecotoxicology/ 

environmental policy/ literature reviews/ contaminants/ 

ecosystem analysis/ pollutants/ toxins 

Abstract: The term wetlands refers to a mosaic of 

important ecosystems that typically form transition zones 

between uplands and aquatic environments. These areas 

provide support functions for natural and living resources 

and mediate biogeochemical transformations of global 

significance. It is becoming clear that the introduction of 

toxic and other contaminants to large wetland areas has 

contributed to a series of undesirable trends in habitat 

quality; availability of valuable fish and wildlife; and quality 

of associated resources, including surface and ground 

waters. The purpose of this review is to indicate the 

importance of wetlands to regional and global ecology and 

discusses research on the effects of contaminants in 

wetland ecosystems. Areas of needed future research also 

are suggested. 

© CSA 

37. The effect of aquatic plant species richness on 

wetland ecosystem processes. 

Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E. 

Ecology 83(10): 2911-2924. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658 

Descriptors: wetlands/ algal colonization/ competitive 

ability/ diversity/ ecosystem functioning/ indirect sampling 

effect/ inverse sampling effect/ nutrient retention/ 

productivity/ sampling effect/ submersed 

aquatic macrophytes 

Abstract: Rapid environmental changes have fostered 

debates and motivated research on how to effectively 

preserve or restore ecosystem processes. One such 

debate deals with the effects of biodiversity, and the loss 

thereof, on ecosystem processes. Recent studies 

demonstrate that resource-use complementarity, now 

known as the "niche-differentiation effect," and the 

presence of a competitive species with strong effects on 

ecosystem processes, now known as the "sampling effect," 

can explain why productivity and nutrient retention are 

sometimes enhanced with increasing species richness. In a 

well-replicated outdoor mesocosm experiment, we tested 

these and other alternative mechanisms that could explain 

the effects of submersed aquatic plant (macrophyte) 

diversity on wetland ecosystem processes. Algal biomass 

increased and phosphorus loss decreased as species 

richness increased. This result can best be explained by an 

indirect sampling effect caused by one of the weakest 

competitors, which appeared to facilitate algal growth and 

thereby filtering of particles, and thus phosphorus, from the 

water column. The dominant competitor also appeared to 

decrease phosphorus loss through direct effects on 

phosphorus availability in the soil and water. Thus, the 

effects by one of the weakest and the most dominant 

competitors combine to produce a diversity effect on 

phosphorus loss. Macrophyte biomass was not enhanced, 

but converged toward the intermediate biomass of the most 

competitive species. Such an "inverse sampling effect" may 

be produced when the most competitive species is not the 

most productive species owing to species-specific 

feedbacks and adaptations to the wetland environment. In 

summary, we reject the niche-differentiation effect as the 

dominant mechanism in our macrophyte communities and 

expand on the role of sampling effects in explaining the 

relationship between plant communities and ecosystem 

processes. In particular, indirect and inverse sampling 

effects combine to drive the relationship between species 

richness and wetland ecosystem processes. Thus, we 

demonstrate that plant diversity may affect wetland 

ecosystem processes when inferior competitors drive 

system productivity and nutrient retention. To ensure 

coexistence of such species with superior competitors, 

wetland systems may need to be maintained in a 

nonequilibrium state, such as with hydrologic disturbances, 

which would maintain both higher diversity and enhance 

ecosystem functioning. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

38. Effects of macrophyte species richness on wetland 

ecosystem functioning and services. 

Engelhardt, K. A. M. and Ritchie, M. E. 

Nature 411(6838): 687-689. (June 2001) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ species richness/ mesocosms/ 

phosphorus/ macrophytes/ ecosystems/ biomass/ human 

impact/ biological diversity/ nutrient retention/ aquatic 

plants/ phosphorus cycle/ species diversity/ plants/ 

ecosystem management/ environment management/ plant 

populations/ suspended particulate matter/ uptake/ maninduced effects/ phytoplankton/ pollution control/ nutrient 

cycles/ Phytobenthos/ aquatic macrophytes/ algae/ 

Potamogeton crispus/ Potamogeton pectinatus/ sago 

pondweed/ biodiversity/ nutrient retention/ human 

population-biosphere interactions/ physiology, biochemistry, 

biophysics/ protective measures and control/ water 

resources and supplies 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

14

Abstract: Wetlands provide many important ecosystem 

services to human society, which may depend on how plant 

diversity influences biomass production and nutrient 

retention. Vascular aquatic plant diversity may not 

necessarily enhance wetland ecosystem functioning, 

however, because competition among these plant species 

can be strong, often resulting in the local dominance of a 

single species. Here we have manipulated the species 

richness of rooted, submerged aquatic plant (macrophyte) 

communities in experimental wetland mesocosms. We 

found higher algal and total plant (algal plus macrophyte) 

biomass, as well as lower loss of total phosphorus, in 

mesocosms with a greater richness of macrophyte species. 

Greater plant biomass resulted from a sampling effect; that 

is, the increased chance in species mixtures that algal 

production would be facilitated by the presence of a less 

competitive species--in this case, crisped pondweed. Lower 

losses of total phosphorus resulted from the greater chance 

in species mixtures of a high algal biomass and the 

presence of sago pondweed, which physically filter 

particulate phosphorus from the water. These indirect and 

direct effects of macrophyte species richness on algal 

production, total plant biomass and phosphorus loss 

suggest that management practices that maintain 

macrophyte diversity may enhance the functioning and 

associated services of wetland ecosystems. 

© CSA 

39. Effects of open marsh water management on 

selected tidal marsh resources: A review. 

Wolfe, R. J. 

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association

12(4): 701-712. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QL536.J686; ISSN: 8756-971X 

Descriptors: pest control/ marshes/ water management/ 

reviews/ literature reviews/ aquatic insects/ literature 

review/ ecological effects/ resources management/ 

Culicidae/ Diptera/ Diptera/ literature reviews/ aquatic 

insects/ literature review/ mosquito control/ ecological 

effects/ resources management/ reviews/ pest control/ 

Culicidae 

Abstract: Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) is a 

method of salt-marsh mosquito control that advocates 

source reduction and biological control through selective 

pond creation and ditching in mosquito breeding areas. 

This method has been used as an alternative to chemical 

insecticides in coastal wetlands for 30 years. This paper 

reviews the effects of OMWM on hydrology, topography, 

vegetation, mosquitoes, invertebrates, fishes, birds, 

mammals, and water quality. Other source reduction 

techniques and the economics of OMWM are also 

discussed. 

© CSA 

40. The end of a tradition: 1000 years of embankment 

and reclamation of wetlands in the Netherlands. 

Wolff, W. J. 

Ambio 21(4): 287-291. (1992) 

NAL Call #: QH540.A52; ISSN: 0044-7447 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land reclamation/ historical account/ 

marshes/ salt marshes/ environment management/ 

agriculture/ embankments/ Netherlands/ embankments/ 

reclamation/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ conservation and environmental protection/ 

environmental action 

Abstract: Embankment and subsequent reclamation of 

coastal salt marshes in The Netherlands started about 1000 

years ago. Thousands of km super(2) of salt marshes have 

been reclaimed since that time. In about the same period, 

reclamation of inland peat moors and swamp forests by 

improving drainage started, again resulting in the 

reclamation of thousands of km super(2) mainly in the 

center of the present-day Netherlands. A few centuries 

later, another technology was applied to pump dry lakes to 

gain new agricultural land at the former lake bottom. The 

embankment and reclamation of wetlands culminated in the 

20th century Zuiderzee and Delta projects. However, since 

the 1960s opposition to the loss of wetlands gradually 

mounted and finally resulted in changing the nature of 

some major projects under way and the abandonment of 

several other projects. 

© CSA 

41. EPW: A procedure for the functional assessment of 

planned wetlands. 

Bartoldus, C. C. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 533-541. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Abstract: The practice of compensating wetland losses 

through wetland construction, restoration, or enhancement 

has become more commonplace; however, an appropriate 

method for assessing replacement of wetland function has 

been lacking. The Evaluation for Planned Wetlands (EPW) 

was developed to meet this need. It is a rapid assessment 

procedure which documents and highlights differences 

between a wetland assessment area and planned wetland 

based on their capacity to provide six functions: shoreline 

bank erosion control, sediment stabilization, water quality, 

wildlife, fish (tidal, non-tidal stream/river, and non-tidal 

pond/lake), and uniqueness/heritage. The differences 

between wetlands are expressed in terms of individual 

elements, Functional Capacity Indices, and Functional 

Capacity Units. The results provide information on 

individual design elements and measures of functional 

capacity which are a necessity under current regulatory 

programs that require tangible goals and a method for 

calculating planned wetland size. EPW includes functional 

assessment models, a procedure for using these models 

during the planning/mitigation process, and guidelines for 

functional design. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

42. Evaluating cumulative effects of disturbance on the 

hydrologic function of bogs, fens, and mires. 

Siegel, D. I. 

Environmental Management 12(5): 621-626. (1988) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Abstract: Any evaluation of cumulative impacts will have to 

(1) consider the complicated and little understood 

interactions among wetland hydrology, water chemistry, 

and biota, and (2) place the effect of individual wetland 

impacts within the context of the cumulative impacts 

contributed to the watershed from other geomorphic areas 

and land uses. It is difficult to evaluate the potential 

cumulative impacts on wetland hydrology because geologic 

settings of wetlands are often complex and the methods 

used to measure wetland streamflow, groundwater flow, 

and evapotranspiration are inexact. This article reviews 

current understanding of the hydrologic function of bogs, 

fens, and mires at different scales and in different 
National and International Scale: General Information 

15

physiographic settings and presents hypotheses on 

potential cumulative impacts on the hydrologic function that 

might occur with multiple disturbances. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

43. Evaluating cumulative effects on wetland functions: 

A conceptual overview and generic framework. 

Preston, E. M. and Bedford, B. L. 

Environmental Management 12(5): 565-583. (1988) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ management planning/ 

environmental effects/ research priorities/ landscape 

functions/ flood-control storage/ water quality/ sediments/ 

hydrological regime 

Abstract: Issues that must be confronted in developing a 

sound scientific basis for investigating cumulative effects on 

freshwater wetlands are outlined. The foundation is laid for 

a research program to develop methods to quantify 

cumulative effects of wetland loss or degradation on the 

functioning of interacting systems of wetlands: (1) the 

concept of cumulative effects is defined in terms that permit 

scientific investigation of effects; (2) the scientific 

component of cumulative impact analysis is distinguished 

from other aspects of the assessment process; (3) critical 

scientific issues in assessing cumulative effects on 

wetlands are defined; and (4) a hypothetical and generic 

structure is set up for measuring cumulative effects on the 

functioning of wetlands as landscape systems. A generic 

framework is provided for evaluating cumulative effects on 

three basic wetland landscape functions: flood storage, 

water quality, and life support. The contribution of a 

particular wetland to landscape function within watersheds 

or regions will be determined by its intrinsic characteristics, 

e.g., size, morphometry, type, percent organic matter in the 

sediments, and hydrologic regime, and by extrinsic factors, 

i.e., the wetland 's context in the landscape mosaic. The 

time scales of recovery for processes controlling particular 

wetland functions determine temporal boundaries. 

Landscape-level measures are proposed for each function. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

44. Factors affecting the performance of stormwater 

treatment wetlands. 

Carleton, J. N.; Grizzard, T. J.; Godrej, A. N.; and 

Post, H. E. 

Water Research 35(6): 1552-1562. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: ammonia: pollutant/ nitrate: pollutant/ 

phosphorus: pollutant/ hydraulic loading rate/ pollutant 

input/ pollutant removal/ stormwater runoff/ stormwater 

treatment wetlands/ wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Data from 35 studies on 49 wetland systems 

used to treat stormwater runoff or runoff-impacted surface 

waters were examined and compared in order to identify 

any obvious trends that may aid future stormwater 

treatment wetland design efforts. Despite the intermittent 

nature of hydrologic and pollutant inputs from stormwater 

runoff, our analysis demonstrates that steady-state firstorder plug-flow models commonly used to analyze 

wastewater treatment wetlands can be adapted for use with 

stormwater wetlands. Long-term pollutant removals are 

analyzed as functions of long-term mean hydraulic loading 

rate and nominal detention time. First-order removal rate 

constants for total phosphorus, ammonia, and nitrate 

generated in this fashion are demonstrated to be similar to 

values reported in the literature for wastewater treatment 

wetlands. Constituent removals are also demonstrated via 

regression analyses to be functions of the ratio of wetland 

area to watershed area. Resulting equations between these 

variables can be used as preliminary design tools in the 

absence of more site-specific details, with the 

understanding that they should be employed cautiously. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

45. Fire in North American wetland ecosystems and 

fire-wildlife relations: An annotated bibliography. 

Kirby, R. E.; Lewis, S. J.; and Sexson, T. N. 

Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 

146 p. Biological Report . 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.88(1) 

Abstract: Provides an annotated bibliography of 319 

citations that provide specific research data, summaries of 

existing knowledge, or site-specific management advice for 

North America. To this bibliography is appended a 

supplemental bibliography of all articles cited in the US Fish 

& Wildlife Service publication series, Wildlife Review, years 

1935 through the September 1987 issue (Number 206) that 

discussed any aspect of wildlife management and ecology 

related to fire management, fire behaviour, or fire effects in 

North America. The 942 citations in the supplemental 

bibliography are intended to provide a ready reference to 

the fire-wildlife literature that can be used to evaluate past, 

current or proposed use of fire in wildlife habitat 

management. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

46. Flood pulsing in wetlands: Restoring the natural 

hydrological balance. 

Middleton, Beth 

New York: Wiley; 308 p. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.V3 F46 2002; ISBN: 0471418072 

Descriptors: floodplain ecology---North America/ wetland 

restoration---North America 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

47. Foreign plant stock: Concerns for wetland 

mitigation. 

Padgett, D. J. and Crow, G. E. 

Restoration & Management Notes 12(2): 168-171. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH76.R47; ISSN: 0733-0707 

Descriptors: wetlands/ introduced species/ horticulture/ 

genetic variance/ aquatic plants/ transplantation/ 

hybridization/ ecosystem disturbance/ genomes/ artificial 

wetlands/ planning/ flora/ USA, New Hampshire/ 

constructed wetlands/ genetics/ horticulture/ 

genetic variance 

Abstract: While analyzing the floristic composition and 

plant species richness of created wetland ecosystems of 

southeastern New Hampshire, we made several 

observations on the methodology of vegetation composition 

planning, and how particular plant species are selected and 

become incorporated into mitigation projects. The outcome 

of this investigation along with a review of the subsequent 

literature, has evoked questions concerning the 

revegetation strategies, vegetation sources, and resultant 

floristic compositions of created wetland ecosystems. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

16

48. Forested wetlands in freshwater and salt-water 

environments. 

Lugo, A. E.; Brown, S.; and Brinson, M. M. 

Limnology and Oceanography 33(4): 894-909. (1988) 

NAL Call #: GC1 .L5; ISSN: 0024-3590 

Descriptors: wetlands/ lakes/ seawater/ reviews/ limnology/ 

forest hydrology/ forests/ forest watersheds/ ecosystems/ 

productivity 

Abstract: A review of data from over 50 freshwater and 

about 50 salt-water sites revealed that freshwater and saltwater forested wetlands exhibit parallel responses to 

hydrologic factors. Greater ecosystem complexity and 

productivity are associated with higher hydrologic energy 

and more fertile conditions. However, structural complexity 

is greater in freshwater forested wetlands than in salt-water 

wetlands. Net primary productivity, litter fall, and export of 

organic matter are higher in salt-water forested wetlands. 

These differences raise questions about the efficiency with 

which nutrients are used in forested wetlands. Available 

data suggest that nutrient-use efficiency by litter fall and 

litter turnover are higher in tidal salt-water wetlands than in 

freshwater wetlands. (Author's abstract) 

© CSA 

49. Freshwater wetlands, urban stormwater, and 

nonpoint pollution control: A literature review and 

annotated bibliography. 

Stockdale, E. C. 

Olympia, Wash.: Washington Department of Ecology, 

1991. 273 p. 

NAL Call #: Z6004.S94S76 1991 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bibliographies/ literature review/ 

nonpoint pollution sources/ storm runoff/ storm water 

management/ urban runoff/ wastewater treatment/ water 

pollution control/ wastewater disposal/ 

water pollution effects 

Abstract: It is well established that wetlands under certain 

circumstances improve water quality. There is a limited 

body of literature on the long-term effects of using 

freshwater wetlands for stormwater storage and nonpoint 

pollution control. A much larger body of literature pertains to 

the use of wetlands for sewage effluent treatment. Some 

work has been done utilizing natural as well as artificial 

wetlands for flood control and/or water quality 

management, but their direct application to this region is 

limited. Some researchers believe the characteristics of 

wastewater and urban runoff are similar enough that some 

findings in the wastewater literature may be applied to 

stormwater systems. These findings can be confirmed by 

careful studies in the Northwest to help fill the gaps in 

present knowledge. The literature strongly indicates that 

caution should be taken when natural wetlands are 

modified for use in stormwater management. Short-term 

water quality benefits are often realized, but long-term 

ecological impacts to the wetland system itself are likely 

and poorly understood. Constructed wetlands can be 

valuable tools for managing the effects of stormwater 

impacts on natural systems, particularly if they are built as 

part of basin-wide stormwater plans. The literature review 

summarizes wetland water quality improvement principles, 

case studies, and areas of greatest uncertainty regarding 

the use of wetlands for urban stormwater management. A 

comprehensive glossary is provided for use as a reference 

with definitions to terms contained in the review and 

bibliography, as well as the general literature. (Author's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

50. From wastelands to wetlands. 

Patrick, W. H. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 892-896. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Notes: Conference: Symposium on Wetland Processes and 

Water Quality, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 3-4 Nov 1992 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ flood control/ land 

use/ agriculture/ environmental protection/ water quality 

acts/ federal regulations/ ecosystem disturbance/ waste 

disposal sites/ historical account/ environmental legislation/ 

North America/ Clean Water Act/ water quality acts/ effects 

on water of human nonwater activities/ environmental 

action/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

environmental degradation 

Abstract: When the Europeans first came to North 

America, they discovered vast expanses of fertile land in 

forests and prairies that would support the production of 

agricultural crops. Along with the upland fertile soils that 

lent themselves to clearing and farming, these settlers also 

encountered large areas of water-dominated lands that we 

now call wetlands. To the early settlers these wetland areas 

were for the most part wastelands and were generally 

considered to be unpleasant and unhealthy environments. 

We have learned in recent decades that the extensive 

wetland areas of this country have many beneficial uses. 

Improvement in water quality, flood control, storm 

abatement, protection of unique species of plants and 

animals, and food chain support are some of the important 

functions that wetlands perform. Before and during the 

same time that the value of natural wetlands was slowly 

being recognized, extensive drainage and conversion of 

wetlands to other uses were taking place, resulting in 

conversion of approximately half of the country's wetlands 

to nonwetland uses. Most drainage of wetlands, both past 

and present, is for agricultural use. There is now 

considerable interest country-wide in slowing this wetland 

conversion. Conversion of wetlands to agricultural, urban, 

and industrial uses is now regulated under Section 404 of 

the Federal Clean Water Act. The present level of 

regulation is not without problems, especially in regions 

with extensive areas of wetlands where there might be 

insufficient upland area for development, and in regions 

where the few areas that have wetland characteristics do 

not quality for 404 protection. 

© CSA 

51. Functional assessment of a reference wetland set 

as a tool for science, management and restoration. 

Findlay, S. E. G.; Kiviat, E.; Nieder, W. C.; and Blair, E. A. 

Aquatic Sciences 64(2): 107-117. (2002); ISSN: 1015-1621 

Descriptors: wetlands/ tidal marshes/ education/ 

environmental protection/ hydrology/ geomorphology/ 

analysis/ variability/ restoration/ inland water environment/ 

USA, New York, Hudson R./ habitat community studies/ 

protective measures and control/ general environmental 

engineering 
National and International Scale: General Information 

17

Abstract: Wetlands are increasingly becoming the target of 

efforts to restore or mitigate past and current loss of area 

and other impacts on their function. Tidal wetlands serve an 

array of functions deemed beneficial (ecosystem services) 

but there are relatively few efforts to provide verified 

indicators of these functions or assess variability in function 

among wetlands. We assessed twelve functions ranging 

from wave energy dissipation to fish species richness in 

tidal freshwater wetlands on the Hudson River. These 

functions were assessed along with potential "indicators" of 

function at fifteen marshes selected to span 

hydrogeomorphic classes as well as expected level of 

function. Functions varied dramatically among wetland 

sites, with scores summed across functions ranging from 

16% to 70% of the maximum possible. Some of the 

functions were positively associated such that improvement 

in one would probably be accompanied by improvements in 

others. Some functions (e.g., surface water exchange and 

breeding bird habitat) were negatively correlated indicating 

that one site cannot maximize all potential functions. A 

verified reference data set allows more objective selection 

of targets and sites for restoration as well as establishing 

realistic goals for what might be achieved. The validated 

indicators of function are valuable tools for extrapolating 

from a few intensively studied sites to the larger, 

unsampled, population of wetland sites in a region. 

© CSA 

52. Genetic issues for the restoration of seagrass 

populations.

Williams, S. L. and California Sea Grant. 

In: Restoration Genetics Workshop. (Held 4 Dec 1997-5 

Dec 1997 at St. Petersburg, FL (USA).); pp. 53-60; 1997. 

Notes: Conference: Workshop on the Restoration Genetics 

of Wetland Plants 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sea grass/ genetic diversity/ 

bioturbation/ ecosystem disturbance/ habitat improvement 

(biological)/ restoration/ nature conservation/ environment 

management/ coastal zone management/ genetics and 

evolution/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: This paper explores the relationships between 

genetic variation and seagrass restoration. The author 

discusses some topics restorationists must address such 

as temporal scale, evolutionary potential, bioturbation, and 

habitat fragmentation. 

© CSA 

53. Geochemical processes and nutrient uptake by 

plants in hydric soils. 

McKee, W. H. and McKevlin, M. R. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 

2197-2207. (Dec. 1993) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and 

Chemistry. Includes references. 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ flooding/ biological production/ 

plant water relations/ plant nutrition/ metabolism/ mineral 

nutrition/ nutrient uptake/ soil physical properties/ reduction 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

54. Geographically isolated wetlands: A preliminary 

assessment of their characteristics and status in 

selected areas of the United States. 

Tiner, Ralph W. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Region 5. 

Hadley, Mass.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast 

Region. (2002) 

Notes: Title from web page. "June 2002." Description based 

on content viewed July 3, 2003. Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3 .G64 2002 

http://wetlands.fws.gov/Pubs%5FReports/ 

isolated/report.htm

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ wetland ecology---

United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

55. Grazing management for riparian wetland areas. 

Leonard, S. G.; National Applied Resource Sciences 

Center (U.S.); and United States. Forest Service. 

Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Land 

Management, National Applied Resource Sciences Center; 

Series: Riparian area management. Technical reference 

(United States. Bureau of Land Management) 1737-14; 

63 p. (1997) 

Notes: "U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service"--

Cover. Shipping list no.: 98-0126-P. "BLM/RS/ST97/002+1737"--P. [2] of cover. Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 57-63). SUDOCS: I 53.35:1737-14. 

NAL Call #: SF85.3.G75 1997 

Descriptors: range management---United States/ grazing---

environmental aspects---United States/ riparian ecology---

United States/ wetland conservation---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

56. Groundwater-surface water interactions in 

headwater forested wetlands of the Canadian Shield. 

Devito, K. J.; Hill, A. R.; and Roulet, N. 

Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 181(1-4): 

127-147. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 

Descriptors: wetlands/ surface-groundwater relations/ 

forest hydrology/ swamps/ headwaters/ runoff/ catchment 

areas/ hydrological regime/ hydrology/ catchment area/ 

vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ ground water/ 

catchment area/ vegetation cover/ stormwater runoff/ 

ground water/ surface-groundwater relations/ forest 

hydrology/ headwaters/ catchment areas/ hydrological 

regime/ dynamics of lakes and rivers 

Abstract: Groundwater and surface water interaction in two 

conifer swamps located in headwater catchments with 

contrasting till depth, typical of the southern Canadian 

Shield, were studied from June 1990 to August 1992. Both 

swamps had little influence on the regulation or attenuation 

of seasonal runoff response in the catchment. The two 

valley bottom swamps were connected to local aquifers but 

the upland-wetland connection was continuous in the 

catchment with deeper till and ephemeral in the catchment 

with thin till-rock ridges. Groundwater movement through 

the wetlands was restricted mainly to the surface peat layer 

in both wetlands, because a large portion of inputs from 

shallow soil layers and stream inflows enter near the peat 

surface. However, differences in upland-wetland 

connections resulted in contrasting hydrologic regimes in 

the two swamps. During seasons with larger inputs, both 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

18

swamps were hydrologically connected to uplands and had 

a similar hydrology characterized by a high water table, 

rapid storm response, and predominance of saturated 

overland flow. In summer, upland inputs were absent in the 

catchment with thin till-rock ridges, resulting in cessation of 

baseflow and a lower water table that varied in response to 

variations in rainfall. Continuous upland inputs throughout 

the summer in the catchment with deeper tills (1-3 m) 

sustained baseflow and kept the water table near the peat 

surface. This study demonstrates the control of morphology 

and shallow subsurface geology on the hydrology of valley 

bottom swamps influenced by local aquifers. 

© CSA 

57. How 'green' are aquaculture, constructed wetlands 

and conventional wastewater treatment systems? 

Brix, H. 

Water Science and Technology 40(3): 45-50. (1999) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 6. International Conference on Wetland 

Systems for Water Pollution Control, Aguas de Sao Pedro, 

SP (Brazil), 27 Sep-2 Oct 1998; Issue editor: Cooper, P. 

Descriptors: aquaculture development/ environmental 

impact/ environment management/ eutrophication/ pollution 

control/ energy/ aquaculture/ wastewater treatment/ artificial 

wetlands/ water quality/ nutrients/ biomass/ tropical regions/ 

productivity/ comparison studies/ technology/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ effects of aquaculture on 

the environment/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

wastewater treatment processes 

Abstract: The term 'green' is nowadays widely used (and 

misused) in connection with many types of technologies. If 

a technology is 'green' it usually means that the technology 

requires less non-renewable energy sources than other 

alternatives. However, other parameters need to be 

considered as well, such as sustainability, recycling 

potential, treatment capacity and potential, conservation of 

ecosystems, etc. In this paper the energy requirements and 

nutrient recycling potential of constructed wetlands and 

wastewater aquaculture facilities are compared with that of 

conventional wastewater treatment technologies. The 

energy requirements of constructed wetlands are very low, 

but if significant reuse of nutrients is included (aquaculture), 

the energy requirements increase significantly and usually 

beyond the energy equivalent of the biomass produced. 

This is especially true in cold temperate climates where the 

aquaculture systems need to be housed in heated 

greenhouses and artificial light must be provided to secure 

operation throughout the year. In countries where fresh 

water itself is a limiting resource and where the economic 

capability may limit the use of artificial fertilisers, the reuse 

potential of wastewater may be more important. The 

potential for sustainable cropping of the plant biomass is 

excellent in tropical wetlands as the plants have a high 

productivity and a continuous growing season. In order to 

evaluate in more detail the 'greenness' of the different 

wastewater treatment technologies, the life-cycle approach 

might be applied. However, because constructed wetlands, 

besides the water quality improvement function, perform a 

multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, 

climatic, hydrological and public use functions, 

methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these 

functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality 

issues. 

© CSA 

58. Hydrological modelling and the sustainable 

development of the Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands, Nigeria. 

Thompson, J. R. and Hollis, G. E. 

Hydrological Sciences Journal 40(1): 97-116. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 As7; ISSN: 0262-6667 

Descriptors: productivity/ irrigation/ groundwater recharge/ 

flooding/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ water storage/ 

water use/ hydrology/ water resources/ water management/ 

biological production/ water budget/ resource development/ 

ground water/ Nigeria, Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands/ 

sustainable development/ biological production/ water 

budget/ resource development/ ground water/ productivity/ 

groundwater recharge/ hydrologic budget/ model studies/ 

water storage/ general papers on resources/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands produce 

agricultural, fishing and fuelwood benefits of upto 1277 

Naira/ha (N1 = US$22, October 1994), over five times the 

productivity of formal irrigation schemes. The wetlands play 

a vital role in aquifer recharge. The key is the annual wet 

season flooding of over 2000 km super(2) in the 1960s and 

around 1500 km super(2) in the 1970s. A water balance 

model, utilizing monthly hydrological and meteorological 

data simulates flood extent and groundwater storage within 

the wetlands. The model was operated between 1964 and 

1987 and was calibrated using observed flood extents 

ranging from 50 to 3265 km super(2). Subsequently 

elements were added for dams and irrigation schemes. 

Results indicate that full implementation of all the schemes 

constructed or planned would cause flooding to be less 

than 375 km super(2) for 60% of the time and groundwater 

storage to fall by over 5500 10 super(6) m super(3). It is 

possible to define an operating regime for the basin's 

hydraulic structures which could provide artificial floods and 

enable a distribution of water between formal irrigation, 

small scale irrigators, the wetlands and downstream users. 

This regime would provide assured flooding, of around 

1000 km super(2) each year and a reduced loss of 

groundwater storage. Such a sustainable development 

scheme could offset decades of piecemeal development. 

© CSA 

59. Hydrology of natural wetlands and wet nature 

reserves. 

Van Der Molen, W. H. 

Agricultural Water Management 14(1-4): 357-364. (1988) 

NAL Call #: S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ ecosystems/ ecological 

effects/ reviews/ salt marshes/ swamps/ marshes/ 

hydrologic systems/ bogs 

Abstract: This review considers wetlands as they occur in 

nature, first discussing common properties, and then 

distinguishing different varieties. Wetlands discussed lack 

extensive open water spaces or large areas of bare sands 

and mudflats, and are mostly vegetated. The water logged 

wetland environment severely limits the number of plant 

species. Other factors, like high salinity, abundant or very 

poor supply of plant nutrients, may further reduce the 

possibilities. Often the vegetation is dominated by only a 

few but highly typical species. The following main types of 

wetlands are considered: swamp forests; reedlands and 

wet grasslands; highmoor bogs; and salt marshes. The 

general features of wetlands, and their botanical and 

zoological aspects have been extensively studied. The 

knowledge about the hydrology of wetlands, however, is 
National and International Scale: General Information 

19

scanty. More studies have been made on the hydrology of 

nature reserves. Interest in wetland hydrology is obviously 

rising as such areas become scarcer. Our present 

knowledge of the hydrology of wetlands is insufficient as a 

base to make the right decisions on how to preserve 

threatened wetlands. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

60. Identifying vulnerable wetland systems: Modelling 

the impact of sea-level rise on large-scale wetland 

response.

McFadden, L.; Spencer, T.; and Nicholls, R. J. 

In: Solutions to Coastal Disasters 2005 - Proceedings of the 

Conference.; pp. 453-465; 2005. 

Descriptors: coastal forest/ ecological sensitivity/ tidal flats, 

saltmarsh/ wetland loss/ wetland transition 

Abstract: A broad-scale Wetland Change Model has been 

developed to identify the vulnerability of coastal wetlands at 

the large-scale. The model provides a dynamic and 

integrated assessment of regional to global patterns of 

wetland loss, and a means of estimating the transitions 

between different vegetated wetland types and open water 

under a range of scenarios of sea-level rise and changes in 

accommodation space from human intervention. This paper 

discusses key concepts raised in the process of quantifying 

the vulnerability of coastal wetlands to forcing from sealevel rise. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

61. The impact of a riparian wetland on streamwater 

quality in a recently afforested upland catchment. 

Emmett, B. A.; Hudson, J. A.; Coward, P. A.; and 

Reynolds, B. 

Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 162(3-4): 

337-353. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ streams/ 

geochemistry/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ water 

treatment/ agricultural runoff/ aquaculture effluents/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ aquaculture effluents/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ streams/ stream pollution/ sinks/ nutrients/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ mechanical and natural 

changes/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: The influence of a small remant wetland on 

streamwater chemistry at the outflow of an afforested 

catchment has been investigated. The wetland reduced the 

volume weighted mean concentrations of a number of 

solutes. Stream solute loadings were calculated from 

chemical and flow data from two flumes situated above and 

below the wetland at the catchment outlet. The flow 

contribution from the wetland itself was estimated on an 

areal basis and combined with sampled chemistry to 

estimate solute fluxes. Streamwater dissolved nitrogen 

loading equivalent to an input of 55 kg N/ha/year, was 

reduced by 38% after flowing through the wetland. 

Reductions in streamwater loadings were also observed for 

phosphate (94%), total dissolved-P (42%), total monometric 

aluminium (39%), total filtrable aluminium (21%), iron 

(54%), DOC (34%) and silica (21%). All other retention 

rates were within the original streamwater loading estimate 

errors. Retention of nitrogen was lower than expected, 

perhaps due to exhaustion of the wetland's immobilisation 

capacity by the large nitrogen loading in the streamwater 

entering the wetland from the surrounding land in 

combination with atmospheric loadings. Retention of 

nitrogen and other solutes was also reduced due to a 

prolonged period of low rainfall during the summer of 1989 

which resulted in high concentration events of various 

elements from the wetland relative to concentrations at the 

wetland inflow. 

© CSA 

62. The impact of federal programs on wetlands: A 

report to Congress. 

United States. Dept. of the Interior 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1988. 

Notes: v. 1. The Lower Mississippi Alluvial Plain and the 

Prairie Pothole Region -- v. 2. The Everglades, coastal 

Louisiana, Galveston Bay, Puerto Rico, California's Central 

Valley, western riparian areas, southeastern and western 

Alaska, the Delmarva Peninsula, North Carolina, 

northeastern New Jersey, Michigan, and Nebraska. 

NAL Call #: QH76.I48 1988 

http://www.doi.gov/oepc/wetlands2/index.html 

Descriptors: wetland conservation---government policy---

United States/ wetlands---government policy---United 

States/ reclamation of land---government policy--- 

United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

63. Impact of urbanization on coastal wetland structure 

and function. 

Lee, S. Y.; Dunn, R. J. K.; Young, R. A.; Connolly, R. M.; 

Dale, P. E. R.; Dehayr, R.; Lemckert, C. J.; Mckinnon, S.; 

Powell, B.; and Teasdale, P. R. 

Austral Ecology 31(2): 149-163. (2006) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .A8; ISSN: 1442-9985 

Abstract: Urbanization is a major cause of loss of coastal 

wetlands. Urbanization also exerts significant influences on 

the structure and function of coastal wetlands, mainly 

through modifying the hydrological and sedimentation 

regimes, and the dynamics of nutrients and chemical 

pollutants. Natural coastal wetlands are characterized by a 

hydrological regime comprising concentrated flow to 

estuarine and coastal areas during flood events, and 

diffused discharge into groundwater and waterways during 

the non-flood periods. Urbanization, through increasing the 

amount of impervious areas in the catchment, results in a 

replacement of this regime by concentrating rain run-off. 

Quality of run-off is also modified in urban areas, as 

loadings of sediment, nutrients and pollutants are increased 

in urban areas. While the effects of such modifications on 

the biota and the physical environment have been relatively 

well studied, there is to date little information on their 

impact at the ecosystem level. Methodological issues, such 

as a lack of sufficient replication at the whole-habitat level, 

the lack of suitable indices of urbanization and tools for 

assessing hydrological connectivity, have to be overcome 

to allow the effects of urbanization to be assessed at the 

ecosystem level. A functional model is presented to 

demonstrate the impact of urbanization on coastal wetland 

structure and function. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

64. Impacts of sediment burial on mangroves. 

Ellison, J. C. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 37(8-12): 420-426. (1998) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ roots/ tolerance/ sedimentation/ 

burying/ mangrove swamps/ ecosystem disturbance/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

20

restoration/ environment management/ nature 

conservation/ ecosystem management/ rehabilitation/ 

elevation/ accretion/ literature review/ mortality/ trees/ 

environmental restoration/ habitat/ respiration/ forests/ 

sediments/ mangroves 

Abstract: Aerial roots are a common adaptation of 

mangrove trees to their saline wetland habitat, allowing root 

respiration in the anaerobic substrate. While mangroves 

flourish on sedimentary shorelines, it is shown here that 

excess input of sediment to mangroves can cause death of 

trees owing to root smothering. Descriptions of 26 cases 

were found in the literature or described here, where 

mangroves have been adversely affected by sediment 

burial of roots. The impacts ranged from reduced vigour to 

death, depending on the amount and type of sedimentation, 

and the species involved. There are insufficient data to 

establish specific tolerances. For rehabilitation, where the 

disturbance was a past event, the elevation change must 

be assessed in selection of species for replanting, and field 

trials are required in areas where rapid accretion is an 

ongoing problem. 

© CSA 

65. The importance of wetlands in water resource 

management: A literature review. 

Brady, Anne.; Riding, Tim.; and New South Wales. Dept. of 

Land and Water Conservation. 

Sydney, Australia: Sydney Dept. of Land & Water 

Conservation; 48 p.: ill. (1996) 

Notes: "March 1996"--T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 30-37). 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3B73 1996; ISBN: 0731023544 

Descriptors: wetland conservation---Australia---New South 

Wales/ wetlands---Australia---New South Wales---

management 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

66. An integrated model of soil, hydrology, and 

vegetation for carbon dynamics in wetland 

ecosystems. 

Zhang, Yu; Li, Changsheng; Trettin, Carl C.; Li, Harbin; and 

Sun, Ge 

Global Biogeochemical Cycles 16(4): 1-17. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH344.G562; ISSN: 0886-6236 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/20282

Descriptors: wetland/ model/ carboncycles/ methane 

emissions/ hydrology 

Abstract: Wetland ecosystems are an important 

component in global carbon (C) cycles and may exert a 

large influence on global clinlate change. Predictions of C 

dynamics require us to consider interactions among many 

critical factors of soil, hydrology, and vegetation. However, 

few such integrated C models exist for wetland 

ecosystems. In this paper, we report a simulation model, 

Wetland-DNDC, for C dynamics and methane (CH4) 

emissions in wetland ecosystems. The general structure of 

Wetland-DNDC was adopted from PnET-N-DNDC, a 

process-oriented biogeochemical model that simulates C 

and N dynamics in upland forest ecosystems. Several new 

hnctions and algorithms were developed for WetlandDNDC to capture the unique features of wetland 

ecosystems, such as water table dynamics, growth of 

mosses and herbaceous plants, and soil biogeochemical 

processes under anaerobic conditions. The model has 

been validated against various observations from three 

wetland sites in Northern America. The validation results 

are in agreement with the ineasurements of water table 

dynamics, soil temperature, CH4 fluxes, net ecosystem 

productivity (NEP), and annual C budgets. Sensitivity 

analysis indicates that the most critical input factors for C 

dynamics in the wetland ecosystems are air temperature, 

water outflow parameters, initial soil C content, and plant 

photosynthesis capacity. NEP and CH4 emissions are 

sensitive to most of the tested input variables. By 

integrating the priinary drivers of climate, hydrology, soil 

and vegetation, the Wetland-DNDC model is capable of 

predicting C biogeochemical cycles in wetland ecosystems. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

67. Intensive wetland agriculture in Mesoamerica: 

Space, time, and form. 

Sluyter, A. 

Annals of the Association of American Geographers 84(4): 

557-584. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 500 As73; ISSN: 0004-5608 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agriculture/ maps/ irrigation 

practices/ ecological effects/ population density/ irrigation/ 

land use/ historical account/ anthropogenic factors/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ 

mesoamerica/ archeology/ historical account/ 

anthropogenic factors/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

environmental impact/ irrigation practices/ ecological 

effects/ conservation in agricultural use/ habitat community 

studies/ mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: Geographers have led the effort to better 

understand Prehispanic, intensive wetland agriculture 

("raised fields") in Mesoamerica. An overview of that 

literature provides the database for a subsequent spatialtemporal analysis and a resource for primary research. The 

analysis employs maps to identify changing relationships 

among distribution, hectareage, and morphometry in order 

to address wetland agriculture's role in the emergence of 

sedentism, urbanism, statism, and corollary environmental 

change; its interrelationships with other agroecosystems 

and ecological parameters; and its productivity and 

sustainability. The result is a modest benchmark in the 

research process which identifies significant variables, 

putative patterns, and several testable hypotheses, namely 

1) that wherever social processes elicited dense population 

nucleations and hydrology was appropriate, farmers built 

wetland fields; 2) that the emergence of intensive wetland 

agriculture was ecologically interrelated with terracing, 

canal irrigation, and extensive agroecosystems; 3) that 

morphometric variation among wetland fields reflected 

contextual variables of hydrology, population density, 

taxation, and centralization of decision making; and 4) that 

intensive wetland agriculture in Mesoamerica was a 

productive and sustainable agroecosystem. 

© CSA 

68. Interior wetlands of the United States: A review of 

wetland status, general ecology, biodiversity, and 

management. 

Giudice, John H.; Ratti, John T.; United States. Army. 

Corps of Engineers; U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; and Wetlands Research 

Program (U.S.) 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program 

technical report WRP-SM-9; 156 p. (1995) 
National and International Scale: General Information 

21

Notes: "November 1995." Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 100-132). 

NAL Call #: QH76.G58 1995 

Descriptors: biological diversity conservation---United 

States/ ecosystem management---United States/ 

 wetlands---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

69. Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North 

America. 

Galatowitsch, S. M.; Anderson, N. O.; and Ascher, P. D. 

Wetlands 19(4): 733-755. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ exotic species/ vegetation/ literature 

review/ hydrology/ salinity/ introduced species/ vegetation 

patterns/ growth/ herbivores/ hybridization/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ plant populations/ salinity effects/ temperate 

zones/ Phragmites australis/ Typha glauca/ Lythrum 

salicaria/ Myriophyllum spicatum/ Phalaris arundinacea/ 

North America/ invasive taxa 

Abstract: The spread of invasive taxa, including Lythrum 

salicaria, Typha X glauca, Myriophyllum spicatum, Phalaris 

arundinacea, and Phragmites australis, has dramatically 

changed the vegetation of many wetlands of North 

America. Three theories have been advanced to explain the 

nature of plant invasiveness. Aggressive growth during 

geographic expansion could result because 1) growth is 

more favorable under new environmental conditions than 

those of resident locales (environmental constraints 

hypothesis); 2) herbivores may be absent in the new locale, 

resulting in selection of genotypes with improved 

competitive ability and reduced allocation to herbivore 

defenses (evolution of increased competitive ability 

hypothesis); and 3) interspecific hybridization occurred 

between a new taxon and one existing in an area, resulting 

in novel phenotypes with selective advantages in disturbed 

sites or phenotypes that can grow under conditions not 

favorable for either parent (introgression/hybrid speciation 

hypothesis). A review of published literature found few 

studies that compare the growth and dynamics of invasive 

populations in their new range versus those in historic 

ranges. However, there is evidence that hydrologic 

alterations could facilitate invasions by Typha X glauca and 

Phalaris arundinacea and that increased salinity promoted 

spread of Typha angustifolia (parental taxon) and 

Phragmites australis. The potential for reduced herbivory 

causing aggressive growth is greatest for Lythrum salicaria. 

Introgressive hybridization is potentially a cause of 

invasiveness for all five species but has been established 

only for Typha X glauca and Lythrum salicaria. 

© CSA 

70. Land-use characterization for nutrient and sediment 

risk assessment. 

Valk, Arnoud van der; United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division.; 

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands 

Division.; and United States. Environmental Protection 

Agency. Office of Water. 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2003. 

Notes: Original title: Land use characterization for nutrient 

and sediment risk assessment #17; Title from web page. 

"March 2002." Prepared jointly by: the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division 

(Office of Science and Technology) and Wetland Division 

(Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-

R-02-025." Description based on content viewed Feb. 28, 

2003. Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.N8 V47 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/ 

wetlands/17LandUse.pdf 

Descriptors: wetland ecology---evaluation/ land use 

surveys---United States/ wetland management---United 

States/ water quality management---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

71. Lessons learned from five decades of wetland 

restoration and creation in North America.

Lewis, R. R.; Kusler, J. A.; and Erwin, K. L. 

In: Proceedings of the Conference on Challenges and 

Opportunities in the Marine Environment. 

Washington D.C.: 1994; pp. 233-240. 

Notes: Conference: MTS 94. Challenges and Opportunities 

in the Marine Environment, Washington, DC (USA), 

7-9 Sep 1994 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental protection/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ historical account/ ecosystem 

management/ hydrology/ site selection/ ecosystems/ 

monitoring/ environmental restoration/ siting criteria/ USA/ 

wetland restoration 

Abstract: Practical experience and the available science 

base on restoration and creation are limited for most 

wetland types and vary regionally. Most wetland restoration 

and creation projects do not have specific, measurable 

goals, complicating efforts to evaluate "success". 

Monitoring of wetland restoration and creation projects has 

been lacking and needs more emphasis. Despite 

thousands of instances in which wetlands have been 

intentionally or unintentionally restored or created in the 

United States, in the last 50 years there has been very little 

short term monitoring and even less long term monitoring of 

sites. Monitoring of sites of comparisons with naturally 

occurring wetlands over time would provide a variety of 

information including rates of revegetation, repopulation by 

animal species, and redevelopment of soil profiles, patterns 

of succession, and evidence of persistence. 

© CSA 

72. Linking actions to outcomes in wetland 

management: An overview of U.S. state wetland 

management. 

La Peyre, M. K.; Reams, M. A.; and Mendelssohn, I. A. 

Wetlands 21(1): 66-74. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ government policy/ surveys/ 

environment management/ planning/ ecology/ ecosystem 

management/ regional planning/ Mapping/ nature 

conservation/ environmental protection/ policies/ 

management/ United States/ government policies/ resource 

management/ land management/ environmental quality/ 

resources management/ state jurisdiction/ assessments/ 

resource conservation/ environmental law, regulations & 

policy/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

management/ environmental action/ evaluation process 

Abstract: Despite a national focus on saving wetland 

systems in the U.S., evaluations of wetland resources and 

management outcomes have been limited. A fifty-state 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

22

survey of wetland managers was conducted in order to 

collect information on (1) wetland resources, (2) 

management actions taken, and (3) management impact on 

the resources (wetlands). An overview of the general status 

of state knowledge of the quantity and quality of their 

wetland resources is presented. Results indicate that most 

states have a rough estimate of the resources and most 

have wetland conservation plans and intend to develop 

better databases of wetland resources. However, few 

states track management actions relevant to wetlands and 

fewer have any idea of the success or impact of past 

management actions. The ability to assess program 

effectiveness is key to implementing adaptive management 

frameworks. A number of lessons learned suggest a basic 

framework for future wetland management that includes 

state planning, better quantification (mapping) of wetlands, 

development of methods to measure wetland quality, and 

tracking of wetland management actions and outcomes. 

This framework could also be used as an outline for the 

development of a more adaptive approach to wetland 

management. 

© CSA 

73. Mercury sequestration in forests and peatlands: A 

review. 

Grigal, D. F. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(2): 393-405. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Abstract: Nearly all Hg in vegetation is derived directly from 

the atmosphere. Mass of Hg in forest vegetation (roughly 

0.1 mg m-2) is about an order of magnitude smaller than 

that in the forest floor (1 mg m-2) and two orders of 

magnitude smaller than that in the mineral soil (10 mg m-2). 

Mass of Hg in peat (20 mg m-2) is greater than the sum of 

that in mineral soil and the forest floor; wetlands usually 

sequester more Hg than associated uplands. The strong 

relationship of Hg to organic matter, associated with binding 

by reduced S groups, is fundamental to understanding Hg 

distribution and behavior in terrestrial systems. The 

stoichiometry of the Hg-C relationship varies; Hg-S 

relationships, though less variable, are not constant. 

Because of the Hg-organic matter link, landscape 

conditions that lead to differential soil organic matter 

accumulation are likely to lead to differential Hg 

accumulation. The ratio of methylmercury (MeHg) to total 

Hg is generally low in both vegetation (near 1.5%) and soil 

(<1%), but areas of poorly drained soils and wetlands are 

sites of MeHg production. The annual emission of anthropic 

Hg from the 48 contiguous states of the USA (144 Mg) is 

two orders of magnitude less than the pool of Hg in forests 

of those states (30 300 Mg). Peatlands, less than 2% of 

total land area, sequester more than 20 times annual 

emissions (2930 Mg). If global climate change affects C 

storage it will indirectly affect Hg storage, having a major 

effect on the balance between emissions and sequestration 

and on the global Hg cycle. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

74. Metal accumulation within salt marsh 

environments: A review. 

Williams, T. P.; Bubb, J. M.; and Lester, J. N. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 28(5): 277-290. (1994) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X 

Descriptors: salt marshes/ heavy metals/ literature reviews/ 

sea grass/ pollution indicators/ indicator species/ 

biogeochemical cycle/ erosion/ pollution effects/ 

physicochemical properties/ chemical speciation/ 

accumulation/ biogeochemistry/ bioaccumulation/ literature 

review/ water pollution effects/ Zostera marina/ British Isles/ 

accumulation/ literature reviews 

Abstract: A comprehensive assessment of the chemical 

and physical factors affecting metal accumulation and 

cycling within salt marshes is presented. The effects that 

changes in physico-chemical properties (redox potential, 

salinity, pH, etc.) have upon metal mobility, speciation and 

consequent biological availability are described together 

with the implications for salt marsh habitat loss. Salt 

marshes act as very efficient sinks for metal contaminants 

although metal concentrations in halophytes do not 

generally reflect environmental contamination levels. 

Marine angiosperms, particularly Zostera marina, do 

however, reflect external metal concentrations and can 

therefore be used as biomonitors. Evidence suggests that 

the concentration of heavy metals in the sediments of most 

estuaries is not sufficiently high to cause ill effects to salt 

marsh plants although further investigations are necessary 

to assess potential threats of pollutants upon the health of 

these intertidal ecosystems. 

© CSA 

75. Methane production and methane consumption: A 

review of processes underlying wetland methane 

fluxes. 

Segers, R. 

Biogeochemistry 41(1): 23-51. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH345 .B564; ISSN: 0168-2563 

Descriptors: wetlands/ methane/ fluctuations/ atmosphere/ 

atmospheric gases/ atmospheric chemistry/ peat/ oxidation/ 

methanogenesis/ greenhouse effect/ climatic changes/ 

soils/ anoxic conditions/ biogeochemical cycle/ soil 

microorganisms/ greenhouse gases/ microorganisms 

Abstract: Potential rates of both methane production and 

methane consumption vary over three orders of magnitude 

and their distribution is skew. These rates are weakly 

correlated with ecosystem type, incubation temperature, in 

situ aeration, latitude, depth and distance to oxic/anoxic 

interface. Anaerobic carbon mineralisation is a major 

control of methane production. The large range in 

anaerobic CH sub(4):CO sub(2) production rates indicate 

that a large part of the anaerobically mineralised carbon is 

used for reduction of electron acceptors, and, hence, is not 

available for methanogenesis. Consequently, cycling of 

electron acceptors needs to be studied to understand 

methane production. Methane and oxygen half saturation 

constants for methane oxidation vary about one order of 

magnitude. Potential methane oxidation seems to be 

correlated with methanotrophic biomass. Therefore, 

variation in potential methane oxidation could be related to 

site characteristics with a model of methanotrophic 

biomass. 

© CSA 

76. Modeling habitat change in salt marshes after tidal 

restoration. 

Boumans, R. M.; Burdick, D. M.; and Dionne, M. 

Restoration Ecology 10(3): 543-555. (Sept. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: hydrology/ salt marshes/ human impact/ tides/ 

topography/ coastal zone management/ restoration/ maninduced effects/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ tidal 
National and International Scale: General Information 

23

effects/ tidal currents/ USA, New England/ reclamation/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

ecosystems and energetics 

Abstract: Salt marshes continue to degrade in the United 

States due to indirect human impacts arising from tidal 

restrictions. Roads or berms with inadequate provision for 

tidal flow hinder ecosystem functions and interfere with selfmaintenance of habitat, because interactions among 

vegetation, soil, and hydrology within tidally restricted 

marshes prevent them from responding to sea level rise. 

Prediction of the tidal range that is expected after 

restoration relative to the current geomorphology is crucial 

for successful restoration of salt marsh habitat. Both 

insufficient (due to restriction) and excessive (due to 

subsidence and sea level rise) tidal flooding can lead to 

loss of salt marshes. We developed and applied the Marsh 

Response to Hydrological Modifications model as a 

predictive tool to forecast the success of management 

scenarios for restoring full tides to previously restricted 

areas. We present an overview of a computer simulation 

tool that evaluates potential culvert installations with output 

of expected tidal ranges, water discharges, and flood 

potentials. For three New England tidal marshes we show 

species distributions of plants for tidally restricted and 

nonrestricted areas. Elevation ranges of species are used 

for short-term (<5 years) predictions of changes to salt 

marsh habitat after tidal restoration. In addition, elevation 

changes of the marsh substrate measured at these sites 

are extrapolated to predict long-term (>5 years) changes in 

marsh geomorphology under restored tidal regimes. The 

resultant tidal regime should be designed to provide habitat 

requirements for salt marsh plants. At sites with substantial 

elevation losses a balance must be struck that stimulates 

elevation increases by improving sediment fluxes into 

marshes while establishing flooding regimes appropriate to 

sustain the desired plants. 

© CSA 

77. Modelling biodiversity and land use: Urban growth, 

agriculture and nature in a wetland area. 

Eppink, F. V.; van den Bergh, J.; and Rietveld, P. 

Ecological Economics 51(3-4): 201-216. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009 

Descriptors: wetlands/ integrated modelling/ species 

richness/ land cover/ bid rent models/ land use/ 

anthropogenic impacts/ dynamic simulation models/ 

conservation/ ecology/ mathematical models/ equations/ 

forestry/ agriculture 

Abstract: Wherever human land use is located near 

sensitive natural areas, such as wetlands, it has significant 

impacts on biodiversity in those areas. Both species 

richness and species composition are affected. As 

biodiversity is lost, conservation efforts increase and act as 

a constraint on land use options. Given these links, land 

use is a central factor in an ecological-economic analysis of 

biodiversity. This paper presents a general, dynamic 

simulation model of the interaction between wetland 

biodiversity and land use. Results for a set of scenarios 

suggest that urban growth is unsustainable and that there 

may be a conflict between conservation of distinct aspects 

of biodiversity. 

© NISC 

78. Modification of peak flood discharges by wetland 

environments: A review. 

Tobin, G. A. 

Geographical Perspectives 57: 6-18. (1986); 

ISSN: 0199-994X 

Abstract: The traditional view equating wetland 

environments with wasteland has gradually given way to 

one which recognizes several valuable functional roles of 

such areas. This review paper focuses on just one of these 

roles, the ability of wetlands to mitigate peak flood flows, 

and questions the basic assumption that all wetlands a 

priori act as sponges temporarily, storing water during times 

of excess and releasing it during times of drought. Both 

theoretical arguments and empirical evidence are examined 

and it is concluded that more attention should be given to 

controlled research studies which develop more 

sophisticated hydrological models of wetlands. -Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

79. Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: A call for a 

new paradigm. 

Bridgham, S. D.; Pastor, J.; Janssens, J. A.; Chapin, C.; 

and Malterer, T. J. 

Wetlands 16(1): 45-65. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peat/ classification systems/ 

gradients/ biogeochemistry/ hydrology/ community 

composition/ nutrients (mineral)/ hydrogen ion 

concentration/ acidic soils/ plant populations 

Abstract: Peatlands often have readily apparent gradients 

of plant species distributions, biogeochemistry, and 

hydrology across several spatial scales. Many inferences 

have been drawn about the colinearity of these gradients, 

and these assumptions have become ingrained in the 

terminology that describes and classifies peatlands. We 

review the literature and present some of our own data that 

show that many of these inferences are either wrong or 

correct only under a limited set of ecological conditions. We 

examine historical classification schemes of peatlands and, 

in this context, gradients of alkalinity, pH, nutrient 

availability for plant growth, nutrient mineralization, 

hydrology, and decomposition. We further suggest a strictly 

defined set of terms to describe separate gradients of 

hydrology, alkalinity, and nutrients that limit plant growth in 

peatlands. Specially, we make the following suggestions 

concerning terminology. (1) The suffix O-trophicO should 

only be used when referring to nutrients that directly limit 

plant growth at natural availabilities (e.g., eutrophic and 

oligotrophic). (2) Terms such as circumneutral, moderately 

acid, and very acidic (or alternatively strong, intermediate, 

and weak) should be used to describe the pH of peatlands. 

(3) Ombrogenous and geogenous (or limnogenous, 

topogenous, and soligenous) should be used to describe 

the hydrology of peatlands. (4) The terms bog and fen 

should be defined broadly based on water/soil chemistry 

and dominant plant species without accompanying 

assumptions regarding hydrology, topography, ontogeny, 

nutrient availability, or the presence or absence of 

nondominant indicator plant species. Better yet, the generic 

term peatland be used when possible to avoid confusion 

about conditions that may or may not be present at a 

particular site. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

24

80. N:P balance in wetland forests: Productivity across 

a biogeochemical continuum. 

Lockaby, B. G. and Conner, W. H. 

Botanical Review 65(2): 171-185. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 450 B6527; ISSN: 0006-8101 

Descriptors: nitrogen: nutrient/ phosphorus: nutrient/ net 

primary productivity/ nitrogen:phosphorus balance: 

biogeochemical continuum, productivity/ nutrient 

transformation/ wetland forest 

Abstract: The nature of and driving forces behind variation 

among wetland forests in terms of biogeochemistry and 

vegetation production are not well understood. We suggest 

that insight into biogeochemical and productivity differences 

may be gained by examining the degree to which nitrogen 

and phosphorus are balanced within wetland vegetation. 

On the basis of examinations of data related to N:P balance 

and nutrient use efficiencies, vegetation productivity in both 

depressional and riverine forests appears to be primarily N 

limited. In contrast to some current theories of wetland 

biogeochemistry, these data suggest that when P 

deficiency occurs at all, it represents a secondary 

productivity constraint in comparison to N. Similarly, a 

biogeochemical continuum is suggested for wetland forests 

based on the relationship between N:P ratios in senesced 

foliage vs. annual litterfall mass. We theorize that the 

position of a particular wetland forest on this continuum 

reflects the integration of its geomorphic position and 

biogeochemical history. In addition, the position of a 

particular system on the continuum may have predictive 

value with regard to net primary productivity and nutrient 

transformation capabilities. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

81. National water summary of wetland resources. 

Fretwell, J. D.; Williams, John S.; Redman, Phillip J.; and 

Geological Survey (U.S.). 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. G.P.O; Series: U.S. Geological 

Survey water-supply paper 2425; 431 p. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 407 G29W no.2425; ISBN: 0607856963 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ water resources 

development---United States/ wetland conservation---

United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

82. Natural and constructed wetlands in Canada: An 

overview. 

Kennedy, Gavin and Mayer, Tatiana 

Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 37(2): 295-325. 

(2002); ISSN: 1201-3080 

Descriptors: bioprocess engineering/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife management: 

conservation/ wetland research needs/ identification/ 

Canadian economy/ anthropogenic activities/ climate 

change/ constructed wetlands: cold weather performance, 

cost effective, design adaptation, environmentally friendly 

wastewater treatment method, non point source pollution 

treatment, wildlife effects/ consumptive activities: derived 

value/ freshwater wetland research/ hydrogeochemistry/ 

hydrology/ intrinsic water quality amelioration wetland 

function/ natural wetlands: sustainability/ non consumptive 

activities: derived value/ wetland degradation/ wetland loss/ 

wetland treatment technology 

Abstract: A review of freshwater wetland research in 

Canada was conducted to highlight the importance of these 

ecosystems and to identify wetland research needs. Both 

natural and constructed wetland systems are discussed. 

Natural wetlands are an important part of the Canadian 

landscape. They provide the habitat for a broad variety of 

flora and fauna and contribute significantly to the Canadian 

economy. It is estimated that the total value derived from 

consumptive and non-consumptive activities exceeds dollar 

sign10 billion annually. The past decades have witnnessed 

the continued loss and degradation of wetlands in Canada. 

In spite of recent protection, Canadian wetlands remain 

threatened by anthropogenic activities. This review shows 

that more research on fate and transport of pollutants from 

urban and agricultural sources in wetland systems is 

needed to better protect the health and to assure the 

sustainability of wetlands in Canada. Furthermore, 

improved knowledge of hydrology and hydrogeochemistry 

of wetlands will assure more effective management of 

these ecosystems. Lastly, better understanding of the effect 

of climate change on wetlands will result in better protection 

of these important ecosystems. Constructed wetlands are 

man-made wetlands used to treat non-point source 

pollution. The wetland treatment technology capitalizes on 

the intrinsic water quality amelioration function of wetlands 

and is emerging as a cost-effective, environmentally 

friendly method of treating a variety of wastewaters. The 

use of wetland technology in Canada is, however, less 

common than in the U.S.A. A number of research needs 

has to be addressed before the wetland treatment 

technology can gain widespread acceptance in Canada. 

This includes research pertaining to cold weather 

performance, including more monitoring, research on 

design adaptation and investigation of the effects of 

constructed wetlands on wildlife. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

83. The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the 

landscape scale for freshwater wetland mitigation. 

Bedford, B. L. 

Ecological Applications 6(1): 57-68. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ biological 

diversity/ hydrology/ ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ reclamation/ plant populations/ 

geohydrology/ decision making/ reclamation/ plant 

populations/ geohydrology/ decision making/ environmental 

restoration/ biological diversity/ ecosystem management/ 

environment management 

Abstract: Attempts to replace wetlands or define hydrologic 

equivalence for wetland mitigation must be based on an 

understanding of the complexity of wetland hydrology and 

of the relationship of individual wetlands to the landscape. 

Because mitigation has the potential to re-configure the 

kinds and spatial distribution of wetland ecosystems over 

large geographic areas, I advocate a landscape approach 

to defining hydrologic equivalence. This approach does not 

depend on specification of hydroperiod or other hydrologic 

variables for individual wetlands. It relies instead on 

knowledge of landscape properties that control wetland 

hydrology and water chemistry. In this paper I develop the 

conceptual framework for defining hydrologic equivalence 

for wetland mitigation viewed as a de facto landscape 

management policy with the potential to reduce the 

diversity of wetland types within regions. I review modern 

hydrogeological understanding of where wetlands form in 

the landscape and identify key hydrologic variables 

responsible for the formation of specific wetland types. I 
National and International Scale: General Information 

25

also review existing evaluations of mitigation projects in 

several states. On the basis of these reviews, I argue that, 

in setting regulatory criteria for judging hydrologic 

equivalence, the scale must be enlarged from the individual 

wetland project to include the broader landscape. Only this 

broader view can provide the context within which decisionmakers can evaluate the potential cumulative effects of 

individual mitigation decisions on broad-scale patterns of 

wetland diversity. The landscape approach to defining 

hydrologic equivalence that I advocate is based on the 

concept of templates for wetland development. These 

templates are the diversity of settings created in specific 

landscapes by the complex interactions of hydrogeologic 

factors and climate. These interactions, in turn, control key 

hydrologic variables and hydrologically influenced chemical 

variables that cause specific wetland types to form. 

Hydrologic equivalence then can be defined at the scale of 

landscape in terms of the kinds, numbers, relative 

abundances, and spatial distribution of wetland templates. 

The approach can be implemented through the 

identification of landscape goals and profiles based on 

knowledge of these templates. The profiles would catalog 

and map the diversity of wetland templates and the 

diversity of existing wetland types within a given landscape, 

focusing the attention of decision-makers on broad-scale 

patterns of loss in wetland types and providing a context 

within which individual mitigation projects could be 

evaluated. Landscape goals for maintaining a diversity of 

wetland templates are suggested. 

© CSA 

84. Nutrient enrichment and decomposition in wetland 

ecosystems: Models, analyses and effects. 

Rybczyk, J. M.; Garson, G.; and Day, J. W. 

Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 52-72. 

(1996); ISSN: 1076-4674 

Descriptors: wetlands/ litter/ ecosystems/ mineralization/ 

decomposition/ nutrients/ cycling nutrients/ model studies/ 

enrichment/ literature review/ degradation/ biodegradation/ 

leAves/ biogeochemistry/ nutrient cycles/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ literature reviews/ decomposers/ nutrient cycles/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ literature reviews/ decomposers/ 

nutrient enrichment/ decomposition/ nutrients/ cycling 

nutrients/ model studies/ enrichment/ literature review/ 

degradation/ leaves 

Abstract: Decomposition refers to the breakdown of 

organic matter to carbon dioxide, water and inorganic 

mineral components (mineralization) (Dickinson and Pugh 

1974). Inorganic components can also be re-incorporated 

into the litter matrix during decomposition (immobilization). 

Generally, nutrient availability limits the rate of biological 

decomposition of plant organic matter because of the 

disparity between the high demand for nitrogen and 

phosphorus by decomposer organisms that use plant litter 

carbon as an energy source and the relatively low 

concentrations of nutrients found in the leaf litter (Swift et 

al. 1979, Neely and Davis 1985, Enriquez et al. 1993). 

Nutrient amendments to wetland ecosystems can 

potentially increase the rates of decomposition by either 

improving initial litter nutrient quality, via fertilization of the 

growing plant (Coulson and Butterfield 1978, Valiela et al. 

1985, Lukumbuzya et al. 1994), or by increasing externally, 

the nutrients available to decomposer communities 

(Howarth and Fisher 1976, Haines and Hanson 1979, 

Fairchild et al. 1984). Nutrient amendments can also affect 

the mineralization and immobilization of nutrients within the 

decomposing litter matrix by altering the distribution and 

amounts of nutrients associated with the labile and 

refractory litter components, and by increasing the external 

pool of nutrients that can be re-incorporated into the 

decomposing litter matrix (Kaushik and Hynes 1971, 

Howarth and Fisher 1976, Andersen 1978, Coulson and 

Butterfield 1978, Elwood et al. 1981, Marinucci et al. 1983, 

DeBusk and Dierberg 1984, Fairchild et al. 1984, Neely and 

Davis 1985, Valiela et al. 1985, Hohmann and Neely 1993). 

We reviewed 24 studies that examined the effects of 

nutrient amendments, most commonly nitrogen and 

phosphorus, on the rates of wetland plant litter 

decomposition in either, wetland ecosystems, laboratory 

wetland mesocosms, streams or vegetated littoral zones of 

lakes. 

© CSA 

85. Nutrient limitation and botanical diversity in 

wetlands: Can fertilization raise species richness? 

Guesewell, Sabine; Bailey, Kathleen M.; Roem, Wilma J.; 

and Bedford, Barbara L. 

Oikos 109(1): 71-80. (Apr. 2005) 

NAL Call #: 410 OI4; ISSN: 0030-1299 

Descriptors: wetlands/ species richness/ nutrients/ 

biomass/ pH effects/ soil chemistry/ grasslands/ fertilization/ 

nature conservation/ species diversity/ aquatic plants/ 

nitrogen/ phosphorus/ limiting factors/ rare species/ 

Switzerland/ USA/ Denmark/ Netherlands/ productivity 

Abstract: The 'resource balance hypothesis' proposes that 

the species richness of grassland vegetation is potentially 

highest when the N:P ratio of plant tissues is 10-15 (colimitation), so that species richness could be raised by 

fertilization with N or P at sites with lower or higher N:P 

ratios, respectively. Here we use data from field surveys in 

Swiss, Dutch and American fens or wet grasslands to 

analyze what changes in N:P ratios might produce 

noticeable changes in species richness. Plant species 

numbers, aboveground biomass, tissue N and P 

concentrations and soil pH were recorded in plots of 0.06-4 

m super(2). In each data set, plots with intermediate tissue 

N:P ratios (6-20) were on average most species-rich, but 

N:P ratios explained only 5-37% of the variation in species 

richness. Moreover, these effects were partially confounded 

with those of vegetation biomass and/or soil pH. The 

unique effects of N:P ratios (excluding those shared with 

biomass and pH) explained 11-17% of variation in species 

richness. The relationship between species richness and 

N:P ratios was asymmetric: plots with high N:P ratios were 

more species-poor than those with low N:P ratios. This was 

paralleled by a smaller species pool size at high N:P ratios 

(estimated from species numbers in multiple records), 

suggesting that fewer species are adapted to P-limited 

conditions than to N-limited conditions. According to these 

data, species richness in wetlands may possibly be raised 

by P-fertilization when the initial N:P ratio of the vegetation 

is well above 20, but this option is not recommended for 

nature conservation as it might promote common species at 

the expense of rare ones. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

26

86. Nutrient removal from wastewater by wetlands.

Nichols, D. S. 

In: Proceedings 6th International Peat Congress. (Held 17 

Aug 1980-23 Aug 1980 at Duluth, Minn.) 

Eveleth, Minn.: Fisher Company; pp. 638-642; 1981. 

NAL Call #: S598.I53 1980 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater management/ nitrogen 

removal/ phosphorus removal/ nutrient removal/ literature 

review/ wastewater/ water quality/ water quality control/ 

wastewater disposal/ wastewater discharge/ wastewater 

lagoons/ wastewater treatment/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ 

denitrification/ ammonium/ nitrates 

Abstract: The literature on the capacity of wetlands for 

removing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from wastewater 

was reviewed and assessed. Retention of inflowing P under 

natural conditions appears to be limited to the relatively 

small amount of P that is accumulated as peat is formed 

from partially-decayed vegetation. Some P is absorbed by 

the soil when above-natural levels are added to a wetland. 

Wastewater P is most efficiently removed at low loading 

rates, and efficiency decreases rapidly as loading rates 

increase. Further, P removal declines with time; hence, 

short-term studies can give misleadingly high estimates of 

ultimate P removal capacity. Removal of N in excess of the 

natural accumulation rate in the peat is apparently by 

denitrification. As with P, N removal efficiency decreases 

rapidly as wastewater N loading rates are increased. The 

denitrification rate may be limited by the nitrification rate of 

ammonium-N, nitrate-N, or by oxygen diffusion. From the 

sparse literature data available, it is estimated that 1 ha of 

wetland would be needed to remove 75% of the P and N 

generated by 15 and 20 people, respectively, or to remove 

54% of the P and N generated by 50 people. Hence, 

wetland application is feasible only where wetlands are 

abundant and population densities are low. Large 

populations cannot be served by this means. (ZielinskiMAXIMA) 

© CSA 

87. An overview of constructed wetlands as 

alternatives to conventional waste treatment systems. 

Hamilton, H.; Nix, P. G.; and Sobolewski, A. 

Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 28(3): 

529-548. (1993) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1W34; ISSN: 0197-9140. 

Notes: Conference: BIOQUAL '92 Meet., Vancouver, BC 

(Canada), 9-11 Jun 1992; Editors: Hall, E. R. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ construction/ wastewater treatment/ 

hydrocarbons/ organic compounds/ biodegradation/ 

bacteria/ biofilms/ non patents/ microbial degradation/ 

environmental applications/ impact/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ wastewater treatment processes 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are an attractive alternative 

to conventional wastewater treatment under certain 

conditions. This review presents background information on 

wetland treatment and wetland design, and outlines the 

potential for wetlands to treat water contaminated with 

organic compounds including hydrocarbons. The major 

mechanisms that reduce contaminant concentrations in 

wetlands are sedimentation, filtration, chemical 

precipitation, microbial interaction and plant uptake. The 

presence of bacteria in "Biofilms" on the enormous plant 

and detrital surface area in wetlands is fundamental to their 

ability to degrade complex organic contaminants. There are 

few examples in the literature of wetlands being used to 

control organic chemical pollution. However, the very high 

level of biochemical activity in the water column and upper 

sediment layer in wetlands, combined with a high degree of 

ecological resilience, suggests that wetlands can be an 

attractive low cost, low energy, low maintenance alternative 

to conventional treatment methods. 

© CSA 

88. An overview of major wetland functions and values. 

Sather, J. H.; Smith, R. D.; and Western Energy and Land 

Use Team 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 

FWS/OBS-84/18, 1984.. iv + 68 p. 

Notes: Microfiche item number: 611-R-1; Other number: 

SFA 29 (4) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ management/ research/ ecology/ 

freshwater environment/ food chains/ nutrients/ trophic 

interactions/ habitats/ fishery/ aquatic birds/ sociological 

aspects/ economics/ hydrology/ water quality/ ecology and 

conservation/ aquaculture, aquariology and water use 

© NISC 

89. Overview of the hydrologic concerns related to 

wetlands in the United States. 

Carter, V. 

Canadian Journal of Botany 64(2): 364-374. (1986) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrologic aspects/ vegetation/ 

ecosystems/ surface-groundwater relationships/ hydrologic 

budget/ floods/ recharge/ base flow/ estuarine environment/ 

water quality 

Abstract: Regional, geologic, topographic, and climatic 

differences create a tremendous diversity in wetland types 

and wetland vegetation in the United States. Wetland 

hydrology, a primary driving force influencing wetland 

ecology, development, and persistence, is as yet poorly 

understood. The interaction between groundwater and 

surface water and the discharge-recharge relationships in 

wetlands affect water quality and nutrient budgets as well 

as vegetative composition. Hydrologic considerations 

necessary for an improved understanding of wetland 

ecology include detailed water budgets, water chemistry, 

water regime, and boundary conditions. Wetland values are 

often based on perceived wetland functions. These 

hydrologic functions include (1) flood storage and floodpeak desynchronization, (2) recharge and discharge, (3) 

base flow and estuarine water balance, and (4) waterquality regulation. Expanded research and basic data 

collection focussed on wetland hydrology and its relation to 

wetland ecology are needed to identify and quantify the 

hydrologic functions of wetlands. (Lantz-PTT) 

© CSA 

90. Overview: Surface flow constructed wetlands. 

Kadlec, R. H. 

Water Science and Technology 32(3): 1-12. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: wetlands/ design/ macrophytes/ marshes/ 

nutrients/ performance/ processes/ wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Several hundreds of marshes have now been 

built primarily for the purposes of water quality 

improvement. This paper reviews statistics on the types 

and numbers and character of these low-tech water 

treatment wetlands. The operational processes are 
National and International Scale: General Information 

27

discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, 

nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion. 

Performance has been good for reduction of suspended 

solids, biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, 

metals and some anthropogenic chemicals. Design 

procedures are evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic 

techniques used in the infancy of the technology may now 

be replaced by rational procedures based on the large and 

rapidly growing information base for constructed surface 

flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is 

an important part of this type of wetland, and should be 

acknowledged in design. Capital costs are low, but the 

principal financial advantage is the extremely low base cost 

of operation. Several hundreds of marshes have now been 

built primarily for the purposes of water quality 

improvement. This paper reviews statistics on the types 

and numbers and character of these low-tech water 

treatment wetlands. The operational processes are 

discussed, including sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, 

nutrient cycling, and chemical and microbial conversion. 

Performance has been good for reduction of suspended 

solids, biological oxygen demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, 

metals and some anthropogenic chemicals. Design 

procedures are evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic 

techniques used in the infancy of the technology may now 

be replaced by rational procedures based on the large and 

rapidly growing information base for constructed surface 

flow treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is 

an important part of this type of wetland, and should be 

acknowledged in design. Capital costs are low, but the 

principal financial advantage is the extremely low base cost 

of operation. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

91. Parasitism and ecology of wetlands: A review. 

Thomas, F.; Cezilly, F.; De Meeues, T.; Crivelli, A.; and 

Renaud, F. 

Estuaries 20(3): 646-654. (1997) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecosystems/ ecology/ coastal 

waters/ parasites/ reviews/ predation/ conservation/ 

literature reviews/ estuaries/ nature conservation/ species 

interactions: parasites and diseases/ ecology/ 

community studies 

Abstract: Recent advances in ecology have suggested that 

parasites, through the spectrum of their effects, could act 

as key species in ecosystems. Wetlands are productive 

ecosystems within which parasitism is diversified. There 

already exists evidence for direct and indirect effects of 

parasites on their host species. The influence of parasites 

on the population ecology of hosts includes survival, 

castration, sexual selection, predation, and spatial 

distribution. Parasites can also affect the evolution of host 

biological diversity (i.e., genetic structure and interspecific 

competition) and trophic interactions between prey and 

predators. The key role parasites might play in the ecology 

of coastal waters and wetlands should be considered in 

conservation programs applied to such ecosystems. 

© CSA 

92. Perspectives on setting success criteria for wetland 

restoration. 

Kentula, M. E. 

Ecological Engineering 15(3-4): 199-209. (July 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

compliance/ environment management/ natural resources/ 

environmental protection/ conservation/ environmental 

policy/ performance evaluation/ planning/ restoration/ 

hydrology/ biota/ ecology/ terminology/ ecosystem 

management/ biodiversity/ structure-function relationships/ 

ecological evaluation/ soil fauna/ models/ compliance 

success/ functional success/ landscape success/ 

reclamation/ environmental action/ techniques of planning/ 

protective measures and control/ land/ general 

environmental engineering 

Abstract: The task of determining the success of wetland 

restoration has long been challenging and sometimes 

contentious because success is an imprecise term that 

means different things in different situations and to different 

people. Compliance success is determined by evaluating 

compliance with the terms of an agreement, e.g. a contract 

or permit, whereas functional success is determined by 

evaluating whether the ecological functions of the system 

have been restored. Compliance and functional success 

have historically focused on the individual project (the site 

being restored); we are only beginning to consider another 

important factor, the success of restoration at the 

landscape scale. Landscape success is a measure of how 

restoration (or management, in general) has contributed to 

the ecological integrity of the region or landscape and to 

achievement of goals such as the maintenance of 

biodiversity. The utility of all definitions of success is 

ultimately constrained by the current status of the science 

of restoration ecology and by our ability to use that 

information to make sound management decisions and to 

establish measurable success criteria. Measurements of 

vegetation are most commonly used in evaluations of 

restoration projects, with less frequent analysis of soils, 

fauna, and hydrologic characteristics. Although particular 

characteristics of projects, such as vegetative cover and 

production, can resemble those in similar naturally 

occurring wetlands, overall functional equivalency has not 

been demonstrated. However, ongoing research is 

providing information on what can and cannot be 

accomplished, valuable insights on how to correct 

mistakes, and new approaches to defining success. The 

challenge is how to recognize and deal with the uncertainty, 

given that projects are ecologically young and that our 

knowledge of the process of restoration is evolving. One 

way to deal with the uncertainty is to use scientific 

principles of hypothesis testing and model building in an 

adaptive management framework. In this way, options can 

be systematically evaluated and needs for corrective 

actions identified when a project is not progressing toward 

goals. By taking such an approach we can improve our 

ability to reliably restore wetlands while contributing to our 

understanding of the basic structure and function of 

ecosystems. 

© CSA 

93. Phosphorus retention in streams and wetlands: A 

review. 

Reddy, K. R.; Kadlec, R. H.; Flaig, E.; and Gale, P. M. 

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

29(1): 83-146. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1C7; ISSN: 1064-3389 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ nutrients/ retention/ 

streams/ reviews/ kinetics/ biogeochemical cycle/ rivers/ 

nutrient cycles/ residence time/ biogeochemistry/ sources 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

28

and fate of pollution/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

composition of water/ behavior and fate characteristics/ 

freshwater pollution/ chemical processes 

Abstract: Wetlands and streams buffer the interactions 

among uplands and adjacent aquatic systems. Phosphorus 

(P) is often the key nutrient found to be limiting in both 

estuarine and freshwater ecosystems. As such, the ability 

of wetlands and streams to retain P is key to determining 

downstream water quality. This article reviews the 

processes and factors regulating P retention in streams and 

wetlands and evaluates selected methodologies used to 

estimate P retention in these systems. Phosphorus 

retention mechanisms reviewed include uptake and release 

by vegetation, periphyton and microorganisms; sorption 

and exchange reactions with soils and sediments; chemical 

precipitation in the water column; and sedimentation and 

entrainment. These mechanisms exemplify the combined 

biological, physical, and chemical nature of P retention in 

wetlands and streams. Methodologies used to estimate P 

retention include empirical input-output analysis and mass 

balances, and process kinetics applied at various scales, 

including micro- and mesocosms to full-scale systems. 

Although complex numerical models are available to 

estimate P retention and transport, a simple understanding 

of P retention at the process level is important, but the 

overall picture provided by mass balance and kinetic 

evaluations are often more useful in estimating long-term P 

retention. 

© CSA 

94. Physiological-ecological impacts of flooding on 

riparian forest ecosystems. 

Kozlowski, T. T. 

Wetlands 22(3): 550-561. (Sept. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetland forests/ ecosystems/ riparian 

vegetation/ water resources management/ ecological 

effects/ water deficit/ flooding/ trees/ plant physiology/ plant 

growth/ mortality/ forests/ riparian environments/ 

ecophysiology/ riparian zone/ man-induced effects/ 

environmental impact/ flood control/ river engineering/ river 

basin management/ ecological impact of water 

development/ temperate forests/ habitat community studies/ 

soil pollution: monitoring, control and remediation 

Abstract: Riparian forest ecosystems are important for their 

high productivity of biomass, their biodiversity, and 

ecological services including control of floods and erosion, 

removal of nutrients from agricultural runoff, alleviation of 

pollution effects, and as habitats for birds and mammals. 

Intermittent cycles of flooding by meandering streams 

followed by soil drainage are essential for regeneration, 

optimal growth, preservation of biodiversity, and 

sustainability of these valuable ecosystems. The 

straightening of river channels and disruption of intermittent 

river flow by dams lead to decreases in downstream forest 

productivity and ecological services, reflecting arrested 

forest regeneration, suppression of tree growth, and early 

tree mortality. These responses result from inadequate 

seed supplies and poor seedbeds, as well as deficiencies 

of ground water and mineral nutrients. Water deficits in 

downstream forest trees induce dysfunctions in 

photosynthesis and mineral nutrition, which lead to growth 

inhibition and plant mortality. Very few bottomland forest 

species can withstand extended soil inundation. Hence, 

prolonged upstream flooding by interruption of river flow is 

followed by massive losses of biomass as a result of poor 

seed germination, arrested plant growth, and accelerated 

mortality of trees. The adverse impacts of flooding on 

upstream forests are associated with physiological 

dysfunctions induced by soil anaerobiosis. 

© CSA 

95. Phytoremediation in wetland ecosystems: 

Progress, problems, and potential. 

Williams, J. B. 

Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 21(6): 607-635. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QK1.C83; ISSN: 0735-2689 [CRPSD3]. 

Notes: Special issue: Phytoremediation II/ edited by B.V. 

Conger. Includes references. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bioremediation/ seasonal variation/ 

plant succession/ site factors/ heavy metals/ litter plant/ 

waste disposal/ rhizosphere/ indicator species/ temporal 

variation/ toxicity/ organic compounds/ herbicides/ 

pesticides/ explosives/ soil pollution/ evapotranspiration/ 

petroleum/ petroleum hydrocarbons/ plant communities/ 

monitoring/ literature reviews 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

96. Phytosociology and succession on earthquakeuplifted coastal wetlands, Copper River Delta, Alaska. 

Thilenius, J. F. Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA 

Forest Service, 1995. 58 p. General Technical Reports . 

NAL Call #: aSD11.A46 no.346 

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/gtr346.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands/ deltas/ earthquakes/ marshes/ plant 

communities/ plant succession/ salinity/ shrubs/ tides/ 

woody plants/ Carex/ plants 

Abstract: The delta formed by the Copper River stretches 

more than 75 kilometres along the south-central coastline 

of Alaska, USA. It is the terminus of the outwash deposits 

from a large part of the most heavily glaciated region of 

North American, and all major rivers that flow into the delta 

carry extremely high levels of suspended sediments. 

Coastal wetlands extend inland for as much as 20 

kilometres. In 1964, an earthquake of Richter Scale 8.4 to 

8.6 raised the entire delta from 1.8 to 3.4 metres above the 

previous mean sea level. Subtidal areas became intertidal, 

and intertidal areas supertidal. Marshland advanced 

seaward as much as 1.5 kilometres in the intertidal zone. 

Vegetation on many, but not all, newly supertidal levees 

began to change from herb to shrub. A change in frequency 

and duration of tidal inundation and water salinity has been 

thought to be the most obvious cause of this succession, 

but explanation is lacking. Fresh water dominates the 

estuarine circulation as a result of a bar-built estuary and 

the extremely high input of fresh water from glacier runoff 

and precipitation. Tides merely raise fresh water onto the 

wetlands. Halophytes are rare even at the seaward edge of 

vegetation. The characteristic species of the present 

intertidal marshes, Carex lyngbyei, is also the characteristic 

of inland fresh water marshes. Initial postearthquake 

invasion of woody plants was confined to natural levees. 

More recently, shrubs have begun to move seaward into 

new intertidal marshland and into supertidal interlevee 

basins. Current plant communities on new marshland (tidal) 

are Carex C-T (low marsh); Carex C-T (high marsh); 

Carex/Potentilla C-T (low levee); and Myrica/CarexPotentilla C-T (high levee). On old marshland (nontidal) the 

current plant communities are Alnus/Myrica-Salix/Carex CT (foreshore levee); Myrica/Carex-Calamagrostis (foreshore 
National and International Scale: General Information 

29

levee); Carex/Equisetum-Lathyrus C-T (interior levee); 

Carex/Lathyrus C-T (moderately hydric interlevee basin); 

and Carex-Cicuta/C-T (hydric interlevee basin). Vegetation 

analogous to that developing on supertidal levees and 

basins is present on older wetland habitats further inland. 

Likely, the same plant successions would have occurred 

without an uplift. The uplift appears to have altered 

locations and rates, but not the nature, of wetland plant 

succession on the Copper River Delta. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

97. Picoplankton dynamics in a hypertrophic semiarid 

wetland. 

Ortega-Mayagoitia, E.; Rodrigo, M. A.; Rojo, C.; and 

Alvarez-Cobelas, M. 

Wetlands 22(3): 575-587. (Sept. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecology/ plankton/ bacteria/ 

cyanophyta/ population dynamics/ spatial distribution/ 

temporal distribution/ experimental data/ nutrients/ grazing/ 

semiarid environments/ abundance/ nannoplankton/ 

phytoplankton/ zooplankton/ trophic structure/ water 

budget/ algae/ bacteria/ Spain/ bacteria/ algae/ productivity 

Abstract: This study was carried out on a neglected 

component of wetlands: the picoplankton community. We 

analyzed the picoplanktonic community patterns and their 

related environmental factors in a hypertrophic semi-arid 

wetland located in Central Spain (Las Tablas de Daimiel 

National Park, TDNP). We determined the bacterial and 

autotrophic picoplankton (APP) abundance over a threeyear period (1996: the end of a long drought period and 

1997-1998: after flooding) in five sites of the wetland. The 

overall range of bacterial abundance was 0.2 x 106 to 10 x 

106 cells/ml. The annual mean abundance increased in the 

wettest 1997. APP was composed mainly by coccoid 

phycocyanin-containing cyanobacteria, with the greatest 

abundance up to 25 x 105 cells/ml. The annual mean also 

increased considerably in wetter 1997-98. Despite the large 

APP biomass in some sites, its percentage of total 

phytoplankton biomass was low (the annual average did 

not exceed 1.5%). We observed spatial heterogeneity in the 

picoplankton fraction depending on the fluctuating 

hydrology: bacteria tends to spatial homogeneity after 

flooding while APP showed only similarity among the output 

sites. Among the considered predictive variables 

(temperature, phosphorus, nitrogen, zooplankton, 

phytoplankton) of the picoplanktonic dynamics, temperature 

was the most closely correlated to picoplankton, especially 

to bacterial abundance. Further, in two factorial, coupledhierarchical laboratory experiments (constant temperature), 

we searched for control mechanisms of picoplankton. We 

tested (a) the trophic cascade hypothesis by analyzing the 

effect of presence/absence of mosquitofish (experiment 1) 

or directly modifying the zooplanktonic community 

(experiment 2) and (b) the bottom-up regulation by altering 

the nutrient conditions (presence/absence of sediment in 

experiment 1; reducing the nutrient content in experiment 

2). Bacterioplankton failed to show any behavior related to 

trophic cascade direct effects, while nutrients increased its 

abundance. APP was affected positively by nutrients and 

negatively by zooplankton grazing. 

© CSA 

98. Plant-mediated controls on nutrient cycling in 

temperate fens and bogs. 

Aerts, R.; Verhoeven, J. T. A.; and Whigham, D. F. 

Ecology 80(7): 2170-2181. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658 

Descriptors: bogs/ climate control of nutrient cycling/ 

decomposition/ evergreen/ fens/ leaf life-span/ litter 

chemistry effects on decomposition/ mineralization/ nutrient 

cycling/ nutrient resorption/ nutrient-use efficiency/ 

sphagnum/ temperate 

Abstract: This paper reports on patterns in plant-mediated 

processes that determine the rate of nutrient cycling in 

temperate fens and bogs. We linked leaf-level nutrient 

dynamics with leaf-litter decomposition and explored how 

the observed patterns were reflected in nutrient cycling at 

the ecosystem level. Comparisons were made among 

growth forms (evergreen and deciduous shrubs and trees, 

graminoids and Sphagnum mosses) and between mire 

types (fens and bogs). A literature review showed that the 

predominant growth form was more important as a 

determinant of leaf-level nutrient-use efficiency (NUE) than 

mire type (fen vs. bog). Evergreens had the highest N and 

p use efficiency. The growth form differences in NUE were 

mainly determined by differences in N and P concentrations 

in mature leaves and not by differences in resorption 

efficiency from senescing leaves. Sphagnum leaves had 

lower N and P concentrations than the other growth forms, 

but because of a lack of data on nutrient resorption 

efficiency the NUE of these mosses could not be 

calculated. Nitrogen use efficiency did not differ among fen 

and bog species, whereas bog species had a higher P use 

efficiency than fen species. However, a complete 

evaluation of mire-type or growth-form effects on NUE is 

only possible when data become available about nutrient 

resorption from senescing Sphagnum leaves. As leaf-level 

NUE is negatively correlated with leaf-litter nutrient 

concentrations, there is a direct link between NUE and litter 

decomposition rate. Rates of litter decomposition of 

Sphagnum mosses are lower than in the other growth 

forms, but there is still much speculation about possible 

reasons. The role of litter chemistry of Sphagnum mosses 

(including decay inhibitors and decay-resistant compounds) 

in decomposition especially warrants further study. The 

strongly deviating nutritional ecology of Sphagnum mosses 

clearly distinguishes fens and bogs from other ecosystems. 

Moreover, N and P concentrations in mature leaves from 

vascular plant species from fens and bogs are in almost all 

cases lower and leaf-level N use efficiency is higher than in 

species from other ecosystems, irrespective of the growth 

form considered. Both literature data and data from a 

comparative study on soil nutrient cycling in temperate fens 

and bogs in the United States (Maryland), The Netherlands, 

and Poland showed that nutrient mineralization did not 

differ clearly between fens and bogs. The comparative 

study further showed that cellulose decomposition in bogs 

was lower than in fens and that nutrient mineralization was 

higher in forested than in herbaceous mires. The 

occurrence of dominant growth forms was clearly related to 

soil nutrient-cycling processes, and observed patterns were 

in agreement with patterns in the components of NUE as 

found in the literature study. We conclude that a protocol 

with standardized procedures for measuring various 

nutrient-cycling process rates that is used by scientists in 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

30

various wetland types and geographical regions is a useful 

tool for unravelling large-scale patterns in soil nutrientcycling processes in wetlands and for linking plantmediated nutrient dynamics with ecosystem nutrient-cycling 

processes. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

99. Pollution filtration by plants in wetland-littoral 

zones. 

Mickle, A. M. 

Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences 

Philadelphia 144: 282-290. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 500 P53; ISSN: 0097-3157 [PANPA5]. 

Notes: Literature review. Includes references. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic plants/ bog plants/ filtration/ 

purification/ waste water/ waste water treatment/ coastal 

areas/ literature reviews 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

100. Pre-European settlement conditions and human 

disturbance of a coniferous swamp in southern 

Ontario. 

Bunting, M. J.; Morgan, C. R.; Van Bakel, M.; and 

Warner, B. G. 

Canadian Journal of Botany 76(10): 1770-1779. (Oct. 1998) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant communities/ succession/ 

paleoecology/ human impact/ swamps/ palaeoecology/ 

man-induced effects/ land use/ ecological succession/ 

pollen/ human settlements/ forests/ rare species/ 

community composition/ community structure/ terrestrial 

ecosystems/ Picea mariana/ Plantae/ sphagnum/ Canada, 

Ontario/ black spruce/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

human population-biosphere interactions 

Abstract: A vegetation survey at Oil Well Bog, southern 

Ontario, suggested that the central Picea mariana - 

Sphagnum (black spruce swamp) community represented 

the most mature point in the wetland succession. Pollen 

analysis of short sediment cores from beneath three major 

communities in the wetland (black spruce swamp, white 

pine swamp, and low shrub swamp) showed that the black 

spruce community only became established in the last 100 

years. From around 2000 BP, the wetland was dominated 

by low shrubs with a tall shrub element. Upland forest 

composition around the wetland changed around 500 BP, 

with a decrease in percentages of Fagus and an increase in 

Pinaceae. At the same time trees colonized parts of the 

wetland. When the upland forest was cleared by European 

settlers (ca. AD 1830-1845), low shrub communities 

reestablished, suggesting that initially the wetland surface 

became wetter. Over time, the present-day mosaic of 

swamp types began to develop. The pollen analyses 

showed that the black spruce swamp is present as a result 

of changes in the wetland hydrology induced by human 

activity, and the fragmentary low shrub vegetation 

community (which contains locally rare plant species) 

represents a relic of the pre-European settlement wetland 

community. 

© CSA 

101. Processes of wetland loss in India. 

Foote, A. Lee; Pandey, Sanjeeva; and Krogman, Naomi T. 

Environmental Conservation 23(1): 45-54. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ conservation/ forestry/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

accumulative water demand/ agricultural conversion/ 

altered upper watershed/ biodiversity/ conservation/ 

defoliation/ deforestation/ ground water depletion/ 

hydrologic alteration/ inundation/ oriental region/ resource 

management/ water quality degradation/ wetland 

consolidation/ wetland loss 

© The Thomson Corporation 

102. Progress in wetland restoration ecology. 

Zedler, J. B. 

Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15(10): 402-407. (Oct. 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.T74; ISSN: 0169-5347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ research 

programs/ restoration/ environmental factors/ ecology/ 

reclamation/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: It takes more than water to restore a wetland. 

Now, scientists are documenting how landscape setting, 

habitat type, hydrological regime, soil properties, 

topography, nutrient supplies, disturbance regimes, 

invasive species, seed banks and declining biodiversity can 

constrain the restoration process. Although many outcomes 

can be explained post hoc, we have little ability to predict 

the path that sites will follow when restored in alternative 

ways, and no insurance that specific targets will be met. To 

become predictive, bolder approaches are now being 

developed, which rely more on field experimentation at 

multiple spatial and temporal scales, and in many 

restoration contexts. 

© CSA 

103. Regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid 

beetle communities: A matter of landscape features or 

cultivation intensity? 

Brose, Ulrich 

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 98(1-3): 

163-167. (2003) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: agriculture/ biodiversity/ ecology: 

environmental sciences/ cultivation intensity/ habitat 

heterogeneity/ landscape ecology/ landscape features/ 

landscape structure/ macro ecology/ regional diversity/ 

species richness/ temporary wetland community 

Abstract: The challenge of finding applicable indicators for 

sustainable agriculture requires evaluations at regional 

scales to lead to policy-relevant results. In this study, the 

regional diversity of temporary wetland carabid beetles was 

analysed for six landscapes of 10 km2 each. The relative 

importance of landscape features and cultivation intensity 

for the regional diversity was compared. Total species 

richness was correlated with the mean soil-indices that 

were used as indicators of cultivation intensity. This is 

consistent with studies on local scales, which emphasise 

the importance of cultivation intensity for arthropod 

communities. The diversity of wetland and habitat-specific 

species correlated with the temporary wetlands mean 

duration of flooding and the density of temporary wetlands, 

but apart from this, there was no impact of landscape 

features on diversity. These results do not corroborate 

concepts of using indices of landscape structure as 

biodiversity indicators, but the importance of cultivation 

intensity cannot be too strongly emphasised. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
National and International Scale: General Information 

31

104. Restoration of aquatic ecosystems: Science, 

technology, and public policy. 

Committee on Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, 

Technology and Public Policy and National 

Research Council 

Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 576 pp. (1992) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3N38 1992; ISBN: 0309092884 

http://fermat.nap.edu/catalog/1807.html 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ aquatic 

ecosystems/ rivers/ lakes/ environment management/ 

aquatic environment/ USA/ books/ environmental 

management/ aquatic environments/ environmental 

restoration/ aquatic ecosystems/ books/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation/ environmental action/ 

basic approaches, concepts, and theory/ reclamation 

Abstract: This volume examines the prospects for repairing 

the damage society has done to the USA's aquatic 

resources: lakes, rivers and streams, and wetlands. 

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems outlines a national 

strategy for aquatic restoration, with practical 

recommendations covering both the desired scope and 

scale of projects and needed government action. It features 

case studies of aquatic restoration activities throughout the 

country. With a wealth of data and commentary, the book 

examines key concepts and techniques used in restoration; 

common factors in successful restoration efforts; threats to 

the health of the nation's aquatic ecosystems; approaches 

to evaluation before, during, and after a restoration project; 

and the emerging specialties of restoration and landscape 

ecology--and how they will contribute to better integration of 

restoration efforts. Individual chapters provide an overview; 

a selective history of aquatic ecosystem management; 

planning and evaluating ecosystem restoration; lakes; 

rivers and streams; wetlands; integrated ecosystem 

restoration; and a national restoration strategy. An 

appendix discusses restoration case studies. 

© CSA 

105. Restoration of temperate wetlands. 

Wheeler, Bryan D. 

Chichester; New York: Wiley; xiv, 562 p.: ill. (1995) 

Notes: Papers from a symposium held at the University of 

Sheffield, England in Sept. 1993. Includes bibliographical 

references and index. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3R47 1995; ISBN: 0471951056 

Descriptors: wetland ecology---congresses/ restoration 

ecology---congresses/ wetland conservation---congresses 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

106. Restored wetlands as management tools for 

wetland-dependent birds. 

Dick, Thomas M. 

Pennsylvania Birds 7(1): 4-6. (1993); ISSN: 0898-8501 

Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ 

habitat management/ management/ restoration/ wildlife 

© NISC 

107. Review and assessment of methane emissions 

from wetlands. 

Bartlett, K. B. and Harriss, R. C. 

Chemosphere 26(1-4): 261-320. (1993) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Abstract: The number of emission measurements of 

methane (CH4) to the atmosphere has increased greatly in 

recent years, as recognition of its atmospheric chemical 

and radiative importance becomes widespread. In this 

report, we review progress on estimating and 

understanding both the magnitude of, and controls on, 

emissions of CH4 from natural wetlands. We also calculate 

global wetland CH4 emissions using this extensive flux data 

base and the wetland areas compiled and published by 

Matthews and Fung (1987). Tropical regions (20° N-30° S) 

were calculated to release 66 TgCH4/yr, 60% of the total 

wetland emission of 109 Tg/yr. Flux data from tropical 

wetlands, reported only within the last four years, are 

currently restricted in geographic coverage. Additional data 

from other regions will be required to confirm these 

calculated large emissions. Although emissions from 

subtropical and temperate wetlands (45° N-20° N and 30° 

S-50° S) were relatively low at 5 Tg/yr, the process-oriented 

focus of most of the research in this region suggests that 

work at these latitudes may serve as models to examine 

controls and possible uncertainties in estimating fluxes. 

These types of efforts are frequently not possible in more 

remote, globally significant wetlands. Northern wetlands 

(north of 45° N) were calculated to release a total of 38 

TgCH4/yr (34% of total flux); 34 Tg/yr from wet soils and 4 

Tg/yr from relatively dry tundra. These latitudes have been 

the focus of recent intensive research. Significant 

differences between the relatively large flux data bases 

accumulated in the two primary measurement areas, 

northern Minnesota and the Hudson Bay Lowlands of 

Canada, indicate that extrapolation from one wetland region 

to another may be subject to considerable error. Global 

emissions were also compared to fluxes calculated using 

the wetland areas published by Aselmann and Crutzen 

(1989) in an effort to assess uncertainties due to wetland 

area estimates. Further refinement of wetland CH4 

emissions awaits flux measurements from large areas 

currently lacking data, particularly in the tropics and the 

Siberian Lowlands, more realistic assessments of seasonal 

active periods, and accurate, up-to-date habitat 

classification and measurement. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

108. A review on habitats, plant traits and vegetation of 

ephemeral wetlands: A global perspective. 

Deil, Ulrich 

Phytocoenologia 35(2-3): 533-705. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QK911.P52; ISSN: 0340-269X 

Descriptors: terrestrial ecology/ environmental sciences/ 

systematics and taxonomy/ plant traits/ ephemeral wetlands 

Abstract: Based upon a world-wide literature review and a 

database, which refers to 250 publications and documents 

about 8500 phytosociological releves, the following 

questions are discussed: What are the common ecological 

parameters for temporary wetlands and which 

environmental conditions offer a niche for dwarf 

ephemerals? Which taxa have evolved and speciated 

within ephemeral wetland habitats? How do the relations 

between relief features, local hydrology and climatic 

conditions change in different parts of the world? Which 

global patterns In flora and vegetation do occur? The 

review is restricted to ephemeral freshwater ecosystems 

with the following two properties: Above-ground plant cover 

is seasonal, and the habitats are water-saturated or 

submerged only part of the year. For a better understanding 

of large-scale patterns, the results of studies about smallscale zonation, variability in time (phenology and year-toyear dynamics), ecophysiology and life strategies are briefly 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

32

reported. Finally, conservation aspects and trends of 

floristic globalization are considered.1. Seasonal pools: 

They occur in semi-arid and subhumid climates at both 

sides of the Tropic of Cancer. The catchment areas are 

local or the ponds are purely rainwater systems.2. Amphibic 

shorelines of permanent ponds, lakes and rivers: They 

concentrate in perhumid extratropical temperate zones and 

in orotropical climates. Along allochthonous rivers with 

extended catchments and with seasonal flood pulse, large 

temporary flood-plains also occur in semi-arid regions.3. 

Ephemeral flush habitats: In the perhumid tropics and in the 

subhumid subtropics, ephemeral wetlands are linked to 

runoff-habitats like the slopes of inselbergs and rock 

outcrops and to interflow habitats along intermittent 

streams.The distribution of some keystone taxa reflects the 

present climatic differentiation of the globe and to some 

extent also historical events (palaeogeography, speciation 

processes). Myosurus for example is linked to extratropical 

regions, Lilaeopsis to the New World and the Southern 

Hemisphere, Limnophila and Rhamphicarpa to the 

Palaeotropical. region. Vicariance patterns are a common 

phenomenon. Examples can be seen in Isoetes, Marsilea, 

Ophioglossum, Juncus (sections Tenageia, Ozophyllum 

and Caespitosi), Limosella, Crassula (section Helophytum), 

Bacopa, Hydrocotyle, Eriocaulon and Xyris. These genera 

speciated within this environment and evolved habitat 

equivalent species. The reduced size and the spatial 

isolation of the habitat reduce gene flow and favour 

allopatric speciation. The variability in time and small-scale 

ecological gradients stimulate sympatric speciation by 

temporal separation of the populations. Niche-equivalent 

taxa replace each other in different parts of the world. The 

niche of dwarf ephemeroid annuals is occupied by 

Centrolepidaceae in the Australian region, by Restionaceae 

in the Capensis, by Eriocaulaceae in the Australian region 

and East Asia, by Juncaceae in the holarctic kingdom, by 

Orcuttieae in the Californian phytogeographical sector, and 

by Cyperaceae, Crassulaceae, Gentianaceae, Elatinaceae 

and Apiaceae in all floristic kingdoms. Other predominant 

life forms are herbaceous perennials with the isoetid 

syndrome, geophytic ferns (Ophioglossum, Marsilea), 

carnivorous plants from the families Lentibulariaceae and 

Droseraceae, and polkilohydric vascular plants with the 

xyroid syndrome. The latter occur in the Tropics, with 

Xyridaceae (pantropical), Velloziaceae (neotropical region), 

Afrotrilepis, Craterostigma, Lindernia, Chamaegigas 

(palaeotropical region), Trilepis (neotropical region) and 

Borya (Australian region). 

© The Thomson Corporation 

109. Riparian wetlands and water quality. 

Gilliam, J. W. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 896-900. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: nitrate/ phosphorus/ plant (Plantae 

unspecified)/ Plantae (Plantae unspecified)/ plants/ 

drainage/ farming/ nitrate/ nonpoint source pollution/ 

phosphorus/ urban activity/ wet soils 

Abstract: Because of wet soils adjacent to the strains, 

riparian buffers are frequently present between farming and 

urban activities on the uplands and small streams. These 

riparian areas have been shown to be very valuable for the 

removal of nonpoint-source pollution from drainage water. 

Several researchers have measured gt 90% reductions in 

sediment and nitrate concentrations in water flowing 

through the riparian areas. The riparian buffers are less 

effective for P removal but may retain 50% of the surfacewater P entering them. I consider riparian buffers to be the 

most important factor influencing nonpoint-source pollutants 

entering surface water in many areas of the USA and the 

most important wetlands for surface water quality 

protection. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

110. The role of wetlands in the hydrological cycle. 

Bullock, A. and Acreman, M. 

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 7(3): 

358-389. (2003) 

NAL Call #: GB651 .H937; ISSN: 1027-5606 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ stream flow rate/ water 

management/ floods/ ground water/ policies/ flood control/ 

hydrologic cycle/ wetlands hydrology/ water balance/ 

groundwater recharge/ flood plains/ river flow variations/ 

streamflow analysis/ low flow/ river flow/ hydrologic models/ 

aquifers/ water supply/ surface-groundwater relations/ 

base flow 

Abstract: It is widely accepted that wetlands have a 

significant influence on the hydrological cycle. Wetlands 

have therefore become important elements in water 

management policy at national, regional and international 

level. There are many examples where wetlands reduce 

floods, recharge groundwater or augment low flows. Less 

recognised are the many examples where wetlands 

increase floods, act as a barrier to recharge, or reduce low 

flows. This paper presents a database of 439 published 

statements on the water quantity functions of wetlands from 

169 studies worldwide. This establishes a benchmark of the 

aggregated knowledge of wetland influences upon 

downstream river flows and groundwater aquifers. 

Emphasis is placed on hydrological functions relating to 

gross water balance, groundwater recharge, base flow and 

low flows, flood response and river flow variability. The 

functional statements are structured according to wetland 

hydrological type and the manner in which functional 

conclusions have been drawn. A synthesis of functional 

statements establishes the balance of scientific evidence 

for particular hydrological measures. The evidence reveals 

strong concurrence for some hydrological measures for 

certain wetland types. For other hydrological measures, 

there is diversity of functions for apparently similar 

wetlands. The balance of scientific evidence that emerges 

gives only limited support to the generalised model of flood 

control, recharge promotion and flow maintenance by 

wetlands portrayed throughout the 1990s as one 

component of the basis for wetland policy formulation. That 

support is confined largely to floodplain wetlands, while 

many other wetland types perform alternate functions - 

partly or fully. This paper provides the first step towards a 

more scientifically defensible functional assessment 

system. 

© CSA 

111. Saline wetlands related to groundwater flows from 

low permeability Tertiary formations in the Somontano 

area of Huesca, Spain. 

Sanchez Navarro, J. A.; Coloma Lopez, P.; and 

Perez Garcia, A. 

Hydrological Processes 15(4): 633-642. (Mar. 2001) 

NAL Call #: GB651.H93; ISSN: 0885-6087 

Descriptors: wetlands/ surface-groundwater relations/ 
National and International Scale: General Information 

33

groundwater movement/ permeability/ model studies/ 

alkalinity/ soil chemistry/ salinity/ ground water/ saline 

water/ rivers/ tertiary/ irrigation/ soils/ saline intrusion/ 

Spain, Aragon, Huesca/ dynamics of lakes and rivers 

Abstract: Presence of groundwater flow in the 'Somontano 

de Huesca' Area, derived from low-permeability detrital 

Tertiary rocks, is considered. A groundwater flow model is 

constructed for these Tertiary rocks. This model explains 

both water flow through them and the chemical 

characteristics of the water. Groundwater flow has clear 

surface manifestations: it causes wetlands (which are 

called 'paules' in the area) with sodic waters, it produces 

saline, sodic or alkaline soils, and it produces modifies the 

chemical composition of rivers in Somontano. Irrigation has 

increased the volume of filtered water, especially in the 

interfluve areas, causing the extension of the wetlands in 

the valley thalwegs, and also the greater movement of salts 

has increased the problems of saline and/or sodic soils in 

the area. 

© CSA 

112. Salt marsh tidal channel morphometry: 

Applications for wetland creation and restoration. 

Zeff, M. L. 

Restoration Ecology 7(2): 205-211. (June 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ salt marshes/ tides/ drainage/ 

hydrology/ channels/ geomorphology/ environmental 

restoration/ coastal environments/ restoration/ meandering/ 

tidal inlets/ fluvial morphology/ morphometry/ USA, New 

Jersey/ reclamation/ protective measures and control/ 

habitat community studies/ topography and morphology 

Abstract: The morphometry of tidal channels in a backbarrier salt marsh in New Jersey was investigated. 

Characteristics of the tidal channel drainage network plan 

form (order, bifurcation ratio, length, sinuosity) and cross 

section channel form (width:depth ratio, hydraulic 

geometry) are compared with data from other studies. 

Drainage patterns follow Horton's Law of Stream Numbers 

and Law of Stream Lengths. Mitigation sites should be 

designed in accordance with these laws. The degree to 

which site-specific substrate, vegetation, and flow 

conditions constrain or facilitate the development of 

sinuous, meandering channel reaches should be estimated 

to provide information for the design of tidal channel 

geometries and dimensions that will accommodate 

predicted discharges. Drainage networks in created and 

restored wetlands should reflect the spatial distribution of 

width and depth properties (width:depth ratios, crosssectional areas, longitudinal slopes, hydraulic geometry) 

found in similar natural systems. Reproducing these 

characteristics will lessen the practice of oversizing 

channels. Hydraulic geometry relationships can facilitate 

the sizing of channels at Atlantic coast salt marsh mitigation 

sites. Recommendations are given to promote the 

development of drainage networks that function like the 

coastal back-barrier Avalon/Stone Harbor marsh in New 

Jersey. 

© CSA 

113. Salt marshes: Biological controls of food webs in 

a diminishing environment. 

Valiela, Ivan; Rutecki, Deborah; and Fox, Sophia 

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 300 

(1-2): 131-159. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH91.A1J6; ISSN: 0022-0981 

Descriptors: literature review/ role of biological controls in 

coastal salt marsh food webs/ diet/ bottom up and top down 

controls in food webs/ ecology/ food webs/ predators/ top 

down controls in food webs/ coastal salt marshes/ salt 

marsh/ coastal saltmarsh ecosystem/ role of bottom up and 

top down controls/ wetland habitat decline relations/ review 

Abstract: This essay reviews two important topics in 

coastal ecology: the work on the relative role of bottom-up 

and top-down controls in natural communities and the loss 

of wetlands worldwide. In salt marshes and other coastal 

wetlands, bottom-up and top-down mechanisms of control 

oil natural communities are pervasive. Bottorn-up effects 

through nutrient supply may propagate to upper trophic 

levels via better food quality, or indirectly by altering water 

and sediment quality. Top-down control by consumers 

alters lower trophic levels through consumption of primary 

producers, and indirectly by trophic cascades in which 

higher predators feed on grazers. The combined forcing of 

bottom-up and top-down controls govern assemblages of 

species in natural communities, mediated by physical and 

biogeochemical factors. Although there is much information 

about biological controls of coastal food webs, more 

information is needed. Even more important is that large 

losses of wetland are occurring along coastlines worldwide 

due to a variety of economic and social activities including 

filling, wetland reclamation, and sediment interception. 

Such losses are of concern because these wetlands 

provide important functions, including export of energy-rich 

material to deeper waters, nursery and stock habitats, 

shoreline stabilization, and intercept land-derived nutrients 

and contaminants. These important functions justify 

conservation and restoration efforts; barring such efforts, 

we will find it increasingly difficult to find coastal wetlands 

where we can continue to gain further understanding of 

ecology and biogeochemistry and lack the aesthetic 

pleasure these wetlands provide to so many of us. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

114. Salt marshes: Present functioning and future 

change. 

Boorman, L. A. 

Mangroves and Salt Marshes 3(4): 227-241. (1999); 

ISSN: 1386-3509 

Descriptors: salt marshes/ coastal zone management/ 

habitats/ nutrients/ organic matter/ climatic changes/ 

environmental protection/ nature conservation/ sea level 

changes/ environmental impact/ pollution monitoring/ 

pollutant persistence/ ecosystem disturbance 

Abstract: Salt marshes are no longer viewed as intertidal 

wastelands of little value to anyone. They are now widely 

recognised as playing a major role in coastal defence, in 

wildlife conservation on the coast and as a key source of 

organic material and nutrients vitally important for a wide 

range of marine communities. This appreciation of the 

importance of salt marshes has been brought even more 

sharply into focus because of the threats posed by 

predicted rise in sea level as a result of global climatic 

change. Three decades ago the possibilities of exchanges 

of organic matter between salt marshes and the sea were 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

34

already being recognised in certain areas but it is only in 

the past five years or so that this process has been studied 

in a wide range of different areas. Detailed studies have 

been made into the way that salt marsh fluxes change with 

the development of increasingly mature and, therefore, 

increasingly complex salt marsh communities. As well as 

being sources and sinks of mineral nutrients and organic 

matter, salt marshes can also function as a sink for 

pollutants that would otherwise be damaging to the 

environment. Salt marshes also act as a sink for sediment 

within coastal ecosystems. Through their various functions 

they can be seen to be acting as dynamic living filters for 

various ecologically important materials. With increasing 

threats to the survival of salt marshes as a result of man's 

activities in the coastal zone being augmented by the 

threats from predicted sea level rise, a new approach to salt 

marsh conservation has come to the fore and that is the 

actual creation of new salt marshes. For this process to be 

fully effective we have to make full use of our increased 

understanding of salt marsh structure and function. 

Following a review of the current state of the art in the field 

of salt marsh research, an assessment is made of specific 

future research needs. Despite the greatly increased effort 

which has been directed to salt marsh research over the 

past few years we still have to recognise that resources are 

limited and, therefore, critical evaluations of the various 

options regarding the direction of our future efforts need to 

be made. 

© CSA 

115. Saltmarshes in a time of change. 

Adam, P. 

Environmental Conservation 29(1): 39-61. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 

Descriptors: salt marshes/ sea level/ sedimentation/ human 

impact/ environment management/ environmental quality/ 

exotic species/ resources management/ ecological effects/ 

water resources planning/ environmental policy/ tides/ 

aquatic habitats/ human factors/ sustainable development/ 

intertidal environment/ ecosystem management/ climatic 

changes/ greenhouse effect/ sea level changes/ tidal range/ 

erosion control/ man-induced effects/ world oceans 

Abstract: Saltmarshes are a major, widely distributed, 

intertidal habitat. They are dynamic systems, responding to 

changing environmental conditions. For centuries, 

saltmarshes have been subject to modification or 

destruction because of human activity. In this review, the 

range of factors influencing the survival of saltmarshes is 

discussed. Of critical importance are changes in relative 

sea level and in tidal range. Relative sea level is affected by 

changes in absolute sea level, changes in land level and 

the capacity of saltmarshes to accumulate and retain 

sediment. Many saltmarshes are starved of sediment 

because of catchment modification and coastal 

engineering, or exposed to erosive forces, which may be of 

natural origin or reflect human interference. The 

geographical distribution of individual saltmarsh species 

reflects climate, so that global climatic change will be 

reflected by changes in distribution and abundance of 

species, although the rate of change in communities 

dominated by perennial plants is difficult to predict. Humans 

have the ability to create impacts on saltmarshes at a range 

of scales from individual sites to globally. Pressures on the 

environment created by the continued increase in the 

human population, particularly in developing tropical 

countries, and the likely consequences of the enhanced 

greenhouse effect on both temperature and sea level give 

rise to particular concerns. Given the concentration of 

population growth and development in the coastal zone, 

and the potential sensitivity of saltmarsh to change in sea 

level, it is timely to review the present state of saltmarshes 

and to assess the likelihood of changes in the near (25 

years) future. By 2025, global sea level rise and warming 

will have impacts on saltmarshes. However, the most 

extensive changes are likely to be the direct result of 

human actions at local or regional scales. Despite 

increasing recognition of the ecological value of saltmarsh, 

major projects involving loss of saltmarshes but deemed to 

be in the public interest will be approved. Pressures are 

likely to be particularly severe in the tropics, where very 

little is known about saltmarshes. At the local scale the 

cumulative impacts of activities, which individually have 

minor effects, may be considerable. Managers of 

saltmarshes will be faced with difficult choices including 

questions as to whether traditional uses should be retained, 

whether invasive alien species or native species increasing 

in abundance should be controlled, whether planned retreat 

is an appropriate response to rising relative sea level or 

whether measures can be taken to reduce erosion. 

Decisions will need to take into account social and 

economic as well as ecological concerns. 

© CSA 

116. Shift in wetland plant composition and biomass 

following low-level episodes in the St. Lawrence River: 

Looking into the future. 

Hudon, Christiane 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 61(4): 

603-617. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ agricultural landscape/ climate change/ emergent 

waterlogged mudflats/ faunal habitats/ human intervention/ 

industrialized landscape/ low level episodes/ natural 

hydrologic variability/ shoreline alteration/ urbanized 

landscape/ water level fluctuations: future effects, past 

effects/ wetland plant biomass shifts/ wetland plant 

composition shifts 

Abstract: The effects of a 1-m drop in average water levels 

in 1999 on species composition and biomass were 

documented for a St. Lawrence River wetland and 

compared with a similar episode in 1931. These 

observations highlight the manifold effects of past and 

future water level fluctuations on St. Lawrence River 

wetlands and faunal habitats, resulting from natural 

hydrologic variability, climate change, and (or) human 

intervention. In 1931 and 1999, waters were 2-3 degreeC 

warmer than the previous 10-year average. Low water 

levels markedly altered wetland vegetation: various 

Graminea (including Phalaris arundinacea and Phragmites 

australis) and facultative annual species invaded previously 

marshy areas. Submerged species previously found in 

shallow waters were replaced on dry ground by annual 

terrestrial plants; Alisma gramineum colonized emergent 

waterlogged mudflats. The low water levels of 1999 

induced a spatially discontinuous plant biomass that was 

richer in terrestrial material than in previous years (1993-

1994). In comparison with the 1930s, recent surveys 

indicate a decline of assemblages dominated by Equisetum 
National and International Scale: General Information 

35

spp. and Najas flexilis and a rise of those dominated by 

Lythrum salicaria, Potamogeton spp., and filamentous 

algae. These shifts reveal the additional effects of nutrient 

enrichment, alien species, and shoreline alteration 

accompanying a change from a mostly agricultural to a 

mostly urbanized and industrialized landscape. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

117. A simple wetland habitat classification for boreal 

forest waterfowl. 

Rempel, R. S.; Abraham, K. F.; Gadawski, T. R.; Gabor, S.; 

and Ross, R. K. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 746-757. (July 1997) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ classification systems/ nature 

conservation/ aquatic birds/ habitats/ forests/ waterfowl/ 

surveys/ classification/ marshes/ habitat/ community 

structure/ Aves/ Canada, Ontario, Cochrane, Great Clay 

Belt/ habitat/ birds/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ network design/ birds 

Abstract: We propose a wetland habitat classification for 

boreal forest waterfowl that builds on existing classification 

systems, and apply the habitat classification to wetlands 

surveyed for 14 species of waterfowl breeding pairs and 

broods in the boreal Claybelt of Ontario. The habitat 

classification is based on simple and easily observable 

structural characteristics measured from black-and-white 

aerial photography collected for forest resource inventories. 

Habitat associations were examined using chi super(2) 

analysis for individual waterfowl species, and canonical 

correspondence analysis for overall community structure. 

Habitat use deviated significantly from that expected by 

random association for both pairs and broods, and 

canonical ordination of habitat/community structure was 

significant for both breeding pairs and broods. Beaver-pond 

marshes, lacustrine marshes located at river months, and 

open-water fens with <25% vegetative cover were used at 

rates much higher than expected, and deserve attention for 

conservation in the boreal forest. Based on expected 

distribution of wetland habitat types, we estimate 96.9 pairs 

x 100 km super(-2) and 96.1 broods x 100 km super(-2) to 

occur on average throughout the Claybelt. 

© CSA 

118. Simulation of subsurface flow constructed 

wetlands: Results and further research needs. 

Langergraber, G. 

Water Science and Technology 48(5): 157-166. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology/ models and simulations: 

computational biology/ pollution assessment control and 

management/ waste management: sanitation/ nitrogen/ 

wastewater chemistry/ phosphorus/ CW2D reactive 

transport model/ subsurface flow constructed wetlands: 

design optimization, research needs, simulation/ wetland 

systems: water pollution control 

Abstract: Simulation of constructed wetlands has two main 

tasks: to obtain a better understanding of the processes in 

constructed wetlands, and to check and optimise existing 

design criteria. This paper shows simulation results for two 

indoor pilot-scale constructed wetlands for wastewater and 

surface water treatment respectively. The results presented 

and discussed are mainly focussed on the hydraulic 

behaviour of the constructed wetland systems. In addition 

results of reactive transport simulations with CW2D are 

shown. The multi-component reactive transport model 

CW2D (Constructed Wetlands 2 Dimensional) was 

developed to model transport and reactions of the main 

constituents of wastewater (organic matter, nitrogen, and 

phosphorus) in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. For 

the pilot-scale constructed wetlands a calibration of the flow 

model was possible and therefore the results of the reactive 

transport simulations with CW2D fit the measured data well. 

The further research needs regarding the simulation of 

subsurface flow constructed wetlands are discussed. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

119. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous 

United States 1986 to 1997. 

Dahl, Thomas E. and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service; 82 p. (2000) 

Notes: "December 2000"--P. 4 of cover. Includes 

bibliographical references (p. 70-72). 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 D33 2000 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ wetland 

conservation---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

120. Status and trends of wetlands in the conterminous 

United States 1998 to 2004. 

Dahl, Thomas E. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Fish and 

Wildlife Service, 2005. 112 p. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 D33 2005 

http://wetlandsfws.er.usgs.gov/status_trends/ 

national_reports/trends_2005_report.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands--United States/ wetland 

conservation--United States 

121. The status of forested wetlands and waterbird 

conservation in North and Central America. 

Erwin, R. Michael 

Conservation Biology Series 6: 61-109. (1996); 

ISSN: 1363-3090 

Descriptors: Aves/ conservation measures/ waterbirds/ 

forested wetland status relations/ semiaquatic habitat/ 

forest and woodland/ Nearctic Region/ neotropical region/ 

Central America/ forested wetland status/ waterbird 

conservation significance 

© The Thomson Corporation 

122. Status of knowledge, ongoing research, and 

research needs in Amazonian wetlands. 

Junk, W. J. and Piedade, M. T. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(6): 

597-609. (Jan. 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ basins/ economics/ rivers/ structurefunction relationships/ classification/ soil/ flood plains/ 

agriculture/ inland fisheries/ natural resources/ potential 

resources/ hydroelectric power/ research programmes/ 

education establishments/ deforestation/ ranching/ 

biodiversity/ institutions/ economic development/ 

construction/ channels/ structure/ ecology/ fisheries/ 

exploitation/ degradation/ priorities/ training/ research 

priorities/ cattle/ navigation/ surveys/ technology transfer/ 

artificial wetlands/ exploration/ South America/ South 

America, Amazonia, Amazon R./ Brazil, Amazonia/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

36

management/ general papers on resources/ other aquatic 

communities/ control of water on the surface 

Abstract: Exploitation and exploration of the Amazon basin 

by Europeans started in the 17th century, but only since 

about 1970 has the Brazilian government given priority to 

the connection of the Amazon basin to the industrialized 

southern part of the country. This new policy required 

scientific research on the natural resources of the area. 

Wetlands cover about 20% of the Amazon basin. Inland 

fishery, fertile floodplain soils, and hydroelectric energy 

offer a large potential for economic development. Research 

concentrates on major wetlands and water bodies near the 

large cities. The Amazon River floodplain belongs to the 

best studied tropical river floodplains in the world. However, 

studies in other areas suffer from lack of wetland inventory 

and classification. Accelerated economic development is 

not adequately accompanied by wetland research. 

Insufficient knowledge about distribution, size, structure and 

function of many wetlands leads to increasing degradation 

and loss of biodiversity, for instance, by the construction of 

hydroelectric power plants, large scale deforestation for 

cattle ranching and agro-industrial projects, mining 

activities, the construction of navigation channels 

(hidrovias), etc. The low number of scientists working in the 

area and lack of funding require close cooperation in 

problem-oriented multidisciplinary projects (scientific 

clustering) to optimize scientific outcome. Intensive, longterm cooperation and scientific exchange with institutions 

from southern Brazil and from abroad is recommended to 

improve the scientific infrastructure in Amazonian 

institutions, to accelerate the transfer of new scientific 

methods and technology, and to intensify the training 

program for local human resources. 

© CSA 

123. Surface flow constructed wetlands: Overview. 

Kadlec, R. H. 

Water Science and Technology 32(3): 1-12. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Proceedings for the 4th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control Held in 

Guangzhou, China, 6-10 November 1994 

Descriptors: flow/ costs/ operation/ performance/ design/ 

waste water/ biological treatment/ artificial wetlands/ land 

types/ wastes/ waste water treatment/ wetland systems for 

water pollution control/ human wastes and refuse/ waste 

handling and treatment equipment 

Abstract: Statistics on the types and character of low-tech 

waste water treatment wetlands are reviewed. The 

operational processes are discussed, including 

sedimentation, plant uptake, sorption, nutrient cycling, and 

chemical and microbial conversion. Performance was good 

for reduction of suspended solids, biological oxygen 

demand, phosphorus, nitrogen, metals and some 

anthropogenic chemicals. Design procedures were 

evaluated, showing that the overly simplistic techniques 

used in the infancy of the technology may now be replaced 

by rational procedures based on the large and rapidly 

growing information base for constructed surface flow 

treatment wetlands. Ancillary wildlife and human use is an 

important part of this type of wetland, and should be 

acknowledged in design. Capital costs were low, but the 

principal financial advantage was the extremely low base 

cost of operation. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

124. Synthesis of soil-plant correspondence data from 

twelve wetland studies throughout the United States. 

Segelquist, C. A.; Slauson, W. L.; Scott, M. L.; and 

Auble, G. T. 

Washington D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990. 

32 p. Biological Report. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.90(19) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soils/ vegetation/ identification for 

classification/ census-survey methods/ cover/ North 

America/ United States/ South Dakota/ Florida/ Nebraska/ 

New Nexico/ Nevada/ California/ North Carolina/ Alaska/ 

Mississippi/ Rhode Island/ Massachusetts 

Abstract: Objectives were to evaluate the relation between 

hydric and nonhydric soils and hydrophytic and 

nonhydrophytic vegetation for selected wetlands and to test 

the weight average and index average procedures of 

Wentworth and Johnson (1986) 

© NISC 

125. Temperate freshwater wetlands: Types, status, 

and threats. 

Brinson, M. M. and Malvarez, A. I. 

Environmental Conservation 29(2): 115-133. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ environmental protection/ 

environmental quality/ eutrophication/ water quality/ 

drainage/ resources management/ ecosystem analysis/ 

temperate environments/ environmental degradation/ 

marshes/ ecosystem disturbance/ man-induced effects/ 

freshwater pollution/ degradation/ habitat/ pollution effects/ 

species diversity/ biodiversity/ freshwater organisms/ 

temperate zones/ North America/ South America/ Europe/ 

Mediterranean Region/ Russia/ China, People's Rep./ 

Japan/ Australia/ New Zealand 

Abstract: This review examines the status of temperatezone freshwater wetlands and makes projections of how 

changes over the 2025 time horizon might affect their 

biodiversity. The six geographic regions addressed are 

temperate areas of North America, South America, northern 

Europe, northern Mediterranean, temperate Russia, 

Mongolia, north-east China, Korea and Japan, and 

southern Australia and New Zealand. Information from the 

recent technical literature, general accounts in books, and 

some first-hand experience provided the basis for 

describing major wetland types, their status and major 

threats. Loss of biodiversity is a consequence both of a 

reduction in area and deterioration in condition. The 

information base for either change is highly variable 

geographically. Many countries lack accurate inventories, 

and for those with inventories, classifications differ, thus 

making comparisons difficult. Factors responsible for losses 

and degradation include diversions and damming of river 

flows, disconnecting floodplain wetlands from flood flows, 

eutrophication, contamination, grazing, harvests of plants 

and animals, global warming, invasions of exotics, and the 

practices of filling, dyking and draining. In humid regions, 

drainage of depressions and flats has eliminated large 

areas of wetlands. In arid regions, irrigated agriculture 

directly competes with wetlands for water. Eutrophication is 

widespread, which, together with effects of invasive 

species, reduces biotic complexity. In northern Europe and 

the northern Mediterranean, losses have been ongoing for 

hundreds of years, while losses in North America 

accelerated during the 1950s through to the 1970s. In 

contrast, areas such as China appear to be on the cusp of 
National and International Scale: General Information 

37

expanding drainage projects and building impoundments 

that will eliminate and degrade freshwater wetlands. 

Generalizations and trends gleaned from this paper should 

be considered only as a starting point for developing worldscale data sets. One trend is that the more industrialized 

countries are likely to conserve their already impacted, 

remaining wetlands, while nations with less industrialization 

are now experiencing accelerated losses, and may 

continue to do so for the next several decades. Another 

observation is that countries with both protection and 

restoration programmes do not necessarily enjoy a net 

increase in area and improvement in condition. 

Consequently, both reductions in the rates of wetland loss 

and increases in the rates of restoration are needed in 

tandem to achieve overall improvements in wetland area 

and condition. 

© CSA 

126. Temporary forest pools: Can we see the water for 

the trees? 

Williams, D. D. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(3): 213-233. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: community succession/ forests/ freshwater 

invertebrates/ hydroperiod/ riparian vegetation/ temporary 

ponds/ wetland management 

Abstract: Temporary waters, in general, are fascinating 

habitats in which to study the properties of species adapted 

to living in highly variable environments. Species display a 

remarkable array of strategies for dealing with the periodic 

loss of their primary medium that sets them apart from the 

inhabitants of permanent water bodies. Survival of 

individuals typically depends on exceptional physiological 

tolerance or effective migrational abilities, and communities 

have their own, distinctive hallmarks. This paper will 

broadly overview the biology of temporary ponds, but will 

emphasize those in temperate forests. In particular, links 

will be sought between aquatic community properties, the 

nature of the riparian vegetation, and forestry practices. 

Quite apart from their inherent biological interest, temporary 

waters are now in the limelight both from a conservation 

perspective, as these habitats come more into conflict with 

human activities, and a health-control perspective, as 

breeding habitats for vectors of arboviruses. Traditionally, 

many temporary waters, be they pools, streams or 

wetlands, have been considered to be 'wasted' areas of 

land, potentially convertible to agriculture/silviculture once 

drained. In reality, they are natural features of the global 

landscape representing distinct and unique habitats for 

many species - some that are found nowhere else, others 

that reach their maximum abundance there. To be effective, 

conservation measures must preserve the full, hydroseral 

range of wetland types. © Springer 2005. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

127. Threats to waterbirds and wetlands: Implications 

for conservation, inventory and research. 

O'Connell, Mark 

Wildfowl 51: 1-15. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SK351.W575; ISSN: 0954-6324 

Descriptors: waterbirds (Aves)/ animals/ birds/ chordates/ 

nonhuman vertebrates/ vertebrates/ biodiversity/ 

conservation implications/ demographic changes/ economic 

changes/ human activity/ social changes/ wetlands: habitat 

Abstract: The world has undergone major social, economic 

and demographic changes in the last two centuries. 

Predictions suggest that during the next 100 years, even 

greater changes will occur and this will put increasing 

pressure on wetlands and their biodiversity. This paper 

examines the changes that have occurred, and the nature 

of threats facing waterbirds and wetlands as a result of 

human activities. The need for specific areas of research is 

identified, particularly in relation to detecting and measuring 

change and the need to provide solution-oriented research 

to underpin conservation action. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

128. Trace and toxic metals in wetlands: A review. 

Gambrell, R. P. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 883-891. (Sept. 

1994-Oct. 1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 [JEVQAA]. 

Notes: Paper presented at the symposium, "Wetland 

Processes and Water Quality," November 3-4, 1992, 

Minneapolis, MN. Includes references. 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ upland soils/ heavy metals/ 

leaching/ immobilization/ soil pH/ redox reactions/ 

bioavailability/ plants 

Abstract: The mobility and plant availability of many trace 

and toxic metals in wetland soils is often substantially 

different from upland soils. Oxidation-reduction (redox) and 

associated pH changes that occur in soils as a result of 

flooding or drainage can affect the retention and release of 

metals by clay minerals, organic matter, iron oxides, and, 

for coastal wetlands, sulfides. Except where a Hooded soil 

or sediment becomes strongly acid upon drainage and 

oxidation, as sometimes occurs, the processes 

immobilizing metals tend to be complimentary such that 

large-scale metal releases from contaminated soils and 

sediments do not occur with changing redox conditions. 

Metals tend to be retained more strongly in wetland soils 

compared with upland soils. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

129. Tracking wetland restoration: Do mitigation sites 

follow desired trajectories? 

Zedler, J. B. and Callaway, J. C. 

Restoration Ecology 7(1): 69-73. (Mar. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

environment management/ USA, California/ USA, 

California, San Diego Bay/ rehabilitation/ ecosystems/ 

damage/ monitoring/ wildlife habitats/ model studies/ 

alternative planning/ nature conservation/ environmental 

assessment/ USA, California, San Diego/ trajectories/ 

Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge/ reclamation/ 

water quality control/ conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: Hypothetical models in the scientific literature 

suggest that ecosystem restoration and creation sites follow 

a smooth path of development (called a trajectory), rapidly 

matching natural reference sites (the target). Multi-milliondollar mitigation agreements have been based on the 

expectation that damages to habitat will be compensated 

within 5-10 years, and monitoring periods have been set 

accordingly. Our San Diego Bay study site, the Sweetwater 

Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, has one of the longest and 

most detailed records of habitat development at a mitigation 

site: data on soil organic matter, soil nitrogen, plant growth, 

and plant canopies for up to 10 years from a 12-year-old 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

38

site. High interannual variation and lack of directional 

changes indicate little chance that targets will be reached in 

the near future. Other papers perpetuate the trajectory 

model, despite data that corroborate our findings. After 

reviewing "trajectory models" and presenting our 

comprehensive data for the first time, we suggest 

alternative management and mitigation policies. 

© CSA 

130. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National 

Wetlands Inventory project. 

Wilen, B. O. and Bates, M. K. 

Vegetatio 118(1-2): 153-169. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106. 

Notes: Conference: 4th International Wetlands Conference, 

Symposium on Classification and Inventory of the World's 

Wetlands, Colombus, OH (USA), 13-18 Sep 1992 

Descriptors: wetlands/ inventories/ classification/ data 

banks/ mapping/ USA/ US Fish and Wildlife Service/ data 

banks/ miscellaneous topics/ general papers on resources 

Abstract: In 1974, the US Fish and Wildlife Service 

directed its Office of Biological Services to design and 

conduct an inventory of the Nation's wetlands. The 

mandate was to develop and disseminate a technically 

sound, comprehensive data base concerning the 

characteristics and extent of the Nation's wetlands. The 

purpose of this data base is to foster wise use of the 

Nation's wetlands and to expedite decisions that may affect 

this important resource. To accomplish this, state-of-the-art 

principles and methodologies pertaining to all aspects of 

wetland inventory were assimilated and developed by the 

newly formed project. By 1979, when the National Wetlands 

Inventory (NWI) Project became operational, it was clear 

that two very different kinds of information were needed. 

First, detailed wetland maps were needed for site-specific 

decisions. Second, national statistics developed through 

statistical sampling on the current status and trends of 

wetlands were needed in order to provide information to 

support the development or alteration of Federal programs 

and policies. The NWI has produced wetland maps (scale = 

1:24 000) for 74% of the conterminous United States. It has 

also produced wetland maps (scale = 1:63 360) for 24% of 

Alaska. Nearly 9000 of these wetland maps, representing 

16.7% of the continental United States, have been 

computerized (digitized). In addition to maps, the NWI has 

produced other valuable wetland products. These include a 

statistically-based report on the status and trends of 

wetlands that details gains and losses in United States 

wetlands that have occurred from the mid-1970's to the 

mid-1980's. Other wetland products include a list of wetland 

(hydric) soils, a national list of wetland plant species, 

wetland reports for certain individual States such as New 

Jersey and Florida, and a wetland values data base. 

© CSA 

131. Urbanization impacts on the structure and 

function of forested wetlands. 

Faulkner, Stephen 

Urban Ecosystems 7(2): 89-106. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.C6 U73; ISSN: 1083-8155 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ soil 

science/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ forested wetland: function, structure/ nutrient 

cycling/ soil saturation/ urbanization/ watershed hydrology 

Abstract: The exponential increase in population has 

fueled a significant demographic shift: 60% of the Earth's 

population will live in urban areas by 2030. While this 

population growth is significant in its magnitude, the 

ecological footprint of natural resource consumption and 

use required to sustain urban populations is even greater. 

The land use and cover changes accompanying 

urbanization (increasing human habitation coupled with 

resource consumption and extensive landscape 

modification) impacts natural ecosystems at multiple spatial 

scales. Because they generally occupy lower landscape 

positions and are linked to other ecosystems through 

hydrologic connections, the cascading effects of habitat 

alteration on watershed hydrology and nutrient cycling arc 

particularly detrimental to wetland ecosystems. I reviewed 

literature relevant to these effects of urbanization on the 

structure and function of forested wetlands. Hydrologic 

changes caused by habitat fragmentation generally reduce 

species richness and abundance of plants, 

macroinvertebrates, amphibians, and birds with greater 

numbers of invasives and exotics. Reduction in soil 

saturation and lowered water tables result in greater 

nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in urban wetlands 

with higher probability of NO3- export from the watershed. 

Depressional forested wetlands in urban areas can function 

as important sinks for sediments, nutrients, and metals. As 

urban ecosystems become the predominant human 

condition, there is a critical need for data specific to urban 

forested wetlands in order to better understand the role of 

these ecosystems on the landscape. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

132. Use of constructed wetlands in water pollution 

control: Historical development, present status, and 

future perspectives. 

Brix, H. 

Water Science and Technology 30(8 pt 8): 209-223. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: biochemical oxygen demand/ free water 

surface flow systems/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ reaction rate 

constants/ subsurface flow systems/ suspended solids 

Abstract: During the last two decades the multiple 

functions and values of wetlands have been recognized not 

only by the scientists and managers working with wetlands, 

but also by the public. The ability of wetlands to transform 

and store organic matter has been exploited in constructed 

wetlands. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the 

uses of constructed wetlands in water pollution control by 

reviewing the basics of the technology, the historical 

development, and the performance expectations with focus 

on the use of free water surface and subsurface flow 

constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment. 

Performance data from a total of 104 subsurface flow 

systems and 70 free water surface flow systems are 

reviewed. The present state of knowledge is sufficient to 

apply constructed wetlands as a tool for improving water 

quality. The potential applications range from secondary 

treatment of municipal and various types of industrial 

wastewaters to polishing of tertiary treated waters and 

diffuse pollution. In many situations constructed wetlands is 

the only appropriate technology available. The treatment 

capacity of subsurface flow systems can be improved by 

selecting vertical flow systems with intermittent loading, by 

proper media selection, and by recycling of the wastewater. 
National and International Scale: General Information 

39

Further research is needed to help define and optimize 

engineering design criteria and the long-term performance 

capabilities and operational problems. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

133. Use of restored small wetlands by breeding 

waterfowl in Prince Edward Island, Canada. 

Stevens, C. E.; Gabor, T. S.; and Diamond, A. W. 

Restoration Ecology 11(1): 3-12. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ breeding/ 

restoration/ environment management/ aquatic birds/ 

abundance/ plant populations/ environmental factors/ 

nature conservation/ Anas crecca carolinensis/ Anas 

rubripes/ Typha/ Canada, Prince Edward Island/ greenwinged teal/ American black duck/ ring-necked ducks/ 

gadwell 

Abstract: Since 1990 under the Eastern Habitat Joint 

Venture over 100 small wetlands have been restored in 

Prince Edward Island, Canada. Wetlands were restored by 

means of dredging accumulated sediment from erosion to 

emulate pre-disturbance conditions (i.e., open water and 

extended hydroperiod). In 1998 and 1999 we compared 

waterfowl pair and brood use on 22 restored and 24 

reference wetlands. More pairs and broods of Ring-necked 

Ducks, Gadwall, Green-winged Teal, and American Black 

Ducks used restored versus reference wetlands. In restored 

wetlands waterfowl pair density and species richness were 

positively correlated with wetland/cattail area, percent 

cattail cover, and close proximity to freshwater rivers. In 

addition, a waterfowl reproductive index was positively 

correlated with percent cattail cover. Green-winged Teal 

pair occurrence in restored wetlands was positively 

correlated with greater amounts of open water and water 

depths. American Black Duck pairs occurred on most (86%) 

restored wetlands. Restored small wetlands likely served as 

stopover points for American Black Duck broods during 

overland or stream movements, whereas they likely served 

as a final brood-rearing destination for Green-winged Teal 

broods. We suggest that wetland restoration is a good 

management tool for increasing populations of Greenwinged Teal and American Black Ducks in Prince Edward 

Island. 

© CSA 

134. Using algae to assess environmental conditions in 

wetlands. 

Stevenson, R. Jan; McCormick, Paul V.; Frydenborg, Russ; 

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of 

Water; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Office Science and Technology; and United States. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wetlands, 

Oceans and Watersheds 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2002. 

Notes: Original title: Using algae to assess environmental 

conditions in wetlands (#11); Title from web page. "March 

2002." "Prepared jointly by U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of 

Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of 

Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-021." 

Description based on content viewed April 14, 2003. 

Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5 S74 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

11Algae.pdf 

Descriptors: indicators---biology---United States/ 

environmental indicators---United States---mathematical 

models/ algae---United States/ wetland conservation---

United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

135. Using amphibians in bioassessment of wetlands.

Sparling, Donald W.; United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of Water.; United States. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Health and Ecological 

Criteria Division.; and United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Wetlands Division. 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2002. 

Notes: Using amphibians in bioassessment of wetlands. 

(#12).Title from web page. "March 2002." "Prepared jointly 

by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and 

Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and 

Technology) and Wetlands Division (Office of Wetlands, 

Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-R-02-022." 

Description based on content viewed March 31, 2003. 

Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5 M472 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

12Amphibians.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands management---United States/ 

indicators---biology---United States/ environmental 

indicators---United States/ monitoring, biological---United 

States/ amphibians---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

136. Using vegetation to assess environmental 

conditions in wetlands.

Fennessy, Slobhan; United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Health and Ecological Criteria Division; 

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands 

Division; and United States. Environmental Protection 

Agency. Office of Water 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2002. 

Notes: Original title: Using vegetation to assess 

environmental conditions in wetlands (#10); Title from web 

page. "March 2002." Major contributors: Slobhan Fennessy 

and others. "Prepared jointly by the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, Health and Ecological Criteria Division 

(Office of Science and Technology) and Wetlands Division 

(Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds)" "EPA-822-

R-02-020." Description based on content viewed March 31, 

2003. Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.I5 M473 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

10Vegetation.pdf 

Descriptors: plant indicators---United States/ indicators---

biology---United States/ wetland management---United 

States/ environmental monitoring---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

40

137. Vegetation-based indicators of wetland nutrient 

enrichment. 

Craft, C.; United States. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Health and Ecological Criteria Division; United States. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Wetlands Division; and 

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. 

Office of Water 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2003. 

Notes: Title from web page. "March 2002." Prepared jointly 

by: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health and 

Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and 

Technology) and Wetland Division (Office of Wetlands, 

Oceans, and Watersheds). "EPA-822-R-02-024." Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.N8 V47 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

16Indicators.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecology/ land use/ nutrient 

enrichment/ nutrient enrichment/ vegetation/ 

environmental management 

138. Wetland and water bird diversity in desert area of 

the Western China.

Liu, Nai-Fa; Huang, Zu-Hao; and Wen, Long-Ying 

Wetland Science 2(4): 259-266. (Dec. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH87.3 .S47; ISSN: 1672-5948 

Descriptors: wetlands/ deserts/ habitat selection/ rare 

species/ species diversity/ ponds/ migratory species/ 

irrigation/ salt lakes/ ecosystem management/ 

conservation/ environmental protection/ water use/ 

Podiceps grisegena/ Aves/ Ciconia ciconia/ China, People's 

Rep., Qingzang Plateau/ red-necked grebe/ birds/ white 

stork/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: The western part of China includes the MongoliaXinjiang and Qingzang Plateaus where the climate is either 

arid or semi-arid with low precipitation levels. Here, 

wetlands only exist in the depressions, overflowing zones of 

piedmont groundwater, and lake depressions. The area of 

wetlands in desert area is 96 180 km super(2), accounting 

for about 3.6% of the total land area of the Western China. 

In accordance with the formation, there are four types of 

wetlands in the desert area of the Western China, (1) 

wetland formed by gathering water in the basins due to the 

subsidence of the earth's crust, (2) glacier lake, (3) wetland 

formed by springs, (4) wetland formed by water withdrawn 

from irrigated farmland. The special natural conditions and 

geographical location of these wetlands have resulted in 

abundant species of waterfowl and play a special role the 

worldwide waterfowl protection. According to preliminary 

investigation and statistics, there are 142 species of 

waterfowls in above wetland as defined in "Wetland 

Convention", 54.8% of the total number of waterfowls in 

China. There are many rare and endangered species in 

these wetlands. These include 8 species of national firstgrade protected birds, such as Ciconia ciconia, and 18 

species of national second-grade protected birds, such as 

Podiceps grisegena. Waterbirds are protected by 

international convention and agreement. There are 12 

species listed in "Convention on International Trade in 

Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora" (CITES). A 

total of 83 species among 142 species birds are listed in 

the "Agreement to Protect Migratory Birds and their 

Habitats in China and Japan". Wetlands in the desert area 

of the Western China play an important role in migration, 

breeding and overwinter of waterfowl. However, wetlands 

have been destroyed to different extents. The wetland in 

the desert area is ultimately developed into salt pond or 

desert. Important factors leading to desertification of 

wetlands are climate to transform into dry, irrational use of 

water resources and reclaiming land from marshes, 

resulted in considerable loss of waterfowl diversity. 

Therefore, for the purpose of waterfowl conservation, the 

wetland in the desert should be strongly conserved. 

© CSA 

139. Wetland creation and restoration: Description and 

summary of the literature. 

Schneller-Mcdonald, K.; Ischinger, L. S.; and Auble, G. T.; 

90(3), 1990. 198 p. Biological Report - US Fish & 

Wildlife Service. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.90(3) 

Abstract: Provides a hard copy of the bibliographic 

information contained in the US Wetland 

Creation/Restoration data base. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

140. Wetland ecosystem studies from a hydrological 

perspective. 

Labaugh, J. W. 

Water Resources Bulletin 22(1): 1-10. (1986) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 Am34; ISSN: 0043-1370 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrologic budget/ groundwater/ 

review articles/ chemical budget/ input-output relationship/ 

biogeochemical processes/ ecosystem research/ hydrology/ 

ecosystems 

Abstract: Selected studies from the literature were 

reviewed to determine the extent of knowledge about the 

relationship between hydrology and wetland ecosystem 

studies. Wetland studies of chemical input-output 

relationship have been the most dependent on hydrologic 

data of all wetland investigations; yet, very few of these 

studies have attempted to measure all components of a 

wetland 's water balance. Usually, unmeasured 

components were calculated as the difference between 

measured inputs and outputs. Ground water was frequently 

overlooked. Chemical input-output investigations primarily 

were concerned with determining the amount of input 

retained in the wetlands. Few studies also included direct 

measurement of biogeochemical processes within wetlands 

of elements that were part of simultaneous input-output 

investigations. The importance of uncertainties in chemical 

budgets that are due to uncertainties in hydrologic budgets 

has been addressed in very few wetland investigations. 

Although many studies have emphasized the importance of 

hydrology to wetland ecosystem research, few studies have 

documented this, so that hydrology remains one of the least 

understood components of wetlands ecosystems. (Author 's 

abstract) 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: General Information 

41

141. Wetland indicators: A guide to wetland 

identification, delineation, classification, and mapping. 

Tiner, Ralph W. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 392 p. (1999) 

NAL Call #: GB624.T564-1999; ISBN: 0873718925 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ wetland ecology---

United States/ plant indicators---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

142. Wetland management and conservation of rare 

species. 

Doust, Lesley Lovett and Doust, Jon Lovett 

Canadian Journal of Botany 73(7): 1019-1028. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: Plantae (Plantae unspecified)/ plants/ ethics/ 

genetics/ habitat protection/ habitat quality/ legislation 

Abstract: The value of wetland is now widely recognized; 

some legislation requires 'no net loss' of wetlands, although 

economic incentives still exist for wetland conversion. Rare 

plants may be protected by law; however, wetlands are 

rarely managed specifically to converse rare species. 

Furthermore, it is not always clear how the environment 

should be manipulated to increase the abundance of such 

species, since necessary autecological details are rarely 

available. Species conservation involves demographic and 

genetic elements, as well as ethical decisions about the 

merits of transplanting or importing genes through 

controlled pollinations. Rare species may serve as 

indicators of habitat quality, although this will depend on the 

reasons behind the species' rarity. There is a need for 

multiple-use management plans that incorporate speciesand habitat-conservation goals and that implement overall 

strategies to maintain or enhance the total quantity and 

quality of wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

143. Wetland management for shorebirds and other 

species: Experiences on the Canadian prairies. 

Dickson, H. Loney and McKeating, Gerald 

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resources Conference 58: 370-377. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 

Descriptors: Aves/ habitat management/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ wetlands management/ multispecies approach/ 

Canada/ Alberta/ Manitoba/ Saskatchewan/ multispecies 

approach to wetland management/ overview 

© The Thomson Corporation 

144. Wetland mercury research: A review with case 

studies. 

Rood, B. E. 

Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 73-108. 

(1996); ISSN: 1076-4674 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mercury/ case studies/ 

contamination/ literature review/ biogeochemistry/ literature 

reviews/ biogeochemical cycle/ pollution effects/ USA, 

Florida, Everglades/ case reports/ literature reviews/ 

biogeochemical cycle/ pollution effects/ case studies/ 

contamination/ literature review 

Abstract: Interestingly, there is a paucity of information 

regarding the role that wetlands play in the regional and 

global cycles of mercury (Zillioux et al., 1993). Eugene 

Odum has said that "a healthy wetland is an indicator of a 

healthy watershed" (Oglethorpe Power Corporation, 1990). 

As such, there is a compelling need to: 1) evaluate the 

status of mercury contamination in a variety of wetland 

types, both impacted and unimpacted by regional 

anthropogenic activities, 2) examine chemical and 

biological transformations of mercury under the unique 

ambient conditions associated with wetlands, and 3) 

reconstruct trends of mercury accumulation in wetlands 

preserved in the sediment record. The goals of this 

literature review are to provide wetland scientists with an 

overview of current issues and observations regarding 

research of environmental mercury contamination, to 

identify the critical need for mercury researchers to 

incorporate detailed wetland studies into current research, 

and to overview current studies of mercury in wetlands 

including a case study of mercury paleoecological research 

in the Florida Everglades. 

© CSA 

145. Wetland nutrient removal: A review of the 

evidence. 

Fisher, J. and Acreman, M. C. 

Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8(4): 

673-685. (2004) 

NAL Call #: GB651 .H937; ISSN: 1027-5606 

Descriptors: pollution load/ artificial wetlands/ nutrients/ 

water quality control/ marshes/ sampling/ nitrogen/ 

hydrologic models/ ecosystems/ swamps/ high flow/ 

nutrient removal/ eutrophication/ water quality control/ water 

treatment/ water and wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Data from 57 wetlands from around the world 

have been collated to investigate whether wetlands affect 

the nutrient loading of waters draining through them: the 

majority of wetlands reduced nutrient loading and there was 

little difference in the proportion of wetlands that reduced N 

to those that reduced P loading. However, some wetlands 

increased nutrient loadings by increasing the loading of 

soluble N and P species thus potentially driving aquatic 

eutrophication. Studies conducted over a period of a year 

or more, or that involved frequent sampling during high flow 

events, were more likely to indicate that the wetland 

increased nutrient loadings. Swamps and marshes differed 

from riparian zones in their nutrient function characteristics 

by being slightly more effective at nutrient reduction than 

riparian zones. The attributes that enable wetlands to be 

effective in reducing N and P loadings need consideration 

when constructing or managing wetlands to reduce nutrient 

loadings. Their wise use will be an important strategy for 

meeting the Water Framework Directive requirements for 

many water bodies. 

© CSA 

146. Wetland plants: More than just a pretty face? 

Nuttall, C. A. 

Land Contamination & Reclamation 11(2): 173-180. (2003); 

ISSN: 0967-0513 

Descriptors: aesthetic value/ aluminium/ aquatic plants/ 

artificial wetlands/ habitats/ iron/ manganese/ microbial 

activities/ organic matter/ polluted water/ reviews/ water 

quality/ Eriophorum/ Phragmites australis/ plants/ Typha 

latifolia/ Vallisneria americana/ Eriophorum angustifolium/ 

water treatment/ Cyperaceae/ Cyperales/ monocotyledons/ 

angiosperms/ Spermatophyta/ plants/ Eriophorum/ 

Phragmites/ Poaceae/ Typha/ Typhaceae/ Typhales/ 

Vallisneria/ Hydrocharitaceae/ Hydrocharitales 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

42

Abstract: Plants are an integral part of wetlands 

constructed to treat contaminated waters, including those 

emanating from abandoned mines and their associated 

spoil heaps. It has become generally accepted that, 

although plants provide an aesthetic covering to wetlands, 

they do not play an important role in the remediative 

processes that occur within the wetland system. Rather the 

geochemical and microbiological processes that convert 

soluble metals into immobile forms are by far the most 

important constituents of the wetlands. We have provided a 

detailed review of the current knowledge of plant growth 

within wetlands and the possible roles that they perform in 

the treatment of mine waters. It is evident from the literature 

that plants add significantly to the performance of wetland 

systems through a variety of means. These include the 

addition of organic matter (maintaining the carbon source 

for microorganisms), stabilization of sediment surfaces, 

maintenance of flow patterns, and surfaces for micro bial 

activity. In addition, recent research has shown that in 

systems receiving low concentrations of metals, as occurs 

in 'polishing wetlands', plants may actually constitute an 

important sink for metals. In this situation the majority of 

metals (iron, manganese and aluminium) are precipitated 

around root surfaces as plaque deposits, which has 

important implications for the cycling of metals within these 

systems. The concentrations of metals in root plaque 

extracts in field-grown wetland plant species (viz., 

Eriophorum angustifolium, Phragmites australis, Typha 

latifolia and Vallisneria americana) are given. Finally, plants 

may also provide a vital resource for other wildlife and as 

such can encourage the inhabitation of treatment wetlands 

by invertebrates, birds and mammals. Thus plants as part 

of treatment wetlands are certainly more than just a pretty 

face. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

147. Wetland rice soils as sources and sinks of 

methane: A review and prospects for research. 

Kumaraswamy, S.; Rath, A. K.; Ramakrishnan, B.; and 

Sethunathan, N. 

Biology and Fertility of Soils 31(6): 449-461. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762 

Descriptors: flooded rice/ rice soils/ paddy soils/ soil 

bacteria/ anaerobes/ methane production/ methane/ 

oxidation/ emission/ oryza sativa/ roots/ pollution control/ 

fertilizers/ pesticides/ nitrification inhibitors/ community 

ecology/ biological activity in soil/ literature reviews/ 

methanotrophy 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

148. Wetlands. 

Mitsch, William J. and Gosselink, James G. 

New York: John Wiley (3rd); xiii, 920 p.: ill., maps; 

26 cm. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH104 .M57 2000; ISBN: 047129232X 

Descriptors: wetland ecology---United States/ wetlands---

United States/ wetland management---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

149. Wetlands: An overview in relation to conservation 

strategy. 

Wanganeo, A. and Wanganeo, R. 

Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology 3(3): 

307-316. (2004); ISSN: 0972-6268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ conservation/ municipal wastes/ 

fodder/ foods/ niches/ wastewater pollution/ municipal 

wastewater/ sluices/ literature reviews/ habitat 

improvement/ environmental protection/ classification/ 

wastewater treatment/ water pollution/ wastes/ vulnerability/ 

biodiversity/ techniques of planning/ water Resources and 

supplies/ habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ water and 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: In spite of the global attention currently focused 

on the wetlands there is no recognizable conservation 

strategy or any law governing their management. These 

highly productive ecological niches supporting rich 

biodiversity have been perceived as future resources of 

food and fodder. Their quality of ameliorating pollution has 

made them more vulnerable as these systems are also 

treated as places for tertiary treatment of municipal 

wastewater besides other wastes. Since no logical 

segregation of these systems has been done as such, a lot 

of confusion has been created as to what is their main 

function and how these systems should be categorized. 

Present paper categorizes wetlands into three categories 

viz., Douse, Sluice and Plashy types for their better 

utilization, management and conservation. 

© CSA 

150. Wetlands and water quality: A regional review of 

recent research in the United States on the role of 

freshwater and saltwater wetlands as sources, sinks, 

and transformers of nitrogen, phosphorus, and various 

heavy metals. 

Nixon, S. W. and Lee, V. 

Vicksburg, Miss. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways 

Experiment Station, 1986. 229 p. Technical Report. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ limnology/ estuaries/ 

saline water/ sinks/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ heavy metals/ 

literature review/ nutrients 

Abstract: This report is the first in a series of four literature 

reviews on wetland functions and values. Each review 

covers one of the following four broad wetlands functions 

and values: (1) water quality, (2) fish and wildlife habitat, (3) 

socioeconomics, and (4) hydraulics. The four reports, along 

with other information, were used to develop a multiyear 

wetlands functions and values research study plan 

implemented by the US Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station. This report examines the literature on 

water quality functions of wetlands. Study results indicated 

considerable diversity in the quantity and quality of 

wetlands water quality literature between and within each 

geographic region of the coterminous United States and 

Alaska. In general, wetlands water quality has been studied 

most intensely in the estuarine marshes of the Gulf and 

North Atlantic coasts. Water quality in freshwater wetlands 

has not received attention commmensurate with the wide 

distribution of these wetland types. Most previous wetlands 

water quality research has been fragmented into sitespecific or function-specific studies. Very few mass balance 

studies have been conducted. Two complementary 

approaches to addressing wetlands water quality research 

data gaps are recommended. The first approach is to 
National and International Scale: General Information 

43

develop mass balances or budgets of carbon, nutrients, 

heavy metals, and other possible pollutants. The mass 

balance studies should be determined at carefully selected 

field sites over several annual cycles. The second approach 

would focus on the design, construction, and use of 

experimental wetland microcosms. The microcosms would 

permit assessment of the fates and effects of various 

materials under highly controlled conditions. (Lantz-PTT) 

© CSA 

151. Wetlands classification. 

Detenbeck, Naomi Elizabeth.; United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology; and 

United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of 

Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds. 

In: Methods for evaluating wetland condition; Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of 

Water, 2002. 

Notes: Original title: Wetlands classification (#7); Title from 

web page. "March 2002." "EPA-822-R-02-017." "Prepared 

jointly by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health 

and Ecological Criteria Division (Office of Science and 

Technology) and Wetlands Division Office." Description 

based on content viewed April 10, 2003. Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 D47 2002 

http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/criteria/wetlands/ 

7Classification.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ wetlands---United 

States---classification 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

152. Wetlands: History, current status, and future.

Hook, D. D. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 2157-

2166. (Dec. 1993) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 [ETOCDK]. 

Notes: Annual Review Issue: Wetland Ecotoxicology and 

Chemistry. Includes references. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bogs/ fens/ moorland/ history/ uses/ 

environmental protection/ projections/ literature reviews 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

153. Wetlands losses in the United States, 1780's to 

1980's. 

Dahl, Thomas E. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, 1990. 13 p. 

NAL Call #: QH76.D33 1990 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/wetloss/ 

wetloss.htm

Descriptors: wetland conservation---United States/ 

wetlands---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

154. Wetlands of Central America. 

Ellison, Aaron M. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 12(1): 3-55. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: conservation/ estuarine ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ marine ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ Ramsar Convention on Wetlands 

of International Importance/ biological diversity support/ 

cultural framework/ development pressures/ ecological 

research/ essential ecosystem services/ estuarine 

wetlands/ forest land conversion/ integrated planning/ 

intensive deforestation/ lacustrine wetlands/ marine 

wetlands/ palustrine wetlands/ population pressures/ 

primary productivity/ riverine wetlands/ social framework/ 

water quality maintenance/ wetland inventory/ wetland 

losses/ wetland management/ wetland refugia/ 

wetlands ecology 

Abstract: The wetlands of seven Central American 

countries - Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, 

Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama - are reviewed. The 

region's wetlands are classified into five systems: marine, 

estuarine, riverine, lacustrine, and palustrine. At a 

minimum, wetlands cover apprxeq40,000 km2 (apprxeq8%) 

of the land area of Central America. These wetlands 

support high levels of biological diversity, especially of 

invertebrates, amphibians, and migratory birds. Because of 

intensive deforestation and conversion of forest lands to 

agriculture, many species of birds and mammals that 

formerly were abundant in upland forests now are restricted 

to wetland refugia. Annual primary productivity of some 

Central American wetlands equals or exceeds that of 

tropical rainforests, and wetlands also provide essential 

ecosystem services such as maintaining water quality. 

Population and development pressures formerly restricted 

to upland areas are expanding rapidly into wetlands, 

resulting in losses of wetlands at rates comparable to 

losses of rainforests. Since 1990, all seven Central 

American countries have become signatories to the 

Ramsar convention on wetlands of international 

importance, but integrated planning for management and 

conservation of wetlands in the region only began in 2002. 

A specific set of recommendations for wetland inventory, 

ecological research, and management is provided that 

would be feasible and effective within the social and cultural 

framework of the Central American countries. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

155. Wetlands of the United States: Current status and 

recent trends. 

Tiner, R. W. 

Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984. 

NAL Call #: QH76.W48 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ salt marshes/ 

conservation/ coastal zone management/ nature 

conservation/ USA 

Abstract: This report identifies the current status of U.S. 

wetlands and major areas where wetlands are in greatest 

jeopardy from the national standpoint. It also presents 

existing regional and national information of wetland trends. 

The report is divided into six chapters: (1) Introduction, (2) 

What is a Wetland?, (3) Major Wetland Types of the United 

States, (4) Why are Wetlands Important?, (5) Current status 

and Trends of U.S. Wetlands, and (6) The Future of 

America's Wetlands. Wetlands include the variety of 

marshes, swamps and bogs that occur throughout the 

country. They range from red maple swamps and black 

spruce bogs in the northern states to salt marshes along 

the coasts to bottomland hardwood forests in the southern 

states to prairie potholes in the Midwest to playa lakes and 

riparian wetlands in the western states to the wet tundra of 

Alaska. The future of the Nation's wetlands depends on the 

actions of public agencies, private industry, and private 

groups and individuals. Recent population and agricultural 

trends point to increased pressure for converting wetlands 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

44

to other use, especially cropland. Increased wetland 

protection efforts by all levels of government and by private 

parties are needed to halt or slow wetland losses and to 

enhance the quality of the remaining wetlands. 

© CSA 

156. Wetlands of the world: Inventory, ecology and 

management. 

Whigham, Dennis F.; Dykyjova, Dagmar; and 

Hejny, Slavomil 

Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic; Series: Handbook of 

vegetation science 15/2; 768 p. (1993) 

Notes: Covers: Africa, Australia, Canada, Greenland, 

Medeterranean, Mexico, Papua New Guinea, South Asia, 

tropical South America, United States. 

NAL Call #: QK911 .A1H3 v. 15/2; ISBN: 0792316851 

Descriptors: wetlands/ inventory/ wetland management/ 

wetland ecology 

157. Wildlife responses to wetland restoration and 

creation: An annotated bibliography. 

Rewa, C. 

In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions 

wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P.; Hohman, W. 

L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management 

Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report 

USDA/NRCS/WHMI. 

Madison, MS: USDA, NRCS, Wildlife Habitat Management 

Institute, 2000; pp. 135-150 

NAL Call #: aS604.6 .C66 2000 

Descriptors: wetlands/ constructed wetlands/ water quality/ 

wildlife habitats 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

158. Agricultural activities affecting the functions and 

values of Ramsar wetland sites of Greece. 

Gerakis, A. and Kalburtji, K. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 70(2-3): 

119-128. (Oct. 1998) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Greece/ agricultural practices/ 

environmental effects/ nutrients/ hydrology/ groundwater/ 

sedimentation/ flood control/ irrigation/ ecosystem 

management/ agriculture/ sustainable development/ nature 

conservation/ environment management/ federal policies/ 

agricultural runoff/ environmental impact/ sediment 

pollution/ eutrophication/ effects on water of human 

nonwater activities/ management/ environmental action/ 

mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: Agricultural activities in the agroecosystems 

neighbouring wetland ecosystems are considered a major 

threat to the latter in all Mediterranean countries. This 

threat was investigated in thirteen internationally important 

wetland sites (Ramsar sites) of Greece. The effects of ten 

activities commonly practised in the surrounding 

agroecosystems on four wetland functions and four wetland 

values were evaluated. The functions were: nutrient 

removal/transformation, sediment/toxicant retention, flood 

flow alteration, and ground water discharge. The values 

were: biodiversity, fishing, hunting, and recreation. It was 

found that the Adamus' Wetland Evaluation Technique is 

useful even in the little studied Ramsar sites of Greece. 

Irrigation is the most decisive activity negatively influencing 

all functions and values, followed by cropland expansion 

and overgrazing. Coastal lagoons are the least affected by 

agricultural activities. It is concluded that in Greece the 

sustainability of wetland ecosystems depends to a 

significant degree on the sustainability of agroecosystems. 

The reverse is also true because wetlands provide irrigation 

water, crop pollinators, some frost protection, and predators 

of crop pests. The two ecosystem types are functionally 

closely linked. Therefore, a national policy for the 

sustainable development of the soil, water, and genetic 

resources of Greece must integratively consider both these 

ecosystems types. 

© CSA 

159. Agricultural impacts on Mediterranean wetlands: 

The effect of pesticides on survival and hatching rates 

in copepods. 

Parra, G.; Jimenez-Melero, R.; and Guerrero, F. 

Annales de Limnologie 41(3): 161-167. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH98.A1A5; ISSN: 0003-4088 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agriculture/ pesticides/ copper 

compounds/ water quality/ mortality/ herbicides/ trees/ 

aquatic organisms/ toxicology/ reproduction/ pollution 

tolerance/ Copepoda/ Arctodiaptomus salinus/ Olea 

europaea/ western Mediterranean/ copepods 

Abstract: Wetlands are one of the most altered natural 

systems due to the creation and development of agricultural 

landscapes. Some of agriculture's impacts are in relation to 

water quality decreases, due to the use of potentially toxic 

herbicides or pesticides, and they are responsible of 

ecological alterations. This study shows the negative effect 

that two pesticides generate in a population of the copepod 

Arctodiaptomus salinus in an aquatic ecosystem that is 

surrounded by intensive olive tree cultivation. Adult females 

and egg sacs of that calanoid copepod were exposed to 

different concentrations of copper sulphate and the 

pesticide dimethoate, to examine their tolerance response. 

The adult lethal concentration obtained was lower than the 

regular dose of pesticide used in olive agriculture. These 

results also reflect the negative effect over A. salinus 

secondary production as a consequence of the increase in 

females and nauplii mortality and by the hatching rate 

reduction. 

© CSA 

160. Agricultural inputs of mecoprop to a salt marsh 

system: Its fate and distribution within the sediment 

profile. 

Fletcher, C. A.; Bubb, J. M.; and Lester, J. N. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 30(12): 803-811. (1995) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X 

Descriptors: salt marshes/ sediment pollution/ agricultural 

runoff/ agricultural pollution/ herbicides/ pollution effects/ 

coast defences/ drainage water/ nonpoint pollution sources/ 

fate of pollutants/ agricultural chemicals/ British Isles, 

England, Essex/ mecoprop/ nonpoint pollution sources/ fate 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

45

of pollutants/ agricultural chemicals/ coast defences/ 

drainage water/ sediment pollution/ agricultural pollution/ 

pollution effects 

Abstract: The mass of mecoprop discharged in agricultural 

drainage waters directly onto a salt marsh has been 

determined and the subsequent fate and distribution of 

mecoprop within the vegetated and mud flat sediments 

investigated. The results show the leaching of high 

mecoprop concentrations from the agricultural soils 

following heavy rain, with peak concentrations in drainage 

waters preceding peak water discharges. A direct increase 

in mecoprop concentration within salt marsh sediments was 

also identified and, consequently, a preliminary evaluation 

of the potential threat of the mecoprop loadings to the 

indigenous biota of the dynamic salt marsh system was 

made. 

© CSA 

161. Agriculture and wildlife: Ecological implications of 

subsurface irrigation drainage. 

Lemly, A. Dennis 

Journal of Arid Environments 28(2): 85-94. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963 

Descriptors: farming and agriculture/ subsurface irrigation 

drainage impact on wetland fauna/ semiaquatic habitat/ 

subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage impact on fauna/ 

chemical pollution/ subsurface agricultural irrigation 

drainage impact on wetlands/ USA/ West/ subsurface 

agricultural irrigation drainage impact on wetland fauna/ 

review 

© The Thomson Corporation 

162. Aquaculture impacts on the water quality and 

plankton community in a mangrove ecosystem in 

Brazil. 

Neumann Leitao, S.; Feitosa, F. A. N.; Moura, M. C. O.; 

Flores Montes, M. J.; Muniz, K.; Silva Cunha, M. G. G.; and 

Paranagua, M. N. 

Advances in Ecological Sciences 18: 161-171. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.I67; ISSN: 1369-8273 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ habitat/ brackish habitat/ 

marine zones/ Atlantic Ocean/ South Atlantic/ 

comprehensive zoology: farming and agriculture/ 

aquaculture/ plankton community structure effect/ 

community structure/ plankton/ mangrove swamp/ south 

west Atlantic/ Brazil/ Pernambuco/ Goias/ plankton 

community structure/ effect of aquaculture/ mangrove 

© The Thomson Corporation 

163. Artificial drainage of peatlands: Hydrological and 

hydrochemical process and wetland restoration. 

Holden, J.; Chapman, P. J.; and Labadz, J. C. 

Progress in Physical Geography 28(1): 95-123. (2004); 

ISSN: 0309-1333 

Descriptors: drainage/ peat/ catchment areas/ geography/ 

hydrologic budget/ forestry/ floods/ attitudes/ ecosystems/ 

artificial wetlands/ risk 

Abstract: Peatlands have been subject to artificial drainage 

for centuries. This drainage has been in response to 

agricultural demand, forestry, horticultural and energy 

properties of peat and alleviation of flood risk. However, 

there are several environmental problems associated with 

drainage of peatlands. This paper describes the nature of 

these problems and examines the evidence for changes in 

hydrological and hydrochemical processes associated with 

these changes. Traditional black-box water balance 

approaches demonstrate little about wetland dynamics and 

therefore the science of catchment response to peat 

drainage is poorly understood. It is crucial that a more 

process-based approach be adopted within peatland 

ecosystems. The environmental problems associated with 

peat drainage have led, in part, to a recent reversal in 

attitudes to peatlands and we have seen a move towards 

wetland restoration. However, a detailed understanding of 

hydrological, hydrochemical and ecological processinteractions will be fundamental if we are to adequately 

restore degraded peatlands, preserve those that are still 

intact and understand the impacts of such management 

actions at the catchment scale. 

© CSA 

164. Bacteria as bioindicators in wetlands: 

Bioassessment in the Bonneville Basin Of Utah, USA. 

Merkley, M.; Rader, R. B.; McArthur, J. V.; and Eggett, D. 

Wetlands 24(3): 600-607. (Sept. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ basins/ biodegradation/ 

genetic analysis/ indicator species/ grazing/ surface area/ 

comparative studies/ analytical techniques/ genetics/ 

bioassays/ degradation/ man-induced effects/ 

anthropogenic factors/ genetic diversity/ species diversity/ 

bacteria/ biodiversity/ organic compounds/ substrates/ 

ecosystems/ bioindicators/ USA, Utah, Bonneville Basin/ 

microorganisms/ ecological techniques and apparatus/ 

mechanical and natural changes/ identification of pollutants/ 

water pollution: monitoring, control & remediation/ habitat 

community studies 

Abstract: Bacteria should be excellent indicators of the 

early signs of degradation caused by human intervention 

because they have the highest surface area to volume ratio 

of all organisms. We determined the utility of a simple 

procedure that measures aerobic bacterial metabolic 

diversity (BIOLOG EcoPlates) as a reliable tool for 

assessing the effects of cattle grazing on spring 

ecosystems of the Bonneville Basin, Utah, USA. Marshes 

disturbed by cattle could be distinguished from protected 

marshes using EcoPlate analyses. The diversity of organic 

compounds used by bacteria was greater in grazed versus 

ungrazed marshes. A separate genetic analysis (DGGE) 

provided corroborating evidence. Greater metabolic 

diversity (EcoPlates) corresponded to greater bacterial 

assemblage diversity in grazed versus protected marshes. 

Greater plant diversity at grazed sites might account for the 

greater diversity of organic substrates used by bacteria in 

grazed sites. However, the results were not conclusive. In 

some marshes, a greater diversity of organic substrate use 

occurred where there was greater plant diversity, whereas 

in other marshes the diversity of organic substrates used by 

bacteria was lower where plant diversity was greatest. 

Regardless of the mechanism, aerobic bacterial metabolic 

diversity (EcoPlates) is a potentially valuable tool for 

assessing the early signs of degradation in wetland 

ecosystems. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

46

165. Bioassays with a floating aquatic plant (Lemna 

minor) for effects of sprayed and dissolved glyphosate. 

Lockhart, W. L.; Billeck, B. N.; and Baron, C. L. 

Hydrobiologia 188/89: 353-359. (1989) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: agricultural runoff/ aquatic plants/ bioassay/ 

duckweed/ glyphosate/ herbicides/ toxicity/ water pollution 

effects/ agricultural chemicals/ Canada/ prairie wetlands 

Abstract: Macrophytes in forested areas and in prairie 

wetlands furnish critical habitat for aquatic communities and 

for several species of birds and mammals. North American 

agriculture relies heavily on herbicides and these 

compounds are detected routinely in surface waters of 

Western Canada. Common duckweed has been used 

previously in efforts to detect effects of herbicides and other 

chemicals. Duckweed clones were developed from local 

collections and grown axenically. The plants were exposed 

to glyphosate herbicide either by dissolving formulated 

Roundup (Monsanto Canada Inc.) in the culture media or 

by spraying of the cultures in a laboratory spray chamber. 

Plant growth was monitored by counting the fronds present 

on several occasions over a 2-week period. Plant growth, 

as measured by increased numbers of fronds or increased 

wet or dry weights was relatively insensitive to glyphosate 

dissolved in the culture medium. However, the plants were 

killed by application of glyphosate as a spray. (Author 's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

166. Bird communities of prairie uplands and wetlands 

in relation to farming practices in Saskatchewan. 

Shutler, D.; Mullie, A.; and Clark, R. G. 

Conservation Biology 14(5): 1441-1451. (Oct. 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural practices/ community 

composition/ prairies/ conservation/ agriculture/ chemical 

control/ man-induced effects/ ecological distribution/ habitat 

selection/ aquatic birds/ Aves/ Canada, Saskatchewan/ 

birds/ agricultural practices/ conservation/ behaviour 

Abstract: Modern farm practices can vary in their emphasis 

on tillage versus chemicals to control weeds, and 

researchers know little about which emphasis has greater 

ecological benefits. We compared avifaunas of uplands and 

wetlands in four treatments: conventional farms, 

conservation farms (contrasting those that minimized 

frequency of tillage [minimum tillage] with those that 

eliminated chemical inputs [organic]), and restored or 

natural (wild) sites in Saskatchewan, Canada. Of 37 

different upland bird species encountered during surveys, 

one made greater use of farms, four made greater use of 

wild sites, and the remaining species showed no 

preference. When all upland species were combined, 

higher relative abundance occurred on wild than on farm 

sites, and on minimum tillage than on conventional farms. 

Wild upland sites also had more species than did 

conventional farms. Of 79 different species encountered 

during surveys of wetlands and their margins, most had 

similar encounter probabilities among treatments, although 

seven were more common on either organic farms or wild 

sites. Higher relative abundances were documented in 

wetland habitat of wild sites and organic farms than of 

minimum tillage or conventional farms. Wetlands of wild 

sites had more species than did minimum tillage or 

conventional farms. Overall, in terms of both avifaunal 

density and diversity, small treatment effects could be 

ascribed to differences between conventional and 

conservation farms, whereas larger effects were due to 

differences between farms and wild sites. Wetlands were 

heavily used by birds in all treatments, suggesting high 

conservation priority regardless of context. 

© CSA 

167. Carbon and N mineralization as affected by soil 

cultivation and crop residue in a calcareous wetland 

ecosystem in Central Iran. 

Raiesi, F. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 112(1): 

13-20. (Jan. 2006) 

NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: mineralization/ soil microorganisms/ tillage/ 

carbon nitrogen ratio/ wetland soils/ ecosystems/ carbon/ 

nitrogen/ calcareous soils/ soil analysis/ soil nutrient 

balance/ Iran 

Abstract: Mineralization of soil organic matter plays a key 

role in supplying nutrient elements essential to plant 

growth. Soil cultivation and crop residue affect C 

mineralization and nutrient availability in wetland 

ecosystems. This study evaluated the combined impacts of 

soil cultivation and crop residue on C and N mineralization 

in a calcareous wetland soil (Luvic Calcisol) in Central Iran. 

Soil samples were collected from 0 to 15 cm depth in 

cultivated and uncultivated plots and analyzed for selected 

soil attributes. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and alfalfa 

(Medicago sativa L.) residues were collected and analyzed 

for the chemical composition. Nitrogen and C mineralization 

rates were studied using laboratory incubations for 60 days. 

Results show that in this calcareous wetland soil, cultivation 

decreased soil total organic carbon and total N contents, 

while total organic carbon/total N ratio, bulk density, pH, 

and extractable P and available K levels remain unaffected. 

Cultivation resulted in a significant increase in soil C and N 

mineralization. Wheat residue had a significantly lower 

quality than alfalfa residue, and therefore decomposed 

more slowly. Results also indicate that plant residue has a 

significant impact on decomposition rate and nutrient 

cycling. Soil cultivation and residue quality had a significant 

influence on C and N cycling and nutrient contents. The 

combined effects of soil cultivation and crop residue play a 

significant role in changing the nutrient balance and 

availability in calcareous wetland soils with conventional 

agricultural practices. In summary, significant differences 

occurred in soil attributes and residue decomposition 

affecting C and nutrient dynamics, and therefore crop 

productivity. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

168. Changes in some physical and chemical 

characteristics of peat following reseeding and grazing. 

Williams, B. L.; Boggie, R.; Cooper, J.; and Mitchell, J. W. 

Irish Journal of Agricultural Research 24(2/3): 

229-236. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 10.5 IR45; ISSN: 0578-7483 

Descriptors: peat soils/ peatlands/ physicochemical 

properties/ shrinkage/ soil compaction/ soil profiles/ bogs/ 

islands/ grazing/ Ireland 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

47

169. Changes in water and physical properties of peatybog soils induced by drainage and agricultural use. 

Baranovskii, A. Z. 

Eurasian Soil Science 31(4): 418-421. (1998) 

NAL Call #: S590.P612; ISSN: 1064-2293 

Descriptors: physical properties/ peat bogs/ soil water/ 

drainage/ agriculture/ cultivated lands/ moisture content 

Abstract: Twenty-four years of soil cultivation resulted in 

the following wastes of organic matter: 104 t/ha for 

permanent herbs; 159 t/ha for cereal crops; 168 t/ha for 

intertilled crops; 131 t/ha for crop rotation; and 110 t/ha for 

virgin lands. The depth of the peat deposit was reduced by 

16.8, 29.5, 31.7, 29.1, and 17.9 cm, respectively. Wastes of 

soil organic matter were reduced together with the depth of 

peat under the herbs and increased under the crops. The 

outstripping effect of drainage and cultivation affected peat 

water and physical properties. The ash content and 

compaction of peat were raised significantly, while its 

water-holding capacity decreased. 

© CSA 

170. Community attributes of Atlantic white cedar 

(Chamaecyparis thyoides) swamps in disturbed and 

undisturbed pinelands watersheds. 

Laidig, Kim J. and Zampella, Robert A. 

Wetlands 19(1): 35-49. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ biogeography: population studies/ 

conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ agricultural development/ biological invasion/ 

overbank flooding/ phytogeography/ pineland watershed 

disturbance/ plant community attributes/ plant species 

composition/ residential development/ seedbed conditions/ 

seedling density/ species richness/ surface water 

conditions: nutrient concentration, ph, specific conductance/ 

understory composition/ wetlands habitat/ Atlantic white 

cedar swamp 

Abstract: We assessed the effect of regional watershed 

conditions on plant community attributes, seedbed and 

seedling density, and environmental conditions in New 

Jersey Pinelands Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis 

thyoides) swamps under three disturbance regimes (high, 

moderate, and low). High regional watershed disturbance, 

defined by the percentage basin cover of combined 

residential and agricultural development, was associated 

with elevated pH, specific conductance, and nutrient 

concentrations in surface waters adjacent to our study 

sites. High disturbance sites generally had lower understory 

species richness and differed from other sites in overall 

understory species composition. High canopy red maple 

(Acer rubrum) cover and high canopy closure were also 

associated with swamps in high disturbance basins. 

Because other environmental variables did not differ 

significantly between disturbance types and red maple is a 

common associate of cedar throughout the Pinelands, 

differences in species richness and composition may be 

related to canopy conditions rather than the effects of 

watershed disturbance. Regional differences in 

biogeography may also be a factor. We found no exotic 

species in our study sites. Only one species considered 

uncharacteristic of the Pinelands was associated with high 

disturbance basin sites. Unlike previous, similar studies in 

the Pinelands, the high disturbance sites did not support a 

unique group of plants. Although Sphagnum cover (typically 

associated with optimal cedar seedbed conditions) was 

lowest in disturbed basin sites, there were no significant 

differences in overall seedbed conditions and cedar 

seedling density. Cedar swamps located a distance from 

upgradient watershed disturbances and not affected by 

overbank flooding seem to be buffered from the impacts of 

these regional disturbances. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

171. Conservation of Mediterranean temporary ponds 

under agricultural intensification: An evaluation using 

amphibians. 

Beja, P. and Alcazar, R. 

Biological Conservation 114(3): 317-326. (2003) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: abundance/ crayfish/ exotic species/ fish/ 

habitat modeling/ hydroperiod/ irrigation/ reservoirs/ species 

richness/ tadpoles/ Amphibia/ forestry/ agriculture/ 

conservation/ intercontinental region/ Mediterranean 

Region/ Triturus marmoratus/ insertae/ sedis/ Triturus 

boscai/ Pelobatidae/ Elodytes punctatus 

Abstract: This study examined responses of amphibians 

breeding in Mediterranean temporary ponds to a gradient of 

agricultural intensification, aiming to identify land uses and 

management prescriptions favouring the conservation of 

these habitats in farmed landscapes. Larval amphibian 

assemblages and habitat attributes were sampled at 57 

ponds, 10 of which had been converted into permanent 

irrigation reservoirs. Species richness increased with area 

and hydroperiod in temporary ponds, with the addition of 

rare species to ponds with long hydroperiods resulting in a 

tendency for the less widespread species (e.g. Triturus 

marmoratus and T. boscai) to occur in the most speciesrich ponds, while species-poor ponds consisted 

predominantly of widespread species only (nested pattern). 

However, one species (Pelodytes punctatus) was largely 

restricted to the most ephemeral ponds, whereas 

permanent irrigation reservoirs were species-poor and 

lacked most species occurring in temporary waters. The 

strongest negative correlates of amphibian abundances 

were the intensification of agricultural land uses, the 

transformation of ponds into permanent reservoirs and the 

introduction of exotic predators (fish and crayfish) from the 

irrigation channels. The results suggest that conservation of 

temporary pond amphibian assemblages in Mediterranean 

farmland requires networks of ponds with diverse 

hydroperiods, where the natural hydrologic regimes, less 

intensive land uses and isolation from irrigation waters 

should be preserved. 

© NISC 

172. Degradation of persistent herbicides in riparian 

wetlands. 

Stoeckel, D. M.; Mudd, E. C.; and Entry, J. A. 

In: Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants/ 

Kruger, E. L.; Anderson, T. A.; and Coats, J. R.; Series: 

ACS symposium series 664. 

Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1997; 

pp. 114-132. 

Notes: Conference: 212. National Meeting of the American 

Chemical Society, Orlando, FL (USA), 25-29 Aug 1996 

NAL Call #: QD1.A45 no.664 

Descriptors: wetlands/ herbicides/ riparian environments/ 

atrazine/ trifluralin/ agrochemicals/ phytoremediation/ 

biodegradation/ agricultural chemicals/ riparian land/ 

agricultural practices/ trifluralin/ fluometuron/ agricultural 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

48

chemicals/ riparian land/ agricultural practices/ riparian 

environments/ agrochemicals/ phytoremediation 

Abstract: Modern agricultural practices make extensive use 

of herbicides to increase crop yields. Persistent herbicides 

(recalcitrant to degradation) are often preferentially used for 

season-long protection. The persistence of these herbicides 

makes them environmentally hazardous if they leach or are 

carried by surface runoff and erosion to pollute surface- or 

ground-waters. Three heavily used persistent herbicides 

are presented for illustration: atrazine (a triazine), 

fluometuron (a substituted urea), and trifluralin (a 

dinitroaniline). Vegetated border strips between agricultural 

fields and adjoining streams are sometimes cleared and 

protected from flooding to increase the amount of cultivable 

land. These areas, left in their natural state as seasonallyflooded riparian wetlands, contain micro-environments 

conducive to immobilization and degradation of persistent 

herbicides. While natural riparian wetlands should not be 

used to treat point-source herbicide pollutants, the literature 

indicates that maintenance of riparian wetlands can help to 

slow migration of and to enhance degradation of herbicides 

from non-point sources. 

© CSA 

173. Destruction of wetlands and waterbird populations 

by dams and irrigation on the Murrumbidgee River in 

arid Australia. 

Kingsford, R. T. and Thomas, R. F. 

Environmental Management 34(3): 383-396. (2004) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: channels/ dams/ floodplain development/ 

floodplain vegetation communities/ hydroelectricity/ 

irrigation/ levee banks/ river diversions/ water resource 

development: ecological consequences/ 

wetlands destruction 

Abstract: The Lowbidgee floodplain is the Murrumbidgee 

River's major wetland in southeastern Australia. From more 

than 300,000 ha in the early 1900s, at least 76.5% was 

destroyed (58%) or degraded (18%) by dams (26 major 

storages), subsequent diversions and floodplain 

development. Diversions of about 2,144,000 ML year-1 

from the Murrumbidgee River come from a natural median 

flow of about 3,380,000 ML year-1 providing water for 

Australia's capital, hydroelectricity, and 273,000 ha of 

irrigation. Diversions have reduced the amount of water 

reaching the Lowbidgee floodplain by at least 60%, from 

1888 to 1998. About 97,000 ha of Lowbidgee wetland was 

destroyed by development of the floodplain for an irrigation 

area (1975-1998), including building of 394 km of channels 

and 2,145 km of levee banks. Over 19 years (1983-2001), 

waterbird numbers estimated during annual aerial surveys 

collapsed by 90%, from an average of 139,939 (1983-1986) 

to 14,170 (1998-2001). Similar declines occurred across all 

functional groups: piscivores (82%), herbivores (87%), 

ducks and small grebe species (90%), large wading birds 

(91%), and small wading birds (95%), indicating a similar 

decline in the aquatic biota that formed their food base. 

Numbers of species also declined significantly by 21%. The 

Lowbidgee floodplain is an example of the ecological 

consequences of water resource development. Yanga 

Nature Reserve, within the Lowbidgee floodplain, 

conserved for its floodplain vegetation communities, will 

lose these communities because of insufficient water. Until 

conservation policies adequately protect river flows to 

important wetland areas, examples such as the Lowbidgee 

will continue to occur around the world. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

174. Diatoms as indicators of wetland salinity in the 

Upper South East of South Australia. 

Taffs, K. H. 

Holocene 11(3): 281-290. (2001); ISSN: 0959-6836 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural inputs/ diatoms/ 

European settlement/ human impact/ palaeoecology/ 

salinity/ South Australia/ Australia, Upper South East 

Abstract: Wetland degradation in the Upper South East of 

South Australia is an urgent management concern. Scant 

recent environmental data is available for the region and 

long-term monitoring data is lacking. Usually a 

palaeoecological analysis is able to reveal environmental 

change in the medium- to long-term past. However, the 

region is not conducive to palaeoecological investigation 

due to a fluctuating upper groundwater aquifer and alkaline 

soils which have destroyed most microfossils. It was found 

that the diatom assemblage was preserved in the wetlands 

of the region for the period of European settlement. 

Analysis of the diatom assemblage enabled production of 

an inferred salinity curve. In combination with a small 

amount of historical information that was available, the 

salinity trend for the wetlands, for the period of European 

agricultural activities, was identified. It was found that, while 

groundwater salinity has been increasing, the wetland 

areas have experienced a freshening of surface water. This 

is due to an increase of throughflow of surface water, a 

result of constructed drainage systems flushing salts from 

the wetlands. Despite the freshening of wetlands they 

continue to degrade due to the changed hydrology, an 

impact of the drainage structures. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

175. Diffuse geographic distribution of herbicides in 

northern prairie wetlands. 

Donald, D. B.; Gurprasad, N. P.; Quinnett-Abbott, L.; and 

Cash, K. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(2): 

273-279. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ herbicides/ pollution surveys/ 

agricultural pollution/ evapotranspiration/ pollution effects/ 

path of pollutants/ prairies/ agriculture/ distribution/ water 

analysis/ volatility/ rainfall/ distribution (mathematical)/ 

volatile materials/ precipitation (atmospheric)/ geography/ 

pesticides/ water pollution/ USA/ Canada, Saskatchewan 

Abstract: The concentrations of herbicides in water from 

wetlands on landscapes where herbicides are not used 

should be less than on farms with moderate (conventional 

farms) and intense (minimum-till farms) herbicide use. In 

general, this hypothesis was not supported for wetlands 

situated in the Boreal Plains Ecozone of central 

Saskatchewan, Canada. The overall detection frequency of 

10 commonly used herbicides was not significantly different 

among wildlife habitat with no pesticide use (44.4%), farms 

with no pesticide use (51.6%), conventional farms (54.9%), 

and minimum-till farms (56.5%, chi super(2) = 5.64, p = 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

49

0.13). The herbicides (4- chloro-2-methylphenoxy) acetic 

acid (MCPA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 

bromoxynil, dicamba, mecoprop, and diclorprop accounted 

for 87% of all detections. In general, detection frequencies 

and concentrations of individual herbicides were similar on 

all land-use types. For example, the mean concentration of 

2,4-D in water on the four land types ranged from 0.12 plus 

or minus 0.104 to 0.26 plus or minus 0.465 mu g/L, and 

MCPA ranged from 0.08 plus or minus 0.078 to 0.19 plus or 

minus 0.166 mu g/L. However, in the year of application, 

mean concentrations of MCPA and bromoxynil, but not 2,4-

D, were significantly higher by about twofold in wetlands 

situated in fields where these herbicides were applied 

compared with all other wetlands. We propose that many 

agricultural pesticides are rapidly lost to the atmosphere at 

the time of application by processes such as volatilization 

from soil and plant evapotranspiration. Then, the herbicides 

used throughout the region may be directly absorbed to the 

surface of wetlands from the atmosphere, or they become 

entrained in local convective clouds, and are redistributed 

by rainfall in a relatively homogenous mixture over the 

agricultural landscape. The low levels of individual 

herbicides we found in most of the wetland waters would 

not cause chronic effects to aquatic biota. 

© CSA 

176. Direct and indirect exogenous contamination by 

pesticides of rice-farming soils in a Mediterranean 

wetland. 

Gamon, M.; Saez, E.; Gil, J.; and Boluda, R. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

44(2): 141-151. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD172.A7; ISSN: 0090-4341 

Descriptors: wetlands/ rice fields/ pesticides/ soil 

contamination/ surface water/ pollution detection/ rice/ 

water pollution/ soils/ sediment pollution/ agricultural runoff/ 

temporal variations/ spatial variations/ Spain, Valencia, 

Albufera Natural Park/ organophosphorous 

Abstract: It is known that the sources of soil contamination 

can be endogenous or exogenous and that exogenous 

contamination may be direct or indirect. In this work, an 

environmental pesticide fate study was conducted in soil 

profiles collected from 23 rice field sites in an important 

Mediterranean wetland (Albufera Natural Park, Valencia, 

Spain) from April 1996 to November 1997. Temporal and 

spatial distribution of 44 pesticide residues in an alluvial 

Mediterranean soil (gleyic-calcaric Fluvisol, Fluvaquent) 

were monitored. During this period, the levels of pesticide 

residues in different soil horizons (Ap1 0-12 cm, Ap2 12-30 

cm, ApCg 30-50 cm, C1gr 50-76 cm, and C2r 76-100 cm) 

were investigated. In addition, information was collected on 

agricultural pesticide application practices and soil 

characteristics. Distribution throughout the soil profile 

showed that pesticide concentrations were always higher in 

the topsoil (Ap1 horizon), in the autumn season, and in the 

border with citrus-vegetable orchard soils (calcaric Fluvisol, 

Xerofluvent). Chlorpyrifos (organophosphorus), endosulfan 

(organochlorine), and pyridaphenthion (organophosphorus) 

insecticides were, respectively, the most detected of all the 

pesticides investigated. These results were associated with 

processes, such as nonleaching, transport by movement 

into surface waters, retention, volatilization, and chemical 

and biological degradation in the topsoil, as well as with 

direct and indirect exogenous contamination sources. 

© CSA 

177. Drainage effects in marsh soils: I. Effects on water 

table and drainflow.

Ibrahim, S. M. 

In: Drainage and water table control: Proceedings of Sixth 

International Drainage Symposium. (Held 13 Dec 1992-15 

Dec 1992 at Nashville, Tennessee.) 

St. Joseph, Michigan: American Society of Agricultural 

Engineers; pp. 169-176; 1992. 

Descriptors: soil water regimes/ groundwater level/ 

drainage/ spacing/ wetland soils/ depth/ soil water 

movement/ flow to drains 

Abstract: Drainage effects in marsh soils caused by ditches 

and pipes were studied in long term field experiments 

(1982/90) in the Elbe river coastal region of Northern 

Germany. Three fields were selected to demonstrate the 

effects of drainage on the groundwater table and drainflow 

comparing ditch drainage and pipe drainage with 7 m, 14 m 

or 28 m drain spacing and 0.9 m, 1.0 m or 1.2 m drain 

depths. The results show that without pipe subdrainage the 

groundwater table remains near the soil surface during 

heavy rainfall periods. Under favourable hydraulic and 

topographic conditions, pipe drainage with a moderate 

drain intensity with open main outfalls (ditches) is 

recommended. The results also show that with closer drain 

spacing greater drainflow and a deeper groundwater table 

result. The calculated drain spacing of 14 m is not 

necessary. With a drain depth of 1.0 m, an optimum drain 

spacing of 13-20 m was determined. If the outlet ditch is 

deep enough and no outside water influence exists, a 28 m 

drain spacing is proposed for this site. Instead of grassland 

and traditional ditch drainage, arable use with subsurface 

drainage has become possible. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

178. Ecology and management of moorland pools: 

Balancing acidification and eutrophication. 

van Dam, H. and Buskens, R. F. M. 

Hydrobiologia 265(1-3)(1993) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Notes: Conference: Symp. on Netherlands-Wetlands, 

Arnhem (Netherlands), Dec 1993 

Descriptors: acidification/ eutrophication/ ecosystem 

management/ hydrology/ community composition/ 

agricultural pollution/ pollution effects/ acid rain/ 

Netherlands/ moorland pools/ agricultural pollution/ 

ecosystem management/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

management/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Moorland pools originally are shallow, often 

hydrologically isolated, soft-water bodies, with a low 

productivity. Some thousands of moorland pools originated 

from the late Pleistocene onwards in the heathland 

landscape in The Netherlands and adjacent areas, where 

soils have a poor buffering capacity. As the pools are 

largely fed by atmospheric precipitation, they are very 

vulnerable to changes in the environment, e.g. 

eutrophication and acidification. Acidification by acid 

atmospheric deposition and eutrophication by agricultural 

acidification are the main threats to the moorland pool 

ecosystems and affect the species composition of 

assemblages of aquatic macrophytes, desmids, diatoms, 

macrofauna, fishes and amphibians, as has been shown by 

comparison of old and recent records on their distribution 

and paleolimnological methods. Afforestation exacerbates 

acidification and also reduces wind dynamics. Particularly 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

50

the decrease of isoetids and desmids by both processes 

indicate the biological impoverishment of the pools. 

Reductions of (potential) acid atmospheric deposition to 

less than 40 mmol m super(-2)/yr and of ammonia to less 

than 30 mmol m super(-2)/yr are necessary for recovery of 

the moorland pools. Methods for the addition of buffering 

material to a number of moorland pools, to counteract 

acidification until these deposition rates have lowered 

sufficiently, are given, as well as other methods for 

restoring the biological quality of moorland pools. 

© CSA 

179. Effect of agricultural and residential development 

on aquatic macrophytes in the New Jersey Pine 

Barrens. 

Morgan, M. D. and Philipp, K. R. 

Biological Conservation 35(2): 143-158. (Mar. 1986) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: wetlands/ regional development/ agricultural 

development/ residential development/ aquatic plants/ 

macrophytes/ New Jersey pine barrens/ water pollution 

effects/ agriculture/ water pollution/ water pollution sources/ 

species diversity/ hydrogen ion concentration/ nitrates/ 

effects of pollution/ effects on water of human nonwater 

activities 

Abstract: The impact of residential and agricultural 

development as the cause of water pollution on aquatic 

macrophyte communities in the New Jersey Pine Barrens 

was examined by comparison with unpolluted communities. 

The only major physical and chemical differences between 

stream types were greatly elevated pH values and NO3(-) 

concentrations at the polluted sites. A total of 59 aquatic 

macrophyte species were identified during the study. Only a 

few more species (41) occurred at the polluted sites (38). 

Twentytwo species were confined to polluted sites, and 19 

to unpolluted sites. Classification of all species as either 

typical or non-typical Pine Barrens species revealed that 

the primary effect of pollution was the replacement of a 

distinctive Pine Barrens flora (e.g., Carex walteriana, 

Eleocharis olivacea, E. tuberculosa, Eriocaulon 

compressum, and Utricularia fibrosa) with one containing 

many marginal or non-indigenous species common to 

wetlands throughout the Eastern US (e.g., Callitriche 

heterophylla, Galium tinctorium, and Polygonum 

punctatum). (Doria-PTT) 

© CSA 

180. The effect of cattle and sheep grazing on saltmarsh vegetation at Skallingen, Denmark. 

Jensen, A. 

Vegetatio 60(1): 37-48. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: cattle/ sheep/ vegetation/ flora/ plant 

communities/ plant ecology/ grazing/ salt marshes/ 

Denmark 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

181. Effect of farming practices on wetlands of Kish 

District, Kenya. 

Mironga, J. M. 

Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 3(2): 

81-91. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH540.A67; ISSN: 1785-0037 

Descriptors: water quality/ farming practice 

Abstract: Effect of farming practices on wetlands in Kisii 

District was determined through assessment of farmers' 

environmental awareness. Effective conservation of 

wetlands in the district cannot depend on prohibitions but 

should be based on users' knowledge and attitudes of 

wetlands. The present study examined farmers' knowledge 

of the environmental effect of agricultural expansion to 

wetlands; absence of knowledge of characteristics of 

farming activities and the attitudes of farmers with respect 

to planning mechanisms that might be used to support 

wetland protection in the area. The majority of farmers 

ignored the effect of agriculture on wetlands. Those who 

occupied wetland areas practiced intensive agriculture and 

were ignorant of the effect of this on water quality, soil and 

landscape. The government should implement training 

programmes for all wetland users in Kisii District to make 

them more environmentally aware of the impacts of farming 

practices on wetlands. This is meant to make them become 

more environmentally aware of the effects of fanning 

practices on these ecosystems and eventually change their 

behavior. There is a need to build a conservation ethic 

among wetland users by educating them to sustainably 

utilize wetland resources and training them to practise 

sustainable agriculture. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

182. Effect of forest management practices on southern 

forested wetland productivity. 

Conner, W. H. 

Wetlands 14(1): 27-40. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest industry/ biological 

production/ hydrology/ flooding/ resource management/ 

water levels/ environmental effects/ logging/ forest 

management/ water level/ drainage/ USA, Southeast/ USA/ 

forest management/ water level/ drainage/ forest industry/ 

biological production/ resource management/ water levels 

Abstract: In the interest of increasing productivity of 

forested wetlands for timber production and/or wildlife 

value, management schemes that deal mainly with waterlevel control have been developed. The three forest types 

in the southeastern U.S. most commonly affected are 

cypress/tupelo forests, bottomland hardwood forests, and 

wet pine sites (including pocosins). In forested wetlands, 

hydrology is the most important factor influencing 

productivity. In bottomland and cypress/tupelo forests, 

water-level control can have mixed results. Alterations in 

natural hydrologic patterns leading to increased flooding or 

drainage can cause decreased growth rates or even death 

of the forest. Bottomland hardwoods respond favorably in 

the short term to water-level management, but the longterm response is currently under study. In wet pine sites, 

timber volume can be increased significantly by water-level 

management, but the impact upon other ecological 

functions is less understood. It is difficult to adequately 

describe productivity relations in wetland forests because of 

the great diversity in habitat types and the lack of data on 

how structure and function might be affected by forestry 

operations. There is a definite need for more long-term, 

regional studies involving multidisciplinary efforts. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

51

183. Effect of winter cutting on the passerine breeding 

assemblage in French Mediterranean reedbeds. 

Poulin, Brigitte and Lefebvre, Gaetan 

Biodiversity and Conservation 11(9): 1567-1581. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1 B562; ISSN: 0960-3115 

Descriptors: passeriformes/ Emberizidae/ Panuridae/ 

Sylviidae/ Acrocephalus arundinaceus/ Acrocephalus 

melanopogon/ Acrocephalus scirpaceus/ Emberiza 

schoeniclus/ Panurus biarmicus/ arthropod distribution/ 

biomass/ breeding assemblage/ commercial enterprises/ 

communities/ conservation/ density/ disturbances/ 

ecosystems/ Eurasia/ Europe/ food supply/ France/ habitat 

management/ habitat use/ land zones/ management/ 

management practices/ nutrition/ palaearctic region/ 

population ecology/ population studies/ reed bed cutting/ 

reed bed habitat/ reedbeds/ south/ status/ terrestrial 

ecology/ vegetation structure/ water regime/ wildlife/ 

wildlife-human relationships/ winter cutting/ wetland 

vegetation/ food/ brood/ eggs 

Abstract: Common reed is increasingly harvested from the 

Mediterranean region to provide thatching material to north 

European countries. The impact of these management 

practices on the fauna is poorly known. The aim of this 

study was to quantify the effect of reed cutting in the 

Mediterranean region through a comparative analysis of 

water regime, vegetation structure, arthropod distribution 

and passerine assemblage at cut and uncut reedbeds in 

southern France. Cut reedbeds were characterised by a 

lower salinity, higher water level in spring, and higher reed 

biomass than uncut reedbeds. Arthropod distribution 

differed consistently between cut and uncut sites, leading to 

a higher index of food available to passerines in cut 

reedbeds. Cut reedbeds had a similar bird species richness 

but a lower bird abundance, due to the significant decrease 

in Moustached Warblers and Bearded Tits at cut sites. The 

mild Mediterranean winter favoured early growth of reed in 

spring, making harvested reedbeds suitable for breeding of 

long-distance migrants such as the Great Reed Warbler 

and Reed Warbler. However, for the resident species that 

breed earlier in the season, cut reedbeds presumably lack 

sufficient vegetation cover to provide adequate nesting and 

feeding sites. Although biennial cutting (double wale) is 

considered as a good compromise between conservation 

and commercial interests in the UK, the juxtaposition of 

annually cut and never cut reed patches appears as the 

only sustainable alternative for the Mediterranean region. 

We further hypothesise that an optimal mosaic design of 

cut/uncut reed patches could provide as high a 

conservation value as unmanaged reedbeds. 

© NISC 

184. Effectiveness of constructed overland flow areas 

in decreasing diffuse pollution from forest drainages. 

Liljaniemi, Petri; Vuori, Kari-Matti; Tossavainen, Tarmo; 

Kotanen, Juho; Haapanen, Merja; Lepistoe, Ahti; and 

Kenttaemies, Kaarle 

Environmental Management 32(5): 602-613. (Nov. 2003) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drainage/ peatlands/ metals/ 

forests/ nutrients/ water quality/ pollution effects/ seasonal 

variations/ chemical oxygen demand/ sulfur dioxide/ 

environment management/ phosphorus/ finland/ freshwater 

pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: Forestry is the largest scale human impact 

affecting catchments in Finland and a prominent source of 

diffuse pollution in many water courses. Among the forestry 

activities, draining of wetlands had the most pronounced 

impacts on sediment, nutrient, and metal loading in the 

past. At present, renovation of old ditches and fertilization 

of peatlands constitute the major risk of forestry-induced 

diffuse pollution. Contemporary forestry aims at decreasing 

this risk with various riparian buffer strip designs. Among 

such designs, creation of overland flow areas by plugging 

the outlet ditches is increasingly used. Our objectives were 

to evaluate the potential of constructed overland flow areas 

to function as riparian buffers and estimate the quality and 

quantity of diffuse pollution from old versus recent forest 

drainages. We studied retention and release of pollutants 

from 20 constructed, 2- to 10-m-wide overland flow areas 

receiving drainage water from forested peatlands. Drainage 

waters were sampled above and below the plugged ditches 

three times per year from 1998 to 1999. Chemical oxygen 

demand and nutrient and metal loads and concentrations 

varied strongly between seasons, years, and drainage 

areas. Areas subjected to recent ditch renovations and 

fertilizations had clearly elevated seasonal loads and 

concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), PO sub(4), Fe, 

and Al in comparison to old treatment areas. Especially TP 

loads were high above the national average values 

measured for forestry-induced diffuse pollution. In general, 

water quality above and below the buffer strips did not differ 

significantly. Our results indicate that plugged outlet ditches 

and associated narrow overland flow areas do not function 

as proper buffers in peatland areas. We suggest that wider 

buffers with extensive overland flow areas are needed in 

order to control diffuse pollution from forested and drained 

peatlands. 

© CSA 

185. The effects of adjacent land use on wetland 

amphibian species richness and community. 

Houlahan, J. E. and Findlay, C. S. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60(9): 

1078-1094. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic animals/ forests/ habitats/ 

land use/ marshes/ nature conservation/ nitrogen/ plant 

communities/ polluted water/ population density/ roads/ 

roots/ species richness/ vegetation types/ water pollution/ 

water quality/ animal communities 

Abstract: Habitat destruction and fragmentation have been 

identified as possible causes of large-scale amphibian 

declines. Here, we examine the effects of adjacent land use 

and water quality on wetland amphibian species richness, 

abundance, and community composition in 74 Ontario 

wetlands. Species richness was positively correlated with 

wetland area, forest cover, and the amount of wetlands on 

adjacent lands and negatively correlated with road density 

and nitrogen levels. The land-use effects peak at 2000-

3000 m. Amphibian abundance was positively correlated 

with forest cover, distance to wetlands >20 ha, and amount 

of marsh habitat and negatively correlated with road 

density. The effects of adjacent land use were strongest at 

around 200 m. Land-use and water quality effects varied 

widely across species, although most species are positively 

correlated with forest cover and amount of wetlands on 

adjacent lands and negatively correlated with road density 

and water quality. These results suggest that the effects of 

adjacent land use on amphibian communities can extend 

over comparatively large distances. As such, effective 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

52

wetland conservation will not be achieved merely through 

the creation of narrow buffer zones between wetlands and 

intensive land uses, but rather will require maintaining a 

heterogeneous regional landscape containing relatively 

large areas of natural forest and wetlands. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

186. Effects of agricultural change on abundance, 

fitness components and distribution of two arcticnesting goose populations. 

Fox, A. D.; Madsen, J.; Boyd, H.; Kuijken, E.; Norriss, D. 

W.; Tombre, I. M.; and Stroud, D. A. 

Global Change Biology 11(6): 881-893. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QC981.8.C5G6323; ISSN: 1354-1013 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Anser/ population ecology/ 

population growth/ habitat preferences/ agricultural land/ 

winter/ seasonal migration/ zoogeography/ grain crops/ 

foraging/ fields/ spring/ Scandinavia/ Western European 

region/ Greenland/ Irish Republic/ Great Britain/ Iceland 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

187. The effects of agricultural irrigation on wetland 

ecosystems in developing countries: A literature 

review. 

Galbraith, Hector; Amerasinghe, Priyanie; and 

Huber-Lee, Annette 

Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management 

Institute, 2005. CA Discussion Paper. 

http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files%5Fnew/ 

publications/Discussion%20Paper/CADiscussionPaper1.pdf 

Descriptors: wetlands/ irrigation/ developing countries/ 

environmental impact/ literature reviews 

188. Effects of agriculture development on vole 

dynamics and conservation of Montagu's harrier in 

western French wetlands. 

Butet, A. and Leroux, A. B. A. 

Biological Conservation 100(3): 289-295. (2001) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: change of agriculture/ harrier's breeding 

success/ raptor conservation/ specialist raptors/ vole cyclic 

pattern/ agricultural development/ population decline/ prey 

availability/ raptor/ reproductive success/ rodent/ France/ 

Circus pygargus/ Microtus arvalis 

Abstract: Nesting populations of Montagu's harrier (Circus 

pygargus) are declining in most parts of Europe; in France, 

western marshes remain the most important nesting sites in 

terms of breeding pairs. In this open field landscape 

dominated by grasslands, the common vole (Microtus 

arvalis) displays regular population outbreaks and 

constitutes a favourite prey of this raptor. Twelve years of 

field data indicate significant variations in nesting 

population size and young harriers produced, which 

correlate with yearly differences in vole densities. Up to 10 

years ago, these marshes were traditionally used as 

extensive pastures but recent agricultural changes have 

resulted in almost 50% of the pastures being converted to 

drained agricultural production, as already observed in 

many localities of this region next to our study area. Our 

data, together with previous data collected from 1968 in this 

region, demonstrate that agricultural changes have resulted 

in a decrease of frequency and intensity of vole population 

peaks. A summer density of 100 voles/ha appears as a 

threshold value to support a good breeding success of 

harriers. These modifications of the vole fluctuation pattern 

suggest that nesting populations of Montagu's harrier from 

western French marshes could be endangered in future 

under these current trends in agricultural changes. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

189. The effects of cattle grazing on tall-herb fen 

vegetation and molluscs. 

Ausden, M.; Hall, M.; Pearson, P.; and Strudwick, T. 

Biological Conservation 122(2): 317-326. (2005) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat/ interspecific interactions/ 

species richness/ vegetation/ molluscs/ forestry/ agriculture/ 

Poaceae/ Phragmites australis/ Glyceria maxima/ Vertigo 

moulinsiana/ Cyperaceae/ Carex riparia 

Abstract: The effects of light year-round cattle grazing on 

tall-herb fen vegetation and wetland molluscs were 

compared to the effects of non-intervention over a period of 

four years using grazing exclosures. The distribution of 

cattle within the area of fen was investigated by plotting the 

position of the herd at 3-4 day intervals throughout the year. 

Cattle distributed themselves randomly throughout the fen 

in spring, autumn and winter, but showed a more 

aggregated distribution in summer. Grazing reduced the 

biomass of Phragmites australis and increased stem 

densities of Glyceria maxima, resulting in a shift of 

dominance from Phragmites to Glyceria. Plant speciesrichness was also significantly higher in areas open to 

grazing. Grazing decreased total densities of molluscs and 

substantially reduced densities of the rare snail Vertigo 

moulinsiana. V. moulinsiana was particularly associated 

with areas of fen that had a high water table and high 

biomass of ungrazed Carex riparia. However, because of 

the patchy nature of the grazing, V. moulinsiana survived at 

reasonably high densities in patches of ungrazed 

vegetation within the grazing unit. 

© NISC 

190. Effects of climate change and land use on duck 

abundance in Canadian prairie-parklands. 

Bethke, Raymond W. and Nudds, Thomas D. 

Ecological Applications 5(3): 588-600. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: climatology: environmental sciences/ 

mathematical biology: computational biology/ models and 

simulations: computational biology/ systematics and 

taxonomy/ wildlife management: conservation/ agriculture/ 

drought/ habitat/ mathematical model/ precipitation/ survey 

Abstract: Recent declines in the number of breeding ducks 

in the Canadian prairie-parklands have been hypothesized 

to be due to loss of habitat to agriculture However, prairieparkland also has experienced wetland loss to drought as 

well as to agriculture. If habitat restoration is to be 

implemented and monitored successfully, it is important to 

separate the effects of anthropogenic changes to the 

landscape on duck populations from those caused by 

changes in climate. We used data from annual air-ground 

surveys and from precipitation records to develop 

relationships between indices of abundance of each of 10 

species of ducks and indices of wetland conditions during 

1955-1974. We used these relationships to predict annual 

abundance of each species during 1975-1989. We 

compared predicted and observed abundances over the 

period 1975-1989 to distinguish declines in duck 

abundance greater than those accounted for by drought 

alone and to determine the magnitude and location of real 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

53

"deficits" in duck abundance. Average annual deficits within 

Canadian prairie-parkland over the period 1975-1989 were 

estimated at 1.2 times 10-6 birds for both Mallard (Anas 

platyrhynchos) and Northern Pintail (A. acuta), 480 000 for 

Blue-winged Teal (A. discors), 190 000 for American 

Wigeon (A. americana), 175 000 for Northern Shoveler (A. 

clypeata), 50 000 for Gadwall (A. strepera), 10 000 for 

Green-winged Teal (A. crecca), 40 000 for Canvasback 

(Aythya valisineria), 25 000 for Lesser Scaup (A. affinis), 

and 5000 for Redhead (A. americana). Overall, the effect of 

agricultural expansion in the cast on prime waterfowl 

habitat since 1951 appears to have been negligible. There, 

as much as 90% had been already lost prior to 1951. In the 

west, however, where prime waterfowl habitat was still 

relatively abundant in 1951, agricultural development has 

encroached substantially. The relationship between the lost 

area of the best breeding habitats and the size of 

population deficits for Mallards and Northern Pintails in the 

entire Canadian prairie-parkland region was significant for 

both species (P lt 0.0027 and P lt 0.0001, respectively). 

Consequently, habitat restoration programs located where 

the highest quality waterfowl habitat and the lowest quality 

agricultural lands overlap most should have the greatest 

potential to affect recovery of breeding duck populations in 

the Canadian prairie-parklands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

191. Effects of cropping practices on the use of rice 

fields by waterbirds in the Camargue, France. 

Tourenq, Christophe; Sadoul, Nicolas; Beck, Nicolas; 

Meslard, Francois; Martin, Jean-Louis; and Martin J. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 95(2/3): 

543-549. (2003) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: Anseriformes/ Charadriiformes/ Ciconiiformes/ 

rice fields/ waterbirds/ agricultural practices/ waterfowl/ 

waders gulls and auks/ herons and allies/ agriculture/ 

wetland/ habitat management/ abundance/ dispersion/ 

abundance/ France 

Abstract: The abundance of waterbirds was compared in 

46 rice fields in relation with the age of the field and the 

planting practices in spring. Of the 29 species censused, 

Charadriiformes represented some 73%, Ciconiiformes 6%, 

and Anseriformes less than 15.5% of the total number of 

individuals, flamingos and moorhens being also observed. 

Insectivorous species were the main component of the 

waterbird community. Bird numbers decreased with 

increasing field age and were lower in dry-sown than in 

wet-sown fields. The present results suggest that intensive 

and/or repetitive soil management and pesticide use may 

decrease the food resources available to waterbirds. 

(Copyright 2003 Elsevier) 

© NISC 

192. Effects of drainage, tilling and PK-fertilization on 

bulk density, total N, P, K, Ca and Fe and net Nmineralization in two peatland forestry sites in 

Newfoundland, Canada. 

Wells, E. D. and Williams, B. L. 

Forest Ecology and Management 84(1-3): 97-108. (1996) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: bog/ bulk density/ calcium/ drainage/ fen/ field 

method/ forestry/ iron/ net nitrogen mineralization/ nitrogen/ 

peatland forestry/ phosphorus/ phosphorus potassium 

fertilization/ potassium/ soil science/ tilling 

Abstract: Bulk density, total contents of N, P, K, Ca and Fe 

and field- and laboratory-incubated mineral-N were 

determined for a bog and fen site 3 years after drainage 

treatments (3 m and 15 m ditch spacings), tilling treatments 

(untilled, tilled) and fertilization treatments (unfertilized, PKfertilized), as well as for adjacent untreated (undisturbed) 

areas of the bog and fen. Tilling of the surface or 

fertilization did not significantly affect total nutrient contents 

in either bog or fen, although nutrient contents were 

generally higher in fertilization or drainage treatments that 

included tilling. As a result of decreased ditch spacing (from 

15 m to 3 m), bulk density was significantly increased in the 

bog site (from 44.9 to 63.5 mg cm-3) and decreased 

(nonsignificant) in the fen site (from 105 to 89 mg cm-3). 

Total P and K were increased where PK was applied as 

fertilizer. In bog peats, bulk density (mg cm-3), total N 

concentrations (mg g-1) and total contents (kg ha-1) of N, 

P, K, Ca and Fe were significantly higher in the 3 m ditch 

spacing than in the 15 m ditch spacing. Thus, increases in 

total nutrient contents in bog peats can be attributed mainly 

to increased bulk density as a result of drainage treatment. 

In contrast, bulk densities and most nutrient contents of fen 

peats were not significantly affected by treatments. 

However, total N concentrations and total N contents were 

significantly reduced by more intensive ditching (3 m ditch 

spacing). Contents of mineral-N in fresh peat and fieldincubated and laboratory anaerobically incubated (30 

degree C) peat consisted entirely of NH-4-N. Laboratory 

incubations over a 20-week period demonstrated a high 

potential for release of NH-4-N in peat from treated sites of 

bog and fen. During four 28-day field incubation periods, 

production of mineral-N varied from 0.1 to 1.2 kg ha-1 (net 

mineralization) to -0.1 to -0.3 kg ha-1 (net immobilization) 

for bog peat. Similarly, on the fen site production ranged 

from 0.1 to 2.7 kg ha-1 (net mineralization) and -0.1 to -1.7 

kg ha-1 (net immobilization). In the unfertilized and PKfertilized treatments of the fen, as well as the PK-fertilized 

treatment of the bog, net immobilization predominated 

during the first incubation period, followed by net 

mineralization during the next three incubation periods. In 

the unfertilized treatment of the bog, net mineralization 

predominated early in the growing season, followed by net 

immobilization thereafter. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

193. Effects of herbicides on two submersed aquatic 

macrophytes, Potamogeton pectinatus L. and 

Myriophyllum sibiricum komarov, in a prairie wetland. 

Forsyth, D. J.; Martin, P. A.; and Shaw, G. G. 

Environmental Pollution 95(2): 259-268. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: wetlands/ macrophytes/ aquatic plants/ 

Potamogeton pectinatus/ clopyralid/ picloram/ 2,4-

dichlorophenoxyacetic acid/ Canada, Saskatchewan/ 

herbicides/ growth/ toxicity testing/ submerged plants/ plant 

growth/ plant physiology/ water pollution effects/ toxicity 

tests/ indicator species/ Myriophyllum sibiricum 

Abstract: Clopyralid, picloram, 2,4-D and a mixture of 2,4-D 

plus picloram (Tordon registered 202C) were added to the 

water of 1 m square enclosures in a prairie wetland in 

Saskatchewan, Canada to produce concentrations of 0.01 

and 0.1 mg active ingredient litre super(-1). Effects on the 

submersed macrophytes, Potamogeton pectinatus and 

Myriophyllum sibiricum, were monitored by taking repeated 

measurements of plant weight, flower and tuber production 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

54

and inspecting for injuries at 30 and 60 days after 

application. Clopyralid did not inhibit weight gain (growth) in 

either species, but stimulated growth and flowering by M. 

sibiricum at 0.01 mg litre super(-1) and tuber production by 

P. pectinatus at both rates. The low rate of 2,4-D stimulated 

flowering by M. sibiricum and tuber production by P. 

pectinatus, whereas the high rate inhibited growth of M. 

sibiricum and injured both species. Picloram did not affect 

growth of either species, but injured M. sibiricum at both 

concentrations and inhibited flowering at 0.1 mg litre 

super(-1). Tordon registered 202C at 0.1 mg litre super(-1) 

caused reduced growth and flowering in M. sibiricum and 

injured both species; 0.01 mg litre super(-1) also injured M. 

sibiricum. Mortality resulted only from Tordon registered 

202C and 2,4-D. Field data are lacking to assess the extent 

to which submerged macrophytes in prairie ponds are 

exposed to harmful concentrations of herbicide from aerial 

spraying, drift from ground application, runoff or wind 

erosion of soil. 

© CSA 

194. Effects of nitrogen fertiliser and pesticide 

management on floodwater ecology in a wetland 

ricefield: 3. Dynamics of benthic molluscs. 

Simpson, Ian C.; Roger, Pierre A.; Oficial, Roberto; and 

Grant, Ian F. 

Biology and Fertility of Soils 18(3): 219-227. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ 

habitat/ man made habitat/ abiotic factors/ chemical factors/ 

land and freshwater zones/ Oriental region/ Mollusca: 

farming and agriculture/ biomass/ population density/ 

management influences/ cultivated land habitat/ wetland 

rice field/ agricultural practices effect on benthon/ fertilizers 

and pesticides/ wetland rice field management effect on 

benthon dynamics/ Philippines/ benthon dynamics in 

wetland rice field/ agricultural management influence/ 

Mollusca/ invertebrates/ molluscs 

© The Thomson Corporation 

195. Effects of pesticides on soil and water microflora 

and mesofauna in wetland ricefields: A summary of 

current knowledge and extrapolation to temperate 

environments. 

Roger, P. A.; Simpson, I.; Oficial, R.; Ardales, S.; and 

Jimenez, R. 

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34(7): 

1057-1068. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 23 Au792; ISSN: 0816-1089 

Descriptors: wetlands/ reviews/ pesticides/ bibliographies/ 

rice/ temperate zone/ invertebrates/ fertilizers/ agricultural 

practices/ microorganisms/ data collections/ rice fields/ 

pollution effects/ literature reviews/ agricultural pollution/ 

Invertebrata/ Invertebrata/ biodiversity/ rice fields/ pollution 

effects/ Invertebrata/ literature reviews/ agricultural 

pollution/ reviews/ rice/ temperate zone/ invertebrates/ 

agricultural practices/ data collections 

Abstract: This review summarises information on the 

behaviour of pesticides and their impacts on 

microorganisms and non-target invertebrates that was 

collected in, or is applicable to, temperate wetland 

ricefields. An extensive bibliographic survey shows that 

current knowledge is fragmentary and partly outdated. 

Pesticides applied on soil at recommended levels rarely 

had a detrimental effect on microbial populations or their 

activities. They had more effect on invertebrate populations, 

inducing the blooming of individual species of floodwater 

zooplankton and reducing populations of aquatic 

oligochaetes in soil. Available information raises concerns 

regarding the long-term effects of pesticides on (i) 

microorganisms, primary producers, and invertebrates of 

importance to soil fertility, (ii) predators of rice pests and 

vectors, and (iii) microbial metabolism of pesticides. 

© CSA 

196. Effects of silvicultural activities on wetland 

biogeochemistry. 

Lockaby, B. G.; Trettin, C. C.; and Schoenholtz, S. H. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 28(6): 1687-1698. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Abstract: The unique biogeochemistry of wetlands either 

causes or influences many landscape functions that are 

valued by society. Because of their critical ecological role 

and the importance of wetlands to commodity and 

noncommodity values, we have reviewed the current state 

of knowledge regarding influences of silviculture on nutrient 

circulation, transformation, and retention in forested 

wetlands. Our approach was to contrast riverine and 

depressional systems. Globally, there are few 

generalizations that can be made regarding the effects of 

silvicultural disturbance. This conclusion is primarily a result 

of too few studies on the mechanisms and processes 

controlling ecosystem responses. Most work to date has 

focused solely on characterizing responses of state 

variables, and therefore a basis for integration is often 

lacking. While studies do show that water quality functions 

are not degraded as a result of harvesting, many other 

aspects of ecosystem functionality are not clarified. As 

examples, there are significant gaps in our understanding 

of biogeochemical controls on net primary productivity, 

organic matter turnover, and hydrologic interactions. 

Considerable research is warranted to provide information 

for effective resource management and conservation. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

197. Effects of timber management on ecological 

functions of forest wetlands.

Shepard, James P. 

In: TAPPI Proceedings: International Environmental 

Conference. (Held 7 May 1995-10 May 1995 at 

Atlanta, Ga.); Vol. 1. 

Atlanta, Ga.; pp. 299-305; 1995. 

NAL Call #: TD899.P3T36; ISBN: 0898529360 

Abstract: Forest wetlands are valued for the many 

ecological functions they perform. They are also important 

sources of wood for the forest products industry. Forest 

wetlands can be managed for timber production while 

protecting valuable ecological functions. This paper reviews 

the literature on effects of timber management on 

ecological functions in wetlands. Timber management 

affects wetland functions primarily through its manipulation 

of vegetation species composition and structure. Effects of 

forest management are most pronounced immediately 

following disturbances such as timber harvesting. Effects 

are generally brief for hydrological and biogeochemical 

functions, but can be more long-lasting for plant and wildlife 

habitat. 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

55

198. Emerging effluent management strategies in 

marine fish-culture farms located in European coastal 

wetlands. 

Hussenot, J. M. E. 

Aquaculture 226(1-4): 113-128. (Oct. 2003) 

NAL Call #: SH1 .A6; ISSN: 0044-8486 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mariculture/ marine fish/ fish 

farming/ waste management/ aquaculture systems/ 

effluents/ water quality/ wastewater treatment/ ponds/ 

biological treatment/ microalgae/ aquatic plant culture/ 

bioreactors/ recirculating systems/ Europe/ France 

Abstract: Coastal wetlands are suitable sites for landbased fish culture in ponds and tanks, but environmental 

constraints on effluent discharges are stringent for these 

areas. In order to limit effluent loading, different techniques 

have been proposed and are beginning to be implemented 

by aquaculturists. On the Atlantic coast of Europe (France, 

Portugal, Spain, etc.), growout farms for sea bass 

(Dicentrarchus labrax), sea bream (Sparus aurata) or turbot 

(Scophthalmus maximus) are often located in wetlands 

where salt ponds were previously built. Downstream from 

the rearing ponds, sedimentation ponds are used to reduce 

particulate matter exportation. Using fish farm effluents, the 

continuous mass culture of microalgae has been the 

subject of experiments converting ammonia and 

phosphates into diatoms, with the systematic addition of 

required amounts of limiting nutrients (silicon as sodium 

silicate, or phosphorus as phosphoric acid). New physical 

treatments may be added if partial recirculation systems are 

employed, such as immersed foam fractionators, 

specifically developed for aquaculture ponds. Integrated 

systems may be emergent practices for reducing the 

effluent pollutant discharge without additional cost, in 

addition to producing a complementary income to that 

resulting from the production of the main culture species. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

199. Environmental effects on wetlands of queletox 

registered applied to ploceid roosts in Kenya. 

Keith, J. O.; Ngondi, J. G.; Bruggers, R. L.; Kimball, B. A.; 

and Elliott, C. C. H. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13(2): 

333-341. (1994) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental effects/ chemcontrol/ 

pesticides/ water sampling/ water analysis/ birds/ 

insecticides/ organophosphates/ residues/ Aves/ nontarget 

organisms/ queletox registered/ Kenya, Nakuru/ 

organophosphates/ residues/ fenthion/ pesticides 

(organophosphorus)/ nontarget organisms/ environmental 

effects/ chemcontrol/ birds 

Abstract: Queletox registered (Fenthion) is widely used in 

Africa to kill birds that eat cereal crops. Applications of 

Queletox have been reported to kill nontarget animals and 

contaminate areas used by livestock and humans. In 1988, 

we evaluated Queletox treatments to wetland roosts at the 

Njoro dam (2.88 kg/ha) and Gicheha farm (12.0 kg/ha) near 

Nakuru, Kenya. Fenthion deposits measured in the roosts 

ranged up to 1,100 g/ha, but were >1.0 g/ha at distances of 

100 m or more from roosts. Following applications, 61 birds 

of 14 species at the Njoro dam and 22 birds of eight 

species at the Gicheha farm were found dead or severely 

debilitated. However, the general abundance of waterfowl, 

wading birds, plovers, doves, and passerines seemed 

unaffected. Residues in crop contents of 11 dead birds 

ranged up to 11.0 ppm, substantiating death from fenthion. 

Fenthion residues (2.2-750 mu g) recovered from skin and 

feathers of 36 dead birds were sufficient to have been 

hazardous to predators and scavengers. Neither 

amphibians nor fishes were affected by treatments. At the 

Njoro dam, scarabids, dytiscids, and notonectids were 

killed, and their numbers decreased; many insects also 

were killed at the Gicheha farm. The abundance of these 

groups, however, had increased within 6 d post-treatment. 

Fenthion residues of 1.8 to 17 ppb were found in positive 

water samples for up to 5 d post-treatment. All sampled 

vegetation had temporarily hazardous residues; levels 

ranged up to 83 ppm on grasses but had decreased to <1.0 

after 3 d. 

© CSA 

200. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in 

wetland rice fields. 

Ghosh, B. C. and Bhat, R. 

Environmental Pollution 102(suppl. 1): 123-126. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: nitrogen fertilizers/ environmental impact/ rice/ 

crop production/ pollution/ Asia 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

201. Environmental impacts of development on 

wetlands in arid and semi-arid lands. 

Hollis, G. E. 

Hydrological Sciences Journal 35(4): 411-428. (Aug. 1990) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 As7; ISSN: 0262-6667 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecological effects/ ecosystems/ 

environmental impact/ land/ development/ water resources 

development/ agriculture/ arid lands/ Greece/ New Zealand/ 

semiarid lands/ United States/ urbanization/ water 

resources management/ ecological impact of water 

development/ effects on water of human nonwater 

activities/ lakes 

Abstract: Wetlands, as defined by the Ramsar (Greece) 

Convention, are productive ecosystems providing goods 

and services for people. Negative effects from the ' 

development ' of wetlands are exemplified through adverse 

climatic effects (Aral Sea, USSR), inadvertent 

environmental changes (Canadian Prairie Potholes), nonsustainable alternative uses (South Chad Irrigation 

Scheme, Nigeria), exacerbation of problems (Garaet El 

Haouaria, Tunisia), detrimental effects on rare species 

(Mikri Prespa, Greece), social disruption (Kissingin 

Fadama, Nigeria), international obligations (Ichkeul, 

Tunisia), and sub-optimal management (Weija-Panbros, 

Ghana). The functions and values of wetlands are 

described in the ' Adamus approach, ' and are exemplified 

even for the ' dry ' areas of the Hadejia- Nguru wetlands 

(Nigeria) and Lake Hula (Israel). Wetlands are threatened 

by agricultural intensification, pollution, engineering 

schemes, and urban development. Since the societies and 

institutions that degrade wetlands are themselves complex 

systems, an understanding of hydrology and ecology is 

insufficient for a wetland manager. Wetland destruction can 

be aided by misconceptions, public subsidy, international 

funds, local-scale planning, sectoral approaches, and 

narrow disciplinary thinking. National Wetland Strategies 

are needed, on the order of those presently developed in 

New Zealand and the United States. Hydrologists should be 

more involved in wetlands and their sustainable utilization. ' 

Political hydrology ' must complement ' scientific hydrology. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

56

202. Environmentally sensitive plot-scale timber 

harvesting: Impacts on suspended sediment, bedload 

and bank erosion dynamics. 

Stott, T.; Leeks, G.; Marks, S.; and Sawyer, A. 

Journal of Environmental Management 63(1): 3-25. (2001) 

NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 

Descriptors: wetlands/ logging/ forest management/ soil 

erosion/ monitoring/ clearcutting/ sediments/ Wales 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

203. Establishment, growth and survival of natural 

regeneration after clearcutting and drainage on 

forested wetlands. 

Roy, V.; Ruel, J. C.; and Plamondon, A. P. 

Forest Ecology and Management 129(1-3): 253-267. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ clear cutting/ forest management/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ environment management/ logging/ 

forests/ regeneration/ growth rates/ clear-cutting/ plant 

growth/ survival/ drainage/ water table rise/ seedlings/ 

comparison studies/ soil types/ correlation analysis/ 

clear cutting 

Abstract: Natural regeneration may be disrupted by the rise 

of the water table in surface layers after clearcutting 

forested wetlands. A study was initiated on eight forested 

wetlands that were successively clearcut and drained 3 

years later. The objectives were (1) to assess conifer and 

deciduous regeneration on waterlogged clearcut sites, (2) 

to determine the effect of water table level changes after 

clearcutting and drainage on the growth rate of advance 

regeneration, and (3) to determine if sphagnum moss 

growth rate was influenced by clearcutting, drainage and 

microrelief. 3 years after strip clearcutting, the area based 

inventory showed that softwood regeneration was abundant 

in the clearcut, but 84% of the seedlings were smaller than 

30 cm and vulnerable to suppression from the competition. 

Indeed, the opening of the forest cover promoted massive 

invasion of pioneer species such as trembling aspen 

(Populus tremuloides Michx.) and white birch (Betula 

papyrifera Marsh.). Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) 

B.S.P.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) had difficulties 

maintaining their presence after clearcutting. The ratio 

hardwood stems: softwood stems changed from 1.1 in the 

forest to 3.8 in the clearcut. Balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) 

Mill.), larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) and cedar 

(Thuja occidentalis L.) represented 93% of the softwood 

regeneration.3 years after clearcutting, balsam fir advance 

regeneration had a significantly lower growth rate in the 

middle of the clearcut than near the edges of the clearcut. 2 

years after drainage, seedling growth at 10 m from the 

drainage ditch was significantly greater than at 70 m from 

ditch. No significant differences were found between 

mineral and organic soil types, but height growth was 

positively correlated to C: N ratios of the individual site 

types. Abundant competition on richer sites limits the 

development of softwood regeneration. On a short term 

basis, competition more than watering-up seems a threat to 

softwood regeneration. Sphagnum growth rates measured 

with the crank-wire method showed no effect of clearcutting 

or drainage, but a higher growth rate in hollows (3.2 cm per 

year) compared to hummocks (2.0 cm per year). These 

growth rates indicate that sphagnum should not affect 

regeneration but could overgrow yearlings of slow growing 

species. 

© CSA 

204. Fecal contamination of pastoral wetlands. 

Collins, R. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 33(5): 1912-1918. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution/ pollution control/ 

pastures/ streams/ hills/ slope/ fecal contamination/ coliform 

bacteria/ bacterial contamination/ Escherichia coli/ feces/ 

cattle/ grazing/ water quality/ statistical models/ runoff/ rain/ 

solar radiation/ winter/ air temperature/ New Zealand 

Abstract: Near-channel hill-country wetlands draining steep 

pastoral land in New Zealand exhibit high levels of fecal 

contamination at a range of flows. This contamination is 

attributed to both the transport of bacteria into a wetland 

from the surrounding catchment and the direct excretion of 

fecal material onto wetlands by grazing cattle. E. coli 

concentrations observed at low to moderate flow at 20 sites 

varied between 0.5 x 10(1) and 2 x 10(4) most probable 

number (MPN) 100 mL-1. High flow concentrations 

measured at two wetlands ranged up to 6 x 10(6) MPN 100 

mL-1 and yielded storm period bacterial loads of between 1 

x 10(6) and 3 x 10(10) MPN per event. Given the 

disproportionately large fraction of surface and subsurface 

flow from the catchment that passes through the wetlands, 

these yields represent a large proportion of the total loss of 

bacteria from steep grazed hillsides, across a range of 

storm events. Cattle are attracted to the smaller, shallower 

wetlands for grazing in both summer and winter. Excluding 

stock from shallow wetlands may therefore yield 

improvements in bacterial water quality, although 

accurately quantifying this improvement is difficult without 

long-term studies. Cattle are not attracted to larger, deeper 

wetlands, presumably for fear of entrapment, and fencing 

them is unlikely to realize significant improvements in 

bacterial water quality. A statistical model incorporating 

solar radiation and flow explains 87% of the variance in E. 

coli concentrations across five monitored rainfall events. A 

positive correlation was found between solar radiation and 

E. coli concentration. The study was conducted in winter 

when clear, sunny days are relatively cold. Solar radiation 

on these days appears to be too weak to promote die-off 

but the colder temperatures aid survival. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

205. Frog communities and wetland condition: 

Relationships with grazing by domestic livestock along 

an Australian floodplain river. 

Jansen, A. and Healey, M. 

Biological conservation 109(2): 207-219. (Feb. 2003) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: wetlands/ man-induced effects/ environmental 

factors/ plant populations/ community composition/ water 

quality/ agriculture/ river basin management/ flooding/ 

habitat/ nature conservation/ flood plains/ management/ 

conservation/ Anura/ Australia, Murrumbidgee R./ livestock 

grazing intensity/ frogs/ toads/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ habitat community studies/ 

management 

Abstract: Frogs are in decline worldwide, and are known to 

be sensitive indicators of environmental change. 

Floodplains of the Murray-Darling Basin in southeastern 

Australia have been altered in many ways by livestock 

grazing, by the introduction of exotic fish, and by changes 

to flooding regimes. These changes have led to declines in 

wetland condition and hence to the availability of habitat for 

wetland frogs. This study examined relationships between 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

57

frogs, wetland condition and livestock grazing intensity at 

26 wetlands on the floodplain of the Murrumbidgee River. 

Frog communities, species richness, and some individual 

species of frogs declined with increased grazing intensity. 

Wetland condition also declined with increased grazing 

intensity, particularly the aquatic vegetation and water 

quality components. There were clear relationships 

between frog communities and wetland condition, with 

several taxa responding to aquatic and fringing vegetation 

components of wetland condition. Thus, grazing intensity 

appeared to influence frog communities through changes in 

wetland habitat quality, particularly the vegetation. Reduced 

stocking rates may result in improved wetland condition and 

more diverse frog communities. River management to 

provide natural seasonal inundation of floodplain wetlands 

may also enhance wetland condition, frog activity and 

reproductive success. 

© CSA 

206. Grassland ecotopes of the upper Meuse as 

references for habitats and biodiversity restoration: A 

synthesis. 

Grevilliot, F. and Muller, S. 

Landscape Ecology 17(Supplement 1): 19-33. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ conservation/ terrestrial ecology/ 

environmental sciences/ biodiversity restoration/ 

remediation method/ water level measurement/ 

measurement method/ agricultural practices/ conservation 

value/ cutting frequency reduction/ environmental factors/ 

fertilizer use/ flood duration/ floodplain/ floristic diversity/ 

grassland ecotopes/ grazing/ ground water table depth/ 

high water bed/ hydrologic functioning/ hydrological 

fluctuations/ natural ecosystem/ phytosociological studies/ 

reference habitats/ species richness/ topographical 

gradient/ wetland ecotope 

Abstract: The river valley of the French upper Meuse and 

its floodplain, constitutes a relatively natural ecosystem 

which still contains many endangered species of high 

conservation value. For example, several birds (Crex crex, 

Numenius arquata) as well as plant species (Gratiola 

officinalis, Inula britannica, Teucrium scordium, Ranunculus 

lingua and Mentha pulegium) which have declined seriously 

in France in recent times are found in the upper Meuse 

floodplain. Phytosociological studies and water level 

measurements have shown that the floristic diversity is 

mainly influenced by hydrological fluctuations and 

agricultural practices. The plant communities are structured 

along a topographical gradient in the high water bed 

reflecting the duration of floods and the ground water table 

depth. Agricultural practices have influenced the vegetation 

changes by selecting species adapted to particular 

management practices (e.g., fertiliser use, grazing, cutting 

regime). The data collected in this study from the upper 

Meuse as enabled 13 grassland and wetland ecotopes to 

be defined which are correlated with different environmental 

factors. Fertiliser use, grazing and reduction in the 

frequency of the cutting lead to a lower species richness 

because they encourage competitive species. However, it 

is also demonstrated, that maximum biodiversity is not 

always synonymous with high conservation value because 

some impoverished ecosystems, e.g., sedges and tall forb 

formations, may contain endangered plant and bird 

species. Knowledge of the boundaries between the 

different plant communities enables likely changes in 

floristic composition after modification of one or more site 

factors to be forecasted. Such factors include, water table 

depth and flood frequency, cutting regime, fertiliser use and 

grazing pressure. Thus, the definition of these ecotopes, 

corresponding to correlations between water regime, 

agricultural practice and vegetation composition, could lead 

to the establishment of guidelines for water and agricultural 

managements that could be involved in restoration projects. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

207. Grazing regime as a tool to assess positive side 

effects of livestock farming systems on wading birds. 

Tichit, M.; Renault, O.; and Potter, T. 

Livestock Production Science 96(1 (Special Issue)): 

109-117. (2005) 

NAL Call #: SF1.L5; ISSN: 0301-6226 

Descriptors: grazing intensity/ habitat conservation/ wading 

birds/ wet grasslands 

Abstract: Wet grasslands support large populations of 

waders. As these birds are very sensitive to sward height 

and heterogeneity, grazing management is a key issue to 

their conservation. On a French coastal marsh consisting of 

816 fields of wet grasslands, birds were monitored in spring 

and grazing regimes were assessed at three periods: year, 

spring, autumn. Each species was associated with a 

particular annual grazing index lower than the mean for all 

grazed fields. During spring, grazing intensity was 

significantly lower for fields occupied by birds than for those 

of the entire landscape. Different species of waders showed 

different preferences to grazing intensity with redshanks 

and curlews representing two extremes of a gradient going 

from low to high intensity. In early spring, the more 

precocious species selected fields with a significantly 

higher mean and variance in autumn stocking rate than for 

all grazed fields in previous autumn. These results highlight 

the need to maintain a variety of grazing regimes if 

conservation of the waders is to be achieved at the 

community level. On the basis of our analysis, useful 

indicators related to thresholds on livestock density and 

turn-out date can be derived to assess positive side effects 

of livestock farming systems. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

208. Human-environment interactions in agricultural 

land use in a South China's wetland region: A study on 

the Zhujiang Delta in the Holocene. 

Weng, Qihao 

Geojournal 51(3): 191-202. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QE1; ISSN: 0343-2521 

Descriptors: wetlands/ population-environment relations/ 

agriculture/ land use/ climate/ sea level/ environmental 

changes/ population growth/ agricultural practices/ 

cultivation/ population dynamics/ water quality/ water level/ 

geologic time/ climatic data/ palaeo studies/ holocene/ 

deltas/ rice field aquaculture/ resource management/ 

environment management/ environmental conditions/ 

climatic changes/ palaeoclimate/ eustatic changes/ sea 

level changes/ flooding/ flood control/ embankments/ river 

engineering/ man-induced effects/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

land reclamation/ coastal zone management/ oryza sativa/ 

China, People's Rep., Guangdong Prov., Zhujiang Delta/ 

land pollution/ sources and fate of pollution/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation/ soil pollution: 

monitoring, control & remediation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

58

Abstract: The formation and evolution of agricultural land 

uses in the Zhujiang Delta of South China are examined in 

the light of the dynamics of people and the environment 

and their interplay. The origin and propagation of 

agriculture are found to have a close relationship with the 

climate and sea level changes in the Holocene era. The 

development of rice cultivation, horticulture, and dike-pond 

system exemplifies human-environment interactions in a 

specified geographical and social context, which are 

manifested by the impact of environmental changes and 

population growth on agricultural innovations. The 

technologies of dike building and land reclamation, which 

represent local farmers effort to build a new and 

harmonious relationship with the changed environment, 

were critical to the agricultural success and sustainability. 

Imprudent use of a new agricultural technology could 

damage the environment, as evidenced by a frequent 

flooding that followed inappropriate dike building and 

premature reclamation. Diverse agricultural land uses are 

as a result of the adaptation of agricultural technology 

innovations to the environmental conditions. 

© CSA 

209. Hydrology of an acid wetland before and after 

draining for afforestation, western New Zealand. 

Jackson, R. J. 

In: Forest Hydrology and Watershed Management/ 

Swanson, R. H. Bernier P. Y. Woodard P. D. 

Wallingford, Oxfordshire, England: IAHS Press, 1987; 

pp. 465-474 

NAL Call #: GB842.F67 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest hydrology/ land reclamation/ 

New Zealand/ acid streams/ planting management/ pine 

trees/ drainage/ precipitation/ runoff/ flood peak/ sediment 

yield/ effects on water of human nonwater activities/ 

conservation in agricultural use 

Abstract: An intensive surface drainage system is used to 

improve establishment of plantations of Pinus radiata on 

wetlands in western South Island, New Zealand. 

Downstream impacts of such drainage were assessed by 

comparing undisturbed and drained wetland basins in an 

area with 2440 mm/yr rainfall. Stream water is brown, 

naturally acid (pH c. 4.0), and has high concentrations of 

dissolved organic C (25-55 mg/L). The water table on 

undisturbed wetland was nearly always at <0.5 m depth 

and rose rapidly during rainfall to give widespread overland 

flow. Quickflow contributed 70% of the 1580 mm/yr runoff. 

The ridges formed by surface drainage works provided 

elevated, drier sites for trees, but the water table remained 

high beneath and between ridges. Drainings have higher 

flood peaks, and the frequency of peaks >10 L/s/ha 

increased greatly. Annual sediment yield increased from <1 

to c. 10 t/ha. Increased peak flows caused instability of the 

channel downstream from the drained area. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

210. The hydrology of wetlands and man's influence on 

it. 

Verry, E. S. 

Suomen Akatemian Julkaisuja 5: 41-61. (1988); 

ISSN: 0358-9153. 

Notes: In: Symposium on the Hydrology of Wetlands in 

Temperate and Cold Regions, Joensuu, Finland, 

6-8 June 1988, Vol. 2 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ floods/ drainage/ 

land types 

Abstract: Wetlands form where flat physiography or climate 

causes slow water movement, and where water is available 

at the surface of the earth. Water source determines 

wetland type. The quality, quantity, and periodicity of water 

at the site drives the ecologic development of wetlands. 

Climate determines wetland form (Aapa, Palsa, raised, 

etc.), but in both cold and temperate regions, groundwater 

can substitute for direct precipitation and ameliorate 

marginal climate. Wetlands evapotranspire at maximum 

potential rates when the water table is within 30 cm of 

hollow bottoms, and at a fraction of potential rates when the 

water table is greater than 40 cm below the hollow bottoms. 

Wetlands reduce flood peaks up to 75% compared to rolling 

topography when they occupy only 20% of the total basin. 

Streamflow response to tree harvest or growth is a function 

of whether the growing season water table is above or 

below the 30-40 cm depth-to-water-table norm prior to 

harvest. Drainage of wetlands with closed drains (tile or 

mole drains) will decrease flood peaks as much as 30% 

more. Drainage of wetlands with open channel ditches will 

not change, reduce (-30%), or greatly increase (up to 

+300%) flood peaks depending on the percent of total basin 

area drained. Significant increases begin when more than 

30% of the total basin is drained with open channels. 

Downstream flood damage must be considered from the 

regional landscape perspective. This includes increased 

flood peaks from the conversion of mineral-soil mature 

forests to young forests (1-15 years old) or agricultural land; 

the nature of flood plains; amount and changes in reservoir 

capacity; and the relative amount of open straight channels 

in relation to drains and meandering channels. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

211. Impact of different sheep grazing intensities on 

salt marsh vegetation in northern Germany. 

Kiehl, K.; Eischeid, I.; Gettner, S.; and Walter, J. 

Journal of Vegetation Science 7(1): 99-106. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QK900.J67; ISSN: 1100-9233 

Descriptors: plant ecology/ ecological succession/ 

halophytes/ vegetation/ species diversity/ salt marshes/ 

sheep/ grazing intensity/ natural resource management/ 

guidelines/ range management/ Germany 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

212. The impact of grazing on plant communities, plant 

populations and soil conditions on salt marshes. 

Bakker, J. P. 

Vegetatio 62(1/3): 391-398. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: plant density/ grazing/ mowing/ natural 

resource management/ soil analysis/ salt marshes/ 

Western European region 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

213. Impact of immigrant pastoral herds to fringing 

wetlands of lake victoria in Magu District Mwanza 

Region, Tanzania. 

Hongo, H. and Masikini, M. 

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 28(20-27): 

1001-1007. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QE500.P5; ISSN: 1474-7065 

Descriptors: immigrant pastoralists/ overgrazing/ wetland 

degradation lake pollution/ agriculture/ erosion/ soils/ 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

59

vegetation/ pastoral herds/ agricultural practice/ 

environmental impact/ land degradation/ livestock farming/ 

overgrazing/ wetland/ Tanzania 

Abstract: The assessment of impacts of pastoral herds to 

the fringing wetlands of Lake Victoria in Magu district in 

Mwanza region was carried out in 1999/2000. Lamadi 

village located along Speke Gulf of Lake Victoria was 

chosen. The main farming systems in the area are 

agriculture, agro-pastoralism, and pastoralism. The 

wetlands are heavily used for livestock grazing during the 

dry season. Since 1990s the area has been experiencing a 

high influx of immigrant pastoral herds from drought prone 

districts. The increasing livestock numbers have led into 

serious degradation of wetlands. The type of damages 

includes: soil erosion, loss of vegetation cover and 

deforestation. This lead to pollution of Lake Victoria along 

the Speke gulf in particular as the wetlands was buffering a 

lot of pollutants from the catchments. The range condition 

at Lamadi was rated fair. The carrying capacity of 

rangelands was estimated at 3.57-6.75 ha/LU and the 

wetlands were seriously degraded causing heavy soil 

erosion and environmental pollution during rainy season. It 

was recommended to raise people's awareness on 

conservation of environment and mobilise communities to 

take responsibility on management of the environmental 

resources. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

214. Impact of land disturbance on the fate of arsenical 

pesticides. 

Renshaw, C. E.; Bostick, B. C.; Feng, X.; Wong, C. K.; 

Winston, E. S.; Karimi, R.; Folt, C. L.; and Chen, C. Y. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 35(1): 61-67. (2006) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ orchards/ orchard soils/ disturbed 

soils/ soil pollution/ polluted soils/ arsenic/ lead/ lead 

arsenate/ bioavailability/ tillage/ streams/ sediment 

contamination/ soil erosion/ macroinvertebrates/ leaching/ 

water pollution/ New Hampshire 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

215. Impacts of drainage for forestry on runoff and 

water chemistry.

Lundin, L. 

In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the 

Hydrology of Wetlands in Temperate and Cold Regions.

(Held 6 Jun 1988-8 Jun 1988 at Joensuu, Finland.); Vol. 1. 

Helsinki, Finland: Academy of Finland; pp. 197-205; 1988. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest management/ drainage 

ditches/ drainage effects/ runoff/ water quality/ chemical 

properties/ peat bogs/ sweden/ hydrologic budget/ peat/ 

hydrogen ion concentration/ fens/ alkalinity/ phosphorus/ 

nitrogen/ sulfates/ nutrients/ forestry 

Abstract: Drainage in forestry concerns both peatlands and 

wet mineral soils. In Sweden this drainage today is 

concentrated on mineral soils, i.e., clear-cut areas more or 

less waterlogged after clearfelling. The areas of interest to 

forest drainage often have organic soil horizons with peat 

character, and true peat areas often exist in connection with 

these areas. Drainage of larger peatlands is also 

performed. The drainage activities affect, among other 

things, the quantity and chemical composition of runoff. 

Effects of drainage on runoff and chemical composition of 

streamwater were studied together with calculations of 

water balance and chemical budgets. The investigations 

were performed at a bog, a calcareous fen and two small 

sedge fens. These sedge fens showed similarities to 

mineral soil areas while the many small peatland units 

required many ditches penetrating the mineral soil. The 

investigations were performed as comparative studies 

before and after drainage between two peatland basins, of 

which one comprised a control area and the other was 

drained. The results show some similar effects of drainage 

at the different sites and some effects varying with both site 

and time. The distribution of precipitation and snowmelt 

influenced the results. Drainage influenced runoff with both 

increasing and decreasing mean and high discharges while 

the low discharges mainly increased. During some winters 

the low flow ceased. The changes of chemical composition 

of runoff were affected by the lagg-ditches penetrating the 

mineral soil beneath the peat. This often resulted in 

increased pH, alkalinity and concentrations of cations but 

also of sulfate. Effects on phosphorus and nitrogen varied 

with site. Nitrogen increased at the fens but decreased at 

the bog. Increases in the leachates of total-P and total-N 

were often found. Chemical budgets revealed net losses of 

HCO3, K, Ca, Cl, Al and organic C and retentions of H and 

N whereas variations occurred for SO4 and P. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

216. Impacts of grazing on wetlands and riparian 

habitat: A review of our knowledge. 

Skovlin, J. M. 

In: Developing Strategies for Rangeland Management/ 

National Research Council; Series: Westview special 

studies in agriculture science and policy. 

Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1984; pp. 1001-1103 

NAL Call #: SF85.3.D48 

Abstract: In the context of western North America, 

discusses the effects of range livestock grazing on 

vegetation, watershed, and fish and wildlife. Grazing 

strategies to improve habitats are proposed for better 

decisions in allocating riparian zone uses. Comments are 

given by W.S.Platts & R.F.Raleigh, pp 1105-1117, 

L.H.Carpenter, pp 1119-1128, J.C.Malechek, pp 1129-

1158, L.R.Rittenhouse, pp 1159-1166. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

217. Impacts on wetlands of large-scale land-use 

changes by agricultural development: The Small 

Sanjiang Plain, China. 

Liu, H.; Zhang, S.; Li, Z.; Lu, X.; and Yang, Q. 

Ambio 33(6): 306-310. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.A52; ISSN: 0044-7447 

Abstract: The Small Sanjiang Plain (SSP), was formerly 

the largest wetland complex in China, located in the 

Northeastern part of Heilongjiang Province, China. Home to 

vast numbers of waterfowls, fish, and plants, the SSP is 

globally significant for biodiversity conservation. The loss 

and fragmentation of wetlands as a result agricultural 

development over 50 years has impacted wetland 

communities and their biodiversity. We used GIS to 

inventory large-scale land-use changes from 1950 to 2000, 

together with other statistical data. We found that 73.6% of 

the wetlands were lost due to agricultural development. 

Consequences of these land-use changes included: i) a 

rapid decline in waterfowl and plant species with the loss 

and fragmentation of natural wetlands and wetland 

ecosystem degradation; ii) greater variation in wetland 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

60

water levels as the result of land-use changes over the 

years; iii) disruption of the dynamic river-floodplain 

connection by construction of drainage ditches and levees; 

and iv) a decrease in floodplain area that caused increased 

flooding peak flows and runoff. Here we show how these 

changes affect wetland biodiversity and impact important 

wetland species. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

218. The importance of farmland for ortolan buntings 

nesting on raised peat bogs. 

Dale, Svein 

Ornis Fennica 77(1): 17-25. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 413.8 OR66; ISSN: 0030-5685 

Descriptors: Fringillidae/ Passeriformes/ Emberiza 

hortulana/ agricultural crops/ behavior/ birds/ bogs/ 

breeding/ ecosystems/ farmland/ foods/ feeding/ home 

range/ territory/ microhabitat/ nests/ nesting habitat/ 

interactions with man/ conservation status/ threats/ social 

pattern: territory/ home range/ ortolan bunting/ microhabitat/ 

Europe/ Norway 

Abstract: The majority of the Norwegian population of the 

endangered Ortolan bunting, Emberiza hortulana, breeds 

on raised peat bogs. The author studied whether their 

breeding site selection was affected by the availability of 

another habitat (farmland) close to bogs. At the landscape 

level, Ortolan buntings always chose peat bogs that had 

farmland <or= 50 m away. At the individual peat bog level, 

Ortolan buntings had territories in those parts of the bog 

that were closest to farmland, and territories were usually 

<or= 100 m from farmland. These results indicate that bogbreeding Ortolan buntings require farmland in close 

proximity to their territories. This conclusion was further 

supported by observations at the behavioral level. Ortolan 

buntings were frequently seen flying between territories on 

the peat bogs and adjacent farmland (oat fields), often 

returning with food in the bill. The author also analysed the 

distribution of Ortolan buntings in relation to peat bog size, 

availability of different bog microhabitats, and human use of 

peat bogs (peat extraction), but the effect of distance to 

farmland remained significant also in multiple analyses. 

Ortolan buntings apparently do not have the classical allpurpose territory typical of most passerine birds, but have 

more or less separated nesting and feeding areas. He 

discusses possible reasons for this pattern and also the 

conservation implications of the habitat selection of the 

Ortolan bunting. 

© NISC 

219. Improved harvesting systems for wet sites. 

Stokes, Bryce J. and Schilling, Alvin 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 155-160. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: bottomland hardwood/ timber harvesting/ 

wet site 

Abstract: Environmentally acceptable and economical 

forest operations are needed for sustainable management 

of forest resources. Improved methods for harvesting and 

transporting timber are especially needed for wet sites. As 

the demand for hardwood lumber continues to increase, 

improved and alternative methods are needed to ensure 

acceptance of timber harvesting for the wet site conditions 

that are typical of bottomland hardwoods. Some alternative 

technological developments include grapple saw fellerbunchers, wide tires, larger forwarders, clambunk skidders, 

two-stage hauling, mats, cable systems, helicopters and 

towed vehicles and air-cushioned vehicles. These 

developments have the potential to improve the 

performance of the harvesting system and to reduce the 

negative effects of conventional operations on conventional 

sites and on difficult sites such as wet areas. Although 

many of these new alternatives are now operational, others 

are just concepts or evolving prototypes. More research is 

still needed to optimize these alternative technologies and 

to reduce costs associated with their implementation. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

220. The influence of different grazing regimes on 

Phragmites- and shrub vegetation in the well-drained 

zone of a eutrophic wetland. 

Vulink, J. T.; Drost, H. J.; and Jans, L. 

Applied Vegetation Science 3(1): 73-80. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QK900 .A66; ISSN: 1402-2001 

Descriptors: grazing/ vegetation/ range management/ 

Phragmites australis/ Cirsium arvense/ Urtica dioica/ Poa 

trivialis/ Sambucus nigra/ cattle/ horses/ conservation 

areas/ ecological succession/ species diversity/ colonizing 

ability/ stocking rate/ Netherlands 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

221. Influence of groundwater development on the 

Donana National Park ecosystems (Spain). 

Suso, J. and Llamas, M. R. 

Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 141(1-3)(1993) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694. 

Notes: Conference: 28th Int. Geol. Congr. Symp., 

Washington, DC (USA), Jul 1989; Issue editors: Winter, T. 

C. and Llamas, M. R. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ development projects/ agriculture/ 

environmental impact/ water table/ Spain, Guadalquivir R. 

Estuary, Donana Natl. Park/ groundwater/ mechanical and 

natural changes 

Abstract: The Donana National Park (DNP) is located on 

the estuary of the Guadalquivir River. The functioning of the 

DNP's ecosystems is closely related to the geohydrology of 

the area. Under the central marshy area the aquifer system 

is confined below low-permeability estuary deposits. 

Around most of the marshland the aquifer crops out and is 

recharged by rainfall. The DNP has an area of 730 km 

super(2); part of it is in the marshland and part in the 

recharge area where the aquifer is phreatic. In the 1970s 

Spain's largest irrigation project using groundwater, 

covering a surface area of 240 km super(2), was planned in 

an area bordering the national park. The initial project has 

been scaled down to 100 km super(2), mainly as a result of 

protests by conservation groups. A review is presented of 

the various evaluations of the influence of groundwater 

extraction on the functioning of the wetlands. The authors 

consider that the water table decline as a result of pumpage 

for current irrigation could cause a large part of the ecotone 

-- situated at the contact-line between the marshland and 

the phreatic aquifer - to deteriorate. This ecotone exists 

because it is a natural groundwater discharge area. The 

small streams feeding the marshland will also be depleted 

by groundwater extraction. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

61

222. Interactions of an insecticide, herbicide, and 

natural stressors in amphibian community 

mesocosms. 

Boone, M. D. and James, S. M. 

Ecological Applications 13(3): 829-841. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ insecticides/ herbicides/ body mass/ 

development/ survival/ food webs/ larval development/ 

biological stress/ ponds/ life cycle/ metamorphosis/ 

mesocosms/ chlorophylls/ environmental impact/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ Rana sphenocephala/ Bufo 

americanus/ Ambystoma maculatum/ Ambystoma texanum/ 

Amphibia/ American toad/ spotted salamander/ smallmouthed salamander/ carbaryls 

Abstract: Amphibians developing in wetlands embedded 

within or near agricultural lands may frequently encounter 

chemical mixtures. The objectives of our study were to 

determine the effects that post-application concentrations of 

an insecticide (carbaryl) and an herbicide (atrazine) have 

on body mass, development, and survival of two anuran 

species (southern leopard frog, Rana sphenocephala; 

American toad, Bufo americanus) and two caudate species 

(spotted salamander, Ambystoma maculatum; smallmouthed salamander, A. texanum) reared in outdoor cattle 

tank mesocosms. In one experiment, we manipulated 

tadpole density (low or high), carbaryl exposure (0, 3.5, 7.0 

mg/L), and atrazine exposure (0 or 200 mu g/L) to test for 

effects on development, mass, and survival of larvae. In a 

second experiment, we manipulated pond hydroperiod 

(constant or drying), carbaryl exposure (0 or 5 mg/L), and 

atrazine exposure (0 or 200 kg/L) to test for effects on 

mass, time, and survival to metamorphosis. Salamanders 

were virtually eliminated in carbaryl treatments, indicating 

that at realistic levels, this insecticide could cause 

population declines for salamanders in contaminated 

habitats. Carbaryl also had negative effects on toad 

survival. Exposure to atrazine had negative effects on body 

size, development, and time to metamorphosis in anuran 

species, which were associated with reduced chlorophyll 

levels. Both chemicals interacted significantly with density 

or hydroperiod, indicating that the environmental conditions 

could influence the impact of a contaminant. A significant 

atrazine-by-carbaryl interaction resulted in smaller and less 

developed spotted salamander larvae than in control 

ponds. Atrazine exposure, however, appeared to moderate 

negative effects of carbaryl for spotted salamanders. Our 

research suggests that important changes in the 

community's food web result from chemical exposure, 

which influence the susceptibility of amphibian species to 

contaminants. 

© CSA 

223. Landscape controls on phosphorus loading to 

boreal lakes: Implications for the potential impacts of 

forest harvesting. 

Devito, K. J.; Creed, I. F.; Rothwell, R. L.; and Prepas, E. E. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

57(10): 1977-1984. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ landscape/ nutrient loading/ lakes/ 

forests/ harvesting/ groundwater/ phosphorus/ groundwater 

flow/ nutrients/ boreal forests/ forest hydrology/ 

groundwater movement/ forest management/ Canada 

Abstract: For 12 low-order lakes in the Western Boreal 

Forest of Canada, lake position in the groundwater flow 

system and surface hydrologic connection to wetlands 

accounted for 57% of the variation in the change in 

postharvest (1997) relative to preharvest (1996) open-water 

median total phosphorous concentration ([TP]). Changes in 

[TP] decreased with calcium and magnesium 

concentrations, indicating that the largest increases in [TP] 

are likely to occur in lakes located in areas of groundwater 

recharge or shallow local discharge. Changes in [TP] 

increased with the area of wetland connected to the lake, a 

measure of near-surface hydrologic flushing of TP to the 

lake. However, the remaining variation (43%) in the TP 

response of lakes to harvest was not explained by 

landscape-based criteria. This study illustrates that in 

landscapes with complex hydrogeology, factors controlling 

the chemical responses of lakes to disturbance are 

complex, remain poorly understood, and require further 

study. 

© CSA 

224. Livestock wastes as a source of estrogens and 

their effects on wildlife of Manko tidal flat, Okinawa. 

Tashiro, Y.; Takemura, A.; Fujii, H.; Takahira, K.; and 

Nakanishi, Y. 

Marine Pollution Bulletin 47(1-6): 143-147. (2003) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.M3; ISSN: 0025-326X 

Descriptors: estrogens/ livestock/ wastes/ wildlife/ animal 

wastes/ rural areas/ water sampling/ marine pollution/ 

pollution effects/ migratory species/ manure/ animal 

manures/ mud flats/ piggeries waste waters/ livestock/ 

farms and farming/ birds (marine)/ sewages/ agricultural 

pollution/ organic wastes/ sex hormones/ tidal flats/ water 

analysis/ pollution detection/ nature conservation/ water 

pollution sources/ agricultural runoff/ data collections/ 

sediment contamination/ water pollution effects/ wilderness 

areas/ Aves/ Japan, Okinawa, Manko/ birds/ estrogens/ 

xeno-estrogens/ endocrine disrupters/ endocrine disruptors/ 

hormones 

Abstract: The Manko tidal flat in the southern part of 

Okinawa Island is an important visiting and wintering area 

for migratory birds and was added to the Ramsar 

Convention Register of Wetlands in 1999. This area used to 

be an inlet extending to the inner part of Naha Port, but 

recent reclamation projects have restricted its connection to 

the East China Sea. As is typical in rural regions of 

subtropical islands, the inhabitants in the Manko basin raise 

livestock, especially pigs, without employing sufficient 

waste treatment methods. As sewage treatment works are 

considered to be one of the main sources of environmental 

estrogens in urban areas, the significance of livestock 

farming as a source of estrogens in rural area is examined 

in this study. In the present study, total estrogenic activities 

in water and sediment samples from the Manko tidal flat 

and its basin were measured using a recombinant yeast 

screen method. Estrogenic activities (equivalent to 17 beta 

-estradiol, E2) were around 10 ng l super(-1) in water 

samples and more than 10 mu g kg super(-1) in some 

sediment samples. In addition, the concentrations of 

estrone (E1) and E2 in water samples measured using 

LC/MS/MS indicated a high contribution of environmental 

estrogens from livestock wastes. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

62

225. Local and regional macroinvertebrate diversity in 

the wetlands of a cleared agricultural landscape in 

south-western Victoria, Australia. 

Robson, B. J. and Clay, C. J. 

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

15(4): 403-414. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A67; ISSN: 1052-7613 

Descriptors: macroinvertebrates/ diversity/ agriculture/ 

seasonal wetlands/ biodiversity/ copepods/ ostracods/ 

collembolans/ arachnids/ notostracans/ chironomids/ 

beetles/ species lists/ aquatic environments/ fieldwork/ field 

experiments/ monitoring/ freshwater environments/ ecology/ 

invertebrates/ geography/ distribution/ biogeography/ 

Australia/ Victoria 

Abstract: 1. Seasonal pasture wetlands are a common 

freshwater habitat in many agricultural landscapes, but their 

invertebrate diversity has rarely been examined compared 

with other freshwater habitats. Few studies have examined 

the role of seasonal wetlands for regional biodiversity or the 

pattern of change in assemblage composition across 

landscapes. 2. Invertebrates were sampled from 16 

naturally occurring seasonal wetlands and three perennial 

wetlands in south-western Victoria, Australia. The wetlands 

were arranged in three clusters, separated by at least 20 

km: two clusters each contained one perennial and four 

seasonal wetlands surrounded by pasture; the remaining 

cluster consisted of one perennial wetland and four 

seasonal wetlands on a property that has not been cleared 

of native vegetation, and four adjacent seasonal pasture 

wetlands cleared of native vegetation. 3. Presence/absence 

data showed that seasonal wetlands had fewer taxa than 

perennial wetlands, but both were taxon rich. Turnover of 

taxa was high at all three scales, i.e. between samples 

within a wetland, between wetlands, and between wetland 

clusters, but each cluster did not have a characteristic 

assemblage composition. Up to two-thirds of the 

invertebrate taxa found in perennial wetlands were also 

found in seasonal wetlands, showing that seasonal pasture 

wetlands could provide an expanded area of winter-spring 

habitat for many taxa. 4. Seasonal pasture wetlands 

contribute to biodiversity in highly managed and 

depauperate agricultural landscapes. There was little 

regionalization of the fauna, taxon turnover was high and 

ranges appeared relatively continuous. Biodiversity in 

pasture wetlands was comparable to perennial non-pasture 

wetlands elsewhere, despite being used for grazing 

livestock. This suggests that pasture wetlands may have 

substantial conservation value and should be managed to 

protect them from threatening processes such as drainage. 

© NISC 

226. Long-term changes in agricultural practices and 

wildfowling in an internationally important wetland, and 

their effects on the guild of wintering ducks. 

Duncan, P.; Hewison, A. J. M.; Houte, S.; Rosoux, R.; 

Tournebize, T.; Dubs, F.; Burel, F.; and Bretagnollie, V. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 36(1): 11-23. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Anas/ waterfowl/ habitat destruction/ 

agriculture/ grasslands/ water management/ France 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

227. Long-term changes of salt marsh communities by 

cattle grazing. 

Andresen, H.; Bakker, J. P.; Brongers, M.; Heydemann, B.; 

and Irmler, U. 

Vegetatio 89(2): 137-148. (1990) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: invertebrates/ vegetation/ sedimentation/ 

population density/ species diversity/ immigration/ 

succession/ food web/ dominance 

Abstract: Over a period of 9 years a grazing experiment 

was carried out in the mainland salt marsh of the Leybucht 

(Niedersachsen) with three stocking rates, namely, 0.5 ha1, 1 ha-1, and 2 cattle ha-1. These were also compared 

with an abandoned area. The results are based on 

sampling of the invertebrates in 1980, 1981, 1982, and 

1988, and of the vegetation in 1980 and 1988. The rate of 

sedimentation is highest in the Puccinellia maritima-zone 

and decreases with the increase of stocking rates. The 

Elymus pycnanthus vegetation type becomes dominant in 

the higher salt marsh in the abandoned site. The canopy 

height decreases with increasing stocking rate, whereas a 

gradient in the structure of the vegetation develops with the 

lowest stocking rate. The population densities, the speciesrichness and the community diversity of invertebrates 

increases after the cessation of grazing. The high rate of 

sedimentation in the abandoned site promotes the 

immigration of species from higher salt marsh levels and 

adjacent grasslands, and eventually halotopophilous 

species and communities may disappear. On the other 

hand grazing reduces numerous species living both in or on 

upper parts of the vegetation or being sensitive to trampling 

by cattle. The community structure shows that the salt 

marsh ecosystem changed from a food web dominated by 

plant feeding animals to a food web dominated by animals 

foraging on detritus. The salt marsh management has to be 

differentiated into both ungrazed and lightly grazed areas 

(each 50%) of an overall grazing in large areas with less 

than 0.5 cattle ha-1. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

228. Long-term dynamics of vegetation and 

disturbance of a southern boreal spruce swamp forest. 

Segerstrom, U. 

Journal of Vegetation Science 8(2): 295-306. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QK900.J67; ISSN: 1100-9233 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biodiversity/ nature conservation/ 

grazing/ swamps/ pollen analysis/ plant succession/ seral 

stages/ dynamics/ vegetation/ palynology/ charcoal/ peat/ 

bogs/ human activity/ effects/ forest fires/ agriculture/ 

cutting/ burning/ browsing/ felling/ fire effects/ dead wood/ 

vegetation types/ boreal forests/ palaeoecology/ pines 

Abstract: Analysis of pollen, charcoal and loss-on-ignition 

in peat cores from a Picea abies-dominated swamp forest 

in central Sweden showed the vegetation changes and 

disturbance patterns over 9500 yr. Six major sequences of 

local vegetation development were identified: (A) Pinus 

period, ca. 9500-7000 cal. (calibrated years) BP; (B) open 

mire period, ca. 7000-4500 cal. BP; (C) Betula period, ca. 

4500-2300 cal. BP; (D) Picea period, ca. 2300-1000 cal. 

BP; (E) human impact period, ca. 1000-100 cal. BP; and (F) 

period of human abandonment during the last ca. 100 yr. 

The swamp forest has been highly dynamic in response to 

various natural and anthropogenic disturbance agencies. 

Several fires have heavily influenced the vegetation 

development. During the last ca. 900 yr human influence 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

63

has been important, initially from grazing and trampling by 

domesticated animals (ca. 1000-500 cal. BP), and 

subsequently small-scale cereal growing (ca. 400-100 BP). 

Cutting, burning and animal browsing influenced the 

structure and dynamics of the swamp forest by creating a 

more open stand and suppressing tree regeneration. 

Recent cessation of human impact has led to increased 

tree regeneration and a denser swamp forest stand. The 

present high biodiversity, and subsequent conservation 

interest does not result from long-term stability or absence 

of fire and human impact. However, in spite of repeated 

disturbances, a continuity of old and senescent trees 

produced a forest type with abundant dead wood. With the 

relatively minor importance of fire over long periods of time, 

the swamp forest developed a structure maintaining a high 

biological diversity. An important issue for maintaining longterm biodiversity in the boreal landscape must be to create 

a mosaic where different forest types are present, with a 

variety of structures, substrates and processes, to provide a 

certain degree of freedom for species to move around in 

the landscape. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

229. Long-term response of northern pintails to 

changes in wetlands and agriculture in the Canadian 

Prairie Pothole Region. 

Podruzny, Kevin M.; DeVries, James H.; Armstrong, 

Llwellyn M.; and Rotella, Jay J. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 66(4): 993-1010. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ population dynamics/ 

habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North 

America/ Anas acuta (Anatidae): farming and agriculture/ 

population size/ semiaquatic habitat/ Canada/ Canadian 

Prairie Pothole region/ long term response to changes in 

wetlands and agriculture/ Anatidae/ Anseriformes/ Aves/ 

birds/ chordates/ vertebrates 

Abstract: From 1955 through the late 1970s, northern 

pintail (Anas acuta) populations closely tracked the 

abundance of spring ponds. Declines in numbers of both 

northern pintails (hereafter, pintails) and ponds were 

evident during years of drought. However, since the early 

1980s, the strength of the relationship between pintails and 

ponds has weakened greatly. Agricultural expansion on 

primary breeding grounds has been implicated as the 

cause of sustained pintail declines, but previous studies 

investigated pintail response only at large geographic 

scales (e.g., prairie-wide, stratum level). Potentially 

important effects of localized or multiscale changes in 

wetlands and agriculture on pintails are not well 

understood. Using data from the Canadian Prairie Pothole 

Region for 1961 to 1996, we investigated spatial and 

temporal covariation of pintail numbers with environmental 

factors (pond numbers and wetness indices) and 

agriculture at various scales. Models best supported by the 

data indicated that pintails responded positively to winter 

precipitation but with important regional variation and 

positively to pond numbers in some locations (southwestern 

Saskatchewan and southern Alberta). Results also 

indicated that pintail settling was better explained 

(increases in R2 values of 0.05-0.06) using information 

about specific agricultural practices than about overall 

increases in farmed area. At a prairie-wide scale, we 

detected a negative association between settling and 

increased cropland area. At regional scales, settling was 

positively associated to various degrees with area in fallow 

(i.e., summerfallow - land tilled but not planted to crop in a 

given year). Both associations were strengthened with 

higher winter precipitation. Because cropland stubble is 

used readily as a nesting habitat by pintails and spring 

tillage of fields not used for summerfallow destroys nests, a 

shift from summerfallow to continuous cropping in the 

Prairie Pothole Region of Canada may have reduced the 

reproductive capacity of pintails in important breeding 

areas. In regions with characteristics that historically have 

attracted pintails to settle, we encourage land managers to 

promote agricultural practices that minimize use of spring 

tillage, convert cropland to perennial forages and pasture, 

and protect and restore wetland and upland habitat. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

230. Managing water quality in wetlands with foresty 

BMP's. 

Rummer, Bob 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 4: 55-66. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=6412

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ nonpoint source 

pollution/ best management practices/ soil erosion 

Abstract: Forested wetlands are uniquely critical areas in 

forest operations that present special challenges to protect 

water quality. These locations are a direct interface 

between the impacts of forest operations and water. BMP's 

are designed to minimize nonpoint source pollution, but 

much of the science behind current guidelines is based on 

an understanding of erosion processes in upland situations. 

In wetlands and around temporary stream crossings, 

redirection of flow, sedimentation processes, and 

alterations of flow velocity become important. Existing 

forested wetland BMP's appear to adequately address 

water quality protection. If existing BMP's became 

prescriptive regulations, however, there is potential for misapplication and unintended ecological impacts. 

231. Mechanical deep placement of nitrogen in wetland 

rice. 

Bautista, E. U.; Koike, M.; and Suministrado, D. C. 

Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 78(4): 

333-346. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 58.8 J82; ISSN: 0021-8634 

Descriptors: Oryza sativa/ nitrogen fertilizers/ losses from 

soil/ pollution control/ rice/ flooded conditions/ literature 

reviews/ Asia 

Abstract: Deep placement of nitrogenous fertilizer (N) is an 

alternative for increasing the N use efficiency of wetland 

rice besides minimizing the adverse effects of fertilizers on 

the environment. It has been found to limit the loss of N due 

to surface runoff, leaching, volatilization and denitrification 

that lead to reduction in applied N. Different machines as 

well as N materials (granular, urea supergranules or 

briquettes, liquid N) have been introduced for this method. 

Although deep placement of fertilizer increased N use 

efficiency in rice-growing countries, the machines meant for 

this purpose have not been well accepted due to problems 

in performance consistency and commercial unavailability 

or extra cost of recommended materials. Despite these 

problems, however, several prototypes have shown 

potential but their acceptance maybe limited unless these 

promising mechanisms are adapted into a system that 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

64

addresses the field and socio-economic conditions of Asian 

farmers. A fertilizer management system that combines 

machine deep placement, crop establishment and farmers' 

timing of application using the commercially available 

materials could enhance adoption of the technology. 

Further refinements of the promising devices as well as 

addressing farmers' constraints are, thus, recommended for 

a better acceptance of deep placement in the rice-growing 

countries of Asia. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

232. Microbial communities in the phyllosphere of 

grasses on fenland at different intensities of 

management. 

Behrendt, U.; Stauber, T.; and Muller, T. 

Grass and Forage Science 59(2): 169-179. (June 2004) 

NAL Call #: 60.19 B773; ISSN: 0142-5242 

Descriptors: pasture management/ harvest date/ extensive 

farming/ fen soils/ fens/ forage quality/ energy content/ 

phyllosphere/ microbial ecology/ microorganisms/ 

population density/ Germany 

Abstract: The effects of changes from conventional 

grassland management on fenland in Germany to 

extensification due to reduced fertilizer inputs and cutting 

frequency on the microbial colonization in the phyllosphere 

were investigated. A delay in the first cut for silage and hay, 

required by a nature conservation programme, was 

accompanied by the senescence of grasses which 

significantly influenced certain microbial groups. 

Heterotrophic bacteria, aerobic and anaerobic sporeformers, as well as filamentous fungi, showed an increase 

in population densities on the mature herbage of the later 

cuts. Differences in the rate of fertilizer application and 

cutting frequency, which had an effect on the dry-matter 

yield, also influenced the population density of 

heterotrophic bacteria and, in certain circumstances, that of 

filamentous fungi. Chemical measures of forage quality 

were highly correlated with the population density of 

microbial groups and with the maturity of the herbage. In 

contrast to these results, the population dynamics of further 

groups of micro-organisms (yeasts, Micrococcaceae, 

listeria) did not show any relationship with pasture 

management. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

233. The microdistribution of three uncommon 

freshwater gastropods in the drainage ditches of 

British grazing marshes. 

Watson, Alisa M. and Ormerod, S. J. 

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

14(3): 221-236. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A67; ISSN: 1052-7613 

Descriptors: wetlands/ spatial distribution/ grazing/ 

drainage systems/ habitat changes/ vegetation changes/ 

drainage ditches/ gastropods/ marshes/ benthos/ snails/ 

habitat selection/ drainage water/ freshwater molluscs/ rare 

species/ microhabitats/ ecological distribution/ dissolved 

oxygen/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ environment 

management/ aquatic plants/ nature conservation/ 

environmental factors/ Segmentina nitida/ Anisus vorticulus/ 

Valvata macrostoma/ British Isles, England/ grazing 

marshes/ drainage ditches/ molluscs/ streamflow and 

runoff/ water resources and supplies/ behaviour/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: The gastropods Segmentina nitida, Anisus 

vorticulus and Valvata macrostoma occur in drainage 

ditches on grazing marshes that are now among the most 

threatened wetland systems in western Europe. Although 

each of these species is listed in the UK Red Data Book 

(RDB) and Biodiversity Action Plan, influences on their 

distribution are poorly understood. 2. To improve 

management information, the within-channel distributions of 

the three snails were examined in 20 ditches in southeast 

England. Abundance, vegetation cover and other 

environmental factors were recorded across the ditch 

profile near the surface (<0.2m) and at depth (<0.15m from 

the benthos). 3. All three species were significantly more 

abundant near the surface than at depth. Below 0.6m, 

ditches had significantly reduced concentrations of 

dissolved oxygen (<0.6 mg L super(-1), <5% saturation), 

possibly sufficient to limit the occurrence of gastropods 

dependent wholly or partly on aqueous gas exchange. 4. 

There were no other systematic variations in abundance 

between the ditch margins and centre channel. However, 

across all ditches and samples in the survey, each species' 

abundance varied significantly with vegetation structure. S. 

nitida was most numerous where there was least open 

water and hence most vegetation, V. macrostoma among 

emergent stands and A. vorticulus in ditches with floating 

vegetation but few submerged plants. 5. These 

microdistributional data support large-scale surveys in 

illustrating the potential importance of vegetation 

management for these snails; providing that other 

requirements are satisfied, ditch management could favour 

each RDB species by optimizing particular vegetation 

features. Apparent preferences for vegetation structure 

rather than particular channel locations suggest that 

refuges left during ditch clearance could be located 

anywhere in the ditch. Factors that reduce oxygen 

concentrations below 1mg L super(-1), such as 

eutrophication, might be detrimental. 

© CSA 

234. Mineralization of norflurazon in a cranberry bog 

soil: Laboratory evaluations of management practices. 

Savin, M. C. and Amador, J. A. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 27(5): 1234-1239. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bog soils/ herbicides/ organic 

compounds/ environment/ mineralization/ norflurazon/ soil/ 

management/ soil water/ fertilizers/ sand/ amendments/ 

respiration/ application rates/ chemical control/ weed 

control/ fruit crops/ temperate fruits 

Abstract: The herbicide norflurazon is used in cranberry 

(Vaccinium macrocarpon) cultivation to control annual 

grasses, sedges, and broadleaf weeds, in New England, 

Wisconsin, and other parts of the northern USA. The 

potential effects of cranberry cultivation practices, soil 

moisture control, fertilization, sand addition, and herbicide 

application rate, on mineralization of norflurazon in a bog 

soil were evaluated in a laboratory study. Optimal soil 

moisture for norflurazon mineralization was between 80 and 

90% of water-holding capacity (WHC) in soil from the Oi 

and A horizons. Saturating the soil reduced the rate of 

norflurazon mineralization significantly. By contrast, soil 

respiration was maximal at 25% of WHC in both horizons. 

Addition of inorganic P increased soil respiration, but did 

not affect norflurazon mineralization significantly. Addition 

of inorganic N plus P increased soil respiration in the A, but 

not Oi, horizon and significantly decreased norflurazon 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

65

mineralization in the Oi horizon. Sand addition had no 

significant effect on norflurazon mineralization. 

Mineralization was affected by herbicide application rate, 

with the rate of mineralization increasing proportionally with 

increasing concentration from 0.75 to 7.5 mg norflurazon/kg 

soil. The mineralization of 14C-norflurazon was slow for all 

of the agronomic practices evaluated, indicating that the 

potential for norflurazon to accumulate in cranberry bog 

soils may be high. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

235. Mobilization of pesticides on an agricultural 

landscape flooded by a torrential storm. 

Donald, David B.; Hunter, Fraser G.; Sverko, Ed; Hill, 

Bernard D.; and Syrgiannis, Jim 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24(1): 

2-10. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: natural disasters/ agrochemicals [analysis]/ 

herbicides [analysis]/ insecticides [analysis]/ water 

pollutants, chemical [analysis]/ ecosystem/ rain [chemistry]/ 

Saskatchewan/ solubility/ time factors 

Abstract: Mobilization of pesticides into surface waters of 

flooded agricultural landscapes following extreme 

precipitation events has not been previously investigated. 

After receiving 96 mm of rain in the previous 45 d, the 

Vanguard area of southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, 

was subjected to a torrential storm on July 3, 2000, that 

produced as much as 375 mm of rain in 8 h. The majority of 

herbicides, but no insecticides, would have been applied to 

crops in the Vanguard area during the four weeks 

preceding the storm. After the storm, 19 herbicides and 

insecticides were detected in flooded wetlands, with 14 of 

them detected in 50% or more of wetlands. Average 

concentrations ranged from 0.43 ng/L (endosulfan) to 362 

ng/L (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacedic acid). The pesticides 

probably were from long-range transport, followed by 

deposition in rain, and from herbicides applied to crops 

within the area subjected to the storm (1,700 km2). In the 

following year, when only 62 mm of rain fell in the same 45 

d, only five pesticides were detected in 50% or more of 

wetlands. We estimated that for the 1,700-km2 storm zone, 

278 kg of herbicide were mobilized into rain and by runoff 

into surface waters, and 105 kg were removed from the 

Vanguard area by discharge into Notukeu Creek. 

Significant quantities of herbicides are mobilized to aquatic 

environments when prairie agricultural landscapes are 

subjected to torrential storms. In these circumstances, 

flooded wells and small municipal reservoirs used as 

sources of drinking water may be compromised by 10 or 

more pesticides, some at relatively high concentrations. 

© NISC 

236. Modeling impacts of management on carbon 

sequestration and trace gas emissions in forested 

wetland ecosystems. 

Li, Changsheng and Cui, Jianbo 

Environmental Management 33(Supplement 1): S176-

S186. (2004) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/21358

Descriptors: wetlands/ silvicultural practices/ lowland 

forests/ carbon sequestration/ gas emissions 

Abstract: A process- based model, Wetland-DNDC, was 

modified to enhance its capacity to predict the impacts of 

management practices on carbon sequestration in and 

trace gas emissions from forested wetland ecosystems. 

The modifications included parameterization of 

management practices fe.g., forest harvest, chopping, 

burning, water management, fertilization, and tree planting), 

inclusion of detailed anaerobic biogeochemical processes 

for wetland soils, nd utilization of hydrological models for 

quantifying water table variations. A 150-year management 

scenario consisting of three stages of wetland forest, 

deforestationidrainage, and wetland restoration was 

simulated with the Wetland-DNDC for two wetlands in 

Minnesota and Florida, USA. The impacts of the 

management scenario on carbon ecosystem exchange, 

methane emission, and nitrous oxide emission were 

quantified and assessed. The results suggested that: (1) 

the same management scenario produced very different 

consequences on global warming due to the contrast 

climate conditions; and (2) methane and nitrous oxide 

fluxes played nonnegligible roles in mitigation in 

comparison with carbon sequestration. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

237. Modelling water allocation between a wetland and 

irrigated agriculture in the Gediz Basin, Turkey. 

De Voogt, K.; Kite, G.; Droogers, P.; and Murray-Rust, H. 

International Journal of Water Resources Development

16(4): 639-650. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD201.I56; ISSN: 0790-0627 

Descriptors: wetlands/ irrigation/ birds/ wildlife 

management/ bromides/ agriculture/ water allocation/ base 

flow/ rivers/ water supply/ irrigation/ birds/ flow/ streams (in 

natural channels)/ water supplies/ Turkey 

Abstract: The Kus Cenneti is a wetland in the Gediz River 

Delta in Turkey. Part of it needs a large supply of low saline 

water to ensure the survival of endangered bird species. 

Any increase must be supplied at the expense of the 

upstream irrigated agriculture. The effects of basin water 

reallocation on water availability and crop productivity were 

evaluated using a semi-distributed hydrological model 

(SLURP). It was found that, during the irrigation season, 

increased wetland water demand causes increased loss in 

yield to irrigated agriculture and, outside this period, the 

water supply is limited by the Gediz River minimum base 

flow. 

© CSA 

238. Monitoring the hydrology of Canadian prairie 

wetlands to detect the effects of climate change and 

land use changes. 

Conly, F. M. and Van Der Kamp, G. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 67(1-2): 195-

215. (Feb. 2001-Mar. 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: environmental monitoring/ climatic changes/ 

hydrology/ prairies/ land use/ semiarid environments/ 

agriculture/ environmental management/ prairie/ climate/ 

monitoring/ man-induced effects/ ecosystems/ water 

balance/ habitats/ waterfowl/ water level/ ecology/ climatic 

change influences on wetlands/ land use effects on 

wetlands/ wetlands hydrology/ Canada/ management/ 

environmental action/ water resources and supplies/ 

protective measures and control/ swamps, marshes 

Abstract: There are millions of small isolated wetlands in 

the semi-arid Canadian prairies. These 'sloughs' are 

refuges for wildlife in an area that is otherwise intensively 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

66

used for agriculture. They are particularly important as 

waterfowl habitat, with more than half of all North American 

ducks nesting in prairie sloughs. The water levels and 

ecology of the wetlands are sensitive to atmospheric 

change and to changes of agricultural practices in the 

surrounding fields. Monitoring of the hydrological conditions 

of the wetlands across the region is vital for detecting longterm trends and for studying the processes that control the 

water balance of the wetlands. Such monitoring therefore 

requires extensive regional-scale data complemented by 

intensive measurements at a few locations. At present, 

wetlands are being enumerated across the region once 

each year and year-round monitoring is being carried out at 

a few locations. The regional-scale data can be statistically 

related to regional climate data, but such analyses cast little 

light on the hydrological processes and have limited 

predictive value when climate and land use are changing. 

The intensive monitoring network has provided important 

insights but it now needs to be expanded and revised to 

meet new questions concerning the effects of climate 

change and land use. 

© CSA 

239. Movement and retention of propanil n-(3,4-

dichlorophenyl)propanamide in a paddy-riverine 

wetland system in Sri Lanka. 

Perera, Ajantha; Burleigh, James R.; and Davis, Craig B. 

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 72(3): 

255-263. (1999) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ pesticides/ pollution 

assessment control and management/ paddy soil 

chemistry/ paddy riverine wetland system/ plant tissue 

chemistry/ water chemistry/ wetland biota safety/ wild edible 

plant contamination 

Abstract: Propanil N-(3,4,-dichlorophenyl)propanamide is 

commonly used as a post-emergent herbicide in paddy rice 

cultivation in Sri Lanka. This study examined propanil 

concentrations in paddy soil and water, in water and 

substrate of adjacent wetlands receiving runoff from the 

paddy and in tissues of two wetland macrophytes common 

in those wetlands. Field sampling was carried out during 

the wet season of 1993-1994 and the 1994 dry season. 

Propanil was detected in paddy soil and in paddy and 

wetland water samples as late as 14 days after treatment 

(DAT). It was not detected in the wetland substrate, but 

relatively high concentrations were found in leaf and stem 

tissues of the edible plants Ipomoea aquatica and 

Limnocharis flava 52 DAT in the wet season, but it was not 

detectable by 132 DAT. Tissue concentrations during the 

dry season were less consistent. This accumulation and 

retention by macrophytes may be important factors in 

reducing propanil concentrations in the wetland water 

below levels shown to be acutely toxic to other wetland 

biota. But, propanil so retained may pose a danger to 

humans who gather and eat these wetland plants regularly 

and who may, over several months, accumulate sufficient 

propanil to be harmful to their health. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

240. Nitrate behaviour in the groundwater of a 

headwater wetland, Chiba, Japan. 

Tang, Changyuan; Azuma, Kazuaki; Iwami, Yoshifumi; Ohji, 

Baku; and Sakura, Yasuo 

Hydrological processes 18(16): 3159-3168. (2004) 

NAL Call #: GB651.H93; ISSN: 0885-6087 

Descriptors: chemistry of groundwater/ nitrate in 

groundwater/ chemistry of wetlands/ water pollution 

sources/ groundwater pollution/ nitrates/ seepage/ 

piezometers/ denitrification/ wastewater disposal/ 

groundwater basins/ fertilizers/ spring water/ groundwater 

recharge/ path of pollutants/ groundwater discharge/ Japan, 

Honshu, Chiba Prefect./ chemical and physico-chemical 

properties: hardness, taste and odour, salinity, chemical 

content/ sources and fate of pollution/ water pollution: 

monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: A wetland is an important part of the headwater 

in the discharge area of a basin. It controls not only 

groundwater discharge such as seepage or springs, but 

also the migration of chemical matter from the basin. In 

order to make clear how and where natural attenuation 

processes happen in wetlands, a typical headwater in 

Chiba, Japan, was chosen for an investigation of the 

behaviour of nitrate in groundwater. From the viewpoint of 

hydro-geomorphology, the wetland in the study site can be 

divided into three zones: the shallow water-table zone, the 

seepage zone, and the spring zone along the downstream 

direction. There were six piezometer groups; each group 

contained four piezometers, individually set at depths of 1, 

2, 3 and 4 m. Major ions and Î ́ super(15)N of groundwater 

from piezometers, wells and springs were analysed. It was 

found that nitrate in groundwater mainly came from the 

fertilizers used in the upstream recharge area of the study 

site. When the groundwater moved up across the wetland, 

nitrate concentration in the groundwater decreased rapidly 

in the shallow water-table zone due to denitrification. 

Nitrate-free water can be found at the seepage zone. 

However, the behaviour of nitrate in the spring water was 

different from that in the seepage zone, since both dilution 

and denitrification processes were involved in the decrease 

of nitrate concentration in groundwater. In particular, the 

dilution process mainly controlled the decline of nitrate at 

the location where the nitrate-free groundwater flowing 

horizontally from the seepage zone mixed with the highnitrate groundwater flowing upward before emerging as a 

spring. It was also found that denitrification only occurs 

suddenly in a narrow zone or a thin layer of the order of a 

few metres. 

© CSA 

241. Nutrient removals associated with harvesting 

peatland black spruce forest. 

Teng, Y.; Foster, N. W.; Hazlett, P.; and Morrison, I. K. 

In: Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and 

Management/ Trettin, C. C.; Jurgensen, M. F.; Grigal, D. F.; 

Gale, M. R.; and Jeglum, J. K. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Lewis, 1997; pp. 341-352. 

Notes: ISBN: 1566701775 

NAL Call #: SD410.9.N67 1997 

Descriptors: Picea mariana/ Ontario 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

67

242. Occurrence of aquatic invertebrates of the 

wheatbelt region of western Australia in relation to 

salinity. 

Pinder, A. M.; Halse, S. A.; McRae, J. M.; and Shiel, R. J. 

Hydrobiologia 543(1): 1-24. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: aquatic invertebrates/ salinisation/ salinity 

tolerance/ western Australia/ groundwater/ plants (botany)/ 

saline water/ surveying/ vegetation/ dryland salinity/ 

halophilic species/ salinization/ biodiversity/ conservation 

status/ wetland/ Australia/ fresh water/ ground water/ 

plants/ salinity/ surveying/ water animals/ water biology/ 

Australasia/ Eastern Hemisphere/ Animalia/ Invertebrata 

Abstract: The wheatbelt region of Western Australia has 

been extensively cleared of indigenous vegetation for 

agriculture and is now severely affected by dryland salinity. 

Wetlands that were once freshwater are now saline and 

others are under threat, as are the animals and plants that 

inhabit them. Rising groundwater is also affecting the many 

naturally saline playas. To provide a framework for setting 

conservation priorities in this region a biological survey was 

undertaken, including sampling of aquatic invertebrates at 

230 wetlands. In this paper, we have used data from the 

survey to summarise occurrence of species in relation to 

salinity. Total species richness at a wetland showed no 

response to salinity below 4.1 g l-1 and then declined 

dramatically as salinity increased. When halophilic species 

were excluded from consideration, species richness was 

found to decline from 2.6 g l-1. These patterns are 

compared to previous studies of richness-salinity 

relationships. There is some evidence that the freshwater 

invertebrate fauna of the wheatbelt may be comparatively 

salt tolerant, with 46% of freshwater species collected at 

salinities above 3 g l-1 and 17% above 10 g l-1, though 

these proportions differed between various invertebrate 

groups. While this tolerance will provide a buffer against the 

effects of mild salinisation, many species are at risk of 

regional extinction as salinisation becomes more 

widespread. © Springer 2005. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

243. Odonates as biological indicators of grazing 

effects on Canadian prairie wetlands. 

Foote, A. L. and Hornung, C. L. R. 

Ecological Entomology 30(3): 273-283. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QL461 .E4; ISSN: 0307-6946 

Descriptors: Odonata/ aquatic invertebrates/ bioindicators/ 

grazing/ environmental impact/ prairies/ species diversity/ 

vegetation/ wetland plants/ emergent plants/ water quality/ 

Alberta 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

244. Perspectives for incorporating biomass from nonintensively managed temperate flood-meadows into 

farming systems. 

Donath, Tobias W.; Hoelzel, Norbert; Bissels, Stephanie; 

and Otte, Annette 

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 104(3): 

439-451. (2004) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: agriculture/ biogeography: population studies/ 

climatology: environmental sciences/ soil science/ terrestrial 

ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ biomass 

incorporation/ forage quality/ grassland restoration/ 

temperate flood meadow/ vegetation alliance 

arrhenatherion/ vegetation alliance cnidion/ vegetation 

alliance magnocaricon 

Abstract: Due to their high value for biodiversity 

preservation, flood mitigation and nutrient retention, the recreation of flood-meadows is presently one of the main 

targets in restoration projects along large central European 

lowland rivers. Like other semi-natural grasslands, floodmeadows depend on adequate agricultural management to 

fulfil these important ecological functions. To achieve this in 

an ecologically and economically sensible way, the 

prospects for incorporating management and biomass 

utilisation in farming systems appears to be a key issue. 

Differences in yield and forage quality in extensivelymanaged flood-meadows were studied with respect to 

vegetation type, site conditions, management history, 

species-richness and nature conservation value. The study 

covers the most important alluvial grassland communities in 

the floodplain of the northern Upper Rhine (alliances 

Arrhenatherion. Cnidion, Magnocaricion), which are 

typically ordered along an elevational gradient of increasing 

flooding frequency. Gradients in flooding frequency 

between the different grassland communities and difference 

between classes were clearly reflected by floristic 

composition in Detrended Correspondence Analysis. In 

contrast. there were only minor differences in terms of soil 

nutrient status, which are consistent with relatively small 

differences in yield and forage quality. particularly in the 

drier Arrhenatherion-communities. In Cnidion meadows, 

yield and fodder quality were both raised in classes of 

higher nature conservation value, most likely due to a shift 

in functional groups towards sedges. herbs and legumes. 

However, in contrast to hypotheses recently made by 

several authors, no general relationship between speciesrichness and productivity was found. We discuss the 

implications of the results for restoration practice, 

management strategies and agricultural utilisation of 

species-rich flood-meadows. Copyright 2004 Elsevier B.V. 

All rights reserved. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

245. Pesticide inputs and risks in coastal wetlands. 

Clark, J. R.; Lewis, M. A.; and Pait, A. S. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 

2225-2233. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticide pollution/ pesticides/ 

environmental effects/ ecosystems/ risks/ environmental 

impact/ coastal zone/ agricultural runoff/ ecological effects/ 

ecotoxicology/ agricultural runoff/ ecological effects/ coastal 

zones/ pesticide pollution/ risks/ environmental impact/ 

coastal zone/ environmental effects/ environmental impact/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ freshwater pollution/ 

environment/ characteristics, behavior and fate 

Abstract: Coastal wetland habitats may receive pesticide 

inputs indirectly from agricultural and forest control of 

weeds and insects in upland drainage areas; indirectly or 

directly from weed, insect, and biofouling control from 

development of adjacent lands for agricultural, recreational, 

or residential uses; and directly from control activities 

practiced within wetlands for protection of public health or 

for nuisance abatement. Persistent and bioaccumulative 

pesticides used at upland sites have threatened coastal 

wetland biota. For more biodegradable contemporary 

pesticides, concerns for ecological impact are more a 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

68

function of the proximity of the site of application relative to 

the wetland, and time available for degradation and 

sorption. In addition, the rate and extent of localized mixing, 

flushing, and stratification within the wetland can greatly 

affect exposure concentrations and durations for wetland 

biota. The short-term, direct toxic effects of pesticides on 

aquatic biota inhabiting coastal wetlands have been 

characterized in laboratory and field studies; however, 

assessment of the cumulative and indirect effects of 

repeated exposures to multiple chemicals at sublethal 

concentrations is a major research need. 

© CSA 

246. Pesticides in Esteros del Ibera (AR): Evaluation of 

impacts and proposal of guidelines for water quality 

protection. 

Silva, C.; Boia, C.; Valente, J.; and Borrego, C. 

Ecological Modelling 186(1): 85-97. (July 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides/ insecticides/ models/ 

endosulfan/ water quality/ carbofuran/ aquatic ecosystems/ 

standards/ cultures/ model studies/ protection/ rice/ aquatic 

life/ mass spectrometry/ regulations/ ecosystems/ 

monitoring/ gas chromatography/ physicochemical 

properties/ lagoons/ evaluation/ modelling/ pollution 

monitoring/ chromatographic techniques/ rice fields/ maninduced effects/ oryza sativa/ Argentina/ rice/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ identification of 

pollutants/ characteristics, behavior and fate 

Abstract: This work is within the framework of a project 

where the overall objective is to create the methodology for 

a sustainable management of an important wetland in 

Argentina, "Esteros del Ibera". Rice culture has been 

identified as the main anthropogenic activity, being 

necessary to evaluate the impacts of pesticides used in rice 

culture on the aquatic ecosystem. The purpose of this 

paper is to evaluate the impacts of pesticides used in rice 

culture through the use of a Mackay's model, to identify the 

potentially more contaminated environmental 

compartments, and identify their toxicological and 

physicochemical properties. Based on the results of the 

model, water samples were collected and two insecticides 

(endosulfan and carbofuran) were analysed using the solidphase microextraction (SPME) extraction technique with 

detection by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry 

(GC-MS). To create a decision tool based on monitorization 

results, pesticide guidelines for water quality (drinking and 

for aquatic life protection) were calculated and compared 

with the available international regulations for pesticides; 

conservative guidelines are recommended. The results of 

pesticides analysis were compared with these guidelines; 

some results exceeded the international guidelines (mainly 

the values for protection of aquatic life) in particular those 

from samples taken close to the discharge points and due 

to the presence of the more toxic insecticide endosulfan; 

however, the impact of pesticides on most waters of the 

lagoon Ibera seems not yet to be very significant, but 

monitoring of impacts and careful use of pesticides, 

specially insecticides, should be observed in the future. 

© CSA 

247. Phosphorus concentration and forms in surface 

and subsurface drainage water from wetland rice fields 

in the Shaoxing plain. 

Zhang, Mingkui; Jiang, Hong; and Liu, Xingmei 

Pedosphere 13(3): 239-248. (Aug. 2003) 

NAL Call #: S590 .P43; ISSN: 1002-0160 

Descriptors: wetlands/ subsurface drainage/ rice/ drought/ 

phosphorus/ surface drainage/ fertilization/ cultivated lands/ 

surface water/ limiting factors/ subsurface irrigation/ rapid 

flow/ agricultural runoff/ fertilizers/ soil profile/ preferential 

flow/ China, People's Rep./ sources and 

fate of pollution 

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) is the limiting factor for 

eutrophication in most freshwater ecosystems. In China, P 

transported from intensively cultivated land has been 

reported as an important source of P in surface waters. In 

this study, we investigated P concentration and forms in 

surface and subsurface drainage from wetland rice fields in 

the Shaoxing plain, Zhejiang Province, China. From 

selected rice fields, surface drainage samples were 

collected at rice-growing, non-growing and fertilization 

periods, and subsurface drainage samples at drought and 

rewetting (irrigation or precipitation after 5-10 d drought 

period in the surface soils) and wet (drainage under longterm wet soil condition) periods. Water samples were 

characterized for their total reactive P (TRP), dissolved 

reactive P (DRP) and particulate reactive P (PRP). 

Concentrations of the TRP and DRP in the surface 

drainage ranged from 0.08 to 1.50 and 0.06 to 1.27 mg L 

super(-1), respectively. The TRP and DRP were dependent 

on field operation activities, and decreased in the order of 

fertilization period > rice-growing period > non-growing 

period. Phosphorus concentration of runoff receiving P 

fertilizer can be an environmental concern. The PRP 

concentration in the surface drainage, ranging from 0.01 to 

0.57 mg L super(-1), accounted for 8%-78% of the TRP. 

Concentration of the TRP in the subsurface drainage was 

from 0.026 to 0.090 mg L super(-1), consisting of 29%-90% 

of the DRP and 10%-71% of the PRP. In the drought and 

rewetting period, the PRP accounted for, on average, 63% 

of the TRP, much higher than in the wet period (23%), 

suggesting that there was transport of P in preferential flow 

during drainage events after a short-term drought period in 

the surface soils. Therefore, P losses in particulate form 

may be important in the subsurface drainage from rice 

fields when surface soils form cracks and favor rapid flow 

downward through the soil profiles, suggesting the 

important role of water-dispersible colloid particles in 

mediating and co-transporting P in the subsurface drainage 

of rice fields. 

© CSA 

248. Post-fire vegetation change and bird use of a salt 

marsh in coastal Argentina. 

Isacch, J. P.; Holz, S.; Ricci, L.; and Martinez, M. M. 

Wetlands 24(2): 235-243. (2004) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ burns/ fires/ salt marshes/ 

habitat/ vegetation/ biosphere reserves/ burning/ plant 

populations/ environmental impact/ community composition/ 

aquatic plants/ food availability/ man-induced effects/ fire/ 

ecosystem management/ biodiversity/ ecological 

succession/ coastal zone/ habitat selection/ Spartina/ 

structure/ birds/ habitats/ forages/ incineration/ species 

composition/ Juncus/ Spartina/ Spartina densiflora/ Aves/ 

Juncus acutus/ Argentina/ Argentina, Pampa/ birds 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

69

Abstract: Vegetation structure is an integral component of 

avian habitat selection. Therefore, structure changes 

caused by management practices can influence avian 

communities. The salt marshes of the pampas region of 

Argentina have experienced an increase in fire use as a 

management tool to improve cattle forage and to avoid 

accidental fires. A spring burn of 200 ha of salt marsh in 

Mar Chiquita Biosphere Reserve, Argentina, in September 

1995, allowed us to compare the response of birds 

associated with two vegetation communities, one 

dominated by Spartina densiflora (Spartina marsh) and 

another dominated by Juncus acutus (Juncus marsh) from 

one month to one year post-burn. We recorded changes in 

plant species composition and vegetation structure (height 

and cover) at 40 days after the burn and every season for 

the subsequent year. Fire reduced total cover of both plant 

communities. Juncus marsh recovered pre-burn structure 

and bird community by one year post-fire. However, 

Spartina marsh recovery was incomplete in that period. 

Relative abundances of bird species that used unburned 

Juncus marsh were similar to those in burned Juncus 

marsh in the spring period one year after the burn. Plant 

height at the burned Spartina marsh did not reach that of 

the unburned Spartina in 12 months; red-capped wrenspinetail (Spartonoica maluroides), a rare tall-grassdependent species, settled burned parcels at lower relative 

abundances than in unburned habitat. Because species 

that first use the burned patches are very common and 

widespread in other habitats, and excessive burning may 

reduce available habitat for endangered or rare species, 

prescribed burns should be avoided in this region. 

© CSA 

249. Potential mineralization of four herbicides in a 

ground water-fed wetland area. 

Larsen, L.; Joergensen, C.; and Aamand, J. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(1): 24-30. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ herbicides/ mineralization/ 

groundwater/ agriculture/ catchment areas/ atrazine/ 

anaerobically/ pollution (groundwater)/ aerobic conditions/ 

groundwater pollution/ water pollution sources/ slurries/ 

aquifers/ mecoprop/ metsulfuron-methyl/ redox potential/ 

isoproturon 

Abstract: Herbicides may leach from agricultural fields into 

ground water feeding adjacent wetlands. However, only 

little is known of the fate of herbicides in wetland areas. The 

purpose of the study was to examine the potential of a 

riparian fen to mineralize herbicides that could leach from 

an adjacent catchment area. Slurries were prepared from 

sediment and ground water collected from different parts of 

a wetland representing different redox conditions. The 

slurries were amended with O sub(2), NO sub(3) super(-), 

SO sub(4) super(2-), and CO sub(2), or CO sub(2) alone as 

electron acceptors to simulate the in situ conditions and 

their ability to mineralize the herbicides mecoprop, 

metsulfuron-methyl, isoproturon and atrazine. In addition, 

the abundance of bacteria able to utilize O sub(2), NO 

sub(3) super(-), SO sub(4) super(2-) + CO sub(2), and CO 

sub(2) as electron acceptors was investigated along with 

the O sub(2)-reducing and methanogenic potential of the 

sediment. The recalcitrance to bacterial degradation 

depended on both the type of herbicide and the redox 

conditions pertaining. Mecoprop was the most readily 

degraded herbicide, with 36% of [ring-Usuper(14)C]mecoprop being mineralized to super(14)CO 

sub(2) under aerobic conditions after 473 d. In comparison, 

approximately 29% of [phenyl-U- super(14)C]metsulfuronmethyl and 16% of [ring-U- super(14)C]isoproturon 

mineralized in aerobic slurries during the same period. 

Surprisingly, 8 to 13% of mecoprop also mineralized under 

anaerobic conditions. Neither metsulfuron-methyl nor 

isoproturon were mineralized under anaerobic conditions 

and atrazine was not mineralized under any of the redox 

conditions examined. The present study is the first to report 

mineralization of mecoprop in ground water in a wetland 

area, and the first to report mineralization of a 

phenoxyalcanoic acid herbicide under both aerobic and 

anaerobic conditions. 

© CSA 

250. A preliminary study of the effects of drainage and 

harvesting on water quality in ombrotrophic bogs near 

Sept-Iles, Quebec. 

Moore, T. R. 

Water Resources Bulletin 23(5): 785-791. (1987) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 AM34; ISSN: 0043-1370 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bogs/ drainage/ peat/ harvesting/ 

water quality/ runoff/ groundwater/ nutrients/ acidity/ 

Quebec 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

251. Regional biodiversity in an agricultural landscape: 

The contribution of seminatural habitat islands. 

Duelli, P. and Obrist, M. K. 

Basic and Applied Ecology 4(2): 129-138. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .B37 

Descriptors: arthropods/ biological diversity/ dispersal/ 

ecological compensation/ fauna/ greenveining 

Abstract: An important goal of ecological compensation 

measures in agricultural areas is the conservation and 

enhancement of regional species diversity. However, some 

current European agri-environment schemes seem to be 

rather ineffective. A likely explanation is the lack of source 

populations in intensely cultivated landscapes. Remnants of 

natural and seminatural habitats can contribute to regional 

biodiversity in various ways: as essential habitats for 

specialised species, as stepping stones, and as temporary 

habitats for hibernation, larval development, or 

preovipository feeding. The overall percentage of arthropod 

species, for which seminatural habitats are an essential 

prerequisite for living in an agricultural landscape, was 

assessed with a 5 km long transect of 18 standardised 

trapping stations. The transect extended from an isolated 

area of wetland through intensely managed crop fields and 

grassland to an isolated semiarid meadow bordered by 

mixed forest. For more than 1000 arthropod species the 

spatial and temporal distribution of a one year's catch along 

the transect was interpreted with regard to their affinity to 

seminatural habitats. Experts were asked to judge 

questionable cases of apparent ubiquist species. All in all, 

more than 63% of all animal species (except for soil and 

water fauna) living in the agriculturally managed areas of 

the Limpach valley seem to depend on the presence of 

seminatural habitats. We conclude that remnant islands of 

natural or seminatural habitats provide the most important 

source populations for agri-environment schemes in order 

to enhance biodiversity in an otherwise depleted 

agricultural landscape. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

70

252. Response of advance regeneration to intensity of 

harvest and fertilization on boreal wetlands. 

Teng, Y.; Bailey, S. E.; Foster, N. W.; and Hazlett, P. W. 

Forestry Chronicle 79(1): 119-126. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F7623; ISSN: 0015-7546 

Descriptors: black spruce/ clearcut/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ 

potassium 

Abstract: Post-harvest nutrient status and growth of 

understory black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) 

advance regeneration during the first seven years after 

harvest with advance regeneration protection (HARP) was 

evaluated on two boreal wetlands in northeastern Ontario. 

Three intensities of HARP were investigated: light, medium 

and heavy, corresponding to 35, 50, 100% basal area 

removal of merchantable trees. Limiting nutrients were 

diagnosed with a nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) potassium 

(K) fertilization trial. Release by HARP significantly 

improved foliar N by 43-214%,and P by 40-317%, 

stimulated needle mass by 13-114% and annual height 

increment of spruce by 6-50% on all three HARP 

treatments. Growth of spruce was statistically greater after 

heavy release than the other two HARP treatments by the 

sixth year. Fertilization with a combination of N and P 

further increased needle biomass and height increment by 

23-46% and 16-26%, respectively. Nitrogen and, secondly, 

P were limiting for rapid natural reestablishment of black 

spruce stands on boreal peatlands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

253. Restoration of riparian habitat using experimental 

flooding. 

Sprenger, M. D.; Smith, L. M.; and Taylor, J. P. 

Wetlands 22(1): 49-57. (Mar. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, New Mexico, Rio Grande 

River/ reservoirs/ riparian vegetation/ vegetation regrowth/ 

trees/ species composition/ survival/ mechanical control/ 

chemcontrol/ comparison studies/ drawdown/ 

environmental restoration/ riparian environments/ flooding/ 

herbicides/ pesticide applications/ habitat/ seedlings/ 

chemical treatment/ imazapyr/ impoundments/ endemic 

species/ water levels/ habitat improvement/ Tamarix 

ramosissima/ Populus deltoides/ USA, New Mexico, Rio 

Grande Valley/ saltcedar trees/ Eastern cottonwood/ control 

of water on the surface/ reclamation/ environmental action/ 

mechanical and natural changes/ general environmental 

engineering/ water and plants 

Abstract: We evaluated treatments designed to remove 

saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) monocultures from 

riparian habitats using root plows (mechanical treatment) 

and aerial applications of the herbicide imazapyr (chemical 

treatment) within twelve 4-ha impoundments in the Middle 

Rio Grande Valley in central New Mexico, USA. Following 

these treatments, impoundments were flooded and water 

levels were reduced to stimulate native species reestablishment from seed. Water manipulations within 

saltcedar-removal areas consisted of stage drawdowns of 5 

cm/day and 10 cm/day. Mechanically cleared areas had 

fewer saltcedar resprouts (26 resprouts/ha) than chemically 

treated areas (2,500 resprouts/ha). Saltcedar and 

cottonwood (Populus deltoides subsp. wislizinii) seedling 

density and cottonwood survival were greater in 

mechanically treated areas than in chemically treated 

areas. This effect is attributed to soil disturbance resulting 

from root plowing. Cottonwood seedling density and 

survival did not differ between 5 cm/day and 10 cm/day 

stage drawdowns and decreased throughout summer as a 

result of excessive moisture stress. The absence of a 

drawdown treatment effect indicates that both drawdowns 

were too fast for seedling roots to keep up with declining 

water tables. Seedlings that survived were using moisture 

from the unsaturated zone. 

© CSA 

254. A review of the effects of agricultural and 

industrial contamination on the Ebro Delta biota and 

wildlife. 

Manosa, S.; Mateo, R.; and Guitart, R. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 71(2): 

187-205. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: wildlife/ pesticides (organochlorine)/ pesticides 

(carbamates)/ industrial pollution/ pollution effects/ PCB/ 

pesticides/ pollution/ plants/ reviews/ contamination/ biota/ 

organochlorine compounds/ PCB compounds/ biological 

diversity/ rice fields/ aquatic birds/ deltas/ marine birds/ 

pollution monitoring/ pollution dispersion/ river discharge/ 

industrial wastes/ agricultural pollution/ agricultural runoff/ 

insecticides/ chlorinated hydrocarbons/ organic 

compounds/ phosphorus compounds/ water pollution 

sources/ polychlorinated biphenyls/ ecological effects/ 

aquatic populations/ water birds/ accumulation/ species 

diversity/ pollutants/ agriculture/ aquatic organisms/ 

environmental pollution/ wetlands pollution/ agricultural 

effects on surface waters/ industrial pollutants/ river water 

pollution/ pesticide environmental pollution/ herbicides in 

runoff/ polychlorinated biphenyls in soil/ Spain, Ebro R. 

Abstract: The Ebro Delta (NE Spain) is a 320 km super(2) 

wetland area of international importance for conservation. 

The area is devoted to rice farming and receives large 

amounts of pesticides. Industrial pollutants are also carried 

to the delta by the river. The information accumulated 

during the last 25 year on the effect of such pollution on the 

biota is reviewed in order to identify the existing gaps and 

needs for management. Organochlorine pesticides were 

legally used until 1977, which has resulted in the 

widespread presence of these compounds in the Ebro 

Delta biota. Lethal, sublethal or other detrimental effects of 

these pesticides on wildlife in the area were poorly 

investigated, but negative effects on the reproduction of 

ducks and herons were reported. Nowadays, 

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are the main responsible 

of organochlorine pollution in the area: concentrations in 

biota samples are higher than levels observed in nearby 

coastal areas, as a result of the significant PCB inputs by 

the river which, in 1990, were evaluated at 126 kg yr 

super(-1). The massive use of herbicides is thought to have 

contributed to the elimation of macrophyte vegetation in the 

lagoons during the eighties, which had strong 

consequences on diving ducks and coot populations. Weed 

control is also related to the loss of biodiversity held by rice 

fields. The massive and inadequate use of 

organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides (involving 

more than 20 000 t yr super(-1)) has produced some 

waterbird mortality events, and may have direct and indirect 

effects on other non-target organisms. The accumulation in 

the soil of lead pellets used in waterfowl shooting is 

estimated to kill some 16 300 waterbirds in the Ebro delta 

every year. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

71

255. The role of grazing in creating suitable sward 

structures for breeding waders in agricultural 

landscapes. 

Tichit, M.; Durant, D.; and Kerneis, E. 

Livestock Production Science 96(1): 119-128. (2005) 

NAL Call #: SF1.L5; ISSN: 0301-6226 

Descriptors: wetlands/ animal production/ coastal areas/ 

grass sward/ grazing/ habitats/ marshes/ nitrogen fertilizers/ 

plant height/ stand structure/ stocking rate 

Abstract: French wet grasslands support important 

populations of lapwings and other waders. Grazing 

management is a key issue in the use of grasslands by 

these birds since they are very sensitive to sward structure 

(height and heterogeneity). To assess the impact of 

different grazing regimes on sward structure during spring, 

sward height was repeatedly measured in a coastal marsh 

for 2 years. Sward structure was characterised by variables 

related to height classes and an index of heterogeneity. 

Grazing regimes were described by stocking rates per 

period and N fertilisation level. Heterogeneity index was 

quadratically related to mean sward height both years. Four 

types of sward structures were characterised through 

principal component analysis. Co-inertia analysis showed a 

strong relationship between grazing regimes and sward 

structure. However, during spring, the relationship between 

stocking rate and sward structure differed according to 

year, impact of grazing being greater during drought year. 

Suitable sward structures were observed for both lapwings 

and redshanks. Wader habitat management through 

grazing calls for more attention to be paid to the delayed 

effects of autumn and winter grazing regimes. Sward 

heterogeneity emerges as a new characteristic to control, 

because it may introduce new constraints for livestock 

production. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

256. The role of herbicides in the erosion of salt 

marshes in eastern England. 

Mason, C. F.; Underwood, G. J. C.; Baker, N. R.; Davey, P. 

A.; Davidson, I.; Hanlon, A.; Long, S. P.; Oxborough, K.; 

Paterson, D. M.; and Watson, A. 

Environmental Pollution 122(1): 41-49. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: agricultural development/ photosynthesis/ 

growth/ vegetation/ herbicides/ agriculture/ saltmarsh 

habitat/ impact of forestry or agriculture/ pollution, toxicity/ 

laboratory experiments/ fieldwork, field experiments/ 

Europe/ United Kingdom/ England 

Abstract: Laboratory studies and field trials were 

conducted to investigate the role of herbicides on saltmarsh 

vegetation, and their possible significance to saltmarsh 

erosion. Herbicide concentrations within the ranges present 

in the aquatic environment were found to reduce the 

photosynthetic efficiency and growth of both epipelic 

diatoms and higher saltmarsh plants in the laboratory and 

in situ. The addition of sublethal concentrations of 

herbicides resulted in decreased growth rates and 

photosynthetic efficiency of diatoms and photosynthetic 

efficiency of higher plants. Sediment stability also 

decreased due to a reduction in diatom EPS production. 

There was qualitative evidence that diatoms migrated 

deeper into the sediment when the surface was exposed to 

simazine, reducing surface sediment stability by the 

absence of a cohesive biofilm. Sediment loads on leaves 

severely reduced photosynthesis in Limonium vulgare. 

This, coupled with reduced carbon assimilation from the 

effects of herbicides, could have large negative 

consequences for plant productivity and over winter survival 

of saltmarsh plants. The data support the hypothesis that 

sublethal herbicide concentrations could be playing a role in 

the increased erosion of salt marshes that has occurred 

over the past 40 years. 

© NISC 

257. The role of the Conservation Reserve Program in 

relation to wildlife enhancement, wetlands and adjacent 

habitats in the northern Great Plains. 

Higgins, K. F.; Nomsen, D. E.; and Wentz, W. A. 

In: General Technical Report RM; Vol. 159. 

Fort Collins, Colo.: Rocky Mountain Forest and Range 

Experiment Station, 1987 

Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional 

conservation programs/ northern Great Plains 

Abstract: Focused on the value of CRP grasslands directly 

related to wetlands and their associated wildlife (primary 

migratory birds). 

258. Sampling of agrochemicals for environmental 

assessment in rice paddies: Dry tropical wetlands, 

Costa Rica. 

Loaiciga, H. A. and Robinson, T. H. 

Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 15(3): 

107-118. (1995) 

NAL Call #: GB1001.G76; ISSN: 1069-3629 

Descriptors: wetlands/ paddy soils/ pesticides/ fertilizers/ 

water quality/ water pollution/ soil pollution/ sampling/ 

tropics/ Costa Rica 

Abstract: This paper presents results from a preliminary 

sampling strategy developed to track agricultural 

contaminants found in surface and subsurface media and 

used commonly in rice paddy cultivation in the dry, tropical 

forest coastal region of Guanacaste, Costa Rica. The 

emphasis is on the impact of eight indicator pesticides, five 

forms of nitrogen and phosphorus that are common 

nutrients found in fertilizers. After the field sampling 

strategy was developed, soil and water samples were 

collected twice: once during the beginning of the wet 

season and once during the initiation of the dry season. 

Hydrological parameters, soil classifications, agricultural 

product toxicology, irrigation and drainage networks, 

cultivated areas, land ownership, and pristine environments 

have been studied, mapped, and entered into a database in 

order to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of 

potential contaminants and their pending ecological 

degradation. Alternative crops and agricultural practices are 

suggested to reduce or eliminate impacts on biological 

preserves. Database development and basin 

characteristics have been entered into a Geographic 

Information System (GIS) that is capable of fully integrating 

suggested site modeling. Field sampling results indicate 

that proposed rice paddy cultivation in a relatively 

undisturbed basin is likely to have minimal impact on 

downstream biological preserves. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

72

259. Simulating the impact of irrigation management on 

the water and salt balance in drained marsh soils 

(Marismas, Spain). 

Andreu, L.; Jarvis, N. J.; Moreno, F.; and Vachaud, G. 

Soil Use and Management 12(3): 109-111. (1996) 

Descriptors: marshes/ wetland soils/ clay soils/ drained 

conditions/ irrigation/ water management/ irrigation water/ 

irrigation scheduling/ soil water balance/ soil salts/ 

chlorides/ leaching/ water table/ simulation models/ 

application rate/ Spain 

Abstract: Using the simulation model MACRO, this paper 

investigates the likely consequences of reduced irrigation 

inputs on the water and salt balance and crop growth in a 

drained, saline clay in a Mediterranean climate (Marismas, 

SW Spain). The model was first successfully validated 

against field measurements of the soil water and chloride 

balance, water table depths and drain outflows in the 1989 

growing season. Three-year simulations were then 

performed assuming two different irrigation applications (60 

and 75% reductions from the 1989 amount) and two 

different frequencies (12 or 6 irrigations per growing 

season). The model predictions suggested that reduced 

irrigation may lead to up to a 15% increase in the chloride 

content of the soil profile after 3 years. Also, despite overall 

reductions in water discharge, slight increases in chloride 

leaching via field drains (c. 4 to 8%) were predicted. The 

model demonstrated that encroachment of salt into the soil 

profile may be exacerbated by the non-equilibrium nature of 

water flow and solute transport ('by-passing flow') in 

structured clays. With reduced water supply for irrigation, 

more frequent applications may give marginally better crop 

yields for the same quantity of irrigation but at the expense 

of slightly increasing salt concentration in the root zone. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

260. Soil carbon in northern forested wetlands: Impacts 

of silvicultural practices. 

Trettin, C. C.; Jurgensen, M. F.; Gale, M. R.; and 

McLaughlin, J. W. 

In: Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils/ McFee, W. 

W. and Kelly, J. M. 

Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society of America, 1995; 

pp. 437-461 

NAL Call #: SD390.N67 1993 

Abstract: This paper has three objectives: (i) review the 

distribution and function of C in northern forested wetlands, 

(ii) review how different silvicultural practices affect soil C 

levels, and (iii) consider the potential for recovery of soil C 

following disturbance by silvicultural practices. -Authors 

261. Soil physical behaviour and crop responses to 

tillage in lowland rice soils of varying clay content. 

Mambani, B.; De Datta, S. K.; and Redulla, C. A. 

Plant & Soil 126(2): 227-235. (1990); ISSN: 1573-5036 

Abstract: The influence of various tillage methods on two 

wetland rice soils in the Philippines is reported. The soils 

differed principally in clay content, 38% for the clay loam, 

while 56% for the clay. This had a marked effect on their 

response to tillage and varying water regime. The clay soil, 

under field conditions, showed little change in pore size 

distribution or soil water behaviour with different tillage 

methods. Crop yields were unaffected by tillage. In 

contrast, tillage effects were very marked in the clay loam 

soil, which consisted of a greenhouse and a field trial. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

262. Soil, surface water and ground water phosphorus 

relationships in a partially harvested Boreal Plain 

aspen catchment. 

Macrae, M. L.; Redding, T. E.; Creed, I. F.; Bell, W. R.; and 

Devito, K. J. 

Forest Ecology and Management 206(1-3): 315-329. (2005) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: aspen/ Boreal Plain/ forest/ ground water/ 

phosphorus/ soil/ sub-humid/ surface-water/ timber harvest/ 

topography 

Abstract: Soil phosphorus (water-extractable) measured in 

harvested and forested areas of a headwater aspen 

forested catchment in north-central Alberta was related to 

surface and ground water total dissolved phosphorus 

(TDP). No differences in water-extractable soil phosphorus 

concentrations ([ext-P]) were observed between harvested 

and forested areas. Topographic position explained most of 

the variance in the [ext-P] of surface soils. Soil [ext-P] in 

surface horizons was large in upslope areas compared to 

low-lying areas, ephemeral draws, and wetlands. Forest 

floor and surface organic soils (0-10 cm) had greater 

concentrations of ext-P (>70 ?g g-1) and total P (tot-P) 

(>1000 ?g g-1) than mineral soils ([ext-P] <2 ?g g-1 and 

[tot-P] <300 ?g g-1). Phosphorus buffering capacity was 

small in organic surface soils (EPC0 > 5000 ?g L-1) and 

large in mineral soils (EPC0 A horizon = 100-400 ?g L-1; 

EPC0 B horizon < 100 ?g L-1). This was reflected in 

greater levels of TDP in surface water (range = 2-2350 ?g 

L-1, median = 85 ?g L-1) and soil water (range = 22-802 ?g 

L-1, median = 202 ?g L-1) which flowed through organic 

soils, compared with small concentrations of TDP in ground 

water which flowed through mineral soils (range = 0-1705 

?g L-1, median = 23 ?g L-1). Our results indicate that 

increases in ground water TDP following harvest are 

unlikely due to the large adsorption affinity of mineral soils. 

Phosphorus-rich surface soils have a large potential for 

phosphorus release to surface water but this does not differ 

between harvested and forested areas. Sub-humid climatic 

conditions and rapid aspen regeneration lead to soil 

moisture deficits and limited surface runoff which may 

reduce harvesting effects on P mobilization on the Boreal 

Plain. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

263. Temporal changes in macroinvertebrate 

assemblages following experimental flooding in 

permanent and temporary wetlands in an Australian 

floodplain forest. 

Hillman, T. J. and Quinn, G. P. 

River Research and Applications 18(2): 137-154. 

(Mar. 2002-Apr. 2002) 

NAL Call #: TC530 .R43; ISSN: 1535-1459 

Descriptors: wetlands/ flooding/ community composition/ 

forests/ rivers/ regulated rivers/ flood plains/ ecological 

effects/ macroinvertebrates/ species composition/ temporal 

distribution/ habitats/ comparison studies/ floodplains/ 

floods and flooding/ ecology/ animals (invertebrates)/ time 

dependent/ habitat/ comparative studies/ environmental 

impact/ fauna/ Animalia/ Australia, New South Wales, 

Murray R./ temporal variations/ aquatic entomology/ 

ecological impact of water development/ water resources 

and supplies/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: The River Murray, Australia, is a highly regulated 

river from which almost 80% of mean annual flow is 

removed for human use, primarily irrigated agriculture. 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

73

Consequent changes to the pattern and volume of river flow 

are reflected in floodplain hydrology and, therefore, the 

wetting/drying patterns of floodplain wetlands. To explore 

the significance of these changes, macroinvertebrate 

samples were compared between permanent and 

temporary wetlands following experimental flooding in a 

forested floodplain of the River Murray. Weekly samples 

from two permanent wetlands and four associated 

temporary sites were used to track changes in 

macroinvertebrate assemblage composition. Non-metric 

multidimensional scaling was used to ordinate the 

macroinvertebrate data, indicating consistent differences 

between the biota of permanent and temporary wetlands 

and between the initial and later assemblages in the 

temporary sites. There were marked changes over time, but 

little sign that the permanent and temporary assemblages 

were becoming more alike over the 25-week observation 

period. The apparent heterogeneity of these systems is of 

particular importance in developing river management 

plans which are likely to change flooding patterns. Such 

plans need to maintain a mosaic of wetland habitats if 

floodplain biodiversity is to be supported. 

© CSA 

264. Timber harvest in wetlands: Strategies and impact 

assessment. 

Prenger, Joseph P. and Crisman, Thomas L. 

In: Bioassessment and management of North American 

freshwater wetlands/ Rader, Russell B.; Batzer, Darold P.; 

and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2001; pp. 429-449. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471352349 

NAL Call #: QH77.N56 B56 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ land and 

freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North America/ 

comprehensive zoology: forestry/ timber harvesting/ 

ecological impact/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest and 

woodland/ USA, Southeast/ ecological impact of timber 

harvesting/ forested wetlands 

© The Thomson Corporation 

265. Toxicity assessment of water from lakes anad 

wetlands receiving irrigation drain water. 

Dickerson, K. K.; Hubert, W. A.; and Bergman, H. L. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(7): 

1097-1101. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drainage water/ irrigation water/ 

contaminants/ toxicity/ Ceriodaphnia dubia/ Pimephales 

promelas/ mortality/ water quality/ lakes/ water pollution/ 

Colorado/ Wyoming/ Montana 

Abstract: A method for reconnaissance-level assessments 

of the potential toxicity of water in lakes and wetlands that 

receive irrigation drain water is needed. We evaluated a 

model that predicts toxicity to aquatic organisms due to 

major ionic composition as a primary means of assessing 

water quality. The model was used in conjunction with 

acute toxicity tests and trace element analyses. Mortality of 

Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows (Pimephales 

promelas) observed in acute toxicity tests was compared to 

mortality predicted by the model. The method was applied 

at 22 lakes and wetlands on federally administered lands in 

Colorado, Montana, Utah, and Wyoming Fourteen of 22 

locations had water that was not toxic to test organisms. Six 

locations had undiluted water that was toxic to C. dubia due 

to major ionic composition, and two locations had undiluted 

water that showed toxic effects caused by factors other 

than elevated levels of major ions. The model for C. dubia 

seemed to be sufficiently accurate for future application 

using our approach to assess lakes and wetlands receiving 

irrigation drain water. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

266. The transport of the pesticide atrazine from the 

fresh water of the wetlands of Brittany to the salt water 

of the bay of Mont St. Michel (France). 

Gueune, Y. and Winnett, G. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: 

Environmental Science and Engineering & Toxic and 

Hazardous Substance Control A29(4): 753-768. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172.J6; ISSN: 0360-1226 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides/ water pollution/ 

agricultural chemicals/ fate of pollutants/ atrazine/ 

seawater/ agrochemicals/ sediment pollution/ freshwater 

pollution/ pollution dispersion/ agricultural pollution/ 

pollutant persistence/ fate/ France, Brittany/ atrazine 

Abstract: This paper is concerned with possible 

environmental hazards connected with the use of 

agricultural chemicals (pesticides) in the agriculture of the 

reclaimed lands of northeastern Brittany (France). The 

transport of atrazine from the site of use in the polders of 

Brittany by freshwater and sediment to the salt water of the 

Bay of Mont St. Michel is examined. 

© CSA 

267. Tree community diversity of lowland swamp forest 

in northeast Costa Rica, and changes associated with 

controlled selective logging. 

Webb, E. L. and Peralta, R. 

Biodiversity and Conservation 7(5): 565-583. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1 B562; ISSN: 0960-3115 

Descriptors: Carapa nicaraguensis/ Costa Rica/ diversity/ 

logging/ swamp/ tree community 

Abstract: In the Atlantic lowlands of Northeast Costa Rica, 

logging occurs in tracts of poorly drained wet forest 

('swamp forest'), yet little is known about factors affecting 

swamp forest diversity or the potential for biodiversity 

retention during harvest. This paper quantitatively describes 

the species composition and diversity of the swamp forest 

habitat, and reports the immediate impact of controlled, 

selective logging on tree community diversity. Pentaclethra 

macroloba (Leguminosae), Carapa nicaraguensis 

(Meliaceae) and Pterocarpus officinalis (Leguminosae) 

accounted for >70% of the primary swamp forest basal 

area. Nevertheless, 225 species from 53 families with 

individuals ?10 cm dbh were encountered in 16.4 ha; most 

species had very low abundances. Gamma diversity is a 

component of overall swamp forest diversity. Extraction of 

49.2 m3 ha-1 (5.5 trees ha-1) of timber from a 4 ha plot 

reduced species richness by 14, supporting assertions that 

random mortality during logging can affect the distribution 

of rare species. However, tree community diversity as 

measured by rarefaction was not greatly affected by 

selective logging. Total post-logging stem recruitment over 

a 3-year period was greater in logged plots than in 

undisturbed plots; the recruitment of the ruderal species 

Ochroma lagopus (Bombacaceae) was the most clearly 

affected by logging. Any localized dominance by this 

species will be limited in space and time in a carefully 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

74

managed forest. The results suggest that controlled 

selective logging can be consistent with biodiversity 

conservation, and complement protected areas in 

Northeast Costa Rica. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

268. The use of fertilizer-free grass buffer strips to 

attenuate nitrate input to marshland dykes. 

White, S. K.; Cook, H. F.; and Garraway, J. L. 

Water and Environmental Management 12(1): 

54-59. (1998) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W374; ISSN: 0951-7359 

Descriptors: nitrates/ nutrient uptake/ alluvial soils/ 

pollution control/ wetland soils/ drainage/ nitrate nitrogen/ 

saturated flow/ unsaturated flow/ groundwater/ groundwater 

flow/ groundwater contamination 

Abstract: Fertilizer-free buffer strip establishment has 

proved to be effective in attenuating nitrates which are 

mobile in shallow water-tables feeding watercourses of 

conservation potential. This paper demonstrates their 

effectiveness on reclaimed alluvial marshland soils. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

269. Using the shelterwood method to mitigate water 

table rise after forest harvesting. 

Pothier, D.; Prevost, M.; and Auger, I. 

Forest Ecology and Management 179(1-3): 573-583. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water table/ harvesting/ forest 

management/ forest industry/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

forests/ environmental impact/ restoration/ logging/ Canada/ 

shelterwood/ shelterwood method 

Abstract: The groundwater level of a conifer stand 

established on a lowland in eastern Canada was 

periodically measured using water wells installed in an 

experimental design composed of four completely 

randomized blocks and five levels of cutting (0, 40, 50, 60, 

and 100% of basal area (BA) removed). The three partial 

cutting treatments were applied following the principles of 

low thinning, but with the seed cutting objectives of the 

shelterwood method. Before cutting, highly similar values 

for groundwater level were recorded for plots targeted to 

receive the planned treatments. During the first growing 

season after cutting, the water table rise was linearly 

related to the percentage of cutting, and this effect was 

more apparent at the lower levels recorded for the control 

water table. This finding is partly explained by the leaf 

biomass of residual trees that intercepted an increasing 

proportion of rainfall with decreasing cutting intensity. Five 

years after cutting, although the water table of clearcut 

experimental units (EU) was still higher than that of the 

controls, it was no longer related to cutting intensity. During 

the 5 years following cutting, the slopes of the relationship 

between the water table depth of the control plots and 

those of any treatment gradually approached the value 

calculated before cutting. This water table recovery was 

related to the increasing leaf biomass of the regeneration 

stratum over time, rather than to the crown expansion of 

residual trees. The shelterwood method should be 

considered for forest management of wetlands, since it 

mitigates water table rise after the first cut and promotes a 

vigorous regeneration stratum which should also mitigate 

water table rise following the final cut. 

© CSA 

270. Vegetation and threatened plant dynamics of wet 

abandoned rice fields in Nakaikemi, Fukui Prefecture, 

Japan. 

Shimoda, M. and Nakamoto, M. 

Japanese Journal of Ecology 53(3): 197-217. (Dec. 2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 J272; ISSN: 0021-5007 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant communities/ vegetation 

patterns/ vegetation changes/ succession/ old fields/ rice 

fields/ environment management/ ecological succession/ 

nature conservation/ rare species/ soils/ water content/ 

community composition/ plant populations/ species 

diversity/ marshes/ seeds/ vegetation cover/ environmental 

conditions/ dominant species/ agriculture/ herbicides/ 

aquatic plants/ Typha/ Phragmites/ Zizania/ Oryza sativa/ 

Japan, Honshu, Fukui Prefect./ rice/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ other aquatic communities 

Abstract: Nakaikemi, in Fukui Prefecture, central Japan, is 

a basin with an area of about 25 hectares. Rice has been 

cultivated in wet paddy fields throughout Nakaikemi since 

the Edo period (1603-1867). The traditional wet fields 

always supported a diversity of aquatic and wetland plants, 

including threatened species. Recently, abandoned rice 

fields have continued to increase because the 

environmental conditions they provide are inconvenient for 

modern agriculture. A four-year vegetation survey (1997-

2000) of Nakaikemi confirmed that the area of cultivated 

fields decreased from 1.2 ha to 0.3 ha. A wide distribution 

of tall reedy communities dominated by Phragmites, Zizania 

and Typha, and short herbaceous communities were 

observed on the abandoned wet rice fields. Non-wetland 

communities dominated by Solidago and creeper plants 

(Pueraria and Humulus) increased on drier habitats. The 

tall reedy communities usually developed within two to five 

years after abandonment. In some fields, no tall reedy 

communities developed during the survey period. The 

distribution of plant communities changed with time and soil 

moisture conditions. A continuous survey of threatened 

plant habitats showed that in cultivated and young 

abandoned fields, tall perennial plants succeeded and 

dominated the small plant species. The number of 

threatened species was higher in plowed plots than in nonplowed plots. These survey results suggest that the factors 

affecting Nakaikemi's vegetation and flora are the period 

elapsed after abandonment, soil moisture, management 

tasks and surrounding vegetation. Seed bank species 

composition and use of herbicides also affect plants in both 

the cultivated and young abandoned fields. To conserve the 

diverse wetland flora of Nakaikemi, appropriate land 

management is needed to control the vegetation. 

© CSA 

271. Vegetation change in a man-made salt marsh 

affected by a reduction in both grazing and drainage. 

Esselink, P.; Fresco, L. F. M.; and Dijkema, K. S. 

Applied Vegetation Science 5(1): 17-32. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QK900 .A66; ISSN: 1402-2001 

Descriptors: salt marshes/ vegetation/ grazing/ drainage/ 

botanical composition/ ecological succession/ conservation 

areas/ cattle/ plant communities/ soil water content/ grazing 

intensity/ flooded conditions/ frequency/ Netherlands 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
National and International Scale: Effects of Conservation Practices 

75

272. Vegetation change in an ombrotrophic mire in 

northern England after excluding sheep. 

Smith, R. S.; Charman, D.; Rushton, S. P.; Sanderson, R. 

A.; Simkin, J. M.; and Shiel, R. S. 

Applied Vegetation Science 6(2): 261-270. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QK900 .A66; ISSN: 1402-2001 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bogs/ grassland management/ 

grasslands/ grazing/ moorlands/ nature conservation/ 

plant succession 

Abstract: The role of sheep grazing on vegetation change 

in upland mires removed from livestock farming and 

surrounded by conifer plantation was investigated with a 

grazing trial at Butterburn Flow in northern England. Paired 

grazed and ungrazed plots from central and peripheral 

locations were compared over 14 years (1988-2002). 

Vegetation data from 34 mires in Kielder Forest provided an 

ordination framework within which vegetation trends were 

investigated. A gradient from dry moorland/hummock to wet 

mire/hollow vegetation dominated this framework and may 

reflect hydrological variability and structural vegetation 

differences between the mires. Some species were 

significantly affected by change in grazing intensity and 

there were differences between the edge and the centre of 

the mire. Overall vegetation change depended upon the 

grazing management and the position of the plots such that 

the removal of sheep grazing decreased the cover of 

species typical of wet ombrotrophic conditions, but only at 

the periphery of the mire. The vegetation in one plot 

became very similar to that of mires elsewhere in Kielder 

Forest where sheep were removed several decades ago. 

Cessation of grazing on upland mires is likely to lead to 

slow structural and species change in vegetation at the 

mire edge with a long-term loss of ombrotrophic species. 

The nature conservation significance of these changes will 

depend upon whether or not management objectives target 

natural conditions or wish to maximize ombrotrophic 

vegetation. The context of external factors such as climate 

and pollution may, however, be more important in 

determining site condition on the wettest mires. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

273. Vegetation dynamics and plant species 

interactions under grazed and ungrazed conditions in a 

western European salt marsh. 

Tessier, M.; Vivier, J.-P.; Ouin, A.; Gloaguen, J.-C.; and 

Lefeuvre, J.-C. 

Acta Oecologica 24(2): 103-111. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.A27; ISSN: 1146-609X 

Descriptors: exclosures/ halophyte/ nitrogen addition/ plant 

interactions/ plant succession 

Abstract: Experiments in exclosures were conducted on a 

salt marsh in a macrotidal system in western France. The 

aim of this study was threefold: (1) to compare vegetation 

dynamics over a period of 8 years in grazed and ungrazed 

conditions (2) to investigate the response of annual species 

to grazing duration during seedling establishment (3) to test 

the effect of an increase in soil nitrogen availability after 

cessation of grazing on interactions between Suaeda 

maritima and Puccinellia maritima. In grazed conditions, 

during all the survey, vegetation was dominated by a short 

P. maritima sward with the annual Salicornia europaea in 

the lower and middle marshes. However, after cessation of 

grazing in 1994, a homogeneous matrix of the forb 

Halimione portulacoides, quickly replaced P. maritima in the 

well drained lower marsh. At the middle marsh level, fine 

sediment and poor drainage maintained P. maritima while 

the annual S. maritima which tolerates taller and denser 

vegetation replaced S. europaea. Elymus pungens cover 

was limited till 2000 but its rising in 2001 let expect its 

dominance in the future. While P. maritima abundance 

remained high, spring abundance of annual species such 

as S. europaea and S. maritima globally decreased with 

sheep grazing duration on the salt marsh between February 

and June. Experiments with monocultures of P. maritima 

and S. maritima demonstrated that nitrogen was a limiting 

factor on the salt marsh. In a mixed community, a moderate 

application of nitrogen (15 g N m-2 year-1 as NH4-NO3) 

promoted growth of P. maritima and limited the biomass of 

S. maritima, but growth of the latter was enhanced by a 

high application of nitrogen (30 g N m-2 year-1). An 

increase in the abundance of annuals such as S. maritima 

on the salt marsh is discussed. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

274. Water quality effects of irrigation with drain water. 

Faulkner, B. R. and Guitjens, J. C. 

Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(3): 293-301. (2001) 

NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 

Descriptors: wetlands/ irrigation/ drainage water/ irrigation 

water/ irrigated farming/ Triticum aestivum/ soil chemistry/ 

cations/ leaching/ geochemistry/ salinity/ evaporation/ 

aquifers/ Nevada 

Abstract: Wetlands that receive drainage from irrigated 

agriculture are often adversely affected by elevated salinity. 

Management of drain water salinity from irrigated areas 

requires an understanding of the thermodynamic effects of 

evapoconcentration and the subsurface geochemical and 

hydrodynamic setting. This article presents results from a 

demonstration of a Lahontan Valley field irrigated 

conjunctively with drain water and canal water, and an 

evaluation of the potential effects of irrigating with drain 

water on the existing aqueous environment. Major ions of 

soil saturation paste measurements during an irrigation 

season provide insight into the geochemical and 

hydrodynamic processes that control the salinity of drain 

water. Data demonstrate that use of drain water for 

irrigation is a viable alternative to conventional irrigation 

solely with canal water, that should produce few adverse 

effects in well-drained soils of the Lahontan Valley while 

providing water quality mitigation of wetlands receiving 

saline outflows from the shallow aquifer recharged by 

irrigation drainage. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

275. Wetland and aquatic habitats. 

Mathias, M. E. and Moyle, P. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 42(1-2): 

165-176. (1992) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809. 

Notes: Special issue: Integrating conservation biol. & agric. 

production. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ riparian environments/ dispersal/ 

agricultural practices/ biological diversity/ species diversity/ 

ecosystem management/ environmental impact/ agriculture/ 

dispersion/ man-induced effects/ man-induced effects/ 

dispersal/ agricultural practices/ biological diversity/ 

mechanical and natural changes 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

76

Abstract: Riparian wetland areas often represent critical 

corridors for animal and plant dispersion in wildland 

watersheds and downstream river systems. It is essential 

that integrated management of riparian wetland areas be 

developed to reverse the loss of biological diversity. 

Agricultural and urban uses, and related water 

developments, have led to a marked decline of stream-side 

wetland habitats. Six major ways are discussed in which 

conventional agriculture alters wetlands and aquatic 

habitats: wetland drainage, water diversions, stream 

channelization, bank stabilization, grazing, and the release 

of agricultural pollutants. This article discusses these 

practices and suggests ways biological diversity can be 

protected, or even enhanced. In addition, aquaculture is 

discussed as a new force which affects the diversity of 

aquatic organisms. Aquaculture methods range in intensity 

of management from low to high. Management for 

biological diversity as well as for food production should be 

encouraged. 

© CSA 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

276. Agricultural drainage and wetland management in 

Ontario. 

Walters, D. and Shrubsole, D. 

Journal of Environmental Management 69(4): 

369-379. (2003) 

NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 

Descriptors: agricultural drainage/ policy analysis/ 

wetland management 

Abstract: Land drainage is recognized as an integral part of 

agricultural activity throughout the world. However, the 

increase in agricultural production has resulted in the loss 

of wetland functions and values. Therefore, wetland 

management and agricultural drainage illustrate the conflict 

between economic development and natural values. This 

research assesses the approval process for agricultural 

land drainage in Ontario, Canada, to determine how the 

benefits of increased agricultural production are balanced 

against the loss of wetland values. A permit review of 

drainage applications was conducted from 1978 to 1997 in 

Zorra Township, Ontario, Canada. Data collection also 

included the document reviews, interviews with government 

agencies and wetland evaluation files. The selected criteria 

include efficiency, equity, consistency and adequacy. The 

results indicate that while the process is efficient, 

fundamental problems remain with the bargaining process. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

277. Agricultural reuse of the secondary effluent 

polished by an algal pond system coupled with 

constructed wetland. 

Kim, Y.; Lee, D. R.; and Giokas, D. 

Water Science and Technology 50(6): 79-86. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: effluents/ artificial wetlands/ coliforms/ organic 

matter/ bacteria/ water reuse/ nutrient removal/ 

phosphorus/ wastewater irrigation/ secondary wastewater 

treatment/ water quality/ irrigation water/ recycling/ 

secondary treatment/ nutrients/ irrigation/ agriculture/ 

nitrogen/ Korea, Rep./ wastewater treatment processes/ 

protective measures and control/ waste management/ 

water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: In this paper, reuse potentials of the secondary 

effluents as irrigation water was evaluated through field 

sampling trips. Water quality parameters significantly 

deviating from its guidelines were Total coliform bacteria 

and organic matter. Even though nutrients are not regulated 

in Korea, their removal would be required because they 

have been a barrier for secondary effluent irrigation through 

governmental intervention. The results of treatment study 

with aquatic ponds show that in spite of its poor 

biodegradability, organic matter in soluble form was 

reduced by 20% during 10 days of HRT. On the other hand, 

reduction of nutrients was remarkable. On average 85% of 

total nitrogen and 89% of total phosphorus were removed, 

respectively, which abates the worries of farmers for 

overgrowth or reduction in crop yield. However, coliform 

bacteria, although slightly reduced due to their propagation 

at the constructed wetlands still need further treatment. 

© CSA 

278. Ammonia effects on the biomass production of 

five constructed wetland plant species. 

Hill, D. T.; Payne, V. W. E.; Rogers, J. W.; and Kown, S. R. 

Bioresource Technology 62(3): 109-113. (1997) 

NAL Call #: TD930.A32; ISSN: 0960-8524 

Descriptors: waste treatment/ biological treatment/ aquatic 

plants/ animal manures/ excreta 

Abstract: The effect of four levels of ammonia 

concentration on the biomass production of Sagittaria 

latifolia (arrowhead), Phragmites australis (common reed), 

Scirpus acutus (bullrush), Typha latifolia (cattail), and 

Juncus roemerianus (common rush) was studied using field 

scale constructed wetland ponds of 3.05 x 0.6 m. These 

species of plants are common in constructed wetlands 

treating animal waste lagoon effluent. Twenty ponds were 

constructed to accommodate the five species and four 

ammonia levels. The experiment had three repetitions in 

time. Effluent from the second cell of a two cell anaerobic 

lagoon system treating flushed swine waste was utilized at 

four dilution levels, providing mean ammonia 

concentrations of 20.5, 41.1, 61.6 and 82.4 mg NH3-N/L for 

the study. Biomass production was determined by 

harvesting the plants at specified time intervals and 

measuring dry weight production. The ponds were operated 

as standard constructed wetlands with a water depth of 10-

15 cm. After the 3 month field study was completed, 

statistical analysis of the data was performed. This analysis 

showed that the only species affected by ammonia 

concentration was Scirpus acutus. The remaining four 

species were statistically unaffected. Data from the study 

also shows a significant difference in the biomass 

production between species. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

77

279. Aquaculture sludge removal and stabilization 

within created wetlands. 

Summerfelt, S. T.; Adler, P. R.; Glenn, D. M.; and 

Kretschmann, R. N. 

Aquacultural Engineering 19(2): 81-92. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SH1.A66; ISSN: 0044-8486 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ sludge/ 

aquaculture effluents/ pollution control/ environmental 

protection/ prevention and control/ aquaculture/ pollution: 

control and prevention 

Abstract: The objective of this research was to investigate 

treatment of the concentrated solids discharge produced 

during clarifier backwash within an aquaculture facility. 

Solids removal and stabilization were investigated within 

two types of created wetlands where water flowed either: 

(1) vertically, down through a porous substrate; or (2) 

horizontally, over soil and through plant hedges. Six 3.7 x 

1.2 x 0.8-m (L x W x H) wetland cells were used to provide 

three replicates for both types of wetland. Approximately 

equal numbers of vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) tillers 

were planted on both wetlands types in November of 1994. 

Sludge (7500 mg 1 super(-1) solids) was loaded onto both 

wetland types six times day super(-1), with no scheduled 

drying cycle, from 12 May 1995 until 28 February 1996. 

Sludge was applied at a rate of about 1.35 cm day super(-

1), or about 30 kg dry solids m super(-2) year super(-1). 

Results from this short study indicated that the vertical flow 

and horizontal flow wetlands, respectively, removed 98 and 

96% TSS, 91 and 72% total COD, and 81 and 30% 

dissolved COD. Both types of wetland cells removed most 

(82-93%) of the total kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphorus, and 

dissolved phosphate. Measurements of sludge depths and 

TVS at the end of the study indicated considerable 

mineralization occurred in the wetlands; stored sludge at 

the end of the study had 50% less TVS than untreated 

sludge. 

© CSA 

280. Assessing sediment removal capacity of vegetated 

and non-vegetated settling ponds in prawn farms. 

Halide, H.; Ridd, P. V.; Peterson, E. L.; and Foster, D. 

Aquacultural Engineering 27(4): 295-314. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SH1.A66; ISSN: 0144-8609 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prawn culture/ warm-water 

aquaculture/ wastewater treatment/ mangroves/ ponds/ 

sedimentation/ shellfish culture/ shellfish culture 

Abstract: Sediment removal capacity is assessed for a 

constructed mangrove wetland, and a non-vegetated 

settling pond that are both used for filtering water in tropical 

aquaculture. The assessment is performed through 

sediment budget analysis using data of suspended 

sediment concentration collected from optical backscatter 

sensors. The sensors were deployed at the pond's inlet and 

outlet. These data sets provide a measure of trapping 

efficiency of each pond with different flow regimes and 

settling areas. The tides influenced flow in the wetland but 

none was felt in the settling pond. The average trapping 

efficiency obtained for the vegetated and the non-vegetated 

ponds was (40 + or - 33) and (70 + or - 36)%, respectively. 

The deposition rate calculated for the vegetated and nonvegetated pond ranges between 13-174 g/m super(2) per h 

(average = 63 g/m super(2) per h) and 10-19 g/m super(2) 

per h (average = 14 g/m super(2) per h), respectively. The 

efficiency of vegetated and non-vegetated ponds is likely to 

be improved by decreasing the aspect ratio (length/width) 

from the current value of 6 to 1 and of 5 to 1, respectively. 

© CSA 

281. The assessment of herbaceous plant cover in 

wetlands as an indicator of function. 

Cole, C. A. 

Ecological Indicators 2(3): 287-293. (2002); 

ISSN: 1470-160X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ function/ mitigation/ structure 

Abstract: In the United States, wetlands are often created 

(as compared with restored) as mitigation for damage done 

to natural wetlands by development or other activities. 

There is increasing concern that these created sites do not 

function as do natural wetlands, even after a period of 

years. Monitoring of these created wetlands often consists 

of an assessment of the percent herbaceous plant cover as 

some indicator of the functional success of the wetland. 

However, it is not at all clear that assessment of 

herbaceous cover translates into an accurate indicator of 

wetland function. In this paper I review several functions 

commonly ascribed to wetlands and assess the reported 

relationship of percent herbaceous cover to those functions 

(if any). Of six functions reviewed, only one has a probable 

(though indirect) positive relationship with the percent 

herbaceous plant cover on a site. More useful assessments 

of wetland function might be made with other structural 

indicators, such as basin morphometry, tree density, or 

basal area. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

282. Atrazine degradation by bioaugmented sediment 

from constructed wetlands. 

Runes, H. B.; Jenkins, J. J.; and Bottomley, P. J. 

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 57(3): 

427-432. (Oct. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QR1.E9; ISSN: 0175-7598 

Descriptors: wetlands/ atrazine/ pesticides/ herbicides/ 

biodegradation/ sediments/ water pollution/ water pollution 

treatment/ microorganisms/ sediment chemistry/ sediment 

contamination/ bacteria/ atrazine/ bacteria/ microbial 

degradation/ waste treatment, environment, pollution/ 

freshwater pollution/ protective measures and control/ 

physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ water quality control/ 

water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The potential to establish pesticide 

biodegradation in constructed wetland sediment was 

investigated. Under microcosm conditions, bioaugmentation 

of sediment with small quantities of an atrazine spill-site soil 

(1:100 w/w) resulted in the mineralization of 25-30% of 

super(14)C ethyl atrazine (1-10 mu g g super(-1) sediment) 

as super(14)CO sub(2)under both unsaturated and watersaturated conditions; atrazine and its common metabolites 

were almost undetectable after 30 days incubation. By 

comparison, unbioaugmented sediment supplemented with 

organic amendments (cellulose or cattail leaves) 

mineralized only 2-3% of super(14)C ethyl atrazine, and 

extractable atrazine and its common metabolites comprised 

approximately 70% of the original application. The 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

78

population density of atrazine-degrading microorganisms in 

unbioaugmented sediment was increased from similar to 10 

super(2)/g to 10 super(4)/g by bioaugmentation (1:100 

w/w), and increased by another 60-fold (6.0 x 10 super(5) g 

super(-1)) after incubation with 10 mu g g super(-1) of 

atrazine. A high population of atrazine degraders (similar to 

10 super(6) g super(-1)) and enhanced rates of atrazine 

mineralization also developed in bioaugmented sediment 

after incubation in flooded mesocosms planted with cattails 

(Typha latifolia) and supplemented with atrazine (3.2 mg l 

super(-1), 1 mu g g super(-1) sediment). In the absence of 

atrazine, neither the population of atrazine degraders, nor 

the atrazine mineralizing potential of bioaugmented 

sediment increased, regardless of the presence or absence 

of cattails. Bioaugmentation might be a simple method to 

promote pesticide degradation in nursery run-off channeled 

through constructed wetlands, if persistence of degraders in 

the absence of pesticide is not a serious constraint. 

© CSA 

283. Atrazine remediation in wetland microcosms. 

Runes, Heather B.; Bottomley, Peter J.; Lerch, Robert N.; 

and Jenkins, Jeffrey J. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20(5): 

1059-1066. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ pesticides/ pollution assessment control and 

management/ toxicology/ most probable number assay/ 

bioassay method: sediment sample analysis/ analytical 

method/ field scale constructed wetland/ laboratory wetland 

microcosms 

Abstract: Laboratory wetland microcosms were used to 

study treatment of atrazine in irrigation runoff by a fieldscale- constructed wetland under controlled conditions. 

Three experiments, in which 1 ppm atrazine was added to 

the water column of three wetland, one soil control, and one 

water control microcosm, were conducted. Atrazine 

dissipation from the water column and degradate formation 

(deethylatrazine (DEA); deisopropylatrazine (DIA); and 

hydroxyatrazine (HA)) were monitored. Atrazine dissipation 

from the water column of wetland microcosms was 

biphasic. Less than 12% of the atrazine applied to wetland 

microcosms remained in the water column on day 56. 

Atrazine degradates were observed in water and sediment, 

with HA the predominant degradate. Analysis of day 56 

sediment samples indicated that a significant portion of the 

initial application was detected as the parent compound 

and HA. Most probable number (MPN) assays 

demonstrated that atrazine degrader populations were 

small in wetland sediment. Wetland microcosms were able 

to reduce atrazine concentration in the water column via 

sorption and degradation. Based on results from this study, 

it is hypothesized that plant uptake contributed to atrazine 

dissipation from the water column. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

284. Bacterivory in ciliates isolated from constructed 

wetlands (reed beds) used for wastewater treatment. 

Decamp, O. and Warren, A. 

Water Research 32(7): 1989-1996. (July 1998) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ 

bacteria/ protozoa/ root zone/ grazing/ food webs/ trophic 

relationships/ food preferences/ pollution control/ 

pathogenic bacteria/ Ciliata/ constructed wetlands/ bacteria/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ nutrition and feeding 

habits/ protozoa 

Abstract: The bacterivorous activity of ciliates, isolated 

from constructed wetlands employing the root zone method 

of wastewater treatment, was investigated by measuring 

their grazing rates upon fluorescently-labelled bacteria 

(FLB), specifically Escherichia coli. The highest mean 

grazing rates were recorded for Paramecium spp (1.85 

FLB/cell/min), which was the largest ciliate used in the 

study, followed by oxytrichids (1.104 FLB/cell/min), Halteria 

(0.648 FLB/cell/min) and scuticociliates (0.433 

FLB/cell/min), the smallest ciliates used in the study. 

Lowest feeding rates were found in the anaerobes 

Plagiopyla and Caenomorpha, although the experimental 

conditions are likely to have adversely affected these forms. 

Large variations in grazing rates between individual cells 

from the same populations were observed. The proportion 

of empty cells, i.e. those without ingested FLB, and the 

decrease in the proportion of empty cells with incubation 

time, showed large differences between taxa. The present 

study indicates that ciliates are capable of all observed E. 

coli removal from wastewaters treated in constructed 

wetlands using the root zone method. However, it is 

unlikely that ciliates in situ continuously maintain maximum 

feeding rates. A variety of other processes, biotic and 

abiotic, are thought to be involved in the removal of 

pathogenic and indicator bacteria such as E. coli. 

© CSA 

285. Benefits to downstream flood attenuation and 

water quality as a result of constructed wetlands in 

agricultural landscapes. 

De Laney, T. A. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50(6): 

620-626. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: water quality/ flood control/ agricultural 

practices/ watershed management/ water policy/ flood plain 

management/ nonstructural alternatives/ benefits/ 

hydrology/ river basin management/ USA/ constructed 

wetlands/ agricultural practices/ watershed management/ 

flood plain management/ nonstructural alternatives/ 

benefits/ streamflow and runoff/ dynamics of 

lakes and rivers 

Abstract: The evolution of agricultural practices in America 

has a direct correlation with improvements in the 

mechanization of farm equipment and the development of 

transportation routes. As artificially constructed systems 

evolved, they were rigorously imposed on the natural 

landscape with little thought to their effect on the hydrologic 

system. Soggy fields and drowned crops were viewed as 

problems needing remediation. Flat, forested, fertile, 

bottomland was assumed to be unproductive and needed 

to "pay its way." Deforestation, stream channelization, 

levees, field terracing, and drainage systems (drain tiles) 

have become testaments to our corrective actions. The 

cumulative effect of these corrective measures has been to 

significantly reduce the ability of most watersheds to absorb 

water, detain sediments, and remove nutrients. Our 

command and control approach to watershed management 

cannot necessarily be viewed as a success as evidenced 

by the flood of 1993 and 1995 in the Midwest and the fact 

that today, 30 percent of assessed U.S. surface waters do 

not "fully support" their designated uses (USEPA 1988). 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

79

Because of our inadequate watershed management, the 

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and 

other agencies have hinted that America's flood and water 

quality policies must change. The purchase of flood-prone 

property and the rebuilding of levees away from the 

immediate river bank are signals that nontraditional 

approaches are being considered. Although these 

alternative strategies have occurred only on a small scale, 

this new philosophy in floodplain management is 

encouraged by the federal government's report "Sharing 

the Challenge: Floodplain Management into the 21st 

Century." It recommends that nonstructural measures be 

incorporated into America's flood management policies. 

Although many of the nonstructural measures may take the 

shape of property purchases, new agricultural practices, 

and incentive payments, the net effect will be the 

reinstatement of biological and hydraulic processes that 

reduce flooding and improve water quality. 

© CSA 

286. Beta-HCH mobilization in polluted wetland soils as 

influenced by dissolved organic matter. 

Kalbitz, Karsten; Popp, Peter; Geyer, Wolfgang; and 

Hanschmann, Guenter 

Science of the Total Environment 204(1): 37-48. (1997) 

NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ pest 

assessment control and management/ pollution 

assessment control and management/ soil science/ 

analytical method/ beta isomer/ dissolved organic matter/ 

grassland soils/ HCH/ lindane/ pesticides/ pollution/ soil 

pollution/ synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy/ water 

logging/ wetland soils/ 1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane 

Abstract: The beta isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-

hexachlorocyclohexane (beta-HCH) which is formed during 

synthesis of the pesticide lindane shows high mobility in 

polluted soils despite its low water solubility. Therefore, we 

studied the correlation between the quantity and quality of 

dissolved organic matter (DOM) and the mobilization and 

transport of beta-HCH in two soil profiles used as grassland 

and in incubation experiments. From our results we 

conclude that beta-HCH was mobilized and transported to 

deeper soil horizons probably by coupling between betaHCH and DOM. The interaction of beta-HCH with DOM as 

indicated by the measured high partition coefficient 

between beta-HCH and DOM (logK-DOC = 4.39) was much 

higher than would be expected from the physicochemical 

properties of beta-HCH. As suggested from synchronous 

fluorescence spectroscopy data, the capacity of DOM to 

bind beta-HCH increases as the more extended aromatic 

regions of DOM are accessible in the aqueous extracts. 

The addition of lime and fresh organic matter to the 

grassland soils did not affect the measured coupling 

between beta-HCH and DOM. Long drying periods 

increased the coupling up to 9.9 mu-g beta-HCH per mg 

DOC. Water-logging destroyed the binding between DOM 

and beta-HCH despite increasing DOC contents. Our main 

conclusion is that qualitative differences in DOM due to 

changed environmental conditions can drastically change 

the coupling of hydrophobic organic pollutants to DOM and 

greatly affect pollutant mobilization and translocation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

287. Biological responses to wetland restoration: 

Implications for wildlife habitat development through 

the Wetlands Reserve Program. 

Rewa, C. 

In: A comprehensive review of Farm Bill contributions 

wildlife conservation, 1985-2000/ Heard, L. P.; Hohman, W. 

L.; Halloum, D. J.; and Wildlife Habitat Management 

Institute (U.S.); Series: Technical Report 

USDA/NRCS/WHMI. 

Madison, MS: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2000; 

pp. 95-116 

NAL Call #: aS604.6 .C66 2000 

Descriptors: Wetland Reserve Program/ riparian areas/ 

wildlife habitats/ California/ Mississippi 

288. Can constructed wetlands reduce the diffuse 

phosphorus loads to eutrophic water in cold temperate 

regions? 

Braskerud, B. C.; Blankenberg, A.-G. B.; Tonderski, K. S.; 

Wedding, B.; Bakke, R.; Ulén, B.; and Koskiaho, J. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 34(6): 2145-2155. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Abstract: Construction of wetlands is a possible 

supplement to best management practices (BMP) at the 

field level to mitigate phosphorus (P) pollution from 

agricultural areas. In this paper, annual results from 17 

intensively studied wetlands in the cold temperate or boreal 

climatic zone are reported and analyzed. Surface areas 

varied from 0.007 to 8.7% of the catchment area. The 

average total phosphorus (TP) retention varied from 1 to 

88%, and the dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) 

retention from -19 to 89%. Retention varied substantially 

from site to site, indicating the existence of site-specific 

factors in the catchment and wetlands that influenced the P 

removal. Factors important for P retention in wetlands were 

evaluated through multiple statistical analyses by dividing P 

into two fractions: particulate phosphorus (PP) and DRP. 

Both relative (%) PP and DRP retention increased with 

wetland surface area. However, PP retention was not as 

sensitive as DRP in terms of wetland size and retention: 

specific PP retention (gram P retention per m 2 and year) 

decreased as wetland area (AW) increased, suggesting the 

existence of a site-specific optimal wetland to catchment 

area (Ac) ratio. Particulate P retention decreased with 

increasing DRP to TP ratio, while the opposite was found 

for DRP. Dissolved reactive P retention was higher in new 

than in old wetlands, while increasing age did not influence 

PP retention negatively. Effective BMP in the catchment is 

important to keep the P loss low, because the outlet 

concentration of P from wetlands is often positively 

correlated to the input concentration. However, wetlands 

act as the last buffer in a catchment, since the retention 

often increases as the P concentration in streams 

increases. © ASA, CSSA, SSSA. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

289. Carbon, plant, and temperature control of nitrate 

removal from wetland mesocosms. 

David, Mark B.; Gentry, Lowell E.; Smith, Karen M.; and 

Kovacic, David A. 

Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 90 

(3-4): 103-112. (1997) 

NAL Call #: 500 Il6; ISSN: 0019-2252 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ 

conservation/ pollution assessment control and 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

80

management/ wildlife management: conservation/ 

agricultural non point source pollution/ bioprocess 

engineering/ carbon availability/ constructed wetlands/ 

nitrate/ pollution/ temperature/ tile drainage waters 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been developed to 

remove agricultural non-point source pollution from tile 

drainage waters in the Midwest, but their effectiveness and 

function are not known. This study investigated the 

interaction of C availability and temperature on NO-3- 

removal from water columns in a constructed wetland. 

Experimental mesocosms (20.32 cm diameter PVC pipes) 

were buried upright to a depth of 15 cm into wetland 

sediments to enclose a 7.5 L water column (23 cm depth). 

Six mesocosms were placed in areas with bare soil and six 

were placed in areas supporting reed canary grass 

(Phalaris arundinacea). Treatments were either NO-3- 

additions (10 mg NO-3-N L-1 increase in concentration in 

water column) or NO-3- Plus glucose additions (10 mg NO3--N L-1 and 50 mg C L-1 increases in water column) to the 

mesocosms during April and June. In April, (11- 12 degree 

C water temperature) over a 7 day time span, NO-3 cntdot 

concentrations in the overlying water decreased 

approximately 50% in non-grass treatments, with or without 

glucose additions. All or nearly all of the NO-3- was 

removed from the grass mesocosms in April, and glucose 

additions did not increase the removal rate. In June (27 

degree C water temperature) NO-3- concentrations 

decreased to zero for all treatments in 48 hours or less. 

Presence of grass did not affect the rate of NO-3- 

decrease; however, glucose additions increased the rate to 

lt 24 hours. When calculated on a mass basis in the NO-3 

only mesocosms, removal of NO-3- was 0.25 and 0.42 g 

NO-3--N m-2 d-1 in the April non-grass and grass 

treatments, respectively, and 1.6 and 1.4 g NO-3--N m-2 d1 in the June corresponding treatments. Calculated Q-10 

values of NO-3- removal per day for non-grass and grass 

treatments were 3.3 and 2.2, respectively. Depending on 

amounts and seasonal timing of inputs of NO-3- to the 

wetlands, mesocosm results suggest that large amounts of 

NO-3- can be removed from the overlying water by a 

combination of sediment and plant mechanisms. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

290. Characterization of microbial communities and 

composition in constructed dairy wetland wastewater 

effluent. 

Ibekwe, A. M.; Grieve, C. M.; and Lyon, S. R. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69(9): 

5060-5069. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 448.3 Ap5; ISSN: 0099-2240 

Descriptors: agricultural wastes/ ammonia oxidisers/ 

artificial wetlands/ BOD [biochemical oxygen demand]/ 

characterisation/ COD [chemical oxygen demand]/ 

community composition/ contaminant removal/ dairy waste 

water/ DGGE [denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis]/ 

faecal coliforms/ microbial communities/ monooxygenase 

gene/ nitrates/ PCR amplification/ proteobacteria/ soil 

samples/ SS [suspended solids]/ water processing/ water 

treatment/ microbiology/ biotechnology/ ecology/ waste 

water/ rivers/ lakes/ impacts of forestry or agriculture/ water 

quality/ Insertae/ Sedis/ Bacillus spp./ Gymnamoebia/ 

Clostridium spp./ Insertae/ Sedis/ Mycoplasma spp./ 

Insertae/ Sedis/ Eubacterium spp. 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been recognized as a 

removal treatment option for high concentrations of 

contaminants in agricultural waste before land application. 

The goal of this study was to characterize microbial 

composition in two constructed wetlands designed to 

remove contaminants from dairy washwater. Water 

samples were collected weekly for 11 months from two 

wetlands to determine the efficiency of the treatment 

system in removal of chemical contaminants and total and 

fecal coliforms. The reduction by the treatment was 

greatest for biological oxygen demand, suspended solids, 

chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, and coliforms. There was 

only moderate removal of total nitrogen and phosphorus. 

Changes in the total bacterial community and ammoniaoxidizing bacterial composition were examined by using 

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and 

sequencing of PCR-amplified fragments of the gene 

carrying the a subunit of the ammonia monooxygenase 

gene (amoA) recovered from soil samples and DGGE 

bands. DGGE analysis of wetlands and manure samples 

revealed that the total bacterial community composition was 

dominated by bacteria from phylogenetic clusters related to 

Bacillus, Clostridium, Mycoplasma, Eubacterium, and 

Proteobacteria originally retrieved from the gastrointestinal 

tracts of mammals. The population of ammonia-oxidizing 

bacteria showed a higher percentage of Nitrosospira-like 

sequences from the wetland samples, while a higher 

percentage of Nitrosomouas-like sequences from manure, 

feces, raw washwater, and facultative pond was found. 

These results show that the wetland system is a natural 

process dependent upon the development of healthy 

microbial communities for optimal wastewater treatment. 

© NISC 

291. A constructed vertical macrophyte system for the 

retention of nitrogen in agricultural runoff. 

Farahbakhshazad, N. and Morrison, G. M. 

Environmental Technology 21(2): 217-223. (Feb. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ macrophytes/ wastewater 

treatment/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ agricultural runoff/ 

ammonia/ agriculture/ runoff (agricultural)/ nutrients/ 

Phragmites australis/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

water treatment/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Recent evidence for the importance of luxury 

rhizome accumulation of N by the common reed 

Phragmites australis opens the possibility for N retention in 

constructed vertical wetlands. The removal of nutrients (N 

and P) from agricultural runoff was investigated in columns 

planted with P. australis in a sand bed. Nitrate 

demonstrated a linear removal with detention time (60-300 

min) and was accounted for by membrane-limited root 

uptake. Ammonia was effectively removed from agricultural 

runoff, with nitrate removed at longer detention times. 

Detention time based on a targeted nitrate removal 

therefore represents a suitable design parameter for a 

vertical macrophyte system. On the other hand, ammonia 

was more effectively removed at low concentrations, but 

ineffectively removed at higher concentrations. Nitrogen is 

effectively accumulated in rhizomes which could be 

mechanically ground, composted and returned to 

agriculture. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

81

292. Constructed wetland attenuation of nitrogen 

exported in subsurface drainage from irrigated and 

rain-fed dairy pastures. 

Tanner, C. C.; Nguyen, M. L.; and Sukias, J. P. S. 

Water Science and Technology 51(9): 55-61. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 9. IWA Intl. Specialised Conf. on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control, Avignon 

(France), 26-30 Sep 2004; ISBN: 1843394987; Issue editor: 

Lienard, A. 

Descriptors: drainage/ catchment areas/ artificial wetlands/ 

subsurface drainage/ hydraulic loading/ export/ pastures/ 

water pollution control/ sampling/ rainfall/ soil water/ 

continuous flow/ nitrogen removal/ irrigation water/ nitrates/ 

nitrogen compounds/ catchments/ nitrogen/ pasture/ 

dairies/ irrigation/ seasonal variations/ New Zealand, 

North I. 

Abstract: Nitrogen removal performance is reported for 

constructed wetlands treating subsurface drainage from 

irrigated and rain-fed dairy pastures in North Island, New 

Zealand. Flow-proportional sampling of inflow and outflow 

concentrations were combined with continuous flow records 

to calculate mass balances for the wetlands. Drainage 

flows from the irrigated catchment were 2.5-4 fold higher 

and N exports up to 5 fold higher per unit area than for the 

rain-fed catchment. Hydraulic and associated N loadings to 

the wetlands were highly pulsed, associated with rainfall, 

soil water status, and irrigation events. Transient pulses of 

organic nitrogen were an important form of N loss from the 

rain-fed landscape in the first year, and were very 

effectively removed in the wetland (> 90%). Median nitrate 

concentrations of similar to 10 g m super(-3) in the drainage 

inflows were reduced by 15-67% during passage through 

the wetlands and annual nitrate-N loads by 16-61% (38-317 

g N m super(-2) y super(-1)). Generation in the wetlands of 

net ammoniacal-N and organic-N (irrigated site) partially 

negated reduction in nitrate-N loads. The results show that 

constructed wetlands comprising 1-2% of catchment area 

can provide moderate reductions in TN export via pastoral 

drainage, but performance is markedly influenced by 

variations in seasonal loading and 

establishment/maturation factors. 

© CSA 

293. Constructed wetlands for animal waste treatment: 

A manual on performance, design, and operation with 

case histories. 

CH2M Hill, Inc.; Payne Engineering; Gulf of Mexico 

Program (U.S.); Nutrient Enrichment Committee; Alabama 

Soil and Water Conservation Committee; and National 

Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream 

Improvement (U.S.). 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Gulf of Mexico Program. (1997) 

Notes: "Prepared for the Gulf of Mexico Program Nutrient 

Enrichment Committee, under a contract to the Alabama 

Soil and Water Conservation Committee (ASWCC) and 

National Council of the Pulp and Paper Industry for Air and 

Stream Improvement (NCASI)." "June 1997." Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: TD930.2 .C64 1997 

Descriptors: animal waste---management/ constructed 

wetlands/ Mexico, Gulf of---nutrients 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

294. Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater 

management. 

Knight, R. L.; Payne, V. W. E.; Borer, R. E.; Clarke, R. A.; 

and Pries, J. H. 

Ecological Engineering 15(1-2): 41-55. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: agricultural engineering/ confined animal 

feeding operation/ livestock/ nutrient reduction/ treatment 

wetland/ water quality management 

Abstract: In 1995, the Gulf of Mexico Program (GMP) 

sponsored efforts by the Alabama Soil and Water 

Conservation Committee and the National Council of the 

Pulp and Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement 

(NCASI) to conduct a review of the literature concerning the 

use of constructed wetlands for treating concentrated 

livestock wastewaters. The scope of the literature review 

and summary of design/operation data included all of North 

America. Both published and unpublished data have been 

provided by researchers to be included in the database. 

The database format used for the GMP project is only 

slightly modified from the format developed for the US 

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) North America 

Treatment Wetland Database, which includes information 

from municipal, industrial and stormwater treatment 

wetlands. The GMP Livestock Wastewater Treatment 

Wetland Database includes information from 68 sites with a 

total of 135 pilot and full-scale wetland systems (systems 

include parallel units at individual research facilities). Types 

of livestock wastewater being treated by constructed 

wetlands include dairy manure and milkhouse wash water, 

runoff from concentrated cattle-feeding operations, poultry 

manure, swine manure and catfish pond water. Over 1300 

operational data records are summarized in the database. 

These data indicate that removal rates for 5-day 

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended 

solids (TSS), ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N), total nitrogen 

(TN), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand 

(COD) and fecal coliforms are potentially very high in 

constructed wetlands receiving animal wastewaters. 

Average concentration reduction efficiencies were: BOD5 

65%, TSS 53%, NH4-N 48%, TN 42%, and TP 42%. 

Removals are a function of inlet concentrations and 

hydraulic loading rates. Successful wetland design must 

include adequate pretreatment to protect the health of the 

wetland biota and must include adequate wetland area to 

meet the quality goals. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

295. Constructed wetlands for livestock wastewater 

management: Literature review, database, and research 

synthesis. 

Gulf of Mexico Program (U.S.); Nutrient Enrichment 

Committee; CH2MHILL (Firm); and Payne 

Engineering (Firm) 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 

1 v. (various pagings): ill. (1997) 

Notes: "Prepared under contract to National Council of the 

Paper Industry for Air and Stream improvement (NCASI) 

and Alabama Soil and Water Conservation Committee." 

"January 1997." Includes bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: TD930.2.C65 1997 

Descriptors: animal waste---management/ 

constructed wetlands 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

82

296. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in 

cold climates. 

Mander, U. and Jenssen, P. D. 

Southampton, UK: WIT Press; Series: Advances in 

ecological sciences 1369-8273 11; 325 p. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .I67 v. 11; ISBN: 1853126519 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands---cold weather 

conditions/ sewage---purification---biological treatment/ 

sewage---purification---cold weather conditions 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

297. Constructed wetlands for water treatment in 

aquaculture.

Massingill, M. J.; Kasckow, E. M.; Carlberg, J. M.; 

Chamberlain, R. J.; and Van Olst, J. C. 

In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on 

Recirculating Aquaculture. (Held 16 Jul 1998-19 Jul 1998 at 

Roanoke, VA (USA).) Libey, G. S. and Timmons, M. B. 

(eds.); Vol. VSGCP-C-00-001; VSG-98-02.: Virginia Sea 

Grant; 2002. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic plants/ removal/ aquaculture 

effluents/ recirculating systems/ water quality control/ 

wastewater treatment/ pollution control/ aquaculture/ 

aquatic macrophytes/ effects of aquaculture on the 

environment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

prevention and control/ aquaculture/ industrial effluents/ 

water & wastewater treatment/ conservation and 

environmental protection 

Abstract: Natural wetlands have long been regarded as 

important ecosystems that provide habitat for many types of 

aquatic and riparian plants and animals. In addition, natural 

wetlands play an important role in restoring the quality of 

the water that passes through them by reducing suspended 

solids, removing nitrogen and phosphorous nutrients, and 

trapping or converting other natural or man-made 

pollutants. Considerable interest has developed in trying to 

understand the mechanisms at work within natural 

wetlands, and to model and incorporate their positive water 

treatment features into artificial or "constructed" wetlands. 

Within the last decade, numerous constructed wetlands 

have been built to replace the loss of natural wetlands, to 

provide additional plant and animal habitat, to provide new 

aesthetic and recreational environments for people, and for 

use as water treatment systems for several types of 

municipal, industrial, and agricultural wastewater. 

© CSA 

298. Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from 

dairy and swine operations: A review. 

Cronk, J. K. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 58(2-3): 

97-114. (July 1996) 

NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: dairy industry/ wastewater treatment/ waste 

management/ barn wastewater/ eutrophication/ design 

standards/ cost analysis/ maintenance/ artificial wetlands/ 

dairies/ constructed wetlands/ dairy industry/ artificial 

wetlands/ Wastewater treatment processes/ Pollution 

control/ Sewage & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Animal wastewater can be a major contributor to 

the cultural eutrophication of surface waters. Constructed 

wetlands are under study as a best management practice 

to treat animal wastewater from dairy and swine operations. 

Preliminary results are promising when wetlands are a 

component of a farm-wide waste management plan, but 

they are ineffective without pretreatment of the wastewater. 

The feasibility of constructed wetlands varies with waste 

characteristics and climate. While the cost of wetland 

construction is low, the site must be maintained in order for 

the initial investment in the wetland to be worthwhile. In 

addition, several design iterations may be necessary before 

effective treatment is obtained. The design of animal 

wastewater treatment wetlands is still being researched and 

a number of the present projects will help provide 

recommendations for the use of constructed wetlands at 

animal operations. 

© CSA 

299. Constructing wetlands in the Intermountain West: 

Guidelines for land resource managers. 

Olson, Richard Arnold 

Laramie, Wyo.: University of Wyoming; Series: B (Laramie, 

Wyo.) 1078. (1999) 

Notes: Title from title page of source document. Includes 

bibliographical references. 

NAL Call #: 100 W99 (1) no. 1078 

http://www.uwyo.edu/ces/PUBS/B-1078.pdf

Descriptors: constructed wetlands---West---United States/ 

constructed wetlands---Rocky Mountains 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

300. Control of microbial methane production in 

wetland rice fields. 

Conrad, Ralf 

Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 64(1-2): 59-69. (2002) 

NAL Call #: S631 .F422; ISSN: 1385-1314 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ climatology: 

environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control and 

management/ soil science/ nitrogen fertilization/ applied 

and field techniques/ organic carbon fertilization/ water 

management/ anaerobic degradation process: carbon flow, 

electron flow/ microbiological data/ microscopic processes/ 

reaction thermodynamic constraints/ rice straw/ soil redox 

potential/ soil type/ syntrophy/ temperature/ 

wetland rice fields 

Abstract: Methane emission rates are a function of 

production, transport and oxidation of CH4 in the rice field. 

Production of CH4 is the prerequisite for any flux. The most 

important variables that control CH4 production include soil 

type, rice variety, temperature, soil redox potential, water 

management and fertilization with organic carbon or 

nitrogen. The effects of these variables have empirically 

been assessed on a macroscopic scale. However, the 

actual mechanisms by which these variables affect the 

microbial CH4 production on a microscopic scale are little 

understood. The purpose of the present contribution is to 

review existing knowledge of microbiological data and 

microscopic processes that are relevant for the control of 

CH4 production. These include the flow of carbon and 

electrons during the anaerobic degradation process, 

thermodynamic constraints of reactions in-situ and changes 

in the composition of the microbial community. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

83

301. Controlled drainage and wetlands to reduce 

agricultural pollution: A lysimetric study. 

Borin, M.; Bonaiti, G.; and Giardini, L. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(4): 1330-1340. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality (natural waters)/ 

pollution (water)/ pollution control/ case study/ 

environmental issues/ samples/ ground-water quality/ 

pollution (groundwater)/ water pollution control/ agricultural 

runoff/ controlled drainage/ experimental data/ lysimeters/ 

water table/ water management/ nitrates/ dissolved solids/ 

agricultural pollution/ nitrogen/ drainage/ irrigation/ 

groundwater pollution/ Itay/ water table 

Abstract: Controlled drainage and wetlands could be very 

effective practices to control nitrogen pollution in the lowlying agricultural plains of northeast Italy, but they are not 

as popular as in other countries. An experiment on 

lysimeters was therefore carried out in 1996-1998, with the 

double aim of obtaining local information to encourage the 

implementation of these practices and to gain more 

knowledge on the effects involved. Controlled drainage + 

subirrigation and wetlands were all considered as natural 

systems where alternative water table management could 

ameliorate water quality, and were compared with a typical 

water management scheme for crops in the open field. 

Eight treatments were considered: free drainage on maize 

(Zea mays L.) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), two 

treatments of controlled drainage on the same crops, and 

five wetland treatments using common reed [Phragmites 

australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.], common cattail (Typha 

latifolia L.), and tufted sedge (Carex elata All.), with 

different water table or flooding levels. Lysimeters received 

about 130 g m super(-2) of N with fertilization and irrigation 

water, with small differences among treatments. The effects 

of treatments were more evident for NO sub(3)-N 

concentrations than for the other chemical parameters (total 

Kjeldahl nitrogen, pH, and electrical conductivity), with 

significantly different medians among free drainage (33 mg 

L super(-1)), controlled drainage (1.6 and 2.6 mg L super(-

1)), and wetlands (0.5-0.7 mg L super(-1)). Referring to free 

drainage, NO sub(3)-N losses were reduced by 46 to 63% 

in controlled drainage and 95% in the average of wetlands. 

Wetlands also reduced losses of total dissolved solids from 

253 g m super(-2) (average of crop treatments) to 175 g m 

super(-2) (average of wetlands). 

© CSA 

302. Cycling and retention of nitrogen and 

phosphorous in wetlands: A theoretical and applied 

perspective. 

Howard-Williams, C. 

Freshwater Biology 15(4): 391-431. (1985) 

NAL Call #: QH96.F6; ISSN: 0046-5070 

Descriptors: wetlands/ cycling nutrients/ nutrient removal/ 

wastewater disposal/ limnology/ nitrogen/ phosphorous/ 

ecosystems/ ecology/ groundwater/ nutrients/ fauna/ 

literature review/ detritus/ sediments/ evapotranspiration/ 

vegetation/ hydrology/ floods/ microorganisms 

Abstract: This review considers the internal fluxes and 

transformations of nitrogen and phosphorous in wetland 

ecosystems. Emphasis is placed on the dynamic nature of 

nutrient cycling and the review stresses the possible use of 

wetlands as sinks for unwanted nutrients. Successional 

time scales, exchange equilibria and the concepts of 

storage and throughflow, resource consumption and supply 

are explained. Descriptions of the basic pathways of 

nutrients through different types of wetland systems are 

given with the emphasis placed on the movement into and 

out of the major storage compartments of wetland systems. 

The problems of conversion of qualitative information on 

nutrient movements and transformations, into data on mass 

flows are then discussed. The review then considers the 

effects of adding nutrients to wetlands. The concept of the 

loading capacity is discussed in relation to the length of 

time a wetland can continue to remove nutrients from 

throughflow. Recent studies show that artificially created 

wetlands can be effective systems for nutrient removal only 

if their internal removal mechanisms are understood and if 

these are optimized by management techniques. (Author 's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

303. Denitrification in constructed free-water surface 

wetlands: II. Effects of vegetation and temperature. 

Bachand, P. A. M. and Horne, A. J. 

Ecological Engineering 14(1-2): 17-32. (Jan. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Special Issue: Nitrogen & phosphorus retention in 

wetlands 

Descriptors: wetlands/ denitrification/ vegetation cover/ 

temperature effects/ wastewater treatment/ aquatic plants/ 

North America/ free surfaces/ artificial wetlands/ 

productivity/ vegetation effects/ databases/ cattails/ cost 

analysis/ dissolved oxygen/ grazing/ decomposition/ 

organic carbon/ evapotranspiration/ dissolved solids/ 

vegetation/ temperature/ organic matter/ aquatic 

macrophytes (Typhaceae)/ economics/ oxygen (dissolved)/ 

dissolved solids/ Scirpus/ Typha/ North America/ 

characteristics, behavior and fate/ wastewater treatment 

processes/ sewage and wastewater treatment/ water 

treatment/ water and wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are increasingly being 

used for treating nitrogen-rich wastewaters. Of the 115 

treatment wetlands listed in the North American Treatment 

Wetland Database which record nitrogen data, a large 

portion are used for treating secondary treated or lower 

quality (e.g. primary, agricultural runoff, stormwater) 

wastewater. Twenty-five percent treat agricultural and 

stormwater runoff, and only seven are used for either 

advanced secondary or tertiary treatment. Yet constructed 

wetlands may provide an attractive and economical 

alternative to conventional treatment plants for denitrifying 

high quality, nitrified wastewater. In populated areas where 

this is most needed, high land costs will increase the capital 

costs of this technology. Moreover, in semi-arid regions like 

the western and southwestern USA, high evaporation and 

evapotranspiration rates may hinder this technology by 

concentrating total dissolved solids (TDS) and dissolved 

organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. Implementation of 

management and design practices for denitrification may be 

one method to increase efficiencies, reduce costs and 

increase reliability. One relatively unknown variable in 

denitrification is the role of different plant species. If one 

plant provides substantially better conditions for 

denitrification, wetlands designed for denitrification could be 

smaller and less expensive. Three commonly used freesurface marsh vegetation treatments (bulrush Scirpus spp., 

cattail Typha spp., and a mixed stand of macrophytes and 

grasses) were used in replicated macrocosms to determine 

nitrate removal rates. Nitrate removal rates between 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

84

vegetation types were large and differed significantly (P < 

0.001; cattails = 565 mg N m super(-2) day super(-1), 

bulrush = 261 mg N m super(-2) day super(-1), and mixed = 

835 mg N m super(-2) day super(-1)). Mass balance 

calculations demonstrated that bacterial denitrification 

rather than plant uptake was the main mechanism for 

nitrate removal. Both water temperature (temperatureactivity coefficient theta = 1.15-1.22) and organic carbon 

availability affected denitrification rates whereas surface 

water dissolved oxygen (DO) and nitrogen concentrations 

did not. This experiment could not distinguish why the 

different vegetation types resulted in different denitrification 

rates. Plant productivity differed between treatments. Plant 

physical structure, waterfowl grazing pressures and wind 

disturbance affected the rate litter entered the water 

column. The literature reports that plant decomposition 

rates depend upon the plants C:N sub(litter) ratio and the 

plant fiber content. All these factors likely affected the rate 

bioavailable organic carbon was made available to 

microbial denitrifiers. Based on our study and a literature 

review, in organic carbon-limited free-surface wetlands, a 

mixture of labile (submergent, floating) and more 

recalcitrant (emergent, grasses) are recommended for 

improving denitrification rates. 

© CSA 

304. Denitrification variability and control in a riparian 

fen irrigated with agricultural drainage water. 

Ambus, P. and Christensen, S. 

Soil Biology and Biochemistry 25(7): 915-923. (1993) 

NAL Call #: S592.7.A1S6; ISSN: 0038-0717 

Descriptors: wetlands/ riparian environments/ soil/ 

denitrification/ reduction/ agricultural land/ runoff/ sediment 

chemistry/ nitrogen cycle/ pore water/ irrigation/ agricultural 

wastes/ recycling/ chemical analysis/ soils/ riparian 

vegetation/ Denmark/ nitrate/ soils/ riparian vegetation/ soil/ 

agricultural land/ agricultural wastes/ recycling/ riparian 

environments/ reduction/ sediment chemistry/ pore water/ 

nitrogen cycle/ prevention and control/ geochemistry of 

sediments/ ecosystems and energetics/ use of water of 

impaired quality 

Abstract: Denitrification was measured by the C sub(2)H 

sub(2) inhibition technique in a riparian fen irrigated with 

agricultural drainage water. 16 h after C sub(2)H sub(2) 

treatment 88% of the total N sub(2)O contained in watersaturated cores could be accounted for by assuming 

equilibrium between the gas phase and the liquid phase. 

The denitrification activity averaged 2.8 and 8.8 mg N 

sub(2)O-N/m super(2)/day in the control plot and 1.6 and 

21.9 mg N sub(2)O-N/m super(2)/day in the irrigated plot 

during the dry and the runoff periods respectively. Four 

percent of the incoming NO sub(3) super(-) was reduced to 

gaseous N. The spatial variability was often high, with 

coefficients of variation >100% and was independent of 

seasonal changes in soil anaerobiosis. Soil NO sub(3) 

super(-) and denitrification were poorly related, and bulk 

concentrations of NO sub(3) super(-) below 200 mu M 

suggested that the process was strongly limited by diffusion 

of NO sub(3) super(-) into the soil during periods of 

flooding. Mean denitrification and water-filled pores 

correlated positively, r = 0.71*** for the control and r = 

0.68*** for the irrigated plots. Water-soluble C was not 

related to denitrification. Multiple regression models 

including soil water, 2NO sub(3) super(-), soluble C and 

temperature as independent variables, predicted between 

21 and 55% of the denitrification, the highest value found 

when only mean data was considered. Water-filled pores 

was the most important variable. The observations on 

which 2 variables controlled denitrification were supported 

by laboratory experiments with manipulated cores. Water 

additions increased denitrification only in samples collected 

during the dry period. Anaerobic incubation of saturated 

cores did not affect the process. Restricted NO sub(3) 

super(-) availability was clearly illustrated by the 25-41-fold 

increase obtained when NO sub(3) super(-) was injected 

into cores at ambient and high carbon respectively. A 

response of up to 13-fold was observed when substrateamended cores were made into slurries. Glucose did not 

increase denitrification by more than a factor of three. 

© CSA 

305. Denitrifying sites in constructed wetlands treating 

agricultural industry wastes: A note. 

Russell, J. M.; van Oostrom, A. J.; and Lindsey, S. B. 

Environmental Technology 15(1): 95-99. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ construction/ wastewater treatment/ 

nitrates/ industrial wastes/ waste disposal/ denitrification/ 

agricultural wastes/ denitrification/ agricultural wastes/ 

nitrates/ ultimate disposal of wastes/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ non-patents/ 

pollution control 

Abstract: The denitrification potential (rate of denitrification 

under anoxic conditions and in the presence of excess 

nitrate and glucose) was measured in different zones of 

constructed wetlands receiving anaerobic/aerobic treated 

meat processing and dairy-shed effluents. The wetland 

receiving meat processing effluent was of the surface flow 

type and about 67% of the influent nitrogen was in the 

nitrate form. Most of the dinitrifying potential in this wetland 

was in the surface mat of decaying plant material. The 

dairy-shed wetland was of the subsurface flow type and 

received an effluent that contained little nitrate (< 1%). In 

this wetland dinitrifying potential increased from the inlet to 

the outlet. The patterns of denitrifying activity suggest that 

nitrogen removal in wetland systems may be improved by 

better contact between the effluent and decaying plant 

material on the wetland surface. 

© CSA 

306. Depth-area-volume and hydroperiod relationships 

of ephemeral (vernal) forest pools in southern New 

England. 

Brooks, Robert T. and Hayashi, Masaki 

Wetlands 22(2): 247-255. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ depth are volume relationship/ ephemeral forest 

pools/ evapotranspiration/ groundwater exchange/ 

hydroperiod/ pool morphometry/ precipitation/ vernal forest 

pools/ wetlands ecology 

Abstract: Ephemeral or "vernal" pools occur commonly 

throughout the forests of the northeastern United States 

and adjacent eastern Canada. These pools are critical 

breeding habitat for a number of amphibian species and 

support a diverse invertebrate community. The hydroperiod 

or duration of surface water of vernal pools affects faunal 

composition and reproduction. We conducted bathymetric 

surveys of 34 vernal pools located in central Massachusetts 

in early spring when the pools were at maximum extent 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

85

after receiving snowmelt runoff. With these data, we 

estimated maximum pool depths, surface areas, 

perimeters, volumes, and basin profile coefficients. We 

calculated relative hydroperiod indices for the pools based 

on the presence or absence of surface water during 

periodic pool visits over the three-year study. The ranges of 

estimated pool morphological parameters were 0.11-0.94 m 

for maximum depth, 68-2941 m2 for maximum surface 

area, 6-506 m3 for maximum volume, and 30-388 m for 

maximum perimeter. Basin profile coefficients ranged 

between 0.60 (convex) and 2.24 (concave), with a median 

value of 1.02 (straight slope). Maximum pool depth was 

positively correlated with area and perimeter, but the 

correlations were only moderately strong, and there were 

many shallow pools with large surface areas. Correlations 

between basin profile coefficients and other morphological 

parameters were weak or non-significant. Maximum pool 

volume was proportional to the product of area and depth, 

but the proportionality constant was dependent on the basin 

profile coefficient. Relative hydroperiod was weakly 

correlated with pool morphometry; the strongest 

relationship was found between hydroperiod and maximum 

pool volume. In general terms, pools with a maximum depth 

greater than 0.5 m, a maximum surface area larger than 

1000 m2, or a maximum volume greater than 100 m3 had 

surface water more than 80% of the times they were 

visited. In contrast, shallower pools, smaller pools, or pools 

with lesser volumes had varying hydroperiods. The weak 

relationships between pool morphometry and hydroperiod 

indicate that other factors, including temporal patterns of 

precipitation and evapotranspiration and ground-water 

exchange may have significant influence on vernal pool 

hydrology and hydroperiod. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

307. Design considerations for increased 

sedimentation in small wetlands treating agricultural 

runoff. 

Braskerud, B. C. 

Water Science and Technology 45(9): 77-85. (2002) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 5. International Conference on Diffuse 

Pollution, Milwaukee [USA], 10-15 Jun 2001; Source: 

Diffuse/Non-Point Pollution and Waterhsed Management; 

ISBN: 1843394154 

Descriptors: Norway/ water pollution control/ nonpoint 

pollution sources/ artificial wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ 

sedimentation/ optimization/ design criteria/ water depth/ 

vegetation/ data collections/ reviews/ pollution (nonpoint 

sources)/ runoff (agricultural)/ design data/ water quality 

control/ water quality/ water pollution: monitoring, control 

& remediation 

Abstract: Some suggestions to increase the sedimentation 

of non-point source pollution in small surface flow wetlands 

are presented. The recommendations are based on results 

from seven Norwegian constructed wetlands (CWs) after 3-

7 years of investigation, and a literature review. The 

wetlands were located in first and second order streams. 

Surface areas were 265-900 m super(2), corresponding to 

0.03-0.4% of the watershed. Each CW had a volume 

proportional composite sampler in the inlet and outlet, in 

addition to sedimentation plates. The mean annual 

retention of soil particles, organic particles and phosphorus 

was 45-75%, 43-67% and 20-44%, respectively. Results 

showed that erosion and transportation processes in arable 

watersheds influenced the retention. Sedimentation was the 

most important retention process, and increased with 

runoff, because the input of larger aggregates increased. 

Retention of nitrogen did not follow the same pattern, and 

was only 3-15%. Making CWs shallow (0-0.5 m) can 

optimize sedimentation. The hydraulic efficiency can be 

increased by aquatic vegetation, large stones in the inlet, 

baffles and water-permeable, low dams. Vegetation makes 

it possible to utilize the positive effect of a short particle 

settling distance, by hindering resuspension of sediments 

under storm runoff conditions. As a result, the phosphorus 

retention in shallow CWs was twice that of deeper ponds. 

© CSA 

308. Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat 

agricultural nonpoint source pollution. 

Hammer, D. A. 

Ecological Engineering 1(1-2): 49-82. (1992) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Conference: US EPA Workshop on the Role of 

Created and Natural Wetlands in Controlling Nonpoint 

Source Pollution, Arlington, VA (USA), 10-11 Jun 1991 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution control/ agricultural 

pollution/ environmental engineering/ agricultural pollution/ 

environmental engineering/ modeling, mathematics, 

computer applications/ freshwater pollution/ prevention and 

control/ reclamation/ pollution control 

Abstract: Increasingly concentrated animal husbandry 

practices and more intensive row crop farming have 

expanded agricultural pollution problems. Implementing 

accepted best management practices (BMPs) for erosion 

control and waste handling along with a combination of (1) 

onsite constructed wetlands, (2) nutrient-sediment control 

systems in small watersheds, and (3) natural wetlands 

along streams and at strategic locations in large 

watersheds may provide low-cost, efficient control. Design 

recommendations and examples are included. 

© CSA 

309. Designing constructed wetlands to remove 

phosphorus from barnyard runoff: A comparison of 

four alternative substrates. 

Hill, Cynthia M.; Duxbury, John; Geohring, Larry; and 

Peck, Theodore 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: Toxic 

Hazardous Substances and Environmental Engineering

A35(8): 1357-1375. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD172.J6; ISSN: 1093-4529 

Descriptors: terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ pollution assessment control and management/ 

waste management: sanitation/ constructed wetland/ 

design, wastewater treatment method/ norlite: wetland 

substrate/ agricultural ecosystems/ crushed limestone: 

wetland substrate/ dairy farm/ mesic Glossic Hapludalf: 

wetland substrate/ Wollastonite mining tailings: wetland 

substrate 

Abstract: While constructed wetlands can be a costeffective method for reducing the export of P from 

agricultural ecosystems, removal rates vary widely. The 

objective of this research was to evaluate substrates that 

could consistently improve P treatment in these wetlands. 

We built eight 55 m2 subsurface wetland cells on an 800-

head dairy farm in Newark, NY, USA, to test alternative 

substrates for removing soluble P from dairy barnyard 

runoff. The four media were (1) a fine loamy, mixed, mesic 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

86

Glossic Hapludalf, (2) crushed limestone, (3) Norlite, 

lightweight coarse aggregates of fired shale, and (4) 

wollastonite (calcium metasilicate) mining tailings. Based 

on this research, we recommend Norlite for P removal in 

agricultural ecosystems. The native soil retained more 

soluble P but could not sustain subsurface flow. 

Wollastonite tailings warrant further research. They 

adsorbed 2 mg P/g in the laboratory but performed less well 

in the field, probably because of preferential flow. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

310. Deterministic and stochastic aspects of 

constructed wetland performance and design. 

Kadlec, Robert H. 

Water Science and Technology 35(5): 149-156. (1997) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ 

climatology: environmental sciences/ mathematical biology: 

computational biology/ models and simulations: 

computational biology/ waste management: sanitation/ 

chemical oxygen demand/ constructed wetlands/ 

deterministic modeling/ hydraulic loading/ irrigation 

requirement/ models and simulations/ Monte Carlo 

modeling/ organic nitrogen/ parametric variation/ seasonal 

growth pattern/ temperature/ waste management/ 

wetland design 

Abstract: Potato processing wastewater contains high 

concentrations of COD, TSS and TKN. A combination of 

surface flow wetlands, intermittent vertical flow wetlands, 

ponds and land application has been used for treatment. 

This engineered natural system balances irrigation 

requirements, nitrogen supply and seasonal growth 

patterns to provide effective year-round operation. A first 

pilot wetland was operated to determine operability, 

effectiveness, and plant survival at high COD and nitrogen 

concentrations. A second pilot system of four wetlands in 

series was operated to obtain design and operating 

information. Two surface flow wetlands provided TSS and 

COD reduction, and ammonified the organic nitrogen. 

Subsequently, nitrification occurred in the vertical flow 

wetlands, followed by denitrification in a surface flow 

wetlands The design target was a balanced nitrogen and 

irrigation supply for application to crops. Winter storage as 

used to match the crop application period to the growing 

season. Both pilot projects met design objectives, and a full 

scale system has begun operation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

311. Developing design guidelines for constructed 

wetlands to remove pesticides from agricultural runoff. 

Rodgers, J. H. and Dunn, A. 

Ecological Engineering 1(1-2): 83-95. (1992) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Conference: US EPA Workshop on the Role of 

Created and Natural Wetlands in Controlling Nonpoint 

Source Pollution, Arlington, VA (USA), 10-11 Jun 1991 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution clean-up/ pesticides/ 

runoff/ pollution control/ environmental engineering/ 

agricultural pollution/ environmental engineering/ 

agricultural pollution/ pollution clean-up/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ freshwater pollution/ 

prevention and control/ reclamation/ pollution control 

Abstract: This paper presents a research strategy for 

evaluating the capability of constructed, restored, and 

natural wetlands to assimilate and process pesticides 

associated with agricultural runoff from croplands. A 

modeling approach that is central to this research strategy 

is presented and the mathematical foundation is explicitly 

stated. This approach generates predictions that can be 

experimentally and rigorously tested. Criteria for selection 

of "model" pesticides for experimentation include factors 

such as use patterns and amounts as well as intrinsic 

characteristics of the pesticide. The design of the 

experimental constructed wetlands cells for this research 

includes water flow and depth control, clay liners to prevent 

infiltration, and wetland vegetation as a variable. The 

experimental strategy should permit optimal transfer of 

study results from site to site and ultimately provide 

recommendations for pesticides that are compatible with 

wetlands as well as design characteristics for constructed 

wetlands to be used with specific crop-pesticide 

combinations. 

© CSA 

312. Distribution of soil carbon stocks in Canada's 

forests and wetlands simulated based on drainage 

class, topography and remotely sensed vegetation 

parameters. 

Ju, W. and Chen, J. M. 

Hydrological Processes 19(1): 77-94. (2005) 

NAL Call #: GB651.H93; ISSN: 0885-6087 

Descriptors: drainage class/ forest carbon/ remote sensing/ 

soil carbon/ topography/ wetland 

Abstract: A quasi-three-dimensional hydrological model 

was developed and integrated into the integrated terrestrial 

ecosystem carbon-budget model (InTEC V3·0) to improve 

the estimation of the carbon (C) dynamics in Canadian 

forests and wetlands. Climate, soil, digital elevation map, 

and drainage class data, in conjunction with remotely 

sensed vegetation parameters, including leaf area index, 

land cover type, and stand age, are used to drive the 

model. Soil is divided into three layers, for which 

temperature and moisture dynamics are simulated. 

Individual 1 km × 1 km pixels are hydrologically linked with 

neighbouring pixels through subsurface saturated baseflow, which is simulated using a TOPMODEL-based 

scheme. Soil C and nitrogen (N) dynamics are simulated 

using the soil submodel of CENTURY suitably modified for 

forests and wetlands. The interannual variation in net 

primary productivity is iteratively computed after integrating 

the effects of N, climate, stand age and atmospheric CO2 

concentration on productivity. Compared with data in the 

Soil Landscape of Canada, the newly updated InTEC V3·0 

can capture 66·6% of spatial variations in soil C and 

effectively alleviate soil C underestimation in wetland areas 

from its predecessor (InTEC V2·0) by considering the 

lateral water flow and the water table variation. Copyright 

2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

313. Ecodepuration performances of a small-scale 

experimental constructed wetland system treating and 

recycling intensive aquaculture wastewater. 

Panella, S.; Cignini, I.; Battilotti, M.; Falcucci, M.; Hull, V.; 

Milone, N.; Monfrinotti, M.; Mulas, G. A.; Pipornetti, G.; 

Tancioni, L.; and Cataudella, S. 

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 879: 

427-431. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 500 N484; ISSN: 0077-8923. 

Notes: Issue title: Tempos in science and nature: 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

87

Structures, relations, and complexity; Meeting Information: 

Conference, Siena, Italy; September 23-26, 1998; 

Publisher: New York Academy of Sciences; Other number: 

15733119601573311979 

Descriptors: aquaculture/ waste management: sanitation/ 

aquaculture self depurating system/ aquaculture 

wastewater: recycling, treatment/ experimental constructed 

wetland system/ book chapter/ meeting paper/ 

meeting poster 

© The Thomson Corporation 

314. Ecological restoration of aquatic and semi-aquatic 

ecosystems in the Netherlands (NW Europe). 

Nienhuis, P. H. and Gulati, R. D.; Series: Developments in 

Hydrobiology 166; 256- pp. (2003) 

Notes: ISSN: 0167-8418 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ environment 

management/ grazing/ colonization/ restoration/ aquatic 

communities/ marshes/ ecosystem resilience/ seeds/ 

transplantation/ historical account/ Salmonidae/ Plantae/ 

Netherlands/ Europe/ salmonids/ other aquatic 

communities/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: This work presents the state of the art of aquatic 

and semi-aquatic ecological restoration projects in The 

Netherlands. Starting from the conceptual basis of 

restoration ecology, the successes and failures of hundreds 

of restoration projects are described. Numerous successful 

projects are mentioned. In general ecological restoration 

endeavours greatly benefit from the progressive experience 

achieved in the course of the years. Failures mainly occur 

through insufficient application of physical, chemical or 

ecological principles. Spontaneous colonization by plants 

and animals, following habitat reconstruction, is preferred. 

However, sometimes the re-introduction of keystone 

species (e.g. eelgrass, salmon, beaver) is necessary in 

case the potential habitats are isolated or fragmented, or if 

a seed bank is lacking, thus not allowing viable populations 

to develop. Re-introducing traditional management 

techniques (e.g. mowing without fertilization, low intensity 

grazing) is important to rehabilitate the semi-natural and 

cultural landscapes that are so characteristic for The 

Netherlands. 

© CSA 

315. Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of 

dairy farm wastewaters in constructed wetlands: 1. 

Removal of oxygen demand, suspended solid and 

faecal coliforms. 

Tanner, C. C.; Clayton, J. S.; and Upsdell, M. P. 

Water Research 29(1): 17-26. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: dairy wastes/ wastewater treatment/ artificial 

wetlands/ coliforms/ agriculture/ water quality/ suspended 

solids/ chemical oxygen demand/ biological oxygen 

demand/ retention time/ biochemical oxygen demand/ 

suspended load/ dairies/ suspended particulate matter/ 

fecal coliforms/ constructed wetlands/ dairy wastes/ dairies/ 

suspended particulate matter/ fecal coliforms/ artificial 

wetlands/ suspended solids/ retention time/ suspended 

load/ coliforms/ biological oxygen demand 

Abstract: The effect of influent loading rate on mass 

removal of BOD, SS and faecal coliforms (FC) from dairy 

parlour wastewaters was compared in four pairs of planted 

(Schoenoplectus, validus) and unplanted gravel-bed 

wetlands (each 19 m super(2)). The wetlands were 

operated at nominal retention times of 7, 5.5, 3 and 2 days, 

with in and outflows sampled fortnightly over a 20 month 

period. Hydraulic flows were monitored to enable 

calculation of the mass flows of pollutants. Influent water 

quality varied markedly over the trial period (CBOD sub(5) 

20-300 g m super(-3); SS, 60-250 g m super(-3); FC, 10 

super(3)-10 super(6) MPN (100 ml super(-1)). NBOD was 

an important component of total BOD, being around 1.5 

times higher than the influent CBOD sub(5), and 2-10 times 

higher than the effluent CBOD sub(5). Outflow levels of 

CBOD sub(5), SS and faecal coliforms rapidly mirrored 

changes in influent loadings. Mean mass removal of CBOD 

sub(5) increased from 60-75% to 85-90%, total BOD 

(CBOD sub(5) + NBOD) from 50 to 80% and FC from 90-95 

to >99% with increasing wetland retention time during the 

first 12 months of monitoring. Mean annual SS removals of 

75-85% were recorded irrespective of loading rate. High 

levels of dissolved humic colour in the wastewaters were 

little affected by passage through the wetland at short 

retention times, but were reduced by up to 40% at longer 

retentions. Mass removals of CBOD sub(5), SS and FC 

showed monotonic relationships to mass loading rates, with 

little difference between the performance of planted and 

unplanted wetlands, except for CBOD sub(5) at high 

loadings (> 3 g m super(-2) d super(-1)). The planted 

wetlands showed significantly improved removal rates for 

CBOD sub(5) at higher loadings, and 1.3 to 2.6 fold higher 

mass removals of total BOD. 

© CSA 

316. Effect of loading rate and planting on treatment of 

dairy farm wastewaters in constructed wetlands: 2. 

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. 

Tanner, C. C.; Clayton, J. S.; and Upsdell, M. P. 

Water Research 29(1): 27-34. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: dairy wastes/ wastewater treatment/ artificial 

wetlands/ nitrogen removal/ phosphorus removal/ plants/ 

retention time/ agriculture/ nutrients/ water pollution/ dairies/ 

pollution control/ nutrients (mineral)/ artificial wetlands/ 

dairy wastes/ dairies/ pollution control/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

retention time/ nitrogen removal/ phosphorus removal/ 

plants/ nutrients 

Abstract: The effect of influent loading rate on mass 

removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from dairy parlour 

wastewaters was compared in four pairs of planted 

(Schoenoplectus, validus) and unplanted gravel-bed 

wetlands (each 19 m super(2)). The wetlands were 

operated at nominal retention times of 7, 5.5, 3 and 2 days, 

with in and outflows sampled fortnightly over a 20 month 

period. Hydraulic flows were monitored to enable 

calculation of the mass flows of nutrients, and plant 

biomass and tissue nutrient levels sampled to evaluate 

plant nutrient uptake. Influent water quality varied markedly 

during the trial period (TN, 10-110; NH sub(4)-N, 5-70; and 

TP 8-18 g m super(-3)). As theoretical wastewater retention 

times increased from 2 to 7 days, mean reduction of TN 

increased from 12 to 41% and 48 to 75% in the unplanted 

wetlands and planted wetlands, respectively, and TP 

removal increased from 12 to 36% and 37 to 74% 

respectively. In the planted wetlands, mean annual removal 

rates of TN (0.15-1.4 g m super(-2) d super(-1)) and TP 

(0.13-0.32 g m super(-2) d super(-1)), increased gradually 

with mass loading rates. The unplanted wetlands showed a 

marked decline in TN and TP removal at high loadings. Net 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

88

storage by plants in the first year of monitoring accounted 

for between 3 and 20% of the greater N removal and 

between 3 and 60% of the greater P removal in the planted 

wetlands. 

© CSA 

317. Effectiveness of a constructed wetland for 

retention of nonpoint-source pesticide pollution in the 

Lourens River Catchment, South Africa. 

Schulz, R. and Peall, S. K. C. 

Environmental Science and Technology 35(2): 

422-426. (Jan. 2001) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nonpoint sources/ pollution/ surface 

water/ agrochemicals/ runoff/ pesticides/ catchment areas/ 

water pollution/ pollution control/ stormwater runoff/ 

bioassays/ nonpoint pollution/ catchments/ agricultural 

pollution/ nitrates/ endosulfan/ chlorpyrifos/ freshwater 

environments/ nontarget organisms/ south africa/ pollution 

(nonpoint sources)/ precipitation (atmospheric)/ pesticides/ 

aurelia/ toxicity/ bioassay/ toxicity/ aquatic insects/ water 

pollution effects/ nonpoint pollution sources/ artificial 

wetlands/ Chironomus/ Chironomidae/ South Africa, 

Lourens R./ constructed wetlands/ Diptera/ midges/ 

environmental impact/ prevention and control/ freshwater 

pollution/ aquatic entomology/ water quality/ sources and 

fate of pollution 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been widely used to 

control both point- and nonpoint-source pollution in surface 

waters. However, our knowledge about their effectiveness 

in retaining agricultural pesticide pollution is limited. A 0.44-

ha vegetated wetland built along a tributary of the Lourens 

River, Western Cape, South Africa, was studied to 

ascertain retention of runoff-related agricultural pollution. 

Total suspended solids, orthophosphate, and nitrate were 

retained in the wetland in the proportions 15, 54, and 70%, 

respectively, during dry weather conditions (with rainfall 

less than 2 mm/d) and 78, 75, and 84% during wet 

conditions (with rainfall between 2 and 35 mm/d). Retention 

of water-diluted azinphos-methyl introduced via runoff at a 

level of 0.85 mu g/L was between 77 and 93%. Chlorpyrifos 

and endosulfan were measured during runoff in inlet water 

at 0.02 and 0.2 mu g/L, respectively. However, both 

pesticides were undetectable in the outlet water samples. 

During a period of 5 months, an increased concentration of 

various insecticides was detected in the suspended 

particles at the wetland inlet: azinphos-methyl, 43 mu g/kg; 

chlorpyrifos, 31 mu g/kg; and prothiofos, 6 mu g/kg. No 

organophosphorus pesticides were found in the outlet 

suspended-particle samples, highlighting the retention 

capability of the wetland. A toxicological evaluation 

employing a Chironomus bioassay in situ at the wetland 

inlet and outlet revealed an 89% reduction in toxicity below 

the wetland during runoff. 

© CSA 

318. The effectiveness of a small constructed wetland 

in ameliorating diffuse nutrient loadings from an 

Australian rural catchment. 

Raisin, G. W.; Mitchell, D. S.; and Croome, R. L. 

Ecological Engineering 9(1-2): 19-35. (Sept. 1997) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nutrient loading/ catchments/ 

hydrology/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ nonpoint pollution/ 

environment management/ catchment area/ eutrophication/ 

storms/ agricultural runoff/ catchment areas/ artificial 

wetlands/ nonpoint pollution sources/ Australia, Victoria/ 

freshwater pollution/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ reclamation 

Abstract: This paper assesses the capacity of a small (450 

m super(2)) constructed wetland in Victoria, Australia, to 

decrease nutrient loads generated by both background 

flows and storm events within the period March 1993 to 

January 1995. Under Australian conditions the 

effectiveness of wetlands in controlling diffuse pollution is 

influenced by extreme hydrological events which often carry 

a large proportion of the annual load from the catchment. 

The wetland retained a varying proportion of the nitrogen 

and phosphorus load over a range of hydrological events 

and seasonal conditions. The wetland also acted as a 

source of these nutrients on occasions. An annual nutrient 

budget was calculated for the period February 1994 to 

January 1995 by measuring all loads between and during 

storm events entering and leaving the wetland. The wetland 

'retained' 10 kg N yr super(-1) (23 g N m super(-2) yr 

super(-1)) of nitrogen and 1.24 kg P yr super(-1) (2.80 g P 

m super(-2) yr super(-1)) of phosphorus, representing 11 

and 17%, respectively of the incoming nutrient loads for the 

budget period. Storm event size influenced the impact of 

the wetland on the nutrient loads generated in these 

events. Increasing event volumes generally resulted in 

decreased nutrient interception. The results of this study 

indicate that for significant load reduction to occur the scale 

of the wetland should be such that there is sufficient 

residence time to enable wetland processes to operate. 

Small strategically located wetlands high up in catchments 

which will have a cumulative impact on runoff generated in 

large storm events are likely to be more effective in 

intercepting nutrient loads than larger downstream 

structures. 

© CSA 

319. Effects of encapsulated calcium carbide on 

dinitrogen nitrous oxide methane and carbon dioxide 

emissions from flooded rice. 

Bronson K. F. and Mosier, A. R. 

Biology and Fertility of Soils 11(2): 116-120. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ metabolism/ nutrition/ 

soil science/ Oryza sativa/ nitrogen/ fertilizer use efficiency/ 

nitrification inhibitor/ wetland rice/ greenhouse gas/ urea 

Abstract: The efficiency of N use in flooded rice is usually 

low, chiefly due to gaseous losses. Emission of CH4, a gas 

implicated in global warming, can also be substantial in 

flooded rice. In a greenhouse study, the nitrification inhibitor 

encapsulated calcium carbide (a slow-release source of 

acetylene) was added with 75, 150, and 225 mg of 75 atom 

% 15N urea-N to flooded pots containing 18-day-old rice 

(Oryza sativa L.) plants. Urea treatments without calcium 

carbide were included as controls. After the application of 

encapsulated calcium carbide, 3.6 .mu.g, N2, 12.4 .mu.g 

N2O-N, and 3.6 .mu.g CH4 were emitted per pot in 30 

days. Without calcium carbide, 3.0 mg N2, 22.8 .mu.g N2ON, and 39.0 mg CH4 per pot were emitted during the same 

period. The rate of N added had a positive effect on N2 and 

N2O emissions, but the effect on CH4 emissions varied 

with time. Carbon dioxide emissions were lower with 

encapsulated calcium carbide than without. The use of 

encapsulated calcium carbide appears effective in 

eliminating N2 losses, and in minimizing emissions of the 

"greenhouse gases" N2O and CH4 in flooded rice. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

89

320. Effects of seasonal flooding and grazing on the 

vegetation of former ricefields in the Rhone delta 

(southern France). 

Mesleard, F.; Lepart, J.; Grillas, P.; and Mauchamp, A. 

Plant Ecology 145(1): 101-114. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QK900.P63; ISSN: 1385-0237 

Descriptors: wetlands/ abandoned land/ Oryza sativa/ 

seasonal variation/ grazing/ vegetation/ water management/ 

ecological succession/ salinity/ rain/ cattle/ land 

management/ horses/ plant communities/ irrigation/ 

botanical composition/ France 

Abstract: Six management regimes were tested during 5 

years in 18 abandoned ricefields in the Rhone delta, 

France: two artificial floodings for 6 months (winter and 

summer flooding, 10 cm deep) and a control only flooded 

by rain, each flooding treatment either with or without 

grazing by cattle and horses. In the absence of artificial 

flooding and in presence of grazing by domestic herbivores 

(i.e., maintaining the initial management since the 

abandonment) no significant change in plant communities 

was recorded after 5 years. The vegetation was mainly 

composed of halophytes (Salicornia fruticosa and Inula 

crithmoides). The removal of grazing led to the dominance 

of a salt tolerant grass: Aeluropus littoralis. Flooding 

favoured the dominance of clonal plants and led to a 

decrease in the number of species. In the ungrazed fields, 

changes in plant communities were related to the height of 

species with Bolboschoenus maritimus and Phragmites 

australis becoming dominant. When grazing was combined 

with summer flooding, B. Maritimus dominated the first two 

years of the experiment, but with a low cover, and was 

replaced in the 3rd year by Typha angustifolia. When 

grazing was combined with winter and early spring flooding 

the competitive exclusion of B. maritimus by Juncus 

gerardii slowed the establishment of the former. The 

management of former ricefields led to the establishment 

and dominance of emergent species common to 

Mediterranean wetlands. Although it is subordinate to the 

maintenance of artificial flooding, the project may be 

considered a restoration (or a rehabilitation) of seasonally 

flooded marshes as original functions existing before the 

land was put under cultivation are re-established. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

321. Enhanced prairie wetland effects on surface water 

quality in Crowfoot Creek, Alberta. 

Ontkean, G. R.; Chanasyk, D. S.; Riemersma, S.; Bennett, 

D. R.; and Brunen, J. M. 

Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 38(2): 335-359. 

(2003); ISSN: 1201-3080 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ surface water/ habitat/ 

aquatic birds/ watersheds/ nutrient concentrations/ fecal 

coliforms/ surface water/ water quality (natural waters)/ 

catchment areas/ nutrients/ bacteria (faecal)/ birds 

(waterfowl)/ monitoring/ fate of pollutants/ prairies/ data 

collections/ spatial distribution/ temporal distribution/ 

suspended solids/ bacteria/ Canada, Alberta, 

Crowfoot Creek 

Abstract: A three-year study was conducted to examine the 

effects of a prairie wetland enhanced for waterfowl habitat 

on surface water quality in the Crowfoot Creek watershed in 

southern Alberta, Canada. Monitoring was carried out at the 

Hilton wetland from mid-March to the end of October in 

1997 to 1999 at two inflow sites and one outflow site. Data 

were collected on flow, total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen 

(TN), total suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliform (FC) 

bacteria. Nutrient concentrations were highest in the spring, 

and decreased during the remainder of the monitoring 

period each year. Nutrient concentrations did not change 

significantly within the wetland due to the form of nutrient, 

reduced retention times for nutrient uptake, and the addition 

of nutrients to the water through sediment release and 

decomposition of organic matter. The wetland acted as 

both a source and a sink for nutrients, depending on flow 

volumes. TSS concentrations decreased significantly from 

inflow to outflow, indicating sedimentation occurred in the 

wetland. FC bacteria levels were lowest in the spring and 

increased during the post-spring runoff (PSRO) period. FC 

bacteria counts decreased significantly within the wetland 

throughout the entire year. The Hilton wetland was effective 

in reducing the amounts of TSS and FC bacteria exported 

from the wetland; however, there was no significant change 

in nutrient status. 

© CSA 

322. Estimating inorganic and organic nitrogen 

transformation rates in a model of a constructed 

wetland purification system for dilute farm effluents. 

Mcgechan, M. B.; Moir, S. E.; Sym, G.; and Castle, K. 

Biosystems Engineering 91(1): 61-75. (2005) 

NAL Call #: S671 .B567; ISSN: 1537-5129 

Descriptors: ammonium/ BOD/ biochemical oxygen 

demand/ dairy farms/ denitrification/ hydrology/ kinetics/ 

nitrates/ nitrogen cycling models/ nitrous oxides/ reedbeds/ 

wetland systems/ microbiology/ biotechnology/ forestry/ 

agriculture/ mathematical models/ equations 

Abstract: This paper describes some of the concepts that 

are being built into a model of a subsurface flow 

constructed wetland system based on reedbeds. A nitrogen 

(N) cycling submodel has been adapted from a soil N 

model, with pools representing organic material with high 

biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonium and nitrate. 

Microbiologically controlled transformations between pools 

are represented by first-order exponential kinetics, with N 

finally lost to the atmosphere either by ammonia 

volatilisation, or by denitrification to gaseous N2 or nitrous 

oxide. Hydrology has been represented for both horizontal 

and vertical reedbeds, with contrasting partially anaerobic 

or fully aerobic conditions at each stage. The model has 

been set up to represent an experimental system with one 

horizontal and three vertical reedbeds, being tested for 

purification of dirty water from a dairy farm. Rate constant 

values have been selected so that simulated results are a 

reasonable approximation to measurements from the 

experimental system. The model has been developed to 

assist in optimising design parameters for new systems, 

including the numbers and sequence of reedbed types, 

dimensions and flowrates, for various incoming 

contaminant concentrations and target water purity 

standards. 

© NISC 

323. Evaluating sustainability of watershed resources 

management through wetland functional analysis. 

Zalidis, G. C. and Gerakis, A. 

Environmental Management 24(2): 0193-0207. (1999) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water management/ water supplies/ 

agricultural practices/ watersheds/ sustainable 

development/ soil conservation/ agriculture/ government 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

90

policies/ evaluation/ resources management/ watershed 

management/ groundwater/ hydrology/ drainage/ resource 

management/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental 

restoration/ sustainable agriculture/ agricultural policy/ flood 

control/ ground water/ microclimate/ Greece/ Mediterranean 

Region/ Greece, Karla/ management/ environmental action/ 

evaluation process/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ land/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: Unsustainable agricultural policies and water and 

soil resource schemes have drained two thirds of 

Mediterranean wetlands since 1920. An outstanding 

example is Karla in Greece, a former internationally 

important wetland that was drained in 1962 causing 

environmental, social, and water and soil problems. The 

objective of this study was to assess the functions and 

values of Karla, at three periods of its history, and to relate 

them to major events in the management of the water and 

soil resources of its watershed. Information on wetland and 

watershed features was collected from historical records 

and field visits. The results showed that the wetland in its 

pristine state had performed five functions to a high degree, 

one (groundwater recharge) to a moderate degree, and one 

(flood storage) to a low degree. Flood-control works, 

uncontrolled pumping, etc., in 1936-1961 degraded all 

functions except microclimate modification while, the bird 

support function was moderately altered. Drainage works in 

1962 left a very small artificially flooded wetland with only 

four functions performed to an insignificant degree. Value 

degradation followed function degradation. It was 

concluded that past resource management has been 

nonintegrated. No consideration was given to the multiple 

functions and values of Karla. Previous restoration 

proposals involved the reinstatement of one or two 

functions only. The appropriate restoration scheme for 

Karla must be multiobjective and based on the integrated 

resource management of its own and the neighboring 

watersheds. 

© CSA 

324. Fate of super(15) N-nitrate in unplanted, planted 

and harvested riparian wetland soil microcosms. 

Matheson, F. E.; Nguyen, M. L.; Cooper, A. B.; Burt, T. P.; 

and Bull, D. C. 

Ecological Engineering 19(4): 249-264. (2002) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ riparian environments/ nutrient 

uptake/ nitrate/ environment management/ ecosystem 

management/ nutrients (mineral)/ uptake/ agricultural 

pollution/ agricultural runoff/ soils/ nitrogen isotopes/ 

denitrification/ plant populations/ riparian vegetation/ 

biogeochemical cycle/ nitrates 

Abstract: Riparian wetlands are important for the protection 

of river water quality in agricultural landscapes by 

intercepting and removing nutrients, such as nitrate (NO 

sub(3) super(-)), in runoff. However, limited information is 

available on the relative importance of biological NO sub(3) 

super(-) removal processes in these ecosystems. In this 

study the fate of super(15)N-NO sub(3) super(-) was 

investigated for 32 days in three types of wetland soil 

microcosm (unplanted, planted, and planted with shoot 

harvest) in order to identify the key processes responsible 

for NO sub(3) super(-) removal, elucidate the role of the 

wetland plant and determine the effect of shoot harvest. 

super(15)N-NO sub(3) super(-) solution (7.9 mg N l super(-

1), 99 at.% super(15)N) was added to each microcosm at a 

rate of 0.5 mu g N g super(-1) soil every 2 days. In both 

types of plant-inhabited microcosm, similar proportions of 

added super(15)N-NO sub(3) super(-) were denitrified (61-

63%), soil-immobilised (24-26%), plant-assimilated (11-

15%) and reduced to ammonium (NH sub(4) super(+)) 

(<1%). However, in unplanted microcosms, 49% was 

reduced to NH sub(4) super(+), 29% denitrified and 22% 

immobilised. Elevated denitrification in the presence of the 

plant, glaucous sweetgrass (Glyceria declinata), was 

attributed to a higher degree of soil oxidation, which is 

considered to be the principal regulator of NO sub(3) 

super(-) partitioning between denitrification and DNRA. 

Shoot harvest did not affect the fate of super(15)N-NO 

sub(3) super(-), but it decreased new shoot production (by 

a factor of 3.9), inhibited new root production, and 

increased the NO sub(3) super(-) assimilation capacity of 

shoots (by a factor of 5.2). Although this study lasted for 

only 1 month, the results have important implications for 

riparian ecosystem management, restoration and design. 

The water quality protection afforded by riparian wetlands 

might be substantially enhanced by maximising vegetation 

cover with plants like G. declinata that promote high 

denitrification nitrogen (N) losses. In contrast, shoot harvest 

as a mechanism of permanent N loss may be much less 

important. 

© CSA 

325. The fate of traditional extensive (gei wai) shrimp 

farming at the Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, Hong 

Kong. 

Cha, M. W.; Young, L.; and Wong, K. M. 

Hydrobiologia 352(1-3): 295-303. (Sept. 1997) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Notes: Conference: Asia-Pacific Conf. on Science and 

Management of Coastal Environment, Hong Kong 

(People's Rep. China), 25-28 Jun 1996 

Descriptors: wetlands/ extensive culture/ shrimp culture/ 

pond culture/ aquaculture techniques/ water quality/ 

pollution effects/ habitat improvement/ coastal zone/ 

mangrove swamps/ Hong Kong, Mai Po Marshes Nature 

Reserve/ shrimp/ aquaculture/ larval growth stage/ water 

pollution effects/ ponds/ marshes/ seasonal variations/ fish/ 

predation/ water birds/ wildlife management/ Metapenaeus 

ensis/ Mugil cephalus/ Hong Kong/ greasyback shrimp/ 

striped mullet/ shellfish culture/ shellfish culture/ 

aquaculture 

Abstract: Extensive shrimp farming around Deep Bay, 

Hong Kong, began in the mid-1940's after the construction 

of intertidal ponds (gei wai) among the coastal mangroves. 

The ponds are increasingly being seen as an example of 

how wetlands can be used sustainably since they are 

naturally stocked with shrimp postlarvae (e.g. Metapenaeus 

ensis) and young fish (e.g. Mugil cephalus) flushed into the 

ponds from Deep Bay. Once inside, these shrimps and fish 

feed on naturally occurring detritus on the pond floor. The 

only gei wai remaining in the Territory, are those at the 

WWF Hong Kong Mai Po Marshes Nature Reserve, 

adjacent to Deep Bay. Analysis of the shrimp production 

between 1990-1995 showed that there were two seasonal 

peaks, from April-June (Recruitment-I) and from JulyOctober (Recruitment-II). The second peak was 

significantly lower than the first (p<0.001), especially from 

those gei wai in the southern part of the reserve which are 

much closer to a polluted river. The average harvest from 

each gei wai had also significantly declined from 40.9 plus 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

91

or minus 6.0 kg ha super(-1) yr super(-1) in 1990 to 15.1 

plus or minus 3.6 kg ha super(-1) yr super(-1) in 1995 

(p<0.01). This decline can be attributed to the abundance 

of predatory fish in the gei wai, and increasing water 

pollution in Deep Bay which adversely affects the amount of 

shrimp larvae for stocking the gei wai, as well as the quality 

of water for flushing the ponds during the rearing and 

harvesting seasons. Despite this, those gei wai which are 

not-commercially viable can still support many noncommercial, more pollution tolerant fish and shrimp 

species. As a result, the management of these gei wai has 

been altered such that their objective is to provide feeding 

habitat for piscivorous waterbirds, which is also in line with 

the aims of the nature reserve. 

© CSA 

326. Gaseous carbon dioxide and methane, as well as 

dissolved organic carbon losses from a small 

temperate wetland under a changing climate. 

Clair, T. A.; Arp, P.; Moore, T. R.; Dalva, M.; and 

Meng, F. R. 

Environmental Pollution 116(Supplement 1): 

S143-S148. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ pollution assessment control and management/ 

terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

changing climate/ climatic variables/ dissolved organic 

carbon [DOC]: wetland losses/ hydrologic variables/ poor 

fen: mixed hardwood softwood forest drainage/ 

precipitation/ small temperate wetland: carbon budget, 

passive carbon storage area, potential active greenhouse 

gas source/ temperate forests/ temperature 

Abstract: Temperate forests can contain large numbers of 

wetlands located in areas of low relief and poor drainage. 

These wetlands can make a large contribution to the 

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) load of streams and rivers 

draining the forests, as well as the exchange of methane 

(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) with the atmosphere. We 

studied the carbon budget of a small wetland, located in 

Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia, Canada. The study 

wetland was the Pine Marten Brook site, a poor fen draining 

a mixed hardwood-softwood forest. We studied the loss of 

DOC from the wetland via the outlet stream from 1990 to 

1999 and related this to climatic and hydrologic variables. 

We added the DOC export information to information from a 

previously published model describing CH4 and CO2 fluxes 

from the wetland as a function of precipitation and 

temperature, and generated a new synthesis of the major C 

losses from the wetland. We show that current annual C 

losses from this wetland amount to 0.6% of its total C mass. 

We then predicted that under climate changes caused by a 

doubling of atmospheric CO2 expected between 2040 and 

2050, total C loss from the wetland will almost double to 

1.1% of total biomass. This may convert this wetland from 

what we assume is currently a passive C storage area to an 

active source of greenhouse gases. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

327. Growth and nutrient dynamics of soft-stem 

bulrush in constructed wetlands treating nutrient-rich 

wastewaters. 

Tanner, C. C. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 9(1): 49-73. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nutrient dynamics/ waste water/ 

nutrients/ vegetation/ nutrient removal/ wastewater 

treatment/ agricultural runoff/ agricultural pollution/ aquatic 

plants/ nutrients (mineral)/ nutrient cycles/ plant nutrition/ 

water pollution treatment/ environment management/ 

biochemical composition/ Schoenoplectus 

tabernaemontani/ reclamation/ wastewater treatment 

processes/ reproduction and development/ protective 

measures and control 

Abstract: The growth characteristics and nutritional status 

of Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (C.C. Gmelin) Palla 

(softstem bulrush or lake clubrush) were investigated during 

the second and third growth seasons in four equivalent 

subsurface-flow, gravel-bed constructed treatment 

wetlands. Each wetland was supplied with a different 

hydraulic loading rate of agricultural wastewater, covering 

the range commonly applied to such systems. Harvest and 

demographic techniques were combined to determine 

seasonal patterns and gradients of growth and nutrient 

allocation, and net annual primary productivity (NAPP). 

Marked seasonal patterns of early spring emergence, 

summer growth and autumn senescence were observed, 

with little over-wintering of live above-ground biomass. 

Starch, the dominant long-term storage substance, 

comprised similar to 20% of rhizome dry weight (DW) in 

autumn. Mobilization during spring reduced concentrations 

by around half, with a trend of increasing depletion in the 

higher loaded wetlands. NAPP, including above-ground 

mortality, during the second growth season ranged 

between similar to 2.5 and 3.5 kg DW m super(-2), with 10-

23% allocated to below-ground growth. Mean aboveground live and dead biomass ranged between similar to 

1.75 and 2.65 kg DW m super(-2) by mid-summer, with 

below to above-ground biomass ratios similar in all 

wetlands at between 0.6 and 0.7. Rhizomes, which 

comprised around 80% of the below-ground biomass, were 

generally restricted to the upper 10 cm of the substratum 

and over half the root biomass also occurred in this zone, 

with very few roots penetrating below 30 cm depth. High 

culm concentrations of N, P, Mg and Zn in spring declined 

markedly over the growth season, while S and Ca showed 

general increases, and K, Fe and Cu remained relatively 

stable. Gradients of decreasing tissue concentration of 

most macronutrients were noted with increasing distance 

from wastewater inflows. Plant accumulation of N rose by 

20-35 g m super(-2) and P by 4-9 g m super(-2) with 

seasonal regrowth of above-ground shoots. Net plant N and 

P uptake rates rose to maximum values of 0.3 g N m 

super(-2) d super(-1) and 0.1 g P m super(-2) d super(-1) in 

early summer, declining markedly during late summer and 

autumn. Mass balance assessments of N and P 

accumulation in plants at near maximum seasonal biomass, 

after three growth seasons, showed that only 6 to 11% of 

the N removal and 6 to 13% of the P removal recorded from 

wastewaters applied to the wetlands could be ascribed to 

plant uptake and accumulation. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

92

328. Hydrological modelling of a drained grazing marsh 

under agricultural land use and the simulation of 

restoration management scenarios. 

Al-Khudhairy, D. H. A.; Thompson, J. R.; Gavin, H.; and 

Hamm, N. A. S. 

Hydrological Sciences Journal 44(6): 943-971. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 As7; ISSN: 0262-6667 

Descriptors: agriculture/ computer simulation/ drainage/ 

land use/ mathematical models/ moisture/ rain/ runoff/ soils/ 

watersheds/ catchments/ water resources management/ 

hydrology/ agricultural land/ hydrological modeling/ marsh/ 

restoration ecology/ wetland management/ 

United Kingdom 

Abstract: The capability of the spatially-distributed, 

physically-based, rainfall-runoff modelling system, MIKE 

SHE, to simulate the hydrological behaviour of the natural 

and drained parts of the North Kent Grazing Marshes, UK, 

is investigated. The MIKE SHE code is applied to Bells 

Creek, a small, underdrained, agricultural catchment 

located within the marshes. The model is used to both 

provide insights into the essential parameters that control 

the hydrological processes in the catchment, and predict 

the influence of various, hypothetical, water management 

strategies (land use and drainage) on pumped discharge 

and soil moisture storage in the catchment. The water table 

model predictions arising from these hypothetical scenarios 

are also compared against field data obtained from ongoing hydrological research on the neighbouring, natural, 

Elmley Marshes. The comparison is found to be favourable. 

The results of this study indicate the potential of the MIKE 

SHE system to simulate the hydrological regime of these 

wetlands, and hence to play an important role as a tool that 

can assist environmental and conservation agencies in the 

sound management of wetland resources. The capability of 

the spatially-distributed, physically-based, rainfall-runoff 

modelling system, MIKE SHE, to simulate the hydrological 

behaviour of the natural and drained parts of the North Kent 

Grazing Marshes, UK, is investigated. The MIKE SHE code 

is applied to Bells Creek, a small, underdrained, agricultural 

catchment located within the marshes. The model is used 

to both provide insights into the essential parameters that 

control the hydrological processes in the catchment, and 

predict the influence of various, hypothetical, water 

management strategies (land use and drainage) on 

pumped discharge and soil moisture storage in the 

catchment. The water table model predictions arising from 

these hypothetical scenarios are also compared against 

field data obtained from on-going hydrological research on 

the neighbouring, natural, Elmley Marshes. The comparison 

is found to be favourable. The results of this study indicate 

the potential of the MIKE SHE system to simulate the 

hydrological regime of these wetlands, and hence to play 

an important role as a tool that can assist environmental 

and conservation agencies in the sound management of 

wetland resources. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

329. An integrated constructed wetland to treat 

contaminants and nutrients from dairy farmyard dirty 

water. 

Dunne, E. J.; Culleton, N.; O'Donovan, G.; Harrington, R.; 

and Olsen, A. E. 

Ecological Engineering 24(3): 219-232. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ biochemical oxygen 

demand/ dairy effluent/ dairy wastes/ eutrophication/ 

farmyard manure/ nutrients/ phosphorus/ pollutants/ 

polluted water/ runoff/ suspended solids/ water pollution/ 

water quality 

Abstract: Water pollution by agriculture can include 

inappropriately managed dairy farmyard dirty water. In 

Ireland, dairy farmyard dirty water includes farmyard runoff, 

parlour washings, and silage/farmyard manure effluents. 

The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the quality 

and quantity of dirty water generated at a farm-scale and (ii) 

the seasonal effectiveness of a constructed wetland to treat 

farmyard dirty water. The wetland system was 4800 m2 in 

area and treated dirty water from a 42-cow organic dairy 

unit with an open yard area of 2031 m2. Monthly dirty water 

inflow rate to the wetland ranged between 3.6 and 18.5 m3 

d-1. Farmyard dirty water accounted for 27% of 

hydrological inputs to the wetland, whereas rainfall on 

wetland, along with wetland bank inflows accounted for 45 

and 28%, respectively. Farmyard dirty water quality and 

quantity did not vary with season. Yearly mass loads 

discharged to the wetland were 47+or-10 kg yr-1 of soluble 

reactive phosphorus (SRP), 128+or-35 kg yr-1 of NH4+, 

5484+or-1433 kg yr-1 of organic material as measured by 

five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), and 1570+or465 kg yr-1 of total suspended solids (TSS). Phosphorus 

retention by the wetland varied with season (5-84%) with 

least amounts being retained during winter. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

330. Interactions between algae (Selenastrum 

capricornutum) and pesticides: Implications for 

managing constructed wetlands for pesticide removal. 

Friesen-Pankratz, B.; Doebel, C.; Farenhorst, A.; and 

Goldsborough, L. G. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B: 

Pesticides, food contaminants and agricultural wastes

B38(2): 147-155. (Mar. 2003) 

NAL Call #: TD172.J61; ISSN: 0360-1234 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic plants/ pollution control/ 

agricultural runoff/ pesticides/ runoff/ atrazine/ lindane/ 

algae/ agrochemicals/ sorption/ biodegradation/ water 

treatment/ artificial wetlands/ Selenastrum capricornutum/ 

contructed wetlands/ atrazine/ lindane/ prevention and 

control/ pollution/ freshwater pollution/ water pollution: 

monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: This laboratory study examined the interactions 

between an algal species found in wetlands (Selenastrum 

capricornutum) and two agricultural pesticides (atrazine and 

lindane). Pesticide additions had a positive effect on the 

chlorophyll a concentrations of the treatments. The 

presence of algae decreased the aqueous persistence of 

both pesticides. It is speculated that the algae either 

provided sites for pesticide sorption or facilitated pesticide 

degradation. 

© CSA 

331. Investigating dairy lagoon effluent treatability in a 

laboratory-scale constructed wetlands system. 

Benham, B. L. and Mote, C. R. 

Transactions of the ASAE 42(2): 495-502. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: water quality/ wastewater treatment/ design/ 

water pollution/ pollution control/ constructed wetlands 

Abstract: Dairy lagoon supernatant treatability was 

evaluated using 10 laboratory-scale (1.5 m X 0.45 m) 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

93

constructed wetlands. Selected design and operational 

variables were examined. Tested treatments were 

combinations of three organic loading rates (high, medium, 

and low) and three types of microbial attachment sites 

(vegetated, inert, and none). Five combinations (two 

replications each) of organic loading rate and microbial 

attachment sites were tested. Removal efficiencies were 

based on analysis of influent/effluent waste constituent 

levels. Dominant nitrogen removal mechanisms were 

determined from an examination of influent/effluent nitrogen 

specialization. In addition, an analysis of waste degradation 

kinetics provided insight with respect to the applicability of a 

widely used design model. Results showed consistently 

high nitrogen-removal efficiencies (65 to 81%) for all 

treatments. Nitrogen specialization results indicate that 

nitrification/denitrification was the dominant nitrogen 

removal mechanism. Carbon removal was less efficient (6 

to 39%), and varied with influent strength. Waste utilization 

kinetic rate-constants from the five treatments were not 

statistically different (alpha = 0.05). The design model uses 

microbial attachment site parameters, such as specific 

surface area, to modify a base reaction rate-constant (i.e., a 

rate-constant for a system with no microbial attachment 

sites). In this case, the rate-constant for the control 

(treatments with no microbial attachment sites) was not 

statistically different from either the vegetated or the inert 

treatments. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

332. Landscape planning to reduce coastal 

eutrophication: Agricultural practices and constructed 

wetlands. 

Arheimer, B.; Torstensson, G.; and Wittgren, H. B. 

Landscape and Urban Planning 67(1-4): 

205-215. (Mar. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 

Descriptors: nitrogen/ eutrophication/ agriculture/ leaching/ 

mathematical models/ economics/ rivers/ catchments/ 

artificial wetlands/ models/ agricultural practices/ coastal 

zone/ water management/ fertilization/ wastewater 

treatment/ catchment area/ agricultural runoff/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ pollution control/ environment management/ 

river basin management/ soils/ catchment areas/ pollution 

load/ coastal waters/ economic impact/ Sweden/ marine 

pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, control & remediation/ 

planning/ development/ water/ protective measures and 

control/ water quality control 

Abstract: Southern Sweden suffers from coastal 

eutrophication and one reason is the high nitrogen load 

through rivers. The major part of this load originates from 

diffuse land-based sources, e.g. arable soil leaching. 

Effective reduction of load from such sources demand 

careful landscape analysis, combined with changed 

behaviour of the stakeholders. This study describes a chain 

of methods to achieve trustworthy management plans that 

are based on numerical modelling and stakeholders 

participation and acceptance. The effect of some measures 

was unexpected when modelling their impact on the 

catchment scale. Management scenarios to reduce riverine 

nitrogen load were constructed in an actor game (i.e. roleplay) for the Genevadsaan catchment in southern Sweden. 

The game included stakeholders for implementation of a 

loading standard for maximum nitrogen transport at the 

river mouth. Scenarios were defined after negotiation 

among involved actors and included changes in agricultural 

practices, improved wastewater treatment, and 

establishment of wetlands. Numerical models were used to 

calculate the nitrogen reduction for different measures in 

each scenario. An index model (STANK) calculated the root 

zone leaching of nitrogen from crops at four type farms. 

This generated input to a catchment scale model (HBV-N) 

and farm economics. The economic impact of different sets 

of remedial measures was evaluated for each type farm 

and then extrapolated to the catchment. The results from 

scenario modelling show that possible changes in 

agricultural practices (such as tuning, timing of fertilisation 

and ploughing, changed crop cultivation) could reduce the 

nitrogen load to the sea by some 30%, while wetland 

construction only reduced the original load by some 5%. In 

the most cost-effective scenario agricultural practices could 

reduce the riverine load by 86 t per year at a cost of 1.0 

million SEK, while constructed wetlands only reduced the 

load by 14 t per year at a cost of 1.7 million SEK. Thus, 

changed agricultural practices can be the most effective 

and less expensive way to reduce nitrogen transport from 

land to the sea, while constructed wetlands with realistic 

allocations and sizes may only have small impact on 

riverine nitrogen transport from land to sea. The overall 

experience is that actor games and numerical modelling are 

useful tools in landscape planning for analysing 

stakeholders' behaviour and the impact of measures to 

reduce coastal eutrophication. 

© CSA 

333. Macrofungi from six habitats over five years in 

Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island. 

Roberts, Christine; Ceska, Oluna; Kroeger, Paul; and 

Kendrick, Bryce 

Canadian Journal of Botany 82(10): 1518-1538. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat/ fungi/ dunes/ estuaries/ 

forests/ community composition/ ecological distribution/ rare 

species/ hygrophorus/ Tricholoma apium/ Craterellus/ 

Craterellus tubaeformis/ Canada, British Columbia, 

Vancouver I., Clayoquot Sound/ comparative studies/ bogs/ 

temperate rainforests/ geographical distribution 

Abstract: Over 5 years, macrofungi from six habitats in 

Clayoquot Sound, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 

were documented. Habitats were categorized as dune, 

spruce fringe, old-growth rainforest, second-growth forest, 

bog, or estuarine. All but the second-growth forest are 

natural ecosystems. A total of 551 taxa of macrofungi were 

recorded. Between 17% and 36% of the species in any one 

habitat were found only in that habitat. The most frequently 

encountered and ubiquitous species was Craterellus 

tubaeformis (Fr.) Quel., found in all years, habitats, and 

sites. Of the 551 taxa, only 28 were found every year, and 

308 were found in only 1 year. Rare species that were 

recorded include Cordyceps ravenelii Berkeley & Curtis, 

Hygrophorus inocybiformis Smith, and Tricholoma apium 

Schaeffer in the dunes and Stereopsis humphreyi (Burt) 

Redhead in the spruce fringe. Similarities between habitats 

based on taxa in common showed that bog and estuarine 

habitats had only 9%-17% in common with each other and 

the other habitats, whereas dune, spruce fringe, and the 

two forest types shared 21%-31% of their species. Oldgrowth rainforest yielded approximately 4 times as many 

species as bog and estuarine habitats, and approximately 

1.5 times as many as the other three habitats. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

94

334. Management optimization and sustainable 

technologies for the treatment and disposal/reuse of 

fish farm effluent with emphasis on constructed 

wetlands. 

Negroni, G. 

World Aquaculture 31(3): 16-19. (Sept. 2000) 

NAL Call #: SH1.W62; ISSN: 1041-5602 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquaculture effluents/ technology/ 

effluent treatment/ wastewater treatment/ economics/ 

environmental impact/ recycling/ fish culture/ organic 

wastes/ pollution control/ water pollution control/ 

aquaculture/ fish farming/ effluents/ water reuse/ 

wastewater management/ wastewater disposal/ fish 

farming/ effluent/ reuse/ Pisces/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ protective 

measures and control/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

industrial effluents 

Abstract: Disposal of fish farm effluent is not only a 

technical, but also a management problem. Many 

technologies are available to process and recycle the fish 

farm waste to meet the effluent standards of different 

countries, but costs are a limiting factor. In accordance with 

the available natural resources, constructed wetlands (CW) 

could be an attractive option. CW could greatly help to 

obtain certified "natural" fish production for concerned niche 

clients. The waste water treatment plant (WWTP) could be 

a center of production to complete the cycle that begins 

with feed, goes through fish, and then returns to agriculture. 

Aquaculture effluent is generally very diluted and expensive 

to treat. Where no control is needed, the water from fish 

ponds is simply discharged back to the original source or to 

another body of water. Many countries are concerned with 

the potential pollution effects, and strict regulations make it 

mandatory to treat the fish farm effluent. The effluent is a 

resource and should not be wasted but recycled. In this 

article, some "innovative" technologies and farm 

management practices are proposed whereby the efficiency 

of WWTP of the fish farms can be improved for recycling 

purposes. The problem of fish farm waste confronting 

intensive farms and, to some extent, semi-intensive fish 

farms is addressed. 

© CSA 

335. A method for coring inland, freshwater wetland 

soils. 

Reinhardt, Carrie H.; Cole, Charles Andrew; and 

Stover, Lee R. 

Wetlands 20(2): 422-426. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: methods and techniques/ soil science/ 

aluminum irrigation pipe corer/ field equipment/ hand 

operated soil corer/ incremental analysis/ analytical 

method/ radiochronologic dating/ dating method/ soil coring 

method/ field method/ bulk density measurement/ 

disturbance/ inland freshwater wetland soil/ seed bank/ soil 

contamination analysis: stratigraphic integrity/ wetland 

substrate type 

Abstract: Currently, no method exists to core large 

volumes of inland freshwater wetland soils that maintains 

stratigraphic integrity, minimizes unnecessary disturbance, 

and cores up to a depth of 50 cm. Our objective was to 

create a large-volume soil coring device that could be 

applied with consistency to a variety of wetland substrates. 

The result is a hand-operated soil corer that resembles the 

aluminum irrigation pipe corer that DeLaune et al. (1978) 

used to core soft marshy substrates. Instead of aluminum 

pipe, we used regular steel stovepipe and a variety of tools 

for insertion. After the sample is extracted from the 

sediment, the handle can be quickly removed for ease of 

transportation and storage of a core. The stovepipe can be 

cut open to expose the soil sample so that it can easily be 

sectioned for incremental analysis. The corer was used to 

take 130 samples in 18 different sites, spanning many 

different wetland substrate types. Our method has many 

applications, including radiochronologic dating, seed bank 

analysis, bulk density measurement, and soil contaminants 

analysis. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

336. Microbiological management of wetland rice fields. 

Roger, P. A.; Zimmerman, W. J.; and Lumpkin, T. A. 

In: Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and 

Environmental Management/ Metting, F. B. 

New York: Marcel Dekker, 1993; pp. 417-455. 

Notes: ISBN: 0824787374 

NAL Call #: QR111.S664 1992 

Abstract: Presents a summary of the major environments 

of the wetland rice field ecosystem and the major microbial 

activities they host, and an overview of research on 

microbiological management of rice fields. The next 

sections discuss in detail potential and adopted practices, 

including 1) the utilization of symbiotic and free-living N2 -

fixing blue-green algae as biofertilisers; 2) inoculation of 

rice with heterotrophic bacteria nd the potential for 

rhizosphere microflora management; and 3) the utilization 

of bacterial and algal inhibitors to decrease N fertilizer 

losses. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

337. Mitigation of chlorpyrifos runoff using constructed 

wetlands. 

Moore, M. T.; Schulz, R.; Cooper, C. M.; Smith, S.; and 

Rodgers, J. H. 

Chemosphere 46(6): 827-835. (2002) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Descriptors: pesticides/ agricultural runoff/ stormwater 

runoff/ artificial wetlands/ chlorpyrifos/ water pollution 

control/ nonpoint pollution sources/ best management 

practices/ sorption/ accumulation/ performance evaluation/ 

pollution (nonpoint sources)/ runoff (agricultural)/ 

pesticides/ sorption/ pollution control/ agricultural pollution/ 

wastewater treatment/ water pollution treatment/ plant 

populations/ bioaccumulation/ sediments/ South Africa, 

Cape Town/ South Africa, Lourens R./ chlorpyrifos 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been proposed as a 

potential best management practice (BMP) to mitigate 

effects of pesticide-associated agricultural runoff. Wetland 

mesocosms (14 m x 59-73 m) were amended with 

chlorpyrifos to simulate a storm runoff event at 

concentrations of 73, 147 and 733 mu g/l. Water, sediment 

and plant samples collected weekly for 12 weeks indicated 

that chlorpyrifos rapidly sorbed to sediment and plant 

material, with approximately 47-65% of measured 

chlorpyrifos mass retained within the first 30-36 m of 

wetland mesocosms. Of the measured mass, 

approximately 55% and 25% were retained by sediments 

and plants, respectively. A field-scale evaluation of a 

constructed wetland's mitigation capability was performed 

in the Lourens River watershed of Cape Town, South 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

95

Africa. Results indicate that the wetland was able to retain 

and considerably decrease the concentration (and hence 

toxicity) of chlorpyrifos and suspended sediment entering 

the receiving waterbody (Lourens River). This research 

provides fundamental answers concerning constructed 

wetland capabilities that are necessary for constructing 

field-scale systems within agricultural watersheds. 

© CSA 

338. Modelling nitrogen transformations in freshwater 

wetlands: Estimating nitrogen retention and removal in 

natural wetlands in relation to their hydrology and 

nutrient loadings. 

Dorge, Jesper 

Ecological Modelling 75-76(0): 409-420. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: agronomy: agriculture/ conservation/ ecology: 

environmental sciences/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ mathematical biology: 

computational biology/ metabolism/ models and 

simulations: computational biology/ nutrition/ pollution 

assessment control and management/ toxicology/ 

agriculture/ eutrophication/ groundwater/ mathematical 

model/ nitrates 

Abstract: The agricultural utilization of the transition zone 

between the terrestrial and the aquatic system has strongly 

reduced these important buffer zones in the last 30 years. 

The reestablishment of wetlands in relation to the aquatic 

environment is getting more and more in focus in the 

debate on eutrophication. A general simulation model has 

been developed for freshwater wetlands to determine the 

retention and removal of nitrogen in wetlands as water 

flows from intensively cultivated farm land through wetlands 

and into the aquatic system. The model consists of a simple 

hydrological submodel and a more complex biological 

submodel including heterotrophic nitrogen dynamics and 

plant uptake. The whole biogeochemical pathway from 

mineralization of organic matter to ammonia and further to 

nitrate in the oxic microzone by nitrifiers. before 

denitrification, is explicitly modelled. The model has been 

calibrated with field data from three wetlands with different 

levels of NO--loading (587-1502 kg NO-3--N/ha cntdot y) 

and vegetation. The calculated N-retention varies from 0 to 

107 kg N/ha cntdot y) and denitrification from 199 to 743 kg 

NO-3--N/ha cntdot y with the lowest value in a Sphagnumdominated wetland and the highest in a reed swamp. The 

wetland model can be applied to a model system describing 

the nitrogen turnover and transport from agricultural 

fertilization through soil and groundwater processes to the 

final washout into the aquatic environment. Moreover, the 

model can be used as a prognostic tool for an assessment 

of the potential effects on the aquatic ecosystem if relevant 

wetlands were reestablished. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

339. Multiobjective approach to water management 

system for wetlands in Biebrza River valley: Case 

study.

Okruszko, H.; Szuniewicz, J.; and Okruszko, T. 

In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on the 

Hydrology of Wetlands in Temperate and Cold Regions.

(Held 6 Jun 1988-8 Jun 1988 at Joensuu, Finland.); Vol. 1. 

Helsinki, Finland: Academy of Finland; pp. 10-15; 1988. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ multiobjective planning/ peat bogs/ 

marsh management/ Poland/ river basins/ land use/ 

reclamation/ preservation/ case studies/ mires/ drainage 

effects/ computer models/ irrigation requirements/ water 

demand/ water management/ grasslands/ forest 

management/ lakes/ control of water on the surface 

Abstract: A preliminary attempt has been made to develop 

a water management program for the Biebrza River Valley 

of Poland. This wetland territory is not reclaimed but partly 

drained due to some changes in natural hydrographic 

networks caused by the building of several canals in the 

19th century. The areas in the valley of the middle Biebrza 

river have been divided into five types of sites: (1) the Red 

Bog reservation, a complex mire of transition and high 

moor, (2) areas surrounding the birch forests, (3) large 

consolidated complexes of birch forests, (4) grassland for 

agricultural use requiring irrigation, and (5) grassland for 

agricultural use without irrigation. In two of the five selected 

areas of the river valley, the water conditions are 

appropriate to levels of utilization. In three other areas, 

water conditions must be adjusted to the requirements 

associated with the methods of their planned management. 

The areas surrounding the Red Bog have been partially 

drained and designed for protection as wetlands. They 

must undergo renaturalization by increasing water inflow 

into these areas and by raising the groundwater level. This 

can be accomplished by raising the level of water and 

decreasing its outflow in the rivers Elk and Jegrznia and the 

canal joining them. Birch forests may also require water 

regulation due to evapotranspiration under the forest 

ecosystem. Grasslands will also require water management 

and a water balance involving probable deficiency of water 

from precipitation has been made on the basis of the 

meteorological conditions. An analysis of the water 

reserves and requirements in the Biebrza River Valley has 

shown that by utilizing water from the winter season all 

water demands can be met. Mathematical models have 

been used to regulate the water relations in the valley 

according to the needs of different ecosystems. Systematic 

observations of meteorological and hydrological conditions 

are required to make further calculations for water 

management in the Biebrza River Valley. 

© CSA 

340. Nitrogen cycling in wetland systems. 

Hunt, P. G.; Poach, M. E.; and Liehr, S. K. 

In: Nutrient management in agricultural watersheds: A 

wetlands solution/ Dunne, E. J.; Reddy, K. R.; and 

Carton, O. T. 

Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic 

Publishers, 2005; pp. 93-104. 

Notes: International symposium on Nutrient Management in 

Agricultural Watersheds: A Wetlands Solution, Wexford, 

Ireland 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aerobic treatment/ agriculture/ air 

quality/ ammonia/ anaerobic treatment/ artificial wetlands/ 

biodegradation/ biological treatment/ cycling/ dairy effluent/ 

denitrification/ ditches/ drainage/ ecological balance/ 

environmental protection/ microbial activities/ nitrification/ 

nitrogen/ nitrogen cycle/ oxidation/ oxygen/ piggery effluent/ 

riparian vegetation/ streams/ vegetated strips/ waste water/ 

waste water treatment/ water quality/ watersheds 

Abstract: When considering the management of N on an 

agricultural watershed, the cycling of N is paramount 

because N exists in many different oxidative and physical 

states. The cycle is active in the biology of both aerobic and 

anaerobic processes. Furthermore, the cycling of N in both 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

96

natural and constructed wetlands is particularly dynamic 

and exceedingly valuable to N management for both 

productive agriculture and environmental quality. Nitrogen 

cycling is illustrated in the context of three types of 

wetlands - constructed, riparian, and in-stream. We present 

the higher than expected rates of denitrification in 

constructed wetland used for animal waste water treatment 

as an example of denitrification via new pathways such as 

ANAMMOX that require less oxygen in the precursor 

oxidation of ammonia. We show the effectiveness of 

different riparian zones for stream buffering and 

denitrification, particularly noting that they appear to provide 

a reasonable balance for protecting both water and air 

quality. We emphasize the importance of in-stream 

wetlands for assimilations and transformations of N that 

escapes agricultural watersheds. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

341. Nitrogen removal and cycling in restored wetlands 

used as filters of nutrients for agricultural runoff. 

Comin, F. A.; Romero, J. A.; Astorga, V.; and Garcia, C. 

Water Science and Technology (1997) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 5. Int. Conf. on Wetland Systems for 

Water Pollution, Vienna (Austria), 15-19 Sep 1996; Issue 

editors: Haberl, R.; Perfler, R.; Laber, J.; and Cooper, P. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nitrogen removal/ nitrogen cycle/ 

nutrients/ filters/ agricultural runoff/ aquatic plants/ rice/ 

denitrification/ rehabilitation/ water pollution control/ 

pollution control/ habitat improvement (biological)/ 

Phragmites australis/ Typha latifolia/ Scirpus lacustris/ 

Spain, Ebro R./ Phragmites australis/ Typha latifolia/ 

Scirpus lacustris/ pollution control/ habitat improvement 

(biological)/ Med, Spain, Tarragona, Ebro delta/ rice/ 

rehabilitation/ nitrogen removal/ nutrients/ water pollution 

control/ water quality control/ freshwater pollution/ 

prevention and control 

Abstract: Four restored wetlands dominated by Phragmites 

australis, Typha latifolia and Scirpus lacustris were used to 

improve the quality of agricultural runoff in the Delta of the 

Ebro River (NE Spain) in 1993. The wetlands were 

continuously flooded with water from a ricefield irrigation 

network during the growing season and received water with 

between 0-270 mg m super(-2)d super(-1) of total nitrogen, 

29-105 mg m super(-2)d super(-1) of dissolved inorganic 

nitrogen and 0-27 mg m super(-2) d super(-1) of dissolved 

organic nitrogen. Surface outflows contained between 0-80 

mg m super(-2)d super(-1) of total nitrogen, 0-12 mg m 

super(-2)d super(-1) of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and 1-

19 mg m super(-2)d super(-1) of dissolved organic nitrogen. 

The nitrogen retention efficiency was close to 100% of the 

input, except for dissolved organic nitrogen at the end of 

the growing season. The denitrification rates measured by 

the acetylene reduction in the sediment ranged between 0 

and 3.46 mg N m super(-2) d super(-1) and represented 

between 0 and 12% of the inflowing dissolved inorganic 

nitrogen. Emergent macrophytes accumulated between 20 

and 100 mg N m super(-2) d super(-1), which accounts for 

between 66 and 100% of the inflowing dissolved inorganic 

nitrogen. The wetland sediment accumulated between 111 

and 250 mg N m super(-2) d super(-1) during the six month 

growing season. The removal rate constants calculated 

according to a first - order plug - flow kinetics, were 

between 0.01-0.075 m d super(-1) for total nitrogen and 

0.01-0.3 m d super(-1) for dissolved inorganic nitrogen. 

Plant uptake, detritus accumulation and decomposition, and 

nitrogen recycling in the sediment are major processes for 

nitrogen retention and recycling in the wetlands. This type 

of wetlands, restored from ricefields, act as highly efficient 

water polishing filters for agricultural runoff and, at the 

same time, can contribute to increase the habitat 

biodiversity of large areas where rice is cultivated 

extensively. 

© CSA 

342. Nitrogen spiraling in subsurface-flow constructed 

wetlands: Implications for treatment response. 

Kadlec, R. H.; Tanner, C. C.; Hally, V. M.; and Gibbs, M. M. 

Ecological Engineering 25(4): 365-381. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: 15N/ ammonia/ nitrogen/ spiralling/ stable 

isotope/ subsurface wetlands 

Abstract: Nitrogen processing in treatment wetlands was 

investigated by use of the stable isotope 15N introduced as 

ammonium. Two small field-scale, gravel-bed wetlands with 

horizontal subsurface-flow (SSF) received primary meat 

processing water. Four SSF cascade mesocosms, each 

comprising five tanks in series, received primary meat 

processing water, primary dairy water, secondary dairy 

water or aerated secondary dairy water. The mesocosms 

and one of the field-scale wetland contained wellestablished bulrushes (Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani), 

and the other field-scale wetland remained unvegetated. 

The systems were operated at steady inflows, with a 

nominal detention times of 4-5 days. The incoming 

ammonium nitrogen ranged from 18.5 to 177 g m-3, and 

removals ranged from 15 to 90% for the various feed 

waters. Each system was dosed with a single pulse of 15N 

ammonium mixed into the feed wastewater, and the fate 

and transport of the isotopic nitrogen were determined. The 

15N pulses took 120 days to clear the heavily loaded fieldscale wetlands. During this period small reductions in 15N 

were attributable to nitrification/denitrification, and a larger 

reduction due to plant uptake. Mesocosm tests ran for 24 

days, during which only 1-16% of the tracer exited with 

water, increasing with N loading. Very little tracer gas 

emission was found (?1%). The majority of the tracer was 

found in plants (6-48%) and sediments (28-37%). These 

results indicated a rapid absorption of ammonium into a 

large sediment storage pool, of which only a small 

proportion was denitrified during the period of the 

experiment. Plant uptake claimed a fraction of the 

ammonium, determined mainly by the plants requirement 

for growth rather than the magnitude of the nitrogen supply. 

A rapid return of ammonium to the water was also found, so 

that movement of 15N through the wetland mesocosms 

was comprised of a spiral of uptake and release along the 

flow path. A two compartment model was found to 

reasonably represent the isotope progress through the 

wetlands. First order exchanges and removals were 

employed in dynamic mass balances on water and solids. It 

is concluded that interpretation of nitrogen dynamics in 

wetlands must include the nitrogen spiral through the 

wetland, as well as plant uptake. This greatly increases the 

N residence time in treatment wetlands relative to the 

hydraulic detention time, resulting in long delays of 

treatment system response to changes in N loading and 

attenuation of short-term fluctuations in loading. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

97

343. Non-point source pesticide removal by a 

mountainous wetland. 

Kao, C. M.; Wang, J. Y.; Chen, K. F.; Lee, H. Y.; and 

Wu, M. J. 

Water science and Technology 46(6-7): 199-206. (2002) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 2nd World Water Congress of the 

International Water Association: Integrated Water 

Resources Management, Berlin [Germany], 15-19 Oct 2001 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nonpoint pollution sources/ fate of 

pollutants/ agricultural runoff/ pesticides/ atrazine/ 

biodegradation/ microbial degradation/ field tests/ data 

collections/ storm runoff/ pollution (nonpoint sources)/ 

runoff (agricultural)/ biodegradation/ field studies/ runoff/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ water treatment/ water 

pollution: monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: Non-point source (NPS) pollution is believed to 

be one of the major causes of impairment of water bodies. 

Among NPS pollution, agricultural NPS pollution is 

considered to be the largest single category resulting in 

water quality deterioration. Pesticides are some the most 

ubiquitous of these agricultural NPS pollutants. In this 

study, a mountainous wetland was selected to investigate 

the effects of the natural wetland system on the NPS 

pesticide (atrazine) removal to maintain the surface water 

quality. The selected wetland receives water from two 

unnamed creeks, which drain primarily upgradient 

agricultural lands. Wetland investigation and monitoring 

were conducted from November 1999 to March 2001. Major 

storm events and baseline water quality samples were 

analyzed. Field results indicate that the wetland was able to 

remove NPS atrazine flushed from the upgradient 

agricultural lands after the occurrence of storm events. 

Laboratory aerobic and anaerobic bioreactor experiments 

were conducted to evaluate the biodegradation of atrazine 

under the intrinsic conditions of the wetland system. 

Microbial enumeration was conducted for a quick screen of 

bacterial activity in the studied wetland. Results from the 

study suggest that the methanogenesis process was 

possibly the dominant biodegradation pattern, and atrazine 

can be degraded under reductive dechlorinating conditions 

when sufficient intrinsic organic matter was provided. 

Results from this study can provide us with further 

knowledge on pesticide removal mechanisms in natural 

wetlands and evaluate the role of wetlands in controlling 

pesticide pollutants from stormwater runoff. 

© CSA 

344. Nutrient removal by a constructed wetland treating 

subsurface drainage from grazed dairy pasture. 

Tanner, C. C.; Nguyen, M. L.; and Sukias, J. P. S. 

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 105(1-2): 

145-162. (2005) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: flow proportional sampling: applied and field 

techniques/ grazed dairy pasture 

Abstract: Nitrogen and phosphorus budgets over two 

annual periods are presented for an establishing surfaceflow constructed wetland treating subsurface drainage from 

rain-fed, dairy cattle grazed pasture in the North Island of 

New Zealand. Drainage flows to the wetland (occupying 

apprx1% of the catchment area) were highly pulsed, 

associated with rainfall and soil water status, and differed 

between years (305 and 197 mm drainage). Flowproportional sampling of inflow and outflow concentrations 

were combined with continuous flow records to calculate 

mass balances for the wetlands. Influent nitrate 

concentrations were high (median 11 g m-3) in both years, 

but transient loads of organic N were also an important 

form of N in the first year. Mass removal of total nitrogen 

(TN) and its main constituent forms nitrate/nitrite and 

organic N was recorded for all seasons over both annual 

periods studied. TN mass removal efficiency of 79% (841 g 

m-2 per year) in the first year, declined to 21% (40 g m-2 

per year) in the second year, associated with changes in 

the magnitude, speciation and seasonal pattern of N export 

from the catchment. Ammoniacal N (NH4-N), which 

comprised <0.5% of TN loadings to the wetland, was 

generated in small amounts during passage through the 

wetland in both years. Total phosphorus (TP) in the 

drainage waters occurred at median concentrations of 0.1-

0.2 g m-3, mainly in dissolved reactive forms (DRP 92% by 

mass). TP export rose by 101% (5.0 g m-2 per year) after 

passage through the wetland in the first year, but 

decreased by 12% (0.2 g m-2 per year) in the second year. 

The results show that constructed wetlands comprising 

apprx1% of catchment area can markedly reduce N export 

via pastoral drainage. but may be net sources of NH4-N, 

DRP and TP during establishment. Performance of the 

wetland appeared to be affected by both 

establishment/maturation factors and year-to-year climatic 

variations. Longer-term studies, supplemented by processbased laboratory and mesocosm investigations, are 

required to evaluate sustainable nutrient removal rates over 

a range of climatic conditions, and identify the key factors 

regulating performance. Copyright 2004 Elsevier B.V. All 

rights reserved. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

345. Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater 

using a constructed wetlands system. 

Lin, Y.; Jing, S.; Lee, D.; and Wang, T. 

Aquaculture 209(1-4): 169-184. (June 2002) 

NAL Call #: SH1 .A6; ISSN: 0044-8486 

Descriptors: fish culture/ wastewater treatment/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ aquaculture effluents/ 

water purification/ uptake/ water quality control/ water 

reuse/ eutrophication/ nutrient removal/ artificial wetlands/ 

aquaculture/ hydraulic loading/ nitrogen removal/ 

phosphorus removal/ ammonium/ phosphates/ vegetation/ 

free water/ storm seepage/ pilot plants/ tin/ receiving 

waters/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects 

of aquaculture on the environment/ protective measures 

and control/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Nutrient removal is essential for aquaculture 

wastewater treatment to protect receiving waters from 

eutrophication and for potential reuse of the treated water. 

A pilot-scale wastewater treatment system consisting of a 

free water surface (FWS) and a subsurface flow (SSF) 

constructed wetlands arranged in series was operated for 

around 8 months. The study was conducted to examine 

system start-up phenomena and to evaluate system 

performance in removing inorganic nitrogen and phosphate 

from aquaculture wastewater under various hydraulic 

loading rates (1.8 to 13.5 cm day-1). The wetlands system 

showed rapid start-up behaviors in which process stabilities 

were achieved in the following sequence: phosphate 

removal in the SSF without an adaptation period, nitrogen 

removal in the SSF after 1 month, nitrogen removal in the 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

98

FWS after 2 to 3 months, phosphate removal in the FWS 

after 3 months, and vegetation cover in both wetlands after 

7 months of operation. Nitrogen removals were excellent, 

with efficiencies of 86% to 98% for ammonium nitrogen 

(NH4-N) and 95% to 98% for total inorganic nitrogen (TIN). 

Removal efficiencies were affected little by the hydraulic 

loading trials. Phosphate removal of 32% to 71% occurred, 

with the efficiencies being inversely related to hydraulic 

loading. The FWS wetland removed most inorganic 

nitrogen, whereas the SSF wetland removed phosphate at 

a rate equal to or even greater than the FWS. Removal of 

ammonium and nitrite (effluent concentrations 0.3 mg NH4-

N l-1 and 0.01 mg NO2-N l-1) were sufficient for recycle in 

the aquaculture system without danger of harming the fish. 

© CSA 

346. Nutrient removal from piggery effluent using 

vertical flow constructed wetlands in southern Brazil. 

Sezerino, P. H.; Reginatto, V.; Santos, M. A.; Kayser, K.; 

Kunst, S.; Philippi, L. S.; and Soares, H. M. 

Water Science and Technology 48(2): 129-135. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 5th International Conference on Waste 

Stabilisation Ponds: Pond technology for the new 

millennium, Auckland, New Zealand, 2-5 Apr 2002; Issue 

editors: Shilton, A. N.; Craggs, R. J.; and Walmsley, N. 

Descriptors: biological wastewater treatment/ artificial 

wetlands/ nutrient removal/ barn wastewater/ pilot plants/ 

experimental data/ performance evaluation/ piggeries waste 

waters/ wastewater treatment (biological)/ nutrients/ farm 

buildings/ agricultural wastewaters/ Brazil, Santa Catarina/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ industrial effluents/ water 

& wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil, has the 

greatest swine breeding activities of Latin America. 

Generally, the piggery wastewater is treated in pond 

systems that are able to remove organic material according 

to local environmental legislation. However, these systems 

do not remove nitrogen and phosphorus efficiently. This 

work deals with a post-treatment system, using vertical flow 

constructed wetlands. The experiment was conducted in a 

swine production farm which has 45,000 animals. Although 

the pond system was able to partially remove the content of 

nutrients, their concentration in the effluent was high for 

environmental disposal. A four-bed vertical flow constructed 

wetland pilot plant, using Typha spp., was built. The pilot 

plant operated for 280 days for beds 2-4 (sand 2). 

However, the experiments with beds 1-3 (sand 1) were 

stopped after 111 days of operation, when a reduction in 

the wastewater drainage was observed. The beds with 

sand 2 showed a 33% COD removal, and about 49% of 

nitrification was observed from 111 days until the end of the 

operation. PO sub(4)-P removal was 45% with a loading 

rate of around 1.36 g m super(-2) d super(-1). 

© CSA 

347. Organic matter accumulation during maturation of 

gravel-bed constructed wetlands treating farm dairy 

wastewaters. 

Tanner, C. C.; Sukias, J. P. S.; and Upsdell, M. P. 

Water Research 32(10): 3046-3054. (Oct. 1998) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ accumulation/ retention/ 

hydraulic loading/ dairy wastes/ density/ plant growth/ 

gravel/ organic matter/ cores/ agricultural runoff/ 

wastewater treatment/ artificial lakes/ hydrology/ dairies/ 

agricultural wastes/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

prevention and control/ sewage & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The accumulation of organic matter (OM) was 

investigated after two and five years in a series of four 

gravel-bed constructed wetlands supplied with different 

hydraulic loading rates (21, 26, 46 and 72 mm d super(-1)) 

of farm dairy wastewaters. At these hydraulic loadings, 

mean wastewater loadings of particulate OM (determined 

as volatile suspended solids) to the wetlands ranged 

between similar to 1.7 and 5.8 g m super(-2) d super(-1). 

Vertical and horizontal gradients of OM accumulation, 

measured by "loss on ignition", were sampled by stratified 

coring at 18 sites in each wetland, and their impact on 

wastewater residence times investigated in three of the 

wetlands using bromide as a conservative tracer. Mean 

accumulations of OM in the wetlands after five years 

operation ranged between 6.8 and 14.9 kg m super(-2), 

increasing with wastewater loading rate. The annual rates 

of accumulation during the first two years were 1.2 to 2-fold 

higher than those in the subsequent three years. Around 

50-60% of the OM occurred within the gravel substratum, 

the remainder forming surface sludges, commonly 

exceeding 50 mm depth over much of the wetland 

substratum. OM accumulation in the wetlands considerably 

exceeded that contributed from applied wastewaters, with 

wetland plant derived detritus supplying substantial 

additional quantities of OM. The effective void space of the 

wetland substrata was markedly reduced in the highest 

loaded wetland, with mean wastewater retention time 

reduced to similar to 50% of its theoretical value (corrected 

for evapotranspiration losses). In contrast, the lowestloaded wetland exhibited retention times close to theoretical 

values. There was, however, no direct relationship between 

OM accumulation and the effective retention times of the 

wetlands, suggesting other factors, such as differences in 

OM bulk density, spatial patterns of accumulation and plant 

root growth, and inorganic accumulations, were also 

influencing their hydrology. 

© CSA 

348. Organic matter composition, microbial biomass 

and microbial activity in gravel-bed constructed 

wetlands treating farm dairy wastewaters. 

Nguyen, L. M. 

Ecological Engineering 16(2): 199-221. (Nov. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biomass/ farms/ dairies/ waste 

water/ wastewater treatment/ dairy industry/ 

microorganisms/ organic matter/ sediments/ respiration/ 

agricultural wastes/ microbial activity/ humic acids/ 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani/ schoenoplectus 

tabernaemontani/ environmental degradation/ non-patents/ 

sewage & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Organic matter (OM) composition, microbial 

biomass and microbial activity in a planted (Schoenoplectus 

tabernaemontani), gravel-bed wetland receiving cumulative 

OM (determined as volatile suspended solids) loadings 

over 5 years from farm dairy wastewater (8.2 kg OM m 

super(-2)) and in situ plant residues (8.4 kg OM m super(-

2)) were investigated. Organic deposits above and within 

the gravel stratum (0-100- and 100-400 mm depths) were 

collected from six sites (with three transverse points per 

site) along the wetland channel. They were sequentially 

extracted for labile and stable OM fractions and determined 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

99

for total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), biomass C, biomass 

N, and microbial activity (respiration rate). Over 90% of the 

OM accumulated in the wetland was present as stable OM 

fractions. Humic acid, fulvic acid and humin were the 

predominant stable OM fractions, accounting for similar to 

63-96% of total C in surface deposits and the gravel 

substratum. The predominance of stable OM fractions in 

the wetland was attributed to the refractory nature of OM 

inputs (lignocellulose and humic compounds) from wetland 

plant litter and the applied dairy wastewater. Clogging of 

the gravel pore spaces over a 5-year wetland operation 

was therefore a result of the accumulation of refractory 

organic solids, originating from plant litter and applied dairy 

wastewater. Mineral aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) 

compounds did not play a major role in OM stabilisation 

and accumulation in the wetland since organic C 

associated with Al and Fe accounted for <2% of the total C 

in surface deposits and the gravel substratum. Humic 

compounds were at least 2-fold higher in surface deposits 

and the top 100 mm of the gravel-bed than the lower gravel 

substratum, suggesting that pore clogging by these 

compounds was more prominent in the top layer of the 

gravel-bed. Microbial respiration rate and microbial biomass 

were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.001) correlated 

with sediment OM fractions, suggesting that these microbial 

parameters may be used to predict changes in the labile 

and stable fractions of OM accumulation in the wetland. 

Both quantitative assessment of OM content and qualitative 

determination of labile and stable OM fractions in surface 

deposits and the gravel substratum are equally important in 

the understanding of OM accumulation-decomposition and 

pore clogging in gravel-bed wetlands. 

© CSA 

349. Oxidation of the root zone by aquatic plants 

growing in gravel-nutrient solution culture. 

Steinberg, S. L. and Coonrod, H. S. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 907-913. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425. 

Notes: Conference: Symposium on Wetland Processes and 

Water Quality, Minneapolis, MN (USA), 3-4 Nov 1992 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic plants/ nutrients/ chemical 

reactions/ oxygen/ oxidation/ wastewater treatment/ roots/ 

redox reactions/ waste disposal sites/ redox potential/ 

wastewater aquaculture/ Juncus alpinus/ Phalaris 

arundinacea/ Typha latifolia/ redox potential/ waste disposal 

sites/ wastewater aquaculture/ root zone/ roots/ redox 

reactions/ nutrients/ chemical processes/ freshwater 

pollution/ methods and instruments/ plant culture 

Abstract: The root zone oxidation state was monitored over 

a period of 87 d for alpine rush (Juncus alpinus Vill.), 

canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), and cattail (Typha 

latifolia L.) growing in gravelnutrient solution culture. The 

dissolved oxygen concentration in the root zone of cattail 

and canarygrass was less than or equal to 1 mg/L, whereas 

in alpine rush it ranged from 0 to 2 mg/L. All planted 

treatments consistently had a dissolved oxygen 

concentration 1 to 2 mg/L lower than gravel without plants. 

Redox potentials in the root zone of alpine rush were 

normally between 400 and 700 mV, indicating an aerobic 

root zone. The root zone of cattail also tended to be 

aerobic, although redox potentials of < 400 mV were 

obtained 40% of the time. Canarygrass had the most 

reduced root zone with 85% of the redox potential 

measurements < 400 mV. Dissolved oxygen concentrations 

and redox potentials in the root zone did not change 

significantly on a diurnal basis for any of the plant species. 

The results show that there was a plant species effect on 

the oxidation state of the root zone as measured by 

dissolved oxygen and redox potential. 

© CSA 

350. Performance of a constructed wetland treating 

intensive shrimp aquaculture wastewater under high 

hydraulic loading rate. 

Lin, Y. F.; Jing, S. R.; Lee, D. Y.; Chang, Y. F.; Chen, Y. M.; 

and Shih, K. C. 

Environmental Pollution 134(3): 411-421. (Apr. 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ economics/ feasibility 

studies/ water quality control/ aquaculture effluents/ 

wastewater treatment/ hydraulics/ biochemical oxygen 

demand/ ammonia/ nitrites/ prawn culture/ intensive culture/ 

water management/ environmental impact/ suspended 

particulate matter/ recirculating systems/ water pollution 

treatment/ nitrogen compounds/ aquaculture economics/ 

feasibility/ culture effects/ Crustacea/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ protective 

measures and control/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: A water treatment unit, mainly consisting of free 

water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SF) constructed 

wetland cells, was integrated into a commercial-scale 

recirculating aquaculture system for intensive shrimp 

culture. This study investigated performance of the 

treatment wetlands for controlling water quality. The results 

showed that the FWS-SF cells effectively removed total 

suspended solids (55-66%), 5-day biochemical oxygen 

demand (37-54%), total ammonia (64-66%) and nitrite (83-

94%) from the recirculating water under high hydraulic 

loading rates (1.57-1.95 m/day). This led to a water quality 

that was suitable for shrimp culture and effluent that always 

satisfied the discharge standards. The area ratios of 

wetlands to culture tank being demonstrated (0.43) and 

calculated (0.096) in this study were both significantly lower 

than the reported values. Accordingly, a constructed 

wetland was technically and economically feasible for 

managing water quality of an intensive aquaculture system. 

© CSA 

351. Phosphorus adsorption characteristics of a 

constructed wetland soil receiving dairy farm 

wastewater. 

Jamieson, T. S.; Stratton, G. W.; Gordon, R.; and 

Madani, A. 

Canadian Journal of Soil Science 82(1): 97-104. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 C162; ISSN: 0008-4271. 

Notes: Original Title: Adsorption du phosphore par une 

terre humide artificielle recevant les eaux usees d'une 

exploitation laitiere 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus removal/ adsorption/ 

dairy wastes/ wastewater disposal/ regression analysis/ 

farm wastes/ dairies/ agricultural wastes/ Canada, Nova 

Scotia/ wastewater treatment processes/ land pollution/ 

water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Adsorption to soil has been identified as a key 

wastewater P removal mechanism in treatment wetlands. 

Batch incubation experiments were performed to measure 

the capacity of a constructed dairy farm wetland in Pictou 

County, Nova Scotia, to remove P from solution. The 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

100

constructed wetland had been receiving wastewater since 

1996. Non-linear regression analysis was performed using 

the Langmuir adsorption model to describe the P 

adsorption characteristics for the wetland soil under study. 

The Langmuir model was adequate in describing the P 

adsorption characteristics of the system studied. The P 

adsorption maxima found were approximately 925, 924, 

and 1600 mg P kg super(-1) soil, for the deep zone soil, 

shallow zone soil, and a background soil (not receiving 

wastewater), respectively. The P adsorption maxima for the 

deep zone and shallow zone soils were not significantly 

different (P > 0.05) from one another, but were significantly 

lower (P < 0.05) than the background soil. These data, 

together with information on wastewater inflow and P 

loading, were used to predict a lifespan of 8 yr for this 

wetland, relative to P removal. 

© CSA 

352. Phosphorus biogeochemistry of wetlands in 

agricultural watersheds. 

Dunne, E. J. and Reddy, K. R. 

In: Nutrient management in agricultural watersheds: A 

wetlands solution/ Dunne, E. J.; Reddy, K. R.; and 

Carton, O. T. 

Wageningen, Netherlands: Wageningen Academic 

Publishers, 2005; pp. 105-119. 

Notes: International symposium on Nutrient Management in 

Agricultural Watersheds: A Wetlands Solution, Wexford, 

Ireland; ISBN: 9076998612 

Descriptors: wetlands/ absorption/ acid soils/ adsorption/ 

agriculture/ alkaline soils/ aluminium/ artificial wetlands/ 

bioavailability/ biogeochemistry/ calcium/ chemical 

precipitation/ desorption/ eutrophication/ inorganic 

phosphorus/ iron/ nutrient content/ nutrients/ phosphate/ 

phosphorus/ retention/ reviews/ river water/ sediment/ soil 

types/ soil water/ solubility/ sorption/ sorption isotherms/ 

streams/ transport processes/ water pollution/ water quality/ 

watersheds/ wetland soils 

Abstract: Within agricultural watersheds, wetlands are 

located at the interface between terrestrial uplands and 

truly aquatic systems. Therefore, the processes occurring 

within wetland systems affect down stream water quality as 

water and associated nutrients such as phosphorus (P) are 

typically transported from upland areas to aquatic systems. 

This review will describe some of the common forms of P 

found in wetland soils/sediments and the processes 

responsible for P transformation and translocation. 

Phosphorus forms that enter a wetland are typically 

grouped into: (i) dissolved inorganic P; (ii) dissolved organic 

P; (iii) particulate inorganic P; and particulate organic P. 

Calcium (Ca) compounds determine the availability of 

inorganic P in alkaline soils while, in acidic soils iron (Fe) 

and aluminium (Al) controls P solubility. Inorganic P has 

four main fractions of decreasing bioavailability (viz., 

exchangeable P, Fe and Al bound P, Ca and Mg bound P, 

and residual P). Phosphorus sorption is one of the main 

processes involved in inorganic P biogeochemistry in 

wetland soils/sediments. Sorption is controlled by the 

concentration of phosphate in soil porewater and solid 

phases. Maximum sorption capacity of a soil can be 

determined using empirical models. Typically, soils only 

sorb P when added P in solution has a higher concentration 

than soil porewater. Phosphorus precipitation involves the 

reaction of phosphate ions with metallic cations forming 

solid precipitate. Inorganic P forms dominate the 

bioavailable fractions, whereas organic P fractions typically 

dominate the total P content of wetland soils/sediments. 

Organic P compounds can also be fractionated in 

decreasing order of bioavailability. At the wetland 

ecosystem-scale processes involved in long term P 

retention include: sorption on wetland substrates and the 

accumulation and subsequent accretion of new 

soil/sediment material. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

353. Phosphorus removal from trout farm effluents by 

constructed wetlands. 

Comeau, Y.; Brisson, J.; Reville, J. P.; Forget, C.; and 

Drizo, A. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 55-60. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ fish farming/ stage 

treatment/ filtration/ screens/ artificial wetlands/ suspended 

solids/ phosphorus removal/ performance evaluation/ 

feasibility studies/ phosphorus/ aquaculture effluents/ 

pollution control/ water quality control/ fish culture/ fish 

farming/ screens and screening/ freshwater fish/ limestone/ 

effluent treatment/ macrophytes/ Salmonidae/ Phragmites 

australis/ salmonids/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ prevention and control/ 

underground services and water use/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Freshwater trout farms need a high and 

continuous clean water flow to keep fish exposed to a nontoxic ammonium concentration. As a result, the 

concentration of effluents from these farms are even below 

standard effluent criteria for municipal wastewater effluent 

for solids, nitrogen and phosphorus. Nevertheless, the 

mass of pollutants discharged, originating mostly from 

excreta and undigested fish food, must be reduced by 

simple and economical treatment processes. We designed 

and operated a three-stage system aimed at retaining 

solids by a 60 mu m nylon rotating microscreen followed by 

treatment with a phosphorus-retaining constructed wetland 

system. Washwater from the microscreen was pumped to a 

series of two horizontal flow beds of 100 m super(3) each 

(0.6 m deep). Coarse (2 mm) and finer (< 2 mm) crushed 

limestone were used in each bed, respectively, with the first 

one being planted with reeds (Phragmites australis) and the 

second one designed to remove even more phosphorus by 

adsorption and precipitation. Preliminary results indicated 

that the microscreen captured about 60% of the suspended 

solids and that greater than 95% of the suspended solids 

and greater than 80% of the total phosphorus mass loads 

were retained by the beds. The potential of constructed 

wetlands as an ecologically attractive and economical 

method for treating fish farm effluents to reduce solids and 

phosphorus discharge appears promising. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

101

354. Phosphorus removal in emergent free surface 

wetlands. 

Kadlec, R. H. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances and Environmental 

Engineering 40(6-7): 1293-1306. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD172.J6; ISSN: 1093-4529 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ phosphorus/ 

surface flow/ treatment/ wastewater 

Abstract: Constructed and natural wetlands are capable of 

absorbing new phosphorus loadings, and, in appropriate 

circumstances, can provide a low-cost alternative to 

chemical and biological treatment. Phosphorus interacts 

strongly with wetland soils and biota, which provide both 

short-term and sustainable long-term storage of this 

nutrient. Soil sorption may provide initial removal, but this 

partly reversible storage eventually becomes saturated. 

Uptake by biota, including bacteria, algae, and duckweed, 

as well as macrophytes, forms an initial removal 

mechanism. Cycling through growth, death, and 

decomposition returns most of the biotic uptake, but an 

important residual contributes to long term accretion in 

newly formed sediments and soils. Despite the apparent 

complexity of these several removal mechanisms, data 

analysis shows that relatively simple equations can 

describe the sustainable processes. Previous global first 

order removal rates characterize the sustainable removal, 

but do not incorporate any biotic features. This article 

reviews the relevant processes and summarizes 

quantitative data on wetland phosphorus removal. 

Copyright © Taylor & Francis Inc. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

355. Phytoremediation of toxic trace elements in soil 

and water. 

LeDuc, D. L. and Terry, N. 

Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 

32(11-12): 514-520. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QR53 .J68; ISSN: 1367-5435 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands/ hyperaccumulators/ 

phytoremediation/ phytovolatilization/ selenium 

Abstract: Toxic heavy metals and metalloids, such as 

cadmium, lead, mercury, arsenic, and selenium, are 

constantly released into the environment. There is an 

urgent need to develop low-cost, effective, and sustainable 

methods for their removal or detoxification. Plant-based 

approaches, such as phytoremediation, are relatively 

inexpensive since they are performed in situ and are solardriven. In this review, we discuss specific advances in 

plant-based approaches for the remediation of 

contaminated water and soil. Dilute concentrations of trace 

element contaminants can be removed from large volumes 

of wastewater by constructed wetlands. We discuss the 

potential of constructed wetlands for use in remediating 

agricultural drainage water and industrial effluent, as well 

as concerns over their potential ecotoxicity. In upland 

ecosystems, plants may be used to accumulate 

metals/metalloids in their harvestable biomass 

(phytoextraction). Plants can also convert and release 

certain metals/metalloids in a volatile form 

(phytovolatilization). We discuss how genetic engineering 

has been used to develop plants with enhanced efficiencies 

for phytoextraction and phytovolatilization. For example, 

metal-hyperaccumulating plants and microbes with unique 

abilities to tolerate, accumulate, and detoxify metals and 

metalloids represent an important reservoir of unique genes 

that could be transferred to fast-growing plant species for 

enhanced phytoremediation. There is also a need to 

develop new strategies to improve the acceptability of using 

genetically engineered plants for phytoremediation. © 

Society for Industrial Microbiology 2005. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

356. Plant community succession in a coastal wetland 

after abandonment of cultivation: The example of the 

Rhone Delta. 

Mesleard, F.; Grillas, P.; and Lepart, J. 

Vegetatio 94(1): 35-45. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: wetlands/ species richness/ environmental 

factors/ old fields/ coastal environments/ agriculture/ salinity 

effects/ ecological succession/ plant populations/ France, 

Camargue/ succession/ ecological succession/ plant 

populations/ Med, France, Camargue/ species richness/ old 

fields/ coastal environments/ coastal ecosystems/ habitat 

community studies 

Abstract: A synchronous study was carried out of plant 

succession in land abandoned after cultivation in the 

Camargue (southern France) in relation to the main biotic 

and abiotic environmental factors. Correlations between 

environmental factors and species abundance were 

established using Canonical correspondence analysis. The 

most strongly correlated variables were those of the water 

regime. Abandonment of cultivation does not always imply 

abandonment of management, but a change in land use. 

Water level management (flooding in winter, or in summer, 

irrigation) creates and maintains communities suitable for 

grazing. In the absence of water level management, the 

soils become saline and stable plant communities similar to 

those present under natural conditions quickly develop. The 

salt generally limits the installation of woody plants; only 

Phillyrea angustifolia can develop and then only when the 

water stable is quite deep. It appears that the forest stage 

can only be reached in the proximity of riverine gallery 

forest and irrigation canals where Populus alba is dominant. 

© CSA 

357. Plant succession and greentree reservoir 

management: Implications for management and 

restoration of bottomland hardwood wetlands. 

King, S. L. and Allen, J. A. 

Wetlands 16(4): 503-511. (1996) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecological succession/ resource 

management/ reclamation/ flood plains/ habitat 

improvement/ flooding/ forests/ water management/ 

environmental restoration/ hydrological regime/ hardwood/ 

waterfowl/ habitats/ USA/ bottomland hardwood forests/ 

environmental restoration/ hydrological regime/ hardwood/ 

waterfowl/ habitats/ ecological succession/ reclamation/ 

habitat improvement/ resource management 

Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forests are distributed 

along rivers and streams throughout the central and 

eastern United States, with the greatest concentration in 

the Southeast. Past and projected losses of bottomland 

hardwoods and degradation of remaining stands suggest 

that habitat management and/or restoration strategies that 

target multiple species and multiple uses will be necessary 

to maintain, enhance, and restore flora and fauna within 

bottomland hardwood wetlands. A greentree reservoir is a 

current management strategy that entails manipulating 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

102

water regimes to provide habitat for wintering waterfowl. 

We conducted a literature review and synthesis to 

determine the potential impacts of greentree reservoir 

management on plant succession within bottomland 

hardwood wetlands. Greentree reservoirs can impact 

vegetation establishment through several processes. 

Despite shortcomings of greentree reservoirs, designs 

similar to them could be very beneficial in restoring 

bottomland hardwood plant and animal communities from 

degraded forests provided water-level control and 

maintenance are substantially improved. Emulation of 

natural hydrologic regimes, including natural variability, 

could produce diverse bottomland hardwood plant 

communities and provide habitat for a variety of wildlife 

species. 

© CSA 

358. The potential use of constructed wetlands in a 

recirculating aquaculture system for shrimp culture. 

Lin, Y. F.; Jing, S. R.; and Lee, D. Y. 

Environmental Pollution 123(1): 107-113. (2003) 

Descriptors: aquaculture effluents/ effluent treatment/ 

wastewater treatment/ water quality/ physicochemical 

properties/ fisheries/ artificial wetlands/ shrimp culture/ 

aquaculture systems/ recirculating systems/ water quality 

control/ culture media/ aquaculture techniques/ Litopenaeus 

vannamei/ Taiwan/ whiteleg shrimp/ constructed wetlands/ 

sewage & wastewater treatment/ methods and instruments/ 

aquaculture/ shellfish culture/ shellfish culture/ water & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: A pilot-scale constructed wetland unit, consisting 

of free water surface (FWS) and subsurface flow (SF) 

constructed wetlands arranged in series, was integrated 

into an outdoor recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for 

culturing Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). This 

study evaluated the performance of the wetland unit in 

treating the recirculating wastewater and examined the 

effect of improvement in water quality of the culture tank on 

the growth and survival of shrimp postlarvae. During an 80-

day culture period, the wetland unit operated at a mean 

hydraulic loading rate of 0.3 m/day and effectively reduced 

the influent concentrations of 5-day biochemical oxygen 

demand (BOD sub(5), 24%), suspended solids (SS, 71%), 

chlorophyll a (chl-a, 88%), total ammonium (TAN, 57%), 

nitrite nitrogen (NO sub(2)-N, 90%) and nitrate nitrogen 

(NO sub(3)-N, 68%). Phosphate (PO sub(4)-P) reduction 

was the least efficient (5.4%). The concentrations of SS, 

Chl-a, turbidity and NO sub(3)-N in the culture tank water in 

RAS were significantly (P[less-than-or-equals, slant]0.05) 

lower than those in a control aquaculture system (CAS) that 

simulated static pond culture without wetland treatment. 

However, no significant difference (P<=0.05) in BOD 

sub(5), TAN and NO sub(2)- N was found between the two 

systems. At the end of the study, the harvest results 

showed that shrimp weight and survival rate in the RAS 

(3.8+/-1.8 g/shrimp and 90%) significantly (P<=0.01) 

exceeded those in the CAS (2.3+/-1.5 g/shrimp and 71%). 

This study concludes that constructed wetlands can 

improve the water quality and provide a good culture 

environment, consequently increasing the shrimp growth 

and survival without water exchange, in a recirculating 

system. Constructed wetlands improved water qualities and 

consequently increased the shrimp growth and survival in a 

recirculating system. 

© CSA 

359. A proposed methodology for measuring 

incremental environmental benefits from using 

constructed wetlands to control agricultural non-pointsource pollution. 

Macdonald, H. F.; Bergstrom, J. C.; and Houston, J. E. 

Journal of Environmental Management 54(4): 259-267. 

(Dec. 1998) 

NAL Call #: HC75.E5J6; ISSN: 0301-4797 

Descriptors: water quality control/ pollution control/ 

wastewater treatment/ agricultural pollution/ agricultural 

runoff/ environment management/ water pollution 

treatment/ nonpoint pollution sources/ water pollution 

prevention/ environmental quality/ artificial wetlands/ 

benefits/ cultivated lands/ prevention and control/ water 

quality control 

Abstract: A binary response estimation procedure using 

contingent valuation data is proposed for estimating the 

incremental environmental benefits associated with the use 

of constructed wetlands to control agricultural waste-water 

runoff. The model uses two binary responses per individual 

while circumventing the non-independence problems 

associated with follow-up valuation questions. Case study 

results suggest that the methodology provides a potentially 

effective means for measuring the non-market benefits of 

constructed wetlands in addition to water-quality 

maintenance. 

© CSA 

360. Quantification of P-flux through shallow, 

agricultural and natural waters as found in wetlands of 

the Camargue (S. France). 

Golterman, H. L. 

Hydrobiologia 392(1): 29-39. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158. 

Notes: Special Issue: "Sediment-Water Interaction 9". 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphates/ pollution dispersion/ 

agricultural pollution/ hydrology/ path of pollutants/ 

agricultural runoff/ chemical reactions/ rice fields/ 

agriculture/ fertilizers/ marshes/ irrigation/ aquatic 

environment/ France, Camargue/ France, Etang de 

Vaccares/ France/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: The flux of phosphate in the aquatic ecosystems 

of the Camargue was modelled. The model developed for 

the hydrological unit, the water basin of the Aube de Bouic, 

is based on the hydrology of the system, the reaction 

equations of the adsorption of phosphate onto Fe(OOH) 

and the solubility product of apatite. The water basin 

consists of an inlet canal, the Aube de Bouic, ricefields and 

natural marshes, plus a drainage canal through which the 

excess water is pumped into the Etang de Vaccares. 

Phosphate is introduced into ricefields either with the 

irrigation water, taken from the Rhone, or as fertiliser. Most 

of the phosphate will be fixed on the ricefield soils either as 

iron-bound or as calcium-bound phosphate, depending on 

the pH. The o-phosphate concentration will slowly increase 

to an extent depending on the pH. From the ricefields water 

will flow towards the Etang de Vaccares; the amount of 

phosphate reaching the Etang de Vaccares depends on the 

pH of the system and the depth of the water outlet of the 

ricefields. In six different scenarios the amount of 

phosphate reaching the Etang de Vaccares is calculated 

depending on the quantity of fertiliser, the depth of the 

water outlet and the pH. For the Etang de Vaccares the 

model predicts the present concentration of o-P relatively 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

103

well and shows that the loading is considerable. This 

should cause concern; the danger of serious eutrophication 

is real. Part of the irrigation water is used to refill or keep 

under water the natural marshes in this hydrological unit, 

which without irrigation would dry out during summer. Again 

high P-concentrations are found in the marshes, but mostly 

in the form of Fe(OOH) approximately P or CaCO sub(3) 

approximately P, the ratio of which depends again on the 

pH of the sediments. The o-P concentration has remained 

low up to now. 

© CSA 

361. Removal of dimethyl disulfide and p-cresol from 

swine facility wastewater using constructed 

subsurface-flow wetlands. 

Wood, S. L.; Wheeler, E. F.; and Berghage, R. D. 

Transactions of the ASAE 43(4): 973-979. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: odor control/ wastewater treatment/ pollution 

control/ pig manure/ constructed wetlands 

Abstract: Anecdotal evidence suggests that constructed 

wetlands can remove odors from veal, dairy, and swine 

wastes (Murphy and George, 1997; McCaskey, 1995). 

However, the use of constructed wetlands as an odor 

control treatment will be more successful after malodor 

reduction in wetland systems has been quantified. This 

study quantified odor removal from swine facility 

wastewater (feces, urine, and flushwater) in constructed 

subsurface-flow wetlands. Four wetlands planted with 

wetland grasses and four unplanted wetlands received 

swine facility waste. The relationship between wetland 

treatments (planted vs unplanted) and reductions of 

malodorous dimethyl disulfide and p-cresol in wastewater 

were examined. Reductions in odor intensity and 

offensiveness as perceived by a human sensory panel 

were also studied. Gas chromatography analysis indicated 

that planted wetlands removed 80 and 83% of dimethyl 

disulfide (DMDS) and p-cresol, respectively. Unplanted 

wetlands removed 52 and 64% of dimethyl disulfide and pcresol, respectively. The reductions in DMDS and p-cresol 

did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between the two 

treatments. A human sensory panel, using the cloth swatch 

technique, assigned a median odor intensity and 

offensiveness rating of 4 (identifiable odor-offensive, but 

tolerable) to untreated swine facility wastewater. Median 

odor ratings for both planted and unplanted effluent were 1 

(faint odor-nonidentifiable, not offensive). These median 

odor ratings were significantly (p<0.05) lower than the 

median odor rating for untreated wastewater, indicating that 

constructed wetlands were effective in removing malodor 

from swine facility wastewater. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

362. Removal of enteric bacteria in constructed 

treatment wetlands with emergent macrophytes: A 

review. 

Vymazal, J. 

Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A: 

Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environmental Engineering

40(6-7): 1355-1367. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD172.J6; ISSN: 1093-4529 

Descriptors: wastewater/ bacteria/ artificial wetlands/ 

macrophytes/ fecal coliforms/ hydraulics/ vegetation/ public 

health/ reviews/ environmental health/ environmental 

engineering/ biofiltration/ wastewater treatment/ 

microorganisms/ waste water/ colony-forming cells/ 

pollution/ sewage/ biofilters/ coliforms/ hydraulic loading/ 

pathogenic organism/ indicators/ enteric bacteria/ risk/ 

Escherichia coli/ water pollution sources/ catchment areas/ 

surveys/ domestic wastes/ sewage and wastewater 

treatment/ other water systems/ wastewater treatment 

processes/ sewage/ water and wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Domestic and municipal sewage contains various 

pathogenic or potentially pathogenic microorganisms which, 

depending on species concentration, pose a potential risk 

to human health and whose presence must therefore be 

reduced in the course of wastewater treatment. The 

removal of microbiological pollution is seldom a primary 

target for constructed treatment wetlands (CWs). However, 

wetlands are known to act as excellent biofilters through a 

complex of physical, chemical and biological factors which 

all participate in the reduction of the number of bacteria. 

Measurement of human pathogenic organisms in untreated 

and treated wastewater is expensive and technically 

challenging. Consequently, environmental engineers have 

sought indicator organisms that are (1) easy to monitor and 

(2) correlate with population of pathogenic organisms. The 

most frequently used indicators are total coliforms, fecal 

coliforms, fecal streptococci and Escherichia coli. The 

literature survey of 60 constructed wetlands with emergent 

vegetation around the world revealed that removal of total 

and fecal coliforms in constructed wetlands with emergent 

macrophytes is high, usually 95 to >99% while removal of 

fecal streptococci is lower, usually 80-95%. Because 

bacterial removal efficiency is a function of inflow bacteria 

number, the high removal effects are achieved for 

untreated or mechanically pretreated wastewater. 

Therefore, the outflow numbers of bacteria are more 

important. For TC and FC the outflow concentrations are 

usually in the range of 10 super(2) to 10 super(5) CFU/ 100 

ml while for FS the range is between 10 super(2) and 10 

super(4) CFU/ 100 ml. Results from operating systems 

suggest that enteric microbe removal efficiency in CWs with 

emergent macrophytes is primarily influenced by hydraulic 

loading rate (HLR) and the resultant hydraulic residence 

time (HRT) and the presence of vegetation. Removal of 

enteric bacteria follows approximately a first-order 

relationship. 

© CSA 

363. Removal of solids and oxygen demand from 

aquaculture wastewater with a constructed wetland 

system in the start-up phase. 

Lin, Y. F.; Jing, S. R.; and Lee, D. Y. 

Water Environment Research 74(2)(Mar. 2002-Apr. 2002) 

NAL Call #: TD419.R47; ISSN: 1061-4303 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ aquaculture/ artificial 

wetlands/ performance evaluation/ suspended solids/ 

algae/ chemical oxygen demand/ hydraulic loading/ water 

pollution treatment/ aquaculture effluents/ suspended 

particulate matter/ ground water/ surface water/ aquatic 

plants/ pollution control/ hydrology/ biodegradation/ 

performance assessment/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

protective measures and control/ effects of aquaculture on 

the environment/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

industrial effluents/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ water 

& wastewater treatment 

Abstract: A pilot-scale, constructed wetland system 

consisting of a free water surface (FWS) and a subsurface 

flow (SF) wetland operated in series was set up for treating 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

104

aquaculture farm wastewater. This study examined the 

system start-up phenomena and evaluated its performance 

in removing suspended solids, algae, and chemical oxygen 

demand (COD) under various hydraulic loading rates (1.8 

to 13.5 cm/d). The SF wetland achieved stable effluent 

qualities without an adaptation period, while the FWS 

wetland required approximately 5 months to reach 

consistent removal levels for suspended solids and algae. 

Macrophyte density was a critical factor affecting the 

reduction of suspended solids and chlorophyll for the FWS 

wetland, but not for the SF wetland. Suspended solids 

removals in both of the wetlands and the combined system 

(47 to 86%) decreased significantly as the hydraulic loading 

rate increased, strongly following the first-order massdecrease equation. Phytoplankton solids (biomass and 

detritus) were a primary source of suspended solids in the 

aquaculture wastewater. Both chlorophyll reduction (76 to 

95%) and COD removal (25 to 55%) in the constructed 

wetland system were apparently not affected by hydraulic 

loading. While algae died out because of limited sunlight in 

both wetlands, algae detritus probably still contributed fine 

particles that were difficult to remove from the water by 

either filtering or settling out. Removed suspended solids 

did not result in the increase of COD and nutrients, 

indicating that further solids stabilization occurred in the 

wetland system. 

© CSA 

364. Restoration experiments in middle European wet 

terrestrial ecosystems: An overview. 

Pfadenhauer, J. and Kloetzli, F. 

Plant Ecology 126(1-4): 101-115. (Sept. 1996) 

NAL Call #: QK900.P63; ISSN: 0042-3106. 

Notes: Conference: 6th International Congress of Ecology, 

Manchester (UK), Aug 1994 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peat/ agriculture/ man-induced 

effects/ ecosystem management/ nature conservation/ 

restoration/ environmental effects/ flooding/ drainage/ 

Europe/ fens/ water retention/ environmental/ drainage/ 

man-induced effects/ ecosystem management/ nature 

conservation/ restoration/ habitat community studies/ 

protective measures and control/ reclamation/ effects on 

water of human nonwater activities 

Abstract: Most wetlands in the central European lowlands 

have been severely altered by cultivation. As a 

consequence they no longer fulfil their function as habitats 

for specialised species and communities, nor as retention 

areas for water and solid materials. Therefore, a number of 

renaturation experiments are in progress, which intend to 

develop and test strategies and measures to improve this 

defect in landscape diversity. For this purpose experiments 

on re-wetting, nutrient depletion of eutrophicated areas and 

re-establishment of typical wetland plant species and 

phytocoenoses have been performed. An ecological 

development concept defining the aims and describing their 

feasibility precedes such experiments. Preliminary results 

indicate that the reconstruction of the former state 

(regeneration) is impossible within reasonable time spans. 

In drained raised bogs overgrown with heather, as well as 

in those which have been industrially exploited, the primary 

aim must always be to restore efficient peat formation as far 

as possible; as a rule one succeeds only with well-growing 

and nutrient-demanding fen and transitional bog species. In 

cultivated fens the aim is to reduce peat loss. As a first step 

this is accomplished by converting arable fields and sown 

meadows into permanent grassland, if possible with 

reduced fertilization and low mowing or grazing 

frequencies, and accompanied by rewetting during winter. 

Many experiments have sought to impoverish eutrophicated 

fen soils and introduce typical fen species by sowing or 

planting, so well tested techniques are available. However, 

the total prevention of peat loss is only possible by 

permanent rewetting throughout the year, so that peat 

accumulation can start again. Only in this way could fens 

regain their former function as sinks in landscape 

processes. 

© CSA 

365. Restoration of a Canadian prairie wetland with 

agricultural and municipal wastewater. 

White, J. S. 

Environmental Management 24(1): 25-37. (1999) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ prairies/ 

habitat/ species richness/ waste water/ municipal 

wastewater/ food processing industry/ land application/ land 

management/ land reclamation/ land disposal/ wildlife 

management/ birds/ water management/ habitat 

improvement/ waste utilization/ aquatic birds/ vegetation 

cover/ ecosystem management/ wildlife conservation/ 

marshes/ wastewater treatment/ Canada, Alberta 

Abstract: A rapid development and approval process was 

employed by Ducks Unlimited Canada and other 

stakeholders to restore a 1246-ha (3079-acre) northern 

prairie wetland in southern Alberta, Canada, with 3640 m 

super(3)/day (800,000 US gallons) of municipal wastewater 

and beef processing wastewater. A large nongovernmental 

organization hastened restoration with a development 

process that outlined restoration goals and management 

objectives to satisfy a dual mandate of wastewater 

treatment and wildlife habitat creation. In 1995, after five 

years of wastewater additions, the basins had been refilled 

and the surrounding uplands had been acquired and 

restored. The Frank Lake Conservation Area currently 

provides high-quality habitat for a variety of wildlife in a 

region where many of the native plants and animals 

species have been lost due to habitat loss and 

fragmentation. The success of upland and water 

management strategies is reflected in the increase of target 

species' abundance and richness: 50 shorebird species, 44 

waterfowl species, 15 raptor species, and 28 other new bird 

species have returned to the marsh since restoration. As 

well, significant N and P reduction occurs as waters flow 

through the first basin of the marsh. The management 

strategies of this project that satisfied a dual mandate serve 

as a model to guide managers of other large-scale wetland 

restoration projects. 

© CSA 

366. Restoration of Botshol (The Netherlands) by 

reduction of external load: Problem analyses and 

restoration methods. 

Van Iersel, P. B. W. and Rip, W. J. 

Hydrobiological Bulletin 25(3): 265-273. (1992) 

NAL Call #: QH90.A1H9; ISSN: 0165-1404 

Descriptors: wetlands/ botshol/ eutrophication/ lake 

restoration/ nutrient removal/ The Netherlands/ water 

pollution control/ water quality management/ agricultural 

drainage/ algal growth/ nutrients/ phosphorus 

Abstract: Since 1960 the water quality of the Botshol 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

105

nature reserve in The Netherlands has been deteriorating 

due to an increase in the nutrient load that has caused 

increases in algal growth. The source of the nutrients is 

believed to be nutrient-rich agricultural water that flows into 

the area and the Nellestein polder which contains 

meadows, marshland, reedland, hayfields and roughlands, 

and open water. Interdisciplinary research has been 

conducted from 1980 to 1985 in order to analyze the 

causes of the changes. An integrated restoration plan was 

developed to reduce the eutrophication. In 1989 the plan 

was implemented: (1) agricultural areas were isolated from 

the reserve area; and (2) the inlet water was 

dephosphorized. These restoration measures resulted in a 

reduction of the external load from 0.6 to 0.1 g P/sq m/y. 

(Author's abstract) 

© CSA 

367. Restored wetlands as filters to remove nitrogen. 

Romero, J. A.; Comin, F. A.; and Garcia, C. 

Chemosphere 39(2): 323-332. (1999) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535. 

Notes: Conference: XIII International Symposium on 

Environmental Biogeochemistry -- Matter and energy fluxes 

in the anthropocentric environment, Monopoli (Italy), 21-26 

Sep 1997; Issue editors: Sensesi, N.; Rice, J. A.; and 

Miano, T. M. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ filtration/ agricultural runoff/ nitrogen 

removal/ Spain, Ebro Delta/ water quality/ retention/ 

macrophytes/ bioaccumulation/ kinetics/ recycling/ rice/ 

filters/ water quality control/ biofilters/ nitrogen/ aquatic 

plants/ agricultural pollution/ land use/ rice fields/ sediment 

chemistry/ restoration/ nitrogen cycle/ Typha latifolia/ 

Scirpus lacustris/ Phragmites australis/ Spain, Cataluna, 

Tarragona, Ebro Delta/ nitrogen removal/ freshwater 

pollution/ water quality control/ protective measures 

and control 

Abstract: Four wetlands established in abandoned 

ricefields and dominated by Phragmites australis, Typha 

latifolia and Scirpus lacustris were used to improve the 

quality of agricultural runoff in the Ebro Delta (NE Spain) in 

1993, 1994 and 1995. The wetlands were continuously 

flooded with water from a ricefield irrigation network during 

the growing season and received water with between 5 and 

200 mg N m super(-2) d super(-1) in the form of dissolved 

inorganic nitrogen (DIN), between 0 and 67 mg N m super(-

2) d super(-1) in the form of dissolved organic nitrogen 

(DON) and between 1.2 and 225 mu g m super(-2) d 

super(-1) in the form of particulate nitrogen (PN). Surface N 

outflows contained between 0 and 12 mg N m super(-2) d 

super(-1) of DIN, between 1 and 86 mg N m super(-2) d 

super(-1) of DON and between 1 and 40 mu g m super(-2) 

d super(-1) of PN. The nitrogen retention efficiency was 

always positive 100% of the input, except for DON and PN 

at low inlet loadings. The emergent macrophytes 

accumulated between 20 and 100 mg N m super(-2) d 

super(-1), which accounted for between 66 and 100% of 

the inflowing DIN. The removal rate constants calculated 

according to first-order plug-flow kinetics, were between 

0.003-0.09 m day super(-1) for total nitrogen, and 0.005-0.3 

m day super(-1) for DIN. Plant uptake, detritus 

accumulation and decomposition, and nitrogen recycling in 

the sediment are the major processes which could explain 

nitrogen retention in the wetlands. Wetlands restored from 

ricefields act as highly efficient water polishing filters for 

agricultural runoff and, at the same time, can contribute to 

the habitat biodiversity of large areas where rice is 

cultivated extensively. 

© CSA 

368. Rice fields as temporary wetlands: A review. 

Lawler, S. P. 

Israel Journal of Zoology 47(4): 513-528. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 IS7; ISSN: 0021-2210 

Descriptors: wetlands/ animal ecology/ aquatic 

communities/ biodiversity/ biological control/ chemical 

control/ freshwater ecology/ habitats/ irrigation/ pest control/ 

pesticides/ plant pests/ ponds/ population dynamics/ 

predators/ rice/ species diversity/ species richness/ 

water management 

Abstract: Rice fields are temporary wetlands that harbor 

many of the same species that breed in natural temporary 

ponds. Therefore the rice agroecosystem has the potential 

to help sustain the regional biodiversity of many 

invertebrates and vertebrates. Like natural areas of 

wetlands, rice cultivation provides a habitat mosaic of 

temporary and more permanent waters. Because of their 

low floral diversity and because their species composition 

will rarely overlap completely with that of natural ponds, rice 

fields are not substitutes for natural temporary ponds. 

However, they are important in sustaining populations of 

several species, including wading birds and frogs. Farming 

methods vary widely, and different practices can alter the 

suitability of rice fields as habitats. Farmers use water 

management, pesticides, and sometimes fish to control 

crop pests and mosquitoes, and other taxa may be affected 

as well. Farmers may irrigate rice intermittently to control 

pests, and intermittent habitat holds fewer species than 

areas that are flooded for longer periods. Broad-spectrum 

pesticides may harm invertebrates and other wildlife, and 

may even cause pest resurgences if they have greater 

effects on predator populations than on the pests. Fish 

often decrease the abundance of invertebrate predators, 

but fish farming in rice fields often discourages the use of 

harmful pesticides. Because farming practices can affect 

the conservation value of rice fields, ecologists are 

encouraged to work with farmers and study the role of rice 

fields in the population dynamics of temporary pond 

species, and how changing farming methods alter this role. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

369. Sediment and nutrient retention by freshwater 

wetlands: Effects on surface water quality. 

Johnston, C. A. 

Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 21(5-6): 

491-565. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1C7; ISSN: 1040-838X 

Abstract: Freshwater wetlands alter surface water quality in 

ways which benefit downstream use. This review 

summarizes the mechanisms of freshwater wetland 

interaction with sediment and nutrients that affect surface 

water quality. The mechanisms vary in magnitude and 

reversibility, and differ among wetland types. They include 

sedimentation, plant uptake, litter decomposition, retention 

in the soil, and microbial processes. Sedimentation is a 

relatively permanent retention mechanism whereby 

particulates and associated contaminants are physically 

deposited on the wetland soil surface. Plant uptake and 

litter decomposition provide short- to long-term retention of 

nutrients, depending on rates of leaching, translocation to 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

106

and from storage structures, and the longevity of plant 

tissues. Plant litter can also provide a substrate for 

microbial processing of nutrients. Wetland soils sorb 

nutrients, and provide the environment for aerobic and 

anaerobic microorganisms that process nutrients. Wetland 

storage compartments, fluxes, and net retention rates are 

discussed for nitrogen and phosphorus. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

370. Shrimp pond effluent: Pollution problems and 

treatment by constructed wetlands. 

Sansanayuth, P.; Phadungchep, A.; Ngammontha, S.; 

Ngdngam, S.; Sukasem, P.; Hoshino, H.; and 

Ttabucanon, M. S. 

Water Science and Technology(1996) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 18th Biennial Conf. of the International 

Association on Water Quality, (Singapore), 23-28 Jun 1996; 

Issue editors: Bally, D.; Asano, T.; Bhamidimarri, R.; Chin, 

K. K.; Grabow, W. O. K.; Hall, E. R.; Ohgaki, S.; Orhon, D.; 

Milburn, A.; Purdon, C. D.; and Nagle, P. T. 

Descriptors: shrimp/ nutrient removal/ comparison studies/ 

gravel/ shellfish farming/ littoral environment/ effluents/ 

wastewater treatment/ aquaculture effluents/ shrimp 

culture/ intensive culture/ environmental impact/ Thailand/ 

constructed wetlands/ water pollution effects/ shrimp 

culture/ aquaculture effluents/ intensive culture/ 

environmental impact/ shrimp/ nutrient removal/ 

comparison studies/ shellfish farming/ littoral environment/ 

gravel/ wastewater treatment processes/ shellfish culture/ 

shellfish culture/ prevention and control/ sewage & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: An intensive shrimp culture in Thailand has 

rapidly expanded especially along the coast during the last 

decade. Excessive feed basically given during the culture 

causes water and sediment in the pond to contain organic 

matter and nutrients in high concentration. After harvesting, 

discharging sediment is prohibited; however, pond water is 

mostly discharged directly to natural water resources 

without any effective treatment. The nutrient load 

discharged from shrimp ponds can form significant source 

of nutrients causing pollution and eutrophication in littoral 

areas of Thailand. The possibility of a subsurface-flow 

constructed wetlands application for treating shrimp pond 

effluent containing high salinity was studied. An 

experimental-scaled model planted with Acrostchum 

aureum (mangrove fern) in gravel was studied by 

comparison with one containing only grave. The results 

showed that models can reduce suspended solids, 

biochemical oxygen demands, total organic carbon, totel 

nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P) up to 84%, 

91%, 46%, 48% and 31%, respectively. Higher removal 

efficiencies for TOC, T-N and T-P of the planted model 

compared with the gravel model were clearly found. 

© CSA 

371. Soil infiltration and wetland microcosm treatment 

of liquid swine manure. 

Prantner, S. R.; Kanwar, R. S.; Lorimor, J. C.; and 

Pederson, C. H. 

Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(4): 483-488. (2001) 

NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pig manure/ waste treatment/ 

topsoil/ loam soils/ Typha/ ammonium nitrogen/ nitrate 

nitrogen/ phosphorus/ ammonia 

Abstract: Management systems are needed to minimize 

water quality concerns associated with liquid swine manure 

from large swine production facilities. Experiments were 

conducted to investigate the removal of ammonium-N, 

nitrate-N, and total phosphorus from liquid swine manure 

through the use of a soil infiltration and wetland system. 

Experimental treatments applied directly to the soil 

infiltration areas included a full-rate application of liquid 

swine manure, a mixture of 3/4 manure and 1/4 water, and 

a control application of water only. For three months during 

both summers of 1998 and 1999, nutrient concentrations 

were determined in the infiltration area influent, the 

infiltration area effluent, and the wetland effluent on a 

weekly basis. Approximately 93% of the ammoniacal 

nitrogen (NH3-N and NH4-N) from the applied swine 

manure was removed by the soil infiltration areas with a 

corresponding 99% increase in the nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) 

concentrations were found. The wetland systems removed 

94% of the remaining NH3-N and NH4-N and 95% of the 

NO3-N. The total P levels were decreased in the soil 

infiltration areas and wetlands by 89 and 84%, respectively. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

372. Test of the first-order removal model for metal 

retention in a young constructed wetland. 

Goulet, R. R.; Pick, F. R.; and Droste, R. L. 

Ecological Engineering 17(4): 357-371. (Aug. 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ heavy metals/ 

hydrology/ iron/ manganese/ zinc/ wastewater treatment/ 

environmental engineering/ water pollution control/ artificial 

wetlands/ urban runoff/ metals/ design criteria/ performance 

evaluation/ model studies/ model testing/ seasonal 

variations/ biotic factors/ temperature effects/ pollution 

control/ artificial wetlands/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ 

water quality control/ protective measures and control/ 

water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The first-order removal model is widely used in 

constructed wetland design. The suitability of this model 

was tested to predict metal retention in a young constructed 

wetland receiving agricultural and urban runoff. During two 

years, water samples for total and dissolved metal analyses 

were collected every third day at both the inlet and the 

outlet. The wetland retained metals best during summer 

and fall whereas during winter the retention of metals was 

significantly lower. The first-order removal model predicted 

Fe and Mn retention in the spring and dissolved Zn 

retention from spring to fall in both years. During those 

periods, hydraulic retention times (HRTs) greater than 7 

days provided maximum retention for Fe, Mn, and 

dissolved Zn. However, first-order removal models failed to 

fit summer, fall and winter data for almost every metal 

under investigation (Fe, Mn, dissolved Cu, dissolved As) 

suggesting that HRTs (< 1 - 25 days) did not affect metal 

retention during these seasons. The metal loading to the 

wetland was low and the input of metals through internal 

loading may be more significant consequently decreasing 

the metal retention. Therefore, the first-order removal 

model is inadequate to predict metal retention on a 

seasonal basis. Models used to design constructed 

wetlands under cold climates must consider seasonal 

changes that affect biological as well as hydrological 

variables. 

© CSA 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

107

373. Treatment of agricultural wastewater in a pilotscale tidal flow reed bed system. 

Sun, G.; Gray, K. R.; and Biddlestone, A. J. 

Environmental Technology 20(2): 233-237. (Feb. 1999) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ tides/ agricultural wastes/ slurries/ 

wastewater treatment/ reed beds/ agriculture/ animal 

wastes/ aeration/ biological treatment/ biochemical oxygen 

demand/ organic wastes/ water pollution treatment/ 

agricultural pollution/ oxygenation/ nitrification/ water 

motion/ pollution control/ agricultural runoff/ tidal flow reed 

beds/ "tidal" flow reed bed/ environmental applications/ 

impact/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ 

prevention and control 

Abstract: Tidal flow reed bed treatment is a process 

consisting of alternately filling and draining the bed matrix 

with wastewater. During the draining process, air is 

positively drawn from the atmosphere into the bed so the 

aeration of the system is significantly improved. A pilotscale tidal flow reed bed system was studied for the 

treatment of agricultural wastewater, which was prepared 

by diluting pig slurry. At an average influent BOD sub(5) of 

649 mg l super(-1) and ammoniacal-nitrogen of 333 mg l 

super(-1), the BOD sub(5), COD, SS and PO sub(4)-P 

levels were reduced by 71.0, 58.3, 65.2 and 38.7%, 

respectively. The removals of BOD sub(5), COD, SS and 

PO sub(4)-P increased with their influent strengths in 

straight line correlations. The NH sub(4)-N was reduced by 

only 13.3% through the system; 69.0% of this removal 

resulted from nitrification into NO sub(2)-N and NO sub(3)-

N, whereas 31% of the removal was due to other 

processes. The average oxygen consumption rate in this 

tidal flow system reached 203 gO sub(2) m super(-2) d 

super(-1), significantly higher than the rates obtainable in 

horizontal flow and downflow reed beds. The rhythmical air 

and water movement in the tidal flow system enhances the 

oxygenation ability of the beds and improves the efficacy of 

utilisation of the available bed volume. Accordingly, tidal 

flow reed beds appear to have much potential as initial 

treatment stages for small amounts of strong waste 

effluents where the bulk of the BOD sub(5) removal can 

take place. 

© CSA 

374. Treatment of freshwater fish farm effluent using 

constructed wetlands: The role of plants and substrate. 

Naylor, S.; Brisson, J.; Labelle, M. A.; Drizo, A.; and 

Comeau, Y. 

Water Science and Technology 48(5): 215-222. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: biological wastewater treatment/ fish farming/ 

artificial wetlands/ experimental data/ aquatic plants/ 

macrophytes/ substrates/ performance evaluation/ 

optimization/ feasibility studies/ aquatic macrophytes/ 

aquaculture effluents/ fish culture/ wastewater treatment/ 

phosphorus/ nitrogen/ organic matter/ substrata/ water 

pollution treatment/ Phragmites communis/ Typha latifolia/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ industrial effluents/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ protective measures and 

control/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Freshwater fish farm effluents have low nutrient 

concentrations but high flow rates, resulting in a pollutant 

load, especially phosphorus (P), causing eutrophication. 

The feasibility was tested of a treatment combining, within a 

single constructed wetland, the contribution of macrophytes 

for reducing organic matter and nitrogen (N), with the high 

efficiency of steel slag and limestone for P removal. Twenty 

subsurface flow (SSF) basins of 280 L with different 

combinations of plants (Phragmites communis or Typha 

latifolia) and substrates (steel slag, limestone, gravel, peat) 

were fed with a reconstituted fish farm effluent in a 

greenhouse experiment. Pollutant removal was generally 

very good under all treatments. N and organic matter 

removal were correlated with plant biomass while P 

removal was better in substrates with steel slag and 

limestone. However, the high pH of the P-adsorbing 

substrate was detrimental to plant growth so that no 

combination of plants and substrates could maximise in one 

step the simultaneous removal of all evaluated pollutants. 

Therefore, the use of two sequential units is recommended, 

a first one consisting of a macrophyte planted basin using a 

neutral substrate to remove organic matter and N, followed 

by a second unplanted basin containing only a P-adsorbing 

substrate. 

© CSA 

375. Treatment of rainbow trout farm effluents in 

constructed wetland with emergent plants and 

subsurface horizontal water flow. 

Schulz, C.; Gelbrecht, J.; and Rennert, B. 

Aquaculture 217(1-4): 207-221. (Mar. 2003) 

NAL Call #: SH1 .A6; ISSN: 0044-8486 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution control/ aquaculture 

effluents/ fish culture/ aquaculture facilities/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ aquatic plants/ effluent treatment/ chemical 

oxygen demand/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ artificial wetlands/ 

nutrient removal/ Oncorhynchus mykiss/ rainbow trout/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ pollution - control and 

prevention/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ water & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The objective of this research was to investigate 

treatment of aquaculture effluents of flow-through systems 

in created wetlands. The constructed wetlands types used 

in this study were subsurface root zone systems with 

emergent plants and horizontal effluent soil percolation. 

Three 1.401.000.70 m (LWH) root zone systems were filled 

with sands of 1-2 mm particle size and planted with 20 

rooted shoots of reed per square meter (Phragmites 

australis). Nutrient removal of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus 

mykiss) effluents flowing through the wetland was 

determined for hydraulic loading rates of 1, 3 and 5 l/min 

corresponding to very short hydraulic residence times 

(HRTs) of 7.5, 2.5 and 1.5 h, respectively. Inflowing 

nutrients were removed within every continuously flooded 

wetland. Total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical 

oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 95.8-97.3% and 

64.1-73.8%, respectively, and demonstrated no influence of 

HRT. Total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN) 

removal rates varied from 49.0% to 68.5% and 20.6% to 

41.8%, respectively, and were negatively correlated with 

HRTs. Effluent purification was best at HRT of 7.5 h, but 

sufficient removal rates were achieved for shorter HRTs. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes

108

376. Use of constructed wetlands to process 

agricultural wastewater. 

Peterson, H. G. 

Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78(2): 

199-210. (Apr. 1998) 

NAL Call #: 450 C16; ISSN: 0008-4220 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ 

nutrient removal/ agriculture/ waste management/ land use/ 

water quality/ nutrients (mineral)/ agricultural runoff/ 

construction/ food processing industry wastes/ pollutant 

removal/ technology/ constructed wetlands/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ methods and instruments/ sewage & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are emerging as a serious 

challenge to conventional wastewater treatment because of 

lower construction and operating costs, less requirement for 

trained personnel, more flexibility, and lower susceptibility 

to variations in waste loading rates. Water quality 

improvements can be achieved by removal of plant 

nutrients, such as N and P, organics (natural and manmade) as well as inorganic contaminants. Wetland 

treatment is now advocated by regulatory agencies and has 

been determined as the technology of choice by 

municipalities and industries required to meet stringent 

discharge regulations. These same regulations have not 

usually been imposed on the agricultural community, but 

deteriorating water sources will likely change this regulatory 

anomaly. Use of this technology in treating agricultural 

wastewater is still in its infancy with few, although rapidly 

expanding, applications. This paper aims to highlight 

different aspects of wetland treatment by exploring its use 

for the treatment of agricultural run-off as well as 

wastewater from the agri-food industry. It is concluded that 

natural wetlands will be quite limited in absorbing 

agricultural wastewater while constructed wetlands can be 

designed for optimum pollutant removal. 

© CSA 

377. The use of constructed wetlands to treat 

aquacultural effluents. 

Schwartz, M. F. and Boyd, C. E. 

World Aquaculture 26(11): 42-44. (1995) 

NAL Call #: SH1.W62; ISSN: 1041-5602 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution control/ wastewater 

treatment/ water pollution treatment/ aquaculture effluents/ 

biofilters/ water quality control/ aquaculture/ effluents/ 

construction/ pollution control/ aquaculture effluents/ 

aquaculture: general/ prevention and control/ wastewater 

treatment processes 

Abstract: Wetlands act as biological filters to remove 

pollutants from water, and natural and constructed wetlands 

sometimes are used for treatment of agricultural, municipal, 

and industrial waste-waters. There are several advantages 

to wetland wastewater treatment: wetlands are inexpensive 

to build and operate, chemical treatment of wastewater is 

eliminated, wetlands contribute stability to local hydrologic 

processes, and plant communities in wetlands are excellent 

wildlife habitat. However, there is concern over the 

feasibility of wetlands for treating aquaculture effluents, 

because large areas of land may be necessary. 

© CSA 

378. Using constructed wetland-pond systems to treat 

agricultural runoff: A watershed perspective. 

Bouchard, R.; Higgins, M.; and Rock, C. 

Lake and Reservoir Management 11(1): 29-36. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TC401.L3; ISSN: 0743-8141 

Descriptors: eutrophication/ lakes/ artificial wetlands/ 

agricultural runoff/ watersheds/ nonpoint pollution sources/ 

phosphorus/ phosphorus removal/ water quality control/ 

eutrophic lakes/ nonpoint pollution/ algal blooms/ USA, 

Maine, St. John Valley/ nonpoint pollution/ algal blooms/ 

artificial wetlands/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

freshwater pollution/ characteristics, behavior and fate 

Abstract: Long and Cross Lakes in the St. John Valley 

watershed of northern Maine have exhibited chronic algae 

blooms in past years. Survey data and modeling 

determined agricultural runoff to be the main source of 

phosphorus and sediments in both watersheds. 

"Nutrient/Sediment Control Systems" (NSCS) are being 

used to treat runoff from target subwatersheds. The 

systems consist of a sedimentation basin, grass filter strip, 

wetland, and detention pond in series. Annual removal 

efficiencies for one system were 85-88% for total 

phosphorus and 96-97% for total suspended solids. 

Seasonal removals varied considerably, with spring flows 

exporting more phosphorus and sediment from the system 

than was imported. Phosphorus loadings to Long Lake will 

be reduced between 10-33% with 20 NSCS and diversion 

of municipal wastewater effluent to a nearby river. 

© CSA 

379. Waterbird communities and associated wetlands 

of the Colorado River Delta, Mexico. 

Hinojosa Huerta, Osvel; Destefano, Stephen; Carrillo 

Guerrero, Yamilett; Shaw, William W.; and Valdes 

Casillas, Carlos 

Studies in Avian Biology(27): 52-60. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QL671.S8; ISSN: 0197-9922 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ biogeography: population studies/ 

marine ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

agricultural drain/ flood control measures/ guild 

composition/ species abundance/ species richness/ 

waterbird communities/ wetland habitat/ wetland 

management program 

Abstract: Despite extensive losses of wetlands caused by 

water diversions upstream, the Colorado River Delta in 

northwestern Mexico remains an important wetland system 

in the Sonoran Desert. The purpose of our study was to 

describe waterbird communities across a variety of wetland 

habitat types and zones that exist in the Delta. We 

measured species richness and abundance of waterbirds 

from September 1999 to August 2000. We observed a total 

of 11,918 individuals of 71 species at sites within seven 

wetland areas. The waterbird communities differed with 

respect to guild composition and species abundances 

among the wetland zones. Wetlands along the eastern 

portion of the Delta (Cienega and Indio), which are 

supported by agricultural drains and managed under 

conservation initiatives, exhibited the highest species 

richness in our summer and winter censuses, and highest 

abundance in summer. Shorebirds were the dominant guild 

in the summer period, while waterfowl were dominant 

during winter. Breeding marshbirds were also abundant, 

with the Yuma Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris 

yumanensis) being most notable. Wetlands along the 

western Delta (Hardy and Cucapa) were also supported by 
National and International Scale: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

109

agricultural drains, but were not managed specifically for 

wildlife. The Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax 

auritus) and American Coot (Fulica americana) were 

dominant during winter, while long-legged waders 

(Ardeidae) were dominant in summer. The composition of 

waterbird communities along the mainstem of the Colorado 

River was similar to that of wetlands along the western 

portion of the Delta. The shallow and ephemeral Laguna 

Salada, along the western boundary of the Delta, exhibited 

the highest waterbird abundance among our winter 

censuses when it was flooded in 2000. The results of our 

study suggest that even minimal levels of instream flows 

would lead to habitat improvements for waterbirds in the 

Delta floodplain. A bi-national wetland management 

program for the Delta should consider the impacts of flood 

control measures and diversions for agricultural and urban 

uses to the health of wetland habitats on both sides of the 

international border. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

380. The wetland constructed as a biological treatment 

system in an experimental recirculating aquaculture 

system in a tropical environment.

Sedeno-Diaz, J. E.; Lopez, E.; and Sedeno-Alvarez, D. E. 

In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on 

Recirculating Aquaculture. (Held 18 Jul 2002-21 Jul 2002 at 

Roanoke, VA (USA).); Vol. VSGCP-C-00-001.; 2002. 

Descriptors: freshwater aquaculture/ fish culture/ 

experimental culture/ recirculating systems/ water quality 

control/ bioremediation/ aquatic plants/ uptake/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ removal/ efficiency/ rearing/ culture tanks/ 

Poeciliidae/ constructed wetlands/ livebearers/ fish culture 

Abstract: An experimental system of fish farming was 

designed utilizing recirculation and a constructed wetland. 

The efficiencies of N and P removal of the wetland were 

tested using three different species of macrophytes and 

utilizing the system for 2 different fish cultivation densities 

of the family Poeciliidae. The system functioned 

adequately, filtering the waste generated by the fish, the 

food not consumed and the metabolic wastes of the primary 

productivity that was generated in the tanks. Water quality 

variables were monitored including the nutrients, OD, pH, 

conductivity, TDS, TSS, sulfates, hardness, COD and 

turbidity. To measure the removal of nutrients by the 

macrophytes, they were weighed prior to being added to 

the constructed wetland and again at the end of the 

experiment with the purpose of determining the profit in 

biomass. The N and P concentrations were determined in 

vegetable tissue before and after the experiment. There 

were observed differences in absorption of N and P of the 

three species of macrophytes utilized. 

© CSA 

381. Xenobiotics removal from polluted water by a 

multifunctional constructed wetland. 

Cheng, S.; Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z.; Grosse, W.; and 

Karrenbrock, F. 

Chemosphere 48(4): 415-418. (July 2002) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Descriptors: water pollution treatment/ artificial wetlands/ 

pesticides/ herbicides/ performance evaluation/ chemical 

analysis/ toxicity/ bioassay/ water reuse/ irrigation water/ 

wastewater treatment/ biodegradation/ water quality/ 

endocrine disruptors/ water quality control/ water treatment/ 

protective measures and control/ water & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Removal efficiencies on xenobiotics from polluted 

water in a twin-shaped constructed wetland consisting of a 

vertical flow chamber with the crop plant Colocasia 

esculenta L. Schott and a reverse vertical flow one with 

Ischaemum aristatum var. glaucum Honda, were assessed 

by chemical analysis and bioassays. After a four-month 

period of application, removal efficiencies of the applied 

pesticides parathion and omethoate were 100% with no 

detectable parathion and omethoate in the effluent. For the 

applied herbicides, the decontamination was less efficient 

with removal efficiencies of 36% and 0% for 4-chloro-2-

methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and dicamba, respectively. As 

shown by toxicity assay with duckweed Lemna minor L., 

growth retardation may occur if the water treated for 

herbicide removal is used in irrigation of sensitive cultivars 

in agriculture or horticulture. In contrast to I. aristatum var. 

glaucum Honda, the crop C. esculenta L. Schott has a high 

yield in biomass production as a valuable source of 

renewable energy. 

© CSA 
110
111

Appalachian Highlands Wetlands 

General Information 

382. Abundance of Alnus incana ssp. rugosa in 

Adirondack Mountain shrub wetlands and its influence 

on inorganic nitrogen. 

Kiernan, B. D.; Hurd, T. M.; and Raynal, D. J. 

Environmental Pollution 123(3): 347-354. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491. 

Notes: Environmental monitoringm evaluation and 

protection in New York: Linking science and policy. 

Selected conference papers, Albany, New York, USA, 24-

25 September 2001. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ acidification/ ammonium/ biomass/ 

mountain areas/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ nitrogen fixation/ nitrogen 

fixing trees/ polluted water/ species richness/ surface water/ 

trees/ water pollution/ water quality/ Alnus incana 

Abstract: The purpose of this research was to determine 

the abundance of the nitrogen-fixing shrub, Alnus incana 

ssp. rugosa (speckled alder), in shrub wetlands of the 

Adirondack Mountain region of New York State and to 

determine whether its abundance affects the concentration 

or accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in wetland substrates. 

Alder/willow wetlands are the second most common 

wetland type in the Adirondack region. The Adirondack 

Park Agency's digital GIS database of wetland types was 

used to determine the areal extent of alder/willow wetlands 

in the Adirondacks. Randomly selected wetlands were 

sampled to determine the size and abundance of alder. 

Alder densities averaged ~7000 stems ha-1 and alder was 

present in 75% of the wetlands. As an indication of shortterm accumulation of NO3- and NH4+ in wetland 

substrates, ion exchange resins were used to sample 

ground water in high and low alder density wetlands as well 

as from wetlands lacking alder and dominated by conifers. 

Additionally, NO3- and NH4+ concentrations in ground 

water samples were measured. NH4+ accumulation levels 

from exchange resins were low for all wetland types while 

groundwater NH4+ concentration was highest in the lowdensity alder sites. Wetlands with high alder density had 

approximately six times higher NO3- accumulation than 

other wetlands. Substrate groundwater NO3- 

concentrations in wetlands of high-density alder exceeded 

by three times levels in low or no alder wetlands, showing 

the importance of alder to local N budgets. To assess the 

recovery of shrub wetlands from acidification, future studies 

should determine the fate of fixed N in wetland systems. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

383. Biogeochemical fate of coal mine drainage 

pollutants in constructed wetlands. 

Tarutis, W. J. and Unz, R. F. 

Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 40-51. 

(1996); ISSN: 1076-4674 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pyrite/ biogeochemistry/ acid mine 

drainage/ wastewater treatment/ research priorities/ design 

criteria/ optimization/ economic aspects/ fate of pollutants/ 

iron/ manganese/ coal/ degradation/ biodegradation/ sulfur/ 

mining/ mine tailings/ pollution control/ sulphur/ USA, 

Appalachian Mts. 

Abstract: Acidic mine drainage (AMD) is a chronic water 

pollution problem in the Appalachian region of the United 

States. The formation of AMD occurs when pyrite (FeS 

sub(2)), naturally present in coal seams, is exposed to air 

and water through mining activities and often results in very 

high levels of acidity, iron, manganese, sulfate, and 

occasionally aluminum. The observation that natural 

(volunteer) wetlands are capable of improving mine water 

quality (Wieder and Lang, 1982) has prompted coal mine 

operators, chiefly in Pennsylvania and West Virginia 

(Wieder, 1989), to construct wetlands in an effort to reduce 

treatment costs. The characteristic features of wetlands 

(the presence of water, undrained hydric soil, and 

vegetation adapted to saturated conditions) make wetlands 

unique ecosystems and potentially valuable resources for 

wildlife as well as humans. Constructed wetlands have 

been used extensively as passive treatment systems for 

municipal wastewaters (Hammer, 1989), but only within the 

past decade have wetlands been used to treat AMD. The 

design and implementation of AMD treatment wetlands 

have, at least initially, been based on perceived economic 

benefits without regard to the biogeochemical processes 

important to the effluent removal and retention of the major 

mine water pollutants of concern. This "black-box" 

approach is useful to obtain necessary baseline data for 

input-output budgets, but does little to promote an 

understanding of the actual metal removal mechanisms 

involved. In order to achieve optimal pollutant removal over 

the long term, it is necessary to understand these 

processes in wetlands and to determine how wetlands can 

be designed so that the benefits of each removal 

mechanism are fully realized. 

© CSA 

384. Carbon dynamics in Appalachian peatlands of 

West Virginia and Western Maryland. 

Yavitt, J. B. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 28-

30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peatlands/ carbon cycle/ organic 

matter/ peat/ peat bogs/ biological production/ peat bogs/ 

biological production/ peatlands 

Abstract: Abundant production of organic matter that 

decomposes slowly under anaerobic conditions can result 

in substantial accumulation of soil organic matter in 

wetlands. Tedious means for estimating production and 

decomposition of plant material, especially roots, hampers 

our understanding of organic matter dynamics in such 

systems. In this paper, I describe a study that amended 

typical estimates for both production and decomposition of 

organic matter by measuring net flux of carbon dioxide (CO 

sub(2)) over the peat surface within a conifer swamp, a 

sedge-dominated marsh, and a bog in the Appalachian 

Mountain region of West Virginia and western Maryland, 

USA. The sites are relatively productive, with net primary 

production (NPP) of 30 to 82.5 mol C m super(-2)yr super(-

1), but peat deposits are shallow with an average depth of 

about 1 m. In summer, all three sites showed net CO sub(2) 

flux from the atmosphere to the peat during the daytime (-

20.0 to -30.5 mmol m super(-2) d super(-1)), supported by 

net photosynthesis, which was less than net CO sub(2) flux 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

112

from the peat into the atmosphere at nighttime (39.2 to 84.5 

mmol m super(-2) d super(-1)), supported by ecosystem 

respiration. The imbalance between these estimates 

suggests a net loss of carbon (C) from these ecosystems. 

The positive net CO sub(2) flux seems to be so high 

because organic matter decomposition occurs throughout 

the peat deposit-and as a result concentrations of dissolved 

inorganic carbon (DIC) in peat pore waters reached 4,000 

mu mol L super(-1) by late November, and concentrations 

of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in peat pore waters 

reached 12,000 mu mol L super(-1). Comparing different 

approaches revealed several features of organic matter 

dynamics: (i) peat accretion in the top 30 cm of the peat 

deposit results in a C accumulation rate of about 15 mmol 

m super(-2) d super(-1); however, (ii) the entire peat 

deposit has a negative C balance losing about 20 mmol m 

super(-2) d super(-1). 

© CSA 

385. Characterization of high elevation central 

Appalachian wetlands. 

Francl, K. E.; Ford, W. M.; and Castleberry, S. B. 

Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 

Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station; RP-NE725, 2004. 26 p. 

NAL Call #: A99.9 F7622Un no. 725 

http://www.fs.fed.us/ne/newtown_square/publications/ 

research_papers/pdfs/2004/ne_rp725.pdf

Descriptors: bog/ central Appalachian Mountains/ fen/ 

geology/ hydric soils/ hydrophytic vegetation/ wetland 

characterization 

Abstract: We characterized 20 high elevation wetlands in 

the central Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia and 

Maryland, in terms of vegetation, soils, hydrology, and 

geology. Plant species were distributed along soil chemical 

(pH, conductivity) and physical (organic matter depth) 

gradients across sites. Topography and geology appear to 

explain differences among these wetlands, as reflected by 

soil and chemistry measures and vegetation distribution. 

Our work provides substantial quantitative baseline data for 

these uncommon high elevation wetlands, emphasizing the 

importance and diversity of these isolated systems. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

386. Classification and inventory of wetlands in the 

southern Appalachian region. 

Hefner, J. M. and Storrs, C. G. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 

28-30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mapping/ inventories/ classification 

systems/ habitat/ land classification/ maps/ vegetation/ 

publications/ biological surveys/ vegetation cover/ USA, 

Appalachian Mts./ biological surveys/ vegetation cover/ land 

classification/ vegetation/ publications/ inventories/ 

classification systems/ habitat 

Abstract: The National Wetlands Inventory of the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service has prepared large scale (1:24,000) 

wetland maps for nearly all of the Southern Appalachian 

Region. Traditional and digital cartographic products are 

available from the Earth Science Information Centers of the 

United States Geological Survey and from State-run 

distribution outlets. Most of the materials prepared by the 

NWI within the region were cooperatively funded by the 

States and other Federal Agencies. NWI maps describe 

wetlands in terms of the life form of the dominant 

vegetation, substrata where vegetation is sparse or lacking, 

water chemistry, relative duration of inundation or 

saturation, and special modifiers. The maps display wetland 

polygons as small as 0.5 hectares in size and linear 

wetlands as narrow as 8 meters, showing the size, type of 

wetland, and relative position of the wetland on the 

landscape. The wetland inventory process is principally a 

remote sensing task, relying on the interpretation of high 

altitude color infrared aerial photography, supported with 

ground truth data and collateral information. The procedure 

has limitations related to scale, quality and timing of the 

aerial photography; experience and training of the photo 

interpreters; and the wetland types which are to be 

classified and delineated. Since wetland maps provide a 

static depiction of a dynamic resource, the NWI conducts 

periodic wetland status and trends studies to evaluate 

wetland change in aerial extend and the reasons for the 

change. Although trend surveys are routinely conducted 

nationally and selectively for regional and local areas, no 

study to specifically address the wetlands of the Southern 

Appalachian Region has been developed. 

© CSA 

387. Colonization and establishment of red maple (Acer 

rubrum) in a southern Appalachian wetland. 

Warren, R. J.; Rossell, I. M.; and Moorhead, K. K. 

Wetlands 24(2): 364-374. (June 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ recruitment/ colonization/ canopies/ 

alternation learning/ seedlings/ trees/ understory/ flood 

plains/ age composition/ size/ temporal variations/ forests/ 

growth rings/ height/ ecosystem disturbance/ regression 

analysis/ water levels/ model studies/ maple trees/ canopy/ 

water level/ fluctuations/ streams/ habitats/ Acer rubrum/ 

USA, North Carolina, Tulula Creek/ USA, North Carolina/ 

red maple/ other angiosperms/ population dynamics/ 

water and plants 

Abstract: We characterized the post-disturbance 

recruitment window for red maple (Acer rubrum) in a 

southern Appalachian wetland using size-class distributions 

and forest stand models. The DBH and core age of 

understory and overstory trees were measured in 108 plots 

in forested (closed) and unforested (open) fen and 

floodplain sites at the Tulula Creek wetland complex (a 

southern Appalachian wetland in Graham County, North 

Carolina) in 1994 and 2001 as part of a larger ecological 

study. In addition, the heights of red maple seedlings were 

measured in 379 quadrats in an unforested floodplain in 

1996 and 2001. We examined the temporal patterning of 

wetland recruitment using red maple size-class data in 

order to determine (1) the recruitment window for seedling 

colonization and (2) temporal recruitment patterning based 

on the size/age structure of established tree stands. 

Diameter and height distributions were compared with 

power function, negative exponential and quadratic models 

in order to determine goodness of fit using the coefficient of 

determination (R2). Diameter distributions and stand 

models showed that recruitment continued (at a diminishing 

rate) at sites that were last cleared 7, 14, and 

approximately 30 years earlier and ceased at a fourth site 

cleared approximately 45 years earlier. While there were 
Appalachian Highlands: General Information 

113

minor recruitment fluctuations that possibly coincided with 

water-level changes, the unimodal size class distributions 

indicated that recruitment did not pulse subsequent to initial 

canopy disturbance. These results show that red maple 

readily colonized wetland habitats and that the recruitment 

window lasts at least twice as long as that reported in 

terrestrial systems. In addition, size-class distribution and 

regression analysis indicate that the colonization window is 

directly impacted by canopy disturbance and only indirectly 

influenced by water levels. 

© CSA 

388. A comparison of plant communities in mitigation 

and reference wetlands in the mid-Appalachians. 

Balcombe, C. K.; Anderson, J. T.; Rentch, J. S.; Grafton, 

W. N.; Fortney, R. H.; and Kordek, W. S. 

Wetlands 25(1): 130-142. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: constructed wetland/ hydrophytic vegetation/ 

man-made wetland/ mitigation wetland/ reference wetland/ 

wetland management/ wetland mitigation 

Abstract: Wetland destruction has plagued the U.S. for 

decades, but the need to compensate for these losses has 

only been embraced within the last 20 years. Because so 

many compensatory mitigation wetlands have been 

created, there is a need to assess the function of these 

valuable ecosystems relative to natural wetlands. The goal 

of this study was to evaluate the functional equivalency of 

mitigation wetlands in West Virginia in supporting 

hydrophytic plant communities. A series of nested quadrats 

was used to compare plant community structure among 

eleven mitigation and four naturally occurring reference 

wetlands. For all species combined, mean total percent 

cover across all sampling quadrats per wetland was similar 

between mitigation and reference wetlands. Species 

richness, evenness, and diversity were greater in mitigation 

than in reference wetlands. Mean weighted averages of 

plant communities calculated using cover values and 

wetland indicator status were similar between mitigation 

and reference wetlands. There were, however, major 

differences in species composition. Mitigation sites tended 

to have more pioneer species, non-native dominants, and 

species with relatively lower conservation quality. 

Ordination analyses suggested that compositional 

differences become smaller as mitigation sites age. Both 

mitigation and natural wetlands met criteria for hydrophytic 

vegetation according to the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers Wetland Delineation Manual. These data 

suggest that the mitigation wetlands investigated in this 

study adequately support hydrophytic vegetation and 

appear to be developing vegetation similar to reference 

standards. © 2005, The Society of Wetland Scientists. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

389. Control of methane metabolism in a forested 

northern wetland, New York State, by aeration, 

substrates, and peat size fractions. 

Coles, Janice R. P. and Yavitt, Joseph B. 

Geomicrobiology Journal 19(3): 293-315. (2002); 

ISSN: 0149-0451 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ soil science/ forested northern wetland/ soil 

factors: aeration, peat size fractions, substrate 

Abstract: Although many northern peat-forming wetlands 

(peatlands) are a suitable habitat for anaerobic CH4-

producing bacteria (methanogens), net CH4 fluxes are 

typically low in forested systems. We examined whether 

soil factors (aeration, substrate availability, peat size 

fractions) constrained net CH4 production in peat from a 

Sphagnum-moss dominated, forested peatland in central 

New York State. The mean rate of net CH4 production 

measured at 24degreeC was 79 nmol g-1d-1, and the 

mean rate of CO2 production (respiration) was 5.7 mumol 

g-1 d-1, in surface (0 to 10 cm) and subsurface (30 to 40 

cm) peat. Saturated peat (900% water content) exposed to 

oxic conditions for 2 days or 14 days showed no net CH4 

production when subsequently exposed to anoxic 

conditions. Rates of CO2 production, measured 

concomitantly, were essentially the same under oxic and 

anoxic conditions, and net CH4 consumption under oxic 

conditions was barely affected by short-term exposure to 

anoxic conditions. Therefore, methanogens were 

particularly sensitive to aeration. Net CH4 production in 

whole peat increased within hours of adding either acetate, 

glucose, or ethanol, substrates that methanogens can 

convert directly or indirectly into CH4, indicating that 

availability of these substrate might limit net CH4 

production in situ. In longer incubations of 30 days, only 

ethanol addition stimulated a large increase in net CH4 

production, suggesting growth in the population of 

methanogens when ethanol was available. We fractionated 

peat into size fractions and the largest sized fraction (>1.19 

mm), composed mostly of roots, showed the greatest net 

CH4 production, although net CH4 production in smaller 

fractions showed the largest response to ethanol addition. 

The circumstantial evidence presented here, that ethanol 

coming from plant roots supports net CH4 production in 

forested sites, merits more research. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

390. The effects of beaver-created wetlands on the 

benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages of two 

Appalachian streams. 

Margolis, B. E.; Raesly, R. L.; and Shumway, D. L. 

Wetlands 21(4): 554-563. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ zoobenthos/ macrofauna/ streams/ 

dams/ beavers/ environmental effects/ aquatic populations/ 

benthic fauna/ macroinvertebrates/ species composition/ 

spatial distribution/ data collections/ comparison studies/ 

impoundments/ environmental impact/ community 

composition/ aquatic mammals/ aquatic plants/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ Castor canadensis/ USA, Maryland, 

Herrington Creek/ USA, Appalachian Mts./ USA, 

Pennsylvania, Mountain Run/ USA, Maryland, Garrett Cty./ 

USA, Pennsylvania, Somerset Cty./ beaver dams/ 

American beaver 

Abstract: We examined the effects of beaver 

impoundments on the benthic macroinvertebrate 

assemblages of two small Appalachian streams, Mountain 

Run (Somerset County, Pennsylvania) and a tributary to 

Herrington Creek (Garrett County, Maryland). Benthic 

macroinvertebrate assemblages above the impoundments 

were compared with assemblages within the impoundments 

and 1 m, 10 m, and 100 m below the impoundments. The 

results of our study indicate that beaver affect both withinimpoundment and downstream benthic macroinvertebrate 

assemblages. Taxonomic and functional changes in benthic 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

114

macroinvertebrate assemblages of the beaver-altered 

streams were a result of direct (impoundment) and indirect 

(changes in temperature, water chemistry, plant growth) 

alterations of the stream environment. 

© CSA 

391. Effects of drought on the water-table dynamics of 

a southern Appalachian mountain floodplain and 

associated fen. 

Moorhead, K. K. 

Wetlands 23(4): 792-799. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drought/ groundwater level/ 

hydrology/ water table fluctuations/ precipitation/ flood 

plains/ groundwater recharge/ hydraulic gradient/ 

piezometers/ seasonal variations/ evapotranspiration/ water 

depth/ droughts/ water table/ restoration/ river discharge/ 

temporal variations/ USA, North Carolina 

Abstract: Annual and seasonal variations in precipitation 

have been shown to influence the hydrology of nontidal 

wetlands, including depth to water table. Water-table depth 

is assessed in wetlands for a variety of reasons, most 

notably for wetland delineations or determining the success 

of restoration projects. Many short-term assessment efforts 

probably occur during periods of abnormal precipitation 

and, as such, may not provide a thorough understanding of 

wetland hydrology. I have been evaluating water-table 

dynamics of a wetlands complex in western North Carolina 

for seven years in support of a wetlands restoration project. 

A series of water-table wells and piezometers were 

installed to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of 

the water table and vertical hydraulic gradient (VHG). For 

over three years, the area was classified as having 

conditions of moderate to severe drought. The drought 

lowered the average monthly water table by 26 cm in a 

mountain fen and 22 cm in the adjacent floodplain. The fen 

was a constant ground-water recharge area before the 

drought and a discharge area for three of 12 months during 

the drought. The drought also impacted a shallow, constant 

ground-water source to the fen on an adjacent hillslope. 

The impacts of the drought were greater during the active 

growing season, presumably due to increased 

evapotranspiration. The results support the need for longterm hydrologic assessment of wetlands and the need to 

relate wetland hydrology to annual, seasonal, and monthly 

precipitation patterns. 

© CSA 

392. An evaluation of vegetation and wildlife 

communities in mitigation and natural wetlands of 

West Virginia . 

Balcombe, Collins K. 

Morgantown, W. Va.: West Virginia University, 2003. 

Notes: Thesis submitted to the Davis College of Agriculture, 

Forestry, and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia 

University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the 

degree of Master of Science in Wildlife and Fisheries 

Resource Management 

http://www.forestry.caf.wvu.edu/jAnderson/ 

Balcombe_c_thesis.pdf 

Descriptors: wetland mitigation/ wetland restoration/ 

wetland management/ mitigation wetland/ constructed 

wetland/ reference wetland 

393. Identification of wetlands in the southern 

Appalachian region and the certification of wetland 

delineators. 

Wakeley, J. S. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 28-

30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ surveys/ classification 

systems/ land classification/ vegetation/ soil types/ site 

surveys/ USA, Appalachian Mts./ site surveys/ land 

classification/ vegetation/ soil types/ classification systems 

Abstract: According to the Corps of Engineers Wetlands 

Delineation Manual, wetlands are identified by the presence 

of field indicators of hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, 

and wetland hydrology. In the southern Appalachian region, 

situations that present problems for wetland delineators 

include (1) wetlands developed on recently deposited 

alluvial soils that may show little evidence of hydric 

conditions, (2) areas occupied by FAC-dominated plant 

communities, (3) wetlands affected by past or present 

drainage practices, (4) man-induced wetlands that may lack 

certain wetland field indicators, and (5) hydric soil units that 

are too small or narrow to be delineated separately on soil 

survey map sheets. In March 1993, under direction of 

Section 307(e) of the Water Resources Development Act of 

1990, the Corps of Engineers initiated a Wetland Delineator 

Certification Program. A 1-year demonstration program has 

recently ended in Maryland, Florida, and Washington, with 

nationwide implementation scheduled for later in 1994. This 

voluntary program is designed to increase the quality of 

wetland delineations submitted with Section 404 permit 

applications, and reduce processing time by reducing the 

need for extensive field verification of wetland boundaries. 

© CSA 

394. Impacts of sedimentation and nitrogen enrichment 

on wetland plant community development. 

Mahaney, W. M.; Wardrop, D. H.; and Brooks, R. P. 

Plant Ecology 175(2): 227-243. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QK900 .P63; ISSN: 1385-0237 

Abstract: Many factors influence which plant species are 

found in a particular wetland. The species pool is 

composed of the species present in the seed bank and 

species able to disperse into the wetland, and many abiotic 

and biotic factors interact to influence a species 

performance and abundance in the plant community. 

Anthropogenic activities produce specific stressors on 

wetland systems that alter these abiotic and biotic 

interactions, potentially altering species composition. We 

simulated three common wetland hydrogeomorphic (HGM) 

subclasses in a greenhouse to examine the effects of two 

stressors-sedimentation and nitrogen (N) enrichment-on the 

performance of 8 species grown in artificial communities. 

Species establishment, height, biomass, and foliar N and P 

concentrations were measured to explore species 

responses to stressors and competition, as well as the 

potential impacts of changes in species composition on 

ecosystem processes. Species were affected differently by 

sedimentation and N enrichment, and there were 

differences in overall community sensitivity to stressors 

between wetland subclasses. Sedimentation generally 

reduced seedling establishment, while N enrichment 
Appalachian Highlands: General Information 

115

produced variable effects on height and biomass. 

Interspecific competition had little effect on establishment 

but significantly reduced most species biomass. 

Sedimentation generally lowered community biomass, 

diversity, and richness, while enrichment increased 

community biomass. Establishment, biomass, and foliar 

nutrient concentrations significantly differed between many 

species, suggesting that shifts in species composition may 

impact ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and 

carbon storage. Phalaris arundinacea, an aggressive clonal 

graminoid, universally dominated all wetland subclasses. 

This dominance across a range of environmental conditions 

(sedimentation, fertility, and hydrology) has important 

implications for both restoration and predicting the impacts 

of human activities on species composition. Our results 

suggest that, in regions where P. arundinacea is common, 

restoration projects that establish communities from seeds 

and human activities that cause vegetation removal are 

likely to become dominated by P. arundinacea. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

395. Landscape-level processes and wetland 

conservation in the southern Appalachian Mountains. 

Pearson, S. M. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 

28-30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ conservation/ landscape/ 

ecosystem management/ nature conservation/ 

environmental protection/ environmental impact/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ ecosystems/ environmental effects/ hydrology/ 

USA, Appalachian Mts./ landscape/ ecosystem 

management/ nature conservation/ environmental impact/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ environmental effects 

Abstract: The function of wetland ecosystems is not 

independent of the landscapes in which they are 

embedded. They have strong physical and biotic linkages 

to the surrounding landscape. Therefore, incorporating a 

broad-scale perspective in our study of wetland ecology will 

promote our understanding of these habitats in the 

southern Appalachians. Changes in the surrounding 

landscape will likely affect wetlands. Broad-scale changes 

that are likely to affect wetlands include: 1) climate change, 

2) land use and land cover change, 3) water and air-borne 

pollution, 4) a shift in disturbance/recovery regimes, and 5) 

habitat loss and fragmentation. Changes in climate and 

land cover can affect the hydrology of the landscape and, 

therefore, the water balance of wetlands. Excessive 

nutrients and toxin transported by air and water to wetlands 

can disrupt natural patterns of nutrient cycling. Periodic 

disturbances, like flooding in riparian zones, is required to 

maintain some wetlands. A change in disturbance regimes, 

such as an increase in fire frequency, could alter species 

composition and nutrient cycles in certain wetlands. Many 

plant and animal species that found in small, isolated 

wetlands have populations that are dependent on 

complementary habitats found in the surrounding 

landscape. Loss or fragmentation of these complementary 

habitats could result in the collapse of wetland populations. 

© CSA 

396. Methane production and sulfate reduction in two 

Appalachian peatlands USA. 

Wieder R. K.; Yavitt J. B.; and Lang G. E. 

Biogeochemistry 10(2): 81-104. (1990) 

NAL Call #: QH345 .B564; ISSN: 0168-2563 

Descriptors: sphagnum/ bog/ anaerobic/ carbon/ 

mineralization/ carbon dioxide 

Abstract: Anaerobic carbon mineralization was evaluated 

over a 1-year period in two Sphagnum-dominated 

peatlands, Big Run Bog. West Virginia, and Buckle's Bog, 

Maryland. In the top 35 cm of peat, mean rates of methane 

production, anaerobic carbon dioxide production, and 

sulfate reduction at Big Run Bog were 63, 406 and 146 

.mu.mol L-1 d-1, respectively, and at Buckle's Bog were 18, 

486 and 104 .mu.mol L-1 d-1. Annual anaerobic carbon 

mineralization to methane and carbon dioxide at Big Run 

Bog and Buckle's Bog was 52.8 and 57.2 mol m-2, 

respectively. Rates of methane production were similar to 

rates reported for other freshwater peatlands, but methane 

production accounted for only 11.7 and 2.8%, respectively, 

of the total anaerobic carbon mineralization at these two 

sites. Carbon dioxide production, resulting substantially 

from sulfate reduction, dominated anaerobic carbon 

mineralization. Considerable sulfate reduction despite low 

instantaneous dissolved sulfate concentrations (typically < 

300 .mu.mol L-1 of substrate) was apparently fueled by 

oxidation and rapid turnover of the reduced inorganic sulfur 

pool. The coincidence of high sulfate inputs to the Big Run 

Bog and Buckle's Bog watersheds through acid 

precipitation with the unexpected importance of sulfate 

reduction leads us to suggest a new hypothesis: peatlands 

not receiving high sulfate loading should exhibit low rtes of 

anaerobic decomposition, and a predominance of methane 

production over sulfate reduction; however, if such 

peatlands become subjected to high rates of sulfur 

deposition, sulfate reduction may be enhanced as an 

anaerobic mineralization pathway with attendant effects on 

carbon balance and peat accumulation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

397. Microhabitat selection by small mammals in a 

southern Appalachian fen in the USA. 

Rossell, C. R. and Rossell, I. M. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 7(4): 219-224. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat selection/ vegetation cover/ 

plant populations/ ecological distribution/ microhabitats/ 

fens/ vegetation/ mammals/ canopy/ Mammalia/ 

Ochrotomys nuttalli/ Zapus hudsonius/ Peromyscus 

leucopus/ Blarina brevicauda/ mammals/ fens/ meadow 

jumping mouse/ white-footed mouse/ northern short-tailed 

shrew/ golden mouse/ USA, Appalachian Mts. 

Abstract: Little ecological information is available on small 

mammals inhabiting wetlands in the southern Appalachian 

mountains of the USA. These wetland systems are 

becoming rare features in southern landscapes due to 

human activities. We investigated the small mammal fauna 

and examined the microhabitat associations of the two 

most abundant species in a southern Appalachian fen. Four 

species of small mammals were captured: the meadow 

jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius), short-tailed shrew 

(Blarina brevicauda), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus 

leucopus), and golden mouse (Ochrotomys nuttalli). 

Peromyscus and Ochrotomys, which were caught in the 

largest numbers, preferred sites characterized by moderate 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

116

herbaceous cover and substantial canopy closure. 

Peromyscus, however, selected areas with greater canopy 

closure and higher tree densities, suggesting that they are 

greater habitat specialists than Ochrotomys in this wetland 

community. 

© CSA 

398. Mine-drainage treatment wetland as habitat for 

herptofaunal wildlife. 

Lacki, M. J.; Hummer, J. W.; and Webster, H. J. 

Environmental Management 16(4): 513-520. (1992) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Abstract: Land reclamation techniques that incorporate 

habitat features for herptofaunal wildlife have received little 

attention. We assessed the suitability of a wetland, 

constructed for the treatment of mine-water drainage, for 

supporting herptofaunal wildlife from 1988 through 1990 

using diurnal and nocturnal surveys. Natural wetlands 

within the surrounding watershed were also monitored for 

comparison. The treatment wetland supported the greatest 

abundance and species richness of herptofauna among the 

sites surveyed. Abundance was a function of the frog 

density, particularly green frogs (Rana clamitans) and 

pickerel frogs (R. palustris), while species richness was due 

to the number of snake species found. The rich mix of 

snake species present at the treatment wetland was 

believed due to a combination of an abundant frog prey 

base and an amply supply of den sites in rock debris left 

behind from earlier surface-mining activities. Nocturnal 

surveys of breeding male frogs demonstrated highest 

breeding activity at the treatment wetland, particularly for 

spring peepers (Hyla crucifer). Whole-body assays of green 

frog and bullfrog (R. catesbeiana) tissues showed no 

differences among sites in uptake of iron, aluminum, and 

zinc; manganese levels in samples from the treatment 

wetland were significantly lower than those from natural 

wetlands. These results suggest that wetlands established 

for water quality improvement can provide habitat for 

reptiles and amphibians, with the species composition 

dependent on the construction design, the proximity to 

source populations, and the degree of acidity and heavymetal concentrations in drainage waters. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

399. Modification of acid mine drainage by Sphagnumdominated wetlands and the effect on stream water 

quality.

Lang, G. E. and Wieder, R. K. 

In: Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the 

Chesapeake. (Held 9 Apr 1985-11 Apr 1985 at Easton, 

Md.) Groman, Hazel A. (eds.) 

Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute; 

pp. 176-184; 1985. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76; ISBN: 0911937196 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mine spoil/ water quality/ water 

pollution/ iron/ streams/ mosses and liverworts/ 

West Virginia 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

400. Nitrate removal in a riparian wetland of the 

Appalachian Valley and Ridge physiographic province. 

Flite, O. P.; Shannon, R. D.; Schnabel, R. R.; and 

Parizek, R. R. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(1): 254-261. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ path of pollutants/ fate of pollutants/ 

groundwater pollution/ nitrates/ riparian waters/ 

denitrification/ soil horizons/ soil saturation/ organic carbon/ 

pollution (groundwater)/ nitrate/ riparian environments/ 

groundwater/ enzymes/ nutrient loading/ soil/ USA, 

Appalachian Mts./ USA, Appalachian Mts. 

Abstract: Riparian zones within the Appalachian Valley and 

Ridge physiographic province are often characterized by 

localized variability in soil moisture and organic carbon 

content, as well as variability in the distribution of soils 

formed from alluvial and colluvial processes. These sources 

of variability may significantly influence denitrification rates. 

This investigation studied the attenuation of nitrate (NO 

sub(3) super(-)-N) as wastewater effluent flowed through 

the shallow ground water of a forested headwater riparian 

zone within the Appalachian Valley and Ridge 

physiographic province. Ground water flow and NO sub(3) 

super(-)-N measurements indicated that NO sub(3) super(-

)-N discharged to the riparian zone preferentially flowed 

through the A and B horizons of depressional wetlands 

located in relic meander scars, with NO sub(3) super(-)-N 

decreasing from >12 to <0.5 mg L super(-1). Denitrification 

enzyme activity (DEA) attributable to riparian zone location, 

soil horizon, and NO sub(3) super(-)-N amendments was 

also determined. Mean DEA in saturated soils attained 

values as high as 210 mu g N kg super(-1) h super(-1), and 

was significantly higher than in unsaturated soils, 

regardless of horizon (p < 0.001). Denitrification enzyme 

activity in the shallow A horizon of wetland soils was 

significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in deeper soils. 

Significant stimulation of DEA (p = 0.027) by NO sub(3) 

super(-)-N amendments occurred only in the meander scar 

soils receiving low NO sub(3) super(-)-N (<3.6 mg L super(-

1)) concentrations. Significant denitrification of high NO 

sub(3) super(-)-N ground water can occur in riparian 

wetland soils, but DEA is dependent upon localized 

differences in the degree of soil saturation and organic 

carbon content. 

© CSA 

401. Non-alluvial wetlands of the Southern Blue Ridge: 

Diversity in a threatened ecosystem. 

Weakley, A. S. and Schafale, M. P. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 359-383. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Abstract: The generally steep landscape of the Southern 

Blue Ridge is not conducive to the formation of extensive 

wetlands, but wetlands do occur. Wetlands in this region 

are mostly small in size (<10 ha), and are found in locations 

where topography is unusually gentle or where seepage is 

unusually strong or constant. Despite their rarity and small 

size, such wetlands show great species and community 

diversity, and are one of the most important habitats for 

rare (endemic and disjunct) plants and animals in the 

region. Community species composition seems to vary 

primarily in relation to elevation, topographic position, 

hydrology, underlying bedrock composition, recent land 

use, and biogeographic history. Based on differences in 

vegetation structure and composition, landscape position, 
Appalachian Highlands: General Information 

117

and hydrology, we recognize nine groups of non-alluvial 

wetlands in the Southern Blue Ridge. An inventory of nonalluvial wetlands in the mountains of North Carolina 

revealed that the majority of these naturally rare 

communities are now destroyed or severely altered. Bogs 

and fens of the North Carolina mountains have been 

reduced nearly six-fold from an original extent of about 

2000 ha, so that only about 300 ha remain in reasonably 

intact condition, and most of the remnants are 

compromised by hydrologic alteration and nutrient inputs. 

Because wetlands tend to be concentrated in valley 

bottoms and at low elevations where most land is privately 

owned. Efforts to assure their long-term viability will require 

innovative protection and restoration tools. Based on 

differences in vegetation structure and composition, 

landscape position, and hydrology, nine groups of nonalluvial wetlands in the Southern Blue Ridge are 

recognized. An inventory of non-alluvial wetlands in the 

mountains of South Carolina revealed that the majority of 

these naturally rare communities are now destroyed or 

severely changed. Bogs and fens of the North Carolina 

mountains have been reduced nearly six-fold from the 

original gamut of about 2000 ha, so that only about 300 ha 

remain in reasonably intact condition, and most of the 

remnants are compromised by hydrologic alteration and 

nutrient inputs. Because wetlands tend to be concentrated 

in valley bottom and low elevations where most land is 

privately owned, efforts to assure their long-term viability 

will require innovative protection and restoration tools. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

402. The occurrence and impact of sedimentation in 

central Pennsylvania wetlands. 

Wardrop, Denise H. and Brooks, Robert P. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 51(1-2): 

119-130. (1998) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental impact/ headwater 

floodplain/ hydrogeomorphology/ impoundment/ land use 

management/ landscape disturbance/ mineral accretion 

rates/ organic accretion rates/ riparian depression/ 

sedimentation rate/ slope/ wetland plant communities 

Abstract: Sedimentation rates and deposited sediment 

characteristics in twenty-five wetlands in central 

Pennsylvania were measured during the period Fall 1994 to 

Fall 1995. Wetlands were located primarily in five 

watersheds, and represented a variety of hydrogeomorphic 

(HGM) subclasses surrounding land use. Sedimentation 

rates were measured via the placement of 135 Plexiglas 

disks. Annual organic and inorganic loadings were 

determined. Sedimentation rates ranged from 0 to 8 

cm/year, with sedimentation rates significantly correlated 

with surrounding land use and HGM subclass. Overall 

mean mineral and organic accretion rates were 778 g m2 

yr-1 (+/- 1417) and 550 g m2 yr-1 (+/- 589), respectively. 

Mean mineral and organic accretion rates were significantly 

different by HGM subclass. The highest mineral accretion 

rates were for headwater floodplains, followed by 

impoundments, riparian depressions, mainstem floodplains, 

and slopes. The highest organic accretion rates were for 

riparian depressions, followed by impoundments, slopes, 

headwater floodplains, and mainstem floodplains. The 

potential effects of landscape disturbance on these 

sedimentation rates was also investigated, in order to 

develop a conceptual model to predict sedimentation rates 

for a given wetland in a variety of landscape settings. 

Different HGM subclasses exhibited significantly different 

mineral and organic accumulation rates, and varied in their 

responses to landscape disturbance and spatial variability 

in sedimentation patterns. Characterization of wetland plant 

communities in these same wetlands showed clear 

associations between individual plant species and ability to 

tolerate sediment. Species were categorized as very 

tolerant, moderately tolerant, slightly tolerant, and intolerant 

based on their association with environments of varying 

sedimentation magnitude. In general, species that were 

categorized as very tolerant or moderately tolerant 

increased their percent cover (dominance) over the 

sedimentation gradient. These observations were 

supported by greenhouse germination trials of eight species 

of wetland plants under a variety of sediment depths, 

ranging from 0 to 2 cm. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

403. Patterns of wetland hydrology in the Ridge and 

Valley province, Pennsylvania, USA. 

Cole, C. A. and Brooks, R. P. 

Wetlands 20(3): 438-447. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA/ hydrology/ sampling/ 

hydrodynamics/ geomorphology/ surface water/ riparian 

land/ flood plains/ classification systems/ 

USA, Pennsylvania 

Abstract: Developing an understanding of wetland 

hydrology that is free from site-specific constraints is 

difficult. Many hydrologic studies are focused upon a single 

site and the development of water-budget components. Our 

previous research examined the hydrology of several 

wetlands based upon monthly sampling during the growing 

season. Those data did not provide adequate information 

on moisture regimes and did not tell us enough about yearround hydrodynamics. Our new objective was to expand 

hydrologic analyses to a larger proportion of our reference 

wetlands and extend them over a longer period of time. We 

continued to organize our wetlands and our analyses 

around hydrogeomorphic (HGM) principles. We found 

ground-water-dominated wetlands (riparian depressions 

and slopes) to be the wettest sites. Surface-water systems 

(headwater and mainstem floodplain wetlands) were drier. 

We found little difference between slopes and the floodplain 

wetlands in the amount of time water was within the root 

zone. Riparian depressions were wetter longer, as the 

average duration of water within the root zone was almost a 

year for riparian depressions and much less for all other 

wetland types. Disturbance seemed to play a large role in 

hydrologic behavior, even more than did HGM 

classification. We believe that knowledge of HGM subclass 

might serve as a useful surrogate for actual knowledge of 

site-specific hydrology. The level of uncertainty increases 

with surface-water systems, but we have shown a large 

degree of predictability by HGM subclass. Our data likely 

have applicability within the entire Ridge and Valley 

province of the Appalachian Mountains in the United 

States, although our conclusions have not been tested over 

that wide latitudinal range. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

118

404. Plant community composition and surface water 

chemistry of fen peatlands in West Virginia's 

Appalachian Plateau. 

Walbridge, M. R. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 28-

30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peatlands/ plant communities/ water 

chemistry/ surface water/ chemical analysis/ plants/ fens/ 

geomorphology/ river basins/ peat/ community composition/ 

geochemistry/ peat bogs/ vegetation cover/ USA, West 

Virginia, Appalachian Mts., Allegheny Plateau/ 

geochemistry/ peat bogs/ vegetation cover/ plant 

communities/ water chemistry/ fens/ geomorphology/ 

peatlands/ community composition/ plants 

Abstract: I analyzed plant community composition, surface 

water chemistry, soil saturation, landscape position, and 

disturbance history in 4 small peatlands in West Virginia's 

Allegheny Plateau, to determine vegetational differences 

among communities and identify environmental variables 

associated with community patterning. Thirty-four plant 

communities were identified, representing 5 physiognomic 

types: forest, tall and low shrub, herbaceous, and 

bryophyte. Of 138 species, only 34 were common to all 

sites; 56 were unique to single sites. Principal components 

analysis identified a major physiognomic separation 

between forest and tall shrub communities with less acid 

surface waters (pH 4.6-5.0) dominated by base cations (Ca 

super(++), Mg super(++), Na super(+), K super(+)), vs. low 

shrub and bryophyte communities with more acidic surface 

waters (pH 4.0-4.4). Much of the variation in community 

composition resulted from changes in the distributions of 

Hypericum densiflorum, Rubus hispidus, Polytrichum 

commune, and Sphagnum fallax, with changes in soil 

saturation. Community distribution reflected an underlying 

pattern of basin geomorphology modified by beaver 

disturbance. 

© CSA 

405. Plant litter decomposition in wetlands receiving 

acid mine drainage. 

Kittle, D. L.; McGraw, J. B.; and Garbutt, K. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 24(2): 301-306. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Acorus calamus/ Juncus effusus/ 

Scirpus/ Typha latifolia/ stems/ leAves/ degradation/ acid 

mine drainage/ heavy metals/ pH/ plant litter/ West Virginia 

Abstract: The impact of acid mine drainage on the 

decomposition of wetland plant species of northern West 

Virginia was studied to determine if the potential exists for 

nutrient cycling to be altered in systems used to treat this 

drainage. There were two objectives of this study. First, 

decomposition of aboveground plant material was 

measured to determine species decomposition patterns as 

a function of pH. Second, decomposition of litter from 

various pH environments was compared to assess whether 

litter origin affects decomposition rates. Species differences 

were detected throughout the study. Decomposition rates of 

woolgrass [Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth] and common rush 

(Juncus effusus L.) were significantly lower than those of 

calamus (Acorus calamus L.) and rice cutgrass (Leersia 

oryzoides L.). Differences among species explained a large 

proportion of the variation in percentage of biomass 

remaining. Thus, differences in litter quality among species 

was important in determining the rate of decomposition. In 

general, significantly more decomposition occurred for all 

species in high pH environments, indicating impeded 

decomposition at low pH. While decomposition of some 

species litter differed depending on its origin, other species 

showed no effect. Cattail (Typha latifolia L.), in particular, 

was found to have lower decomposition rates occurring with 

material grown at low pH. Lower decomposition rates could 

result in lower nutrient availability leading to further 

reduction of productivity under low pH conditions. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

406. Rare and endangered plants and animals of 

Southern Appalachian wetlands. 

Murdock, N. A. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 385-405. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Abstract: At least one-third of the threatened and 

endangered species of the United States live in wetlands. 

Southern Appalachian bogs and fens, in particular, support 

a wealth of rare and unique life forms, many of which are 

found in no other habitat type. In North Carolina alone, 

nonalluvial mountain wetlands provide habitat for nearly 90 

species of plants and animal that are considered rare, 

threatened, or endangered by the North Carolina Plant 

Conservation Program, the North Carolina Natural Heritage 

Program, the North Carolina Wildlife Resources 

Commission, or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. These 

species include the bog turtle, mountain sweet pitcher 

plant, green pitcher plant, swamp pink, bunched 

arrowhead, and Gray's lily, all of which are either on the 

federal list of endangered and threatened species or under 

consideration for that list. Mountain wetlands habitats for 

these species are being destroyed and degraded at an 

accelerating rate for highway construction and expansion 

and residential and recreational development, as well as for 

industrial and agricultural use. At least one-third of the 

threatened and endangered species of the United States 

live in wetlands. Southern Appalachian bogs and fens, in 

particular, support a wealth of rare and unique life forms, 

many of which are found in no other habitat type. In North 

Carolina alone, nonalluvial mountain wetlands provide 

habitat for nearly 90 species of plants and animals that are 

considered rare, threatened, or endangered by the North 

Carolina Plant Conservation Program, the North Carolina 

Natural Heritage Program, the North Carolina Wildlife 

Resources Commission, or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service. These species include the bog turtle, mountain 

sweet pitcher plant, green pitcher plant, swamp pink, 

bunched arrowhead, and Gray's lily, all of which are either 

on the federal list of endangered and threatened species or 

under consideration for that list. Mountain wetland habitats 

for these species are being destroyed and degraded at an 

accelerating rate for highway construction and expansion 

and residential and recreational development, as well as for 

industrial and agricultural uses. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Appalachian Highlands: General Information 

119

407. Response of amphibians to restoration of a 

southern Appalachian wetland: A long-term analysis of 

community dynamics. 

Petranka, J. W.; Kennedy, C. A.; and Murray, S. S. 

Wetlands 23(4): 1030-1042. (Dec. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

community structure/ species diversity/ amphibians/ 

monitoring/ frogs/ dynamics/ salamanders/ ecosystems/ 

restoration/ colonization/ community composition/ 

environmental impact/ breeding seasons/ Ambystoma 

maculatum/ Rana sylvatica/ Notophthalmus viridescens/ 

Anura/ USA, North Carolina/ spotted salamander/ wood 

frog/ reclamation/ effects of pollution/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control and remediation 

Abstract: Although amphibians are increasingly being used 

to assess ecosystem function of compensatory wetlands, 

there are almost no long-term studies of responses to 

ecological restoration. Consequently, much uncertainty 

exists about the appropriate timeframes and best criteria for 

evaluating responses to wetland restoration. We studied 

aspects of pond colonization and long-term community 

dynamics in ponds created at a mitigation site in western 

North Carolina. We examined whether landscape variables 

influenced the initial colonization of 22 constructed ponds 

and conducted a long-term study of changes in species 

richness and community composition in ten constructed 

and ten reference ponds over seven breeding seasons. 

During the first year of pond filling, species richness and the 

number of egg masses of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) 

and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) were 

positively correlated with pond size, depth, and hydroperiod 

but independent of distance to the nearest forest, paved 

road, or source pond. The ten constructed ponds in the 

long-term study first filled in 1996 and were larger, deeper, 

warmer, more oxygen-rich, and of longer seasonal 

hydroperiod than reference ponds. Seven species bred in 

the constructed ponds during the first year of filling, and 

species richness reached equilibrium within two years of 

initial pond filling. Most species colonized constructed 

ponds rapidly, but frequency of use by eastern newts 

(Notophthalmus viridescens) increased slowly over five 

years. Constructed ponds supported significantly more 

species than reference ponds, and the annual turnover rate 

of breeding populations was approximately 25% for both 

pond types. Our data suggest that post-restoration 

monitoring for 2-3 years may be sufficient to characterize 

species and communities that will utilize ponds for the first 

decade or so after pond creation. 

© CSA 

408. Response of amphibians to restoration of a 

southern Appalachian wetland: Perturbations confound 

post-restoration assessment. 

Petranka, J. W.; Murray, S. S.; and Kennedy, C. A. 

Wetlands 23(2): 278-290. (June 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

monitoring/ demography/ pathogens/ amphibians/ 

population dynamics/ eggs/ ponds/ land management/ 

restoration/ amphibiotic species/ larvae/ environmental 

monitoring/ droughts/ environmental impact/ reproduction/ 

mortality causes/ recruitment/ hatching/ breeding seasons/ 

animal physiology/ life cycle/ sexual selection/ 

metamorphosis/ governments/ Rana sylvatica/ Ambystoma 

maculatum/ Ranavirus/ Anura/ USA, North Carolina/ wood 

frog/ spotted salamander/ reclamation/ water quality 

control/ habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control and remediation 

Abstract: Although regulatory agencies in the USA typically 

require 3-5 yr of post-restoration monitoring of biotic 

responses to wetland mitigation, many researchers have 

argued that longer time frames are needed to assess 

population responses adequately. We conducted an 8-yr 

study to examine the demographic responses of the wood 

frog (Rana sylvatica) and spotted salamander (Ambystoma 

maculatum) to wetland creation at a mitigation bank in 

western North Carolina. Our primary goals were to compare 

juvenile output in ten reference and ten constructed ponds 

and to assess the overall change in breeding population 

size in response to site restoration. We used annual 

censuses of egg masses to assess changes in breeding 

population size and used estimates of larval population size 

at hatching and the initiation of metamorphosis to assess 

embryonic and larval survival. Adults of both species bred 

in most constructed ponds within a few months after filling 

in 1996. Estimated juvenile production from 1996 to 2002 

did not differ significantly between pond types for either 

species. The percentage of both constructed and reference 

ponds that produced juveniles decreased markedly from 

1996 to 1998 and remained low through 2002. The 

decrease in juvenile output was mostly associated with 

reduced larval survival rather than increased embryonic 

mortality across years. Drought and outbreaks of a 

pathogen (Ranavirus) were the primary causes of low 

juvenile production from 1998 to 2002. The overall breeding 

population of R. sylvatica increased markedly in 1999-2000 

following a large recruitment of juveniles from constructed 

ponds in 1996-1997. With the onset of drought and 

ranaviral infections, the population declined to levels in 

2002 that were at or below 1995 pre-restoration numbers. 

Despite site perturbations, the breeding population of A. 

maculatum remained relatively stable from 1995 to 2002, a 

phenomenon that may reflect selection for delayed 

reproduction and iteroparity in this species. Although we 

have monitored R. sylvatica and A. maculatum for seven 

breeding seasons after the creation of seasonal wetlands, 

we are still uncertain that site restoration will achieve the 

goal of increasing breeding populations above prerestoration levels. Because amphibians have significant 

population lags and are sensitive to site perturbations, 

monitoring that exceeds five years may be required to 

assess demographic responses to site restoration 

adequately. 

© CSA 

409. The roles of spent mushroom substrate for the 

mitigation of coal mine drainage. 

Stark, Lloyd R. and Williams, Frederick M. 

Compost Science and Utilization 2(4): 84-94. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD796.5.C58; ISSN: 1065-657X 

Descriptors: iron/ manganese/ carbon/ nitrogen/ sulfate/ 

Basidiomycetes (Fungi Unspecified)/ fungi/ 

microorganisms/ nonvascular plants/ plants/ acidity/ iron/ 

limestone dissolution/ manganese/ nitrogen/ organic 

carbon/ pH/ sulfate reduction/ water quality 

Abstract: Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) has been used 

widely in coal mining regions of the USA as the primary 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

120

substrate in constructed wetlands for the treatment of coal 

mine drainage. Such mine drainage is usually acidic and 

contains high concentrations of dissolved Fe and, less 

commonly, Mn. In laboratory and mesocosm studies, SMS 

has emerged as one of the substrates for mine water 

treatment, owing to its high organic carbon and limestone 

content. Processes that are responsible in waterlogged 

SMS for the successful treatment of acidity and Fe include 

limestone dissolution, sulfate reduction, and Fe oxidation. 

Provided the pH of the mine water does not fall below 3.0, 

SMS can be used in the mitigation plan. However, neither 

Mn nor dissolved ferric Fe appears to be treatable using 

reducing SMS wetlands. Care must be taken to create 

reducing conditions in the SMS wetlands, since if the SMS 

volume is too low, oxidizing conditions will obtain 

throughout the profile of the SMS, and eventually the SMS 

will fail to treat the water. Since after a few years much of 

the nonrefractive organic carbon in SMS will have been 

decomposed and metabolized, carbon supplementation can 

significantly extend the life of the SMS treatment wetland 

and improve water treatment. Several species of plants 

thrive in SMS under mine water conditions, but none 

improve water quality over the short term in excess of the 

treatment provided by SMS. Nitrogen leakage from SMS 

wetlands is not problematic after several weeks of 

operation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

410. The seed banks of a southern Appalachian fen and 

an adjacent degraded wetland. 

Rossell, I. M. and Wells, C. L. 

Wetlands 19(2): 365-371. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ seeds/ fens/ conservation/ land 

management/ seedlings/ soil types/ seed banks/ nature 

conservation/ flood plains/ biological surveys/ vegetation 

cover/ hydrology/ USA/ USA, Appalachian Mts./ USA, 

North Carolina/ fens 

Abstract: Bogs and fens are rare communities in the 

southern Appalachians of the USA. Many have been 

degraded, and little ecological information beyond cursory 

floral inventories is available to help guide conservation and 

restoration efforts. The seedling emergence technique was 

used to examine the soil seed banks of open and closed 

canopy regions of a southern mountain fen in North 

Carolina. We also examined the seed bank of an adjoining 

portion of the floodplain, which had been drained and 

cleared for a golf fairway and is now slated for restoration. 

A total of 32 taxa emerged, with graminoids (particularly 

Juncus spp.) dominating all three seed banks. Seedlings 

were assigned to one of five plant types: woody, rush, 

sedge, grass, or forb. Significantly more woody seedlings 

emerged in soils from the closed canopy fen than in soils 

from the other two areas. Most rush seedlings emerged in 

open canopy fen soils, more sedge and forb seedlings 

emerged in floodplain soils, and more grass seedlings 

emerged in floodplain soils than in closed canopy fen soils. 

A discriminant function analysis separated the open canopy 

fen from the closed canopy fen and floodplain by seedlings 

of woody plants and rushes. The floodplain was separated 

from the open and closed regions of the fen by sedge and 

grass seedlings. These patterns in seed bank composition 

bore little similarity to the standing vegetation in the three 

areas. Restoration activities planned for the floodplain are 

intended to restore its hydrology and microtopography, 

which will strongly influence recruitment from the seed bank 

and surrounding seed sources. 

© CSA 

411. Small mammal communities of high elevation 

central Appalachian wetlands. 

Francl, K. E.; Castleberry, S. B.; and Mark Ford, W. 

American Midland Naturalist 151(2): 388-398. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: wetlands/ population levels/ species richness/ 

disturbance/ land use/ mountains/ community composition/ 

species diversity/ population density/ biological surveys/ 

quantitative distribution/ environment management/ 

environmental factors/ mammals/ density/ meadows/ 

elevation/ roads/ deciduous forests/ distribution/ Mammalia/ 

Microtus pennsylvanicus/ Clethrionomys gapperi/ Sorex 

cinereus/ Synaptomys cooperi/ Blarina brevicauda/ USA, 

West Virginia/ USA, Maryland/ USA, West Virginia, 

Appalachian Mts./ USA, Maryland, Appalachian Mts. 

Abstract: We surveyed small mammal assemblages at 20 

high-elevation wetlands in West Virginia and Maryland and 

examined relationships among mammal capture rates, 

richness and evenness and landscape features at multiple 

spatial scales. In 24,693 trap nights we captured 1451 

individuals of 12 species. Small mammal species richness 

increased with wetland size and was negatively correlated 

with trail density. Generalists, such as meadow voles 

(Microtus pennsylvanicus) and shrews (Sorex cinereus, 

Blarina brevicauda), dominated larger, more open 

wetlands, whereas southern red-backed voles 

(Clethrionomys gapperi) were more prevalent at smaller 

sites surrounded by mixed coniferous-deciduous forest 

stands. Furthermore, meadow voles were captured more 

often at sites with higher road density and lower trail 

density. Southern bog lemmings (Synaptomys cooperi) 

were captured at less than half the sites, all of which were 

surrounded by a high proportion of deciduous forest. 

Although significant relationships were found, landscape 

features explained <20% of total variation at any spatial 

scale. Other factors, such as land use history or 

competition, likely have exerted a greater influence in small 

mammal abundance and distribution at these sites. 

© CSA 

412. Soil characteristics of four southern Appalachian 

fens in North Carolina, USA. 

Moorhead, K. K.; Moynihan, R. E.; and Simpson, S. L. 

Wetlands 20(3): 560-564. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ fens/ organic carbon/ soil 

properties/ hydrogen ion concentration/ flood plains/ 

groundwater/ seepage/ sediment properties/ sediment 

chemistry/ classification systems/ hydrology/ 

geomorphology/ USA, North Carolina/ USA, North Carolina 

Abstract: Mountain fens are uncommon and unique 

wetlands in the southern Appalachian Highlands. We 

selected four mountain fens in North Carolina to compare 

soil particle-size distribution, organic carbon, pH, cation 

exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable Mg 

super(+2), Ca super(+2), and K super(+). Three of the sites 

are depressional areas on alluvial floodplains at elevations 

between 700 and 1130 m above sea level, while the fourth 

site is located on a slope intersecting ground-water 
Appalachian Highlands: General Information 

121

seepage at an elevation of 950 m. Peat accumulation 

amounted to a shallow surface Sphagnum layer (usually <5 

cm) at three sites, and the organic carbon content of the 

surface soil horizon ranged from 4 to 21%. Three of the 

soils would be classified as Cumulic Humaquepts, and the 

other is a Terric Haplohemist. The pH of the surface 

horizon of the four soils ranged from 4.3 to 4.9. The alluvial 

fens had higher silt concentrations than the seepage fen, 

and two of the alluvial fens had a subsurface, fine-textured 

deposit. The seepage fen showed little textural variation 

with depth. Exchangeable Ca super(+2) concentrations 

were higher for the seepage fen. The CEC ranged from 15 

to 62 cmol sub(c) kg super(-1) in the surface horizon, and 

base saturation (Ca super(+2), Mg super(+2) and K 

super(+)) was <12% for the three alluvial fens and 20% for 

the seepage fen. Base saturation increased to 40% in the 

lower horizons of the seepage fen but remained <10% for 

the alluvial fens. The differences in soil characteristics 

suggest that geomorphic location should be considered 

when comparing mountain fens. 

© CSA 

413. Treatment of domestic wastewater by three plant 

species in constructed wetlands. 

Coleman, J.; Hench, K.; Garbutt, K.; Sexstone, A.; 

Bissonnette, G.; and Skousen, J 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 128(3-4): 283-295. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: pollution control/ wastewater treatment/ 

aquatic plants/ biochemical oxygen demand/ water pollution 

treatment/ nitrogen/ ammonia/ gravel/ phosphates/ 

suspended particulate matter/ domestic wastes/ plants/ 

effluents/ phytoremediation/ Juncus effusus/ Scirpus 

validus/ Typha latifolia/ USA, West Virginia/ artificial 

wetlands/ experimental design/ plant growth/ species 

composition/ wastewater analysis/ performance evaluation/ 

domestic wastewater/ sewages 

Abstract: Three common Appalachian plant species 

(Juncus effusus L., Scirpus validus L., and Typha latifolia 

L.) were planted into small-scale constructed wetlands 

receiving primary treated wastewater. The experimental 

design included two wetland gravel depths (45 and 60 cm) 

and five planting treatments (each species in monoculture, 

an equal mixture of the three species, and controls without 

vegetation), with two replicates per depth x planting 

combination. Inflow rates (19 L day super(-1)) and 

frequency (3 times day super(-1)) were designed to 

simulate full-scale constructed wetlands as currently used 

for domestic wastewater treatment in West Virginia. Influent 

wastewater and the effluent from each wetland were 

sampled monthly for ten physical, chemical and biological 

parameters, and plant demographic measurements were 

made. After passing through these trough wetlands, the 

average of all treatments showed a 70% reduction in total 

suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand 

(BOD), 50 to 60% reduction in nitrogen (TKN), ammonia 

and phosphate, and a reduction of fecal coliforms by three 

orders of magnitude. Depth of gravel (45 or 60 cm) had little 

effect on wetland treatment ability, but did influence Typha 

and Scirpus growth patterns. Gravel alone provided 

significant wastewater treatment, but vegetation further 

improved many treatment efficiencies. Typha significantly 

out-performed Juncus and Scirpus both in growth and in 

effluent quality improvement. There was also some 

evidence that the species mixture out-performed species 

monocultures. Typha was the superior competitor in 

mixtures, but a decline in Typha growth with distance from 

the influent pipe suggested that nutrients became limiting or 

toxicities may have developed. 

© CSA 

414. Vegetation, invertebrate, and wildlife community 

rankings and habitat analysis of mitigation wetlands in 

West Virginia. 

Balcombe, C. K.; Anderson, J. T.; Fortney, R. H.; and 

Kordek, W. S. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(5): 517-530. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: created wetland/ man-made wetland/ 

mitigation wetland/ reference wetland/ restored wetland/ 

wetland management/ wetland mitigation 

Abstract: Numerous efforts have been made in West 

Virginia to construct and restore compensatory wetlands as 

mitigation for natural wetlands destroyed through highway 

development, timbering, mining, and other human activities. 

Because such little effort has been made to evaluate these 

wetlands, there is a need to evaluate the success of these 

systems. The objective of this study was to determine if 

mitigation wetlands in West Virginia were adequately 

supporting ecological communities relative to naturally 

occurring reference wetlands and to attribute specific 

characteristics in wetland habitat with trends in wildlife 

abundance across wetlands. Specifically, avian and anuran 

communities, as well as habitat quality for eight wetlanddependent wildlife species were evaluated. To supplement 

this evaluation, vegetation and invertebrate communities 

also were assessed. Wetland ranks were assigned based 

on several parameters including richness, abundance, 

diversity, density, and biomass, depending on which taxa 

was being analyzed. Mitigation wetlands consistently 

scored better ranks than reference wetlands across all 

communities analyzed. Canonical correspondence analysis 

revealed no correlations between environmental variables 

and community data. However, trends relating wetland 

habitat characteristics to community structure were 

observed. These data stress the need to maintain specific 

habitat characteristics in mitigated wetlands that are 

compatible with wildlife colonization and proliferation. © 

Springer 2005. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

415. Wetland nitrogen dynamics in an Adirondack 

forested watershed. 

McHale, Michael R.; Cirmo, Christopher P.; Mitchell, Myron 

J.; and McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 

Hydrological Processes 18(10): 1853-1870. (2004) 

NAL Call #: GB651.H93; ISSN: 0885-6087 

Descriptors: wetlands/ groundwater/ streams/ nitrogen/ 

nutrients/ surface water/ nitrogen compounds/ stream 

discharge/ lysimeters/ cross-sections/ forest watersheds/ 

nitrates/ watersheds/ stream flow/ coastal inlets/ dissolved 

organic nitrogen/ surface chemistry/ USA, New York, 

Adirondack Mts./ chemical processes/ 

physics and chemistry 

Abstract: Wetlands often form the transition zone between 

upland soils and watershed streams, however, streamwetland interactions and hydrobiogeochemical processes 

are poorly understood. We measured changes in stream 

nitrogen (N) through one riparian wetland and one beaver 

meadow in the Archer Creek watershed in the Adirondack 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

122

Mountains of New York State, USA from 1 March to 31 July 

1996. In the riparian wetland we also measured changes in 

groundwater N. Groundwater N changed significantly from 

tension lysimeters at the edge of the peatland to 

piezometer nests within the peatland. Mean N 

concentrations at the peatland perimeter were 1.5, 0.5 and 

18.6 mu mol L super(-1) for NH sub(4) super(+), NO sub(3) 

super(-) and DON (dissolved organic nitrogen), 

respectively, whereas peatland groundwater N 

concentration was 56.9, 1.5 and 31.6 mu mol L super(-1) 

for NH sub(4) super(+), NO sub(3) super(-) and DON, 

respectively. The mean concentrations of stream water N 

species at the inlet to the wetlands were 1.5, 10.1 and 16.9 

mu mol L super(-1) for NH sub(4) super(+), NO sub(3) 

super(-) and DON, respectively and 1.6, 28.1 and 8.4 mu 

mol L super(-1) at the wetland outlet. Although groundwater 

total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations changed more than 

stream water TDN through the wetlands, hydrological 

cross-sections for the peatland showed that wetland 

groundwater contributed minimally to stream flow during the 

study period. Therefore, surface water N chemistry was 

affected more by in-stream N transformations than by 

groundwater N transformations because the in-stream 

changes, although small, affected a much greater volume 

of water. Stream water N input-output budgets indicated 

that the riparian peatland retained 0.16 mol N ha super(-1) 

day super(-1) of total dissolved N and the beaver meadow 

retained 0.26 mol N ha super(-1) day super(-1) during the 

study period. Nitrate dominated surface water TDN flux 

from the wetlands during the spring whereas DON 

dominated during the summer. This study demonstrates 

that although groundwater N changed significantly in the 

riparian peatland, those changes were not reflected in the 

stream. Consequently, although in-stream changes of N 

concentrations were less marked than those in 

groundwater, they had a greater effect on stream water 

chemistry-because wetland groundwater contributed 

minimally to stream flow. 

© CSA 

416. Wildlife and vegetation response to wetland 

restoration in the Montezuma Marsh Complex of central 

New York. 

Sleggs, Sheila E. and VanDruff, Larry W. 

Syracuse, New York: State University of New York, 1997. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ restoration/ ecology/ wetland plants 

417. Wildlife use of southern Appalachian wetlands in 

North Carolina. 

Boynton, A. C. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3/4): 349-358. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitats/ wildlife/ community 

ecology/ vegetation/ wild animals/ endangered species 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

418. Best management practices for forested wetlands 

in the southern Appalachian region. 

Aust, W. M. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979. 

Notes: Conference: Southern Appalachian Man and the 

Biosphere (SAMAB) Conference on Wetland Ecology, 

Management, and Conservation, Knoxville, TN (USA), 

28-30 Sep 1993 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest management/ forestry/ nature 

conservation/ watersheds/ pollution control/ water quality/ 

resource management/ nonpoint pollution/ water quality 

control/ nonpoint pollution sources/ river basin 

management/ USA, Appalachian Mts./ best management 

practices/ nonpoint pollution/ nonpoint pollution sources/ 

water quality control/ river basin management/ forest 

management/ nature conservation/ pollution control/ 

resource management/ forestry 

Abstract: Forestry best management practices (BMPs) 

have been developed for all of the states included in the 

Southern Appalachian Region (Alabama, Georgia, 

Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, 

Virginia, West Virginia). All of the state forestry BMPs were 

developed to reduce nonpoint source pollution from forestry 

operations. However, the states have developed BMPs that 

differ substantially with regard to methodology, particularly 

for forested wetlands. The state BMP guidelines vary in 

several major areas, including wetland types, BMP manual 

detail, streamside management zones, harvesting 

operations, site preparation operations, regeneration 

systems, road construction, and timber removal activities. 

An understanding of the similarities and differences 

between the state BMP guidelines will allow the forested 

wetland manager to comply with or improve upon existing 

forestry BMPs for wetlands. 

© CSA 

419. Effect of landscape position on N mineralization 

and nitrification in a forested watershed in the 

Adirondack Mountains of New York. 

Ohrui, Kiyokazu; Mitchell, Myron J.; and 

Bischoff, Joseph M. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29(4): 

497-508. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067 

Descriptors: pollution assessment control and 

management/ forest ecosystem/ forested watershed/ 

landscape position effect/ wetland ecosystem 

Abstract: Within a forest ecosystem in the Adirondack 

Mountains of New York, net N mineralization and 

nitrification rates were measured at different landscape 

positions (zones). Net N mineralization rates (0-15 cm 

depth) were less (39 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year) within a 

wetland without alder and with a coniferous overstory than 

an upland conifer zone (82 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year) and 

an upland hardwood zone (107 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year). 

Net N mineralization rates (39 to 82 kg Ncntdotha-1 per 

year) and the forest floor N concentrations (2.3 to 2.5%) 

were higher than values reported (1.2-29 kg Ncntdotha-1 

and 1.1-2.12%, respectively) for other spruce forests. The 
Appalachian Highlands: Effects of Conservation Practices 

123

net nitrification rates were higher at the upland hardwood 

zone (29 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year) than the upland conifer 

zone (2 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year). The wetland conifer zone 

without alders had an intermediate rate of net nitrification 

(13 kg Ncntdotha-1 per year) compared with the upland 

zones. The presence of white alder (Alnus incana (L.) 

Moench) in the wetland increased the NO3- content and net 

nitrification rate of the soil. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

420. Effects of drainage ditches on vegetation patterns 

in abandoned agricultural peatlands in central New 

York. 

Fisher, A. S.; Podniesinski, G. S.; and Leopold, D. J. 

Wetlands 16(4): 397-409. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peat/ marshes/ environmental 

impact/ plant populations/ agriculture/ environmental 

effects/ vegetation patterns/ vegetation/ vegetation 

establishment/ drainage ditches/ hydrological regime/ USA, 

New York/ drainage ditches/ vegetation patterns/ vegetation 

establishment/ hydrological regime/ vegetation/ plant 

populations/ environmental impact/ environmental effects 

Abstract: Drainage ditches and ground-water gradients in 

abandoned agricultural sapric peatlands (mucklands) 

produce distinctive vegetation patterns. Ditches in 

abandoned mucklands were ineffective in creating groundwater depression in adjacent soil, while ditches in a newlycleared muckland were effective in doing so. Upon 

abandonment, drainage ditches are subject to bank erosion 

and sedimentation. Coupled with years of soil subsidence 

and an altered hydrologic regime, ditches lose 

effectiveness in draining and function merely as small-scale 

topographic depressions, providing linear zones of 

seasonally high water levels. Species are distributed on 

abandoned mucklands in association with soil moisture 

conditions induced by topographic variation at both small 

(i.e., ditches) and larger (i.e., site-wide) spatial scales. 

Vegetation that is usually restricted to moist or saturated 

soils had greater cover closer to or within drainage ditches 

or in other topographically low areas, while species with low 

fidelity to saturated soil dominated the remaining drier 

areas. Some shrub species had slightly greater stem 

densities either within or immediately adjacent to ditches, 

resulting in a "parallel" distribution (i.e., illustrating ditch 

fidelity). Species having higher affinity to lower soil moisture 

conditions, such as quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), 

showed significantly greater stem density in areas farther 

away from ditches. Ground-water levels are of primary 

importance in affecting distribution patterns on naturally 

revegetating, abandoned agricultural mucklands. The 

accuracy of the wetland indicator status for woody and 

herbaceous species encountered on these abandoned 

mucklands is supported quantitatively by direct gradient 

analysis. The functioning of existing drainage ditch systems 

should be assessed prior to any mitigation or restoration 

activities. 

© CSA 

421. Factors influencing amphibian and small mammal 

assemblages in central Appalachian forests. 

Mitchell, J. C.; Rinehart, S. C.; Pagels, J. F.; Buhlmann, K. 

A.; and Pague, C. A. 

Forest Ecology and Management 96(1/2): 65-76. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biodiversity/ species diversity/ 

community ecology/ forest management/ forest ecology/ 

small mammals/ deciduous forests/ forest plantations/ clear 

felling/ plant succession/ seral stages/ climax communities/ 

habitats/ stand characteristics/ synecology/ age of trees/ 

stand density/ mixed forests/ wild animals/ Amphibia/ frogs/ 

insectivores/ rodents/ Pinus strobus/ Quercus alba/ 

Quercus rubra/ Betula lenta/ Carya glabra/ Acer rubrum/ 

Soricidae/ Quercus montana 

Abstract: Terrestrial amphibian and small mammal 

assemblages were studied using drift fences and pitfall 

traps in five forested stands during 1987-88 on 

Shenandoah Mountain in the George Washington National 

Forest, Virginia, USA. The stands were (1) recently clear 

felled (2 yr old, dominant species Pinus strobus, Quercus 

alba), (2) white pine (P. strobus) managed forest, (3) mixed 

hardwood forest (dominant species Q. rubra, Betula lenta), 

(4) oak/hickory forest (dominant species Q. prinus, Q. alba, 

Carya glabra) and (5) climax hardwood forest (dominant 

species Q. rubra, Acer rubrum, Q. alba). Eleven species of 

salamanders, 5 species of frogs, 5 species of shrews, and 

7 species of rodents were monitored. Amphibians were 

significantly more abundant in forest stands consisting of 

mature hardwoods than in the recently clear felled area and 

the white pine forest. Although there was considerable 

variation in abundance among species in the 5 stands, 

small mammal abundance was high in all the habitats 

studied. Amphibian species diversity (Shannon Index) was 

less than half that for small mammals because red-backed 

salamanders (Plethodon cinereus) were dominant in most 

assemblages. Amphibian and small mammal diversity and 

total species richness were not related to estimated stand 

age, total number of canopy trees, tree diversity, or 

frequency of underground rocks. Maintenance of amphibian 

biodiversity requires the combination of mature hardwoods 

and wetland habitats (e.g. wildlife ponds and seepages). 

Most of the small mammals encountered were habitat 

generalists. Management focus on mature hardwood 

forests would maintain populations of small mammals 

requiring cool, moist situations in upper-altitude habitats in 

the central Appalachian Mountains. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

422. Forest management and wildlife in forested 

wetlands of the southern Appalachians. 

Wigley, T. Bently and Roberts, Thomas H. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 445-456. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: animal (Animalia unspecified)/ plant (Plantae 

unspecified)/ Animalia (Animalia unspecified)/ Plantae 

(Plantae unspecified)/ animals/ plants/ biodiversity/ ecology/ 

environmental protection/ forestry/ habitat/ 

resource management 

Abstract: The southern Appalachian region contains a 

variety of forested wetland types. Among the more 

prevalent types are riparian and bottomland hardwood 

forests. In this paper we discuss the temporal and spatial 

changes in wildlife diversity and abundance often 

associated with forest management practices within 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

124

bottomland and riparian forests. Common silvicultural 

practices within the southern Appalachians are diameterlimit cutting, clearcutting, single-tree selection, and group 

selection. These practices alter forest composition, 

structure, and spatial heterogeneity, thereby changing the 

composition, abundance, and diversity of wildlife 

communities. They also can impact special habitat features 

such as snags, den trees, and dead and down woody 

material. The value of wetland forests as habitat also is 

affected by characteristics of adjacent habitats. More 

research is needed to fully understand the impacts of forest 

management in wetlands of the southern Appalachians. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

423. Long-term impacts of forest road crossings of 

wetlands in Pennsylvania. 

Miller, R. L.; DeWalle, D. R.; Brooks, R. P.; and Finley, J. C. 

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 14(3): 109-116. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD143.N6; ISSN: 0742-6348 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ roads/ surveys/ habitats/ 

waterways/ vegetation/ land ownership/ landforms/ rivers/ 

width/ Pennsylvania 

Abstract: A survey was conducted of 70 forest road 

crossings of wetlands in Pennsylvania to describe the 

characteristics of these crossings and to evaluate the longterm impacts of the crossings on habitat quality, channel 

stability, vegetation, wetland width and channel sediment 

embeddedness above and below the crossings. Sampling 

was stratified into five physiographic provinces and three 

land ownership types. Difficulty was encountered in 

identifying sites for the survey especially in the glaciated 

northwest region and on private and industry lands. The 

majority of samples obtained were from unglaciated 

provinces and public lands. Wetlands identified were 

primarily linear riparian wetlands associated with first- and 

second-order channels. Crossings encountered were 

largely gravel-covered culverts used to provide access to 

adjacent management areas. Only 35 of 814 comparisons 

of mean environmental conditions above and below the 

wetland crossings were found to be significant. Significant 

differences that did occur suggested that stream bed fine 

sediment levels were higher, basal area lower, and 

herbaceous cover higher in the immediate vicinity of some 

crossings simply due to the presence of the road and fill 

banks. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

424. Evaluating the efficiency of toxicity abatement in a 

constructed wetland with Ceriodaphnia dubia. 

Belin, J. I.; McCaskey, T. A.; and Black, M. C. 

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

60(2): 137-151. (2000) 

NAL Call #: RA565.A1J6; ISSN: 0098-4108 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ nutrients/ 

biochemical oxygen demand/ animal wastes/ toxicity 

testing/ nitrate/ toxicity/ agriculture/ municipal wastewater/ 

monitoring/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ oxygen demand/ nitrates/ 

agricultural wastes/ effluents/ Ceriodaphnia dubia/ toxicity 

abatement/ pigs/ Ceriodaphnia dubia/ swine/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ 

toxicology and health 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are becoming increasingly 

popular as low-cost, high-efficiency means of treating 

agricultural and municipal wastewaters. Monitoring 

programs for constructed wetlands usually measure 

physical and chemical characteristics of wetland treatment, 

including hydraulic residence time and removal of nutrients 

(N, P), suspended solids, and biochemical oxygen demand 

(BOD). However, toxicity abatement is seldom measured 

as evidence of wetland treatment efficiency. In this study, 

toxicity tests combined with chemical measurements were 

employed to measure the efficiency of a constructed 

wetland in treating swine wastes during fall and winter 

sampling periods. Although the wetland system operated at 

three wastewater loading rates, only the high-loading-rate 

cells were tested because of their year-round flows. 

Wastewater samples were collected prior to, during, and 

following wetland treatment to track treatment progress as 

effluents passed through the wetland cells. Toxicity tests 

with Ceriodaphnia dubia showed significant toxicity 

abatement of wastewater as it progressed through the 

constructed wetland system; however, residual toxicity was 

still observed in the final wetland effluent. No seasonal 

differences were observed in toxicity abatement between 

fall and winter wastewater samples, although nitrate and 

BOD were removed more efficiently during the fall. Results 

suggest that, while the constructed wetland system is 

effective in reducing toxicity in swine wastewater, further 

pre- or posttreatment or additional dilution is necessary 

before treated effluents are discharged into surface water. 

© CSA 

425. An evaluation of a constructed wetland to treat 

wastewater from a dairy farm in Maryland, USA. 

Schaafsma, J. A.; Baldwin, A. H.; and Streb, C. A. 

Ecological Engineering 14(1-2): 199-206. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ agricultural pollution/ 

USA, Maryland, Frederick Cty./ dairy wastes/ agricultural 

runoff/ artificial wetlands/ phosphorus/ best management 

practices/ animal wastes/ technology/ dairies/ water 

sampling/ physicochemical properties/ nutrients/ 

biochemical oxygen demand/ dairy industry waste waters/ 

runoff (agricultural)/ animal manures/ USA, Maryland, 

Frederick Cty./ dairy pollution 

Abstract: In the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin, 

wastewater from animal operations laden with nutrients, 

sediment, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 

contributes to the degradation of surface water quality. A 

constructed wetland system was built to treat wastewater 

from a dairy farm in Frederick County, Maryland to evaluate 

the use of wetland technology as a best management 

practice for dairy waste. To assess treatment effects, we 

sampled water once a month at several sites through the 

system, which consists of two settling basins, two cells, and 

a vegetated filter strip. Samples were analyzed for total 

nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen 
Appalachian Highlands: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

125

demand, dissolved oxygen, temperature, conductivity, and 

pH. Flow through the wetland system resulted in significant 

reductions in concentrations of all analytes except 

nitrate/nitrite. Relative to initial concentrations, total nitrogen 

was reduced 98%, ammonia 56%, total phosphorus 96%, 

ortho-phosphate 84%, suspended solids 96%, and 

biochemical oxygen demand 97%. Nitrate/nitrite increase 

by 82%, although mean concentrations were much lower 

than concentrations of ammonia or total nitrogen. The 

increase in nitrate/nitrite is probably due to the oxidation of 

ammonia via nitrification in the vegetated filter strip. Our 

results suggest that while reductions are large, further 

removal is necessary to meet design requirements. This 

may be possible through the addition of another anaerobic 

wetland cell downstream of the system or recirculation of 

wastewater through the wetland cells to promote 

denitrification and uptake of nutrients by plants. 

© CSA 

426. Nitrogen trace gas emissions from a riparian 

ecosystem in southern Appalachia. 

Walker, J. T.; Geron, C. D.; Vose, J. M.; and Swank, W. T. 

Chemosphere 49(10): 1389-1398. (Dec. 2002) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biogeochemistry/ riparian 

vegetation/ grazing/ rehabilitation/ air-earth interfaces/ 

nitrogen compounds/ mass transfer/ soil chemistry/ data 

collections/ nitrogen emissions/ nitrogen in ecosystems/ 

nitric oxide emissions from soil/ ammonia exchange, airsoil/ nitrous oxide emissions from soil/ livestock 

biometeorology/ renovation/ soil science/ riparian 

environments/ gas exchange/ atmospheric chemistry/ 

ammonia/ atmospheric gases/ soils/ ammonium 

compounds/ microorganisms/ compaction/ organic wastes/ 

restoration/ nitrates/ BOS/ USA, Appalachian Mts./ cattle 

effects/ nitrous oxide/ nitric oxide/ true cattle/ chemical 

processes/ air pollution/ water resources and supplies/ 

mechanical and natural changes/ atmospheric chemistry 

Abstract: In this paper, we present two years of seasonal 

nitric oxide (NO), ammonia (NH sub(3)), and nitrous oxide 

(N sub(2)O) trace gas fluxes measured in a recovering 

riparian zone with cattle excluded and adjacent riparian 

zone grazed by cattle. In the recovering riparian zone, 

average NO, NH sub(3), and N sub(2)O fluxes were 5.8, 

2.0, and 76.7 ng N m super(-2) s super(-1) (1.83, 0.63, and 

24.19 kg N ha super(-1) y super(-1)), respectively. Fluxes in 

the grazed riparian zone were larger, especially for NO and 

NH sub(3), measuring 9.1, 4.3, and 77.6 ng N m super(-2) s 

super(-1) (2.87, 1.35, and 24.50 kg N ha super(-1) y super(-

1)) for NO, NH sub(3), and N sub(2)O, respectively. On 

average, N sub(2)O accounted for greater than 85% of total 

trace gas flux in both the recovering and grazed riparian 

zones, though N sub(2)O fluxes were highly variable 

temporally. In the recovering riparian zone, variability in 

seasonal average fluxes was explained by variability in soil 

nitrogen (N) concentrations. Nitric oxide flux was positively 

correlated with soil ammonium (NH super(+) sub(4)) 

concentration, while N sub(2)O flux was positively 

correlated with soil nitrate (NO super(-) sub(3)) 

concentration. Ammonia flux was positively correlated with 

the ratio of NH super(+) sub(4) to NO super(-) sub(3). In the 

grazed riparian zone, average NH sub(3) and N sub(2)O 

fluxes were not correlated with soil temperature, N 

concentrations, or moisture. This was likely due to high 

variability in soil microsite conditions related to cattle effects 

such as compaction and N input. Nitric oxide flux in the 

grazed riparian zone was positively correlated with soil 

temperature and NO super(-) sub(3) concentration. 

Restoration appeared to significantly affect NO flux, which 

increased approximately 600% during the first year 

following restoration and decreased during the second year 

to levels encountered at the onset of restoration. By 

comparing the ratio of total trace gas flux to soil N 

concentration, we show that the restored riparian zone is 

likely more efficient than the grazed riparian zone at 

diverting upper-soil N from the receiving stream to the 

atmosphere. This is likely due to the recovery of 

microbiological communities following changes in soil 

physical characteristics. 

© CSA 

427. Periodic draining reduces mosquito emergence 

from free-water surface constructed wetlands. 

Mayhew, C. R.; Raman, D. R.; Gerhardt, R. R.; Burns, R. 

T.; and Younger, M. S. 

Transactions of the ASAE 47(2): 567-573. 

(Mar. 2004-Apr. 2004) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands/ waste treatment/ 

wastewater/ dairies/ cattle manure/ chemical oxygen 

demand/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ biological treatment/ 

mosquito control/ drainage/ temporal variation/ Culicidae/ 

population density/ larvae/ pupae/ eclosion/ Tennessee 

Abstract: Both subsurface flow and free-water surface 

constructed wetland systems have been used for partial 

treatment of manure-laden wastewater from animal 

production systems. Subsurface flow systems are 

considerably more expensive but do not breed mosquitoes. 

The less expensive free-water surface systems have 

significant mosquito production potential, which is a serious 

drawback, especially because of increasing concerns about 

emerging mosquito-borne disease organisms. Periodically 

draining constructed wetlands has been suggested as a 

method of mosquito control. To test this approach, eight 

free-water surface constructed wetland mesocosms (0.7 

m2 each) were operated on a one-week drain/fill cycle. 

Simultaneously, four subsurface flow mesocosms were 

operated continuously, to compare nitrogen, phosphorus, 

and organic matter removal between the two systems. 

Mosquito populations (larvae, pupae, and emerged adults) 

were monitored in the free-water surface cells, with results 

demonstrating that periodic draining prevents mosquito 

emergence in all but high-rainfall conditions. During highrainfall periods, supplemental drainage or chemical controls 

might be required to prevent mosquito emergence. 

Pollutant removal rates, expressed as mass removal rate 

per unit area, were similar for the free-water surface cells 

and the subsurface flow cells. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

428. Pesticide removal from container nursery runoff in 

constructed wetland cells. 

Stearman, G. K.; George, D. B.; Carlson, K.; and 

Lansford, S. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(4): 1548-1556. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticide effects/ simazine/ 

water contamination 

Abstract: The increased use of pesticides by container 

nurseries demands that practices for removal of these 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

126

potential contaminants from runoff water be examined. 

Constructed wetlands may be designed to clean runoff 

water from agricultural production sites, including container 

nurseries. This study evaluated 14 constructed wetlands 

cells (1.2 by 4.9 m or 2.4 by 4.9 m, and 30 or 45 cm deep) 

that collected pesticide runoff from a 465-m2 gravel bed 

containerized nursery in Baxter, TN. One-half of the cells 

were vegetated with bulrush, Scirpus validus. The cells 

were loaded at three rates or flows of 0.240, 0.120, and 

0.060 m3 d-1. Herbicides - simazine (Princep) [2-chloro4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] and metolachlor (Pennant) 

[2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6methylphenyl)-N-2-methoxy-lmethylethyl-acetamide] - were applied to the gravel portion 

of the container nursery at rates of 4.78 and 2.39 kg ha-1, 

respectively, 9 July 1998, and at rates of 2.39 and 1.19 kg 

ha-1, respectively, 17 May 1999. Pesticides entering the 

wetland and wetland cell water samples were analyzed 

daily to determine pesticide removal. At the slower flow 

rate, which corresponds to lower mass loading and greater 

hydraulic retention times (HRTs), a greater percentage of 

pesticides was removed. During the 2-yr period, cells with 

plants removed 82.4% metolachlor and 77.1% simazine 

compared with cells without plants, which removed 63.2% 

metolachlor and 64.3% simazine. At the lowest flow rate 

and mass loading, wetland cells removed 90.2% 

metolachlor and 83% simazine. Gravel subsurface flow 

constructed wetlands removed most of the pesticides in 

runoff water with the greatest removal occurring at lower 

flow rates in vegetated cells. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
127

Central Plains Wetlands 

General Information 

429. Constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater 

treatment: Recent experience in Oklahoma.

Wright, S. G.; Shields, R. T.; and Thung, H. J. 

In: Versatility of Wetlands in the Agricultural Landscape.

(Held 17 Sep 1995-20 Sep 1995 at Hyatt Regency, Tampa, 

Fla.) Campbell, K. L. (eds.) 

St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

(ASAE); pp. 665-673; 1995. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.V47 1995 

Descriptors: groundwater flow/ ponding/ design/ land 

types/ artificial wetlands/ wastes/ sewage effluent/ 

treatment/ waste water treatment/ evaluation 

Abstract: Recent design, construction and operating 

experience at 3 subsurface flow constructed wetlands in 

Oklahoma, USA, are discussed. Ponding, septic conditions 

and poor effluent quality were attributed to a complexity of 

interrelated biological, physical, chemical, hydrological and 

hydraulic factors and to insufficient information concerning 

best site specific design criteria. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

430. A holistic passive integrative sampling approach 

for assessing the presence and potential impacts of 

waterborne environmental contaminants. 

Petty, J. D.; Huckins, J. N.; Alvarez, D. A.; Brumbaugh, W. 

G.; Cranor, W. L.; Gale, R. W.; Rastall, A. C.; Jones-Lepp, 

T. L.; Leiker, T. J.; Rostad, C. E.; and Furlong, E. T. 

Chemosphere 54(6): 695-705. (Feb. 2004) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ 

water sampling/ sampling methods/ environmental 

monitoring/ membranes/ monitoring instruments/ pesticides/ 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons/ chemical pollution/ 

environmental assessment/ mercury/ sampling/ samplers/ 

sewage disposal/ aromatic hydrocarbons/ chlorine 

compounds/ sewage & wastewater treatment/ species 

interactions: pests and control/ characteristics, behavior 

and fate/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: As an integral part of our continuing research in 

environmental quality assessment approaches, we have 

developed a variety of passive integrative sampling devices 

widely applicable for use in defining the presence and 

potential impacts of a broad array of contaminants. The 

semipermeable membrane device has gained widespread 

use for sampling hydrophobic chemicals from water and air, 

the polar organic chemical integrative sampler is applicable 

for sequestering waterborne hydrophilic organic chemicals, 

the stabilized liquid membrane device is used to 

integratively sample waterborne ionic metals, and the 

passive integrative mercury sampler is applicable for 

sampling vapor phase or dissolved neutral mercury 

species. This suite of integrative samplers forms the basis 

for a new passive sampling approach for assessing the 

presence and potential toxicological significance of a broad 

spectrum of environmental contaminants. In a proof-ofconcept study, three of our four passive integrative 

samplers were used to assess the presence of a wide 

variety of contaminants in the waters of a constructed 

wetland, and to determine the effectiveness of the 

constructed wetland in removing contaminants. The 

wetland is used for final polishing of secondary-treatment 

municipal wastewater and the effluent is used as a source 

of water for a state wildlife area. Numerous contaminants, 

including organochlorine pesticides, polycyclic aromatic 

hydrocarbons, organophosphate pesticides, and 

pharmaceutical chemicals (e.g. ibuprofen, oxindole, etc.) 

were detected in the wastewater. Herein we summarize the 

results of the analysis of the field-deployed samplers and 

demonstrate the utility of this holistic approach. 

© CSA 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

431. A comparison of subcanopy versus overhead 

application of constructed wetland treated nursery 

runoff on short and long rotation nursery crops. 

Arnold, Michael A.; Lesikar, Bruce J.; Mcdonald, Garry V.; 

and Wilkerson, Don C. 

Journal of Environmental Horticulture 22(4): 

217-224. (2004) 

NAL Call #: SB1.J66; ISSN: 0738-2898 

Descriptors: methods and techniques/ pollution 

assessment control and management/ terrestrial ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ bog like free surface flow 

wetland cell/ gravel filtration sub surface flow wetland cell/ 

field equipment/ subcanopy irrigation/ water reuse/ applied 

and field techniques/ non point source pollution/ nursery 

industry/ nursery runnoff/ product quality/ 

water conservation 

Abstract: The nursery/greenhouse industry is the fastest 

growing segment of U.S. agriculture. Consumer demand for 

excellent product quality requires luxury applications of 

water and agricultural chemicals. These cultural practices 

tend to yield significant volumes of runoff rich in nutrients 

and pesticides. A capture and recycle system at the 

Nursery/Floral Crops Research and Education Center at 

Texas A&M University was fitted with 12 gravel filtration 

sub-surface flow (SSF) and 12 bog-like free-surface flow 

(FSF) wetland cells. Three cells of each type were planted 

with Canna x genera/is Bailey 'Cherry Red', Iris L. x 'Clyde 

Redmond', both species, or no wetland plants. Runoff was 

continually collected from the nursery and recycled through 

wetland cells prior to application via overhead impact 

sprinklers or subcanopy microsprinklers. Short-term (10 wk) 

differential effects between overhead and subcanopy 

irrigation during production of Frarinus pennsylvanica, 

Pistacia chinensis von Bunge, Quercus virginiana P. Miller, 

and Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard in 9.4 liter (3) 

containers or Ilex vomitoria W. Aiton 'Nana' and 

Catharanthus roseus G. Don in 5.8 liter (2) containers were 

limited in magnitude. However, overhead irrigation reduced 

height and caliper growth or injured the foliage compared to 

plants irrigated with subcanopy microsprinklers during 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

128

longer-term (14 months) production in large 87.9 liter (27) 

containers. The extent of reduction was species dependent 

with Pinus elliottii Englemann being minimally impacted, 

Pyrus calleryana Descaisne 'Bradford' intermediate. and 

Lagerstroemia L. x 'Basham's Party Pink' (purportedly a 

Lagerstroemia indica L. x Lagerstroemia fauriei B. Koehne 

hybrid) and T. distichum exhibiting more pronounced 

effects. Damage appeared to be largely a result of high 

dissolved salt concentrations in irrigation water contacting 

the foliage. Recycling of runoff through the FSF cells 

concentrated soluble salts more so than passing the water 

through the SSF cells. Efficacy of nitrate nitrogen removal 

varied with species, season, loading rate, and wetland type. 

However, the constructed wetlands were generally effective 

under our test conditions at maintaining effluent nitrate 

levels at ltoreq10 mg/liter (10 ppm) when loading rates 

were ltoreq50 mg/liter (50 ppm). Presence of emergent 

wetland plants (those with roots imbedded in the substrate 

and shoots extending above the water surface, rather than 

floating or submerged plants) in the system was more 

important for effectively reducing nitrate levels in effluent 

from SSF than from FSF cells. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
129

Central Valley Wetlands 

General Information 

432. Benthic invertebrates at foraging locations of nine 

waterbird species in managed wetlands of the northern 

San Joaquin Valley, California. 

Safran, R. J.; Isola, C. R.; Colwell, M. A.; and 

Williams, O. E. 

Wetlands 17(3): 407-415. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, California, San Joaquin 

Valley/ invertebrates/ forages/ water depth/ site selection/ 

water birds/ benthic fauna/ midges/ aquatic habitats/ 

oligochaetes/ ecology/ zoobenthos/ aquatic birds/ habitat 

selection/ food availability/ Invertebrata 

Abstract: The ecologies of waterbirds are closely tied to the 

distribution and abundance of food resources. For many 

species of waterfowl and shorebirds, benthic invertebrates 

(especially Chironomidae) are an important dietary 

component that influences habitat selection. Consequently, 

we sampled benthic invertebrates and measured water 

depth at foraging locations of nine waterbird species and 

paired random sites in the Grasslands of the northern San 

Joaquin Valley, California, USA from January to April 1994 

and 1995. Our resulting habitat-selection models indicate 

significant differences in benthic invertebrate densities or 

biomasses at foraging and random locations for three of 

nine species and significant differences in water depths 

between foraging and random locations for four of nine 

species. Additionally, we observed significant interspecific 

differences in water depths at foraging locations - 

shorebirds used shallow habitats (<10 cm), whereas most 

waterfowl species foraged in deep water (>20 cm). 

Waterfowl foraged over a wider range of water depths than 

shorebirds, indicating greater behavioral flexibility in habitat 

use. Our results indicate that selection of foraging habitat 

by smaller bodied waterbirds, including dowitchers, dunlin, 

western sandpiper, and least sandpiper is strongly 

influenced by water depth, which mediates the availability 

of benthic invertebrates. Additionally, foraging site selection 

of more mobile taxa that are able to forage in a wide range 

of water depths, including northern shoveler and American 

green-winged teal, is influenced by invertebrate biomass. 

The broad range of water depths used by waterfowl and the 

relatively restricted depths used by shorebirds indicate that 

water depth can be manipulated to benefit a multitude of 

waterbird species. 

© CSA 

433. Bird community patterns of spring-seasonal and 

semi-permanent wetlands in the Sacramento Valley, 

California. 

Harris, P. Dawn 

Corvallis, Oregon: Oregon State University, 2001. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ restoration/ ecology/ birds/ 

California 

434. A decision support system for adaptive real-time 

management of seasonal wetlands in California. 

Quinn, N. W. T. and Hanna, W. M. 

Environmental Modelling and Software 18(6): 503-511. 

(2003); ISSN: 1364-8152 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environment management/ 

environmental protection/ water flow/ rivers/ surface water/ 

models/ saline environments/ wildlife/ decision support 

systems/ salinity/ water management/ environmental 

management/ environmental legislation/ environmental 

monitoring/ ecosystem management/ salts/ saline water/ 

habitat/ nature conservation/ USA, California, San Joaquin 

Valley/ management tools/ aquatic birds 

Abstract: This paper describes the development of a 

comprehensive flow and salinity monitoring system and 

application of a decision support system (DSS) to improve 

management of seasonal wetlands in the San Joaquin 

Valley of California. The Environmental Protection Agency 

regulates salinity discharges from non-point sources to the 

San Joaquin River using a procedure known as the total 

maximum daily load (TMDL) to allocate the assimilative 

capacity of the river for salt among watershed sources. 

Management of wetland sources of salt load will require the 

development of monitoring systems, more integrative 

management strategies and coordination with other entities. 

To obtain local cooperation, the Grassland Water District 

(GWD), whose primary function is to supply surface water 

to private duck clubs and manage wetlands, needs to 

communicate to local landowners the likely impacts of 

salinity regulation on the long-term health and function of 

wildfowl habitat. The project described in this paper will also 

provide this information. The models that form the 

backbone of the DSS, develop salinity balances at both a 

regional and local scale. The regional scale concentrates 

on deliveries to and exports from the GWD while the local 

scale focuses on an individual wetland unit where more 

intensive monitoring is being conducted. The design of the 

DSS is constrained to meet the needs of busy wetland 

managers and is being designed from the bottom up 

utilizing tools and procedures familiar to these individuals. 

© CSA 

435. Interspecific differences in habitat use of 

shorebirds and waterfowl foraging in managed 

wetlands of California's San Joaquin Valley. 

Isola, C. R.; Colwell, M. A.; Taft, O. W.; and Safran, R. J. 

Waterbirds 23(2): 196-203. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: bottom topography/ foraging/ habitat use/ 

interspecific differences/ managed wetlands/ water depth 

Abstract: A common wetland management objective is to 

provide habitat for a diverse assemblage of species, which 

requires data on interspecific differences in habitat use. 

Consequently, we studied habitat use by ten water-bird 

taxa (four dabbling ducks and six shorebirds) foraging in 

managed, seasonal wetlands in the northern San Joaquin 

Valley, California during late winter and early spring of 1994 

and 1995. A MANOVA analysis detected strong 

interspecific differences in habitat use, with water depth 

explaining 86% of differences among taxa in a discriminant 

function analysis. ANOVA identified four groups based on 

similarities in use of water depth: 1) small shore-birds (<5 

cm): 2) large shorebirds (5-11 cm); 3) teal (10-15 cm); and 

large dabbling ducks (>20 cm). Among these groups, 

variation in water depth at foraging locations increased with 

size, suggesting that water depth constrained foraging by 

shorebirds and teal more than larger waterfowl. In 

California's Central Valley, where large numbers of 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

130

shorebirds and waterfowl winter, our findings suggest that 

managers can provide habitat for shorebirds and water-fowl 

by reducing the average depth to which habitats are 

flooded, especially during winter when deep-water habitat is 

abundant. Within a wetland complex or an individual 

wetland, this prescription will yield greatest diversity of 

water depth, and, hence, bird use in wetlands characterized 

by variable bottom topography. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

436. Modeling pollutant fate and transport in 

constructed wetlands.

Brown, Russell T.; Field, Joanne J.; Zanoli, Michael J.; and 

Crites, Ron W. 

In: National Conference on Environmental Engineering.; pp. 

532-539; 1994. 

Abstract: The Constructed Wetlands Fate and Aquatic 

Transport Evaluation Model (CWFATE) was developed to 

evaluate alternative design and operations of the 

constructed wetlands treatment system (CWTS) at the 

Sacramento Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant in Elk 

Grove, California. The model simulates the daily fate and 

transport of metals and other influent pollutants in an effort 

to predict CWTS effluent concentrations, removal 

efficiency, and long-term bioaccumulation of pollutants in 

sediment, vegetation, organic material, and aquatic 

organisms. Due to the difficulty of obtaining scientific 

information for model verification, final calibration is 

postponed until further field data become available. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

437. Regional wetlands planning: A case study of 

coastal wetlands planning in the San Francisco Bay 

area & southern California.

Denisoff, C. and Movassaghi, M. 

In: Taking a Look at California's Ocean Resources: An 

Agenda for the Future. (Held 24 Mar 1997-27 Mar 1997 at 

San Deigo, California.) Magoon, O. R.; Converse, H.; Baird, 

B.; and Miller-Henson, M. (eds.); Vol. 2. 

Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 1028-1037; 1998. 

Notes: Conference: California and the World Ocean '97 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marine resources/ resource 

management/ coastal zone management/ environment 

management/ regional planning/ salt marshes/ USA, 

California, San Francisco Bay/ USA, California, Southern/ 

case studies/ land reclamation/ land management/ 

agriculture/ estimating/ coasts/ coastal zone/ USA, 

California, San Francisco Cty./ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ coastal zone management/ 

conservation and environmental protection/ techniques of 

planning/ environmental action/ legal/ governmental 

Abstract: Historically, wetland habitats were often seen 

only as a breeding ground for disease-carrying mosquitoes. 

From approximately the mid-18th century through the 

middle of the 20th century, the vast majority of wetlands in 

the United States were drained and converted into 

agricultural land through policies of the federal and state 

governments for what were the considered more 

"productive" uses. For example, the Federal Swamp Land 

Acts - National Swamp and Overflowed Land Act- of the 

1800's gave 65 million acres of wetlands to 15 states, 

including California, for reclamation. In 1866, the California 

Legislature Commissioned the Board of Swamp and 

Overflowed Land to manage these properties. In turn, by 

1870, the majority of wetlands had been transferred to 

private ownership. Between 1850 and 1920, about 70 

percent of California's wetlands were destroyed, largely by 

levee and drainage projects. These projects where in some 

cases subsidized to aid private developers in reclaiming 

swamplands for agricultural purposes, helping to make 

California the leading agricultural state in the Nation by 

1887 (CA Department of Water Resources 1993). 

Estimates of wetlands that historically existed in California 

range from 3 to 5 million acres. The current estimate of 

wetland acreage in California is approximately 454,000 

acres; this represents an 85 to 90 percent reduction, the 

greatest percentage loss in the nation. 

© CSA 

438. Seasonal and semipermanent wetlands of 

California: Invertebrate community ecology and 

responses to management methods. 

de Szalay, Ferenc A.; Euliss, Ned H.; and Batzer, Darold P. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 829-855. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ disturbance by man/ habitat 

management/ seasonal and semipermanent wetlands 

management effect on fauna/ ecology/ semiaquatic habitat/ 

seasonal and semipermanent wetlands/ community ecology 

and management/ California/ seasonal and semipermanent 

wetlands community ecology and management 

© The Thomson Corporation 

439. Simulating vernal pool hydrologic regimes for two 

locations in California, USA. 

Pyke, C. R. 

Ecological Modelling 173(2-3): 109-127. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: wetlands/ models/ community composition/ 

hydrology/ USA, California 

Abstract: Ecological processes and community 

composition in vernal pools are dominated by a suite of 

interrelated hydrologic factors collectively described as a 

hydrologic regime. This study reports on the development 

of a hydrologic regime simulation model called PHYDO and 

its application to two locations in California. PHYDO 

calculates daily water balance using meteorological data 

and parameters describing basin morphology, soil 

characteristics, and vegetation cover. The model provides 

daily estimates of water depth, volume, and temperature, 

as well as statistics on seasonal and inter-annual variability. 

Model predictions are compared to field observations for 

coastal vernal pools in southern Santa Barbara County, CA, 

USA (2000-2001), and interior vernal pools near Oroville in 

the Central Valley of CA, USA (1994-1998). The model was 

also run for the period 1990-2000 to investigate patterns of 

inter-annual variation in hydrologic conditions at both sites. 

Results indicate that vernal pool hydrologic regimes can be 

modeled primarily based on the direct interception of 

precipitation and the loss of water to evapotranspiration. 

Results also suggest differences in hydrologic limiting 

factors between the sites. Storm frequency appears to be 

the primary control of hydrologic conditions for Santa 

Barbara pools, while basin morphology dominates 

conditions in Oroville. These findings suggest ecologically 
Central Valley: General Information 

131

important differences in hydrologic regimes between the 

two vernal pool localities, and PHYDO provides a new set 

of tools for quantifying these differences for a range of 

hydrologic variables. 

© CSA 

440. Using tidal salt marsh mesocosms to aid wetland 

restoration. 

Callaway, J. C.; Zedler, J. B.; and Ross, D. L. 

Restoration Ecology 5(2): 135-146. (June 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ salt 

marshes/ tides/ mesocosms/ USA, California/ environment 

management/ ecosystem management/ estuaries/ land 

reclamation/ hydrology/ Salicornia virginica/ USA, 

California, Tijuana Estuary/ reclamation/ protective 

measures and control 

Abstract: Tidal wetland mesocosms at Tijuana River 

National Estuarine Research Reserve failed to elucidate 

effects of hydrologic treatments (excluded, impounded, and 

fully tidal systems) for most parameters measuring 

Salicornia virginica (pickleweed). Although soil salinity 

increased tidal flushing was excluded for 10 months 

(salinities rose similar to 20 to 50%), pickleweed cover and 

algal chlorophyll did not differ among treatments. Effects 

were seen only in pickleweed growth rates (similar to 30% 

decrease where tides were excluded) and normalized 

difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements. We 

failed to show any differences between impounded and fully 

tidal conditions, because the mesocosms had coarse 

sediments, and impounded water drained easily via 

subsurface flow. However, the problems that we 

encountered with the mesocosms led to the following 

advice for future wetland restoration projects: (1) 

Mesocosms are useful for testing restoration techniques 

before an actual restoration project takes place. (2) 

Mesocosms should be used to test factors that may lead to 

more successful restoration in the future, including planting 

techniques, substrate conditions, and hydrology. (3) 

Mesocosms should be used to develop new assessment 

methods for monitoring wetland ecosystems. Because of 

the ability to control some environmental parameters while 

maintaining seminatural conditions, mesocosms offer great 

potential for the future evaluation of experimental 

restoration techniques. 

© CSA 

441. Vernal pool creation in the Sacramento Valley: A 

review of the issues surrounding its role as a 

conservation tool.

Sutter, Greg and Francisco, Robert. 

In: Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool 

Ecosystems. (Held 19 Jun 1996-21 Jun 1996 at 

Sacramento, CA.) Witham, Carol W. (eds.): California 

Native Plant Society; pp. 190-194; 1998. 

ISBN: 0-943460-37-9 

http://www.vernalpools.org/proceedings/sutter.pdf

442. Waterbird communities in managed wetlands of 

varying water depth. 

Colwell, M. A. and Taft, O. W. 

Waterbirds 23(1): 45-55. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 0738-6028 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat selection/ community 

composition/ species diversity/ aquatic birds/ water depth/ 

environment management/ ecosystem management/ 

ecological distribution/ habitat utilization/ winter/ USA, 

California/ Aves/ USA, California, San Joaquin Valley/ 

birds/ behaviour/ management/ birds 

Abstract: Published accounts of interspecific differences in 

habitat use by waterbirds predict that shallow wetlands 

should accommodate more species and greater numbers of 

waterbirds than deep wetlands. We evaluated this 

hypothesis by examining relationships between winter 

(January/February) waterbird use (presence/absence, 

density and number of species) and average depth, 

variation in depth and size of 25 wetlands in the northern 

San Joaquin Valley, California. Bird densities correlated 

consistently with depth. Likelihood of use increased in 

shallow wetlands for all nine wading birds (shorebirds and 

ibis); densities of three dabbling duck species and Blacknecked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) also increased in 

shallow wetlands, whereas use and densities of two diving 

birds increased in deep wetlands. We observed no 

statistically significant relationship between depth and 

densities of two other waterbird species. The number of 

species of waterbird, dabbling duck, and wading bird 

increased in shallow wetlands, whereas the number of 

species of diving bird increased in deep wetlands. Wetland 

size and topographic variation inconsistently predicted 

waterbird densities, but both characteristics correlated 

positively with number of species. Our results provide 

general support for shallow flooding of wetlands to provide 

habitat for more species. We conclude that managers 

seeking to provide foraging habitat for a diverse community 

of wintering waterbirds should flood wetlands to average 

depths of 10-20 cm, where topography can provide a range 

of depths attractive to a large number of species. However, 

this prescription is region-specific and influenced by the 

great diversity and abundance of waterfowl and shorebirds 

wintering in California's Central Valley. 

© CSA 
132

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

443. Cattle grazing mediates climate change impacts 

on ephemeral wetlands. 

Pyke, Christopher R. and Marty, Jaymee 

Conservation Biology 19(5): 1619-1625. (Oct. 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892. 

Notes: Original Title: El Apacentamiento de Ganado Influye 

en los Impactos del Cambio Climatico sobre Humedales 

Efimeros 

http://www.vernalpools.org/documents/ 

Pyke%20and%20Marty%20Cons%20bio.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands/ climatic changes/ grazing/ feeding 

behaviour/ amphibiotic species/ environmental impact/ 

resource management/ vulnerability/ rare species/ 

hydrology/ environmental effects/ precipitation/ 

reproduction/ conservation/ temperature effects/ 

Ambystoma californiense/ Caudata/ USA, California/ 

California tiger salamander/ salamanders/ habitat 

community studies/ conservation 

Abstract: Climate change impacts depend in large part on 

land-management decisions; interactions between global 

changes and local resource management, however, rarely 

have been quantified. We used a combination of 

experimental manipulations and simulation modeling to 

investigate the effects of interactions between cattle grazing 

and regional climate change on vernal pool communities. 

Data from a grazing exclosure study indicated that 3 years 

after the removal of grazing, ungrazed vernal pools dried an 

average of 50 days per year earlier than grazed control 

pools. Modeling showed that regional climate change could 

also alter vernal pool hydrology. Increased temperatures 

and winter precipitation were predicted to increase periods 

of inundation. We evaluated the ecological implications of 

interactions between grazing and climate change for 

branchiopods and the California tiger salamander 

(Ambystoma californiense) at four sites spanning a 

latitudinal climate gradient. Grazing played an important 

role in maintaining the suitability of vernal pool hydrological 

conditions for fairy shrimp and salamander reproduction. 

The ecological importance of the interaction varied 

nonlinearly across the region. Our results show that grazing 

can confound hydrologic changes driven by climate change 

and play a critical role in maintaining the hydrologic 

suitability of vernal pools for endangered aquatic 

invertebrates and amphibians. These observations suggest 

an important limitation of impact assessments of climate 

change based on experiments in unmanaged ecosystems. 

The biophysical impacts of land management may be 

critical for understanding the vulnerability of ecological 

systems to climate change. 

© CSA 

444. Changes of soil and plant tissue selenium status 

in an upland grassland contaminated by selenium-rich 

agricultural drainage sediment after ten years 

transformed from a wetland habitat. 

Wu, L.; Banuelos, G.; and Guo, X. 

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 47(2): 

201-209. (Oct. 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E29; ISSN: 0147-6513 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil pollution/ plants/ selenium/ 

grasslands/ sediment pollution/ drainage water/ agriculture/ 

bioaccumulation/ trees/ soil contamination/ leaching/ 

environmental impact/ sources and fate of pollution 

Abstract: A field survey was conducted in 1989, 1994, and 

1999 in order to monitor the soil and vegetation Se 

concentrations at the Kesterson upland grassland 

contaminated by Se-rich drainage sediment. The rate of Se 

dissipation estimated by the change of soil Se 

concentration, via volatilization, found to be about 1.1% per 

year. Soil water-extractable Se increased in 1994, but 

greatly reduced in 1999. The increase of soil Se 

concentration in the top 15 cm of soil at the fresh-soil fill 

sites indicates that the plants were able to effectively take 

up the soluble soil Se from the lower soil profile and to 

deposit it on the top of the field. This process may reduce 

the rate of leaching of soil Se. Overall, the concentration of 

soil water-soluble Se was relatively low and it is unlikely 

that problems of transport of Se from the Kesterson soil to 

the adjacent uncontaminated environment by leaching can 

occur. Plant tissue Se concentration was found to coincide 

with the soil water-extractable Se concentration. The 

average plant tissue Se concentration and soil waterextractable Se detected in 1999 was about 10 mu g Se g 

super(-1) and 110 mu g Se kg super(-1) dry weight, 

respectively, and the estimated bioaccumulation value of 

this upland grassland is less than 10% of the previous 

wetland habitat. Therefore, the existing Kesterson 

grassland should not be at high risk to the environment. 

© CSA 

445. Effects of an agricultural drainwater bypass on 

fishes inhabiting the grassland water district and the 

lower San Joaquin River, California. 

Saiki, M. K.; Martin, V. A.; Schwarzbach, S. E.; and 

May, T. W. 

North American Journal of Fisheries Management 21(3): 

624-635. (2001); ISSN: 1548-8675 

Descriptors: grassland water district/ Lower San Joaquin 

River map/ California/ United States of America/ USA/ 

North America/ agricultural drainwater bypass/ freshwater 

fish/ community structure/ checklist/ abundance/ selenium 

concentration/ Se/ environmental factors/ abiotic factors/ 

water quality/ freshwater fish/ checklist/ impact of forestry or 

agriculture/ physiology, biology, biochemistry/ 

ecology and conservation 

Abstract: The Grassland Bypass Project, which began 

operation in September 1996, was conceived as a means 

of diverting brackish selenium-contaminated agricultural 

drainwater away from canals and sloughs needed for 

transporting irrigation water to wetlands within the 

Grassland Water District (the Grasslands), Merced County, 

California. The seleniferous drainwater is now routed into 

the San Luis Drain for conveyance to North Mud Slough 

and eventual disposal in the San Joaquin River. The 

purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which 

the Grassland Bypass Project has affected fishes in 

sloughs and other surface waters within and downstream 

from the Grasslands. During September-October 1997, 

9,795 fish representing 25 species were captured at 13 

sampling sites. Although several species exhibited 

restricted spatial distributions, association analysis and 

cluster analysis failed to identify more than one fish species 

assemblage inhabiting the various sites. However, 

seleniferous drainwater from the San Luis Drain has 

influenced selenium concentrations in whole fish within 

North Mud Slough and the San Joaquin River. The highest 
Central Valley: Effects of Conservation Practices 

133

concentrations of selenium (12-23 μg/g, dry weight 

basis) were measured in green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus 

from the San Luis Drain where seleniferous drainwater is 

most concentrated, whereas the second highest 

concentrations occurred in green sunfish (7.6-17 μg/g) 

and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus (14-18 μg/g) from 

North Mud Slough immediately downstream from the drain. 

Although there was some variation, fish in the San Joaquin 

River generally contained higher body burdens of selenium 

when captured immediately below the mouth of North Mud 

Slough (3.1-4.9 μg/g for green sunfish, 3.7-5.0 μg/g 

for bluegills) than when captured upstream from the mouth 

(0.67-3.3 μg/g for green sunfish, 0.59-3.7 μg/g for 

bluegills). Waterborne selenium was the single most 

important predictor of selenium concentrations in green 

sunfish and bluegills, as judged by results from multipleregression analyses. Among bluegills, water temperature 

also contributed to the prediction of selenium body burdens. 

© NISC 

446. Effects of cattle grazing on diversity in ephemeral 

wetlands. 

Marty, Jaymee T. 

Conservation Biology 19(5): 1626-1632. (Oct. 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892. 

Notes: Original Title: Efectos del Apacentamiento de 

Ganado sobre la Diversidad en Humedales Efimeros 

http://www.vernalpools.org/documents/ 

Marty%20Cons%20Bio.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands/ species diversity/ grazing/ feeding 

behaviour/ introduced species/ ranching/ endemic species/ 

life cycle/ nature conservation/ biodiversity/ rare species/ 

environmental impact/ aquatic plants/ species richness/ 

conservation/ USA, California, Central Valley/ habitat 

community studies/ conservation 

Abstract: Cattle are usually thought of as a threat to 

biodiversity. In regions threatened by exotic species 

invasion and lacking native wild grazers, however, cattle 

may produce the type of disturbance that helps maintain 

diverse communities. Across 72 vernal pools, I examined 

the effect of different grazing treatments (ungrazed, 

continuously grazed, wet-season grazed and dry-season 

grazed) on vernal-pool plant and aquatic faunal diversity in 

the Central Valley of California. After 3 years of treatment, 

ungrazed pools had 88% higher cover of exotic annual 

grasses and 47% lower relative cover of native species 

than pools grazed at historical levels (continuously grazed). 

Species richness of native plants declined by 25% and 

aquatic invertebrate richness was 28% lower in the 

ungrazed compared with the continuously grazed 

treatments. Release from grazing reduced pool inundation 

period by 50 to 80%, making it difficult for some vernal-pool 

endemic species to complete their life cycle. My results 

show that one should not assume livestock and ranching 

operations are necessarily damaging to native 

communities. In my central California study site, grazing 

helped maintain native plant and aquatic diversity in vernal 

pools. 

© CSA 

447. Evaluation of the macroalga, muskgrass, for the 

phytoremediation of selenium-contaminated 

agricultural drainage water by microcosms. 

Lin, Z. Q.; De Souza, M.; Pickering, I. J.; and Terry, N. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 31(6): 2104-2110. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ selenium/ phytoremediation/ 

agriculture/ drainage/ macrophytes/ water pollution control/ 

aquatic macrophytes (Characeae)/ remediation/ volatile 

materials/ Chara canescens 

Abstract: Previous field studies suggested that the 

macroalga, muskgrass (Chara canescens Desv. & Lois), 

plays an important role in the removal of selenium (Se) 

from agricultural drainage water. This study evaluated the 

efficiency of Se removal from drainage water by 

muskgrass-vegetated wetland microcosms, and determined 

the extent to which muskgrass removed Se through 

phytoextraction and biovolatilization. Six flow-through 

wetland microcosms were continuously supplied with 

drainage water containing an average Se concentration of 

22 mu g L super(-1) over a 24-d experimental period. The 

Se mass input and outflow and the rate of Se volatilization 

were monitored daily for each microcosm. Three 

microcosms containing muskgrass reduced the daily mass 

Se input in the inflow drainage water by 72.1%; this 

compared with a reduction of 50.6% of the mass Se input 

for three unvegetated control microcosms. Selenium 

accumulated in muskgrass tissues accounted for 1.9% of 

the total mass Se input in the microcosm, followed by 0.5% 

via biological volatilization. The low rates of Se volatilization 

from selenate-supplied muskgrass, which were 10-fold less 

than from selenite, were probably due to a major rate 

limitation in the reduction of selenate to organic forms of Se 

in muskgrass. This conclusion was derived from X-ray 

absorption spectroscopy speciation analysis, which showed 

that muskgrass treated with selenite contained 91% of the 

total Se in organic forms (selenoethers and diselenides), 

compared with 47% in muskgrass treated with selenate. 

© CSA 

448. Grazing maintains diversity in seasonal wetlands.

Marty, Jaymee T. 

In: 89th Annual Meeting Ecological Society of America - 

Lessons of Lewis and Clark: Ecological Exploration of 

Inhabited Landscapes. (Held 1 Aug 2004-6 Aug 2004 at 

Portland, Oregon.); Vol. 89.; pp. 326; 2004. 

Descriptors: compatible management practice/ effect of 

cattle grazing/ species diversity/ vernal pool 

© The Thomson Corporation 

449. The impact of waterfowl foraging on the 

decomposition of rice straw: Mutual benefits for rice 

growers and waterfowl. 

Bird, J. A.; Pettygrove, G. S.; and Eadie, J. M. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 37(5): 728-741. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: agriculture/ ducks/ nitrogen/ straw disposal/ 

wetland management/ winter habitat 

Abstract: 1. Recent legislation in California, USA, has 

restricted traditional open-field burning of rice straw 

residues, leading farmers to adopt alternative methods of 

straw disposal such as post-harvest flooding of rice fields. 

These changes may benefit wildlife because winter-flooded 

fallow rice fields provide foraging habitat to migratory 

waterfowl. In turn, the foraging activity of waterfowl may 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

134

help to increase rice straw decomposition, providing a 

reciprocal benefit to farmers. We examined the effects of 

waterfowl foraging activity on straw decomposition and 

nitrogen mineralization following rice harvest in a fallow 

flooded soil. 2. Experimental plots (25m2) were established 

on a silty clay soil and were subjected to two post-harvest 

treatments: wet-rolled or untilled. Mallard ducks Arias 

platyrhynchos were placed in one-half of the experimental 

plots, following a splitplot design, for a 3-week period, at a 

density equivalent to 33 birds ha-1 over a season of 180 

days to approximate regional abundance data. 3. Waterfowl 

foraging activity increased residual surface straw 

decomposition by 78% in untilled plots and 18% in wetrolled plots compared with the respective unforaged plots. 

Average straw diameter in foraged plots was reduced to 

one-third that of unforaged plots. 4. Waterfowl foraging and 

field tillage reduced nitrogen (N) concentrations in the 

surface straw residue remaining at the end of the winter 

fallow period. Below-ground organic residue was not 

affected by waterfowl foraging, indicating that ducks did not 

incorporate the straw. There were no apparent additions of 

carbon (C) or N to the soil as a result of waterfowl activity. 

5. We conclude that waterfowl foraging can substantially 

increase straw decomposition in flooded, fallow, rice fields. 

Accordingly, rice producers should consider agronomic 

practices that attract waterfowl, such as winter flooding, to 

maximize the decomposition of rice straw residue. At the 

upper end of regionally observed waterfowl densities (at or 

near 33 birds ha-1 season-1) waterfowl foraging activity 

may alleviate the need for autumn tillage. Shallow flooded 

rice fields will also provide important winter habitat to 

migratory waterfowl, aiding wetland management and 

conservation efforts in the Central Valley of California. 6. 

These results provide an example of how a mutually 

beneficial solution can be achieved that provides needed 

waterbird habitat while concomitantly alleviating an 

agricultural problem. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

450. Impacts of changing irrigation practices on 

waterfowl habitat use in the southern San Joaquin 

Valley, California. 

Barnum, D. A. and Euliss, N. H. 

California Fish and Game 77(1): 10-21. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 410 C12; ISSN: 0008-1078 

Descriptors: agricultural runoff/ California/ diurnal variation/ 

ducks/ irrigation/ Kern National Wildlife Refuge/ population 

dynamics/ seasonal variation/ ecological effects/ 

environmental impact/ irrigation effects/ irrigation practices/ 

San Joaquin Valley/ waterfowl/ habitat use/ hydrology/ 

water management/ mallards/ northern pintails/ cinnamon 

teal/ green-winged teal/ northern shovelers/ ruddy ducks 

Abstract: Diurnal aerial census data were used to examine 

habitat use patterns of ducks wintering in the southern San 

Joaquin Valley, California from 1980-87. Densities 

(birds/ha) for the northern pintail (Anas acuta), mallard (A. 

platyrhynchos), green-winged teal (A. crecca), cinnamon 

teal (A. cyanoptera), shoveler (A. clypeata), ruddy duck 

(Oxyura jamaicensis), and total ducks, in each of five 

habitats, were determined--nocturnal habitat use by ducks 

may be very different than diurnal use and would therefore 

yield different densities. Low densities were observed for 

most species on evaporation ponds, hunting clubs and 

miscellaneous wetlands. Most hunting clubs were small, 

isolated parcels of wetland with food production limited by 

cost and availability of irrigation water. The low densities 

observed on these wetlands suggests that they were not 

heavily used by wintering ducks. However, hunting clubs 

provided habitat important for attracting ducks away from 

contaminated evaporation ponds in September and again in 

late winter (January-February). Evaporation ponds were not 

heavily used by ducks, but the large area provided by 

evaporation ponds may affect use of these habitats in the 

future. Density for all species, except the ruddy duck, was 

highest on preirrigated croplands or Kern National Wildlife 

Refuge (Kern NWR). Ducks such as mallard and teal that 

use densely vegetated wetlands were probably attracted to 

the diversity of vegetative cover on Kern NWR. Other 

species, such as pintail, make use of Kern NWR's 

managed areas for diurnal feeding and resting. Preirrigated 

croplands had the highest density of pintail. The value of 

these shallow-flooded wetlands with their available waste 

grains may be similar to that of rice fields in the 

Sacramento Valley. Moreover, preirrigated fields provided 

large expanses of open water for diurnal resting locations 

important to pintail for predator detection. 

© NISC 

451. Long-term grazing study in spring-fed wetlands 

reveals management tradeoffs. 

Allen-Diaz, B.; Jackson, R. D.; Bartolome, J. W.; Tate, K. 

W.; and Oates, L. G. 

California Agriculture 58(3): 144-148. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 100 C12Cag; ISSN: 0008-0845 

Descriptors: wetlands/ grazing/ cattle/ springs (water)/ 

ecosystems/ California 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

452. Organic matter sources and rehabilitation of the 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (California, USA). 

Jassby, A. D. and Cloern, J. E. 

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

10(5): 323-352. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A67; ISSN: 1052-7613 

Descriptors: environmental restoration/ rivers/ organic 

matter/ productivity/ restoration/ tributaries/ organic carbon/ 

recruitment/ fishery resources/ food availability/ fish larvae/ 

phytoplankton/ volume transport/ resource conservation/ 

ecosystem management/ environment management/ 

particulate organic matter/ conservation/ tidal rivers/ 

agricultural runoff/ ecosystems/ fisheries/ trophic level/ 

Pisces/ USA, California, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta 

Abstract: The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, a 

complex mosaic of tidal freshwater habitats in California, is 

the focus of a major ecosystem rehabilitation effort because 

of significant long-term changes in critical ecosystem 

functions. One of these functions is the production, 

transport and transformation of organic matter that 

constitutes the primary food supply, which may be suboptimal at trophic levels supporting fish recruitment. A long 

historical data set is used to define the most important 

organic matter sources, the factors underlying their 

variability, and the implications of ecosystem rehabilitation 

actions for these sources. Tributary-borne loading is the 

largest organic carbon source on an average annual Deltawide basis; phytoplankton production and agricultural 

drainage are secondary; wastewater treatment plant 

discharge, tidal marsh drainage and possibly aquatic 

macrophyte production are tertiary; and benthic microalgal 

production, urban run-off and other sources are negligible. 
Central Valley: Effects of Conservation Practices 

135

Allochthonous dissolved organic carbon must be converted 

to particulate form - with losses due to hydraulic flushing 

and to heterotroph growth inefficiency - before it becomes 

available to the metazoan food web. When these losses are 

accounted for, phytoplankton production plays a much 

larger role than is evident from a simple accounting of bulk 

organic carbon sources, especially in seasons critical for 

larval development and recruitment success. 

Phytoplankton-derived organic matter is also an important 

component of particulate loading to the Delta. The Delta is 

a net producer of organic matter in critically dry years but, 

because of water diversion from the Delta, transport of 

organic matter from the Delta to important, downstream 

nursery areas in San Francisco Bay is always less than 

transport into the Delta from upstream sources. Of 

proposed rehabilitation measures, increased use of 

floodplains probably offers the biggest increase in organic 

matter sources. An isolated diversion facility - channelling 

water from the Sacramento River around the Delta to the 

water projects - would result in substantial loading 

increases during winter and autumn, but little change in 

spring and summer when food availability probably matters 

most to developing organisms. Flow and fish barriers in the 

channel could have significant effects, especially on 

phytoplankton sources and in dry years, by eliminating 

'short-circuits' in the transport of organic matter to diversion 

points. Finally, productivity of intentionally flooded islands 

probably would exceed that of adjacent channels because 

of lower turbidity and shallower mean depth, although 

vascular plants rather than phytoplankton could dominate if 

depths were too shallow. 

© CSA 

453. Review of 15 years of research on ecotoxicology 

and remediation of land contaminated by agricultural 

drainage sediment rich in selenium. 

Wu, L. 

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 57(3): 257-269. 

(Mar. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E29; ISSN: 0147-6513 

Descriptors: wetlands/ selenium/ land reclamation/ 

bioaccumulation/ wildlife/ food chains/ drainage/ 

grasslands/ vegetation/ soil remediation/ water reservoirs/ 

sediment pollution/ leaching/ ecotoxicology/ pollution 

effects/ pollution control/ microorganisms/ salinity effects/ 

agricultural pollution/ habitats/ reservoirs/ water birds/ 

methylation/ drainage water/ sediment contamination/ 

remediation/ contamination/ nesting/ rooted aquatic plants/ 

safety/ Gambusia affinis/ USA, California, Kesterson/ USA, 

California, Kesterson Reservoir/ USA, California, Central 

Valley/ mosquitofish/ western mosquitofish/ land pollution/ 

ecosystems and energetics/ prevention and control/ effects 

of pollution/ water quality/ soil pollution: monitoring, control 

& remediation/ effects on organisms 

Abstract: The consequences of elevated Se accumulation 

at the Kesterson Reservoir National Wildlife Refuge in the 

Central Valley of California created adverse effects on 

wildlife and led to extensive research on the behavior of Se 

in both the wetland and upland ecosystems. Selenium 

concentrations in water entering the Kesterson Reservoir 

averaged 300 mu gL super(-1). In pond waters 20-30% of 

the Se was selenate, while only 2% was selenite in the 

drainage water entering the reservoir. Submerged rooted 

aquatic plants fed on by water birds were found to contain 

18-390mg Sekg super(-1) dry weight. Mosquitofish 

collected from the San Luis Drain contained 332mg Sekg 

super(-1), and those collected from the ponds ranged from 

339 to 380mgkg super(-1). Livers of water birds had Se 

concentrations ranging from 19.9 to 127mgkg super(-1). 

The high concentrations of Se accumulation in the food 

chain of the wetland strongly suggest that Se 

bioaccumulation was the cause of death and deformity of 

embryos of the waterfowl nesting at the wetland habitat. In 

June 1986, the Kesterson Reservoir was closed to drainwater inputs, and the wetland was transformed to an upland 

grassland. New remedial plans were proposed. These new 

plans involved soil, water, and vegetation management to 

dissipate Se by bioaccumulation and volatilization through 

soil microorganisms and plants. The investigations of the 

potential transfer of Se from farm land into the crop and 

vegetables in the Central Valley indicated that plant tissue 

Se concentrations generally fall in a nonseleniferous 

category, except that the highest Se concentration of cotton 

was at a threshold where toxicity in animals could occur at 

a relatively low frequency. At the Kesterson upland 

grassland habitat, average total Se concentrations ranged 

from 500 to 8000 mu gkg super(-1) and water-extractable 

Se ranged from 10 to 700 mu gkg super(-1) in the top 15cm 

of soil and varied greatly, by a factor greater than 100, 

among soil samples. Uptake of Se by the plants was 

profoundly affected by the soil available Se concentration, 

soil moisture, pH, soil salinity, soil sulfate concentration, soil 

reoxidation condition, kind of plant species, and soilmanagement practices. The rate of soil Se dissipation at 

the Kesterson grassland system was from 1% (low 

methylation rate) to 5% (high methylation rate) Se inventory 

per year and it will take from 46 to 230 years to bring the 

soil Se down to a normal level, 4mg Sekg super(-1) soil. 

However, the Kesterson upland grassland habitat had Se 

bioaccumulation values less than 10% of those of the 

previous wetland. The potential food-chain contamination at 

the existing Kesterson grassland is much less problematic. 

No negative impact on wildlife has been reported for the 

upland habitat. Plants may contribute to the Se reoxidation 

process and be able to reduce the movement of Se in the 

soil. At the Kesterson grassland, the distribution of soil Se 

is extremely uneven; high levels of soil Se concentrated 

only in isolated spots. Therefore, leaching of soil Se is not 

at an area level. It is unlikely that problems of transport of 

Se from the Kesterson soil to the adjacent uncontaminated 

environment by leaching can occur. 

© CSA 

454. Salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks that winter on an 

agricultural evaporation basin in California. 

Gordus, A. G.; Shivaprasad, H. L.; and Swift, P. K. 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 38(1): 124-131. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 41.9 W64B; ISSN: 0090-3558 

Descriptors: brain sodium/ evaporation ponds/ hypersaline 

water/ Oxyura jamaicensis/ ruddy duck/ salt encrustation/ 

salt toxicosis 

Abstract: Agricultural evaporation basins are used as a 

means to dispose of highly saline underground-tiledrainage water in the San Joaquin Valley (California, USA). 

The hypersaline water conditions encourage high aquatic 

invertebrate production, primarily brine shrimp (Artemia 

franciscana), which attract birds to those sites. Cool winter 

temperatures (<4 C) and hypersaline water conditions 

(>70,000 ?mhos/cm) resulted in feather salt encrustation 

and salt toxicosis in ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis). 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

136

During December 1998 and January 1999, approximately 

200 dead and sick ruddy ducks were collected from an 

evaporation basin and five healthy control ruddy ducks 

were collected from a freshwater wetland. Brains contained 

?1,890 ppm sodium (wet tissue mass) in seven dead birds 

and contained ?1.150 ppm sodium in the control birds. 

Liver arsenic, lead, and mercury concentrations were <1 

ppm in all birds examined. Manganese, molybdenum, and 

copper liver concentrations did not differ significantly (P > 

0.05) between the two groups of ducks. The dead ducks 

had significantly higher liver selenium, cadmium, iron, and 

zinc than the controls, but the concentrations were not 

sufficient to cause toxicity. Significant gross and 

microscopic lesions in most of the dead birds included 

conjunctivitis, lens opacity and cataract formation, vascular 

congestion in various organs most notably in the meninges 

of the brain, and myocardial and skeletal muscle 

degeneration. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

455. Selection of flooded agricultural fields and other 

landscapes by female northern pintails wintering in 

Tulare Basin, California. 

Fleskes, J. P.; Jarvis, R. L.; and Gilmer, D. S. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 793-803. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ radio-tagging/ agricultural land/ 

habitat selection/ habitat utilization/ water levels/ hunting/ 

marshes/ overwintering/ evaporation tanks/ drainage water/ 

habitat improvement (physical)/ ponds/ nature 

conservation/ females/ population dynamics/ aquatic birds/ 

agriculture/ Anas acuta/ USA, California, Tulare Basin/ 

USA, California, San Joaquin Valley/ northern pintail 

Abstract: Habitat selection and use are measures of 

relative importance of habitats to wildlife and necessary 

information for effective wildlife conservation. To measure 

the relative importance of flooded agricultural fields and 

other landscapes to northern pintails (Anas acuta) wintering 

in Tulare Basin (TB), California, we radiotagged female 

pintails during late August-early October, 1991-1993 in TB 

and other San Joaquin Valley areas and determined use 

and selection of these TB landscapes through March each 

year. Availability of landscape and field types in TB 

changed within and among years. Pintail use and selection 

(based upon use-to-availability log ratios) of landscape and 

field types differed among seasons, years, and diel periods. 

Fields flooded after harvest and before planting (i.e., preirrigated) were the most available, used, and selected 

landscape type before the hunting season (Prehunt). 

Safflower was the most available, used, and--except in 

1993, when pre-irrigated fallow was available--selected preirrigated field type during Prehunt. Pre-irrigated barleywheat received 19-22% of use before hunting season, but 

selection varied greatly among years and diel periods. 

During and after hunting season, managed marsh was the 

most available, used, and, along with floodwater areas, 

selected landscape type; pre-irrigated cotton and alfalfa 

were the least selected field types and accounted for less 

than or equal to 13% of pintail use. Agricultural drainwater 

evaporation ponds, sewage treatment ponds, and 

reservoirs accounted for 42-48% of flooded landscape 

available but were little used and least selected. Exodus of 

pintails from TB coincided with drying of pre-irrigated fallow, 

safflower, and barley-wheat fields early in winter, indicating 

that preferred habitats were lacking in TB during late winter. 

Agriculture conservation programs could improve TB for 

pintails by increasing flooding of fallow and harvested 

safflower and grain fields. Conservation of remaining 

wetlands should concentrate on increasing the amount and 

productivity of marsh that is shallow-flooded as pre-irrigated 

grain fields dry. If pintails were provided with adequate 

preferred field and marsh habitats, including hunt-day 

sanctuaries, contaminant risks associated with exposure to 

drainwater evaporation ponds probably should remain low 

for these waterfowl even if their abundance in TB 

increased. 

© CSA 

456. Selenium in agricultural drainage: Essential 

nutrient or toxic threat? 

Moore, S. B. 

Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 115(1): 

21-28. (1989) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM3Ps (IR); ISSN: 0733-9437 

Abstract: The essential nutrient selenium is believed 

responsible for numerous deformities, reproductive failures, 

and deaths of migratory birds at Kesterson Reservoir in 

California's San Joaquin Valley. Wildlife problems at the 

reservoir appeared only a few years after the area began 

receiving selenium-laden subsurface drainage water from 

less than 42,000 acre (17,000 ha) or irrigated agricultural 

land on the west side of the valley. Although substantially 

reduced in acreage from their historic extent, the valleys's 

wetland habitats continue to satisfy the wintering and 

migratory needs of substantial populations of Pacific Flyway 

migratory birds. Remnant anadromous fish populations 

struggle to survive the inadequate flows and low water 

quality of the valley's riverine habitats. It is estimated that in 

order to sustain intensively managed, irrigated agriculture 

and associated high levels of crop production, more than 

1,000,000 acre (405,000 ha) of land on the west side of the 

valley must eventually be drained. Unless extraordinary 

measures are taken, the potential is great for contaminated 

agricultural drainage to further harm fish and wildlife 

resources of the San Joaquin Valley. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

457. Selenium in wetlands and waterfowl foods at 

Kesterson Reservoir California USA 1984. 

Schuler C. A.; Anthony R. G.; and Ohlendorf H. M. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

19(6): 845-853. (1990) 

NAL Call #: TD172.A7; ISSN: 0090-4341 

Descriptors: plants/ aquatic insects/ agrichemical/ water 

pollution/ environmental surveillance/ bioaccumulation/ 

health hazard/ toxicity 

Abstract: Kesterson Reservoir (Kesterson) received 

subsurface agricultural drainwater containing high levels of 

salts and selenium from farmland in the San Joaquin Valley 

of California. The accumulation of selenium in wetlands and 

waterfowl foods at Kesterson was investigated during May, 

August, and December of 1984. High concentrations of 

selenium were found in water, sediments, terrestrial and 

aquatic vegetation, and aquatic insects. Mean selenium 

concentrations in aquatic plants and insects ranged from 

1.5 to 170 .mu.g/g dry weight and were about 11 to 290 

times those found at a nearby reference site. 

Concentrations in some waterfowl food plants and insects 

at Kesterson were up to 64 times those reported to be a 

health hazard to birds. Selenium concentrations were more 
Central Valley: Effects of Conservation Practices 

137

seasonally variable in aquatic plants than in aquatic insects. 

Few differences in selenium accumulation were found 

among ponds. Deposition of selenium in plant parts was not 

uniform; rhizomes contained higher concentrations than 

seeds and leaves were intermediate. Most biota 

bioaccumulated maximum selenium concentrations that 

were 1,000 to nearly 5,00 times the concentration in the 

water. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

458. Water quality impacts from agricultural drainage of 

peat soils in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.

Brown, Russ T. 

In: International Water Resources Engineering Conference.

(Held 3-7 Aug 1998 at Memphis, Tennessee.); Vol. 2. 

Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 1165-1170; 1998. 

NAL Call #: TC5 .I696 1998; ISBN: 0784403597 

Abstract: Agricultural drainage from peat soils in the 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta impacts the water supply 

exported by the State Water Project (SWP) and Central 

Valley Project (CVP) pumping plants. A monthly planning 

model (DeltaDWQ) was developed that links the agricultural 

diversion and drainage for the Delta peat soils with the river 

inflows and transport in the Delta channels. This model 

accounts for the water budget, salinity budget, and 

dissolved organic carbon budget for the agricultural soils 

and the Delta channels to provide an integrated evaluation 

of the effects of agricultural drainage on export water 

quality. This model was used for impact assessment of the 

proposed Delta Wetlands project (JSA 1995) that would 

convert two Delta agricultural islands to reservoirs. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

459. Waterbird communities in rice fields subjected to 

different post-harvest treatments. 

Day, John H. and Colwell, Mark A. 

Colonial Waterbirds 21(2): 185-197. (1998); 

ISSN: 0738-6028 

Descriptors: community composition/ post harvest 

treatments/ rice fields/ habitat/ species richness/ wetland 

management 

Abstract: In California's Sacramento Valley, the potential 

value of rice fields as habitat for waterbirds may vary with 

harvest method, postharvest treatment of rice straw 

(chopped, burned, plowed), and extent of flooding. Recent 

changes in rice harvesting methods (i.e., use of stripperheaders) and a legislative mandate to decrease burning of 

rice straw after harvest may alter habitat availability and 

use. Thus, we investigated species richness and 

community composition of nonbreeding waterbirds during 

October-March 1993-94 and 1994-95 in rice fields of the 

northern Sacramento Valley. Most (85-91% of land area) 

rice was conventionally harvested (i.e., cutter bar), and the 

remainder was stripped. Rice straw was left untreated in 

more than half of fields (52% in 1994 and 54% in 1995), 

especially in stripped fields (56-70%). In fields where 

farmers treated straw, the most common management 

methods were plowing (15-21%), burning (19-24%), and 

chopping (3-5%). Fields became increasingly wet from 

October through March as seasonal precipitation 

accumulated and farmers flooded fields to facilitate straw 

decomposition and provide habitat for ducks. Species 

richness of waterbirds was greater (P < 0.002) in 

conventionally-harvested fields than in stripped fields; 

within harvest methods, species richness was consistently 

greater (P < 0.01) in flooded than non-flooded fields. By 

contrast, species richness did not differ among straw 

treatments (P > 0.23). Species richness in stripped fields 

probably was low because foraging opportunities were 

limited by tall dense straw, decreased grain density, and 

infrequent flooding. We recommend that land managers 

wishing to provide habitat for a diverse waterbird 

community harvest rice using conventional methods and 

flood fields shallowly. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

460. Accumulation, release, and solubility of arsenic, 

molybdenum, and vanadium in wetland sediments. 

Fox, P. M. and Doner, H. E. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(6): 2428-2435. 

(Nov. 2003-Dec. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ sediment pollution/ arsenic/ 

molybdenum/ vanadium/ agriculture/ trace elements/ 

drainage/ solubility/ bioaccumulation/ sediment 

contamination/ farm wastes/ water pollution sources/ 

wastewater treatment/ sediment chemistry/ drying/ redox 

potential/ redox reactions/ anthropogenic factors/ water 

pollution treatment/ agricultural runoff/ drainage water/ 

water quality control/ artificial wetlands/ sewage & 

wastewater treatment/ industrial effluents/ sources and fate 

of pollution/ protective measures and control/ water & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: This study was undertaken to determine the fate 

of As, Mo, and V (trace elements, TEs) in the sediments of 

a constructed wetland in use for the remediation of 

potentially toxic trace element-contaminated agricultural 

drainwater. After three years of wetland operation, 

sediment cores were collected to determine changes in TE 

concentrations as a function of depth and the effects of 

varying water column depth. All TE concentrations were 

highest in the top 2 to 4 cm and decreased with depth. 

Molybdenum accumulated in the wetland sediments, up to 

levels of 32.5 plus or minus 4.6, 30.2 plus or minus 8.9, and 

59.3 plus or minus 26.1 mg kg super(-1) in the top 1 cm of 

sediment at water depths of 15, 30, and 60 cm, 

respectively. In the top 2 cm of sediment, As accumulated 

(28.2 plus or minus 3.0 mg kg super(-1)) only at the 60-cm 

water depth. Below 2 cm, as much as 10 mg kg super(-1) of 

As was lost from the sediment at all water depths. In most 

cases, V concentrations decreased in the sediment. In this 

wetland system, the lowest redox potentials were found 

near the sediment surface and increased with depth. Thus, 

in general As, Mo, and V concentrations in the sediment 

were highest under more reducing conditions and lowest 

under more oxidizing conditions. Most of the accumulated 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

138

Mo (73%) became water soluble on drying of samples. This 

has important implications for systems undergoing changes 

in redox status; for instance, if these wetland sediments are 

dried, potentially large amounts of Mo may be solubilized. 

© CSA 

461. Agricultural wetland management for conservation 

goals: Invertebrates in California ricelands. 

O'Malley, Rachel Emerson 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 857-885. 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ farming and agriculture/ 

agricultural wetlands management for conservation/ 

conservation measures/ agricultural wetlands conservation 

goals/ habitat management/ agricultural wetlands/ 

cultivated land habitat/ California/ agricultural wetlands 

conservation value and management 

© The Thomson Corporation 

462. Dissolved organic carbon and disinfection byproduct precursor release from managed peat soils. 

Fleck, J. A.; Bossio, D. A.; and Fujii, R. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 33(2): 465-475. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil pollution/ drinking water/ peat 

soils/ dissolved organic carbon/ soil organic matter/ land 

use change/ agricultural soils/ agricultural management/ 

biogeochemical cycles/ chlorine/ disinfectants/ carcinogens/ 

environmental factors/ biodegradation/ seasonal variation/ 

California 

Abstract: A wetland restoration demonstration project 

examined the effects of a permanently flooded wetland on 

subsidence of peat soils. The project, started in 1997, was 

done on Twitchell Island, in the Sacramento-San Joaquin 

Delta of California. Conversion of agricultural land to a 

wetland has changed many of the biogeochemical 

processes controlling dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 

release from the peat soils, relative to the previous land 

use. Dissolved organic C in delta waters is a concern 

because it reacts with chlorine, added as a disinfectant in 

municipal drinking waters, to form carcinogenic disinfection 

byproducts (DBPs), including trihalomethanes (THMs) and 

haloacetic acids (HAAs). This study explores the effects of 

peat soil biogeochemistry on DOC and DBP release under 

agricultural and wetland management. Results indicate that 

organic matter source, extent of soil organic matter 

decomposition, and decomposition pathways all are factors 

in THM formation. The results show that historical 

management practices dominate the release of DOC and 

THM precursors. However, within-site differences indicate 

that recent management decisions can contribute to 

changes in DOC quality and THM precursor formation. Not 

all aromatic forms of carbon are highly reactive and certain 

environmental conditions produce the specific carbon 

structures that form THMs. Both HAA and THM precursors 

are elevated in the DOC released under wetland conditions. 

The findings of this study emphasize the need to further 

investigate the roles of organic matter sources, microbial 

decomposition pathways, and decomposition status of soil 

organic matter in the release of DOC and DBP precursors 

from delta soils under varying land-use practices. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

463. Effects of inorganic nitrogen enrichment on 

mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and the associated 

aquatic community in constructed treatment wetlands. 

Sanford, Michelle R.; Chan, Karrie; and Walton, William E. 

Journal of Medical Entomology 42(5): 766-776. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 421 J828; ISSN: 0022-2585 

Descriptors: parasitology/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ agrichemicals/ biogeography: 

population studies/ wastewater/ constructed 

treatment wetland 

Abstract: Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) is a significant 

component of municipal and agricultural wastewaters, and 

nitrogen reduction is an important use of constructed 

treatment wetlands. The effects of ammonium nitrogen 

enrichment on resources of larval mosquitoes, larval 

mosquito abundance, adult mosquito production, and the 

abundance of related wetland organisms were examined in 

0.1-ha replicate treatment wetlands. The hypothesis of a 

bottom-up effect induced by ammonium addition was not 

supported by bacterial abundance, mean bacterial cell size, 

or algal biomass in the water column. There was, however, 

a significant negative correlation between bacterial cell 

length and Culex tarsalis Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) 

larval abundance 1 wk later in wetlands enriched with 

ammonium nitrogen. Larval mosquito (Culex spp.) 

abundance in southern California wetlands enriched with 

NH4-N (mean approximate to 3 mg/liter) was significantly 

greater than in control wetlands at ambient nitrogen levels 

(8.3 mg N0(3)-N/liter, 0.1 mg NH4-N/liter). Adult mosquito 

production was nine-fold greater and chironomid larvae 

were significantly more abundant in wetlands enriched with 

NH4-N than in controls but other censused taxa exhibited 

no significant trends. Mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis (Baird 

& Girard), abundance was significantly reduced in enriched 

wetlands, but other potential mosquito predators were not 

significantly affected by ammonium enrichment. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

464. Evaluation of constructed wetland treatment 

performance for winery wastewater. 

Grismer, M. E.; Carr, M. A.; and Shepherd, H. L. 

Water Environment Research 75(5)(Sept. 2003-Oct. 2003) 

NAL Call #: TD419.R47; ISSN: 1061-4303 

Descriptors: wetlands/ suspended particulate matter/ 

chemical oxygen demand/ wastewater treatment/ 

agriculture/ water quality/ tracers/ ammonium compounds/ 

pH/ aeration/ industrial wastewater/ artificial wetlands/ foodprocessing wastes/ performance evaluation/ suspended 

solids/ tannins/ sampling/ retention time/ organic loading/ 

springs/ sulfates/ suspended load/ evaluation/ 

contamination/ ammonium/ USA, California/ wineries/ 

prevention and control/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

industrial effluents/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Rapid expansion of wineries in rural California 

during the past three decades has created contamination 

problems related to winery wastewater treatment and 

disposal; however, little information is available about 

performance of on-site treatment systems. Here, the project 

objective was to determine full-scale, subsurface-flow 

constructed wetland retention times and treatment 

performance through assessment of water quality by daily 

sampling of total dissolved solids, pH, total suspended 

solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), tannins, nitrate, 

ammonium, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, phosphate, sulfate, and 

sulfide across operating systems for winery wastewater 
Central Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

139

treatment. Measurements were conducted during both the 

fall crush season of heavy loading and the spring following 

bottling and racking operations at the winery. Simple decay 

model coefficients for these constituents as well as COD 

and tannin removal efficiencies from winery wastewater in 

bench-scale reactors are also determined. The bench-scale 

study used upward-flow, inoculated attachedgrowth (peagravel substrate) reactors fed synthetic winery wastewater. 

Inlet and outlet tracer studies for determination of actual 

retention times were essential to analyses of treatment 

performance from an operational subsurface-flow 

constructed wetland that had been overloaded due to 

failure to install a pretreatment system for suspended solids 

removal. Less intensive sampling conducted at a smaller 

operational winery wastewater constructed wetland that 

had used pretreatment suspended solids removal and 

aeration indicated that the constructed wetlands were 

capable of complete organic load removal from the winery 

wastewater. 

© CSA 

465. Functional equivalency between rice fields and 

seminatural wetland habitats. 

Elphick, Chris S. 

Conservation Biology 14(1): 181-191. (2000) 

Descriptors: multivariate analysis: analytical method/ 

anthropogenic habitat/ behavior/ feeding efficiency/ food 

abundance/ foraging performance/ functional equivalency/ 

predation threat/ rice fields/ seminatural wetland habitat/ 

time allocation 

Abstract: Evaluating the potential for anthropogenic 

habitats to act as surrogates for the natural habitats they 

replace is a key issue in conservation biology. In California, 

flooded rice fields are used by numerous aquatic birds 

during winter. If this habitat functions similarly to more 

natural wetlands, increased flooding may help replace the 

extensive wetlands that occurred in the region prior to 

agricultural development. I tested whether food abundance, 

perceived predation threat, foraging performance, and the 

way in which birds allocate their time to different behaviors 

differed between flooded rice fields and seminatural 

wetlands for several species of aquatic bird. When 

appropriate, I also compared flooded and unflooded fields. 

Invertebrate densities did not differ among habitats. 

Seminatural wetlands had less rice grain but more seeds 

from other plants than the two rice habitats. The frequency 

with which predators passed over a feeding area was lower 

in flooded fields than in unflooded fields or seminatural 

wetlands. Most differences in feeding performance and time 

allocation among habitats were small and statistically 

insignificant. For some species, feeding efficiency was 

greater in seminatural wetlands than in flooded fields. 

Increasing attack rates and the amount of time spent 

feeding when in flooded fields, however, may allow birds to 

compensate for reduced efficiency. Multivariate analyses 

showed that group size, predation threat, time of day, date, 

and water depth often were associated with behaviors, but 

that these variables rarely accounted for habitat 

differences. Flooded fields apparently provide equivalent 

foraging habitat to seminatural wetlands and, because of 

reduced predation threat, may be a safer habitat for 

waterbirds. Thus, if managed appropriately, one of the 

world's dominant forms of agriculture can provide valuable 

waterbird habitat. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

466. Heat as a tracer to estimate dissolved organic 

carbon flux from a restored wetland. 

Burow, K. R.; Constantz, J.; and Fujii, R. 

Ground Water 43(4): 545-556. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD403.G7; ISSN: 0017-467X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ discharge/ ditches/ drainage/ 

geology/ groundwater flow/ heat/ heat transfer/ hydraulic 

conductivity/ hydrology/ mathematical models/ peat soils/ 

seepage/ soil types/ surface water/ water temperature 

Abstract: Heat was used as a natural tracer to characterize 

shallow ground water flow beneath a complex wetland 

system. Hydrogeologic data were combined with measured 

vertical temperature profiles to constrain a series of twodimensional, transient simulations of ground water flow and 

heat transport using the model code SUTRA (Voss 1990). 

The measured seasonal temperature signal reached depths 

of 2.7 m beneath the pond. Hydraulic conductivity was 

varied in each of the layers in the model in a systematic 

manual calibration of the two-dimensional model to obtain 

the best fit to the measured temperature and hydraulic 

head. Results of a series of representative best-fit 

simulations represent a range in hydraulic conductivity 

values that had the best agreement between simulated and 

observed temperatures and that resulted in simulated pond 

seepage values within 1 order of magnitude of pond 

seepage estimated from the water budget. Resulting 

estimates of ground water discharge to an adjacent 

agricultural drainage ditch were used to estimate potential 

dissolved organic carbon (DOC) loads resulting from the 

restored wetland. Estimated DOC loads ranged from 45 to 

1340 g C/(m2 year), which is higher than estimated DOC 

loads from surface water. In spite of the complexity in 

characterizing ground water flow in peat soils, using heat as 

a tracer provided a constrained estimate of subsurface flow 

from the pond to the agricultural drainage ditch. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

467. Isotopic evidence for changes in residue 

decomposition and N-cycling in winter flooded rice 

fields by foraging waterfowl. 

Diepen, L. T. A. van; Groenigen, J. W. van; and 

Kessel, C. van 

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102(1): 

41-47. (2004) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ animal behaviour/ crop residues/ 

cycling/ decomposition/ flooding/ foraging/ isotope 

fractionation/ nitrogen/ rice/ rice straw/ straw/ waterfowl/ 

wild birds 

Abstract: Winter flooded rice fields can serve as substitute 

habitat for migratory waterfowl. Not much is known about 

the effects of the foraging waterfowl on nutrient cycling in 

rice production systems. This study quantifies the effect of 

foraging waterfowl on decomposition of rice residue and Ncycling in a winter flooded rice field in the Sacramento 

Valley, California. Along two transects in a field, pairs of 

control plots and exclosure plots, which excluded waterfowl, 

were set up. The original straw residue within the inner 2 

m2 of the 3 m x 3 m plots was replaced by 15N labelled 

straw residue. The labelled residue was subsequently 

followed into the light fraction and mineral fraction of the 

soil through the winter flooding period. Foraging waterfowl 

increased the loss of 15N from the residue from 83 to 89%, 

but did not affect the mass decomposition and loss of total 

N of the residue. No significant effect of the waterfowl was 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

140

seen in the recovery of the residue N in the total soil N pool 

and in the light fraction, although there was a low recovery 

of residue N within these pools in the control treatments. 

The recovery of residue N in the NH4+-N pool after winter 

flooding was significantly lower in the presence of 

waterfowl. The increased loss of residue N and lower 

recovery of residue N in the presence of waterfowl may 

indicate that the rate of N-cycling was increased. A better 

understanding of the N-cycle in winter flooded rice fields in 

the presence of waterfowl is needed to assess the potential 

benefits of winter flooding for the rice farmers. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

468. Management of rice fields for wetlands, water, and 

rice production.

Andrews, Elizabeth S. and Williams, Philip B. 

In: National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. (San 

Francisco, Calif.) 

New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 1161-1166; 1993. 

NAL Call #: TC5 .H824 1993; ISBN: 0872629201 

Abstract: The feasibility of managing a portion of the 

Sacramento Valley's rice fields as wetlands for waterfowl 

use, storage, and aid in rice straw decomposition was 

evaluated. Approximately 95% of the area's original 

wetlands have been lost, and populations of resident and 

migratory waterfowl have declined as a result of this and 

other pressures on the ecosystem. The analysis showed 

that there was significant potential to manage rice acreages 

in the Sacramento Valley for winter wetlands for the benefit 

of farmers, waterfowl, and downstream water uses, though 

constraints to such operation are numerous. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

469. Microbial selenium volatilization in rhizosphere 

and bulk soils from a constructed wetland. 

Azaizeh, H. A.; Gowthaman, S.; and Terry, N. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 26(3): 666-672. 

(May 1997-June 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: selenium/ rhizosphere/ Scirpus robustus/ 

plants/ microbial activity/ bacteria/ aeration/ bioremediation/ 

artificial wetlands/ soil bacteria/ irrigation/ drainage/ water 

pollution/ scirpus robustus/ rhizosphere/ selenium/ plants/ 

bacteria/ aeration/ bioremediation/ irrigation/ volatilization/ 

water pollution/ land pollution/ sources and fate of pollution/ 

mineral microbiology 

Abstract: The potential of rhizosphere and bulk soil 

microbes to volatilize selenate, selenite, and 

selenomethionine was studied in liquid cultures under 

controlled conditions. Microbes cultured from the 

rhizosphere of bulrush (Scirpus robustus) plants showed 

higher Se volatilization than those from bulk soil of a flowthrough, constructed wetland area contaminated with 

selenite. The data show that bacteria are the dominant 

microbes involved in Se volatilization; fungi contribute 

relatively little to this process. Bactericides significantly 

decreased both Se volatilization and the number of 

culturable bacteria in rhizosphere cultures compared to an 

untreated control. In the absence of added C, Se 

volatilization was greatest from selenomethionine, then 

selenite, then selenate. Aeration substantially increased the 

percentages of Se volatilized from rhizosphere soil cultures 

to which no C was added. Up to 95, 21, and 3% of the Se 

was volatilized from selenomethionine, selenite, and 

selenate, respectively. When both C and aeration 

treatments were applied to the rhizosphere cultures, the 

corresponding percentages changed to 20, 57, and 4%, 

that is, selenomethionine volatilization by rhizosphere 

microbes decreased when C was added while selenite 

volatilization substantially increased. Since selenite 

volatilization was the greatest when rhizosphere microbes 

were supplied with C and aeration, we suggest that 

microbes in this selenite-contaminated wetland are adapted 

to volatilize Se by using C released from roots, and that Se 

volatilization may be enhanced by oxygen and 

environmental conditions provided by the plants. 

© CSA 

470. A palaeoenvironmental reconstruction to aid in the 

restoration of floodplain and wetland habitat on an 

upper deltaic plain, California, USA. 

Brown, K. J. and Pasternack, G. B. 

Environmental Conservation 32(2): 103-116. (June 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E55; ISSN: 0376-8929 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

sediments/ disturbance/ flood plains/ meadows/ habitat/ 

deltas/ historical account/ agriculture/ environment 

management/ forests/ conservation/ USA, California, 

Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta/ paleoecology/ 

environmental action/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: While tens of millions of dollars have been spent 

on land acquisition and planning for current and future 

floodplain and wetland restoration in the Sacramento-San 

Joaquin Delta, knowledge of the historical processes and 

landscape heterogeneity that are helpful in guiding the 

environmental restoration are often scarce. This study used 

palaeoenvironmental reconstruction to increase the 

historical perspective, with the aim of improving 

environmental management. Twelve sediment cores 

collected from the McCormack-Williamson Tract (MWT) 

leveed farmland and the juxtaposed Delta Meadows (DM) 

tidal wetland were sampled for a suite of environmental 

proxies. MWT was a non-tidal flood plain during much of 

the late-Holocene, with a mosaic of other habitats including 

dry uplands, riparian forests, and freshwater wetlands 

persisting nearby. Comparison with the regional sea-level 

history suggests that the upper delta gradually came under 

tidal influence 3000-800 calendar years before present (cal 

BP). Despite this, floodplain landforms and habitats 

prevailed at DM from 3650-330 cal BP, after which 

wetlands expanded, suggesting that a flood-based 

disturbance regime typified the upper delta for most of the 

late-Holocene. Recently, the upper deltaic plain has been 

profoundly disturbed by agriculture and other activities, 

rendering significant loss of habitat. It is believed that a 

flood-based disturbance regime will recur at MWT if the 

levees surrounding the tract are intentionally breached as 

planned for restoration, culminating in a variety of habitats 

similar to pre-agricultural conditions. Concentrations of Hg, 

Pb, As, and P pollutants elevated several-fold in surficial 

sediments are of particular concern, potentially becoming 

problematic after restoration. 

© CSA 
Central Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

141

471. Patterns and dynamics of shorebird use of 

California's Central Valley. 

David Shuford, W.; Page, G. W.; and Kjelmyr, J. E. 

Condor 100(2): 227-244. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: wetlands/ conservation/ distribution/ habitat 

use/ Pacific Flyway/ ricelands/ seasonal abundance 

Abstract: Surveys of California's Central Valley between 

1992-1995 document it as one of the most important 

regions in western North America to migratory and 

wintering shorebirds. Populations averaged 134,000 

individuals in August, 211,000 in November, 303,000 in 

January, and 335,000 in April. Of 33 species, the 10 or 11 

that averaged over 1,000 individuals each season 

accounted for 99% of total numbers. Managed wetlands, 

agricultural fields (especially rice), and agricultural 

evaporation ponds held the most shorebirds. Species 

varied their seasonal, geographic, and habitat use of the 

Central Valley, primarily in response to changes in water 

availability from rainfall or management practices and 

latitudinal variation in habitat availability mediated, in part, 

by climate. In the record rainfall year of 1994-1995, 

shorebird numbers increased 74% between November and 

January, primarily from coast-to-interior movements of the 

Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Long-billed Dowitcher 

(Limnodromus scolopaceus) and local habitat shifts of 

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus). Although the Valley's 

shorebirds face threats from poor or toxic water quality, 

changing agricultural practices, and habitat loss to 

urbanization, they should benefit from current efforts to 

increase flooding of rice fields and to secure a stable high 

quality water supply for wetlands. Development of a sound 

conservation strategy is crucial for the preservation of 

shorebird populations in the Central Valley, as this 

agriculturally-dominated landscape is among the most 

altered in North America and remains vulnerable to strong 

economic and population growth pressures that may impact 

shorebird habitats in the future. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

472. Screening and field evaluation of wetland algae 

species with superior capacities for the removal of 

selenium from agricultural drainage water. 

Terry, N. 

In: 1998-1999 Salinity/Drainage Program Annual Report; 

Series: Technical Progress Reports. 

Riverside, CA: UC Center for Water Resources, 1999; 

pp. 289-312. 

Notes: Other number: Project 98-4 

Descriptors: water pollution treatment/ agricultural runoff/ 

irrigation water/ selenium/ bioremediation/ freshwater 

organisms/ bioaccumulation/ volatile compounds/ drainage 

water/ sediment pollution/ pollution control/ plant 

physiology/ water quality control/ artificial wetlands/ water 

pollution control/ accumulation/ aquatic plants/ trace 

elements/ evaluation/ laboratories/ algae/ Chara/ USA, 

California, San Joaquin Valley/ USA, California, Tulare L./ 

freshwater macrophytes/ protective measures and control/ 

physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ wastewater treatment 

processes/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control & remediation 

Abstract: In this report we present data which 

demonstrates that Chara, a macroalga known to 

accumulate very high concentrations of trace elements, is 

able to remove significant amounts of Se from solution, by 

accumulation in tissue and by volatilization. In only 8 days 

Chara removed 50% of the Se supplied in solution as 32 

ppb selenate. In an experiment comparing the rates of Se 

accumulation and volatilization by Chara compared to 

twenty aquatic plant species, Chara exhibited the highest 

rates of Se accumulation and volatilization under laboratory 

conditions. We constructed wetland microcosms, and used 

them to treat Se-contaminated solution. These microcosms 

removed 70% of the Se from solution. Most of the Se was 

in the sediments, with some Se being accumulated and 

volatilized by the plants in the microcosm. These 

experiments showed that the microcosms can effectively 

simulate an actual constructed wetland. Now that we know 

that Chara is a superior candidate for the phytoremediation 

of Se and we know that microcosms can be used to 

effectively simulate actual constructed wetlands, we will 

plant Chara in microcosms supplied with selenatecontaminated agricultural drainage water (similar to the 

water flowing into the TLDD wetland). This experiment will 

determine the efficiency with which Chara will remove Se 

from agricultural drainage water flowing into a constructed 

wetland. 

© CSA 

473. Selenium accumulation in submerged aquatic 

macrophytes Potamogeton pectinatus L. and Ruppia 

maritima L. from water with elevated chloride and 

sulfate salinity. 

Wu, L. and Guo, X. 

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 51(1): 

22-27. (Jan. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E29; ISSN: 0147-6513 

Descriptors: wetlands/ selenium/ bioaccumulation/ 

macrophytes/ aquatic organisms/ sulfate/ agricultural 

pollution/ drainage/ aquatic plants/ agricultural runoff/ 

pollution effects/ brackishwater pollution/ aquatic 

macrophytes (Potamogetonaceae)/ aquatic macrophytes 

(Ruppiaceae)/ runoff (agricultural)/ heavy metals/ USA, 

California/ water pollution effects/ Potamogeton pectinatus/ 

Ruppia maritima/ widgeongrass/ macrophytes/ metabolism/ 

freshwater pollution/ pollution - organisms/ ecology/ 

toxicology/ effects of pollution/ effects of pollution/ 

effects on organisms 

Abstract: Submerged aquatic macrophyte species 

Potamogeton crispus L. (curlyleaf pondweed) and Ruppia 

maritima L. (widegeongrass) were examined for selenium 

accumulation from agricultural drainage water in the field 

and under laboratory conditions. High concentrations of 

chloride and sulfate salts were found in the drainage water 

of the constructed wetland at Tulare Lake Drainage District, 

Corcorn, California. Samples of P. crispus and R. maritima 

collected from the field, had similar plant-tissue Se 

concentrations, but the rhizomes accumulated significantly 

greater amounts of Se than the shoot tissues. When the 

plants were grown in culture solution supplemented with 

either chloride or sulfate salt, R. maritima was found to be 

more salt tolerant than P. crispus, and P. crispus 

accumulated more Se than R. maritima. Free seleno-amino 

acids were detected in the plant tissue, and organic Se was 

detected in the culture solution after 10 days of growth. The 

release of organic Se into the water by the plants may have 

a negative impact on the wetland environment. Copyright 

2002 Elsevier Science. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

142

474. Selenium removal and mass balance in a 

constructed flow-through wetland system. 

Gao, S.; Tanji, K. K.; Peters, D. W.; Lin, Z. Q.; and Terry, N. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(4): 1557-1570. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: drainage/ plants (botany)/ selenium/ 

vaporization/ vegetation/ standing plants/ water 

contamination/ wetland/ models/ theoretical/ Distichlis 

spicata/ Juncus balticus/ Ruppia maritima/ Schoenoplectus 

acutus/ Spartina alterniflora/ Typha latifolia 

Abstract: A field study on the removal of Se from 

agricultural subsurface drainage was conducted from May 

1997 to February 2001 in the Tulare Lake Drainage District 

(TLDD) of San Joaquin Valley, California. A flow-through 

wetland system was constructed consisting of ten 15- × 76-

m unlined cells that were continuously flooded and planted 

with either a monotype or combination of plants, including 

sturdy bulrush [Schoenoplectus robustus (Pursh) M.T. 

Strong], baltic rush (Juncus balticus Willd.), smooth 

cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.), rabbitsfoot grass 

[Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf.], saltgrass [Distichlis 

spicata (L.) Greene], cattail (Typha latifolia L.), tule 

[Schoenoplectus acutus (Muhl. ex Bigelow) A. Löve & D. 

Lo?ve], and widgeon grass (Ruppia maritima L.). One cell 

had no vegetation planted. The objectives of this research 

were to evaluate Se removal efficiency of each wetland cell 

and to carry out a mass balance on Se. The inflow drainage 

water to the cells had average annual Se concentrations of 

19 to 22 ?g L-1 dominated by selenate [Se(VI), 95%]. 

Average weekly water residence time varied from about 3 

to 15 d for Cells 1 through 7 (target 7 d), 19 to 33 d for Cells 

8 and 9 (target 21 d), and 13 to 18 d for Cell 10 (target 14 

d). Average weekly Se concentration ratios of outflow to 

inflow ranged from 0.45 to 0.79 and mass ratio 

(concentration × water volume) from 0.24 to 0.52 for year 

2000, that is, 21 to 55% reduction in Se concentration and 

48 to 76% Se removal in mass by the wetland, respectively. 

The nonvegetated cell showed the least Se removal both in 

concentration and in mass. The global mass balance 

showed that on the average about 59% of the total inflow 

Se was retained within the cells and Se outputs were 

outflow (35%), seepage (4%), and volatilization (2%). 

Independent measurements of the Se retained in the cells 

totaled 53% of the total Se inflow: 33% in the surface (0-20 

cm) sediment, 18% in the organic detrital layer above the 

sediment, 2% in the fallen litter, <1% in the standing plants, 

and <1% in the surface water. Thus, about 6% of the total 

Se inflow was unaccounted for in the internal 

compartments. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

475. Selenium removal by constructed wetlands: 

Quantitative importance of biological volatilization in 

the treatment of selenium-laden agricultural drainage 

water. 

Lin, Zhi Qing. and Terry, Norman. 

Environmental Science and Technology 37(3): 

606-615. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1E5; ISSN: 0013-936X 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ pollution assessment control and management/ 

bioremediation/ applied and field techniques/ agricultural 

drainage water/ constructed wetlands/ selenium 

contaminated drainage water management 

Abstract: Management of selenium (Se)-contaminated 

agricultural drainage water is one of the most important 

environmental issues in California. To evaluate the 

feasibility of utilizing constructed wetlands to remediate Seladen drainage water and the role of biological volatilization 

in Se removal, 10 flow-through wetland cells were 

constructed in 1996 in Corcoran, California. The monthly 

monitoring study from May 1997 to December 1999 

showed that the vegetated wetlands were capable of 

significantly reducing Se from the inflow drainage water; an 

average of 69.2% of the total Se mass in the inflow was 

removed. Most of the Se was retained in sediment, and 

<5% of the Se was accumulated in plant tissues. Selenium 

volatilization was highest in the rabbitfoot grass wetland 

cell, where 9.4% of the Se input was volatilized over a 2-

year period. Volatilization was greater in spring and 

summer than in fall and winter. For example, in May and 

June of 1998, 35 and 48%, respectively, of the Se entering 

the rabbitfoot grass cell was volatilized, whereas in the 

winter months, <5% was volatilized. The feasibility of using 

constructed wetlands for Se remediation, methods for the 

enhancement of Se volatilization, and the importance of 

considering potential Se ecotoxicity are discussed. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

476. Selenium removal from irrigation drainage water 

flowing through constructed wetland cells with special 

attention to accumulation in sediments. 

Gao, S.; Tanji, K. K.; Peters, D. W.; Lin, Z.; and Terry, N. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 144(1): 263-284. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: sediment contamination/ fluvial sediments/ 

drainage water/ agricultural runoff/ selenium/ sinks/ artificial 

wetlands/ irrigation water/ drainage districts/ irrigation/ 

drainage/ sediments/ pollutant removal/ USA, California/ 

USA, California, Corcoran/ artificial wetlands 

Abstract: A flow-through experimental wetland system has 

been under investigation since 1996 to remove selenium 

(Se) from agricultural drainage water in the Tulare Lake 

Drainage District at Corcoran, California, U.S.A. The 

system consists of ten cells which have dimensions of 15 x 

76 m continuously flooded and various substrates planted. 

The objectives of this article are to present the overall 

performance in Se removal after establishing the wetland 

for three years, and to examine factors affecting Se 

removal with special attention to accumulation in the 

sediments. In 1999, The wetland cells reduced Se from 

inflow water by 32 to 65% in concentration and 43 to 89% 

in mass. Vegetation plays an important role in Se removal 

as non-vegetated cell showed the least removal of Se. The 

inflow drainage water was dominated by selenate (Se(VI), 

91%) with smaller percentages of selenite (Se(IV), 7%) and 

organic Se (org-Se(II-), 2%). The outflow water from the 

cells contained an average of 47% Se(VI), 32% Se(IV) and 

21% org-Se indicating reduction processes occurring in the 

wetland cells. The surface sediment appears as a large 

sink of Se removal. The highest Se concentration was 

found in fallen litter, followed by the fine organic detrital 

layer on the sediment surface. The sediment Se 

concentration dramatically decreased with increasing 

sediment depth. The mass distribution of Se, however, was 

sediment (0-20 cm) > fine detrital matter > fallen litter. 

Fractionation of surface sediment (0-5 cm) reveals that 

elemental Se was the largest fraction (ave. 47%) followed 

by organic matter-associated Se (34%). Soluble, adsorbed, 

and carbonate-associated Se accounted for 1.2, 3.1 and 
Central Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

143

2.5% of the total sediment Se, respectively. The major Se 

sink mechanism in the cells is the reduction of selenate to 

elemental Se and immobilization into the organic phase of 

the sediments. 

© CSA 

477. Selenium stable isotope ratios in California 

agricultural drainage water management systems. 

Herbel, M. J.; Johnson, T. M.; Tanji, K. K.; Gao, S.; and 

Bullen, T. D. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 31(4): 1146-1156. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Abstract: Selenium stable isotope ratios are known to shift 

in predictable ways during various microbial, chemical, and 

biological processes, and can be used to better understand 

Se cycling in contaminated environments. In this study we 

used Se stable isotopes to discern the mechanisms 

controlling the transformation of oxidized, aqueous forms of 

Se to reduced, insoluble forms in sediments of Se-affected 

environments. We measured 80Se/76Se in surface waters, 

shallow ground waters, evaporites, digested plants and 

sediments, and sequential extracts from several sites 

where agricultural drainage water is processed in the San 

Joaquin Valley of California. Selenium isotope analyses of 

samples obtained from the Tulare Lake Drainage District 

flow-through wetland reveal small isotopic contrasts (mean 

difference 0.7%o) between surface water and reduced Se 

species in the underlying sediments. Selenium in aquatic 

macrophytes was very similar isotopically to the NaOH and 

Na2SO3 sediment extracts designed to recover soluble 

organic Se and Se(O), respectively. For the integrated onfarm drainage management sites, evaporite salts were 

slightly (approximately 0.6%o) enriched in the heavier 

isotope relative to the inferred parent waters, whereas 

surface soils were slightly (approximately 1.4%o) depleted. 

Bacterial or chemical reduction of Se(VI) or Se(IV) may be 

occurring at these sites, but the small isotopic contrasts 

suggest that other, less isotopically fractionating 

mechanisms are responsible for accumulation of reduced 

forms in the sediments. These findings provide evidence 

that Se assimilation by plants and algae followed by 

deposition and mineralization is the dominant 

transformation pathway responsible for accumulation of 

reduced forms of Se in the wetland sediments. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

478. Trace element retention and release on minerals 

and soil in a constructed wetland. 

Fox, Patricia M. and Doner, Harvey E. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 31(1): 331-338. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: bioprocess engineering/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ pollution assessment 

control and management/ soil science/ waste management: 

sanitation/ permeable bags/ field equipment/ agricultural 

drainwater: remediation, trace element contaminated/ air 

drying/ bulk soil: trace element retention/ field conditions/ 

flow through constructed wetland/ goethite coated quartz 

sand: trace element accumulation/ redox status changes/ 

sediment surface/ soil/ soil constituents: trace element 

retention/ water depth/ wetland cell 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are one method under 

investigation for the remediation of trace elementcontaminated agricultural drainwater. A greater 

understanding of the retention of trace elements by the bulk 

soil and soil constituents is necessary for their safe and 

effective use. To determine the capacity of soil, calcite, and 

goethite-coated quartz sand for retention of As, Mo, and V 

under field conditions, an in situ method was used whereby 

permeable bags containing those minerals were placed 

near the sediment surface of a flow-through constructed 

wetland for 3 or 12 mo. Accumulations of As, Mo, and V 

occurred on goethite-coated sand. Concentrations of Mo on 

goethite-coated sand were much higher in samples from a 

wetland cell with a water depth of 15 em (38.23+-7.27 mg 

kg-1) compared with those from a cell with a water depth of 

3 cm (8.30+-1.45 mg kg-1). Calcite sorbed no As and low 

amounts of Mo and V, indicating that it is not an important 

sink for those elements under these conditions. In soil 

bags, total As and V concentrations showed little change 

over 12 mo. Molybdenum accumulated in the soil bags, 

resulting in total concentrations (12 mo) of 27.22+-2.69 mg 

kg-1 and 11.42+-1.35 mg kg-1 at water depths of 15 and 3 

cm, respectively. Nearly half of the Mo accumulation on soil 

became water soluble after air-drying. This has important 

implications for systems that may undergo changes in 

redox status, possibly resulting in large fluxes of watersoluble Mo. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

479. Water selenium speciation and sediment 

fractionation in a California flow-through wetland 

system. 

Gao, S.; Tanji, K. K.; Peters, D. W.; and Herbel, M. J. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 29(4): 1275-1283. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ selenium/ chemical speciation/ 

California 

Abstract: A flow-through wetland system was established 

in the Tulare Lake Drainage District (TLDD) in California to 

determine if selenium (Se) from saline irrigation drainage 

can be removed prior to impoundment in evaporation 

basins to reduce potential toxicity to waterbirds. The 

objective of this research was to evaluate Se speciation, 

accumulation, and fractionation in the waters and 

sediments of the newly developed wetland system. The 

inlet water was dominated by selenate [Se(VI), 92%], with 

smaller percentages of selenite [Se(IV), 5%] and organic 

Se [org-Se(-II), 3%]. For the outflow water, the average 

percentage of Se(VI) was 72% in November 1997 and 59% 

in February 1999. This change may be due to an increase 

in either residence time and/or accumulation of organic 

detrital matter, which may enhance Se(VI) reduction 

processes. Selenium accumulation, transformation, and 

incorporation with the solid phase were all intensified in the 

surface sediment (<20 cm). The highest total Se 

concentrations in the sediments were found in the top 5 cm 

and concentrations dramatically decreased with depth. 

Elemental Se [Se(0)], as extracted by Na2SO3, was the 

largest fraction (average of 46%) of the total sediment Se, 

followed by organic matter-associated Se (OM-Se) 

extracted by NaOH (average of 34%). Soluble, adsorbed, 

and carbonate-associated Se, as extracted by KCl, 

K2HPO4 (pH 8.0), and NaOAc (pH 5.0), were about 3, 10, 

and 3% of the total sediment Se, respectively. After 

establishing the wetland for 2 yr, significant Se removal 

from the flowing water was observed. The major sink 

mechanisms in the sediment are reduction to Se(0) and 

immobilization into the organic phase. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

144

480. Winter management of Californian rice fields for 

waterbirds. 

Elphick, C. S. and Oring, L. W. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 35(1): 95-108. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water management/ rice/ crop 

residues/ legislation/ burning/ waste management/ stubble/ 

wild birds/ nature conservation/ flooding/ submergence/ 

incorporation/ water/ depth/ land use/ decomposition 

Abstract: Recent legislation designed to reduce air 

pollution has restricted Californian rice-farmers from 

burning rice stubble after harvest. Intentional flooding of 

fields during winter to speed straw decomposition is 

becoming increasingly common as growers seek 

alternatives to burning residual straw. The potential for 

flooded fields to act as a surrogate for destroyed wetland 

habitat may be an additional benefit in a region that hosts a 

large proportion of North America's wintering water birds. 

The degree to which water birds use flooded fields and 

whether the method of flooding affects their use was 

investigated. Intentionally flooded rice fields received 

significantly greater use by 24 of 31 species studied. Only 

great blue herons Ardea herodias and sandhill cranes Grus 

canadensis were significantly more common in unflooded 

fields. Geese densities did not differ between flooded and 

unflooded fields. There were no differences in the densities 

of most bird species in flooded fields that received different 

straw manipulations to improve decomposition rates. 

Exceptions included several small shore birds which 

occurred at highest densities in fields where straw was 

incorporated into the soil. For 14 species, it was tested 

whether preferred depths, suggested in the literature, 

received disproportionately higher use. Most of these 

species were more likely to be encountered within the 

suggested depth ranges. Depth, however, was a poor 

predictor of bird density. Depths of 15-20 cm resulted in 

frequent use by the greatest number of species. It is 

concluded that flooding rice fields increased suitable habitat 

for most, but not all, species studied. Different straw 

manipulation methods had little effect on most species. 

Water depth, however, was important in determining 

species occurrence. During the first half of the winter, water 

depths were greater than the median depths used by most 

species. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 
145

Glaciated Interior Plains Wetlands 

General Information 

481. Avian communities in forested riparian wetlands 

of southern Michigan, USA. 

Inman, Rainy L.; Prince, Harold H.; and Hayes, Daniel B. 

Wetlands 22(4): 647-660. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ biogeography: population studies/ 

modeling/ mathematical and computer techniques/ avian 

community/ breeding status/ floodplain/ forested riparian 

wetlands/ plant species dominance/ plant species richness/ 

plant species structure/ species composition/ vegetation 

composition/ vegetation structure/ wetlands ecology 

Abstract: Descriptive studies are an important first step in 

developing assessment models for regional wetland 

subclasses. Objectives of this study were to gather 

benchmark information on the composition and structure of 

vegetation from minimally impacted riparian forested 

wetland sites in Michigan, USA, and to determine if species 

composition of the breeding bird community and relative 

densities of individual species varied among riparian and 

adjacent upland forest zones. Plant species richness, 

dominance, and structure differed greatly between 

floodplain wetlands and uplands and were similar among 

zones within floodplain forests. Of 54 breeding bird species 

recorded through point count surveys (1998-99), 39 were 

observed in both floodplain and upland forests, while 11 

were found only in floodplains and 4 solely in the uplands. 

Detectable patterns of avian density across riparian and 

upland forest zones were evident for 31 breeding species. 

Most species preferred areas closest to the river over other 

zones, although a few species were more prevalent within 

interior floodplains or uplands as compared to riverside 

forests. Forested riparian wetlands in this region act as 

essential breeding habitats for many avian species not 

often found in upland areas and are especially important for 

obligate riparian species and rare or declining breeding 

birds observed within our sites. These results are 

consistent with many studies across North America, where 

riparian forests have been found to support 

disproportionately large numbers of breeding bird species 

as compared to more xeric forests and other upland 

habitats. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

482. Characterization of woody species distribution in 

riparian forests of lower Michigan, USA using mapbased models. 

Baker, M. E. and Wiley, M. J. 

Wetlands 24(3): 550-561. (Sept. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ ordination/ climate/ 

hydrology/ riparian environments/ floods/ geology/ climatic 

changes/ catchment area/ spatial variations/ ecological 

distribution/ community composition/ autecology/ modelling/ 

hydrologic models/ riparian vegetation/ structure/ 

ecosystems/ catchment areas/ trees/ USA, Michigan/ 

temperate forests/ habitat community studies/ 

water and plants 

Abstract: The goal of this study was to identify and 

characterize the range of variation in riparian forests across 

Lower Michigan, USA as a basis for assessing the utility of 

map-based information in the characterization of riparian 

environments. We obtained a regional sample of riparian 

forests and valley-bottom physiography from 94 locations 

throughout Lower Michigan and distinguished seven major 

riparian forest types using hierarchical clustering and 

NMDS ordination. NMDS ordination distances accounted 

for more than 70% of the distances in species space and 

achieved excellent discrimination among riparian types. We 

then evaluated a set of map-based variables indicative of 

regional climate, catchment hydrology, and valley character 

relative to ordination axes and interpretations of the 

autecology of principal tree species from each forest group. 

Map-based predictors accounted for 83% of the variation in 

sample scores along NMDS Axis 1 and explained 42% of 

the variation in Axis 2. Species and riparian types varied 

along two principal gradients, one associated with climate 

and geology along a north-south gradient, the second 

associated with flood duration and power. Map-based 

interpretations of regional climate and hydroperiod 

dynamics agreed closely with species-based interpretations 

of riparian character, although in certain cases, a similar 

biotic response arose from apparently distinct 

hydrogeomorphic contexts. Such dynamic patterns 

underscore the need for better and more explicit linkages 

between the controls of riparian hydrology and more 

proximal physical cues on biotic communities in order to 

understand the drivers of spatial variation in riparian 

ecosystem structure and composition. 

© CSA 

483. Coastal wetlands of the Upper Great Lakes: 

Distribution of invertebrate communities in response to 

environmental variation. 

Gathman, Joseph P.; Burton, Thomas M.; and 

Armitage, Brian J. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 949-994. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ population 

density/ coastal wetland fauna/ response to environmental 

variables/ distribution within habitat/ influence of 

environmental variables/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetland 

communities response to environmental variables/ abiotic 

factors/ coastal wetland environmental variables influence 

on community/ water movements/ coastal wetlands/ 

influence on communities/ Great Lakes/ coastal wetland 

communities response to environmental variables 

© The Thomson Corporation 

484. Do created wetlands replace the wetlands that are 

destroyed? 

Hunt, Randall J. and Geological Survey (U.S.). 

Madison, Wis.: USGS; Series: Fact sheet (Geological 

Survey (U.S.)) FS-246-96. (1998) 

Notes: Title from caption. Includes bibliographical 

references. 

NAL Call #: QH76.H86-1998 

http://wi.water.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-246-96/FS_246-96.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands---United States/ wetlands---
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

146

Wisconsin/ wetland conservation---United States/ wetland 

conservation---Wisconsin/ wetland ecology---United States/ 

wetland ecology---Wisconsin 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

485. The ecology of invertebrates in Great Lakes 

coastal wetlands: Current knowledge and research 

needs. 

Krieger, K. A. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(4): 634-650. (1992) 

NAL Call #: GB1627.G8J6; ISSN: 0380-1330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ benthic fauna/ Great Lakes/ 

invertebrates/ limnology/ path of pollutants/ water pollution 

sources/ zooplankton/ aquatic populations/ ecosystems/ 

energy transfer/ food chains/ lakes/ literature review/ 

nutrients/ population dynamics/ suspended sediments 

Abstract: The composition of the invertebrate communities 

in the Great Lakes coastal wetlands is the result of natural 

factors and the effects of pollution. Information in the 

literature, summarized here, is comparatively sparse on the 

community structure, population dynamics, secondary 

productivity, and trophic relationships. Zooplankton species 

composition appears to be, in part, a function of the 

distance of the community from the connection with the 

Great Lake. The dominant species present appear to be 

variable, and are dependent on a complex of interacting 

biotic and abiotic factors. The zooplankton appear to 

provide a strong link in the transfer of carbon and energy 

between the phytoplankton and higher trophic levels. 

Benthic invertebrates in the Great Lakes proper are 

important agents of bioturbation, releasing regenerated 

nutrients in interstitial water back into the water column; 

they may have a similar function in the wetlands. In the 

coastal wetlands, they are a major nutritional source for 

numerous species of fish and waterfowl, and thus are an 

important link between the primary producers and 

decomposers to the higher trophic levels. Zooplankton and 

zoobenthos species composition and abundance appear to 

be controlled by the interaction of a combination of 

environmental variables; not all of the factors operate on all 

species, all wetlands, or at the same time. The abiotic 

factors include concentration gradients of nutrients and 

suspended sediments, sustained high turbidity, flushing 

with storm water runoff, intermittent separation from the 

lake by a barrier beach, long and short term water level 

changes, characteristics of available substrates, and 

pollution. Biotic factors include selective predation; the 

composition, distribution, and density of hydrophyte beds; 

the spatial and seasonal variation in food resources; habitat 

disruption of bottom feeding fish; and patch dynamics. 

© CSA 

486. Effects of wastewater on wetland animal 

communities. 

Brennan, K. M. 

In: Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of 

Municipal Wastewaters/ Godfrey, Paul J. 

New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985; pp. 199-223. 

Notes: ISBN: 0442230095 

NAL Call #: QH545.S49E3 

Descriptors: wetlands treatment/ wastewater treatment/ 

water pollution effects/ ecosystems/ wildlife/ environmental 

effects/ literature review/ economic aspects/ 

artificial wetlands 

Abstract: An inventory of known discharges of wastewater 

to wetlands in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, 

and Wisconsin was performed. The results show that the 

use of natural wetlands for the discharge of treated 

wastewater is relatively common. However, the intentional 

inclusion of wetlands as part of the treatment process is 

rare. Both types of situations may become more attractive 

due to economic factors. Although the short-term benefits 

of the use of natural wetlands for the disposal or treatment 

of wastewater (cost-effectiveness, treatment efficiency, and 

convenience) appear promising, the long-term ability of 

these areas to treat wastewater is questionable. The 

construction of artificial wetlands for the treatment of 

wastewater would avoid any detrimental effects that might 

result from the use of natural wetlands and also could 

provide supplementary habitats for wetland wildlife and 

possibly reservoirs for rare species. Few animal-related 

studies have been performed at the small number of 

artificial wetland sites presently in existence; thus, the 

information base is too small and too short-term for any 

conclusions to be drawn. 

© CSA 

487. Elemental dynamics in forested bogs in northern 

Minnesota. 

Grigal, D. F. 

Canadian Journal of Botany 69(3): 539-546. (Mar. 1991) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026. 

Notes: NSF grant no. DEB 7922142; Minnesota Agricultural 

Experiment Station Project 25-54 

Descriptors: bogs/ limnology/ Minnesota/ nutrients/ wetland 

forests/ biomass/ calcium/ cycling nutrients/ magnesium/ 

nitrogen/ peat bogs/ phosphorus/ potassium/ primary 

productivity/ vegetation/ lakes/ chemical processes 

Abstract: Dynamics of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), 

potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were 

determined for three perched bogs, formed by lake filling, 

and three raised bogs, formed by landscape swamping. N 

and K concentrations were higher in the undergrowth of 

perched bogs, and Ca and Mg concentrations were higher 

in subsurface anaerobic peat of raised bogs. Elemental 

pools in vegetation were in the order N > Ca > K > Mg > P; 

in surface peat, N > Ca > Mg > P = K. Differences in 

elemental mass between the bog types were closely related 

to biomass differences. The atmosphere potentially 

supplied from 3% of annual plant uptake of K to 20% of Mg; 

this fraction was inversely related to uptake as a proportion 

of the surface peat. Vegetation on raised bogs had a 

greater proportion of uptake from the atmosphere (15 vs. 

12%), a faster rate of elemental turnover (3.8 vs. 4.8 yrs), 

and lower net primary productivity (NPP) than on perched 

bogs, all indicative of a lower nutrient status. The annual 

mineralization rate of the surface peat for both bog types 

was estimated 15 1.5%/yr; NPP predicted from N 

mineralized at this rate agrees well with observations. The 

better nutritional status of perched bogs may be related to 

landscape position, with potential inputs via runoff from 

adjacent uplands. The nutrient capital in both bog 

vegetation and substrate was similar to that in upland 

northern conifer forests. (Author's abstract) 

© CSA 
Glaciated Interior Plains: General Information 

147

488. Estimating the ground-water contribution in 

wetlands using modeling and digital terrain analysis. 

Gerla, P. J. 

Wetlands 19(2): 394-402. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ analysis/ classification/ drainage/ 

groundwater flow/ water budget/ mathematical models/ 

equations/ groundwater recharge/ water table 

Abstract: Wetland classification and management often 

requires information on the contribution of groundwater to a 

wetland's water budget. Direct estimation of this parameter, 

however, is time-consuming, expensive, and can typically 

only be accomplished for small areas. Thus, a method to 

characterize groundwater flow in wetland areas and regions 

may be useful in many applications. The estimation 

technique described combines the use of a digital elevation 

model (DEM) with transient numerical modelling and 

assumes that the water table reflects the general pattern of 

surface topography. The DEM grid elevations were used as 

initial heads in the model. Stepwise groundwater drainage 

from the flow domain was simulated until a reasonable 

match was obtained between the observed and model 

water tables. By knowing or assuming hydraulic 

conductivity and using the model water table configuration, 

an estimate for groundwater flow to and from each 

discretized grid node can be estimated from Darcy's Law 

and the Dupuit approximation. The net result, when 

mapped, shows the simulated distribution of recharge and 

discharge within and surrounding the wetland. Two 

examples from the Shingobee River headwaters in central 

Minnesota, USA show how the method may be used. 

Geologically recent development of glacial landforms has 

led to numerous lakes, ponds, and wetlands in the region. 

Using a 30-m, 1:24 000 scale DEM grid in combination with 

data from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife National Wetlands 

Inventory, the model predicts the most likely areas of 

groundwater interaction in and near wetlands and lakes. 

More quantitative results can be obtained by applying 

observed water budget and soil/aquifer parameter data. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

489. Evaluation of national wetland inventory maps in a 

heavily forested region in the upper Great Lakes. 

Kudray, Gregory M. and Gale, Margaret R. 

Wetlands 20(4): 581-587. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ national wetland inventory maps/ equipment/ 

cover type/ forested areas/ forested wetlands/ hydric 

nonhydric soil complexes/ topography/ 

wetland upland complexes 

Abstract: National Wetland Inventory (NWI) maps are 

widely used in the United States but have not been 

independently evaluated in the Great Lakes region nor in 

forested areas with level topography. Field data from 148 

plots in the Hiawatha National Forest ecological 

classification and inventory program were combined with an 

additional review to evaluate NWI mapping accuracy. NWI 

maps were over 90% accurate in identifying uplands and 

jurisdictional wetlands. All nonforested wetlands were 

identified correctly. Uplands were correctly identified 96.9% 

of the time. The lowest level of accuracy, 90.7%, was 

achieved in identifying forested wetlands. The most 

common error was the NWI classification of wetlands on 

the AuGres soil series, a somewhat poorly drained upland 

soil that often occurs in complexes with wetland soils in the 

region. Forested wetlands with a cover type similar to 

adjacent uplands were also a source of error on NWI maps. 

The already high accuracy of NWI maps could be improved 

by the mapping of wetland-upland complexes, a 

development corresponding to the increased mapping of 

hydric-nonhydric soil complexes in area soil surveys. The 

continued refinement of regional lists of hydrophytic 

vegetation is supported by indicator status discrepancies 

between an extensive Hiawatha National Forest database 

and the current NWI list for the region. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

490. Factors affecting the evolution of coastal wetlands 

of the Laurentian Great Lakes: An overview. 

Mayer, T.; Edsall, T.; and Munawar, M. 

Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 7(2): 

171-178. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A682; ISSN: 1463-4988 

Descriptors: freshwater wetlands/ wetland ecosystems/ 

wetland issues 

Abstract: Coastal wetlands play a pivotal role in the Great 

Lakes ecosystem. As buffer zones between the land and 

open waters of the Great Lakes, they perform a variety of 

essential functions providing both direct and indirect 

anthropogenic benefits. Geology, morphology and climate 

are the dominant variables that influence Laurentian Great 

Lakes wetland development. However, anthropogenic 

factors are the major contributors to alteration of natural 

wetland processes. This paper provides an overview of 

natural and anthropogenic factors important in Great Lakes 

coastal wetland development and provides statistical 

information describing the Great Lakes Basin. A brief 

description of wetlands classification and research issues is 

also presented. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

491. The future of waterfowl habitats in the Canadian 

lower Great Lakes wetlands. 

Crowder, A. A. and Bristow, J. M. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 14(1): 115-127. (1988) 

NAL Call #: GB1627.G8J6; ISSN: 0380-1330 

Abstract: Waterfowl utilization of wetlands along the 

Canadian shore of the lower Great Lakes, and the impact of 

eutrophication, metal pollution, organic pollution, and 

sedimentation on both the wetlands and the birds are 

reviewed. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

492. Great Lakes wetlands as amphibian habitats: A 

review. 

Hecnar, S. 

Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 7(2): 

289-303. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A682; ISSN: 1463-4988 

Descriptors: amphibians/ conservation/ endangered status/ 

conservation status/ literature review/ species diversity/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ importance as habitat and 

conservation/ Great Lakes/ wetlands importance as habitat 

and conservation/ review 

Abstract: Amphibians are highly adapted for life in wetland 

habitats. They form a major component of wetland faunas, 

and being both prey and predator, they are important in 

ecosystem functioning. Wetlands provide aquatic habitats 

that amphibians require for breeding, development, 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

148

foraging, hibernation and refuge, and they form an interface 

with essential adjacent upland habitat. The size and type of 

wetlands as well as their spatial configuration and local 

structural characteristics are important features of these 

habitats for amphibian use. Because of their dependence 

on water, use of both aquatic and terrestrial habitat, 

permeable skin, and other biological characteristics, 

amphibians are considered to be excellent indicators of 

ecosystem health. Amphibians have a tremendous diversity 

of natural history characteristics and species differ in their 

patterns of habitat and microhabitat selection. Over 30 

species of amphibians occur in wetlands within the Great 

Lakes Basin and an increasing trend in species richness 

exists from north to south across the region. Since 

European settlement, this region has lost over 50% of its 

wetlands. Loss rates of coastal and inland wetlands exceed 

90% in some areas. Many restoration efforts are underway 

across the region but losses still exceed gains. No species 

have been extirpated from the entire basin but numerous 

local extirpations have occurred. However, nearly half of 

the species are officially designated as being of 

conservation concern somewhere in the basin. A more 

realistic estimate suggests that at least 2/3 of species are of 

concern. Habitat loss is reported as the primary cause of 

decline for 60% of species and habitat degradation by 

pollution is cited for 43% of the fauna. Considering the 

extent of wetland loss across the basin it seems reasonable 

to assume a similar magnitude of amphibian population 

loss. The current conservation status of amphibians 

indicates that Great Lakes wetlands are unhealthy 

ecosystems. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

493. Groundwater inflow measurements in wetland 

systems. 

Hunt, R. J.; Krabbenhoft, D. P.; and Anderson, M. P. 

Water Resources Research 32(3): 495-507. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397. 

Notes: Affiliation: Water Resour. Div., U.S. Geological 

Surv., Madison, WI, USA 

Descriptors: wetlands/ groundwater/ hydrology/ Darcy's 

law/ land management/ water use/ USA/ Wisconsin 

© CSA 

494. Human interference with natural water level 

regimes in the context of other cultural stresses on 

Great Lakes wetlands. 

Patterson, N. J. and Whillans, T. H. 

In: Coastal Wetlands/ Prince, Harold H. and D'Itri, Frank M. 

Chelsea, Mich.: Lewis Publishers, 1985; pp. 209-251. 

Notes: ISBN: 0873710525 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G7C63 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water levels/ limnology/ Great 

Lakes/ stress analysis/ cultural control/ dikes/ channels/ 

ecosystems/ reviews 

Abstract: Water level regime is but one of many 

manageable factors which could influence the condition or 

extent of a Great Lakes wetland. Some factors which could 

affect water levels such as river discharge into a wetland, 

diversion of lake water around a wetland, isolation from 

natural hydrologic influence (diking) or channelization 

through a wetland could also have independent influence 

and are subjects of considerable human tampering. It is 

therefore advisable to consider water level regime and 

human interference with it in the context of other humanengendered problems in Great Lakes wetlands. There are 

at least three major aspects which merit examination: (1) 

comparison of causal factors in order to isolate similarities 

among causes (and implied solutions); (2) contrast of 

stresses (biological, chemical or physical perturbation) and 

of long-term responses in order to clarify the ecosystemic 

significance of water level regime (and implied priority for 

action); and (3) investigation of interaction among causes, 

among stresses and among long-term responses in order 

to specify synergisms and antagonisms (and implied 

interpretation of (1) and (2)). The aspects (1) and (2) have 

been examined to a degree for the Great Lakes in general, 

for certain wetland-rich ecosystems within the Great Lakes, 

and for wetlands in general. This review is based in large 

part upon those studies. 

© CSA 

495. Irreversible investment in wetlands preservation: 

Optimal ecosystem restoration under uncertainty. 

Bloczynski, J. A.; Bogart, W. T.; Hobbs, B. F.; and 

Koonce, J. F. 

Environmental Management 26(2): 175-193. (Aug. 2000) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

environment management/ global warming/ climatic 

changes/ hydrology/ lakes/ nature conservation/ 

environmental economics/ USA, Ohio, Metzger Marsh/ 

water management/ ecosystem recovery/ models/ USA, 

Ohio/ environmental protection/ ecosystem management/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ environmental impact/ land 

management/ environmental effects/ model studies/ USA, 

Ohio, Toledo/ environmental action/ reclamation/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

evaluation process 

Abstract: The question of how to manage a lacustrine 

wetland is analyzed given the uncertain potential for longterm lake level changes resulting from global warming and 

the uncertain biological processes involved in creating 

wetlands. Three management options are considered: do 

nothing; construct a dike that removes hydrological 

connections with the lake ("closed dike); and build a dike 

that maintains a hydrological connection with the lake, but 

can be converted to a closed dike under adverse conditions 

("open dike). For all practical purposes, dike construction 

represents an irreversible choice.The model, a stochastic 

dynamic program, is used to optimize the timing and type of 

protective structure under a range of management goals. A 

wetland can either be optimal for fish or optimal for 

mammals and waterfowl, but not both. Because credible 

estimates of the economic values of wetland services do 

not exist, we treat those values as parameters in a 

multiobjective analysis and show the decisions implied by 

alternative valuations. The model is applied to the case of 

Metzger Marsh, a Lake Erie coastal wetland near Toledo, 

Ohio, where the decision was made in 1993 to construct an 

open dike. We find that the optimal decision is robust with 

respect to varying assumptions about the formation of 

barrier beaches and the probability of climate change, but 

that the decision is not robust to assumptions concerning 

the health of an unprotected Metzger Marsh. The most 

important source of uncertainty is the biological health of an 

unprotected wetland. 

© CSA 
Glaciated Interior Plains: General Information 

149

496. Lake Erie coastal wetlands: A review and case 

study of Presque Isle invertebrates. 

Botts, Pamela Silver 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 995-1012. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ literature review/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ Lake Erie/ coastal wetlands fauna/ literature review 

and case study/ Chironomidae/ community structure/ 

distribution within habitat/ Pennsylvania/ Presque Isle/ 

coastal wetland community spatial and temporal 

patterns overview 

© The Thomson Corporation 

497. Lake Erie coastal wetlands: An overview. 

Herdendorf, C. E. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(4): 533-551. (1992) 

NAL Call #: GB1627.G8J6; ISSN: 0380-1330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic plants/ Great Lakes/ Lake 

Erie/ limnology/ marshes/ coastal lagoons/ dikes/ lagoons/ 

river mouth/ shore protection 

Abstract: Coastal wetlands of Lake Erie fall into three 

categories, depending on the type of protection available to 

the wetland vegetation:(1) coastal lagoons behind barrier 

beaches; (2) managed marshes protected by earthen and 

rip-rap dikes; and (3) estuarine tributary mouths. At one 

time, the most important protection was that afforded by 

barrier bars or other natural shoreline features which 

formed quiet lagoons and embayments. Very few natural 

wetlands of this type still exist on Lake Erie. Most of the 

lagoon-type coastal marshes, if they have not been drained 

of filled or engulfed by the lake, have been replaced by the 

second type: managed waterfowl marshes which are now 

protected by earthen rip-rap dikes. The third type of 

protection is the natural isolation from lake storms provided 

by the estuaries of virtually all of the tributaries entering 

Lake Erie, particularly at the western end. Large wetlands 

have developed along most of the estuaries where 

disturbance has been minimal. Estuarine coastal marshes 

currently form the majority of the naturally protected 

wetlands bordering western Lake Erie. (Author's abstract) 

35 005518163 

© CSA 

498. Land-use correlates of anuran community 

richness and composition in southeastern Ontario 

wetlands. 

Findlay, C. S.; Lenton, J.; and Zheng, L. 

Ecoscience 8(3): 336-343. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E366; ISSN: 1195-6860 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ environmental impact/ maninduced effects/ Rana septentrionalis/ Rana palustris/ 

Canada, Ontario/ mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: In light of increasing evidence of declining anuran 

populations worldwide, an important conservation issue is 

the extent to which declines are consequences of smallerscale stresses such as local habitat loss or degradation, or 

larger-scale stresses such as climate change. That anuran 

richness in 77 southeastern Ontario wetlands is negatively 

correlated with the density of roads on lands within 1 km of 

the wetland, and positively correlated with the percentage 

of forest cover is shown here. Logistic regression analysis 

shows that the presence of at least two species, the mink 

frog (Rana septentrionalis) and the wood frog (Rana 

sylvatica) is negatively related to road density, while the 

pickerel frog (Rana palustris) shows significant positive 

association with adjacent forest cover. These results 

suggest that in southeastern Ontario, significant 

conservation gains can be achieved through local land-use 

planning and management decisions that mitigate the 

effects of existing roads, minimize the construction of new 

roads, and discourage further forest conversion on lands 

adjacent to wetlands. 

© CSA 

499. Large-scale coastal wetland restoration on the 

Laurentian Great Lakes: Determining the potential for 

water quality improvement. 

Mitsch, W. J. and Wang, Naiming 

Ecological Engineering 15(3-4): 267-282. (July 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ coastal environments/ 

environmental restoration/ lakes/ water quality/ nutrient 

concentrations/ coastal zone/ simulation/ phosphorus/ 

hydrology/ coastal waters/ environmental protection/ water 

pollution control/ water quality control/ restoration/ marshes/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ watersheds/ ecosystem management/ 

environment management/ pollutants/ agricultural land/ 

nutrient retention/ USA, Michigan, Saginaw Bay/ USA, 

Ohio, Sandusky Bay/ North America, Great Lakes/ USA, 

Michigan L., Saginaw Bay/ USA, Ohio/ USA, Ohio, Erie L., 

Sandusky Bay/ USA, Illinois/ USA, Great Lakes/ USA, 

Michigan/ nutrient sequestration/ reclamation/ 

environmental action/ estuaries/ prevention and control/ 

land/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: Coastal wetlands around the Laurentian Great 

Lakes, estimated to cover 1290 km super(2) in the USA 

after extensive losses in the past 200 years, are rarely 

restored for water quality enhancement of the Great Lakes, 

despite the need for minimizing phosphorus and other 

pollutant inputs to the lakes. A simulation model, developed 

and validated for a series of created experimental marshes 

in northeastern Illinois, was aggregated and simplified to 

estimate the nutrient retention capacity of hypothetical 

large-scale coastal wetland restoration in Michigan and 

Ohio. Restoration of 31.2 km super(2) of wetlands on 

agricultural land along Saginaw Bay, Michigan, would retain 

25 metric tons-P year super(-1) (53% of the phosphorus 

flow from the upstream watershed). Hydrologic restoration 

of 17.3 km super(2) of mostly diked wetlands in Sandusky 

Bay, Ohio, would retain 38 metric tons year super(- 1) (12% 

of the phosphorus flow from the upstream watershed). A 

wetland distribution model developed for the Saginaw Bay 

site illustrated a technique for identifying sites that have 

high potential for being transition zones between open 

water and upland and thus logical locations for wetland 

restoration. 

© CSA 

500. Linkages between groundwater and coastal 

wetlands of the Laurentian Great Lakes. 

Crowe, A. S. and Shikaze, S. G. 

Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 7(2): 

199-213. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3A682; ISSN: 1463-4988 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Great Lakes/ groundwater/ 

groundwater-surface water interaction 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

150

Abstract: Groundwater flow regimes adjacent to coastal 

wetlands of the Great Lakes are highly transient and vary 

among different types of coastal wetlands. Groundwater 

flow is controlled by (1) the physiography of the land 

adjacent to the wetland, (2) the relative elevations of the 

wetland and the lake, as they fluctuate over time, and (3) 

the amount of infiltration and evapotranspiration that occurs 

at the land and wetland. Groundwater from the mainland 

adjacent to a wetland will flow towards and discharge into 

the wetland throughout the year. In a spit that partially 

protects a wetland from a lake, the source ofgroundwater is 

precipitation and snowmelt; not water from the lake or 

wetland. Here, groundwater continually flows from either 

side of a central groundwater divide towards the lake or 

wetland, with the elevation of the lake only affecting the rate 

of groundwater drainage. Because barrier bars completely 

separate a lake from a wetland, the elevation of the lake 

and wetland are different. When the barrier bar is narrow, 

the resultant hydraulic gradient across the barrier bar 

causes groundwater flow to oscillate between flowing 

towards the lake during the fall and winter and towards the 

wetland during the spring and summer. But as the width of 

the barrier bar increases, the impact of the lake and 

wetland diminish relative to the amount of precipitation and 

snowmelt infiltrating into the barrier bar. Thus, the 

groundwater flow regime is characterized by a central 

groundwater divide with groundwater on either side 

continuously flowing towards the lake and wetland 

throughout the year. Intradunal wetlands are actually 

several small wetlands within a series of relic beach ridges 

and parabolic dunes. Groundwater flow regimes here are 

highly variable and transient with flow adjacent to different 

wetlands, and at different times of the year, exhibiting 

continuous flow to a wetland, oscillating direction of flow, 

and lateral migration of the groundwater divide. However, 

these groundwater flow patterns are caused by precipitation 

and evapotranspiration within the wetland complex and not 

by fluctuating lake levels. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

501. Literature review: Wetlands as a nonpoint source 

pollution control measure. 

Denison, Doug and Tilson, Don 

Wayne County, Michigan: Rouge River National Wet 

Weather Demonstration Program, 1993. 31 p. 

http://www.rougeriver.com/pdfs/wetlands/tm12.pdf

502. Mass and nutrient content of dead wood in a 

central Illinois floodplain forest. 

Polit, J. I. and Brown, S. 

Wetlands 16(4): 488-494. (Dec. 1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wood/ biomass/ nutrient cycles/ 

flood plains/ plant populations/ forests/ detritus/ organic 

matter/ cycling nutrients/ USA, Illinois/ cycling nutrients/ 

plant populations/ organic compounds/ ecosystems and 

energetics/ temperate forests/ chemical processes 

Abstract: The quantity and quality of dead wood in a 

central Illinois floodplain forest was measured to determine 

its role in organic matter and nutrient budgets. Dead wood 

(downed wood and standing dead trees) was inventoried 

using plots and the line intersect method for mass, and 

samples were analyzed for density and concentration of 

ash, N, and P. Total dead wood was estimated at 15.9 Mg 

ha super(-1) and was comprised of 9.3 Mg ha super(-1) as 

standing dead (59%) and 6.6 Mg ha super(-1) as downed 

wood (41%). Most of the downed wood (82% of the total) 

was in the intermediate decomposition class. Density of 

downed wood (0.19-0.47 g cm super(-3)) decreased and 

concentrations of N (0.18-1.29%), P (0.12-0.56 mg g 

super(-1)), and ash (1-23%) increased with increasing state 

of decomposition. Mean N, P, and ash pools in dead wood 

were 47 kg ha super(-1), 3.1 kg ha super(-1), and 481 kg 

ha super(-1), respectively. Downed wood contained 56%, 

54%, and 69% of the total N, P, and ash pools, 

respectively. During periods of rapid decomposition of 

leaves and reproductive parts, downed dead wood is the 

dominant and often sole component of the floor litter mass. 

© CSA 

503. Modelling self-design of the aquatic community in 

a newly created freshwater wetland. 

Metzker, K. D. and Mitsch, W. J. 

Ecological Modelling 100(1-3): 61-86. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ freshwater fish/ 

community composition/ ecological succession/ climax 

community/ fish/ evolution/ fish populations/ community 

development/ USA, Ohio/ Pisces/ models/ 

community structure 

Abstract: A dynamic simulation model was constructed to 

predict the natural development of a fish community in a 

recently constructed, freshwater marsh in the midwestern 

USA, and to determine which forces are significant in 

shaping the self-design trajectory of the fish community. 

The model allowed immigration of five species of fishes 

from a nearby river into the constructed wetland system 

and allowed them to interact with each other as well as with 

the other biotic components of the wetland. Imported fishes 

included Micropterus salmoides, Lepomis macrochirus, 

Lepomis cyanellus, Cyprinus carpio and Ameirus natalis. 

These species were chosen because each is common in 

the nearby river and because each possesses physiological 

characteristics allowing survival in typical marsh conditions. 

Each species population was divided into three distinct 

ontogenetic stages and were graduated into the next 

ontogenetic stage as the normal consequence of growth. 

Modelled interactions included intra and interspecific 

competition; predation; feeding; reproduction; fish effects 

on system abiotic components (e.g., bioturbation) and 

mortality. The fish community underwent several major 

changes in structure during the first 4 years of its simulated 

existence, before establishing a stable structure. Under 

environmental conditions prevailing in the system, the fish 

community always evolved toward a stable state with a 

high-biomass population dominated by Cyprinus carpio and 

a smaller population of Ameirus natalis. If the effects of 

suboptimal environmental conditions were removed, then 

the system always evolved toward a low-biomass state 

consisting entirely of Micropterus salmoides. The role of 

chance was also tested and resulted in significant short 

term modifications to the community structure; however, 

these changes decreased in magnitude and were 

insufficient to prevent attainment of either of the two 

alternate steady states. These results indicate that the fish 

community in wetlands has a strong self-design trajectory, 

tending toward almost complete dominance by Cyprinus 

carpio unless typical wetland environmental conditions 

were significantly ameliorated. 

© CSA 
Glaciated Interior Plains: General Information 

151

504. Non-native plant commonness and dominance in 

the forests, wetlands, and grasslands of Illinois, USA. 

Spyreas, Greg; Ellis, James; Carroll, Connie; and Molano 

Flores, Brenda 

Natural Areas Journal 24(4): 290-299. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ alien plant domination/ forest 

habitat/ grasslands habitat/ vegetation survey/ 

wetlands habitat 

Abstract: Non-native species constitute one of the greatest 

threats to our indigenous biota. We used data from 

vegetation surveys of ground, shrub, and canopy strata 

from 1997-2001 at 399 randomly selected forests, 

wetlands, and grasslands to elucidate non-native plant 

pervasiveness throughout Illinois. The dominant non-native 

species in the ground layer of forests was Lonicera 

japonica Thunb., in wetlands it was Phalaris arundinacea 

L., in prairie grasslands it was Poa pratensis L., and across 

all grasslands it was Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Though 

rarely recognized as exotic, several of the most prevalent 

non-natives were introduced ecotypes or cultivars of 

cosmopolitan species. Conversely, some well-known 

exotics were surprisingly uncommon. Non-native species 

were more dominant in the ground cover (9% forests, 33% 

wetlands, 36% prairie grasslands, 76% secondary 

grasslands) than in the shrub and canopy strata across the 

state. Non-native ground cover varied regionally in forests 

and wetlands while, overall, the southern third of the state 

had significantly lower non-native cover. These regional 

patterns may be related to isolation from metropolitan 

areas, historical disturbances, current land use, unique 

edaphic features, as well as species-specific distributions 

for the most successful invaders. Our results show the 

extent to which non-native species have permeated Illinois 

habitats and replaced native plant communities. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

505. Nongame bird use of restored wetlands in 

Manitowoc County, Wisconsin. 

Guggisberg, A. C. Wisconsin Department of Natural 

Resources, 1996. 60 p. 

Descriptors: land ownership/ questionnaire/ statistics/ 

surveys/ vegetation 

Abstract: Nongame wildlife use and vegetation were 

monitored on 143 restored wetlands in Manitowoc County. 

Included is a supplement, entitled "Wisconsin's Coastal 

Lake Michigan Wetland Restoration Research Program: 

Getting Started & Data Sheets and Instructions." 

© NISC 

506. Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on plant 

diversity in a New York peatland. 

Drexler, Judy Z. and Bedford, Barbara L. 

Wetlands 22(2): 263-281. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: shannon wiener diversity/ fen/ groundwater/ 

hydrochemistry/ hydrogeology/ nutrient flux/ nutrient impact/ 

nutrient loading/ peat chemistry/ peatland/ peatland 

characteristics/ plant diversity/ potential pathway 

identification/ soil characteristics/ species richness 

Abstract: Nutrient loading is a subtle, yet serious threat to 

the preservation of high diversity wetlands such as 

peatlands. Pathways of nutrient loading and impacts on 

plant diversity in a small peatland in New York State. USA 

were determined by collecting and analyzing a suite of 

hydrogeological, hydro-chemical, soil, and vegetation data. 

Piezometer clusters within an intensive network constituted 

hydro-chemical sampling points and focal points for 

randomly selected vegetation quadrats and soil-coring 

locations. Hydrogeological data and nutrient analyses 

showed that P and K loading occurred chiefly by means of 

overland flow from an adjacent farm field, whereas N 

loading occurred predominantly through ground-water flow 

from the farm field. Redundancy analysis and polynomial 

regression showed that nutrients, particularly total P in 

peat, total K in peat, extractable NH4-N, and NO3-N flux in 

ground water, were strongly negatively correlated with plant 

diversity measures at the site. No other environmental 

variables except vegetation measures associated with 

eutrophication demonstrated such a strong relationship with 

plant diversity. Nitrate loading over 4 mg m-2 day-1 was 

associated with low plant diversity, and Ca fluxes between 

80 and 130 mg m-2 day-1 were associated with high plant 

diversity. Areas in the site with particularly low vascular 

plant and bryophyte species richness and Shannon-Wiener 

diversity (H') occurred adjacent to the farm field and near a 

hillside spring. High H' and species richness of vascular 

plants and bryophytes occurred in areas that were further 

removed from agriculture, contained no highly dominant 

vegetation, and were situated directly along the groundwater flow paths of springs. These areas were 

characterized by relatively constant water levels and 

consistent, yet moderate fluxes of base cations and 

nutrients. Overall, this study demonstrates that knowledge 

of site hydrogeology is crucial for determining potential 

pathways of nutrient loading and for developing 

relationships between nutrient inflows and wetland plant 

diversity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

507. The physical effects of the Great Lakes on 

tributaries and wetlands: A summary. 

Bedford, K. W. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(4): 571-589. (1992) 

NAL Call #: GB1627.G8J6; ISSN: 0380-1330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Great Lakes/ Lake Erie/ lake 

effects/ limnology/ seasonal variation/ tributaries/ water 

level fluctuations/ wind-driven currents/ hydrologic cycle/ 

lakes/ physical analysis/ storm surges/ water temperature 

Abstract: Wetland and tributary confluences are 

susceptible to physical influences imposed by the Great 

Lakes, particularly through the effects of short and longterm water level fluctuations and accompanying transport 

disruptions including flow and transport reversals. With 

there being few, if any, direct observations of these 

disruptions based on velocity measurements, reviewing the 

possible physical effects can only be done by reviewing the 

current contributing physics known about the Great Lakes, 

and contrasting possible marine estuary transport 

mechanisms with what little is published about the Great 

Lakes. Lake Erie was chosen because that lake exhibits the 

strongest response to storms and the clearest measurable 

signals resulting from them. The important feature of Lake 

Erie physics is its seasonal variability. Lake Erie is shallow 

and responds robustly to the annual thermal heating and 

cooling cycle. Although ice covers 90% of the lake in the 

winter, the ice does not suppress wind driven circulation. 

The spring-summer-fall heating and cooling cycle is marked 

by both vertical and horizontal temperature variation. Due 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

152

primarily to prevailing storm tracks and shallowness, the 

lake responds to wind stress of storms with a combination 

of free and forced mode oscillatory responses in water 

level. An analogy with marine estuaries is correct in 

suggesting that the flood and ebb conditions are 

asymmetric in that the concentration of fluxes during flood 

are quite different than those during the subsequent ebb. 

The analogy is not correct in that the differential heating 

enhances springtime interfacial development which 

potentially reverses during the fall cooling season. 

© CSA 

508. Regional analysis of fringe wetlands in the 

Midwest: Creation and restoration. 

Willard, D. E. and Levine, D. A. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 299-325. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ lake shores/ reservoirs/ 

water resources management/ wetland restoration/ 

monitoring/ plant populations/ planting management/ 

shoreline cover/ vegetation establishment/ water level 

fluctuations/ water resources development 

Abstract: 'Fringe ' wetlands are those found along lakes 

and reservoirs, abundant in the midwest United States. 

Very few documented cases of fringe wetland mitigation are 

found. Their prevalence in this region suggests that 

Midwestern administrators of the regulatory program will be 

confronted with permits which impact fringe wetlands. 

Specific goals must be clearly outlined in the mitigation 

permit and include the following: detailed construction 

plans; a list of target species consistent with project goals; 

a long-term management plan; and a complete monitoring 

plan. To further ensure the success of mitigation, the 

following is recommended: the establishment of a fringe 

wetland should not be attempted where the fetch is greater 

than 13 km unless a dike is constructed to reduce wave 

action; and revegetation should utilize a combination of 

both natural (i. e., seed bank) and artificial (i.e., transplants) 

methods. Further research is needed (1) to determine how 

fringe wetland plant species and plant communities as a 

whole influence water quality, (2) to determine how water 

level fluctuations affect species composition and nutrient 

cycling in these wetlands, (3) to quantify shoreline 

stabilization needs and functions, and (4) to develop 

ecotypically-adapted planting stocks. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

509. Regional-scale measurements of CH sub(4) 

exchange from a tall tower over a mixed 

temperate/boreal lowland and wetland forest. 

Werner, C.; Davis, K.; Bakwin, P.; Yi, C.; Hurst, D.; and 

Lock, L. 

Global Change Biology 9(9): 1251-1261. (Sept. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QC981.8.C5G6323; ISSN: 1354-1013 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ atmospheric conditions/ 

methanogenesis/ soils/ water table/ annual variations/ 

methane/ gas exchange/ atmospheric gases/ carbon 

dioxide/ precipitation/ Bowen's ratio/ soil temperatures/ 

ecosystems/ forest ecosystems/ ground temperatures/ 

oxidation of methane/ methane exchange, air-marsh/ 

biosphere-atmosphere interaction/ carbon dioxide flux/ 

snow melting/ USA, Wisconsin, Chequamegon-Nicolet Natl. 

Forest/ atmosphere/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

atmospheric chemistry/ composition of the atmosphere/ 

biometeorology and bioclimatology/ microclimates of forests 

and forest clearings/ swamps, marshes 

Abstract: The biosphere-atmosphere exchange of methane 

(CH sub(4)) was estimated for a temperate/boreal lowland 

and wetland forest ecosystem in northern Wisconsin for 

1997-1999 using the modified Bowen ratio (MBR) method. 

Gradients of CH sub(4) and CO sub(2) and CO sub(2) flux 

were measured on the 447-m WLEF-TV tower as part of 

the Chequamegon Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (ChEAS). 

No systematic diurnal variability was observed in regional 

CH sub(4) fluxes measured using the MBR method. In all 3 

years, regional CH sub(4) emissions reached maximum 

values during June-August (24 plus or minus 14.4 mg m 

super(-2) day super(-1)), coinciding with periods of 

maximum soil temperatures. In 1997 and 1998, the onset in 

CH sub(4) emission was coincident with increases in 

ground temperatures following the melting of the snow 

cover. The onset of emission in 1999 lagged 100 days 

behind the 1997 and 1998 onsets, and was likely related to 

postdrought recovery of the regional water table to typical 

levels. The net regional emissions were 3.0, 3.1, and 2.1 g 

CH sub(4) m super(-2) for 1997, 1998, and 1999, 

respectively. Annual emissions for wetland regions within 

the source area (28% of the land area) were 13.2, 13.8, 

and 10.3 g CH sub(4) m super(-2) assuming moderate 

rates of oxidation of CH sub(4) in upland regions in 1997, 

1998, and 1999, respectively. Scaling these measurements 

to the Chequamegon Ecosystem (CNNF) and comparing 

with average wetland emissions between 40 degree N and 

50 degree N suggests that wetlands in the CNNF emit 

approximately 40% less than average wetlands at this 

latitude. Differences in mean monthly air temperatures did 

not affect the magnitude of CH sub(4) emissions; however, 

reduced precipitation and water table levels suppressed CH 

sub(4) emission during 1999, suggesting that long-term 

climatic changes that reduce the water table will likely 

transform this landscape to a reduced source or possibly a 

sink for atmospheric CH sub(4). 

© CSA 

510. Snowmelt ponds in Wisconsin: Influence of 

hydroperiod on invertebrate community structure. 

Schneider, Daniel W. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 299-318. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ snowmelt 

ponds/ pond/ temporary water/ physical factors/ 

hydroperiod influence on community structure in snowmelt 

ponds/ Wisconsin/ North America/ snowmelt ponds 

community structure/ influence of hydroperiod 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Glaciated Interior Plains: General Information 

153

511. Techniques for restoration of disturbed coastal 

wetlands of the Great Lakes. 

Wilcox, D. A. and Whillans, T. H. 

Wetlands 19(4): 835-857. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ degradation/ environmental quality/ 

land reclamation/ land management/ hydrology/ water 

control/ environmental restoration/ methodology/ coastal 

environments/ restoration/ sedimentation/ community 

composition/ water levels/ pollution control/ sediment 

pollution/ decomposition/ environmental quality standards/ 

land restoration/ North America, Great Lakes/ North 

America/ land restoration 

Abstract: A long history of human-induced degradation of 

Great Lakes wetlands has made restoration a necessity, 

but the practice of wetland restoration is relatively new, 

especially in large lake systems. Therefore, we compiled 

tested methods and developed additional potential methods 

based on scientific understanding of Great Lakes wetland 

ecosystems to provide an overview of approaches for 

restoration. We addressed this challenge by focusing on 

four general fields of science: hydrology, sedimentology, 

chemistry, and biology. Hydrologic remediation methods 

include restoring hydrologic connections between diked and 

hydrologically altered wetlands and the lakes, restoring 

water tables lowered by ditching, and restoring natural 

variation in lake levels of regulated lakes Superior and 

Ontario. Sedimentological remediation methods include 

management of sediment input from uplands, removal or 

proper management of dams on tributary rivers, and 

restoration of protective barrier beaches and sand spits. 

Chemical remediation methods include reducing or 

eliminating inputs of contaminants from point and non-point 

sources, natural sediment remediation by biodegradation 

and chemical degradation, and active sediment remediation 

by removal or by in situ treatment. Biological remediation 

methods include control of non-target organisms, 

enhancing populations of target organisms, and enhancing 

habitat for target organisms. Some of these methods were 

used in three major restoration projects (Metzger Marsh on 

Lake Erie and Cootes Paradise and Oshawa Second Marsh 

on Lake Ontario), which are described as case studies to 

show practical applications of wetland restoration in the 

Great Lakes. Successful restoration techniques that do not 

require continued manipulation must be founded in the 

basic tenets of ecology and should mimic natural 

processes. Success is demonstrated by the sustain -ability, 

productivity, nutrient-retention ability, invasibility, and biotic 

interactions within a restored wetland. 

© CSA 

512. Temperate zone fens of the glaciated midwestern 

USA. 

Amon, J. P.; Thompson, C. A.; Carpenter, Q. J.; and 

Miner, J. 

Wetlands 22(2): 301-317. (June 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA/ glaciers/ temperate zone/ 

boreal forests/ literature review/ species diversity/ 

groundwater/ hydrogen ion concentration/ root zone/ 

organic matter/ conductivity/ fens/ inland water 

environment/ classification systems/ hydrology/ 

physicochemical properties/ community composition/ 

species diversity/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: A study of more than 70 fens in the Midwestern 

United States and a review of the literature indicates that 

these temperate zone wetlands may differ from fens of the 

boreal zone and are not adequately differentiated from 

them by present classification systems. Fens of the 

Midwestern temperate zone 1) are wetlands with high 

botanical diversity, 2) are supported in part by ground water 

with conductivity > 100mS/cm and circumneutral pH, 3) 

contain water in the root zone during most of the growing 

season yet are not usually inundated, and 4) accumulate 

organic and/or carbonate substrates. Individually, none of 

these descriptors is adequate to distinguish fens from other 

wetland communities of the Midwest such as marshes, 

sedge meadows, and wet prairies; yet, when they are taken 

together, such discrimination is possible. While fens of this 

zone share many species, our study does not support using 

indicator species because too few are both faithfully 

represented and geographically widespread. Midwestern 

temperate fens are sustained by forces of climate, 

landscape, and geology, which permit ground water to seep 

continuously into the root zone in a focused location. Since 

water availability in the temperate Midwest is less than in 

the boreal zone, continuous discharge is needed to 

maintain the saturation conducive to peat formation. 

© CSA 

513. Temporary woodland ponds in Michigan: 

Invertebrate seasonal patterns and trophic 

relationships. 

Higgins, Michael J. and Merritt, Richard W. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 279-297. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ trophic structure/ community 

structure/ temporary woodland pond community seasonal 

dynamics/ pond/ community seasonal dynamics and trophic 

relationships/ temporary water/ woodland ponds/ Michigan/ 

temporary woodland ponds/ community seasonal dynamics 

and trophic relations 

© The Thomson Corporation 

514. Use of historical and geospatial data to guide the 

restoration of a Lake Erie coastal marsh. 

Kowalski, K. P. and Wilcox, D. A. 

Wetlands 19(4): 858-868. (Dec. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration 

Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ North America, Erie L./ water level/ 

vegetation/ land reclamation/ aerial photography/ 

geomorphology/ hydrology/ marshes/ environmental 

restoration/ historical ecology/ coastal environments/ 

management/ USA, Ohio/ vegetation cover/ plant 

populations/ geographical reference systems/ water levels/ 

aerial photographs/ historical account/ ecosystem 

management/ barrier beaches/ shore protection/ 

restoration/ photography/ North America, Erie L./ USA, 

Ohio, Erie L., Metzger Marsh/ watershed protection/ 

reclamation/ protective measures and control/ coastal zone 

management/ water resources and supplies 

Abstract: Historical and geospatial data were used to 

identify the relationships between water levels, wetland 

vegetation, littoral drift of sediments, and the condition of a 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

154

protective barrier beach at Metzger Marsh, a coastal 

wetland in western Lake Erie, to enhance and guide a joint 

federal and state wetland restoration project. Eleven sets of 

large-scale aerial photographs dating from 1940 through 

1994 were interpreted to delineate major vegetation types 

and boundaries of the barrier beach. A geographic 

information system (GIS) was then used to digitize the data 

and calculate the vegetated area and length of barrier 

beach. Supplemented by paleoecological and 

sedimentological analyses, aerial photographic 

interpretation revealed that Metzger Marsh was once a 

drowned-river-mouth wetland dominated by sedges and 

protected by a sand barrier beach. Extremely high water 

levels, storm events, and reduction of sediments in the 

littoral drift contributed to the complete destruction of the 

barrier beach in 1973 and prevented its recovery. The 

extent of wetland vegetation, correlated to water levels and 

condition of the barrier beach, decreased from a high of 

108 ha in 1940 to a low of 33 ha in 1994. The lack of an 

adequate sediment supply and low probability of a period of 

extremely low lake levels in the near future made natural 

reestablishment of the barrier beach and wetland 

vegetation unlikely. Therefore, the federal and state 

managers chose to construct a dike to replace the 

protective barrier beach. Recommendations stemming from 

this historical analysis, however, resulted in the 

incorporation of a water-control structure in the dike that will 

retain a hydrologic connection between wetland and lake. 

Management of the wetland will seek to mimic processes 

natural to the wetland type identified by this analysis. 

© CSA 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

515. Analysis and conservation implications of 

landscape change in the Wisconsin River floodplain, 

USA. 

Freeman, Ross E.; Stanley, Emily H.; and 

Turner, Monica G. 

Ecological Applications 13(2): 416-431. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aerial photography: applied and 

field techniques/ orthophotography: applied and field 

techniques/ agriculture/ conservation implications/ 

deciduous forest/ floodplain forest ecosystem/ forest 

connectivity/ grassland/ land cover change/ landscape 

change/ resource management/ riparian buffer 

Abstract: River floodplain landscapes are diverse and 

dynamic, yet little is known about long-term changes in 

land-cover patterns in these systems. We quantified 

floodplain land-cover change between the 1930s and the 

1990s along nine 12-21-km reaches of the Wisconsin River 

by analyzing and digitally classifying 200 historic aerial 

photos corrected against modern orthophotographs. 

Several metrics of landscape structure were used to 

determine changes in amount and connectivity of 

deciduous forest, wetlands, grassland, and agriculture 

within the 100-yr floodplain. Deciduous forest increased by 

up to 51% between the 1930s and the 1990s. However, 

number of patches declined, and edge density increased in 

almost every reach, indicating that amount and connectivity 

of forest cover increased but that forest patches became 

more complex in shape. Grasslands declined, and the 

number, edge density, and mean size of grassland patches 

illustrated a progression to fewer, smaller, isolated 

remnants. Wetland patch dynamics demonstrated complex 

and divergent patterns, as wetland cover decreased in 

northern reaches, increased in patch density but not mean 

patch size in the central region, and increased in both patch 

density and patch size in the south. Agricultural areas 

declined in eight of nine reaches, and tended to fragment 

into fewer, smaller patches. These trends underscore a 

complicated and dynamic pattern of landscape change over 

a relatively short time scale. We explored realistic 

conservation scenarios to determine how disparate 

strategies would affect floodplain forest connectivity in four 

of the study reaches. One approach filled gaps in the buffer 

zone immediately adjacent to the river channel; the other 

reverted small or large agricultural patches to forest cover. 

Filling buffer zone gaps resulted in dramatic changes in 

forest connectivity in one half of the reaches, whereas 

greatest forest connectivity was gained by reverting 

agricultural patches to forest in the other half of the 

reaches. These scenarios emphasize that the way that 

forest conservation occurs (e.g., filling gaps vs. patch 

conversion) is just as significant as how much land is 

actually protected, and the ideal management option must 

be tailored to the specific land-cover arrangements of a 

given river reach. In addition to evaluating changes in forest 

connectivity, the number of land-owners that would be 

affected by conservation strategies was determined. 

Greatest increases in forest connectivity under the buffer 

scenarios involved from 15 to 21 different land-owners, 

whereas the greatest increases under the reversion 

scenarios affected from 14 (using several large agricultural 

parcels) to 67 (using many small parcels) landowners. Thus 

the number of landowners affected by different 

management scenarios represents a critical constraint on 

idealized conservation plans. Such scenarios may prove 

useful in floodplain management and facilitate synthesis of 

ecological research and land management. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

516. Analyzing cumulative environmental effects of 

agricultural land drainage in southern Ontario, Canada. 

Spaling, H. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 53(3): 

279-292. (1995) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural land/ drainage/ 

environmental impact/ area/ geographical distribution/ 

spatial distribution/ water flow/ volume/ water quality/ nitrate 

nitrogen/ nitrogen content/ atrazine/ models/ geographic 

information systems/ Ontario 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

517. Anthropogenic correlates of species richness in 

southeastern Ontario wetlands. 

Findlay, C. S. and Houlahan, J. 

Conservation Biology 11(4): 1000-1009. (Aug. 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant populations/ community 

composition/ man-induced effects/ anthropogenic factors/ 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

155

species diversity/ plants/ roads/ forestry/ vertebrata/ 

Canada, Ontario/ species richness/ forest practices/ 

vertebrates/ conservation/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

water and plants 

Abstract: We examined the relationship between the 

richness of four different wetland taxa (birds, mammals, 

herptiles, and plants) in 30 southeastern Ontario, Canada 

wetlands and two anthropogenic factors: road construction 

and forest removal/conversion on adjacent lands. Data 

were obtained from two sources: road densities and forest 

cover from 1:50,000 Government of Canada topographic 

maps and species lists and wetland areas from Ontario 

Ministry of Natural Resources wetland evaluation reports. 

Multiple regression analysis was used to model the 

relationships between species richness and wetland area, 

road density, and forest cover. Our results show a strong 

positive relationship between wetland area and species 

richness for all taxa. The species richness of all taxa except 

mammals was negatively correlated with the density of 

paved roads on lands up to 2 km from the wetland. 

Furthermore, both herptile and mammal species richness 

showed a strong positive correlation with the proportion of 

forest cover on lands within 2 km. These results provide 

evidence that at the landscape level, road construction and 

forest removal on adjacent lands pose significant risks to 

wetland biodiversity. Furthermore, they suggest that most 

existing wetland policies, which focus almost exclusively on 

activities within the wetland itself and/or a narrow buffer 

zone around the wetland perimeter, are unlikely to provide 

adequate protection for wetland biodiversity. 

© CSA 

518. Assessing the potential impacts of alternative 

landscape designs on amphibian population dynamics. 

Rustigian, H. L.; Santelmann, M. V.; and Schumaker, N. H. 

Landscape Ecology 18(1): 65-81. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: landscape/ population dynamics/ models/ land 

use/ geographic information systems/ conservation/ 

environmental impact/ agriculture/ watersheds/ breeding 

sites/ habitat selection/ climatic changes/ life history/ 

dispersion/ vegetation cover/ prediction/ Amphibia/ USA, 

Iowa/ amphibians 

Abstract: An individual-based, spatially explicit population 

model was used to predict the consequences of future landuse alternatives for populations of four amphibian species 

in two central Iowa (midwest USA) agricultural watersheds. 

The model included both breeding and upland habitat and 

incorporated effects of climatic variation and demographic 

stochasticity. Data requirements of the model include life 

history characteristics, dispersal behavior, habitat affinities, 

as well as land use and landcover in geographic 

information systems databases. Future scenarios were 

ranked according to change in breeder abundance, 

saturation, and distribution, compared to baseline 

conditions. Sensitivity of simulation results to changes in 

model parameters was also examined. Simulated results 

suggest that while all four species modeled are likely to 

persist under present and future scenario conditions, two 

may be more at risk from future landscape change. 

Although the study species are all widespread generalists 

regarded as having a low conservation priority, they depend 

on wetlands and ponds, increasingly endangered habitats 

in agricultural landscapes. Broader conservation strategies 

in the region would ensure that these currently common 

organisms do not become the endangered species of the 

future. 

© CSA 

519. Atrazine fate and transport in the Des Plaines 

wetlands. 

Alvord, H. H. and Kadlec, R. H. 

Ecological Modelling 90(1): 97-107. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: wetlands/ models/ pesticides/ herbicides/ 

pollution dispersion/ residence time/ atrazine/ fate of 

pollutants/ solute transport/ USA, Illinois/ atrazine/ 

residence time/ pollution dispersion/ fate of pollutants/ 

solute transport/ models 

Abstract: Atrazine fate and transport in three constructed 

pond and island wetlands in north east Illinois, USA, were 

studied in the field (1991) and modeled. The wetlands 

received pumped inflow from the Des Plaines River. The 

nominal residence time was about eight days for two, but 

was longer for the third. The river atrazine chemograph had 

two peaks that rose quickly after heavy spring rains and 

then subsided slowly. Maximum concentrations exceeded 

the United States federal drinking water standard (3 mu g/l). 

The wetlands delayed, reduced, and spread out the peaks, 

removing 26 to 64% of their inflows depending on 

residence time. Flow and mixing models idealized the 

wetlands as single flow reactors or as networks of them. 

Atrazine reactions on biofilms with mass transfer rate 

limitation and when sorbed to sediments and litter were 

postulated. Simulation results were consistent with almost 

all atrazine reactions on biofilms. Mass transfer coefficients 

were 10-15 m/year with the wetland bottom taken as the 

biofilm area. The corresponding wetland half-lives were 

about 10 days. Best calibration resulted when most of the 

reaction took place near the pumping inlet. Model 

coefficients were similar to values for BOD and nutrients in 

other surface flow wetlands or to those derived from tracer 

data. The results suggest that observed removal rates of 

many pollutants in wetlands may reflect similar underlying 

mass transfer rate limitations. 

© CSA 

520. Buffer zone and windbreak effects on spray drift 

deposition in a simulated wetland. 

Brown, R. B.; Carter, M. H.; and Stephenson, G. R. 

Pest Management Science 60(11): 1085-1090. (2004) 

NAL Call #: SB951.P47; ISSN: 1526-498X 

Descriptors: agricultural land/ weed control/ herbicides/ 

spray drift/ wetland plants/ phytotoxicity/ plant damage/ 

windbreaks/ spray deposition/ Ontario 

Abstract: The amount of agricultural spray that drifts into a 

wetland from an adjacent crop field is influenced by 

vegetation along the field boundary or any intentional 

setback distance (buffer zone) between the sprayer and the 

edge of the arable field. In this study, spray tracer drift 

deposits were measured in a simulated wetland area under 

different conditions of wind speed and buffer zone width. 

The effect of an artificial windbreak at the upwind edge of 

the simulated wetland was also evaluated. A level of 

tolerance of 0.1% of the in-swath spray deposition was 

established as a no-effect level for the response of aquatic 

plants to common herbicides. Our results indicate that a 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

156

vegetated 10-m field margin (eg a fencerow) alone provides 

adequate protection from herbicide drift into a wetland area 

under wind conditions normally considered acceptable for 

spraying. For high winds (>4 m s-1) when field spraying 

would not normally be advised, adequate protection was 

afforded by the same 10-m margin plus a dense windbreak 

(25% porosity) or by the margin plus a 20-m buffer zone. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

521. Carbon storage response to harvesting and site 

preparation in a forested mire in northern Michigan, 

USA. 

Trettin, Carl C.; Gale, Margaret R.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; 

and Mclaughlin, James W. 

Suo (Helsinki) 43(4-5): 281-284. (1992) 

NAL Call #: 54.8 SU7; ISSN: 0039-5471 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biochemistry and molecular 

biophysics/ climatology: environmental sciences/ 

development/ ecology: environmental sciences/ forestry/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ soil 

science/ decomposition/ ecosystem/ organic matter/ plant 

community regeneration/ productivity/ whole tree harvest 

© The Thomson Corporation 

522. Comparisons of P-yield, riparian buffer strips, and 

land cover in six agricultural watersheds. 

Reed, Tara and Carpenter, Stephen R. 

Ecosystems 5(6): 568-577. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .E3645; ISSN: 1432-9840 

Descriptors: agricultural watersheds/ eutrophication/ land 

cover/ non point source pollution/ percent wetland land 

cover/ phosphorus yield variability/ riparian buffer strips/ 

riparian continuity/ riparian patch size/ stream sinuosity 

Abstract: Riparian buffer strips may protect streams from 

phosphorus (P) pollution. We compared 2 years of daily Pyield (mug m-2 day-1) from six southeast Wisconsin 

watersheds with contrasting riparian buffer attributes. Of the 

variables measured, mean daily P-yield was most closely 

correlated with the variability in riparian patch size. 

Variability in P-yield was most closely correlated with 

characteristics of the riparian buffer, such as percent 

wetland land cover, riparian continuity, and stream 

sinuosity. During the most extreme events, mean P-yield 

was negatively correlated with the percentage of wetland 

land cover in the upland watershed. Correlations suggest 

that riparian continuity may influence P-loading in these 

watersheds. Our results corroborate the importance of 

continuity and uniformity of riparian buffers as moderators 

of P flow from upland agricultural lands into streams. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

523. A conceptual model of cumulative environmental 

effects of agricultural land drainage. 

Spaling, H. and Smit, B. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 53(2): 

99-108. (1995) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental effects/ drainage/ 

model studies/ ecosystems/ pollutants/ spatial distribution/ 

temporal distribution/ agriculture/ land use/ environmental 

impact/ ecosystem disturbance/ models/ Canada, Ontario/ 

cumulative effects/ environmental impact/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ models/ environmental effects/ model studies/ 

pollutants/ spatial distribution/ temporal distribution/ 

drainage 

Abstract: Cumulative environmental effects are 

characterized by the temporal and spatial accumulation of 

change in environmental systems in an additive or 

interactive manner. Theoretical frameworks of cumulative 

environmental change generally follow a causal model 

consisting of the source of cumulative change, pathways of 

accumulation, and a typology of cumulative effects. These 

components, and the notion of temporal and spatial 

accumulation, are used to develop a conceptual model of 

the cumulative effects of agricultural land drainage in 

southern Ontario, Canada. Drainage is a source of 

cumulative effects because of its temporally repetitive and 

spatially expansive nature. Drainage modifies flow regimes 

and contributes a mechanism for the spatial movement of 

water and contaminants from one location to another. 

Potential cumulative effects of drainage include the 

repeated addition of drain water to receiving streams (time 

crowding), the systematic gathering of contaminants at 

higher concentrations relative to the source (spatial 

crowding) and their transport from agroecosystems to 

aquatic ecosystems downstream (cross-boundary 

movement), and the severing of natural areas resulting in 

altered landscape structure and functioning (spatial 

fragmentation). The model hypothesizes that, as drainage 

density increases, changes in environmental components 

or processes manifest themselves as cumulative effects, 

and that these effects accumulate at broader temporal and 

spatial scales. 

© CSA 

524. Consequences of prairie wetland drainage for 

crustacean biodiversity and metapopulations. 

Jenkins, D. G.; Grissom, S.; and Miller, K. 

Conservation Biology 17(1): 158-167. (Feb. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies/ drainage/ biological 

diversity/ metapopulations/ historical ecology/ temporary 

ponds/ community composition/ freshwater crustaceans/ 

species diversity/ historical account/ long-term records/ 

genetics/ population genetics/ species extinction/ maninduced effects/ land use/ agriculture/ Crustacea/ USA, 

Illinois/ conservation/ mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: Much of Illinois was once wet prairie, dotted with 

ancient (ca. 10,000-year-old) ephemeral wetlands. Most 

wetland habitat (85%) was converted to agriculture over a 

span of about 100 years (ca. 1850-1950). The 

consequences of this severe habitat fragmentation on 

wetland communities and metapopulations are unknown. 

We studied crustacean communities (weekly stovepipe 

samples throughout hydroperiods) for 3 years in a set of 

extant ephemeral wetlands in Illinois. We generated 

species-sites curves by rarefaction and extrapolated those 

curves to conservatively estimate that 83-85 crustacean 

species may have inhabited approximately 4 million 

ephemeral wetlands that once existed in Illinois; 8-9 

crustacean species were driven to extinction in Illinois 

during drainage; and 75-76 crustacean species are extant 

in the few remaining ephemeral wetlands of Illinois. We 

also conducted cellular automata simulations to examine 

the potential effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic 

structure of extant crustacean metapopulation. Simulations 

indicated that conversion of the former wet prairie to 

agriculture may have reduced crustacean metapopulations 

to isolated populations that are more vulnerable to future 

habitat loss. Despite severe habitat fragmentation, 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

157

curvilinear species-sites relationships suggest that the 

greatest extinction rates have yet to occur for ephemeral 

wetland crustaceans. However, selection for limited 

dispersal during habitat fragmentation may contribute to 

extinction debt for extant species. Conservation programs 

can preserve much of the historical biodiversity of 

ephemeral wetlands, but future wetland biodiversity will 

depend heavily on the success of those efforts. The 

consequences of historical wetland loss and the importance 

of wetland conservation efforts to agriculture in the United 

States should be instructive for other regions. 

© CSA 

525. The effect of forestry drainage practices on the 

emission of methane from northern peatlands. 

Roulet, N. T. and Moore, T. R. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25(3): 

491-499. (1995) 

NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest hydrology/ methane/ peat 

bogs/ drainage/ air-earth interfaces 

Abstract: Methane (CH sub(4)) flux was measured from 

undrained, drained, and ditched portions of treed fen, 

forested bog, and treed bog sites in the Wally Creek 

experimental drainage site (near Cochrane, Ontario), from 

May to October 1991. Drainage for 7 years lowered the 

water table from between -21 and -49 cm to -41 and -93 cm 

at the three respective sites. Drainage resulted in a 

conversion of the peatlands from a CH sub(4) source (0 to 

15 mg CH sub(4)/m super(2)/d) to a small CH sub(4) sink 

(0 to -0.4 mg CH sub(4)/m super(2)/d). In contrast, CH 

sub(4) efflux from the ditches ranged from <5 to >400 mg 

CH sub(4)/m super(2)/d. The flux data were used to 

estimate the impact of forest drainage practices on net CH 

sub(4) emissions from a forest drainage complex. For the 

treed and forested bogs, there was a net increase in CH 

sub(4) emissions where ditch spacing was closer than 38 

m. Even with very close ditch spacing (>12 m), there was a 

net decrease in CH sub(4) flux from the treed fen. The 

results of this study indicate that the combination of low 

antecedent CH sub(4) fluxes from an undrained peatland, 

and moderate fluxes from the drainage ditches, will produce 

a net increase in CH sub(4) emissions from forest drainage. 

© CSA 

526. Estimating the 'critical' distance at which adjacent 

land-use degrades wetland water and sediment quality. 

Houlahan, Jeff E. and Findlay, C. Scott 

Landscape Ecology 19(6): 677-690. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: adjacent land use/ buffer zone/ natural forest/ 

sediment/ water quality/ wetland management 

Abstract: Conversion of forested lands to agriculture or 

urban/residential areas has been associated with declines 

in stream and lake water quality. Less attention has been 

paid to the effects of adjacent land-uses on wetland 

sediment and water quality and, perhaps more importantly, 

the spatial scales at which these effects occur. Here we 

address these issues by examining variation in water and 

sediment nutrient levels in 73 southeastern Ontario, 

Canada, wetlands. We modeled the relationship between 

water and sediment nutrient concentrations and various 

measures of adjacent land-use such as forest cover and 

road density, measured over increasing distances from the 

wetland edge. We found that water nitrogen and 

phosphorous levels were negatively correlated with forest 

cover at 2250 meters from the wetland edge, while 

sediment phosphorous levels were negatively correlated 

with wetland size and forest cover at 4000 meters and 

positively correlated with the proportion of land within 4000 

meters that is itself wetland. These results suggest that the 

effects of adjacent land-use on wetland sediment and water 

quality can extend over comparatively large distances. As 

such, effective wetland conservation will not be achieved 

merely through the creation of narrow buffer zones between 

wetlands and more intensive land-uses. Rather, sustaining 

high wetland water quality will require maintaining a 

heterogeneous regional landscape containing relatively 

large areas of natural forest and wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

527. Fate and effects of the herbicide atrazine in flowthrough wetland mesocosms. 

Detenbeck, N. E.; Hermanutz, R.; Allen, K.; and Swift, M. C. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(6): 

937-946. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ herbicides/ atrazine/ periphyton/ 

runoff/ water pollution/ USA, Midwest/ atrazine/ fate of 

pollutants/ periphyton/ pollutant persistence/ Daphnia 

magna/ Rana pipiens/ Pimephales promelas/ 

Ceratophyllum demersum/ Zizania aquatica/ pollution 

effects/ nutrients 

Abstract: Wetland mesocosms were exposed to increasing 

concentrations of atrazine over time at levels typical of 

Midwestern surface waters following spring runoff (15 to 75 

mu g/L). Atrazine had a half-life of 8 to 14 d in the 230-mlong wetlands. End points measured included nutrient 

levels; periphyton biomass; periphyton productivity and 

respiration; growth of selected macrophytes; and survival 

and growth of Daphnia magna (15, 25 mu g/L atrazine), 

Rana pipiens (15, 25 mu g/L), and Pimephales promelas 

larvae (25 to 75 mu g/L) and adults (50, 75 mu g/L). 

Interaction between nutrient status or grazing intensity and 

atrazine effects were measured using periphyton 

enrichment and grazing exclosure experiments. Only 

periphyton, Ceratophyllum demersum, Zizania aquatica, 

and Daphnia were significantly affected by atrazine at any 

of the concentrations tested. Periphyton net productivity 

was significantly depressed by incubation in treated water 

as compared to control water at greater than or equal to 25 

mu g/L atrazine (9 to 27-d exposures). In response, 

dissolved nutrient concentrations increased in treated 

mesocosms after 14 d. Ceratophyllum length/weight ratios 

increased after 6-d exposures to 50 mu g/L atrazine, while 

Zizania senesced prematurely during treatments of 50 or 75 

mu g/L atrazine (97 d of cumulative exposure). Periphyton 

developed resistance to atrazine only at concentrations 

greater than or equal to 50 mu g/L. Atrazine effects on 

periphyton composition varied with the N:P supply ratio. 

Daphnia survival was significantly depressed at 15 mu g/L 

atrazine (48-h exposures). 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

158

528. Habitat fragmentation and the distribution of 

amphibians: Patch and landscape correlates in 

farmland. 

Kolozsvary, Mary B. and Swihart, Robert K. 

Canadian Journal of Zoology 77(8): 1288-1299. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16D; ISSN: 0008-4301 

Descriptors: Amphibia/ farming and agriculture/ agricultural 

fragmentation of forest and wetland/ ecological effects/ 

community structure/ distribution within habitat/ 

agriculturally fragmented forest and wetland habitats/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ agriculturally fragmented wetland 

ecology/ forest and woodland/ agriculturally fragmented 

forest ecology/ cultivated land habitat/ agriculturally 

fragmented forest and wetland/ ecology/ Indiana/ 

Tippecanoe and Warren Counties/ Indian Pine Natural 

Resources Area/ agriculturally fragmented forest and 

wetland habitat ecology 

© The Thomson Corporation 

529. Organic carbon characteristics in a spruce swamp 

five years after harvesting. 

McLaughliln, J. W.; Liu, G.; Jurgensen, M. F.; and 

Gale, M. R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 60(4): 

1228-1236. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: Picea mariana/ forest litter/ mineral soils/ 

swamp soils/ whole tree harvesting/ site preparation/ 

regeneration/ environmental impact/ soil chemistry/ soil 

organic matter/ degradation/ carbon/ soil solution/ 

groundwater/ chemical composition/ biogeochemical 

cycles/ organic acids and salts/ dissolved organic carbon/ 

Michigan 

Abstract: Forest harvesting and regeneration may cause 

changes in soil and solution chemistry that adversely affect 

environmental quality. Organic C content in the forest floor 

and mineral soil, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 

fractions in the soil solution and groundwater were 

investigated in a black spruce [Picea mariana (Miller) BSP] 

swamp 5 yr after the application of two silvicultural 

prescriptions: whole-tree harvest only and whole-tree 

harvest followed by site preparation bedding. Soil organic 

carbon (SOC) content in the forest floor of both treatments 

were significantly lower than that of an uncut control stand. 

However, SOC in the upper 50 cm of mineral soil of the 

bedded treatment was similar to that of the control, while 

both were about 20% higher than SOC in the harvest-only 

treatment. Total DOC concentrations ranged from 12 to 87 

mg/L in the soil solution and 6 to 46 mg/L in the 

groundwater and did not differ among treatments. 

Hydrophobic acids were the dominant DOC fraction across 

all treatments, but the proportion of hydrophobic strong 

acids increased at the expense of hydrophilic acids in the 

harvest-only treatment. Carboxyl content of hydrophilic 

acids in the soil water was 7.0 mmol/g hydrophilic 

compound in the control stand and 4.4 mmol/g in the 

treatments. Hydrophobic acid carboxyl content across 

treatments was 4.6 mmol/g hydrophobic substance. 

Relative to C loss and changes in water chemistry, these 

results indicate that 5 yr after whole-tree harvesting, this 

forest site has not yet fully equilibrated. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

530. Organic matter decomposition following 

harvesting and site preparation of a forested wetland. 

Trettin, C. C.; Davidian, M.; Jurgensen, M. F.; and Lea, R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 60(6): 

1994-2003. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/679 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ forest soils/ soil organic matter/ 

cellulose/ degradation/ soil depth/ soil temperature/ 

oxidation/ logging/ site preparation/ silviculture/ Michigan 

Abstract: Organic matter accumulation is an important 

process that affects ecosystem function in many northern 

wetlands. The cotton strip assay (CSA) was used to 

measure the effect of harvesting and two different site 

preparation treatments, bedding and trenching, on organic 

matter decomposition in a forested wetland. A Latin square 

experimental design was used to determine the effect of 

harvesting, site preparation, and relative position within the 

wetland on organic matter decomposition at soil depths of 

5, 10, and 20 cm. Repeated measures analysis of variance 

was used to test for treatment effects on organic matter 

decomposition, soil temperature, and soil oxidation depth. 

Cellulose decomposition increased at each soil depth as 

site disturbance increased, with bedding > trenching > 

whole-tree harvest > reference. The cellulose 

decomposition response was correlated with changes in 

soil temperature; the temperature coefficient Q10 equaled 

6.0, which is greater than previously reported values. 

Position within the wetland relative to an adjoining river 

affected the decomposition and soil oxidation depth. 

Because the rate of decomposition is strongly controlled by 

temperature, higher rates of organic matter decay are 

expected to continue on harvested and regenerated sites 

until canopy closure reduces soil temperature. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

531. Patch and landscape characteristics associated 

with the distribution of woodland amphibians in an 

agricultural fragmented landscape: An informationtheoretic approach. 

Weyrauch, S. L. and Grubb, T. C. 

Biological Conservation 115(3): 443-450. (2004) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: wetlands/ landscape/ patches/ habitat 

fragmentation/ agricultural ecosystems/ ecological 

distribution/ conservation/ man-induced effects/ land use/ 

agriculture/ patchiness/ forests/ habitat/ nature 

conservation/ amphibia/ USA, Ohio/ amphibians 

Abstract: In the Midwestern United States, agricultural 

landscapes with scattered patches of fragmented forest are 

common. To investigate the relationship between 

amphibian distributions and wetland, woodlot, and 

landscape characteristics, we studied the pond-breeding 

amphibians within a 15, 450-ha plot in rural north- central 

Ohio. We surveyed 25 woodlots and one area of 

continuous riparian forest for amphibians, and each 

surveyed woodland contained at least one temporary 

wetland. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to 

evaluate the effectiveness of 13 a priori models in 

predicting total amphibian species richness, anuran 

richness, caudate richness, and the presence of individual 

species in woodlots. We identified 13 species of 

amphibians within the study plot, and every woodlot 

contained at least one amphibian species. The most 

important variable in predicting total amphibian and anuran 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

159

species richness was hydroperiod. For caudates, woodlot 

edge-to-area ratio, hydroperiod, pH, and ammonia were 

important characteristics in predicting species richness. 

Woodlots within agricultural landscapes are important 

refuges for amphibians. 

© CSA 

532. Percentage land use in the watershed determines 

the water and sediment quality of 22 marshes in the 

Great Lakes Basin. 

Crosbie, B. and Chow-Fraser, P. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

56(10): 1781-1791. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ watersheds/ water quality/ 

sediment pollution/ marshes/ Canada, Ontario, Great 

Lakes/ watershed management/ sediment contamination/ 

land management 

Abstract: Data from 22 Ontario marshes were used to test 

the hypothesis that distribution of forested, agricultural, and 

urban land in the watershed determines the water and 

sediment quality of Great Lakes wetlands. The first three 

components of the principal components analysis explained 

82% of the overall variation. PC1 ordinated wetlands along 

a trophic gradient; species richness of submergent 

vegetation decreased with PC1 scores. PC2 reflected the 

content of inorganic solids and phosphorus in sediment and 

the ionic strength of the water. Both PC1 and PC2 scores 

were positively correlated with percent agricultural land, 

whereas PC1 scores were negatively correlated with 

forested land. Correlation between PC1 and agricultural 

land improved when best-management practices were 

considered. Accounting for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) 

disturbance did not confound the relationship between land 

use and water quality. PC3, driven by soluble reactive 

phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen concentration in the water, 

was not correlated with land use. Concentrations of 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and Metolachlor were 

correlated with urban and agricultural land, respectively, 

and may be useful as land use surrogates. Watershed 

management favouring the retention of forested land, or 

creation of buffer strips to trap agricultural runoff in the 

drainage basin, should help maintain aquatic plant diversity 

in coastal wetlands. 

© CSA 

533. Plant community responses to harvesting and 

post-harvest manipulations in a Picea-Larix-Pinus 

wetland with a mineral substrate. 

Gale, M. R.; McLaughlin, J. W.; Jurgensen, M. F.; Trettin, 

C. C.; Soelsepp, T.; and Lydon, P. O. 

Wetlands 18(1): 150-159. (Mar. 1998) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest industry/ plant populations/ 

harvesting/ species diversity/ community composition/ 

fertilizers/ ecological succession/ man-induced effects/ 

North America, Great Lakes/ Picea/ Larix/ Pinus/ USA, 

Michigan/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

water and plants 

Abstract: Forested wetlands in the Northern Great Lakes 

Region are becoming increasingly used as a timber 

resource. Yet, limited information is available on the effects 

of harvesting and post-harvest manipulations (site 

preparation and fertilization) on tree and ground vegetation 

in these wetland communities. The objective of this study 

was to examine production changes and species diversity 

in the vascular plant community four years after a forested, 

mineral wetland in Northern Michigan was whole-tree 

harvested, site prepared (bedded or trenched), and 

fertilized (N, P, N + P). The wetland had an original 

overstory of black spruce (Picea mariana), tamarack (Larix 

laricina), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana), with a significant 

cover of Sphagnum and Ericaceous shrubs. Site 

preparation techniques were done immediately after 

harvesting. The site was then planted with jack pine 

seedlings (1-0 stock). Fertilization occurred four years after 

harvesting and site preparation. Results indicate that trees 

in bedded areas with N fertilizer applied had significantly 

greater total seedling height, basal diameter, and height 

increment when compared with those from harvest-only or 

trenched areas. On harvest-only areas, seedling production 

was greater with P and N + P fertilizers than with N fertilizer 

alone. Fertilizer responses were attributed to which type of 

site preparation (bedding versus trenching) was used and 

the degree of organic matter and Sphagnum incorporated 

into the mineral soil. Only site-preparation treatments (not 

fertilization treatments) had significant effects on numbers 

and cover of vascular plant groups (woody, herbaceous, 

and grass/sedge). Number of species and total cover of all 

vascular plants were significantly greater on the harvestonly areas than on trenched, bedded, or uncut areas. As 

expected, relative cover of the grass/sedge group 

increased with increasing site disturbance (bedded and 

trenched), mainly due to disturbance and lack of the thick 

Sphagnum mat. When compared to the adjacent uncut 

area, relative cover of herbaceous species was significantly 

reduced on treated areas. In future years, if the significant 

effects of manipulation treatments on tree productivity and 

vascular plants continue, the resulting community may be 

different than the successional sequence witnessed by the 

original forest. This will, however, depend on the rate of 

crown closure and the invasion of bryophyte species. 

© CSA 

534. Response of breeding birds to shearing and 

burning in wetland brush ecosystems. 

Hanowski, J. M.; Christian, D. P.; and Nelson, M. C. 

Wetlands 19(3): 584-593. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wild birds/ population density/ 

prescribed burning/ cutting/ Minnesota 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

535. Sediment loads and accumulation in a small 

riparian wetland system in northern Missouri. 

Heimann, D. C. and Roell, M. J. 

Wetlands 20(2): 219-231. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA/ Missouri/ Long Branch Creek/ 

sediment load/ accumulation/ sediment transport/ 

deposition/ regression analysis/ flood plains/ monitoring/ 

variability/ riparian land/ clays/ forests/ hydrology/ 

geomorphology/ land use 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

160

536. Soil organic matter and nitrogen cycling in 

response to harvesting, mechanical site preparation, 

and fertilization in a wetland with a mineral substrate. 

Mclaughlin, J. W.; Gale, M. R.; Jurgensen, M. F.; and 

Trettin, C. C. 

Forest Ecology and Management 129(1-3): 7-23. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil organic matter/ cycling 

nutrients/ nitrogen/ minerals/ substrates/ fertilization/ 

forests/ decomposition/ soil solution/ organic carbon/ 

microorganisms/ agricultural practices/ North America, 

Great Lakes/ USA, Michigan 

Abstract: Forested wetlands are becoming an important 

timber resource in the Upper Great Lakes Region of the 

US. However, there is limited information on soil nutrient 

cycling responses to harvesting and post-harvest 

manipulations (site preparation and fertilization). The 

objective of this study was to examine cellulose 

decomposition, nitrogen mineralization, and soil solution 

chemistry four years after a forested, mineral soil wetland in 

Northern Michigan was whole-tree harvested, site 

prepared, and fertilized (N, P, N + P). Organic matter 

decomposition was greatest in the site preparation bedding 

treatment and lowest in whole-tree harvested with no 

mechanical site preparation treatment. Both N and P 

additions, alone and in combination resulted in increased 

cellulose decomposition regardless of site preparation 

treatment (15-38% for the harvest-only treatment, 20-40% 

for the bedded treatment, and 15-44% for the trenched 

treatment). However, based on dissolved organic carbon 

concentrations in the soil solution, organic matter 

decomposition was inhibited on an overall plot basis; that 

is, outside the area of cellulose strip placement. The site 

preparation bedding treatment resulted in a net 

mineralization of N (9.2 g-N m super(-2)) over a 10 week 

incubation period. The disc trench and harvest-only 

treatments resulted in a net immobilization of N (3.1 g-N m 

super(-2) and 1.5 g-N m super(-2), respectively). Nitrogen, 

P, and N + P inhibited N mineralization in the bedded 

treatment by 10-25% over the control. There was a 

fertilizer-induced increase in N immobilization of 50-60% 

and 25-50% in the harvest-only and trenched treatments, 

respectively. It appears that soil microorganisms at this site 

are limited by soluble C more than N or P. By adding 

cellulose strips to the soil, the soluble C limitation was, in 

part, overcome. Once the soluble C limitation was 

alleviated, then the soil microorganisms responded 

positively to N and P additions. 

© CSA 

537. The vegetation of wet meadows in relation to their 

land-use. 

Galatowitsch, Susan M.; Whited, Diane C.; Lehtinen, 

Richard.; Husveth, Jason; and Schik, Karen 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 60(2): 

121-144. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: conservation/ ecology: environmental 

sciences/ plant guild relative abundance/ assessment 

method: species composition/ assessment method: wetland 

biomonitoring/ biota shifts: land use response/ floristic 

composition/ landscape disturbance: agriculture, 

urbanization/ prairie glacial marsh: ecosystem/ site impacts: 

cultivation, stormwater/ vegetation: graminoid, herbaceous 

perennials/ wet meadow: ecosystem, land use changes, 

stressor response, vegetation 

Abstract: Wetland biomonitoring approaches are needed to 

determine when changes in response to stressors are 

occurring and to predict the consequences of proposed 

land-use changes. These approaches require an 

understanding of shifts in biota that occur in response to 

land-use, data that are lacking for most kinds of wetlands. 

Changes in floristic composition corresponding to land-use 

differences at multiple scales (site to 2500 m radius) were 

characterized for 40 wet meadows associated with prairie 

glacial marshes in Minnesota (U.S.A.). In general, guild was 

more useful than species composition for indicating landuse impacts. Site impacts (stormwater, cultivation) and 

landscape disturbance (agriculture and urbanization, 

combined), coincide with a reduction in native graminoid 

and herbaceous perennial abundance (e.g., Carex 

lasiocarpa, Calamagrostis canadensis, Spartina pectinata). 

This vegetation is replaced with annuals (e.g, Bidens 

cernua, Polygonum pensylvanicum) in recently cultivated 

sites or introduced perennials (e.g., Phalaris arundinacea, 

Typha angustifolia) and floating aquatics (lemnids) in 

stormwater impacted wetlands. Ditches also reduce native 

perennial importance and increase perennials, but only 

when they are in highly impacted landscapes. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

538. Agricultural ponds support amphibian 

populations. 

Knutson, Melinda G.; Richardson, William B.; Reineke, 

David M.; Gray, Brian R.; Parmelee, Jeffrey R.; and 

Weick, Shawn E. 

Ecological Applications 14(3): 669-684. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Ambystoma tigrinum/ Caudata/ 

agricultural ponds/ agriculture/ communities/ conservation/ 

ecosystems/ freshwater ecology/ habitat management/ 

habitat use/ Houston & Winona Counties/ land zones/ 

management/ Minnesota/ nearctic region/ nitrogen/ North 

America/ phosphorus/ ponds/ productivity/ reproduction/ 

reproductive success/ species diversity/ USA/ wildlife/ 

tiger salamander 

Abstract: In some agricultural regions, natural wetlands are 

scarce, and constructed agricultural ponds may represent 

important alternative breeding habitats for amphibians. 

Properly managed, these agricultural ponds may effectively 

increase the total amount of breeding habitat and help to 

sustain populations. We studied small, constructed 

agricultural ponds in southeastern Minnesota to assess 

their value as amphibian breeding sites. Our study 

examined habitat factors associated with amphibian 

reproduction at two spatial scales: the pond and the 

landscape surrounding the pond. We found that small 

agricultural ponds in southeastern Minnesota provided 

breeding habitat for at least 10 species of amphibians. 

Species richness and multispecies reproductive success 

were more closely associated with characteristics of the 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

161

pond (water quality, vegetation, and predators) compared 

with characteristics of the surrounding landscape, but 

individual species were associated with both pond and 

landscape variables. Ponds surrounded by row crops had 

similar species richness and reproductive success 

compared with natural wetlands and ponds surrounded by 

non-grazed pasture. Ponds used for watering livestock had 

elevated concentrations of phosphorus, higher turbidity, 

and a trend toward reduced amphibian reproductive 

success. Species richness was highest in small ponds, 

ponds with lower total nitrogen concentrations, tiger 

salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) present, and lacking 

fish. Multispecies reproductive success was best in ponds 

with lower total nitrogen concentrations, less emergent 

vegetation, and lacking fish. Habitat factors associated with 

higher reproductive success varied among individual 

species. We conclude that small, constructed farm ponds, 

properly managed, may help sustain amphibian populations 

in landscapes where natural wetland habitat is rare. We 

recommend management actions such as limiting livestock 

access to the pond to improve water quality, reducing 

nitrogen input, and avoiding the introduction of fish. 

© NISC 

539. Alternative uses of wetlands other than 

conventional farming in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, and 

Nebraska. 

Leventhal, E., EPA/171/R-92/006; Washington, DC: 

Environmental Protection Agency, 1990. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ agriculture/ economic 

analysis/ sociological aspects/ environmental impact/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ USA/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation 

Abstract: Conversion of wetlands in Iowa, Kansas, 

Missouri, and Nebraska into agricultural dry lands in the 

past several decades has occurred as a means to obtain 

profit from what landowners would otherwise consider 

unprofitable land. The activity has resulted in substantial 

losses of wetlands valued for their unique ability to mitigate 

flood and storm damage, control erosion, discharge and 

recharge groundwater, improve water quality, and support a 

wide diversity of fish, wildlife, and vegetation. Utilizing fish, 

wildlife, and vegetation from wetlands for profit is a way for 

wetland owners to recognize the value their wetlands add 

to their property. Landowners then have an incentive to 

preserve rather than convert their wetlands. [Sponsored by 

Environmental Protection Agency, Kansas City, KS. Region 

VII.] (DBO) 

© CSA 

540. Atrazine mineralization potential in two wetlands. 

Anderson, K. L.; Wheeler, K. A.; Robinson, J. B.; and 

Tuovinen, O. H. 

Water Research 36(19): 4785-4794. (Nov. 2002) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution/ fate of pollutants/ 

atrazine/ sediments/ comparison studies/ mineralization/ 

microbial degradation/ bacterial physiology/ microbiological 

studies/ pollution (water)/ sediment/ comparative studies/ 

mineralization/ biodegradation/ bogs/ agricultural runoff/ 

microbial activity/ USA, Ohio, Olentangy R./ USA, Ohio, 

Cedar Bog/ genetics/ sources and fate of pollution/ water 

treatment/ freshwater pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control & remediation 

Abstract: The fate of atrazine in agricultural soils has been 

studied extensively but attenuation in wetland systems has 

received relatively little attention. The purpose of this study 

was to evaluate the mineralization of atrazine in two 

wetlands in central Ohio. One was a constructed wetland, 

which is fed by Olentangy River water from an agricultural 

catchment area. The other was a natural fen (Cedar Bog) in 

proximity to atrazine-treated cornfields. Atrazine 

mineralization potential was measured by super(14)CO 

sub(2) evolution from [U-ring- super(14)C]-atrazine in 

biometers. The constructed wetland showed 70-80% 

mineralization of atrazine within 1 month. Samples of 

wetland water that were pre-concentrated 200-fold by 

centrifugation also mineralized 60-80% of the added 

atrazine. A high extent of atrazine mineralization (75-81% 

mineralized) was also associated with concentrated water 

samples from the Olentangy River that were collected 

upstream and downstream of the wetland. The highest 

levels of mineralization were localized to the top 5 cm zone 

of the wetland sediment, and the activity close to the 

outflow at the Olentangy wetland was approximately equal 

to that near the inflow. PCR amplification of DNA extracted 

from the wetland sediment samples showed no positive 

signals for the atzA gene (atrazine chlorohydrolase), while 

Southern blots of the amplified DNA showed positive bands 

in five of the six Olentangy wetland sediment samples. 

Amplification with the trzD (cyanuric acid amidohydrolase) 

primers showed a positive PCR signal for all Olentangy 

wetland sediment samples. There was little mineralization 

of atrazine in any of the Cedar Bog samples. DNA 

extracted from Cedar Bog samples did not yield PCR 

products, and the corresponding Southern hybridization 

signals were absent. The data show that sediment 

microbial communities in the Olentangy wetland mineralize 

atrazine. The level of activity may be related to the 

seasonality of atrazine runoff entering the wetland. 

Comparable activity was not observed in the Cedar Bog, 

perhaps because it does not directly receive agricultural 

runoff. Qualitatively, the detection of the genes was 

associated with measurable mineralization activity which 

was consistent with the differences between the two study 

sites. 

© CSA 

541. A constructed wetland treatment system designed 

for accommodation of both high nutrient nursery pad 

effluent and agriculture stormwater runoff. 

Lippmann, B. E.; Bouchard, V.; Quigley, M.; Martin, J.; 

Granata, T.; and Brown, L. 

Ohio Journal of Science 102(1)(Mar. 2002) 

NAL Call #: 410 Oh3; ISSN: 0030-0950. 

Notes: Conference: 111th Annual Meeting of the Ohio 

Academy of Science, Columbus, OH [USA], 5-7 Apr 2002 

Descriptors: suspended sediments/ artificial wetlands/ 

wastewater treatment/ nutrients/ urban runoff/ agricultural 

runoff/ pollutants/ storm runoff/ drainage/ nonpoint pollution 

sources/ settling basins/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have been developed for 

two main reasons: to substitute function for a natural 

wetland that was lost or removed, or to enable watershed 

managers to reduce or remove toxic or harmful substances 

from drainages. Many agricultural constructed wetlands are 

designed to ameliorate impacts of stressful environmental 

inputs, such as high nitrogen concentrations, chemical 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

162

pollution and sediment. Urban "detention ponds" are 

usually designed to slow runoff and to filter petrochemical 

pollutants, but not sediments. This study focuses on the 

potential for treating multiple land-use inputs within a single 

wetland system. A double basin constructed wetland 

treatment system (CWTS) has been constructed on the 

OSU Waterman Farm to test the treatment of a consistently 

high nutrient influent--a nursery container production pad--

while providing sufficient retention of periodic storm water 

runoff from agricultural drainages. Nutrient and suspended 

sediment concentrations will be quantified at several points 

in the CWTS. Random soil samples will be tested 

periodically for bulk density, percent carbon and methane, 

carbon dioxide and denitrification potentials. Plant 

community structure (LAI, biomass, species composition) 

and sediment dynamics will indicate water treatment 

performance. Initial results include bulk density range 

between 1.18-1.98 g/cm super(3) and LAI range between 

0.04-0.44. It is hypothesized that from the inlet to the outlet 

of each wetland cell, plant density will decrease, species 

diversity will increase and sediment deposition and 

pollutant level will decrease. This CWTS was created to 

explore minimization of costs and land requirements for 

agricultural wetlands, and to demonstrate a method for 

zero-discharge farming practice. 

© CSA 

542. Constructed wetlands for river water quality 

improvement. 

Kadlec, R. H. and Hey, D. L. 

Water Science and Technology 29(4)(1994) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: IAWQ 3. Int. Specialist Conf. on 

Wetland Systems in Water Pollution Control, Sydney 

(Australia), 23-25 Nov 1992; Issue editors: Bavor, H. J. and 

Mitchell, D. S. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ urban 

watersheds/ agricultural runoff/ nonpoint pollution sources/ 

aquatic plants/ sediments/ phosphorus removal/ hydrology/ 

rivers/ drainage water/ water quality control/ biofilters/ 

pollutants/ biofiltration/ USA, Illinois, Wadsworth/ urban 

watersheds/ nonpoint pollution sources/ phosphorus 

removal/ biofiltration/ drainage water/ biofilters/ pollutants/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ methods and instruments/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: The Des Plaines River Wetlands Demonstration 

Project has reconstructed four wetlands in Wadsworth, 

Illinois, USA. The river drains an agricultural and urban 

watershed, and carries a non-point source contaminant 

load of sediment, nutrients and agricultural chemicals. Up 

to 40% of the average stream flow is pumped to the 

wetlands, and allowed to return from the wetlands to the 

river through control structures followed by vegetated 

channels. Native wetland plant species have been 

established, ranging from cattail, bulrushes, water lilies, and 

arrowhead to duckweed and algae. Pumping began in the 

summer of 1989, and has continued during the ensuing 

spring, summer and fall periods. The experimental design 

provides for different hydraulic loading rates, ranging from 5 

to 60 cm/week. Intensive wetland research began in late 

summer 1989, and continues to present. Detailed hydrology 

is measured for each wetland. Sediment removal 

efficiencies ranged from 86-100% for the four cells during 

summer, and from 38-95% during winter. Phosphorus 

removal efficiencies ranged from 60-100% in summer and 

27-100% in winter. The river contains both old, persistent 

and modern, degradable agricultural chemicals. The 

principal modern pollutant is atrazine, of which the wetlands 

remove approximately half. The project is successfully 

illustrating the potential of constructed wetlands for 

controlling non-point source pollution at an intermediate 

position in the watershed. 

© CSA 

543. Creation and restoration of riparian wetlands in 

the agricultural Midwest. 

Klarquist, J. E.; Levine, D. A.; Finn, V. M.; and Willard, D. E. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 327-350. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ habitat restoration/ riparian 

land/ water resources management/ wetland restoration/ 

hydrologic budget/ planting management/ riparian 

vegetation/ riparian waters/ vegetation regrowth/ water 

resources development 

Abstract: Effective restoration of riparian wetlands in the 

agricultural midwest region of the United States demands 

an early determination of project goals. There are no 

systematic records of the changes and developments that 

have occurred in and around several hundred large 

midwestern reservoirs with extensive wetland systems. 

Established goals will narrow the choices of potential 

project sites, which can then be evaluated based on 

hydrology, substrate, seedbank viability, and water quality. 

Creation and restoration plans should include a realistic 

timetable that accounts for construction and hydrology 

constraints, including specifications for revegetation 

species. Finally, plans should estimate long-term vegetation 

management requirements and establish monitoring 

schedules to assess project success. 

© CSA 

544. Denitrification in sediments of a Lake Erie coastal 

wetland (Old Woman Creek, Huron, Ohio, USA). 

Tomaszek, J. A.; Gardner, W. S.; and Johengen, T. H. 

Journal of Great Lakes Research 23(4): 403-415. (1997) 

NAL Call #: GB1627.G8J6; ISSN: 0380-1330 

Descriptors: wetlands/ denitrification/ sediments/ cores/ 

analytical methods/ chemical reactions/ nutrients/ estuaries/ 

USA, Ohio, Old Woman Creek/ sediment chemistry/ 

nitrogen/ nutrient cycles/ agricultural pollution/ agricultural 

runoff/ USA, Ohio, Old Woman Creek/ USA, Ohio, Erie L./ 

chemical processes/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Denitrification in Old Woman Creek estuary (Lake 

Erie) sediments was measured by an in vitro N sub(2)-flux 

method with intact cores and by an in situ chamber method. 

In both methods, nitrogen gas, the end product of 

denitrification, was measured directly by gas 

chromatography. The in situ approach allowed 

measurement of denitrification directly over short time 

intervals but its use was limited to shallow depths. 

Denitrification rates measured with in situ chambers agreed 

well with those from in vitro intact cores when temperatures 

in the estuary remained constant. However, the two 

methods could not be accurately compared during the 

spring when temperature increased rapidly, because of the 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

163

4-day pre-incubation time needed for sparging for the in 

vitro method. In vitro denitrification rates ranged from ca 40 

to 135 mu mole N sub(2) m super(-2) h super(-1) in 

October 1993 and from 66 to 428 mu mole N sub(2) m 

super(-2) h super(-1) in May and July 1994. Oxygen 

consumption rates in these experiments ranged from 0.71 

to 3.0 mmole O sub(2) m super(-2) h super(-1). 

Denitrification rates tended to decrease along the flow axis 

but differences among stations were usually not significant. 

In situ N sub(2) accumulation rates ranged from 45 mu 

mole N sub(2) m super(-2) h super(-1) in dark chambers 

during October 1993 up to apparent values of 2,100 mu 

mole N sub(2) m super(-2) h super(-1) in May 1994, 

immediately after the water temperature had rapidly 

increased to 27 degree C. These calculated values 

included gas-solubility corrections due to the watertemperature increases. In situ measurements of 

denitrification rates in transparent chambers were 76-79% 

higher than rates measured in a similar dark chamber. The 

results suggest that denitrification is an important sink for 

nitrogen in Old Woman Creek estuary and that 

environmental conditions such as temperature, light, and 

available substrate affect denitrification rates. 

© CSA 

545. Development of community metrics to evaluate 

recovery of Minnesota wetlands. 

Galatowitsch, S. M.; Whited, D. C.; and Tester, J. R. 

Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery 6(3): 

217-234. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.W3 J68; ISSN: 1386-1980. 

Notes: Special Issue: Recovery in Aquatic Ecosystems. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental monitoring/ indicator 

species/ methodology/ land use/ restoration/ ecosystems/ 

long-term changes/ community composition/ land 

management/ bioindicators/ surface water/ birds/ 

populations/ USA, Minnesota/ land restoration/ pollution 

monitoring and detection/ protective measures and control/ 

watershed protection/ environmental action 

Abstract: Monitoring wetland recovery requires 

assessment tools that efficiently and reliably discern 

ecosystem changes in response to changes in land use. 

The biological indicator approach pioneered for rivers and 

streams that uses changes in species assemblages to 

interpret degradation levels may be a promising monitoring 

approach for wetlands. We explored how well metrics 

based on species assemblages related to land use patterns 

for eight kinds of wetlands in Minnesota. We evaluated land 

use on site and within 500 m, 1000 m, 2500 m and 5000 m 

of riverine, littoral, and depressional wetlands (n = 116) in 

three ecoregions. Proportion of agriculture, urban, 

grassland, forest, and water were correlated with metrics 

developed from plant, bird, fish, invertebrate, and 

amphibian community data collected from field surveys. We 

found 79 metrics that relate to land use, including five that 

may be useful for many wetlands: proportion of wetland 

birds, wetland bird richness, proportion of insectivorous 

birds, importance of Carex, importance of invasive 

perennials. Since very few metrics were significant for even 

one-half of the wetland types surveyed, our data suggest 

that monitoring recovery in wetlands with community 

indicators will likely require different metrics, depending on 

type and ecoregion. In addition, wetlands within extensively 

degraded ecoregions may be most problematic for indicator 

development because biotic degradation is historic and 

severe. 

© CSA 

546. Does facilitation of faunal recruitment benefit 

ecosystem restoration? An experimental study of 

invertebrate assemblages in wetland mesocosms. 

Brady, V. J.; Cardinale, B. J.; Gathman, J. P.; and 

Burton, T. M. 

Restoration Ecology 10(4): 617-626. (Dec. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ community structure/ aquatic 

ecosystems/ conservation/ zoobenthos/ macrofauna/ 

environment management/ nature conservation/ 

restoration/ transplantation/ stocking (organisms)/ biotic 

factors/ recruitment/ community composition/ colonization/ 

aquatic insects/ freshwater molluscs/ mesocosms/ 

comparative studies/ Chironomidae/ Gastropoda/ 

Invertebrata/ midges/ poor colonizers/ vegetation/ sediment 

plugs/ gastropods/ slugs/ snails/ aquatic entomology/ 

insects/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: We used wetland mesocosms (1) to 

experimentally assess whether inoculating a restored 

wetland site with vegetation/sediment plugs from a natural 

wetland would alter the development of invertebrate 

communities relative to unaided controls and (2) to 

determine if stocking of a poor invertebrate colonizer could 

further modify community development beyond that due to 

simple inoculation. After filling mesocosms with soil from a 

drained and cultivated former wetland and restoring 

comparable hydrology, mesocosms were randomly 

assigned to one of three treatments: control (a reference for 

unaided community development), inoculated (received 

three vegetation/sediment cores from a natural wetland), 

and stocked + inoculated (received three cores and were 

stocked with a poorly dispersing invertebrate groupgastropods). All mesocosms were placed 100 m from a 

natural wetland and allowed to colonize for 82 days. 

Facilitation of invertebrate colonization led to communities 

in inoculated and stocked + inoculated treatments that 

contrasted strongly with those in the unaided control 

treatment. Control mesocosms had the highest taxa 

richness but the lowest diversity due to high densities and 

dominance of Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae). 

Community structure in inoculated and stocked + 

inoculated mesocosms was more similar to that of a nearby 

natural wetland, with abundance more evenly distributed 

among taxa, leading to diversity that was higher than in the 

control treatment. Inoculated and stocked + inoculated 

communities were dominated by non-aerial invertebrates, 

whereas control mesocosms were dominated by aerial 

invertebrates. These results suggest that facilitation of 

invertebrate recruitment does indeed alter invertebrate 

community development and that facilitation may lead to a 

more natural community structure in less time under 

conditions simulating wetland restoration. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

164

547. Duffy's Marsh Wetland Restoration Project in 

Marquette County, Wisconsin.

Nimmer, G. L. 

In: ASAE Annual International Meeting. (Held 12 Jul 1998-

16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida, USA.) 

St Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural 

Engineers; pp. 21; 1998. 

Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982019 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water management/ 

drainage systems 

Abstract: In 1997, the 1722-acre Duffy's Marsh Wetland 

Restoration Project was completed through the cooperative 

efforts of nine landowners participating in the USDA 

Wetland Reserve Program (WRP). In comparison to the 

average WRP project size of 50-100 acres, this is the 

largest WRP restoration project in Wisconsin (USA). Prior 

to restoration, a surface drainage system comprised of 

ditches around nearly every 40 acre parcel drained the 

large muck farming area. The Natural Resources 

Conservation Service assisted in implementing a plan to 

install 3500 ft of embankments, 13 ditch plugs, and a rock 

spillway outlet to restore the wetlands. This study describes 

the characteristics of planning, design, and construction of 

a large wetland restoration and shares effective restoration 

techniques and experiences gained in this project. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

548. Early development of vascular vegetation of 

constructed wetlands in northwest Ohio receiving 

agricultural waters. 

Luckeydoo, L. M.; Fausey, N. R.; Brown, L. C.; and 

Davis, C. B. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 88(1): 

89-94. (2002) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ vegetation/ irrigation water/ pollution 

control/ subsurface irrigation/ water management/ 

reservoirs/ seed germination/ land restoration/ natural 

regeneration/ Ohio 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are currently being 

explored for use in reducing non-point source (NPS) 

pollution. The Wetland Reservoir Subirrigation System 

(WRSIS) project links water management in agricultural 

fields, constructed wetlands and water storage reservoirs to 

enhance crop production and reduce delivery of 

agrichemicals and sediments to local waterways. Three 

WRSIS demonstration sites have been developed on prior 

converted cropland in the Maumee River watershed located 

in northwest Ohio. Construction of the wetlands was 

completed in 1996 and they were then allowed to passively 

revegetate while receiving drainage water from adjacent 

fields. The primary goal of this study was to characterize 

the initial development of vegetation, and the availability of 

propagules within these wetlands. Preliminary vegetation 

inventories conducted in 1998 identified moderate species 

richness but low percentage of wetland species. A 

germination study completed on soils from one location 

showed additional viable wetland species available in the 

seed bank. Passive revegetation of these three constructed 

wetlands associated with WRSIS systems has resulted in 

good vegetation cover, but it is lacking the desired 

percentage of wetland species to date. Passive 

revegetation may prove to be an effective and economical 

method of revegetating constructed wetlands within 

agricultural landscapes that have suitable propagule 

availability. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

549. Effect of plant species on denitrification and 

methane emission in constructed wetlands. 

Smialek, J.; Bouchard, V.; Quigley, M.; Granata, T.; Martin, 

J.; and Brown, L. 

Ohio Journal of Science 103(1): A39. (Mar. 2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 Oh3; ISSN: 0030-0950. 

Notes: Conference: 112th Annual Meeting of The Ohio 

Acaemy of Science, Findlay, OH (USA), 4-6 Apr 2003 

Descriptors: wetlands/ denitrification/ methane/ sediment 

contamination/ vegetation/ nutrients/ nonpoint pollution 

sources/ water pollution control/ agricultural runoff/ organic 

matter/ water quality control/ USA, Ohio/ chemical 

processes/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control & remediation 

Abstract: Wetlands' ability to retain excess nutrients in 

waterways at low costs makes them an attractive method of 

controlling agricultural non-point source pollution. However, 

it is estimated that wetlands contribute more than 40% of 

the annual atmospheric methane (CH sub(4)) loading. 

Vegetation is an important factor in controlling methane 

emissions by contributing organic matter to the sediments, 

creating oxidized sediments, and acting as conduits for gas 

escape into the atmosphere. The objective of this project 

was to examine how vegetation can be utilized to construct 

a treatment wetland that has a maximum rate of 

denitrification and a minimum rate of methane emission. 

This research was conducted May-November 2002 on a 

constructed treatment wetland at Waterman Farm on the 

Columbus campus of Ohio State University. Measurements 

of CH sub(4) and CO sub(2) production and emission, 

denitrification, plant biomass, and nutrient concentration 

were estimated in 15 unplanted plots, 15 planted with 

woody (Salix) species, and 15 herbaceous (Juncus) plots. 

Water quality improvement by denitrification was evident 

along the wetland. At 15 cm below the sediment, CO sub(2) 

concentration averaged 7300-9200 ppm, higher than CH 

sub(4) (1200-4800ppm). CH sub(4) concentrations were 

significantly different between Juncus (1200ppm) and Salix 

(4800ppm) species. During evening hours, Juncus 

emission of CO sub(2) and CH sub(4) was 3-4 times higher 

than Salix; however, during morning hours Juncus species 

decrease their emission and Salix species emit 3-4 times 

more gas. The selection of specific plants could be used as 

a design tool in constructed wetlands to limit greenhouse 

gas emissions. 

© CSA 

550. The effect of water table depth on white spruce 

(Picea glauca) seedling growth in association with the 

marsh reed grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) on wet 

mineral soil. 

Rivard, P. G.; Woodward, P. M.; and Rothwell, R. L. 

Canadian Journal of Forest Research 20(10): 

1553-1558. (Oct. 1990) 

NAL Call #: SD13.C35; ISSN: 0045-5067 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bluejoint grass/ grasses/ forestry/ 

marsh plants/ spruce trees/ water table/ competition/ 

marshes/ nutrients/ plant growth/ seedlings/ water depth/ 

water and plants/ groundwater 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

165

Abstract: Whether or not the survival, growth, and nutrient 

content of white spruce seedlings were significantly 

affected by competition with marsh reed grass, under 

simulated water table conditions on wet mineral soil 

substrates was investigated. The effect of water table depth 

(10, 20, and 40 cm) in association with marsh reed grass 

(Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.)Beauv.) on white 

spruce (Picea glauca (Moench)Voss) 2 + 0 seedling 

survival and growth was tested over a 5-month period. All 

spruce seedlings grown alone survived, whereas, 16.7% of 

the trees died when grown with reed grass. The root weight 

and total weight of spruce seedlings and marsh reed grass 

were significantly affected by the water table depth. The 

weight of both components increased as the water table 

decreased. Over 80% of the roots by weight for both 

species were found in the upper 10 cm of the soil profile 

regardless of water table depth. The presence of marsh 

reed grass significantly affected the growth of spruce 

seedlings. The nutrient concentration of the white spruce 

foliage was significantly affected by water table depths and 

the presence of grass. This accumulation of marsh reed 

grass near the surface demonstrates the semi-aquatic 

nature of this species and suggests why it is a successful 

competitor of white spruce on wetter sites. (Author's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

551. Effectiveness of a coastal wetland in reducing the 

movement of agricultural pollutants into Lake Erie. 

Krieger, K. A. and Ohio Sea Grant(2001). 

Notes: Other numbers: OHSU-T-01-003 

http://nsgl.gso.uri.edu/ohsu/ohsut01003.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands/ lakes/ freshwater pollution/ pollution 

dispersion/ barriers/ pollution control/ removal/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ pesticides/ chemical pollutants/ environmental 

factors/ hydrology/ atmospheric precipitations/ evaporation/ 

USA, Erie L./ USA, Ohio, Old Woman Creek Wetland/ 

Canada, Ontario, Erie L./ North America, Great Lakes/ 

pollution mitigation/ prevention and control 

Abstract: The primary goal of this study was to 

characterize the nature and efficiency of pollution mitigation 

over a range of hydrologic conditions and for a broad range 

of substances within a representative riverine-palustrine 

coastal wetland. Old Woman Creek Wetland near Huron, 

Ohio, was selected for study because it is believed to 

represent many other Lake Erie tributaries prior to 

modification by dredging, development into marinas, filling, 

and other destructive activities. The authorities develop 

annual and seasonal surface water budgets based on 

fluxes of total suspended solids, nutrients, and pesticides 

into and out of the wetland, and precipitation, pan 

evaporation, and upstream and downstream flows. 

© CSA 

552. Effectiveness of constructed wetlands in reducing 

nitrogen and phosphorus export from agricultural tile 

drainage. 

Kovacic, D. A.; David, M. B.; Gentry, L. E.; Starks, K. M.; 

and Cooke, R. A. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 29(4): 1262-1274. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ nonpoint pollution 

sources/ agricultural runoff/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ tile 

drainage/ surface water/ drinking water/ water quality 

(natural waters)/ pollution (nonpoint sources)/ runoff 

(agricultural)/ drainage/ surface water/ water supplies 

(potable) 

Abstract: Much of the nonpoint N and P entering surface 

waters of the Midwest is from agriculture. We determined if 

constructed wetlands could be used to reduce nonpoint N 

and P exports from agricultural tile drainage systems to 

surface waters. Three treatment wetlands (0.3 to 0.8 ha in 

surface area, 1200 to 5400 m super(3) in volume) that 

intercepted subsurface tile drainage water were constructed 

in 1994 on Colo soils (fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic 

Cumulic Endoaquoll) between upland maize (Zen mays L.) 

and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cropland and the 

adjacent Embarras River. Water (tile flow, precipitation, 

evapotranspiration, outlet flow, and seepage) and nutrient 

(N and P) budgets were determined from 1 Oct. 1994 

through 30 Sept. 1997 for each wetland. Wetlands received 

4639 kg total N during the 3-yr period (96% as NO sub(3)-

N) and removed 1697 kg N, or 37% of inputs. Wetlands 

decreased NO sub(3)-N concentrations in inlet water 

(annual outlet volume weighted average concentrations of 

4.6 to 14.5 mg N L super(-1)) by 28% compared with the 

outlets. When the wetlands were coupled with the 15.3-m 

buffer strip between the wetlands and the river, an 

additional 9% of the tile NO sub(3)-N was apparently 

removed, increasing the N removal efficiency to 46%. 

Overall, total P removal was only 2% during the 3-yr period, 

with highly variable results in each wetland and year. 

Treatment wetlands can be an effective tool in reducing 

agricultural N loading to surface water and for attaining 

drinking water standards in the Midwest. 

© CSA 

553. Evaluating perturbations and developing 

restoration strategies for inland wetlands in the Great 

Lakes Basin. 

Detenbeck, N. E.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; Atkinson, J.; and 

Ball, H. 

Wetlands 19(4): 789-820. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration 

Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land reclamation/ land 

management/ hydrology/ water quality/ vegetation/ exotic 

species/ sedimentation/ disturbance/ environmental 

restoration/ nature conservation/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

eutrophication/ land use/ land restoration/ land/ water 

quality (natural waters)/ land restoration/ North America, 

Great Lakes 

Abstract: Wetland coverage and type distributions vary 

systematically by ecoregion across the Great Lakes Basin. 

Land use and subsequent changes in wetland type 

distributions also vary among ecoregions. Incidence of 

wetland disturbance varies significantly within ecoregions 

but tends to increase from north to south with intensity of 

land use. Although the nature of disturbance activities 

varies by predominant land-use type, mechanisms of 

impact and potential response endpoints appear to be 

similar across agricultural and urban areas. Based on the 

proportion of associated disturbance activities and 

proportion response endpoints affected, the highest ranking 

mechanisms of impact are sedimentation/turbidity, retention 

time, eutrophication, and changes in hydrologic timing. 

Disturbance activities here are defined as events that cause 

wetland structure or function to vary outside of a normal 

range, while stressors represent the individual internal or 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

166

external agents (causes) that act singly or in combination to 

impair one or more wetland functions. Responses most 

likely associated with disturbance activities based on 

shared mechanisms of impact are 1) shifts in plant species 

composition, 2) reduction in wildlife production, 3) 

decreased local or regional biodiversity, 4) reduction in fish 

and/or other secondary production, 5) increased flood 

peaks/frequency, 6) increased aboveground production, 7) 

decreased water quality downstream, and 8) loss of aquatic 

plant species with high light compensation points. General 

strategies and goals for wetland restoration can be derived 

at the ecoregion scale using information on current and 

historic wetland extent and type distributions and the 

distribution of special-concern species dependent on 

specific wetland types or mosaics of habitat types. 

Restoration of flood-control and water-quality improvement 

functions will require estimates of wetland coverage relative 

to total land area or specific land uses (e.g., deforestation, 

urbanization) at the watershed scale. The high incidence of 

disturbance activities in the more developed southern 

ecoregions of both Canada and the U.S. is reflected in the 

loss of species across all wetland types. The species data 

here suggest that an effective regional strategy must 

include restoration of a diversity of wetland types, including 

the rarer wetland types (wet meadows, fens), as well as 

forested swamps, which were extensive historically. The 

prevalence of anthropogenic stresses and openwater 

habitats likely contributes to the concentration of exotic 

species in inland wetlands of the southern Great Lakes 

ecoregions. Vegetation removal and site disturbance are 

the best- documented causes for plant invasions, and 

encroachment activities are common in marshes and ponds 

of the southern ecoregions. 

© CSA 

554. GIS-based estimates of former and current 

depressional wetlands in an agricultural landscape. 

McCauley, L. A. and Jenkins, D. G. 

Ecological Applications 15(4): 1199-1208. (Aug. 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ models/ landscape/ geographic 

information systems/ metapopulations/ man-induced 

effects/ land use/ ecological distribution/ hydrology/ 

biological settlement/ quantitative distribution/ agriculture/ 

USA, Illinois/ USA, Illinois, Champaign Cty./ habitat 

community studies/ mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: Before European settlement, 23% of Illinois (3.2 

million of 14 million ha) was covered by wetlands. It is 

estimated that 90% of those wetlands were lost during 

conversion of the landscape to agriculture and urban use. 

Champaign County was one of the most extensively 

drained counties in Illinois, with 39-60% of original county 

area estimated to have been drained. Current and future 

efforts to conserve and restore wetlands would benefit from 

information on the number and distribution of former 

wetlands. We used GIS to estimate the spatial extent, 

density, pattern, and sizes of former and extant 

depressional wetlands in Champaign County. We derived 

several models of former wetlands; all models used hydric 

soils but varied by using Digital Raster Graphics (DRG), 30-

m Digital Elevation Models (DEM), or Digital 

Orthophotography Quarter Quadrangles (DOQ). We also 

combined the DRG and DEM models, and we conducted 

visual field surveys for saturated or ponded conditions to 

test the models. The DRG model was conservative: it 

identified fewer and larger wetlands than the DEM model 

(the DOQ model was judged inadequate). Depending on 

the model selected, we estimated that 1077-4090 

depressional wetlands formerly existed in the county, and 

that 78.6-91.6% were drained, accounting for 1108-2777 ha 

of lost wetland habitat in Champaign County alone. Thus, 

depressional wetlands accounted for the vast majority of 

historical wetland loss and should be a priority for wetland 

restoration efforts. Spatial pattern among wetlands also 

changed: an organism adapted to the former landscape 

had >50% probability of reaching another wetland within 

260 m: today that same species faces a 7.8% probability at 

that distance. The modern landscape of Champaign County 

(and others like it) poses potential risk for remaining 

wetland metapopulations, and GIS models of precise 

former wetlands locations can be a valuable initial tool for 

wetland conservation and restoration efforts. 

© CSA 

555. Groundwater impacts from an unlined constructed 

wetland system receiving waste from a swine 

operation.

Reaves, R. P.; DuBowy, P. J.; Jones, D. D.; and 

Sutton, A. L. 

In: Proceedings: 2nd International Conference on 

Groundwater Ecology. (Held 27 Mar 1994-30 Mar 1994 at 

Atlanta, GA.) Stanford, J. A. and Valett, H. M. (eds.) 

Herndon, VA: American Water Resources Association; pp. 

349-358; 1994. 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ groundwater pollution/ 

livestock/ experimental design/ monitoring/ lithium/ tracers/ 

groundwater movement/ wastewater lagoons/ agricultural 

runoff/ animal wastes/ environmental impact/ agricultural 

pollution/ pollution monitoring/ artificial wetlands/ USA, 

Indiana, West Lafayette/ environmental impact/ agricultural 

pollution/ pollution monitoring/ livestock/ experimental 

design/ groundwater movement/ wastewater lagoons/ 

animal wastes/ monitoring/ sources and fate of pollution/ 

characteristics, behavior and fate/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: A 16-cell experimental constructed wetland was 

installed at the Purdue University Animal Sciences Swine 

Research Complex in 1993 to examine treatment efficiency 

on swine lagoon wastewater. The system was placed in a 

mesic soil and all cells were unlined. The experimental 

design allows for extensive testing during operation to 

determine if groundwater contamination occurs. Prior to 

beginning system operation in the spring of 1994 a lithium 

tracer study was done to determine the level of initial 

leakage in the system. Results of this study show that 

groundwater contamination at system start-up was 

occurring in some cells. However, movement beneath cells 

was only along the flow gradient. There was no lateral 

movement across the groundwater flow. Groundwater 

monitoring will be continued for the two-year duration of the 

study to determine if there are changes in system 

performance. 

© CSA 

556. Habitat contribution and waterbird use of Wetland 

Reserve Program sites in the Cache River watershed, 

Illinois. 

Hicks, Brianne M. 

Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University, 2003. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ wildlife habitat/ Illinois/ 

Wetland Reserve Program 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

167

557. Historic and comparative perspectives on 

rehabilitation of marshes as habitat for fish in the 

Lower Great Lakes Basin. 

Whillans, T. H. 

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

53(Supplement 1): 58-66. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 442.9 C16J; ISSN: 0706-652X 

Descriptors: marshes/ environmental restoration/ 

ecosystem analysis/ historical account/ sedimentation/ 

ecosystems/ fish/ aquatic habitats/ Canada, Ontario 

Abstract: Retrospective and comparative assessments of 

fish habitat have been used to guide rehabilitation in 

Cootes Paradise, a marsh at Hamilton, Ont., on Lake 

Ontario. The marsh was severely altered by human and 

natural stresses, including high water levels, influx of fine 

eroded sediments, and channelization. Recovery has been 

limited by a different but overlapping set of stresses, 

including the continued influx of fine eroded sediments, 

resuspension of sediments, exotic fish, and increased fetch. 

Assessment has involved the use of "accumulator-," 

"residue-," and "replica"-type retrospective evidence and 

the comparison of Cootes Paradise with other reference 

marshes. The emergent narrative science (a synthesis of 

science in historical and environmental context that serves 

as a partially testable hypothesis), verified and adjusted by 

small scale experiments, has identified the need to reintroduce vegetation, reduce fetch, exclude common carp 

(Cyprinus carpio), anchor the marsh sediments, and reduce 

the influx of land use derived fine sediments. Narrative 

science uses the "ecological memory" of the marsh for 

historical information on ecological degradation and in the 

form of the remnant natural resilience upon which 

ecological rehabilitation could build. The narrative science 

provides the basis for adaptive management and the 

monitoring that it requires. 

© CSA 

558. Hydrology of constructed wetlands.

Zmolek, C.; Baker, J. L.; Crumpton, W. G.; and 

Kanwar, R. S. 

In: ASAE Annual International Meeting. (Held 10 Aug 1997-

14 Aug 1997 at Minneapolis, Minnesota.); pp. 17; 1997. 

Notes: Paper American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

no. 972036; ISSN: 0149-9890 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ water flow/ water budget/ 

hydrodynamics/ tracer techniques/ models 

Abstract: This paper covers research being conducted on a 

system of constructed wetland cells in Iowa, USA, receiving 

subsurface drainage water at three rates on inflow with 

each being replicated three times. The analysis of the 

hydrology consisted of accounting for all inflows and 

outflows, thereby determining and closing the systems 

water budget. An average seasonal water budget was 

developed, encompassing all nine cells' data. The budget 

for the entire system was closed with only 5.47% error. This 

error can be accounted to the inability to precisely measure 

flowmeter accuracy, berm seepage, pan A evaporation 

estimations, and pipe leakage. The budget shows seepage 

as the largest outflow component, being 16.1% of the total 

outflow. Evapotranspiration compromised only 1.69% of the 

recorded outflow. Direct precipitation was 1.01% of the total 

system's inflow. To examine flow patterns over time, a 

tracer study using rhodamine WT was conducted. 

Concentrations were determined using a fluorometer and 

then mapping the values into isopleths. The pattern for the 

high flow cell studied showed a definite preferential flow 

path along with areas of little or no contact. Knowing the 

significance of the hydrologic components as well as the 

hydrodynamic flows will provide for better information on 

the variables required to more accurately model the site's 

treatment capability and efficiency potentials. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

559. Influence of hydrologic loading rate on 

phosphorus retention and ecosystem productivity in 

created wetlands. 

Mitsch, William J.; Cronk, Julie K.; and United States. Army. 

Corps of Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station. Wetlands Research Program (U.S.). 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; Series: Wetlands Research Program 

technical report WRP-RE-6; 84 p. (1995) 

Notes: At head of title: Wetlands Research Program. 

"January 1995." Final report. Includes bibliographical 

references (p. 73-84). 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3M57 1995 

Descriptors: wetland conservation/ constructed wetlands/ 

freshwater productivity/ water---phosphorus content/ 

restoration ecology/ Glaciated Interior Plains 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

560. Isotope evaluation of nitrate attenuation in 

restored and native riparian zones in the Kankakee 

watershed, Indiana. 

Sidle, W. C.; Roose, D. L.; and Yzerman, V. T. 

Wetlands 20(2): 333-345. (June 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ isotope studies/ nitrates/ riparian 

land/ watersheds/ oxygen/ hydrogen/ cycling nutrients/ 

water properties/ flow discharge/ levees/ dikes/ water 

budget/ land reclamation/ water reclamation/ agriculture/ 

nitrogen cycle/ nitrate/ catchment areas/ embankments/ 

USA, Indiana, Kankakee Watershed/ watershed protection/ 

ecosystems and energetics/ protective measures and 

control/ water resources and supplies 

Abstract: Isotopic analyses of oxygen and hydrogen of 

water (delta super(18)O and delta D) and nitrogen and 

oxygen of nitrate (delta super(15)N and delta super(18)O) 

are used in conjunction with conventional water chemistry 

and hydrologic measurements to investigate water flow and 

nitrogen cycling mechanisms through two riparian zones 

adjacent to upland agricultural fields. Within the Kankakee 

watershed of northwestern Indiana, a native riverine 

wetland was compared to a constructed riverine wetland to 

assess the wetland restoration in terms of water flow and 

nitrate attenuation mechanisms and efficiency. Conditions 

in the constructed wetland are controlled by a system of 

individual cells separated by dikes and levees and into 

which water is periodically pumped, while the native 

wetland occupies an area of remnant river meanders or 

oxbows. Analyses of samples taken from well transects 

across both wetlands suggest that water flow across the 

constructed wetland has been greatly altered. Nitrate 

cycling characteristics show significant differences between 

the two wetlands and particularly, nitrate attenuation 

efficiency is greatly reduced in the constructed wetland. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

168

561. Modeling of water routing in a Wetland-Reservoir 

SubIrrigation System using SIMULINK.

Hothem, J. A. and Brown, L. C. 

In: 1998 ASAE Annual International Meeting. (Held 12 Jul 

1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.) 

St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 

pp. 11; 1998. 

Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982096 

Descriptors: wetlands/ subsurface irrigation/ models/ 

subsurface drainage/ water quality/ reservoirs/ pollutants/ 

nitrates/ phosphates/ herbicides/ water balance/ water 

conservation/ simulation models/ herbicide residues 

Abstract: Wetland-Reservoir-SubIrrigation Systems 

(WRSIS) have the potential both to improve downstream 

water quality by reducing discharge to streams and to 

provide a reliable supply of subirrigation water. To evaluate 

the performance of such systems, a model is being 

developed to simulate the routing of water between the 

system's components and to model the water balance 

within each of the components. This is being done using 

SIMULINK, a software package that uses block diagrams to 

define dynamic systems. In the model, an entire library of 

blocks representing each of the different components of the 

system (i.e., wetland, subirrigated field, pump station, etc.) 

is being developed. Each of these blocks actually 

represents a subsystem of blocks that model the dynamic 

behavior of that component. The system component blocks 

can be linked to model a wide range of system 

configurations for WRSIS sites. The model will be used to 

analyse a variety of different management strategies. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

562. Monitoring of Spunky Bottoms restored wetland in 

southern Illinois for biotic and abiotic pollution 

indicators. 

Kelley, Timothy R. and Huddleston, Eric 

Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science 94(2): 

69-78. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 500 Il6; ISSN: 0019-2252 

Descriptors: pollution assessment control and 

management/ culture method/ analytical method/ 

membrane filtration method/ analytical method/ agricultural 

runoff/ conductivity/ pH/ pollution indicators: abiotic, biotic/ 

restored wetlands/ temperature/ total coliform 

concentrations 

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine and 

compare biotic (bacterial) and abiotic (physicochemical) 

pollution indicator levels generated from water samples 

collected from eleven sites within an aquatic wetland under 

restoration in Brown County in Southern Illinois. The 

approximately 700-acre "Spunky Bottoms" wetland, 

purchased by The Nature Conservancy, is currently being 

restored by The Wetlands Initiative to conditions prior to 

levying of the Illinois River and draining of adjacent 

floodplain for intensive agriculture (circa 1900). Water 

samples of approximately 200-ml were collected aseptically 

and analyzed for indicator bacteria (total coliform and 

Escherichia coli) concentrations using a membrane filtration 

technique and culturing methods. Predominant bacterial 

genera were also isolated from selected water samples and 

identified using standard culturing, microscopic, and 

biochemical techniques. Temperature, pH, dissolved 

oxygen and conductivity were also monitored concurrently 

in the field at water sampling sites. Levels of bacterial and 

physicochemical pollution indicators in water samples taken 

from the Illinois River and wetland sites adjacent to 

agricultural land use were substantially higher than levels 

found at other sampling sites, possibly due to agricultural 

runoff. Predominant bacterial genera recovered from all 

sampling sites were Pseudomonas and Bacillus, which may 

contribute to biogeochemical cycles. Results suggest that 

restored wetlands may contribute to pollution indicator 

reduction, and that wetland microbial populations may 

contribute to biogeochemical (N, P, C) element cycling. 

Further research is necessary to determine more specific 

contributions of aquatic wetlands to indicator bacteria 

concentration reduction and biogeochemical cycles. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

563. Monitoring system for water quality and quantity, 

and ecological parameters at the Dara wetlandreservoir subirrigation system site.

Oztekin, T.; N' Jie, N. M.; Hothem, J.; Luckeydoo, L.; 

Brown, L. C.; Fausey, N. R.; Czartoski, B. J.; and Mills, G. 

In: 1998 ASAE Annual International Meeting. (Held 12 Jul 

1998-16 Jul 1998 at Orlando, Florida.) 

St Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 

pp. 7; 1998. 

Notes: ASAE Paper no. 982110 

Descriptors: wetlands/ monitoring/ water quality/ 

subsurface irrigation/ reservoirs 

Abstract: An integrated wetland reservoir subirrigation 

system (WRSIS) was constructed at three different 

locations in northwest Ohio, USA. The system was set up 

to recycle drainage and surface water from a subirrigated 

cropland through a constructed wetland to be stored in an 

upground reservoir for subirrigation of maize and 

soyabeans during the growing season. In the summer of 

1998, the first of these three sites will be equipped with 

instruments to monitor the ecological, hydrologic, sediment 

and nutrient dynamics of the system. The data collected will 

be used in modelling studies to promote an understanding 

of the hydrological and ecological processes in the WRSIS. 

The monitoring programme of the WRSIS is presented and 

discussed in this paper. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

564. Optimizing the placement of riparian practices in a 

watershed using terrain analysis. 

Tomer, M. D.; James, D. E.; and Isenhart, T. M. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58(4): 

198-206. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: best management practices/ conservation 

planning/ conservation reserve enhancement program/ 

constructed wetlands/ riparian buffers/ watershed 

management 

Abstract: Riparian buffers and constructed wetlands are 

best management practices (BMPs) that can improve water 

quality. However, these practices are not equally effective 

in all locations. Our objective was to develop maps to help 

plan the placement of BMPs in a watershed for water 

quality benefits. Tipton Creek, a 49,000-acre Iowa 

watershed, provided a case study. Buffer-placement maps, 

developed from analysis of 30 m (100 ft) elevation data, 

identified riparian locations with large wetness indices, 

where buffer vegetation could intercept sheet/rill flows from 

significant upslope areas. These sites were numerous, 

typically small (<200 m in length) and well distributed 

spatially. However results showed 57% of riparian grid cells 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

169

would receive runoff from less than 0.4 ha (1 ac). 

Candidate wetland sites were also mapped by applying 

interpretive and automated techniques to terrain analyses 

results. A team of conservation professionals evaluated the 

planning utility of these maps in the field through 

consensus-seeking discussion. Buffer maps highlighted 

areas where, team members agreed, perennial vegetation 

could effectively intercept runoff and/or manage seasonal 

wetness. The review team also located three feasible 

wetland sites, which were all identified by an automated 

technique showing 12 candidate sites. The methods only 

required public data and should be applicable to other 

watersheds. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

565. Passing of northern pike and common carp 

through experimental barriers designed for use in 

wetland restoration. 

French, J. R. P.; Wilcox, D. A.; and Nichols, S. J. 

Wetlands 19(4): 883-888. (Dec. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration 

Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ North America, Erie L./ fish 

passages/ coasts/ land reclamation/ fish management/ 

carp/ fish populations/ environmental restoration/ USA, 

Ohio/ fishways/ restoration/ ecosystem management/ 

population control/ body size/ freshwater fish/ Cyprinus 

carpio/ Esox lucius/ USA, Ohio, Erie L., Metzger Marsh/ 

common carp/ northern pike/ European carp/ fisheries 

engineering/ reclamation/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation 

Abstract: Restoration plans for Metzger Marsh, a coastal 

wetland on the south shore of western Lake Erie, 

incorporated a fish-control system designed to restrict 

access to the wetland by large common carp (Cyprinus 

carpio). Ingress fish passageways in the structure contain 

slots into which experimental grates of varying size and 

shape can be placed to selectively allow entry and transfer 

of other large fish species while minimizing the number of 

common carp to be handled. We tested different sizes and 

shapes of grates in experimental tanks in the laboratory to 

determine the best design for testing in the field. We also 

tested northern pike (Esox lucius) because lack of access 

to wetland spawning habitat has greatly reduced their 

populations in western Lake Erie. Based on our results, 

vertical bar grates were chosen for installation because 

common carp were able to pass through circular grates 

smaller than body height by compressing their soft 

abdomens; they passed through rectangular grates on the 

diagonal. Vertical bar grates with 5-cm spacing that were 

installed across much of the control structure should limit 

access of common carp larger than 34 cm total length (TL) 

and northern pike larger than 70 cm. Vertical bar grates 

selected for initial field trials in the fish passageway had 

spacings of 5.8 and 6.6 cm, which increased access by 

common carp to 40 and 47 cm TL and by northern pike to 

76 and 81 cm, respectively. The percentage of potential 

common carp biomass (fish seeking entry) that must be 

handled in lift baskets in the passageway increased from 

0.9 to 4.8 to 15.4 with each increase in spacing between 

bars. Further increases in spacing would greatly increase 

the number of common carp that would have to be handled. 

The results of field testing should be useful in designing 

selective fish-control systems for other wetland restoration 

sites adjacent to large water bodies. 

© CSA 

566. Phytoremediation of herbicide-contaminated 

surface water with aquatic plants. 

Rice, P. J.; Anderson, T. A.; and Coats, J. R. 

In: Phytoremediation of soil and water contaminants/ 

Kruger, E. L.; Anderson, T. A.; and Coats, J. R.; Series: 

American Chemical Society Symposium Series 664. 

Washington DC: American Chemical Society, 1997; 

pp. 133-151 

NAL Call #: QD1.A45 no.664 

Abstract: There is current interest in the use of artificial 

wetlands and macrophyte-cultured ponds for the treatment 

of agricultural drainage water, sewage, and industrial 

effluents. Aquatic plant-based water treatment systems 

have proved effective and economical in improving the 

quality of wastewaters containing excess nutrients, organic 

pollutants, and heavy metals. This investigation was 

conducted to test the hypothesis that herbicide-tolerant 

aquatic plants can remediate herbicide-contaminated 

waters. The addition of Ceratophyllum demersum (coontail, 

hornwort), Elodea canadensis (American elodea, Canadian 

pondweed), or Lemna minor (common duckweed) 

significantly (p less than or equal to <0.01) reduced the 

concentration of [14C]metolachlor (MET) remaining in the 

treated water. After a 16-day incubation period, only 1.44%, 

4.06%, and 22.7% of the applied [14C]MET remained in the 

water of the surface water systems containing C. 

demersum, E. canadensis, or L. minor whereas 61% of the 

applied [14C]MET persisted in the surface water systems 

without plants. C. demersum and E. canadensis 

significantly (p less than or equal to < 0.01) reduced the 

concentration of [14C] atrazine (ATR) in the surface water. 

Only 41.3% and 63.2% of the applied [14C]ATR remained 

in the water of the vegetated systems containing C. 

demersum and E. canadensis, respectively. Eighty-five 

percent of the applied [14C]ATR was detected in the water 

of the L. minor and nonvegetated systems. Our results 

support the hypothesis and provide evidence that the 

presence of herbicide-tolerant aquatic vegetation can 

accelerate the removal and biotransformation of 

metolachlor and atrazine from herbicide-contaminated 

waters. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

567. Plant nutrient uptake and biomass accumulation in 

a constructed wetland. 

Hoagland, C. R.; Gentry, L. E.; David, M. B.; and 

Kovacic, D. A. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16(4): 527-540. (Dec. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: nutrient uptake/ artificial wetlands/ biomass/ 

nitrogen/ phosphorus/ bioremediation/ uptake/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ plant populations/ primary production/ water 

pollution treatment/ pollution control/ agricultural runoff/ 

aquatic plants/ nutrient cycles/ plant nutrition/ agricultural 

pollution/ fertilizers/ biogeochemical cycle/ bioaccumulation/ 

plant growth/ vegetation/ nutrients/ water pollution/ 

macrophytes/ absorption/ tile drainage/ algae/ Plantae/ 

reclamation/ protective measures and control/ ecosystems 

and energetics/ effects of pollution/ water & wastewater 

treatment 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

170

Abstract: We examined the role of plants in the nutrient 

cycle of a 0.3 ha constructed wetland that received tile 

drainage water from agricultural fields. The objectives were 

to determine: 1) above- and below-ground production of 

wetland macrophytes; 2) production of algae; 3) 

accumulation and uptake rate of N and P by vegetation 

during the growing season; and, 4) role of wetland 

vegetation in the overall N and P budgets. Total biomass 

ranged seasonally from 12000 to 30000 kg ha super(-1) in 

the wetland, reaching a maximum in September, with roots 

accounting for 54 to 77% of the total. Above-ground 

macrophyte biomass ranged from 2000 to 5700 kg ha 

super(-1), and also reached a maximum in September. 

Algae were only present early in the growing season and 

had a maximum biomass of 233 kg ha super(-1) at the end 

of May. During the 1998 water year, tile input transported 

715 kg ha super(-1) total N and 10 kg ha super(-1) total P 

into the wetland, whereas wetland output was 256 kg total 

N ha super(-1) (256 kg ha super(-1) in outlet flow and 120 

kg ha super(-1) in seepage) and 7.3 kg total P ha super(-1). 

Therefore, the wetland removal efficiencies for N and P 

were 47 and 29%, respectively. Total N and P in biomass 

reached maxima of 367 and 57 kg ha super(-1) 

respectively, with below-ground biomass accounting for 

most of the N and P found in plants. Although the N 

accumulation by wetland plants was equal to the difference 

between the wetland input and output for N, most of the 

plant growth occurred after tile flow ceased. Plant removal 

of N and P from the water column was likely a small 

component of the overall effectiveness of the wetland due 

to the lack of synchronization between plant growth and tile 

flow. 

© CSA 

568. Seasonal variation of selenium in outdoor 

experimental stream-wetland systems. 

Allen, K. N. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 20(4): 865-868. 

(Oct. 1991-Dec. 1991) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: nonpoint pollution sources/ path of pollutants/ 

selenium/ solute transport/ streams/ water pollution 

treatment/ artificial wetlands/ bioaccumulation/ experimental 

basins/ irrigation ditches/ seasonal variation/ vegetation/ 

sources and fate of pollution/ water quality control 

Abstract: Two outdoor experimental stream-wetland 

systems were exposed continuously to 10 microg/L Se(IV) 

over a 2-yr period. A seasonal variation in the water column 

Se concentration was found in wetlands; a comparable 

variation was not observed in stream segments. Water 

column Se was never reduced by more than 20% in the 

streams, but was reduced by greater than 90% in 

midsummer in the wetlands. Accumulation of Se in plants 

was much higher in the wetlands than in the streams, 

particularly in duckweed (Lemna minor). The deposition of 

Se in sediments was extremely variable within the 

wetlands. The data indicate that the ability of wetlands to 

remove Se from the water column is seasonally dependent. 

The increased removal of Se in the wetlands found in late 

summer may be partially due to the physical effect of 

increased retention time of the water flowing through dense 

wetland vegetation, but much of the observed Se 

fluctuations are likely a result of biological activity in the 

wetlands. In areas where Se is a problem in free-flowing 

water, such as agricultural drainage and irrigation ditches, 

constructed wetlands and subsequent harvesting of plant 

material could be useful in removing Se, particularly in 

areas with little climatological variation. (MacKeen-PTT) 35 

062954001 

© CSA 

569. super(226)Ra and super(228)Ra activities 

associated with agricultural drainage ponds and 

wetland ponds in the Kankakee Watershed, IllinoisIndiana, USA. 

Sidle, W. C.; Shanklin, D.; Lee, P. Y.; and Roose, D. L. 

Journal of Environmental Radioactivity 55(1): 29-46. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH543.5.A1; ISSN: 0265-931X 

Descriptors: radium/ agriculture/ watersheds/ ponds/ 

radioactivity/ pollutant identification/ radium radioisotopes/ 

isotope studies/ agricultural watersheds/ drainage/ artificial 

wetlands/ spatial distribution/ water quality (natural waters)/ 

farmwastes/ agricultural areas/ fertilizers/ radioactive 

contamination/ radium isotopes/ agricultural pollution/ 

drainage water/ irrigation water/ USA, Illinois, Kankakee R./ 

USA, Illinois/ USA, Indiana/ radiation/ identification of 

pollutants/ water quality/ prevention and control/ water 

pollution: monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: Radioactivity is elevated in many agricultural 

drainage ponds and also constructed wetland ponds in the 

Kankakee Watershed. During 1995-1999, gross- alpha and 

- beta activities were measured up to 455 and 1650 mBq L 

super(-1), respectively. super(226)Ra and super(228)Ra 

averaged 139 and 192 mBq L super(-1) in controlled 

drainage ponds compared to 53 and 58 mBq L super(-1) for 

super(226)Ra and super(228)Ra, respectively, in native 

wetland ponds. Analyses of applied ammonium phosphate 

fertilizers near both native and controlled ponds indicate 

comparable super(226)Ra/ super(228)Ra and 

super(228)Ra/ super(232)Th activity ratios with only the 

surface waters in the controlled ponds. For example, 

super(226)Ra/ super(228)Ra activity ratios in controlled 

ponds ranged from 0.791 to 0.91 and group with a local 

fertilizer batch containing FL phosphate compounds with 

super(226)Ra/ super(228)Ra activity ratios of 0.831-1.04. 

Local soils of the Kankakee watershed have super(226)Ra/ 

super(228)Ra activity ratios of 0.541-0.70. Calculated Ra 

fluxes of waters, in drainage ditches associated with these 

controlled ponds, for super(226)Ra ranged from 0.77 to 

9.00 mBq cm super(-2) d super(-1) and for super(228)Ra 

ranged from 1.22 to 8.43 mBq cm super(-2) d super(-1). Ra 

activity gradients were measured beneath these controlled 

ponds both in agricultural landscapes and in constructed 

wetlands, all being associated with drainage ditches. Ra 

had infiltrated to the local water table but was below 

regulatory maximum contaminant limits. Still, measurable 

Ra activity was measured downgradient of even the 

constructed wetlands in the Kankakee watershed, 

suggesting that the attenuation of Ra was low. However, no 

Ra excess was observed in the riparian zone or the 

Kankakee River downgradient of the native wetland ponds. 

© CSA 

570. Water table management to enhance crop yields in 

a Wetland Reservoir Subirrigation System. 

Allred, B. J.; Brown, L. C.; Fausey, N. R.; Cooper, R. L.; 

Clevenger, W. B.; Prill, G. L.; Barge, G. A.; Thornton, C.; 

Riethman, D. T.; Chester, P. W.; and Czartoski, B. J. 

Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19(4): 407-421. (2003) 

NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 
Glaciated Interior Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

171

Descriptors: agricultural production/ artificial wetlands/ crop 

production/ crop yield/ drain pipes/ irrigation systems/ 

maize/ reservoirs/ river water/ rivers/ soyabeans/ 

subsurface drainage/ subsurface irrigation/ water storage/ 

water table 

Abstract: A Wetland Reservoir Subirrigation System 

(WRSIS) allows for capture, treatment, storage, and reuse 

of runoff and subsurface drainage waters from cropland, in 

turn providing both environmental and agricultural 

production benefits. The three WRSIS sites presently in 

operation are all located within the northwest Ohio portion 

of the Maumee River Basin and have been in use for five to 

six complete growing seasons. WRSIS components include 

an underground drainage pipe network tied to both a 

constructed wetland and a water storage reservoir. With 

this type of system, the drain pipes can be used at different 

times to either add water (subirrigation) or remove water 

(subsurface drainage) from the root zone, thereby 

enhancing crop yields, especially in dry years. Obtaining 

these crop yield benefits requires a proper water table 

management approach that includes practicing suggested 

operational guidelines and initiating as needed system 

modification improvements. By incorporating a proper water 

table management approach, and in comparison to control 

plots, WRSIS subirrigated field crop yield increases for corn 

and soybeans, respectively, were 34.5 and 38.1% during 

drier growing seasons, 14.4 and 9.7% during near average 

to wetter growing seasons, and 19.6 and 17.4% overall. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

571. A wetland to improve agricultural subsurface 

drainage water quality. 

Miller, P. S.; Mitchell, J. K.; Cooke, R. A.; and Engel, B. A. 

Transactions of the ASAE 45(5): 1305-1317. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: herbicides/ water quality/ artificial wetlands/ 

atrazine/ evapotranspiration/ drainage water/ subsurface 

drainage/ orthophosphates/ agricultural runoff/ alachlor/ 

USA, Illinois 

Abstract: The effectiveness of wetlands to cleanse eventdriven agricultural drainage water in east-central Illinois was 

studied. A wetland was constructed at the outlet of a 

subsurface-drained agricultural field in a corn-soybean 

rotation. Hydrology data from the wetland inlet and outlet, 

including precipitation and evapotranspiration data, were 

used to develop a water budget for the system. Water 

quality data were collected from the wetland inlet, outlet, 

and the pond section of the wetland and analyzed for 

nitrate-nitrogen (NO sub(3)-N), orthophosphate (PO sub(4)-

P), and nine common Midwestern herbicides: trifluralin, 

atrazine, alachlor, metolachlor, ethalfluralin, butylate, 

clomazone, cyanazine, and pendimethalin. Constituent 

mass loads were calculated at the inlet and outlet, and both 

concentration and mass load data sets were statistically 

analyzed. Results indicated variable performance based 

primarily on seasonal processes and individual chemical 

constituent. Overall, NO sub(3)-N mass load assimilation 

was approximately 174 kg (32.9%) over the course of the 

study, although assimilation rates were seasonally 

dependent. PO sub(4)-P and herbicide concentration and 

mass load assimilation were not significant. 

© CSA 

572. Zooplankton communities of restored 

depressional wetlands in Wisconsin, USA. 

Dodson, S. I. and Lillie, R. A. 

Wetlands 21(2): 292-300. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ watersheds/ zooplankton/ 

waterfowl/ agriculture/ sexual reproduction/ taxonomy/ 

daphnia/ ecosystems/ eutrophication/ turbidity/ surface 

water/ environment management/ community structure/ 

environmental restoration/ species richness/ agricultural 

land/ plankton/ ecosystem disturbance/ nutrient enrichment/ 

restoration/ evaluation/ community composition/ species 

diversity/ Cladocera/ Copepoda/ USA, Wisconsin/ 

restoration/ water fleas/ copepods 

Abstract: Wisconsin has lost approximately 2 million 

hectares of wetland since statehood (1848). Through the 

combined efforts of state and federal agencies and private 

groups focused primarily on wetland restoration for 

waterfowl habitat management or compensatory mitigation, 

a fairly substantial gain in wetland area has been achieved. 

Much of the wetland restoration effort in Wisconsin has 

occurred on formerly agricultural lands. However, due to 

the nature of the past disturbance and possible residual 

effects not corrected by simply returning surface waters to 

these lands, there is some question regarding the resultant 

wetland quality or biological integrity. In an effort aimed at 

developing tools to measure wetland gains in terms of 

quality or ecological integrity, the Wisconsin Department of 

Natural Resources (WDNR) initiated a study of biological 

communities on restored wetlands in Wisconsin. In this 

paper, we report on the community of microcrustaceans 

and arthropods that can be collected with a plankton net in 

open water in wetlands. We examined zooplankton 

community structure in restored wetlands in terms of 

richness, taxonomic representation, and Daphnia sexual 

reproduction and related these metrics to attributes on 

wetlands representing least-disturbed conditions and 

agriculturally impacted wetlands. We sampled 56 palustrine 

wetlands distributed across Wisconsin. These wetland sites 

were categorized as agricultural, least-impacted, and 

restored (recently withdrawn from agricultural usage). The 

wetlands were reasonably homogeneous in many ways, so 

that taxon richness was not correlated with basin origin, 

presence of adjacent roads, presence or absence of fish, 

water chemistry, or the size of the open water. We 

identified a total of 40 taxa. Taxon richness was 

significantly lower in agricultural sites (average of 3.88 taxa 

per site) compared to that of least-impacted sites (7.29 

taxa) and restored sites (7.21 taxa). Taxon richness of 

restored sites was significantly correlated with time since 

restoration. The data indicate that taxon richness changes 

from a value typical of agricultural sites to the average 

richness of least-impacted sites in about 6.4 years. The 

total taxon list for 8 agricultural sites (14 taxa) was 

significantly smaller than the average value for randomly 

chosen sets of 8 least-impacted sites (20.4 taxa). 

Agricultural and least-impacted sites tended to have the 

same common taxa. Many taxa of chydorid cladocerans 

and cyclopoid copepods that were rare in least-impacted 

sites did not occur in the agricultural sites, nor did fairy 

shrimp occur in agricultural sites. Daphnia populations only 

produced males in least-impacted and restored sites. 

Further research is needed to identify the mechanism(s) 

responsible for the reduced species richness and lack of 

sexual reproduction in agricultural wetland sites. Likely 

factors include eutrophication, turbidity, or chemical 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

172

contamination. We conclude that restoration of wetland 

watersheds works. Withdrawal of the watershed from 

agricultural usage is followed by an increase in taxon 

richness, and the sites resembled least-impacted sites in 

about 6-7 years. 

© CSA 
173

Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains Wetlands 

General Information 

573. Accuracy assessment and validation of classified 

satellite imagery of Texas coastal wetlands. 

Hinson, J. M.; German, C. D.; and Pulich, W. 

Marine Technology Society Journal 28(2): 4-9. (1994) 

NAL Call #: GC1.M3; ISSN: 0025-3324. 

Notes: Conference: Third Thematic Conference on Remote 

Sensing for Marine and Coastal Environments 

Descriptors: wetlands/ coastal zone/ satellite sensing/ 

mapping/ classification systems/ vegetation cover/ 

classification/ remote sensing/ satellite technology/ 

Landsat/ satellite technology/ USA, Texas, Galveston Bay/ 

coastal zone/ satellite sensing/ classification systems/ 

vegetation cover 

Abstract: Two methods of determining wetlands and 

landcover classification accuracy for Landsat thematic 

mapper (TM) imagery are presented and evaluated. A 

partial Landsat TM scene of the upper Texas coast 

(Galveston Bay) was classified according to the NOAA 

CoastWatch-Change Analysis Program landcover 

classification scheme. Thirteen major wetland, upland and 

open water landcover types were identified using a series 

of supervised and unsupervised classification procedures. 

The classification accuracy was estimated using two 

accuracy assessment methods: ground truthing 407 sites 

located with Global Positioning System (GPS) and direct 

overlay of wetland categories with comparable United 

States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) National 

Wetland Inventory (NWI) data. Comparisons of the 

accuracy assessment estimates found that the ground 

truthing method consistently produced higher accuracy 

estimates than that of the direct overlay method. It was 

concluded that ancillary data as a means of accuracy 

assessment for classified imagery as an alternative to 

ground truthing should be used with caution. 

© CSA 

574. Analysis of landscape patterns in coastal wetlands 

of Galveston Bay, Texas (USA). 

Liu, Amy J. and Cameron, Guy N. 

Landscape Ecology 16(7): 581-595. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: GIS: geographic information system, 

computer method/ perimeter area method: field method/ 

coastal wetlands: spatial pattern/ fractal dimension/ 

landscape ecology: historical change 

Abstract: High productivity and accessibility have made 

coastal wetlands attractive sites for human settlements. 

This study analyzed the patterns of wetland landscapes in 

Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The first objective of the study 

was to describe the relationships between the fractal 

dimension of wetland boundaries and those factors which 

affect the wetland landscapes (e.g., land use, type of 

vegetation, size, location, and level of human disturbance). 

The second objective was to construct a historical database 

to contrast wetland areas which had experienced different 

levels of disturbance between 1956 and 1989. The fractal 

dimension, a measure of how much of the geographical 

space is filled by boundaries, was measured by the 

perimeter-area method. The fractal dimension of wetlands 

was significantly affected by land use, type of vegetation, 

size, and level of anthropogenic disturbance. In addition, 

increasing the size of buffers around roads did not 

significantly affect the fractal dimension of wetlands. 

Landscape indices, such as fractal dimension, dominance, 

and diversity, were used to characterize spatial 

heterogeneity in the historical database. Lake Stephenson, 

an area of low anthropogenic disturbance, experienced no 

changes in wetland composition and abundance over time. 

Anahuac, an area of medium disturbance, experienced 

changes in both wetland composition and abundance. 

Texas City, an area of high disturbance, experienced a 

change in wetland composition. These differences can be 

associated with the type and level of disturbance present; 

however, more evidence is needed to determine whether 

certain landscape patterns have stable, intrinsic properties 

which allow persistence in the face of disturbance. These 

results will be informative to resource managers 

determining how wetlands can be managed as natural 

resources and nature reserves. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

575. Analytical method of determining wetland 

hydrology.

Palalay, S. and Geter, F. 

In: Drainage and water table control Proceedings of Sixth 

International Drainage Symposium. (Held 13 Dec 1992-15 

Dec 1992 at Nashville, Tennessee.) 

St. Joseph, Michigan, USA: American Society of 

Agricultural Engineers; pp. 345-352; 1992. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water management/ rain/ 

temperature/ hydrology/ drainage/ spacing/ meteorology/ 

models/ hydrogenic soils 

Abstract: The water management simulation model, 

DRAINMOD, was used to quantify the presence of wetland 

hydrology on a strip of ground between two parallel drains. 

It was concluded that on a Fallsington (hydric) soil 

subjected to the 1958-1973 rainfall and temperature at 

Wilmington Airport, Delaware, USA, there would be wetland 

hydrology if 1.2 m deep drains were spaced no closer than 

97.5 m. The results of the simulation was also used to 

identify easily measurable climatic variables that were 

significant in affecting the highest 7-day average water 

table. Regression analyses were done on several variables 

and some predictive equations were derived. The analyses 

showed that the 14-day rainfall (7-days after and 7-day 

before the rise of the highest 7-day average water table) 

had the greatest impact. Rainfall of a prior period up to 

three months also had some effect and the coefficient of 

determination was slightly improved by including the prior 

3-month rainfall as a second variable. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

576. Assessment of saltwater intrusion impact on gas 

exchange behavior of Louisiana Gulf Coast wetland 

species. 

Pezeshki, S. R.; DeLaune, R. D.; and Patrick, W. H. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 1(1): 21-30. (1989) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ gas exchange/ plants/ reviews/ 

aquatic plants/ salinity effects/ salt wedges/ literature 

reviews/ USA, Louisiana/ saline water/ salt wedges/ 

literature reviews/ plants/ reviews/ environmental effects/ 

physiology, biochemistry, biophysics 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

174

Abstract: A review of gas exchange responses of wetland 

plants to salinity is presented for several species 

representative of different wetland habitats extending along 

water level and salinity gradients in the Louisiana Gulf 

Coast, U.S.A. The information was synthesized from earlier 

plant physiological response studies. Vegetation examined 

represent a broad range of sensitivity to salt, including 

brackish marsh, freshwater marsh, and bottomland tree 

species. Changes in stomatal conductance and carbon 

assimilation rates are common responses of wetland plants 

to short-term and long-term exposure to salinity. The 

combination of anaerobiosis and salinity apparently causes 

substantial reductions in stomatal conductance and carbon 

assimilation. Exposure to salt concentrations greater than 

170 mol/m super(3) (10 ppt) caused leaf death in plants 

representing freshwater habitats. 

© CSA 

577. Benthic macroinvertebrates of small Florida 

pondcypress swamps and the influence of dry periods. 

Leslie, A. J.; Crisman, T. L.; Prenger, J. P.; and Ewel, K. C. 

Wetlands 17(4): 447-455. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: drawdown/ forested wetland/ 

macroinvertebrates/ pondcypress swamps 

Abstract: Benthic macroinvertebrate communities were 

sampled bimonthly from December 1993 to April 1995 in 

three small pondcypress swamps. Eighty-five taxa were 

collected, with Chironomidae, Dytiscidae, and 

Hydrophilidae contributing large numbers of genera. Annual 

mean density was 4,229 individuals/m2, and monthly 

densities for individual ponds ranged from 950 to 11,623 

individuals/m2. Three genera, Crangonyx (Amphipoda), 

Polypedilum, and Chironomus (Chironomidae), accounted 

for 70% of the total density. High levels of temporal and 

inter-pond variability were documented. Taxon richness and 

total density of communities sampled during drawdown 

were similar to those of wet months. The large number of 

taxa unique to the dry period contributed substantially to 

overall taxon richness. The benthic macroinvertebrate 

communities of these systems seem to be adapted to 

unpredictable drawdown. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

578. Carbon dioxide exchange in a high marsh on the 

Texas Gulf Coast: Effects of freshwater availability. 

Heinsch, F. A.; Heilman, J. L.; McInnes, K. J.; Cobos, D. R.; 

Zuberer, D. A.; and Roelke, D. L. 

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 125(1-2): 

159-172. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 340.8 AG8; ISSN: 0168-1923 

Descriptors: relaxed eddy accumulation: applied and field 

techniques/ carbon dioxide exchange/ channelization/ 

drought/ dryland ecosystem/ ecosystem respiration/ 

evaporation/ flooding/ freshwater inflow/ gas exchange/ 

gross ecosystem production/ marsh/ net ecosystem 

exchange/ rainfall/ sediment salinity/ standing water/ water 

availability/ wetland ecosystem 

Abstract: The supply of water to the Nueces River Delta 

near Corpus Christi, Texas is limited by dams and 

channelization of the river which restrict freshwater inflow. 

The upper end (high marsh) of the delta frequently dries up 

during the summer. The marsh consists of slightly elevated 

islands containing emergent halophytes, and shallow ponds 

interconnected by narrow channels. Carbon dioxide 

exchange in the marsh was measured by relaxed eddy 

accumulation (REA) during two periods, one in 1997 that 

included two floods from the river followed by an extended 

period of drying and disappearance of standing water, and 

the other in 1998 that was in the midst of a drought with no 

standing water present. The marsh was a net CO2 sink 

during periods of high water availability and low sediment 

salinity, and a net source when water availability was low 

and salinity was high. During the 1997 period, net 

ecosystem exchange (NEE) and gross ecosystem 

production (GEP) ranged from -7.3 g CO2 m-2 per day (net 

gain of CO2) and 12.3 g CO2 m-2 per day, respectively, 

after flooding to +8.7 g CO2 m-2 per day (net loss of CO2) 

and 0.4 g CO2 m-2 per day, respectively, when sediments 

were dry. NEE and GEP averaged 0.5 and 7.7 g CO2 m-2 

per day, respectively, during this period. Standing water, 

and water in pores restricted gas exchange between 

sediment and the atmosphere so that ecosystem 

respiration (R) increased as the marsh dried, with R ranging 

from 1.2 to 15.6 g CO2 m-2 per day and averaging 8.2 g 

CO2 m-2 per day. During the 1998 drought, NEE, GEP, 

and R averaged 5.8, 3.3, and 9.19 CO2 m-2 per day, 

respectively. A 27 turn rain during this period produced a 

14-fold increase in GEP and a 75% reduction in R that 

lasted for 2 days. In 1997, NEE and its components were 

all significantly correlated at the 0.05 level with water 

availability as estimated by the cumulative difference 

between rainfall and evaporation, while in 1998, only NEE 

and GEP were significantly correlated with water 

availability. Results of this study indicate that the marsh 

NEE behaved more like that of a dryland ecosystem than a 

wetland because of limited freshwater inflow. Copyright 

2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

579. Carolina bay wetlands: Unique habitats of the 

southeastern United States. 

Sharitz, R. R. 

Wetlands 23(3): 550-562. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ species richness/ biological 

diversity/ conservation/ habitats/ groundwater/ 

evapotranspiration/ species diversity/ hydrology/ coastal 

plains/ amphibians/ rainfall/ agriculture/ aquatic 

environment/ drainage/ life cycles/ ecosystems/ water level/ 

community composition/ mapping/ nature conservation/ 

environmental protection/ freshwater organisms/ Amphibia/ 

USA North Carolina/ USA, South Carolina/ amphibians 

Abstract: Carolina bays, depression wetlands of the 

southeastern United States Coastal Plain, are 'islands' of 

high species richness within the upland landscape and are 

the major breeding habitat for numerous amphibians. The 

2001 Supreme Court decision that removes isolated 

wetlands from protection under the Clean Water Act has 

potential for great losses of these wetland ecosystems. 

Most Carolina bays are not naturally connected with stream 

drainages or other water bodies, and their hydrology is 

driven primarily by rainfall and evapotranspiration. Their 

potential interaction with shallow ground water is not wellunderstood. Water levels in these wetlands may vary 

seasonally and across years from inundated to dry, and 

organisms inhabiting Carolina bays must be adapted to 

fluctuating and often unpredictable hydrologic conditions. 

The ecological importance of these wetlands as habitats for 

species that require an aquatic environment for a part of 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

175

their life cycle has been well-documented. Many Carolina 

bays have been drained and converted to agriculture or 

other uses, and many of the smaller bays have been poorly 

inventoried and mapped. If these wetlands are not 

protected in the future, a major source of biological diversity 

in the southeastern United States will be lost. 

© CSA 

580. Changes in benthic algal attributes during salt 

marsh restoration. 

Zheng, L.; Stevenson, R. J.; and Craft, C. 

Wetlands 24(2): 309-323. (June 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ sediments/ environmental 

restoration/ salt marshes/ algae/ biomass/ species 

composition/ habitat improvement/ community composition/ 

chronostratigraphy/ species diversity/ primary production/ 

Periphyton/ age determination/ regional variations/ 

seasonal variations/ restoration/ organic matter/ epiphytes/ 

sediment chemistry/ sediment samples/ nutrients/ diatoms/ 

accumulation/ Spartina/ indicators/ phosphorus/ nitrogen/ 

Bacillariophyceae/ Spartina alterniflora/ USA, North 

Carolina/ reclamation/ habitat community studies/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

water and plants 

Abstract: To assess attributes of algal assemblages as 

indicators of salt marsh restoration, we chose eight pairs of 

salt marshes in North Carolina, USA, each pair with one 

restored marsh (from 1 to 28 years old) and a nearby 

existing salt marsh. Algae on both Spartina alterniflora and 

sediments (sediment algae) were collected in each marsh 

during spring and summer 1998 for assaying algal biomass 

(dry mass (DM), ash free dry mass (AFDM), chl a content, 

algal biovolume), algal species composition and diversity, 

and gross primary production. An attribute restoration ratio 

was calculated by dividing attribute values from each 

restored marsh by values from a paired reference marsh. 

Controlling for regional variation in reference marshes 

substantially increased precision in relations between 

attributes and the increase in age of restored marshes. The 

organic matter restoration ratio of sediments increased with 

age of restored marshes in both spring and summer. The 

algal biomass restoration ratios of epiphytes, calculated 

with algal biovolume and chl a, increased with restored 

marsh age in summer but not during spring. Biomass of 

sediment algae was not related to marsh age. The species 

diversity of sediment algae in summer showed an 

asymptotic relationship with sediment nutrient 

concentration. The similarity of diatom species composition 

between paired restored and reference sites increased with 

age of restored marshes during spring and summer. 

Primary production by epiphytic and sediment algae in 

summer showed site-specific changes and did not change 

consistently with marsh age. Algal biomass, algal diversity, 

and diatom species composition during summer were 

positively correlated with sediment nitrogen and 

phosphorus concentration. We concluded that other 

structural and functional development of restored wetlands, 

especially nutrient storage in sediments, regulates algal 

species composition and algal biomass accumulation, 

which can be used to evaluate salt marsh restoration. 

© CSA 

581. Chesapeake wetlands: The vital link between the 

watershed and the bay. 

Chesapeake Bay Program 

Annapolis, Md.: United States Fish and Wildlife Service; 

EPA 903-R-97-002, 1997. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.A123C542 1997 

Descriptors: wetlands---Chesapeake Bay/ watershed (Md. 

and Va.)/ wetland conservation---Chesapeake Bay/ 

watershed (Md. and Va.) 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

582. Chironomidae (Diptera) and vegetation in a 

created wetland and implications for sampling. 

Streever, W. J.; Evans, D. L.; Keenan, C. M.; and 

Crisman, T. L. 

Wetlands 15(3): 285-289. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sampling/ vegetation patterns/ 

artificial wetlands/ ecosystems/ vegetation cover/ habitat 

improvement (physical)/ habitat improvement (biological)/ 

ecological associations/ invertebrates/ habitats/ Diptera/ 

Chironomidae/ USA, Florida/ artificial wetlands/ vegetation 

cover/ habitat improvement (physical)/ habitat improvement 

(biological)/ ecological associations/ invertebrates/ habitats/ 

vegetation patterns/ Diptera/ Chironomidae 

Abstract: Although invertebrate communities are used in 

the evaluation of created freshwater wetlands, spatial 

patterns of invertebrate community structure are frequently 

ignored. Invertebrate distributions are generally associated 

with plant community distribution in natural aquatic 

ecosystems. In this study, 180 core samples were collected 

to examine associations between chironomoid (Diptera) 

genera and emergent vegetation communities in a single 

created freshwater herbaceous wetland in central Florida. 

Three of the five common genera were significantly more 

abundant (p < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test) in areas with 

greater than 50% cover by emergent vegetation than in 

open water, but no differences were found between areas 

dominated by Pontederia cordata and areas dominated by 

mixed emergent vegetation. Samples from an area of open 

water and an area with over 80% cover by P. cordata 

showed significant differences in abundances of all 

common chironomid genera (P < 0.05, Wilcoxon Rank Sum 

Test). Results suggest that sampling designs for studies 

comparing benthic invertebrate communities from natural 

and created wetlands should consider the possible 

associations between vegetation and invertebrate 

communities. 

© CSA 

583. Citronelle ponds: Little-known wetlands of the 

central Gulf Coastal Plain, USA. 

Folkerts, George W. 

Natural Areas Journal 17(1): 6-16. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: kaolinite/ kaolinite dissolution/ pond cypress/ 

swamp tupelo/ water fluctuation/ freshwater ecology/ 

habitat/ forested depression wetland/ dominant species/ 

citronelle ponds/ conservation/ crustaceans (Crustacea 

Unspecified)/ insects (Insecta Unspecified)/ Crustacea 

(Crustacea Unspecified)/ Insecta (Insecta Unspecified)/ 

Nyssa biflora (Nyssaceae)/ Taxodium ascendens 

(Coniferopsida)/ angiosperms/ animals/ arthropods/ 

crustaceans/ dicots/ gymnosperms/ invertebrates/ plants/ 

spermatophytes/ vascular plants/ Central Gulf coastal plain 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

176

Abstract: Citronelle ponds are forested depression 

wetlands occurring on relatively flat uneroded surfaces of 

the Citronelle Formation along the Gulf coast of the United 

States from Mississippi to the central Florida Panhandle. 

The depressions seem to have formed by the dissolution of 

kaolinite in the substrate and associated loss of volume. 

Most are temporarily flooded, typically from early winter to 

late spring. Soils are usually of the Grady series. Few 

depressions have connections with surface or subsurface 

drainage. Nearly all Citronelle ponds were forested in their 

primeval state, characteristically supporting pondcypress 

(Taxodium ascendens Brogn.) and swamp tupelo (Nyssa 

biflora (Walt.) Sarg.) as dominants. The fauna consists of 

species that can tolerate water fluctuation and frequent 

drying and includes a large diversity of crustaceans and 

insects. Fishes are seldom present. Most of the ponds are 

isolated amid lands used for agriculture and forestry. Few 

remain in anything resembling a natural state. Action to 

preserve representative Citronelle ponds is urgently 

needed. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

584. Common reed Phragmites australis: Control and 

effects upon biodiversity in freshwater nontidal 

wetlands. 

Ailstock, M. Stephen.; Norman, C. Michael.; and 

Bushmann, Paul J. 

Restoration Ecology 9(1): 49-59. (Mar. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/ disturbance by man/ 

vegetation control/ effects on community structure/ 

community structure/ effects of vegetation control 

measures/ semiaquatic habitat/ fertilizers and pesticides/ 

herbicide/ fire/ burning for vegetation control/ effect on 

community structure/ Maryland/ Chesapeake Bay/ non tidal 

wetlands/ effect of vegetation control measures 

Abstract: Phragmites australis (common reed) has 

expanded in many wetland habitats. Its ability to exclude 

other plant species has led to both control and eradication 

programs. This study examined two control methodsherbicide application or a herbicide-burning combination-for 

their efficacy and ability to restore plant biodiversity in nontidal wetlands. Two Phragmites-dominated sites received 

the herbicide glyphosate. One of these sites was burned 

following herbicide application. Plant and soil 

macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity were evaluated 

pre-treatment and every year for four years post-treatment 

using belt transects. The growth of Phragmites propagulesseeds, rhizomes, and rooted shoots-was examined in the 

greenhouse and under bare, burned, or vegetated soil 

conditions. Both control programs greatly reduced 

Phragmites abundance and increased plant biodiversity. 

Plant re-growth was quicker on the herbicide-burn site, with 

presumably a more rapid return to wetland function. Regrowth at both sites depended upon a pre-existing, diverse 

soil seed bank. There were no directed changes in soil 

macroinvertebrate abundance or diversity and they 

appeared unaffected by changes in the plant community. 

Phragmites seeds survived only on bare soils, while buried 

rhizomes survived under all soil conditions. This suggests 

natural seeding of disturbed soils and inadvertent human 

planting of rhizomes as likely avenues for Phragmites 

colonization. Herbicide control, with or without burning, can 

reduce Phragmites abundance and increase plant 

biodiversity temporarily. These changes do not necessarily 

lead to a more diverse animal community. Moreover, unless 

Phragmites is eradicated and further human disturbance is 

prohibited, it will likely eventually re-establish dominance. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

585. A comparison of factors controlling sedimentation 

rates and wetland loss in fluvial-deltaic systems, Texas 

Gulf Coast. 

White, W. A.; Morton, R. A.; and Holmes, C. W. 

Geomorphology 44(1-2): 47-66. (2002) 

NAL Call #: GB400; ISSN: 0169-555X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ deltas/ spatial distribution/ 

submergence/ water level fluctuations/ sedimentation rates/ 

erosion/ model studies/ comparison studies/ USA, Texas, 

Trinity R./ USA, Texas, Lavaca R./ USA, Texas, Navidad 

R./ USA, Texas, Nueces R. 

Abstract: Submergence of coastal marshes in areas where 

rates of relative sea-level rise exceed rates of marsh 

sedimentation, or vertical accretion, is a global problem that 

requires detailed examination of the principal processes 

that establish, maintain, and degrade these biologically 

productive environments. Using a simple super(210)Pbdating model, we measured sedimentation rates in cores 

from the Trinity, Lavaca-Navidad, and Nueces bayhead 

fluvial-deltaic systems in Texas where more than 2000 ha 

of wetlands have been lost since the 1950s. Long-term 

average rates of fluvial-deltaic aggradation decrease 

southwestward from 0.514 plus or minus 0.008 cm year 

super(-1) in the Trinity, 0.328 plus or minus 0.022 cm year 

super(-1) in the Lavaca-Navidad, to 0.262 plus or minus 

0.034 cm year super(-1) in the Nueces. The relative 

magnitudes of sedimentation and wetland loss correlate 

with several parameters that define the differing fluvialdeltaic settings, including size of coastal drainage basin, 

average annual rainfall, suspended sediment load, 

thickness of Holocene mud in the valley fill, and rates of 

relative sea-level rise. There is some evidence that 

upstream reservoirs have reduced wetland sedimentation 

rates, which are now about one-half the local rates of 

relative sea-level rise. The extant conditions indicate that 

fluvial-deltaic marshes in these valleys will continue to be 

lost as a result of submergence and erosion. 

© CSA 

586. Comparison of nitrogen cycling in salt marsh 

zones related to sea-level rise. 

Thomas, C. R. and Christian, R. R. 

Marine Ecology Progress Series 221: 1-16. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.S3M32; ISSN: 0171-8630 

Descriptors: nitrogen cycle/ salt marshes/ sea level/ 

modelling/ USA, Massachusetts, Cape Cod, Buzzard's Bay, 

Great Sippewissett Salt Marsh/ USA, Virginia, Phillips 

Creek Marsh/ USA, Georgia, Sapelo I./ literature reviews/ 

primary production/ nitrogen fixation/ denitrification/ 

mineralization/ tidal effects/ ecosystems and energetics 

Abstract: Zones in salt marshes can be distinguished by 

different community and ecosystem properties. As marshes 

respond to changes in sea level, one might expect 

alterations in the relative proportions of these zones and, 

hence, alterations in overall functioning. We used 

ecological network analysis to assess potential changes in 

1 ecosystem function, nitrogen cycling. We constructed 

nitrogen cycle networks of zones (creekbank, low marsh, 

and high marsh) for 3 salt marshes on the East Coast of the 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

177

USA; Great Sippewissett in Massachusetts, Upper Phillips 

Creek in Virginia, and Sapelo Island in Georgia. The same 

network structure was applied to all zones, largely using 

data derived from the literature on the 3 marshes. The 

factors used to analyze how nitrogen flowed through each 

zone included how nitrogen imported into the marsh was 

exported, how imports were related to primary productivity, 

and how much nitrogen was cycled within the system. 

Emphasis was placed on identifying patterns across zones 

that were consistent for all 3 marshes. When precipitation 

and tidal particulate nitrogen (PN) were the imports, export 

from active cycling via burial and denitrification significantly 

increased in importance moving across the marsh from the 

creekbank to the high marsh. Relative nitrogen cycling also 

significantly increased from creekbank to high marsh. As 

the area of the marsh zones decrease or increase in 

response to sea-level rise, nitrogen dynamics will change 

as a consequence. If the landscape slope is low allowing 

the marsh to migrate overland, the high marsh zone will 

increase in area. Nitrogen cycling as a percentage of total 

system throughput will increase per unit area averaged 

over the total marsh. If, however, the marsh stalls because 

of a steep slope at the upland margin, cycling will decrease 

on a per unit area basis. If the supply of sediment is great 

and the marsh progrades toward the sea, nitrogen cycling 

within the marsh may decrease. Therefore, as relative sealevel rises, the response of a salt marsh's nitrogen cycle will 

depend on the slope and sediment supply available to the 

marsh. 

© CSA 

587. Composition and aboveground productivity of 

three seasonally flooded depressional forested 

wetlands in coastal South Carolina. 

Busbee, W. S.; Conner, W. H.; Allen, D. M.; and 

Lanham, J. D. 

Southeastern Naturalist 2(3): 335-346. (Sept. 2003) 

NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 1528-7092 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ leaf litter/ community 

composition/ rare species/ primary production/ coastal 

zone/ ecosystem management/ nature conservation/ 

dominant species/ Nyssa aquatica/ Nyssa sylvatica/ 

Taxodium distichum/ USA, South Carolina/ depressional 

wetlands/ productivity/ conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation 

Abstract: Depressional wetlands provide habitat for birds, 

mammals, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates, and rare 

plant species. In order to protect, restore, and manage 

depressional wetlands, it is important to know more about 

the vegetative composition and productivity of these 

systems. The species composition and aboveground 

productivity of three seasonally flooded depressional 

forested wetlands were studied on the coastal plain of 

South Carolina from January 2000 to January 2001. The 

dominant tree species in the depressions were Taxodium 

distichum [L.] Rich., Nyssa aquatica L., and Nyssa sylvatica 

var. biflora [Walt.] Sarg. Annual diameter at breast height 

(dbh) growth was measured for all trees >10 cm dbh in five 

20 x 25 m plots within each depression, and changes in 

dbh were used to estimate annual biomass and stem 

production. Aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) 

was calculated for each wetland by summing stem and leaf 

litter production. There were no significant differences in 

ANPP among sites, ranging from 564-774 grams/m2/yr. 

These ANPP values are similar to values reported for 

slowly flowing forested wetland systems of the southern 

United States. 

© CSA 

588. Composition and vulnerability of bottomland 

hardwood forests of the coastal plain province in the 

South Central USA. 

McWilliams W. H. and Rosson J. F. 

Forest Ecology and Management 33-34(1-4): 

485-502. (1990) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127. 

Notes: International Forested Wetlands Resource: 

Identification and Inventory Conference, Baton Rouge, 

Louisiana, USA, September 19-22, 1988. 

Descriptors: species/ composition/ moist/ types/ cover/ 

vegetation 

© The Thomson Corporation 

589. A conceptual model of ecological interactions in 

the mangrove estuaries of the Florida Everglades. 

Davis, Steven M.; Childers, Daniel L.; Lorenz, Jerome J.; 

Wanless, Harold R.; and Hopkins, Todd E. 

Wetlands 25(4): 832-842. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: estuarine ecology/ environmental sciences/ 

models and simulations/ computational biology/ wildlife 

management/ conservation/ horticulture/ agriculture/ 

conceptual model/ mathematical and computer techniques/ 

salinity gradient/ precipitation pattern/ global climate 

change/ freshwater flow/ ecological interaction 

Abstract: A brackish water ecotone of coastal bays and 

lakes, mangrove forests, salt marshes, tidal creeks, and 

upland hammocks separates Florida Bay, Biscayne Bay, 

and the Gulf of Mexico from the freshwater Everglades. The 

Everglades mangrove estuaries are characterized by 

salinity gradients that vary spatially with topography and 

vary seasonally and inter-annually with rainfall, tide, and 

freshwater flow from the Everglades. Because of their 

location at the lower end of the Everglades drainage basin, 

Everglades mangrove estuaries have been affected by 

upstream water management practices that have altered 

the freshwater heads and flows and that affect salinity 

gradients. Additionally, interannual variation in precipitation 

patterns, particularly those caused to El Nino events, 

control freshwater inputs and salinity dynamics in these 

estuaries. Two major external drivers on this system are 

water management activities and global climate change. 

These drivers lead to two major ecosystem stressors: 

reduced freshwater flow volume and duration, and sea-level 

rise. Major ecological attributes include mangrove forest 

production, soil accretion, and resilience; coastal lake 

submerged aquatic vegetation; resident mangrove fish 

populations; wood stork (Mycteria americana) and roseate 

spoonbill (Platelea ajaja) nesting colonies; and estuarine 

crocodilian populations. Causal linkages between stressors 

and attributes include coastal transgression, hydroperiods, 

salinity gradients, and the "white zone" freshwater/estuarine 

interface. The functional estuary and its ecological 

attributes, as influenced by sea level and freshwater flow, 

must be viewed as spatially dynamic, with a possible nearterm balancing of transgression but ultimately a long-term 

continuation of inland movement. Regardless of the spatio- 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

178

temporal timing of this transgression, a salinity gradient 

supportive of ecologically functional Everglades mangrove 

estuaries will be required to maintain the integrity of the 

South Florida ecosystem. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

590. Constructing freshwater wetlands to replace 

impacted natural wetlands: A subtropical perspective. 

Streever, W. J.; Kiefer, J. H.; and Crisman, T. L. 

In: Tropical limnology/ Timotius, K. H. and Goeltenboth, F.; 

Vol. 3, 1995; pp. 127-135. 

Notes: Special issue: Tropical rivers, wetlands and special 

topics; Conference: International Conference on Tropical 

Limnology in Commemoration of the 65th Anniversary of 

The Ruttner-Thienemann Limnological Sunda Expedition, 

Salatiga (Indonesia), 4-8 Jul 1994; ISBN: 979-8792-01-3 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nature conservation/ fishery 

management/ agricultural runoff/ water quality control/ USA, 

Florida/ mining/ phosphates/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation 

Abstract: Numerous tropical nations are interested in 

wetland conservation, but as economies and populations 

continue to grow wetland losses will continue to accrue. In 

the U.S.A. legislation encourages the construction of 

wetlands as mitigation for unavoidable wetland loss. 

Construction of over 4000 ha of freshwater wetlands in 

Florida's phosphate mining district (latitude 28 N, longitude 

82 W) provides a subtropical perspective on the potential of 

wetland construction in the tropics. Extensive field data 

from industry reports and from government-supported 

research indicate that vegetation, fish, meiofauna, and 

benthic invertebrate communities of some constructed 

wetlands are similar to those of nearby natural wetlands. In 

this paper, six "principles of wetland construction" are 

presented to summarize and synthesize experience gained 

through the construction of wetlands in central Florida: 1. 

The potential benefits offered by construction of wetlands 

should only be considered when loss of natural wetlands is 

unavoidable. 2. Clear and realistic goals should be 

formulated for each wetland construction project. 3. 

Establishment of the appropriate hydrology should be a 

primary concern in wetland construction. 4. Establishment 

and maintenance of vegetation involve both active and 

passive strategies. 5. Because wetland construction 

technology is still in a developmental stage, all projects 

should be carefully monitored. 6. If monitoring reveals 

major faults with a constructed system, remedial measures 

should be taken Future wetland construction projects in the 

tropics may benefit from wetland constructior experience in 

Florida's subtropics. 

© CSA 

591. Contiguity and edge characteristics of wetlands in 

five coastal counties of North Carolina, USA. 

Moorhead, K. K. 

Wetlands 19(1): 276-282. (Mar. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nature conservation/ regional 

planning/ resource management/ classification systems/ 

forest industry/ vegetation cover/ plant populations/ 

geographical reference systems/ USA, North Carolina/ 

geographical information systems/ conservation/ 

classification/ forestry/ vegetation/ geographic information 

system/ habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ network design 

Abstract: Wetland contiguity and edge were determined 

with a geographic information system (GIS) for five coastal 

counties in North Carolina, USA. The digital database was 

created from wetlands digitized from U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service National Wetlands Inventory maps. The GIS 

analysis was based on three classes of information: 1) all 

wetlands as one class; 2) wetlands separated by dominant 

vegetative community type (e.g., forest, shrub, or marsh); 

and 3) forest and shrub wetlands further separated by 

dominant vegetation (e.g., evergreen, deciduous, or mixed). 

The contiguity analysis supports the perception that the 

lower coastal plain counties are dominated by large 

contiguous wetlands When wetlands were clumped into 

one class, the number of wetlands > 1,000 ha ranged from 

2 to 7 and the area accounted for 77 to 96% of the total 

wetland area. Several of those sites were > 100,000 ha in 

size. When wetlands were separated into more specific 

classes, the number of sites < 10 ha ranged from 416 to 

3,370, but the wetland area in this size class was < 5% of 

the total wetland area. The average size of evergreen forest 

and shrub wetlands was typically much greater than 

deciduous forest and shrub wetlands, a reflection of the 

configuration of large, block pocosin wetlands. Percent 

edge was also typically lower for the evergreen forest and 

shrub wetlands than for deciduous forest and shrub 

wetlands. The counties with the highest number of wetland 

sites in transition to other uses have the most land owned 

by private timber companies. Contiguity analysis of 

wetlands with GIS provides landscape-scale information for 

natural resource management issues such as preserve 

design, habitat fragmentation, rare species management, 

and species migration opportunities. 

© CSA 

592. Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands of the 

northeastern United States. 

Shisler, J. K. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 143-170. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ coastal zone management/ 

habitat restoration/ water resources management/ wetland 

restoration/ monitoring/ performance evaluation/ vegetation 

establishment/ water resources development/ 

watershed management 

Abstract: The wetlands of the coastal zone of the northeast 

have been managed since the colonization of the United 

States. Restoration work associated with mitigation of 

impacts has been going on in the region for over twenty 

years. Despite this history, there has not been an extensive 

evaluation of these projects to determine their success and 

how they function. The mitigation process should be 

directed towards a management approach that is 

concerned with the total system instead of just the ' 

vegetated ' wetland. Goals should be based upon a wetland 

system 's requirements within a watershed or region. The 

use of adjacent wetlands as models is critical in this 

process. Monitoring the created or restored wetlands can 

provide an important database which can be used in 

planning future projects. Goals, clearly defined in the 

design process, will promote meaningful evaluations. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

179

593. Cypress domes in north Florida: Invertebrate 

ecology and response to human disturbance. 

Leslie, Andrea J.; Prenger, Joseph P.; and 

Crisman, Thomas L. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 105-119. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ disturbance by man/ human 

disturbance effects on pondcypress swamps communities/ 

community structure/ population density/ pondcypress 

swamps community/ swamp/ human disturbance effects/ 

Florida/ pondcypress swamps aquatic community/ 

response to human disturbance 

© The Thomson Corporation 

594. Denitrification and soil characteristics of wetlands 

created on two mine soils in east Texas, USA. 

Johns, D.; Williams, H.; Farrish, K.; and Wagner, S. 

Wetlands 24(1): 57-67. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: soil properties/ denitrification/ artificial 

wetlands/ mine wastes/ lignite/ land reclamation/ mining/ 

sediment properties/ nitrogen cycle/ soil/ nitrates/ 

USA, Texas 

Abstract: Recovery of wetland function is the primary goal 

of wetland creation. This study was undertaken to quantify 

denitrification and soil characteristics of wetlands created 

after lignite mine reclamation in east Texas, USA. Surfacesoil denitrification rate and capacity were quantified using 

an acetylene (C2H2) inhibition/gas chromatography method 

in created wetlands of two age classes (4-8 years, and 10 

years) on two mine soil types. Soil texture, pH, total-N, 

ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-), cation exchange 

capacity (CEC), total-P, and organic matter (OM) content 

were determined. Soil characteristics varied by soil type 

and by age. Denitrification rate ranged from less than 1 to 

105 kg N ha-1yr-1, was highly variable, but did not differ 

among created wetlands. Denitrification rate was similar 

between natural and created wetlands. Denitrification 

capacity, denitrification rate when nitrate is in excess, 

ranged from 23 to 302 kg N ha-1yr-1 and varied by soil 

type. Denitrification appears to function as well in wetlands 

created on mine soil as in natural wetlands, but may be 

limited by soil characteristics. 

© CSA 

595. Denitrification enzyme activity of fringe salt 

marshes in New England (USA). 

Wigand, C.; McKinney, R. A.; Chintala, M. M.; Charpentier, 

M. A.; and Groffman, P. M. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 33(3): 1144-1151. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: water pollution/ pollution control/ pollution 

load/ salt marshes/ watersheds/ wetland soils/ conservation 

buffers/ soil enzymes/ enzyme activity/ denitrification/ 

seasonal variation/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ soil amendments/ 

Rhode Island 

Abstract: Coastal salt marshes are a buffer between the 

uplands and adjacent coastal waters in New England 

(USA). With increasing N loads from developed 

watersheds, salt marshes could play an important role in 

the water quality maintenance of coastal waters. In this 

study we examined seasonal relationships between 

denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in salt marshes of 

Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and watershed N 

loadings, land use, and terrestrial hydric soils. In a 

manipulative experiment, the effect of nutrient enrichment 

on DEA was examined in a saltmeadow cordgrass 

[Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.] marsh. In the high marsh, 

DEA significantly (p < 0.05) increased with watershed N 

loadings and decreased with the percent of hydric soils in a 

200-m terrestrial buffer. In the low marsh, we found no 

significant relationships between DEA and watershed N 

loadings, residential land development, or terrestrial hydric 

soils. In the manipulation experiment, we measured 

increased DEA in N-amended treatments, but no effect in 

the P-amended treatments. The positive relationships 

between N loading and high marsh DEA support the 

hypothesis that salt marshes may be important buffers 

between the terrestrial landscape and estuaries, preventing 

the movement of land-derived N into coastal waters. The 

negative relationships between marsh DEA and the percent 

of hydric soils in the adjacent watershed illustrate the 

importance of natural buffers within the terrestrial 

landscape. Denitrification enzyme activity appears to be a 

useful index for comparing relative N exposure and the 

potential denitrification activity of coastal salt marshes. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

596. Denitrification in a constructed wetland receiving 

agricultural runoff. 

Poe, A. C.; Piehler, M. F.; Thompson, S. P.; and 

Paerl, H. W. 

Wetlands 23(4): 817-826. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ 

denitrification/ nitrogen removal/ water quality control/ 

nutrient loading/ runoff/ water quality/ estuaries/ 

brackishwater pollution/ agricultural pollution/ pollution 

control/ restoration/ environment management/ nitrogen/ 

nutrients/ pollution load/ fluvial sediments/ sediments/ water 

pollution control/ surface water/ USA, North Carolina, 

Neuse R./ artificial wetlands 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are recognized as a means 

to improve water quality through nitrogen (N) removal. 

Water-quality concerns in the N-sensitive Neuse River 

Estuary, North Carolina, USA, have necessitated 

enactment of a 30% reduction in nitrogen (N) loading 

accompanied by an N loading cap. Open Grounds Farm 

(OGF) is an 18,220-ha row-crop farm located in the lower 

Neuse River Estuary. In 1999, a wetland was constructed 

to remove nutrients (N and Phosphorus), sediment, and 

pathogens in surface water draining from a 971-ha area of 

OGF. The wetland site is 5.1 ha of alternating segments of 

emergent marsh and open water. Nitrogen removal from 

the wetland via denitrification was measured monthly by 

analysis of dissolved nitrogen, oxygen, and argon in 

laboratory incubated sediment chambers using a 

Membrane Inlet Mass Spectrometer (MIMS). Nitrate 

concentration appeared to be the primary variable 

controlling denitrification rates. Spatial and temporal 

variability in rates of denitrification were investigated, 

including pre- and post- N loading events. Following rainfall, 

there was a 400% increase in denitrification rates in 

response to increased inorganic N loading. Nutrient loads 

entering and leaving the wetland were determined from 

nutrient analysis (twice monthly), intensive precipitation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

180

event sampling, and continuous flow measurements at the 

entrance and exit of the wetland. Results indicated that the 

wetland received variable N loading (1-1,720 kg N per 

month) and had variable N removal via denitrification (8-81 

kg N per month). Denitrification was an important 

mechanism for N removal. 

© CSA 

597. The design of ecological landscape models for 

Everglades restoration. 

Sklar, F. H.; Fitz, H. C.; Wu, Y.; Van Zee, R.; and 

McVoy, C. 

Ecological Economics 37(3): 379-401. (June 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E26; ISSN: 0921-8009. 

Notes: Special Section: South Florida: The Reality of 

Change and The Prospects for Sustainability. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ models/ environmental restoration/ 

landscape/ human impact/ hydrology/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades/ model studies/ ecology/ landscaping/ 

restoration/ phosphorus/ plant populations/ man-induced 

effects/ pollution effects/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

ecosystem management/ ecological distribution/ 

environment management/ environmental policy/ water 

management/ plant communities/ water quality/ 

mathematical models/ storm water/ trophic levels/ Typha/ 

Cladium/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ models/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ evaluation process/ 

protective measures and control/ land/ general 

environmental engineering/ reclamation 

Abstract: Restoration of the Everglades is a multi-objective, 

multi-scale, multi-agency program that requires numerous 

computer models to test alternatives, understand 

ecosystem processes, and evaluate restoration 

performance. Landscape models used for Everglades 

restoration include hydrologic models, transition probability 

models, gradient models, distributional mosaic models, and 

individual-based models. As tools for restoration feasibility 

and as the backbone of the policies that will drive 

Everglades restoration for the next 20 years, it is critical 

that a wide audience evaluate the strengths and 

weaknesses of six landscape models. Simulations of 

historic hydropatterns and current hydropatterns, based 

mostly upon sheet-flow equations and canal-flow equations, 

respectively, have been the realm of the Natural Systems 

Model (NSM) and the South Florida Water Management 

Model (SFWMM). Despite a lack of biology in these two 

models, a comparison of their spatial output became the 

basis for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan 

(CERP) approved by the US Congress in October, 2000. 

SAWCAT, a transitional probability model, was based upon 

an analysis of the patchiness of cattail (Typha) and 

sawgrass (Cladium) cells in association with levees, water 

depth, and phosphorus. This statistical approach was used 

to predict the amount of sawgrass that would be converted 

to less desirable cattail, if phosphorus runoff patterns to the 

Everglades remained constant. The Everglades Water 

Quality Model (EWQM), a mass-balance gradient approach 

used to track phosphorus according to a simple net 

phosphorus removal coefficient, was used to design Storm 

Water Treatment Areas (STA) and to evaluate where and 

when phosphorus `thresholds' would be exceeded under 

various hydrologic restoration plans. The Everglades 

landscape Model (ELM), a complex distributional mosaic 

model, used site-specific biogeochemical mechanisms and 

mass-balance to control energy and material flows, and to 

predict changes in carbon and phosphorus structure of the 

soil, water, and plant communities as a result of modified 

water deliveries to the Everglades. The Across Trophic 

Level Spatial Simulation (ATLSS), also a distributional 

mosaic modeling approach, used individual-based rules of 

behavior to predict animal movement and abundance in 

relation to hydrologic restoration plans. When these 

landscape models are combined, they effectively contribute 

to water management and policy for Everglades restoration. 

To insure their effectiveness, an applied science strategy 

provides the framework for their integration into the 

restoration process. 

© CSA 

598. Differential recovery of a deepwater swamp forest 

across a gradient of disturbance intensity. 

De Steven, D. and Sharitz, R. R. 

Wetlands 17(4): 476-484. (Dec. 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, South Carolina, Savannah R./ 

deep-water habitats/ swamps/ cooling water/ vegetation 

establishment/ forests/ canopy/ substrates/ population 

density/ environmental impact/ water pollution/ thermal 

pollution/ ecosystem disturbance/ vegetation cover/ flood 

plains/ hydrology/ disturbance/ ecosystem recovery/ USA, 

South Carolina/ Taxodium distichum/ Nyssa aquatica/ USA, 

South Carolina, Savannah R./ Savannah River Site/ 

baldcypress/ water tupelo/ water and plants/ habitat 

community studies/ effects on organisms 

Abstract: On the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, 

USA, large areas of floodplain swamp forest of baldcypress 

(Taxodium distichum) and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) 

were destroyed by the cumulative impacts of cooling-water 

discharges over a 35-year period of nuclear reactor 

operations. In one floodplain area, four years after thermal 

discharges ended, we analyzed the pattern of forest 

recovery across a disturbance gradient spanning from a 

site of chronic thermal impact and extensive sediment 

deposition to sites of intermittent thermal impact and little 

substrate change. Across this spatial gradient, we 

measured density and size structure of cypress and tupelo 

and assessed regeneration success in relation to density of 

surviving canopy trees and to substrate changes. 

Compared with undisturbed forest, canopy tree density was 

lower in all disturbed sites and decreased progressively 

with greater site disturbance. Density of tree regeneration 

decreased in parallel with declining canopy tree density; 

however, regeneration was particularly low in the site of 

chronic impact, where very few canopy trees had survived 

and where substrates had been modified by sedimentation. 

Size structures suggested that tree recruitment had 

occurred synchronously during a 5-year period of regional 

drought and minimal river flooding. Thus, cypress-tupelo 

recovery was influenced both by availability of seed 

sources and by site conditions, but floodplain hydrology 

also affected regeneration, The pattern of differential 

recovery across the disturbance gradient has allowed the 

use of natural regeneration potential in efforts to restore the 

pre-disturbance forest, and it also illustrates several key 

factors in wetlands design. 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

181

599. Distribution and characterization of forested 

wetlands in the Carolinas and Virginia. 

Brown, M. J. 

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21(2): 64-70. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ sampling/ classification/ 

estimating/ spatial distribution/ USA, Virginia/ USA, North 

Carolina/ USA, South Carolina/ water and plants/ 

evaluation, processing and publication 

Abstract: Recent forest inventories of North Carolina, 

South Carolina, and Virginia, included sampling for hydric 

vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. Forest 

samples that met all 3 of these criteria were classified as 

forested wetland. This study characterizes wetland forests 

by extent, owner, age, forest type, physiography, volume, 

growth, and removals, and evaluates its contribution to the 

timber supply. Wetland stands comprise 8.1 million ac, or 

17% of the forests in the 3 States. They are over 90% 

privately owned, they vary widely by type and 

physiography, and they contribute 21% of all removals. 

Classification of wetland area based simply on broad 

management class and physiography will result in 

inaccurate estimates. 

© CSA 

600. Distribution of adult Odonata among localized 

wetlands in east-central Mississippi. 

Bried, Jason T. and Ervin, Gary N. 

Southeastern Naturalist 4(4): 731-744. (2005) 

NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 1528-7092 

Descriptors: species composition/ species richness/ habitat 

preference/ man made wetland site/ natural bottomland 

forest/ beta diversity index/ proportion coefficient 

Abstract: We measured species richness and composition 

of adult Odonata and inferred habitat preferences among 

man-made wetland sites and surrounding tracts of natural 

bottomland forest. Cumulative species richness and 

composition were described by proportion coefficients and 

beta diversity indices. The three man-made sites provided 

open space resources, and more species were observed in 

each than in the floodplain forest. Twenty-nine of 42 

species documented over a four-month period were 

observed in only one or two of the four wetlands studied. 

Large differences in species assemblages between the 

immediately adjacent ditch and marsh sites were the best 

evidence for high habitat affinity because distance and 

structural barriers to movement were absent. Such 

compositional asymmetry may reflect differential vegetative 

and reproductive suitability of the habitats. Results suggest 

that the open-canopy wetlands supported higher diversity of 

adult Odonata, and that distinct odonate assemblages were 

found among different habitat types in this floodplain 

wetland complex. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

601. The distribution of benthic infauna of a Texas salt 

marsh in relation to the marsh edge. 

Whaley, Shannon D. and Minello, Thomas J. 

Wetlands 22(4): 753-766. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: benthic infauna distribution/ coastal salt 

marsh/ elevation/ fishery production/ marsh edge relations/ 

nekton predator activity/ predation/ prey source/ sediment/ 

trophic link/ vegetated marsh surface shallow open water 

interface/ wetlands ecology 

Abstract: Coastal salt marshes in the northern Gulf of 

Mexico are often highly fragmented, with a large amount of 

marsh edge, the interface between the vegetated marsh 

surface and shallow open water. Nekton predators, 

including many juvenile fishery species, aggregate near this 

marsh edge, and benthic infaunal populations are a primary 

source of prey for many of these predators. We examined 

the fine-scale (1-10 m) distributions of benthic infauna in 

relation to the edge of a Texas, USA salt marsh. Every six 

weeks for nearly a year, we sampled marsh sediments at 

five locations: on nonvegetated bottom 1 m from the marsh 

edge and on the vegetated marsh surface at 1, 3, 5, and 10 

m from the edge. Surface-dwelling annelid worms and 

peracarid crustaceans were most abundant in low-elevation 

sediments near the marsh edge for most sampling periods. 

Because the marsh slope varied within the study area, we 

could distinguish between correlative relationships with 

elevation and distance from the marsh edge. Distributions 

of common surface-dwelling species were often unrelated 

to elevation but almost always negatively related to 

distance from the marsh edge. Abundances of near-surface 

direct deposit feeders and omnivores were related to both 

distance from edge and elevation. In contrast to surface 

dwellers, densities of abundant subsurface deposit feeders 

(mainly oligochaetes) were frequently greatest in sediments 

located away from the marsh edge. Surface and nearsurface dwelling infauna are an important prey resource for 

nekton, including many juvenile fishery species that 

concentrate near the marsh edge. Populations of these 

infaunal prey fluctuated seasonally, with the greatest 

densities occurring during winter and early spring when 

predator abundances are generally low. Infaunal densities 

decreased dramatically near the marsh edge from the late 

spring through early fall, and this decrease coincides with 

historically high seasonal densities of nekton predators. Our 

data suggest that there is a strong trophic link between 

infauna and nekton near the marsh edge and that this 

relationship contributes to the high fishery productivity 

derived from Gulf Coast marshes. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

602. A dynamic nutrient budget of subsystem 

interactions in a salt marsh estuary. 

Childers, D. L.; McKellar, H. N.; Dame, R. F.; Sklar, F. H.; 

and Blood, E. R. 

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 36(2): 

105-131. (1993) 

NAL Call #: GB451.E72; ISSN: 0272-7714 

Descriptors: wetlands/ estuarine chemistry/ salt marshes/ 

hydrodynamics/ nutrient cycles/ carbon/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ estuarine dynamics/ tidal effects/ 

biogeochemical cycle/ estuaries/ nutrient dynamics/ USA, 

South Carolina, North Inlet Estuary/ USA, South Carolina/ 

nutrient dynamics/ estuarine chemistry/ carbon/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ estuarine dynamics/ tidal effects/ 

biogeochemical cycle/ ecosystems and energetics/ ecology/ 

community studies/ organic compounds 

Abstract: In tidal salt marsh estuaries, the different habitats 

of the ecosystem interact primarily through the tidal creek 

water column. These interactions include nutrient and 

materials exchanges with the salt marsh, oyster reefs, 

creek bottoms, and adjacent uplands. Nutrient budgets are 

often used to synthesize these kinds of subsystem 

exchange data, and are usually based on annual totals 

without accounting for nutrient variability at finer temporal 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

182

resolutions. In this paper, we present a dynamic budget of 

carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) for the North 

Inlet estuary, South Carolina that synthesizes subsystem 

flux data in a new way. We have developed a dynamic 

budget that uses a tidal hydrology model to generate daily 

areas of inundated intertidal habitat (i.e. vegetated marsh 

and oyster reef) from tidal heights calculated hourly and 

combines them with flux data to determine a net daily input 

to, or removal from, the water column. Daily surpluses or 

deficits of each nutrient were compared with daily rates of 

change in observed tidally-averaged nutrient 

concentrations. Particular emphasis was place on 

evaluating budget output from the intertidal subsystems. 

We compared our total annual budgets to values from 

syntheses of two North Inlet flux studies. 

© CSA 

603. Ecological research for aquatic science and 

environmental restoration in South Florida. 

Redfield, G. W. 

Ecological Applications 10(4): 990-1005. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ resource management/ aquatic 

sciences/ restoration/ research programs/ aquatic 

environment/ environmental restoration/ USA, Florida/ 

resources/ law, policy, economics and social sciences/ 

reclamation 

Abstract: The theme of this feature--the land-water 

interface: science for a sustainable biosphere--provides a 

forum to highlight the relationship between science and 

resource management, using restoration of the KissimmeeOkeechobee-Everglades (KOE) ecosystem of south Florida 

as a case study. This subtropical ecosystem encompasses 

16 counties and 44,000 km super(2), from the Kissimmee 

Chain of Lakes in central Florida to the shallow estuarine 

waters of Florida Bay, and is within the jurisdiction of the 

South Florida Water Management District. During the next 

two decades, the floodplain and channel of the Kissimmee 

River will be re-coupled into a meandering river system with 

riparian wetlands and a more natural hydrology. An 

evaluation program on this restoration has been designed 

using ecological concepts and will provide opportunities to 

corroborate river/floodplain theory and document the varied 

responses of biotic communities to hydrological restoration. 

The evaluation program will provide the information needed 

for adaptive management of the river/floodplain ecosystem. 

Scientists and engineers are testing an array of ecological 

hypotheses on Lake Okeechobee, a central feature of the 

KOE ecosystem, to reduce uncertainty in predicting 

responses to nutrient loading, lake stage variation, and 

exotic species invasion. Research on the lake has clarified 

the linkage between physical factors, nutrient levels and 

biotic variables, and the frequency of algal blooms. This 

information has been used to support decisions and plans 

for managing the lake and its watershed. Restoration of the 

Florida Everglades is grounded in a diverse suite of 

scientific projects that are contributing to wetland science, 

ecosystem modeling, and restoration ecology. Studies on 

the effects of nutrients on wetland ecosystem structure and 

function have provided information at several spatial scales 

which is being applied directly to management issues. 

Findings from research and monitoring have been crucial in 

supporting decisions on the completion of six large 

stormwater treatment areas in the Everglades Construction 

Project. At the southern edge of the ecosystem, Florida Bay 

has been the focus of intensive research leading to 

changing paradigms on the relative effects of nutrients, 

turbidity, physical factors, and fresh water on the functions 

of this unique estuary. Scientific findings on the bay support 

the current direction of management actions to increase 

freshwater inputs from the southern Everglades, although 

much remains to be learned about this subtropical system. 

© CSA 

604. Ecosystem structure, nutrient dynamics, and 

hydrologic relationships in tree islands of the southern 

Everglades, Florida, USA. 

Troxler Gann, T. G.; Childers, D. L.; and Rondeau, D. N. 

Forest Ecology and Management 214(1-3): 11-27. (2005) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: Chrysobalanus icaco/ Everglades/ forested 

wetlands/ hot spots/ nutrient-use efficiency/ sheet flow/ 

tree islands 

Abstract: Tree islands are an important structural 

component of many graminoid-dominated wetlands 

because they increase ecological complexity in the 

landscape. Tree island area has been drastically reduced 

with hydrologic modifications within the Everglades 

ecosystem, yet still little is known about the ecosystem 

ecology of Everglades tree islands. As part of an ongoing 

study to investigate the effects of hydrologic restoration on 

short hydroperiod marshes of the southern Everglades, we 

report an ecosystem characterization of seasonally flooded 

tree islands relative to locations described by variation in 

freshwater flow (i.e. locally enhanced freshwater flow by 

levee removal). We quantified: (1) forest structure, litterfall 

production, nutrient utilization, soil dynamics, and 

hydrologic properties of six tree islands and (2) soil and 

surface water physico-chemical properties of adjacent 

marshes. Tree islands efficiently utilized both phosphorus 

and nitrogen, but indices of nutrient-use efficiency indicated 

stronger P than N limitation. Tree islands were distinct in 

structure and biogeochemical properties from the 

surrounding marsh, maintaining higher organically bound P 

and N, but lower inorganic N. Annual variation resulting in 

increased hydroperiod and lower wet season water levels 

not only increased nitrogen use by tree species and 

decreased N:P values of the dominant plant species 

(Chrysobalanus icaco), but also increased soil pH and 

decreased soil temperature. When compared with other 

forested wetlands, these Everglades tree islands were 

among the most nutrient efficient, likely a function of 

nutrient immobilization in soils and the calcium carbonate 

bedrock. Tree islands of our study area are defined by: (1) 

unique biogeochemical properties when compared with 

adjacent short hydroperiod marshes and other forested 

wetlands and (2) an intricate relationship with marsh 

hydrology. As such, they may play an important and 

disproportionate role in nutrient and carbon cycling in 

Everglades wetlands. With the loss of tree islands that has 

occurred with the degradation of the Everglades system, 

these landscape processes may have been altered. With 

this baseline dataset, we have established a long-term 

ecosystem-scale experiment to follow the ecosystem 

trajectory of seasonally flooded tree islands in response to 

hydrologic restoration of the southern Everglades. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

183

605. Effects of dominant species on vegetation change 

in Carolina bay wetlands following a multi-year 

drought. 

Mulhouse, John M.; De Steven, Diane; Lide, Robert F.; and 

Sharitz, Rebecca R. 

Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132(3): 

411-420. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QK1.J687; ISSN: 1095-5674 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/21578 

Descriptors: Carolina bays/ climate variation/ depression 

wetlands/ drought/ plant colonization/ succession/ 

vegetation dynamics 

Abstract: Wetland vegetation is strongly dependent upon 

climate-influenced hydrologic conditions, and plant 

composition responds in generally consistent ways to 

droughts. However, the extent of species composition 

change during drought may be influenced by the preexisting structure of wetland vegetation. We characterized 

the vegetation of ten herbaceous Carolina bay wetlands on 

the South Carolina Upper Coastal Plain during a period of 

average rainfall and again near the end of a four-year 

drought. We hypothesized that, as a group, bays dominated 

by less robust plant species (characteristic of open-water 

pond and depression meadow vegetation types) would 

show greater compositional change than bays dominated 

by dense, robust-form clonal graminoids (characteristic of 

grass and sedge marsh vegetation types). Aquatic species 

decreased during the drought in all wetlands, regardless of 

vegetation group. Compared to grass/sedge marshes, 

pond/meadow wetlands acquired more species, particularly 

non-wetland species, during the drought. Pond/meadow 

wetlands also had greater increases in the abundances of 

species that require unflooded conditions to establish. Prior 

to the drought, all wetlands were ponded almost 

continuously, but during drought the pond/meadow 

wetlands had shorter and more variable hydroperiods than 

the grass/sedge marshes. Thus, vegetation change may be 

partly confounded with hydrologic conditions that provide 

greater opportunities for species recruitment in 

pond/meadow bays. The results suggest that Carolina bay 

vegetation dynamics may differ as a function of dominant 

vegetation and climate driven variation in wetland 

hydrologic condition. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

606. Fish assemblage structure in relation to 

environmental variation in a Texas Gulf Coastal 

wetland. 

Gelwick, F. P.; Akin, S.; Arrington, D. A.; and 

Winemiller, K. O. 

Estuaries 24(2): 285-296. (2001) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ community structure/ marshes/ 

coastal environments/ seasonal variations/ species 

diversity/ estuaries/ habitats/ salt marshes/ estuarine 

environment/ fish migration/ fish populations/ water depth/ 

flooding/ dissolved oxygen/ habitat/ seasons/ floods and 

flooding/ oxygen (dissolved)/ organism aggregations/ 

brackishwater fish/ freshwater fish/ community composition/ 

ecological zonation/ indicator species/ salinity gradients/ 

vertical distribution/ environmental factors/ pisces/ USA, 

Texas, Matagorda Bay/ seasonal variations 

Abstract: We described seasonal fish-assemblages in an 

estuarine marsh fringing Matagorda Bay, Gulf of Mexico. 

Habitat zones were identified by patterns of fish species 

abundance and indicator species optima along gradients in 

salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and depth in our samples. 

Indicators of the lower brackish zone (lower lake and tidal 

bayou closest to the bay) were gulf menhaden (Brevoortia 

patronus), bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), silver perch 

(Bairdiella chrysoura), and spotted seatrout (Cynoscion 

nebulosus) at salinity > 15ppt, DO 7-10 mg l super(-1), and 

depth < 0.5 m. Indicators of the upper brackish zone (lake 

and fringing salt marsh) were pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) 

and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) at salinity 10-20ppt, DO > 

10 mg l super(-1), and depth < 0.5 m. In the freshwater 

wetland zone (diked wetland, ephemeral pool, and 

perennial scour pool), indicators were sheepshead minnow 

(Cyprinodon variegatus), rainwater killifish (Lucania parva), 

mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), and sailfin molly (Poecilia 

latipinna) at salinity < 5ppt, DO < 5 mg l super(-1), and 

depth greater than or equal to 1 m. In the freshwater 

channelized zone (slough and irrigation canal), indicators 

were three sunfish species (Lepomis), white crappie 

(Pomoxis annularis), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma 

cepedianum) at salinity < 5ppt, DO < 5 mg l super(-1), and 

depth > 1.5 m. In brackish zones, seasonal variation in 

species diversity among sites was positively correlated with 

temperature, but assemblage structure also was influenced 

by depth and DO. In the freshwater zones, seasonal 

variation in species diversity among sites was positively 

correlated with depth, DO, and salinity, but assemblage 

structure was weakly associated with temperature. Species 

diversity and assemblage structure were strongly affected 

by the connectivity between freshwater wetland and 

brackish zones. Uncommon species in diked wetlands, 

such as tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) and fat sleeper 

(Dormitator maculatus), indicated movement of fishes from 

the brackish zone as the water level rose during natural 

flooding and scheduled (July) releases from the diked 

wetland. From September to July, diversity in the 

freshwater wetland zone decreased as receding waters left 

small isolated pools, and fish movement became blocked 

by a water-control structure. Subsequently, diversity was 

reduced to a few species with opportunistic life histories 

and tolerance to anoxic conditions that developed as 

flooded vegetation decayed. 

© CSA 

607. Florida Everglades: Natural variability, invertebrate 

diversity, and foodweb stability. 

Rader, Russell B. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 25-54. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ food webs/ wetland community 

stability/ community structure/ Piscean predators/ predation 

influence on wetland communities/ chemical pollution/ 

eutrophication threat to wetland communities/ physical 

factors/ hydrological variation influence on wetland 

communities/ Florida/ Florida Everglades/ wetland 

community diversity and food web stability/ overview 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

184

608. Florida Wetland Condition Index for depressional 

forested wetlands. 

Reiss, K. C. 

Ecological Indicators 6(2): 337-352. (2006); 

ISSN: 1470-160X 

Descriptors: biological integrity/ Florida wetland condition 

index/ forested wetlands/ landscape development intensity/ 

urban wetlands 

Abstract: Increasingly in the last decade biological 

monitoring and assessment have been used by federal and 

state agencies to assess water quality standards as 

required under the Clean Water Act. These efforts have led 

to the development of indices of biological integrity (often 

referred to as IBIs). Many states have created multi-metric 

indices, incorporating individual metrics into a quantitative 

value of community condition or biological integrity. The 

primary objective of this study was to develop the Florida 

Wetland Condition Index (FWCI) as a tool to evaluate the 

biological integrity of Florida depressional freshwater 

forested wetlands. Vegetative community composition and 

chemical and physical water and soil parameters were 

measured at 118 wetlands throughout Florida. An 

independent measure of the human disturbance gradient, 

the Landscape Development Intensity (LDI) index, which is 

based on the use of nonrenewable energy within a 100 m 

buffer around a wetland, was calculated. Six macrophyte 

community composition metrics were selected for inclusion 

in the FWCI based on the strength of correlation with LDI (P 

< 0.01) and differentiation between low (LDI < 2.0) and high 

(LDI ? 2.0) LDI groups (P < 0.01). The metrics included 

tolerant indicator species, sensitive indicator species, exotic 

species, floristic quality assessment index, native perennial 

species, and wetland status species. Metrics were scaled 

between 0 and 10, with 10 representing the reference 

wetland condition (correlating to wetlands in undeveloped 

landscapes). Scaled metrics were then added together to 

create the FWCI, with values ranging from 0 to 60. The 

FWCI was significantly correlated with LDI (P < 0.001), and 

significantly differentiated among sample wetlands 

categorized by low and high LDI groups (P < 0.001). In 

addition, significant correlations were found among the six 

metrics, FWCI, and LDI with measured chemical and 

physical water and soil parameters, including water column 

pH, turbidity, ammonia-nitrogen concentration, and total 

phosphorus concentration, and soil moisture, organic 

matter, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and total phosphorus 

concentration. The primary efficacy of the FWCI was the 

calculation of a quantitative value of biological integrity for 

wetlands across a gradient of anthropogenic land use 

activities, which can be used objectively to assess water 

quality standards of Florida wetlands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

609. Floristics of wetland pine savannas in the Big 

Thicket National Preserve, southeast Texas. 

MacRoberts, Barbara R. and MacRoberts, Michael H. 

Phytologia 85(1): 40-50. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 450 P563; ISSN: 0031-9430 

Descriptors: wetland pine savanna/ checklist 

Abstract: We describe the floristics and edaphic conditions 

of wetland pine savannas in southeastern Texas. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

610. Forested limesink wetlands of southwest Georgia: 

Invertebrate habitat and hydrologic variation. 

Golladay, Stephen W.; Entrekin, Sally; and Taylor, Brad W. 

In: Invertebrates in Freshwater Wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and Management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley, 1999; pp. 197-216. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ population 

density/ forested limesink wetland communities/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ physical factors/ 

flooding/ hydrologic influences on forested limesink wetland 

communities/ Georgia, USA/ hydrologic influences 

© The Thomson Corporation 

611. Forms and amounts of soil nitrogen and 

phosphorus across a longleaf pine-depressional 

wetland landscape. 

Craft, Christopher B. and Chiang, Connie 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 66(5): 

1713-1721. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ soil science/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios/ 

drainage gradients/ landscape position: degree of wetness, 

drainage/ longleaf pine depressional wetland landscape/ 

longleaf pine wiregrass forests/ nutrient retention/ periodic 

waterlogging/ sandy soils/ soil organic matter 

Abstract: Forms and amounts of soil N and P were 

measured across transects from freshwater depressional 

wetlands into longleaf pine-wiregrass forests of 

southwestern Georgia to evaluate changes in labile vs. 

recalcitrant N and P and C:N:P ratios across drainage 

gradients. Plant-available NO3--N (3.7 mug cm-3) and 

organic N (2000 mug cm-3) were significantly greater in 

wetland than upland soils (NO3-N=0.03 mug cm-3, organic 

N=890 mug cm-3) and C:N increased from wetlands (17:1) 

into uplands (43:1). Forms and amounts of P were not as 

strongly related to landscape position as N. Labile organic 

P (Po, 2.6 mug cm-3) was significantly greater in wetland 

than upland soils (0.88 mug cm-3). Recalcitrant organic 

compounds accounted for 95 to 97% of the N and 50 to 

82% of the P stored in wetland and upland soils. Wetland 

soils stored a disproportionately large share of N as 

compared with upland soils even though soil organic matter 

(C) content was uniform across the landscape. Landscape 

position (drainage, degree of wetness) is an important 

determinant of nutrient retention in sandy soils of the 

southeastern coastal plain. Periodic waterlogging favors 

sequestration of biological (organic) forms of N and P with 

proportionally greater storage of N relative to P. Soil 

waterlogging by promoting accumulation of N more than P 

favors a shift from N limitation in upland soils towards P 

limitation in wetland soils of the southeastern coastal plain. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

612. Functional equivalency of natural and excavated 

coastal plain ponds. 

Zampella, R. A. and Laidig, K. J. 

Wetlands 23(4): 860-876. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ponds/ hydrology/ water quality/ 

vegetation patterns/ restoration/ pH/ species diversity/ 

community composition/ total organic carbon/ coastal zone/ 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

185

environmental effects/ slopes (topography)/ ecological 

zonation/ biodiversity/ land use/ plant populations/ 

vegetation cover/ light transmission/ hydrogen ion 

concentration/ coastal plains/ vegetation/ organic carbon/ 

species composition/ water depth/ watersheds/ substrates/ 

Plantae/ USA, New Jersey/ comparative studies/ 

New Jersey pinelands 

Abstract: A major obstacle to assessing functional 

equivalency of restored or created wetlands is the time 

needed to develop the functions of natural wetlands. We 

compared hydrologic, water-quality, and vegetationcomposition functions of nine natural coastal plain ponds in 

the New Jersey Pinelands with those of four small, wellestablished excavated basins that are at least 50 years old. 

Our study revealed that well-established (> 50 yr old) 

excavated ponds achieved a moderate degree of functional 

equivalency with Pinelands wetlands, representing a range 

of coastal plain pond characteristics. Based on waterdepth-fluctuation patterns and the similarity of most 

hydrologic indices, including high-water pond area, mean 

water depth, area of exposed substrate (drawdown), and 

the presence of a clay lens, the excavated ponds seemed 

to achieve hydrologic equivalency with the natural 

reference wetlands. However, steeper bank slopes found at 

most of the excavated ponds affected nearshore water 

depths and resulted in the absence of plant zonation that 

characterizes coastal plain ponds. The water-quality 

function, represented by pH, specific conductance, and 

total organic carbon, differed between pond types. The pH 

and specific conductance of the excavated ponds were 

higher and total organic carbon concentrations were lower 

compared with the natural ponds. We attributed these 

differences to landscape setting, reflected by adjacent 

vegetation and contrasting plant zonation. Elevated specific 

conductance values in the natural ponds were likely due to 

the higher hydrogen ion concentrations. Reduced light 

transmission due to higher organic carbon concentrations in 

the natural ponds may have greater ecological importance. 

However, differences in water-quality functions between the 

pond types may make excavated ponds more prone to 

changes in pH if constructed within landscapes with 

extensive developed or agricultural lands. The excavated 

ponds met or exceeded most vegetation-composition 

reference criteria associated with the natural wetlands. 

Total and herbaceous species richness were greater in the 

excavated ponds. Most importantly, the excavated ponds 

supported a native Pinelands species composition, thus 

preserving regional biodiversity. Because all ponds were 

acidic and displayed pH values within the range associated 

with native Pinelands plants, differences in pH may not 

have been the cause of the greater species richness. 

Although overall species composition differed between the 

two pond types, the flora of the created wetlands was 

similar to that of coastal plain ponds found in other regions 

and other areas of the Pinelands. The major difference in 

vegetation composition between ponds was both the lack of 

distinct vegetation zonation due to steeper slopes and 

lower patch-type diversity in the excavated ponds. These 

structural differences can be overcome by constructing 

ponds with slopes that are comparable to natural ponds. 

Because the transitional-upland location of the excavated 

ponds is a more likely location for a mitigation wetland, the 

effect of landscape setting on water quality may not be as 

easily remedied as the lack of nearshore slopes. 

© CSA 

613. Functions and values of forested wetlands in the 

southern United States. 

Walbridge, M. R. 

Journal of Forestry 91(5): 15-19. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F768; ISSN: 0022-1201 

Descriptors: wetlands/ watershed management/ forest 

hydrology/ ecosystems/ flood control/ water quality/ water 

use/ land use/ biogeochemistry/ hydrology/ resource 

management/ USA/ resource management/ watershed 

management/ forest hydrology/ water use/ watershed 

protection/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Forested wetlands in the southern United States 

include bottomland hardwood forests, cypress swamps, 

and pocosin and bay forest ecosystems-a comparatively 

unique feature of the Carolina coastal plain. Hardwood 

swamps also line major black-, brown-, and redwater rivers 

of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain. This heterogeneous 

group of wetlands exhibits an equally diverse range of 

functions and values, from controlling flooding to 

maintaining water quality, coastal fisheries, and wildlife 

habitat. This article will quantify the importance of southern 

forested wetlands. It will also identify their specific functions 

and values, focusing on the biogeochemical functions that 

lead to improved water quality, and suggest strategies for 

wise use and management. 

© CSA 

614. The Great Dismal Swamp: An illustrated case 

study. 

Carter, V. 

In: Forested Wetlands/ Lugo, Ariel E.; Brinson, Mark M.; 

and Brown, S. K.; Series: Ecosystems of the World 15. 

New York: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., 1990; 

pp. 201-211. 

Notes: ISBN: 0444428127 

NAL Call #: QH540.E27 no.15 

Descriptors: Great Dismal Swamp/ North Carolina/ plant 

populations/ remote sensing/ swamps/ Virginia/ wetland 

forests/ anthropogenic disturbance/ ecosystems/ hydrology/ 

litter/ nutrients/ phytoplankton/ vegetation/ water quality/ 

wildlife habitats 

Abstract: The Great Dismal Swamp is an 84,000 ha 

forested wetland on the Virginia-North Carolina border in 

the southern Atlantic Coastal Plain of the United States. 

The organic soils of the swamp range in depth from 4 m in 

ancient drainage channels to less than 0.3 m along the 

outer edges. Lake Drummond, approximately 4 km in 

diameter, is almost centrally located within the swamp. The 

flora includes individual species and plant assemblages 

otherwise scattered widely to the north and south along the 

Coastal Plain. Anthropogenic disturbance of the natural 

vegetation has resulted in a wide diversity of wildlife 

habitats. Present studies include the dynamics of the 

wetland-to-upland transition zone, wetland hydrology, litter 

production and nutrient studies in individual communities, 

water quality and phytoplankton populations in the lake and 

ditches, vegetation trends and regeneration strategies, 

organic soil development and wildlife habitat requirements. 

Remotely-sensed data provide an overview and level of 

detail needed to put small areas into perspective with the 

total ecosystem represented by this swamp. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

186

615. Habitat use by nonbreeding wood ducks in the 

Coastal Plain and Rice Prairie Region of Texas. 

Anderson, James T. and Tacha, Thomas C. 

Southwestern Naturalist 47(3): 486-489. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 409.6; ISSN: 0038-4909 

Descriptors: aquatic habitat/ forested wetlands/ habitat 

types/ habitat use 

© The Thomson Corporation 

616. Heterogeneity of hydromorphic features: 

Observations from a Coastal Plain hydrosequence.

Tangren, S. A.; Fanning, D. S.; Prestegaard, K. L.; and 

Rabenhorst, M. C. 

In: Quantifying soil hydromorphology Proceedings of a 

symposium, Indianapolis, Indiana, 4 November 1996. 

Rabenhorst, M. C.; Bell, J. C.; and McDaniel, P. A. (eds.) 

Madison, WI: Soil Science Society of America; 

pp. 173-193; 1998. 

Descriptors: soil variability/ sampling/ soil classification/ 

sandy loam soils/ coastal plain soils/ soil/ redox potential/ 

soil morphology/ hydrosequences/ forests/ internal 

drainage/ upland soils/ wetland soils/ catenas 

Abstract: The following are discussed: (i) the variability that 

results from choice of a sampling site within a pedon, (ii) 

how that variability affects the ability to detect catenary 

variation, (iii) within-pedon heterogeneity as a function of 

catenary position, and (iv) the implications of within-pedon 

heterogeneity for soil classification. The study site is a 

valley situated on glauconitic sandy-loams of the Coastal 

Plain in Maryland, USA. Six of forty pre-existing well sites 

were selected for replicate soil sampling. The well sites 

represent a variety of soil drainage conditions, from 

moderately well to poorly drained. Within a pedon-sized 

(10-msuperscript 2) area around each of the six wells, six 

replicate auger holes have been drilled and the profiles 

described (36 descriptions total). For each description, the 

depth to redox concentrations and redox depletions was 

recorded. Standard errors of the six replicated descriptions 

were calculated and provide a quantitative indication of 

each pedon's redoximorphic variability. Upland pedons had 

a greater redoximorphic variability than wetland pedons. 

Variability within a pedon often affected the conclusions 

made about the soil. Although considerable, particularly in 

higher positions of the transect, variability was not so great 

as to obscure the landscape trend in depth to 

redoximorphic features. The spatial heterogeneity of 

hydromorphic features affected the determinations of soil 

drainage class, hydric soil indicators, and taxonomic 

classification. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

617. Historic landcover and recent landscape change in 

the North Indian River Lagoon Watershed, Florida, 

USA. 

Duncan, B. W.; Larson, V. L.; and Schmalzer, P. A. 

Natural Areas Journal 24(3): 198-215. (July 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: wetlands/ historical ecology/ lagoons/ 

watersheds/ maps/ ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ land use/ coastal lagoons/ anthropogenic 

factors/ marshes/ resource management/ estuaries/ river 

basin management/ long-term changes/ urbanization/ 

agriculture/ photographs/ coastal zone/ canals/ time series 

analysis/ man-induced effects/ USA, Florida, Indian River 

Lagoon/ surveying and remote sensing/ mechanical and 

natural changes/ management 

Abstract: Terrestrial landcover features within watersheds 

greatly influence aquatic systems. Humans have settled 

primarily in coastal regions putting tremendous stress on 

coastal aquatic systems. The Indian River Lagoon (IRL), 

located along Florida's Atlantic coast, is one of North 

America's most diverse estuaries surrounded by a rapidly 

growing human population. To quantify changes that have 

occurred within the watershed, we produced landcover 

maps representing the northern portion of the Indian River 

Lagoon watershed for 1920, 1943, and 1990. The 1943 and 

1990 maps were generated by photo interpretation and the 

1920 map was produced by spatial modeling techniques. 

All anthropogenic landcover types increased throughout the 

study period, while all native landcover types decreased, 

with the exception of hammocks. The dominant, terrestrial 

landcover types in 1920 were flatwoods, scrub, and 

freshwater marsh. In 1943, flatwoods and scrub types were 

still dominant, but agriculture was the third most abundant 

type. In 1990 urban became the dominate landcover with 

flatwoods second and agriculture third. The remaining 

natural areas have been highly fragmented by roads, 

canals, and urban areas. Shoreline composition has 

changed, with 1% of the Indian River Lagoon study 

shoreline being comprised of urban in 1920 and 26% in 

1990. This dataset is useful for identifying changes in 

functional landcover, which will help improve the 

management of resources within the IRL watershed and 

support important ecological studies investigating the 

relationships between nature and anthropogenic influences. 

© CSA 

618. History of Delaware and New Jersey salt marsh 

restoration sites. 

Philipp, K. R. 

Ecological Engineering 25(3): 214-230. (2005) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: diked marshes/ restoration planning/ tidal 

marsh geomorphology/ tidal marshland use 

Abstract: Humans have modified the tidal marsh sites of 

the Public Service Enterprise Group Estuary Enhancement 

Program over the past 400 years as well as by natural 

processes such as sea level change and storms. We used 

the data reported here - photographs and maps that 

showed the range of changes and the time frame in which 

these changes occurred - as the basis for restoration 

design. These data show the ephemeral nature of some 

salt marsh features and the persistence of others, despite 

centuries of diking, hurricanes and flooding. These data 

were used to develop the restoration time lines and the 

expectations as to marsh form and function. The individual 

history of each restoration site is reviewed through historic 

maps and aerial photographs and is followed by reference 

to site features, such as drainage ditches, channels, tidal 

range, vegetation change, and land use over time. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

187

619. Influence of restoration and succession on 

bottomland hardwood hydrology. 

Kolka, R. K.; Singer, J. H.; Coppock, C. R.; Casey, W. P.; 

and Trettin, C. C. 

Ecological Engineering 15(Suppl. 1): 

S131-S140. (Sept. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

hydrology/ ecological succession/ vegetation cover/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ geomorphology/ USA, South 

Carolina/ reclamation/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: The hydrologic pathways of four bottomland 

hardwood wetland sites were investigated with transects 

consisting of nests of shallow wells and piezometers. Sites 

included a disturbed but recently restored system, two 

disturbed systems that are recovering naturally and a 

relatively undisturbed reference site. Water table elevations 

in both uplands and bottomlands were significantly higher in 

the reference site than in disturbed sites. Hydrologic 

budgets were developed that included throughfall inputs, 

upland inputs, bottomland interflow, bottomland losses to 

the stream and evapotranspiration (ET) losses. The 

recently restored bottomland had significantly higher 

throughfall and lower ET than the naturally recovering sites. 

Higher throughfall and lower ET is attributed to canopy 

manipulations that occurred during restoration. Other 

hydrologic fluxes are relatively similar among the disturbed 

sites. Reference site flow pathways were significantly 

different than those of the disturbed sites. Higher ET in the 

reference site is attributed to differences in canopies 

between the reference and disturbed sites. Higher upland 

inputs, bottomland interflow, and bottomland losses to the 

stream are the result of higher water tables in the reference 

site. Lower water tables in disturbed sites may be caused 

by the geomorphic changes that occurred during elevated 

flow periods prior to recovery. 

© CSA 

620. Influences of herbivory and canopy opening size 

on forest regeneration in a southern bottomland 

hardwood forest. 

Castleberry, S. B.; Ford, W. M.; Miller, K. V.; and 

Smith, W. P. 

Forest Ecology and Management 131(1/3): 57-64. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ canopy gaps/ size/ bottomland 

forests/ natural regeneration/ browsing/ browsing damage/ 

wild animals/ seasonal variation/ species diversity/ fences/ 

species richness/ woody plants/ forbs/ habitats/ 

animal behaviour 

Abstract: The effects were examined of white-tailed deer 

(Odocoileus virginianus) browsing and canopy opening size 

on relative abundance and diversity of woody and 

herbaceous regeneration in various sized forest openings in 

a southern bottomland hardwood forest at the Savannah 

River Site in South Carolina, USA, over 3 growing seasons 

(1995-1997). 36 canopy openings (gaps) were created by 

group selection timber harvest in December 1994, ranging 

from 7 to 40 m in radius. Fenced exclosures of 2 types 

(excluding either deer alone, or deer and swamp rabbits, 

Sylvilagus aquaticus) were constructed in the centre of 

each gap, with unfenced adjacent controls, and vegetation 

was sampled monthly from April to September. Plant 

species richness, diversity, evenness, relative abundance, 

and a browsing index were calculated for each gap size 

and for each exclosure type. Herbaceous richness, 

diversity, or evenness did not differ among exclosure types 

in any year of the study. Browsing index was higher in the 

controls in 1996 and 1997. Browsing index for woody 

species was highest in the controls in 1995 and 1997. 

Relative abundance of herbaceous species was highest in 

the 29 m gap size in 1997. Richness and diversity of woody 

species were lowest in the 29 m gap size in 1995 and 1996. 

Overall browsing rates on both woody and herbaceous 

vegetation were low throughout all 3 years of the study. 

Low browsing rates reflect seasonal changes in habitat use 

by deer. Because of the low rates of browsing, vegetative 

differences among exclosure treatments and gap sizes 

likely are not attributable to deer herbivory. Other factors, 

such as soil disturbance, may have influenced the initial 

vegetative response more than herbivory or gap size. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

621. Insecticides for insect pest control in constructed 

wetlands for wastewater treatment: A dilemma. 

Snoddy, E. L. and Cooney, J. C. 

In: Pesticides in terrestrial and aquatic environments: 

Proceedings of a national research conference. (Held 11 

May 1989-11 May 1989 at Virginia Water Resources 

Research Center, Blacksburg, Va.); pp. 440-443; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH545.P4P4844 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides/ wastewater treatment/ 

acid mine drainage/ aquatic plants/ cattails/ domestic 

wastewater/ macrophytes/ mosquitoes/ organophosphorus 

pesticides/ wastewater treatment processes/ lakes 

Abstract: The utilization of macrophytes for both primary 

and secondary wastewater treatment is a relatively new 

technology now being utilized for domestic sewage, certain 

industrial discharges, and acid mine drainage. Some of the 

major insect problems associated with these facilities 

include mosquitoes and other biting flies produced as a 

result of facility construction and operation, and plant 

feeding insects that may destroy the planted flora. The 

macrophytes utilized in these constructed wetlands, 

particularly the cattail Typha latifolia, are subject to severe 

depredation by the armyworm complex. In order to control 

this pest, insecticides must be applied immediately upon 

discovery of this insect on the plants. An operational case 

study, which describes this particular problem and the use 

of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides for the control of the 

cattail army worm Simyra henrici (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) 

is presented. The treatments and observations were made 

in acid drainage treatment wetlands at Widow 's Creek 

Steam-Electric Plant, Stevenson, Alabama. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

622. Interactive effects of seed availability, water depth, 

and phosphorus enrichment on cattail colonization in 

an Everglades wetland. 

Miao, S. L.; McCormick, P. V.; Newman, S.; and 

Rajagopalan, S. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 9(1): 39-47. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nutrient enrichment/ seeds/ USA, 

Florida/ nutrients (mineral)/ phosphorus/ water depth/ 

environmental factors/ colonization/ recruitment/ air 

temperature/ germination/ growth/ Typha domingensis/ 

USA, Florida, Everglades/ grasses/ environmental effects/ 

reproduction and development 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

188

Abstract: The relative importance of seed availability, water 

depth, and soil phosphorus (P) concentrations on cattail 

(Typha domingensis pers.) early establishment in an 

Everglades wetland area was examined using seed bank 

analysis and controlled experiments. The experiment 

measured seed germination and seedling growth in tanks 

with cattail seed addition subjected to two P concentrations 

(un-enriched vs. enriched) and water depth (saturated vs. 

flooded soils). A limited seed bank (223 plus or minus 69 m 

super(2)) of cattail was found in the surface soil of the area 

studied. The germination of added seeds was inhibited 

under flooded conditions, and only 0.6% of the germination 

was found. In contrast, under-saturated soil conditions, a 

maximum of 6% and 15% germination was observed in Pun-enriched and P-enriched treatments, respectively. High 

mortality of seedlings occurred regardless of P treatments 

following a cold spell. However, P enrichment resulted in 

increased seedling growth and asexual propagation. These 

results suggested the importance of the concurrence of 

appropriate hydrologic regimes, P enrichment, and air 

temperature on the recruitment of plant species. 

© CSA 

623. Invertebrate communities of forested limesink 

wetlands in southwest Georgia, USA: Habitat use and 

influence of extended inundation. 

Golladay, S. W.; Taylor, B. W.; and Palik, B. J. 

Wetlands 17(3): 383-393. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic habitats/ invertebrates/ 

sinks/ limestone/ forests/ benthos/ population density/ 

flooding/ community composition/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

Invertebrata/ USA, Georgia, Dougherty Plain, Ichauway 

Ecological Reserve 

Abstract: Limesink wetlands are a common aquatic habitat 

in southwest Georgia, USA. These wetlands are nonalluvial, occupying shallow depressions formed from 

dissolution of limestone bedrock and collapse of surface 

sands. They are seasonally inundated, with a typical 

hydroperiod extending from late February to early July. 

Little is known about factors influencing invertebrate 

community structure in limesink wetlands. Recently, it has 

been suggested that regular inundation and drying are 

important influences on community structure in some 

seasonal wetlands. We had an opportunity to examine this 

hypothesis in 3 forested limesink wetlands. Quantitative 

samples of invertebrates were taken monthly on benthic 

and wood surfaces from March 1994 through July 1995. 

This included a period of unusually heavy precipitation, 

summer and autumn of 1994, when the wetlands would 

normally be dry. Immediately following inundation, benthic 

samples were dominated by amphipods (Crangonyx sp.), 

isopods (Caecidotea sp.), cladocerans, and copepods. 

Maximum total densities (1000-4000 individuals per m 

super(2)) were observed within 3 months of inundation. 

During summer and autumn, densities decreased (< 500 

individuals per m super(2)), and the benthos was 

dominated by larval chironomids. Wood surfaces were 

dominated by chironomids, with greatest densities (1000-

3000 individuals per m super(2)) observed in summer and 

autumn. Although not quantified, freshwater sponge 

became very abundant on wood surfaces during autumn. 

During the following spring (1995), invertebrate densities on 

sediments remained low, and few amphipods, isopods, 

cladocerans, or copepods were collected. Chironomids 

remained very abundant on wood. Our results suggest that 

extended inundation is a disturbance to some elements of 

wetland invertebrate communities. Extended inundation 

may cause short-term reductions in populations by 

eliminating summer refugia (amphipoda, isopoda) or by 

altering environmental cues necessary for the completion of 

life cycles (cladocerans, copepods). 

© CSA 

624. Invertebrates associated with woody debris in a 

southeastern U.S. forested floodplain wetland. 

Braccia, Amy and Batzer, Darold P. 

Wetlands 21(1): 18-31. (Mar. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ biomass/ community structure/ 

habitat utilization/ woody debris in forested wetland/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ forested wetland/ 

communities associated with woody debris/ South Carolina/ 

Coosawhatchie River floodplain/ communities associated 

with woody debris in forested wetland/ survey and 

influencing factors 

Abstract: Woody debris is an ecologically important 

resource in upland forests and stream ecosystems. 

Although much is known about invertebrate-woody debris 

interactions in forests and streams, little information exists 

for forested wetlands. In this study, invertebrates 

associated with woody debris in a Southeastern U. S. 

forested floodplain are described and factors that shape 

community structure are examined. Woody debris samples 

were collected during two wet (March 1998 and 1999) and 

one dry period (August 1998) from a bottomland hardwood 

wetland along the Coosawhatchie River, South Carolina, 

USA. During wet period collections, both submersed and 

floating woody debris were collected. Invertebrate richness, 

density, and arthropod standing-stock biomass were 

compared among sampling periods (wet and dry), between 

floating and submersed wood, and among woody debris 

decay classes. Most invertebrate richness and arthropod 

biomass was associated with wood collected during wet 

periods. However, the non-aquatic rather than aquatic 

arthropods were the most significant component of the 

overall community structure. Floating woody debris was a 

"hot spot" for invertebrate richness and arthropod biomass. 

Increased invertebrate richness was also associated with 

well-decayed wood. Invertebrates were classified based on 

temporal use of woody debris and included perennial 

residents, seasonal colonizers, and seasonal refugees. 

Overall findings suggest that woody debris is an important 

resource for invertebrates, and wood-associated 

invertebrates (especially non-aquatics) need to be 

considered when studying the diversity and function of 

forested wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

625. Landscape-based spatially explicit species index 

models for Everglades restoration. 

Curnutt, J. L.; Comiskey, J.; Nott, M. P.; and Gross, L. J. 

Ecological Applications 10(6): 1849-1860. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ models/ landscape/ environmental 

restoration/ USA, Florida/ ecosystem management/ nature 

conservation/ habitat improvement/ hydrology/ water 

management/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ protective measures 

and control/ reclamation 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

189

Abstract: As part of the effort to restore the similar to 

10,000-km super(2) Everglades drainage in southern 

Florida, USA, we developed spatially explicit species index 

(SESI) models of a number of species and species groups. 

In this paper we describe the methodology and results of 

three such models: those for the Cape Sable Seaside 

Sparrow and the Snail Kite, and the species group model of 

long-legged wading birds. SESI models are designed to 

produce relative comparisons of one management 

alternative to a base scenario or to another alternative. The 

model outputs do not provide an exact quantitative 

prediction of future biotic group responses, but rather, when 

applying the same input data and different hydrologic plans, 

the models provide the best available means to compare 

the relative response of the biotic groups. We compared 

four alternative hydrologic management scenarios to a 

base scenario (i.e., predicted conditions assuming that 

current water management practices continue). We ranked 

the results of the comparisons for each set of models. No 

one scenario was beneficial to all species; however, they 

provide a uniform assessment, based on the best available 

observational information, of relative species responses to 

alternative water-management plans. As such, these 

models were used extensively in the restoration planning. 

© CSA 

626. Landscape ecological assessment of the 

Chesapeake Bay Watershed. 

Weber, T. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 94(1-3): 

39-53. (June 2004) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: wetlands/ watersheds/ environmental 

monitoring/ ecosystem management/ conservation/ 

monitoring/ environmental conditions/ regional planning/ 

environmental policy/ land use/ resource management/ 

catchment areas/ ecology/ assessments/ environmental 

effects/ environmental protection/ catchment area/ water 

quality control/ environmental legislation/ agriculture/ 

urbanization/ rare species/ vulnerability/ policies/ runoff/ 

resource conservation/ nature conservation/ river basin 

management/ ecological evaluation/ landscape/ vegetation 

cover/ coniferous forests/ USA, Chesapeake Bay/ USA, 

Maryland/ USA, Washington, D.C./ USA, Virginia/ USA, 

Pennsylvania/ USA, Mid-Atlantic Region/ management/ 

environmental action/ water resources and supplies/ data 

acquisition/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ land/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: The Chesapeake Bay Watershed, located in the 

Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States, is experiencing 

rapid habitat loss and fragmentation from sprawling lowdensity development. The bay itself is heavily stressed by 

excess sediment and nutrient runoff. Three states, the 

District of Columbia, and the federal government signed an 

agreement in 2000 to address these problems. The 

commitments included an assessment of the watershed's 

resource lands, and targeting the most valued lands for 

protection. As part of this task, the Resource Lands 

Assessment identified an ecological network comprised of 

large contiguous blocks (hubs) of forests, wetlands, and 

streams, interconnected by corridors to allow animal and 

plant propagule dispersal and migration. Hubs were 

prioritized by ecoregion, by analyzing a variety of ecological 

parameters, including: rare species presence, rarity and 

population viability; vegetation and vertebrate richness; 

habitat area, condition, and diversity; intactness and 

remoteness; connectivity potential; and the nature of the 

surrounding landscape. I found that much of the watershed 

was still fairly intact, although this varied dramatically by 

ecoregion. Current protection also varied, and an 

assessment of vulnerability will help focus protection efforts 

among the most valuable hubs and corridors. 

© CSA 

627. Landscape modeling for Everglades ecosystem 

restoration. 

DeAngelis, D. L.; Gross, L. J.; Huston, M. A.; Wolff, W. F.; 

Fleming, D. M.; Comiskey, E. J.; and Sylvester, S. M. 

Ecosystems 1(1): 64-75. (Jan. 1998-Feb. 1998) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .E3645; ISSN: 1432-9840 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecosystem management/ 

environmental protection/ marshes/ trophic structure/ 

habitat improvement/ hydrology/ food webs/ water 

management/ models/ landscape/ environmental 

restoration/ ecosystem recovery/ USA, Florida/ USA, 

Florida, Everglades/ ecosystems/ trophic level/ simulation/ 

model studies/ spatial distribution/ rehabilitation/ estimating/ 

habitats/ prediction/ water depth/ geographic information 

systems/ habitat/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ modelling/ 

spatial variations/ ATLSS/ landscape modeling/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

modeling, mathematics, computer applications/ 

environmental action/ reclamation 

Abstract: A major environmental restoration effort is under 

way that will affect the Everglades and its neighboring 

ecosystems in southern Florida. Ecosystem and populationlevel modeling is being used to help in the planning and 

evaluation of this restoration. The specific objective of one 

of these modeling approaches, the Across Trophic Level 

System Simulation (ATLSS), is to predict the responses of 

a suite of higher trophic level species to several proposed 

alterations in Everglades hydrology. These include several 

species of wading birds, the snail kite, Cape Sable seaside 

sparrow, Florida panther, white-tailed deer, American 

alligator, and American crocodile. ATLSS is an ecosystem 

landscape-modeling approach and uses Geographic 

Information System (GIS) vegetation data and existing 

hydrology models for South Florida to provide the basic 

landscape for these species. A method of 

pseudotopography provides estimates of water depths 

through time at 28 x 28-m resolution across the landscape 

of southern Florida. Hydrologic model output drives models 

of habitat and prey availability for the higher trophic level 

species. Spatially explicit, individual-based computer 

models simulate these species. ATLSS simulations can 

compare the landscape dynamic spatial pattern of the 

species resulting from different proposed water 

management strategies. Here we compare the predicted 

effects of one possible change in water management in 

South Florida with the base case of no change. Preliminary 

model results predict substantial differences between these 

alternatives in some biotic spatial patterns. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

190

628. Long-term nutrient accumulation rates in the 

Everglades. 

Reddy, K. R.; Delaune, R. D.; Debusk, W. F.; and 

Koch, M. S. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 57(4): 

1147-1155. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine potential 

rates for this ecosystem along a gradient of nutrient 

loading. Accumulation rates were calculated using the 

vertical peat accretion rates, as determined by 137Cs 

dating, and nutrient concentration profiles. Vertical 

accretion rates of peat decreased logarithmically with 

distance from the inflow. The C/P and N/P accumulation 

ratios increased with distance from the inflow, suggesting 

that a greater proportion of P accumulated in the system, 

compared with C and N. These findings suggest that P was 

either directly adsorbed by soil or precipitated with Ca in the 

water column and deposited on the soil surface. This 

hypothesis was further supported by a highly significant 

correlation between P and Ca accretion rates, suggesting 

that Ca-bound P controls equilibrium concentrations in this 

ecosystem. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

629. Melaleuca in Florida: A literature review on the 

taxonomy, distribution, biology, ecology, economic 

importance and control measures. 

Serbesoff-King, K. 

Journal of Aquatic Plant Management 41: 98-112. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SB614.H9; ISSN: 0146-6623 

Descriptors: trees/ aquatic weeds/ aquatic plants/ exotic 

species/ ecological effects/ economic impact/ lakes/ 

literature review/ marshes/ dispersion/ rare species/ 

biodiversity/ geographical distribution/ literature reviews/ 

seed production/ environmental impact/ Melaleuca 

quinquenervia/ USA, Florida/ bottle brush tree/ control of 

water on the surface/ species interactions: 

pests and control 

Abstract: Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. 

Blake) is a large tree species that occurs naturally 

throughout eastern Australia, New Caledonia, Irian Jaya 

and southern New Guinea. In North America, melaleuca 

has primarily infested the Florida peninsula south of Lake 

Okeechobee. It is classed as a Federal Noxious Weed in 

the United States and as a Prohibited Aquatic Plant and 

Noxious Weed in the state of Florida. In the continental 

United States, melaleuca has been recorded from 

Louisiana, Texas and California. Additionally, this tree has 

become moderately invasive in Puerto Rico and Hawaii. 

Melaleuca rapidly invades moist, open habitats, both 

disturbed and undisturbed, and forms dense, impenetrable 

monocultures. In general, invasion is less prominent in 

forested sites than marshes; however, only dense 

hammock-type communities seem to produce enough 

shade to prevent invasion. Invasive characteristics of 

melaleuca include its evergreen habit, prolific seed 

production, frequent flowering, and flood and drought 

tolerance. This tree threatens biodiversity of native flora 

and fauna by diminishing the value of their habitat. The 

large expanses of melaleuca on public lands have cost 

public agencies in Florida $25 million in control efforts 

between 1989 and 1999. Estimations of economic impacts 

of melaleuca on recreation, tourism, fires, loss of 

endangered species, and more range from $168 million 

annually to $2 billion over a period of 20 years. Various 

methods of control (chemical, mechanical, manual, 

biological and integrated) are evaluated. 

© CSA 

630. Metal uptake, transport and release by wetland 

plants: Implications for phytoremediation and 

restoration. 

Weis, J. S. and Weis, P. 

Environment International 30(5): 685-700. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD169.E54; ISSN: 0160-4120 

Abstract: Marshes have been proposed as sites for 

phytoremediation of metals. The fate of metals within plant 

tissues is a critical issue for effectiveness of this process. In 

this paper we review studies that investigate the effects of 

plants on metals in wetlands. While most of these marsh 

plant species are similar in metal uptake patterns and in 

concentrating metals primarily in roots, some species retain 

more of their metal burden in belowground structures than 

other species, which redistribute a greater proportion of 

metals into aboveground tissues, especially leaves. 

Storage in roots is most beneficial for phytostabilization of 

the metal contaminants, which are least available when 

concentrated below ground. Plants may alter the speciation 

of metals and may also suffer toxic effects as a result of 

accumulating them. Metals in leaves may be excreted 

through salt glands and thereby returned to the marsh 

environment. Metal concentrations of leaf and stem litter 

may become enriched in metals over time, due in part to 

cation adsorption or to incorporation of fine particles with 

adsorbed metals. Several studies suggest that metals in 

litter are available to deposit feeders and, thus, can enter 

estuarine food webs. Marshes, therefore, can be sources 

and well as sinks for metal contaminants. Phragmites 

australis, an invasive species in the northeast U.S. 

sequesters more metals belowground than the native 

Spartina alterniflora, which also releases more via leaf 

excretion. This information is important for the siting and 

use of wetlands for phytoremediation as well as for marsh 

restoration efforts. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

631. Mid-Texas, USA coastal marsh vegetation pattern 

and dynamics as influenced by environmental stress 

and snow goose herbivory. 

Miller, D. L.; Smeins, F. E.; Webb, J. W.; and Yager, L. 

Wetlands 25(3): 648-658. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ snow/ vegetation patterns/ 

herbivory/ marshes/ precipitation/ ecotones/ vegetation/ 

geese/ salinity/ coastal marshes/ drought/ synergistic 

effects/ flooding/ history/ storms/ Spartina/ water level/ 

stress/ dynamics/ Spartina patens/ Schoenoplectus 

americanus/ USA, Texas 

Abstract: Vegetation pattern and dynamics were 

characterized across a mid-Texas, USA coastal marsh 

ecotone subjected to snow goose herbivory, drought, and 

salt-water pulses. For eight years following snow goose 

feeding, species cover was evaluated in heavy and light 

goose-use patches at increasing distances from tidal 

influence. Just prior to and for two years after the feeding 

event, drought, and several salt-water pulses associated 

with tropical storms typified the hydrologic dynamics of the 

marsh. Herbivory history was more important than distance 

from tidal influence, salinity, or flooding in explaining spatial 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

191

and temporal vegetation pattern for three years. 

Precipitation variation influenced vegetation dynamics in 

areas heavily used by geese. Recovery to pre-herbivory 

composition and abundance required six years without 

further snow goose feeding. Extremes of annual 

precipitation, salinities, and water levels impacted cover of 

Spartina patens dominated patches little unless feeding 

snow geese uprooted vegetation. Schoenoplectus 

americanus was more impacted by extremes of 

environmental dynamics than S. patens but even more 

impacted by synergistic effects of uprooting and 

environmental extremes. During this period, the ecotone 

could be characterized as patchy, with a gulfward waxing 

and waning of S. americanus. 

© CSA 

632. A model for wetland hydrology: Description and 

validation. 

Mansell, R. S.; Bloom, S. A.; and Sun, G. E. 

Soil Science 165(5): 384-397. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 So3; ISSN: 0038-075X 

Descriptors: models and simulations: computational 

biology/ climatology: environmental sciences/ freshwater 

ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ terrestrial 

ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ soil science/ air 

temperature/ cypress pond/ evapotranspiration/ model 

simulation/ pine forest/ rainfall/ soil characteristics/ 

wetland hydrology 

Abstract: WETLANDS, a multidimensional model 

describing water flow in variably saturated soil and 

evapotranspiration, was used to simulate successfully 3-

years of local hydrology for a cypress pond located within a 

relatively flat Coastal Plain pine forest landscape. 

Assumptions included negligible net regional groundwater 

flow and radially symmetric local flow impinging on a 

truncated conical pond, deciduous cypress trees and 

shallow-rooted perennial undergrowth in the pond area, and 

pine trees in the upland area as well as within the outer 

20% of the wetland area. A minimal observed parameter 

set of daily rainfall, daily air temperature, soil 

characteristics, and pond geometry provided model input. 

The model described temporal patterns of daily pond water 

and groundwater table elevations with relatively small 

average signed deviations of -2 and +11 cm, respectively. 

Potential exists for the model to be utilized as a predictive 

tool for wetland hydrology, even for conditions where 

available empirical data for a given site is minimal and 

appropriate simplifying assumptions are utilized. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

633. Modeling the hydrologic processes of a 

depressional forested wetland in South Carolina, USA.

Sun, Ge; Callahan, Timothy; Pyzoha, Jennifer E.; Trettin, 

Carl C.; and Amatya, Devendra M. 

In: Advances in Hydro-science and Egineering. Volume VI: 

Proceedings of Abstracts and Papers (on CD-ROM) of the 

6th International Conference on Hydro-Science and 

Engineering. (Held 31 May 2004-3 Jun 2004 at Rydges 

South Bank Hotel, Brisbane, Australia.) Altinaker, M. S. 

(eds.); Vol. 6. 

University, MS: University of Mississippi, National Center 

for Computational Hydroscience and Engineering; 

pp. 1-10; 2004. 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/7166

Abstract: Depressional forested wetlands or geographically 

isolated wetlands such as cypress swamps and Carolina 

bays are common land features in the Atlantic Coastal Plain 

of the southeastern US. Those wetlands play important 

roles in providing wildlife habitats, water quality 

improvement, and carbon sequestration. Great stresses 

have been imposed on those important ecosystems due to 

rapid human population growth and climate change in the 

region. The objectives of this research were to (1) test a 

distributed forest hydrology model, FLATWOODS, for a 

Carolina bay wetland system using seven years of water 

table data and (2) apply the validated model to understand 

how wetland position (geomorphology) and geology affect 

lateral groundwater flow directions. The research site is a 6-

ha depressional wetland known as a Carolina bay and is 

located in Eamberg County, South Carolina on the Lower 

Coastal Plain of the southeastern US (32.88 N, 81.12 W). 

Model calibration (1998) and validation (1997, 1999-2003) 

data span a wet and a long drought period allowing testing 

of the model for a wide range of weather conditions. While 

the major input to the wetland is atmospheric rainfall and 

output from the wetland is through evapotranspiration, 

modeling results suggest that the Carolina bay is a flowthrough wetland, receiving discharged groundwater from 

one part of the upland area, but losing water as 

groundwater recharge to the other side, especially during 

wet periods in winter months. The simulation study also 

suggests that groundwater flow direction is controlled by 

the gradient of the underlying hydrologic restricting layer 

beneath the wetland-upland continuum, not by the 

topographic gradient of land surface. Groundwater flow 

appeared to change flow direction during the transition 

period during the wet-dry cycle. The changes depend on 

the geomorphoiogy and underlying geology of the wetlandupland continuum. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

634. Modeling wetland change along the United States 

Atlantic coast. 

Koneff, Mark D. and Royle, J. Andrew 

Ecological Modelling 177(1-2): 41-59. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ models and simulations: 

computational biology/ linear regression/ mathematical and 

computer techniques: logistic regression/ mathematical and 

computer techniques: zero inflation models/ mathematical 

and computer techniques/ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service/ 

wetlands status and trends study sample plots/ lotic 

habitats/ model fit/ spatial structure/ waterfowl habitat 

conservation planning/ wetland area change/ wetland 

classes: estuarine emergent, forested, lacustrine, palustrine 

emergent, scrub shrub, unconsolidated bottom 

Abstract: As an aid in waterfowl habitat conservation 

planning, we predicted change in wetland area between the 

1950s and 1970s and the 1970s to 1990s along the United 

States Atlantic Coast. We developed zero-inflation models 

using logistic regression to predict occurrence and linear 

regression to predict area for six wetland classes: estuarine 

emergent, lacustrine, and palustrine emergent, forested, 

scrub-shrub, and unconsolidated bottom. A prediction grid 

of 10.36 km2 cells was established for the study area. We 

predicted wetland class area for cells for four decades: 

1950s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. Wetland occurrence and 

area measurements from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

192

Service's Wetlands Status and Trends Study (WST) sample 

plots served as response variables. Spatial structure in the 

WST data was preserved by interpolating residuals at plot 

locations and summing predicted residuals and predicted 

wetland area for each cell. Wetland changes reflect 

conversion both to and from upland as well as to and from 

other wetland classes. We predicted a 30.7 thousand ha 

decline in estuarine emergents in the study area from the 

1950s to 1970s, but an increase of 0.9 thousand ha 

between the 1970s and 1990s. Predicted lacustrine area 

increased 161.6 thousand ha from the 1950s to 1970s, but 

declined 5.4 thousand ha from the 1970s to the 1990s. A 

loss of 731.4 thousand and 189.9 thousand ha of palustrine 

emergents was predicted from the 1950s to 1970s and from 

the 1970s to 1990s, respectively. Palustrine forested was 

predicted to have declined by 536.5 thousand ha between 

the 1950s and 1970s and 985.8 thousand ha between the 

1970s and 1990s. Palustrine scrub-shrub was predicted to 

have declined 562.6 thousand ha between the 1950s and 

1970s, but increased 119.2 thousand ha between the 

1970s and 1990s. Finally, palustrine unconsolidated bottom 

wetlands were predicted to have increased 159.2 and 142.8 

thousand ha between the 1950s and 1970s and 1970s and 

1990s, respectively. Predictions were most reliable for 

estuarine emergent, lacustrine, and palustrine forested 

classes, probably due to the restricted distribution and 

relative constancy of the estuarine emergent and lacustrine 

classes. Reliable palustrine forested predictions were likely 

due to the association of this class with watercourses and 

the relationship between the predictor variables and lotic 

habitats. Predictor variables were likely less relevant for 

palustrine emergent, scrub-shrub, and unconsolidated 

bottom, where model fit was poorer. Human activities such 

as agriculture and forestry probably contributed to the 

poorer model fit for these classes. Published by Elsevier 

B.V. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

635. Natural and modified pocosins: Literature 

synthesis and management options. 

Ash, A. N.; McDonald, C. B.; Kane, E. S.; and Pories, C. A. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 

FWS/OBS-83/04, 1983. 178 pp. 

Notes: Publication Type: Unpublished Wildlife Report 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bibliography/ ecosystems/ fish 

management/ forests/ geomorphology/ habitat changes/ 

habitat management/ history/ lakes/ land use/ mapping/ 

marshes, freshwater/ run-off/ soils/ vegetation/ vertebrates/ 

water resources management/ water, chemical properties/ 

water, physical properties/ watershed management/ wildlife 

management/ North America/ United States/ Virginia/ North 

Carolina/ South Carolina 

Abstract: Literature is synthesized concerning pocosin 

origin, geographic distribution, ecological characters, 

historical and current human use, and value for water 

purification and wildlife management. Where possible, data 

from pocosins or related southeastern freshwater wetlands 

are used. 

© NISC 

636. Natural flatwoods marshes and created freshwater 

marshes of Florida: Factors influencing aquatic 

invertebrate distribution and comparisons between 

natural and created marsh communities. 

Evans, David L.; Streever, William J.; and 

Crisman, Thomas L. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 81-104. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ community structure/ natural 

flatwoods marshes/ population density/ natural flatwoods 

marshes community/ influencing factors/ comparison with 

created freshwater marshes/ marsh/ Florida/ natural 

flatwoods marshes community structure/ influencing factors 

and comparison with created freshwater marshes 

© The Thomson Corporation 

637. Organic matter dynamics in four seasonally 

flooded forest communities of the Dismal Swamp USA. 

Megonigal J. P. and Day F. P. 

American Journal of Botany 75(9): 1334-1343. (1988) 

NAL Call #: 450 Am36; ISSN: 0002-9122 

Descriptors: bioenergetics: biochemistry and molecular 

biophysics/ development/ ecology: environmental sciences/ 

forestry/ metabolism/ physiology/ soil science/ leaf litter/ 

wood debris/ fine root turnover/ biomass/ allocation/ 

transfer/ accumulation/ net primary production/ wetland 

organic matter 

Abstract: Budgets of organic matter dynamics for plant 

communities of the Great Dismal Swamp were developed 

to summarize an extensive data base, determine patterns 

of biomass allocation, transfer and accumulation, and make 

comparisons with other forested wetlands. Aboveground 

net primary production on the flooded sites (1,050-1,176 g 

m-2 yr-1) was significantly greater than on a rarely flooded 

site (831 g m-2 yr-1). Estimates of belowground net primary 

production were comparable to aboveground production on 

flooded sites (824-1,221 gm-2 yr-1). However, productivity 

was nearly three times greater belowground than 

aboveground on the rarely flooded site (2,256 g m-2 yr-1). 

Aboveground productivity in Dismal Swamp forests is 

relatively high compared to other forested wetlands. This is 

attributed to the timing and periodic nature of flood events. 

Fine root turnover is shown to be an important source of 

soil organic matter. Estimates indicate that roots contribute 

about 60% of the annual increment to soil organic matter. 

Leaf litter contributes 6-28% and wood debris contributes 5-

15%. Comparisons with other forested wetlands suggest 

that detritus accounts for greater than half of the total 

organic matter (living + dead) in many wetland systems. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

638. Overview of ecology of mangroves and 

information needs for Florida Bay. 

Snedaker, S. C. 

Bulletin of Marine Science 44(1): 341-347. (1989); 

ISSN: 0007-4977 

Descriptors: ecology/ ecosystems/ estuaries/ mangrove 

swamps/ marine environment/ Florida Bay/ coastal 

marshes/ bays/ forests/ dissolved organic matter/ cycling 

nutrients/ aquatic habitats 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

193

Abstract: The mangrove forest areas bordering Florida Bay 

have provided research data and information that have 

formed the bases both for conservation laws and for the 

advances in mangrove research at other laboratories 

throughout the world. In this regard, the structural diversity 

of Florida Bay mangroves has been reasonably 

documented, but little research has been done on 

functional diversity, particularly, as it relates to the 

nearshore estuarine flora and fauna. What is already known 

about Florida Bay 's coastal forest habitats is reviewed, and 

that which remains to be researched is outlined for 

mangrove-habitat diversity and the functional diversity 

among the mangrove habitats. It is postulated that the 

quantity, quality and timing of fluxes of dissolved organic 

matter (DOM) from different mangrove forest types may 

have a significant regulatory or control role in the structure 

and functioning of estuarine populations. At least three 

distinct roles for DOM are postulated: (1) as an alternate 

food source, (2) as the basis for heterotrophic 

microorganism food webs, and (3) as a source of chemical 

cues controlling the spatial and temporal distribution of 

estuarine species. This postulation focuses on a new area 

in chemical ecology that could lead to important new 

research findings on the interrelationships between 

mangrove forest habitats and the biological organization of 

estuarine communities. (Friedmann-PTT) 

© CSA 

639. Overview of wetlands and water resources of 

Maryland. 

Clearwater, Denise; Turgeon, Paryse; Noble, Christi; and 

LaBranche, Julie Maryland Department of the Environment, 

2000. 62 p. 

http://www.mde.state.md.us/assets/document/ 

wetlandswaterways/h2Oresources.pdf

640. Phosphorus retention in non-tidal palustrine 

forested wetlands of the Mid-Atlantic Region. 

Walbridge, M. R. and Struthers, J. P. 

Wetlands 13(2): 84-94. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Special issue. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ soils/ hydrology/ 

sorption/ land use/ water quality/ USA, Virginia/ USA, 

Virginia, Caroline Cty./ phosphorus/ soils/ 

geochemistry of sediments 

Abstract: We: 1) quantified the areal extent of wetlands by 

type in Caroline County, VA to estimate the relative 

importance of non-tidal palustrine forested wetlands as a 

component of the wetland resources in Virginia's midAtlantic coastal plain, 2) used a comparative literature 

review to identify factors that might be important in 

controlling P retention in these wetlands, and 3) evaluated 

three indices that have been used to compare P adsorption 

potentials in wetland soils. Non-tidal palustrine forested 

wetlands comprised 66.0% of the 11,372 ha of wetlands in 

Caroline Co. The majority were either seasonally (4000 ha) 

or temporarily (1596 ha) flooded wetlands dominated by 

broad-leaved deciduous species. These wetlands are both 

small (averaging 5.4 and 2.4 ha in area, respectively) and 

numerous in this region. Adsorption by Al and Fe 

(hydr)oxides and precipitation of Al, Fe, and Ca phosphates 

probably controls dissolved phosphate retention and longterm P storage in these wetlands, although P storage in the 

woody biomass of aggrading forests may also be important. 

Phosphorus adsorption isotherms, a single-point 

phosphorus adsorption index, and concentrations of 

oxalate-extractable (noncrystalline) Al and Fe have all been 

used as comparative indices of P sorption potentials in 

wetland soils, although the latter may represent the best 

single index of P sorption capacity because of its direct 

relationship to the mechanisms controlling P adsorption in 

soil. When using these indices to compare wetland P 

sorption potentials, it is important to consider differences in 

soil depth, profile heterogeneity, and bulk density between 

sites. Actual amounts of phosphate retained by a wetland 

will also be influenced by the degree of phosphate loading it 

receives, as determined by hydrology, phosphate sources 

in the watershed, and the P sorption potentials of 

surrounding upland soils. Because of the low P sorption 

potentials of sandy soils in coastal plain uplands, non-tidal 

palustrine forested wetlands in the mid-Atlantic coastal 

plain may perform particularly important functions with 

respect to dissolved phosphate removal and retention on 

the landscape. 

© CSA 

641. Plant and water-level dynamics in an east Texas 

USA shrub-hardwood bottomland wetland. 

Weller M. W. 

Wetlands 9(1): 73-88. (1989) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: Cephalanthus occidentalis/ Planera aquatica/ 

Quercus lyrata/ Quercus nigra/ Quercus phellos/ 

succession species diversity/ community composition/ 

hydrographic regime/ resource management 

Abstract: Plant distribution and layering were analyzed 

from four line transects across a nine-hectare shrub swamp 

and adjacent hardwood bottomlands, and water fluctuations 

and hydroperiod were assessed via six wells and staff 

guages. Vegetational transition from deep to shallow water 

was buttonbrush Cephalanthus occidentalis, water elm 

Planera aquatica, overcup oak Quercus lyrata, water oak 

Q. Nigra, willow oak Q. phellos, and several other 

hardwoods intermixed at less frequently flooded elevations. 

A past die-off of overcup oak and other vegetational 

changes suggest that a single event or a series of flooding 

events occurred during the growing season. Vegetative 

change included rapid establishment of herbaceous 

vegetation in shallow, open areas after overstory die-off, 

followed by gradual invasion of water elm. Further opening 

in adjacent bottomland woods is resulting from windfall of 

shallow-rooted oaks. Impoundments for green-tree 

reservoirs or other water-level modifications should be 

based upon an understanding of local plant succession 

since slight changes in water regime may modify plant 

species or cover-water patterns and seriously impact the 

wetland community. Where possible, natural water regimes 

should be preserved; where this is impossible due to 

watershed modifications, such regimes should be 

documented and duplicated by use of the most simple 

possible management system to avoid endangering natural 

plant communities. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

194

642. Predicting long-term wetland hydrology from 

hydric soil field indicators. 

Vepraskas, Michael J. and Water Resources Research 

Institute of the University of North Carolina; Raleigh, NC: 

Water Resources Research Institute of the University of 

North Carolina (Series: Report 342), 2002. xv, 55 p. 

Notes: "UNC-WRRI-2002-342." "August 2002." Includes 

bibliographical references (p. 53-55). Funded by through 

the Water Resources Research Institute of the University of 

North Carolina. WRRI project no. 70175. 

NAL Call #: TD201 .N6 no. 342 

Descriptors: wetlands---hydrology---North Carolina/ soil 

absorption and adsorption---research---North Carolina/ 

sewage lagoons---North Carolina---hydrodynamics 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

643. Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the 

Chesapeake. 

Groman, Hazel A. 

Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute, 

1985. 389 p. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76 

Descriptors: wetland conservation---Chesapeake Bay 

Region (Md. and Va.)---congresses/ wetlands---

Chesapeake Bay Region (Md. and Va.)---congresses 

Abstract: ISBN: 0911937196. Conference held: April 9-11 

in Easton, Md. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

644. Reference simulations for evaluating wetland 

hydrology.

Skaggs, R. W.; Hunt, W. F.; Chescheir, G. M.; and 

Amatya, D. M. 

In: Versatility of Wetlands in the Agricultural Landscape.

(Held 17 Sep 1995-20 Sep 1995 at Hyatt Regency, 

Tampa, Fla.) 

St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

(ASAE); pp. 1-10; 1995. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.V47 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ storage/ drainage/ depth/ rain/ water 

table/ soil water regimes/ groundwater level/ meteorology/ 

weather data/ models 

Abstract: Reference Wetland Simulations (RWS) and short 

term groundwater levels may be used to determine wetland 

hydrology. Characteristic parameters and their hydrology 

can be identified and predicted by computer simulations 

(DRAINMOND). Simulations conducted for 4 soils from 

North Carolina using 2 depressional storages and 2 ditch 

depths for each soil showed that RWS were not strongly 

dependent on soil type, drain depth and surface 

depressional storage. It was concluded that RVS, 

computed with weather data for the monitoring period, 

could be used to interpret measured groundwater levels for 

all sites in a given area. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

645. Rehabilitation of impounded estuarine wetlands by 

hydrologic reconnection to the Indian River Lagoon, 

Florida (USA). 

Brockmeyer, R. E.; Rey, J. R.; Virnstein, R. W.; Gilmore, R. 

G.; and Earnest, L. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 4(2): 93-109. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861. 

Notes: Special issue: Hydrologic restoration of coastal 

wetlands. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ estuaries/ hydrology/ flooding/ salt 

marshes/ mosquitoes/ water quality/ water control/ culverts/ 

water reclamation/ impoundments/ habitat improvement/ 

environmental restoration/ USA, Florida, Indian River 

Lagoon/ impoundments/ habitat improvement/ 

environmental restoration/ mosquitoes/ water control/ 

culverts/ water reclamation/ effects on water of human 

nonwater activities/ protective measures and control/ 

coastal zone management/ reclamation/ freshwater 

pollution/ aquaculture: general 

Abstract: Salt marshes of the Indian River Lagoon, Florida 

(USA) were once prolific producers of mosquitoes. 

Mosquitoes lay their eggs on the infrequently-flooded high 

marsh surface when the soil surface is exposed. The eggs 

hatch when the high marsh is flooded by the infrequent high 

tides or summer rains. To control mosquito production, 

most of the salt marshes (over 16,200 ha) were impounded 

by the early 1970s. Flooding, usually by pumping water 

from the Lagoon, effectively controlled mosquitoes. 

However, impounding had a profoundly negative impact on 

the wetland plant, fish, and invertebrate communities. 

Isolation from the Lagoon cut off aquatic access by 

transient estuarine species that used the wetlands for 

feeding or as nursery area. In one study, the number of fish 

species dropped from 16 to 5 after impounding. Wetland 

vegetation within some impoundments was totally 

eliminated; other impoundments developed into freshwater 

systems. When tidal exchange is restored through 

hydrologic connection, usually by culverts installed through 

the perimeter dike, recovery to more natural conditions is 

often rapid. In one impoundment where wetland vegetation 

was totally eliminated, recovery of salt-tolerant plants 

began almost immediately. In another, cover of salt-tolerant 

plants increased 1,056% in less than 3 years. Fisheries 

species that benefitted the most were snook, ladyfish, and 

striped mullet. Over 1,500 juvenile snook were captured in 

a single 3-hr flood-tide culvert trap as they attempted to 

migrate into an impoundment. The zooplankton community 

rapidly returned to the more typical marsh-Lagoon 

community. Water quality and sediment sulfides returned to 

typical marsh values. Overall, reconnection enhances 

natural productivity and diversity, although water quality in 

the perimeter ditch, an artifact of dike construction, remains 

problematic. Earlier experiments demonstrated that flooding 

only during the summer mosquito breeding season 

provided as effective mosquito control as year-round 

flooding. In standard management, the impoundment is 

flooded in summer, then left open to the Lagoon through 

culverts the rest of the year. Culverts are typically opened 

when the fall sea level rise first floods the high marsh. 

Impoundment reconnection is being implemented by a 

multi-agency partnership. The total reconnected area is 

expected to reach 9,454 ha by the end of 1998, 

representing 60% of the impounded wetlands in the entire 

IRL system. One stumbling block is private ownership of 

many of the remaining isolated impoundments. 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

195

646. Research and policy issues regarding coastal 

wetland impoundments: Lessons learned in South 

Carolina.

Devoe, M. R. and Baughman, D. S. 

In: Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects and 

Issues. (Held 7 Jun 1988-10 Jun 1988 at Baton Rouge, 

LA.) Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 98-106; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22) 

Abstract: More than 140 000 acres along South Carolina's 

coastal rivers and tidal creeks were impounded for rice 

production during the early 1800's; 70 000 of the State's 

504 000 acres of contiguous wetlands remain impounded 

today. Because of heightened awareness of the inherent 

productivity of these systems for waterfowl habitat and 

aquaculture, a number of property owners have submitted 

permit applications to State and Federal regulatory 

agencies to re-impound formerly impounded areas. These 

applications have generated a number of questions, 

regarding the ecology, management, and public policy of 

coastal impoundments, and wetlands in general. Opinions 

concerning the effects impoundments have on wetland 

processes have differed between wildlife and marine 

biologists. This dichotomy is especially evident within 

several of the 13 agencies which play a role in the decisionmaking process. Additionally, inconsistent decision-making 

has contributed to the dilemma, politics and economics play 

an extremely important role in the process. These and other 

issues have underscored the need for credible and focused 

research data and information on one hand and a fair, 

consistent, and unbiased regulatory framework on the 

other. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

647. Responses of wetland tree species to hydrology 

and soils. 

Wallace, P. M.; Kent, D. M.; and Rich, D. R. 

Restoration Ecology 4(1): 33-41. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ survival/ hydrology/ growth/ Florida/ 

soils/ plant populations/ trees/ soil hydrology/ soil types/ 

growth rate/ Taxodium/ Pinus serotina/ Fraxinus 

caroliniana/ Acer rubrum 

Abstract: We conducted a study of the flood tolerance of 

nine wetland tree species on seven soil types. Seedlings 

were subjected to 11 months of continuous shallow 

inundation or moist soil conditions on three mineral soils, 

two organic soils, a manufactured soil designed to mimic 

the practice of layering muck over mineral soil, and a 

stockpiled topsoil. Taxodium ascendens, T. distichum, Acer 

rubrum, and Pinus serotina suffered no morality; Fraxinus 

caroliniana (1%), Liquidambar styraciflua (8%), P. elliottii 

(8%), and Gordonia lasianthus (24%) suffered low to 

moderate mortality; and Persea palustris (46%) suffered 

significant mortality. In general, greatest net height and total 

biomass were achieved on moist organic soils, and least 

net height and total biomass were achieved on stockpiled 

topsoil and inundated soils. Responses to hydrological 

conditions were less pronounced for Taxodium spp. If the 

results of this experiment are transferable to the field, then 

Acer rubrum, Fraxinus caroliniana, Pinus serotina, 

Taxodium ascendens, and Taxodium distichum seedlings 

can reasonably be expected to survive at least one year 

under a broad range of hydrological and edaphic 

conditions. With the exception of Taxodium spp., first-year 

growth for the species of this study can be facilitated by 

maintaining moist but not inundated conditions. These 

findings suggest that transfer of organic soils will benefit 

restoration and creation efforts, and that layering organic 

soil over mineral soil is more effective than using mineral 

soils or stockpiled topsoil. 

© CSA 

648. Restoration of coastal wetlands in southeastern 

Florida. 

Milano, Gary R. 

Wetland Journal 11(2): 15-24. (1999); ISSN: 1095-2063 

http://www.miamidade.gov/derm/Ecosystems/library/ 

Coastal_Wetlands_Restoration.pdf 

649. A review of current salt marsh management issues 

in Florida. 

Carlson, D. B.; O'Bryan, P. D.; and Rey, J. R. 

Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 7(1): 

83-88. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QL536.J686; ISSN: 8756-971X 

Descriptors: Florida/ insect control/ mosquitoes/ salt 

marshes/ environmental protection/ legal aspects/ marshes/ 

public policy/ wetland impoundments 

Abstract: For the past decade, salt marsh management in 

Florida has been a central issue in attempts to reconcile 

mosquito control and natural resource interests. Progress 

has been made in trying to maintain effective mosquito 

control while protecting and enhancing salt marsh 

resources primarily due to: (1) efforts by the Florida 

Coordinating Council on Mosquito Control and its 

Subcommittee on Managed Marshes, which are 

committees comprised of agencies responsible for wetlands 

resources, those mandated to provide mosquito control, 

and research institutions; and (2) funding of research to 

investigate ecosystem effects of marsh management 

techniques. Research and management experience have 

demonstrated that Rotational Impoundment Management 

(RIM) and rotary ditching can provide ecologically sound 

source reduction benefits. Salt marsh ownership, 

management of state lands and mariculture remain 

controversial salt marsh management issues. (Author's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

650. Review of historical tidal wetlands of the Delaware 

River estuary. 

Philipp, K. 

Philadelphia: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1995. 33 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ tidal flats/ dredging/ environmental 

impact/ impoundments/ historical account/ estuaries/ 

engineering/ tidal rivers/ drainage patterns/ history/ USA, 

Delaware R./ impoundments/ tidal rivers/ drainage patterns/ 

history/ environmental impact/ historical account/ tidal flats 

Abstract: Historical Tidal Wetlands of the Delaware River 

and Bay have been characterized for the Delaware River 

Estuary Program. The characterization focused on the 

alteration mechanisms of Impoundments (waterfowl, 

agriculture, and stormwater), Filling (for 

Urban/Commercial/Residential Development and Dredge 

Material), Hydrological Alterations (road/rail/dredge material 

restrictions), Mosquito Control, Sea Level Rise (coastal 

inundation), Inlet Formation and Stabilization (and storm 

event changes), Phragmites Distribution, and Snow Goose 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

196

Grazing. The study was conducted through investigation of 

case study areas selected throughout the estuary that 

represented examples of these alteration mechanisms. The 

most pervasive of these impacts was the impoundment of 

tidal marshes and adjacent non-tidal wetland edges. 

Impoundments or meadows were created on nearly all 

freshwater, most brackish water, and some salt water 

marshes. The landscape of coastal marshes today clearly 

displays the patterns of these impoundments through 

changed drainage patterns, altered marsh vegetation, relic 

dikes, and the pattern of shoreline land use. Case study 

area reviews of historic tidal wetlands have shown the 

widespread impact of impoundments and the role of these 

impoundment meadows as related to large scale filling of 

historic wetland areas for made land. 

© CSA 

651. Sampling fish assemblages in forested floodplain 

wetlands. 

Knight, J. G. and Bain, M. B. 

Ecology of Freshwater Fish 5(2): 76-85. (1996); 

ISSN: 0906-6691 

Descriptors: wetlands/ flood plains/ freshwater fish/ 

community composition/ biological sampling/ sampling/ 

forests/ fish/ USA, Alabama/ Pisces/ habitat community 

studies/ methodology - general/ network design 

Abstract: Four quantitative (area-standardized 

electrofishing, trap nets, small-mesh [1.3 and 2-cm bar 

mesh] gill nets, large-mesh [2.5 and 5-cm bar mesh] gill 

nets) and two qualitative (non-standardized electrofishing, 

dip netting) sampling techniques were concurrently used to 

capture larval to adult fish in forested wetland habitats on 

seasonally inundated floodplains of two Alabama (USA) 

streams. Standardized area electrofishing appeared to be 

the best sampling technique for collecting and quantifying 

species because of high catch rate, broad species and size 

coverage, and rapid sampling. Electrofishing accounted for 

most fish (47 and 57% of pooled catch), almost all taxa, 

and a broad range of fish sizes. Large-mesh gill nets 

captured few fish (2% and 8%), a distinct subset of the 

species present, and the largest fish. Light traps were the 

most efficient and taxa-comprehensive sampling technique 

for larval fish. Light traps captured the vast majority of the 

pooled larval fish catch, including 6 of 7 families recorded at 

the sites. Larval fish dip netting captured larval fish of most 

families known to be present but in low numbers. For 

surveys of species composition and rapid bioassessments, 

non-standardized electrofishing and larval fish dip netting 

appear adequate. For intensive research studies, the 

combination of area electrofishing, large-mesh (and in 

some cases small-mesh) gill nets, and light traps provide 

thorough and comprehensive data on wetland fish 

assemblages. 

© CSA 

652. Sediment accretion in coastal wetlands: A review 

and a simulation model of processes. 

Callaway, J. C.; Nyman, J. A.; and Delaune, R. D. 

Current Topics in Wetland Biogeochemistry 2: 2-23. (1996); 

ISSN: 1076-4674 

Descriptors: accretion/ simulation/ coasts/ computer 

models/ cores/ sensitivity analysis/ marshes/ sediments/ 

sea level/ elevation/ biogeochemistry/ sedimentation/ 

coastal landforms/ topographic features/ sea level changes/ 

British Isles, England, Norfolk, Stiffkey Marsh/ USA, 

Mississippi, Biloxi Bay/ coastal landforms/ topographic 

features/ sea level changes/ computer models/ sensitivity 

analysis/ elevation 

Abstract: Given the potential for future increases in eustatic 

sea-level rise, understanding accretion processes in coastal 

wetlands is extremely important. Coastal wetlands must 

maintain an elevation within the tidal range, or they will 

cease to function as wetlands. Many studies have 

evaluated accretion rates in coastal wetlands; however, 

there are problems comparing these studies: 1) they have 

been completed for a variety of reasons and with many 

different approaches; 2) they have used different 

vocabulary and methods; and 3) there is a complex 

relationship of sediment processes over both time and 

depth. Because of these problems a simple comparisons of 

different studies is not possible, and miscommunication has 

been common. Modelling offers a potential way of 

consolidating current thought on accretion processes, 

synthesizing factors that affect accretion rates, and 

formalizing assumptions and ideas in order to make future 

gains in the understanding of sediment processes. We 

developed a computer model which simulates accretion 

rates and sediment characteristics throughout a sediment 

profile. The use of both accretion rates and sediment 

characteristics for model calibration made this model more 

realistic than other model of sediment accretion and 

belowground bio-geochemical processes that have been 

developed. The model used a cohort approach, allowing 

annual "cohorts" of mineral and organic sediment to 

accumulate on the marsh surface, while earlier cohorts 

were buried and subjected to belowground processes, 

including organic matter production, decomposition, and 

compaction. The model tracked the relative elevation of the 

marsh and was run over a 300-year time span. Using the 

model, we successfully simulated accretion rates for 

sediment cores from a high-marsh site at Stiffkey Marsh, 

Norfolk, England, and from a mid-marsh site at Biloxi Bay, 

Mississippi. The model was calibrated using accretion rates 

based on super(137)Cs dating, and the predicted rates of 

vertical accretion for a 100-year time span matched the 

rates were measured by super(210)Pb for the Stiffkey core, 

confirming the accuracy of the model. Through sensitivity 

analyses, we identified the most important factors affecting 

model-generated accretion rates, including: pore space, 

mineral matter deposition, initial elevation, sea-level rise, 

and belowground organic matter production. In addition, the 

model was a useful tool for predicting changes to marsh 

relative elevation and long-term survival due to potential 

increases in eustatic sea-level rise. The predicted relative 

elevation and accretion rates indicated that Stiffkey Marsh 

could withstand rates of sea-level rise up to 0.5 cm/yr 

without the loss of high-marsh habitat, although high-marsh 

was likely to be converted to low-marsh habitat at lower 

rates of sea-level rise. 

© CSA 

653. Soil organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus as 

indicators of recovery in restored Spartina marshes. 

Craft, C. B. 

Ecological Restoration 19(2): 87-91. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH76.R47; ISSN: 1522-4740 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nutrient availability/ environmental 

restoration/ soil nutrients/ carbon/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ 

organic carbon/ salt marshes/ soils/ biochemical cycles/ 

restoration/ water quality/ biogeochemistry/ nutrient 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

197

concentrations/ Spartina/ USA, Georgia, Sapelo I./ 

nutrients/ reclamation/ composition of water/ habitat 

community studies/ protective measures and control/ 

marine pollution/ organic compounds 

Abstract: In this article, I discuss a study where I measured 

soil nutrient (organic C, N, and P) concentrations, pools and 

ratios (0-10 cm depth) in a 42-year-old restored saltwater 

cordgrass marsh and a natural saltwater cordgrass marsh 

on Sapelo Island, Georgia to evaluate the development of 

biogeochemical cycles following restoration. Soil C:N ratios 

may be especially useful for evaluating the availability of 

nitrogen to wetland biota in these N-limited ecosystems. I 

also compared sediment and organic C, N, and P 

accumulations as a way of evaluating the capacity of the 

restored marsh to improve the quality of the water moving 

through it. 

© CSA 

654. Spatial patterns in soil water fluxes along a forestmarsh transect in the southeastern United States. 

Gardner, L. R. and Reeves, H. W. 

Aquatic Sciences 64(2): 141-155. (2002); ISSN: 1015-1621 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil water/ marshes/ forest 

hydrology/ time series analysis/ hydrologic cycle/ water 

level fluctuations/ hydrology/ water levels/ water budget/ 

salt marshes/ forests/ evapotranspiration/ ground water/ 

rainfall/ tidal effects/ soils/ tides/ USA, South Carolina, 

North Inlet/ water in soils/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

regional studies, expeditions and data reports/ 

physical oceanography 

Abstract: Time series of water levels in piezometer nests 

along a forest-marsh transect near North Inlet, SC, show 

fluctuations that are attributable to recharge by precipitation 

and tidal flooding and to removal by evapotranspiration 

(ET) and seepage out of the soil. Volumes of water 

associated with these water level changes were estimated 

by correlating rain-induced water level increases with 

measured rainfalls. In the forest the ratio of water table rise 

to rainfall is about 10. This ratio increases with decreasing 

elevation to about 40 in the mid marsh where the 

antecedent soil moisture is generally higher. The relative 

influence of removal by ET and seepage and recharge by 

rain and tides varies systematically along the transect. In 

the mainland forest, loss of water by ET is somewhat less 

than infiltration, leading to a net recharge of fresh water 

which eventually discharges in the adjacent mid marsh. 

With decreasing elevation, the relative importance of 

recharge by rain decreases as recharge by tidal flooding 

increases. In the low marsh, however, these mechanisms 

of loss and recharge can not be discerned in the water level 

time series because the water table rarely, if ever, drops 

below the marsh surface. 

© CSA 

655. Spatiotemporal distributions of bacterivorous 

nematodes and soil resources in a restored riparian 

wetland. 

Ettema, Christien H.; Coleman, David C.; Vellidis, George; 

Lowrance, Richard; and Rathbun, Stephen L. 

Ecology 79(8): 2721-2734. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 410 Ec7; ISSN: 0012-9658 

Descriptors: geostatistics/ microbial respiration/ restored 

riparian wetland/ soil resources/ spatiotemporal 

distributions 

Abstract: Spatial and temporal variability in soil biotic 

populations reflect heterogeneity in soil resources, affect 

patterns of soil process rates, and facilitate coexistence of 

diverse biota. We investigated these relationships in a 0.7-

ha restored riparian wetland in the Coastal Plain of 

Georgia, USA, for an abundant and diverse group of soil 

fauna, the bacterivorous nematodes. We quantified spatial 

distributions in four different seasons for the eight most 

dominant bacterivorous taxa in the wetland and related 

their individual distributions to patterns of microbial 

respiration, inorganic nitrogen, moisture, and soil organic 

matter. We used geostatistics to quantify spatial 

aggregation and draw isopleths. For all variates except two 

nematode taxa, 36-99% of sample population variance was 

spatially dependent, over ranges of 11-84 m. Isopleths and 

spatial trend analysis showed that individual bacterivorous 

taxa exhibited divergent spatial distributions, with 

populations aggregating into different hotspots in the 

wetland. Although these large-scale trends persisted at all 

sampling dates, small-scale patterning showed significant 

temporal variation due to rise and fall of local populations. 

Individual nematode distributions did not correspond well to 

the (temporally more static) soil resource patterns, except 

occasionally to soil moisture and nitrate content. We 

attribute the general lack of correlation between nematode 

and soil resource patterns in part to the young age (2.5-3.5 

yr) of the investigated wetland site. Although nematode 

patterns remain inadequately explained, we suggest that 

the observed spatiotemporal divergence among 

populations of bacterivorous taxa has important 

implications for our understanding of soil ecosystem and 

community processes, notably the spatiotemporal 

distribution of nematode-influenced nitrogen cycling rates 

and the maintenance of field-scale nematode diversity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

656. Submergence of wetlands as a result of humaninduced subsidence and faulting along the upper Texas 

Gulf Coast. 

White, William A. and Tremblay, Thomas A. 

Journal of Coastal Research 11(3): 788-807. (1995); 

ISSN: 0749-0208 

Descriptors: estuary/ Gulf of Mexico/ habitat degradation/ 

river/ vegetation 

© The Thomson Corporation 

657. Values and function of Chesapeake wetlands for 

waterfowl.

Stotts, V. D. 

In: Wetlands of the Chesapeake: Proceedings of the 

Conference. (Held 9 Apr 1985-11 Apr 1985 at Easton, Md.) 

Groman, Hazel A. (eds.) 

Washington, D.C.: Environmental Law Institute; 

pp. 129-142; 1985. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76 

Descriptors: wetlands/ economic aspects/ submerged 

plants/ aquatic plants/ geese/ bottomland/ tidewater/ mud 

flats/ tidal flats/ waterfowl/ Chesapeake Bay/ Maryland/ 

erosion 

Abstract: Numbers of migrating waterfowl in the 

Chesapeake have been declining since the mid-1950's as 

well as changing in composition. Several surveys of 

Maryland's emergent wetlands have been made since the 

early 1950s; surveys from 1968 indicated that about 

308,000 acres of this habitat remained intact. Of this total, 

about 2% was non-tidal. An omission from these figures is 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

198

the waters of non-tidal streams. None of these surveys has 

taken into account the important hardwood bottomlands 

along streams. These lands have been estimated to total 

about 355,000 acres, but 119,600 of this acreage has been 

subject to extensive alteration. Including these important 

bottomlands, a liberal estimate for total emergent wetlands 

within Maryland's Chesapeake basin was about 540,700 

acres in 1970 (excluding coastal wetlands and bottomlands 

in eastern Worcester County). Open tidal waters of the 

Chesapeake and its tributaries also constitute a vital part of 

Maryland's wetlands. The most important to waterfowl are: 

mud flats (831 acres); 0'-6' depths of water (mlw) (399,737 

acres) and 6'-12' depths of water (282,047 acres). The rest 

of the Bay and its tidal tributaries include 902,367 acres of 

open tidal waters more than 12' deep. The declines seem 

to parallel declines in submerged aquatic vegation (SAV) 

particularly for some species. Some species of geese, 

however, have been increasing apprarently due to 

adaptation to new food sources, i.e., agricultural crops and 

weeds. Waterfowl have high economic and social value, 

and measures such as improved filtration of drainage 

waters and reduction of shoreline erosion must be utilized 

to preserve remaining wetlands and the waterfowl that 

depend upon them. 

© NISC 

658. Vegetation of Upper Coastal Plain depression 

wetlands: Environmental templates and wetland 

dynamics within a landscape framework. 

De Steven, Diane and Toner, Maureen M. 

Wetlands 24(1): 23-42. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/6388

Descriptors: Carolina bay/ depressional wetlands/ 

environmental gradients/ hydrogeologic setting/ 

hydroperiod/ landscape/ reference wetlands/ wetland 

management/ restoration/ vegetation types 

Abstract: Reference wetlands play an important role in 

efforts to protect wetlands and assess wetland condition. 

Because wetland vegetation integrates the influence of 

many ecological factors, a useful reference system would 

identify natural vegetation types and include models 

relating vegetation to important regional geomorphic, 

hydrologic, and geochemical properties. Across the U.S. 

Atlantic Coastal Plain, depression wetlands are a major 

hydrogeomorphic class with diverse characteristics. For 57 

functional depression wetlands in the Upper Coastal Plain 

of South Carolina, we characterized the principal vegetation 

types and used a landscape framework to assess how local 

(wetland-level) factors and regional landscape settings 

potentially influence vegetation composition and dynamics. 

Wetland sites were stratified across three Upper Coastal 

Plain landscape settings that differ in soils, surface geology, 

topography, and land use. We sampled plant composition, 

measured relevant local variables, and analyzed historical 

transitions in vegetative cover types. Cluster analysis 

identified six vegetation types, ranging from open-water 

ponds and emergent marshes to closed forests. Significant 

vegetation-environment relationships suggested 

environmental "templates" for plant community 

development. Of all local factors examined, wetland 

hydrologic regime was most strongly correlated with 

vegetation type, but depression size, soil textural type, and 

disturbance history were also significant. Because 

hydrogeologic settings influence wetland features, local 

factors important to vegetation were partly predictable from 

landscape setting, and thus wetland types were distributed 

non-randomly across landscape settings. Analysis of longterm vegetation change indicated relative stability in some 

wetlands and succession in others. We developed a 

landscape-contingent model for vegetation dynamics, with 

hydroperiod and fire as major driving variables. The 

wetland classification, environmental templates, and 

dynamics model provide a reference framework to guide 

conservation priorities and suggest possible outcomes of 

restoration or management. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

659. Vertebrate use of nontidal wetlands on Galveston 

Island, Texas, USA. 

Mueller A. J. 

Texas Journal of Science 37(2-3): 215-226. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 470 T31; ISSN: 0040-4403 

Descriptors: amphibian/ reptile/ bird/ emergent aquatic 

vegetation/ rainfall/ evaporation/ salinity/ barrier island 

Abstract: The nontidal wetlands of Galveston Island, 

Texas, depend on local rainfall for freshwater, and many 

dry out during summer. Evaporation and inundation by 

storm tides cause salinities to rise; they decline when heavy 

rains flush out the saltwater. Aquatic emergents are the 

dominant vegetation. Nontidal marshes provide important 

habitat for many kinds of wildlife, especially birds. In a 

comparison of two wetlands, one natural and the other 

man-made, the natural area received equal or greater use 

by all aquatic bird groups except the black-crowned night 

heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and American coot (Fulica 

americana). Nontidal wetlands are the only available habitat 

on Galveston Island for many amphibians and reptiles. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

660. A water budget and hydrology model of a basin 

mangrove forest in Rookery Bay, Florida. 

Twilley, Robert R. and Chen, Ronghua 

Marine and Freshwater Research 49(4): 309-323. (1998) 

NAL Call #: GC1.A85; ISSN: 1323-1650 

Descriptors: estuarine ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ models and simulations: computational biology/ 

basin mangrove forest/ evapotranspiration/ finite difference 

hydrology model: simulation model/ groundwater flow/ 

intertidal wetlands/ precipitation/ runoff/ seepage/ soil 

salinity/ soil saturation deficit/ stemflow/ throughfall/ tidal 

inundation/ water budget 

Abstract: Water budgets of two basin mangrove forests in 

Rookery Bay were determined by measuring during a 2-

year period the inputs of precipitation and tides, together 

with losses through seepage, runoff and 

evapotranspiration. Precipitation inputs to the forest floor 

were 75.1% from throughfall and 19% from stemflow for a 

total of 1097 mm year-1, or 91% of annual rainfall. Runoff 

was estimated at 896 mm year-1, or nearly 77% of the 

combined input of throughfall and stemflow. Loss from 

evapotranspiration was linear with saturation deficit of the 

atmosphere and was 967 mm year-1 (0.7-4.5 mm day-1). 

Loss from horizontal flow of groundwater in shallow 

mangrove soils was apprx285 mm year-1. Frequency of 

tidal inundation was seasonal, ranging from <5 tides month1 in February to 30 tides month-1 in September. Tides 

recharged soil saturation deficits, the cumulative tidal input 

being 12 276 mm year-1 and efflux being 11 767 mm year1. The relative significance of tides and rainfall deficits 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: General Information 

199

(rainfall - evapotranspiration) on the seasonal patterns of 

soil saturation (water levels) and soil salinity were simulated 

with a finite-difference hydrology model (HYMAN). Model 

simulations demonstrate that soil salinity at higher 

elevations in the intertidal zone, where tidal inundation 

frequency is reduced, is more sensitive to changes in 

rainfall deficit. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

661. A water chemistry assessment of wastewater 

remediation in a natural swamp. 

Zhang, Xiaowei; Feagley, Sam E.; Day, John W.; Conner, 

William H.; Hesse, Irene D.; Rybczyk, John M.; and 

Hudnall, Wayne H. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 29(6): 1960-1968. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: waste management: sanitation/ advanced 

wastewater treatment/ tertiary wastewater treatment/ 

wastewater remediation/ water chemistry assessment/ 

applied and field techniques/ bottomland hardwood forest 

ridge/ cypress tupelo forests/ electrical conductivity/ fiveday biological oxygen demand [BOD 5]/ hydraulic detention 

time/ hydraulic retention time/ natural forested wetland/ pH 

values/ secondarily treated municipal wastewater/ solids/ 

swamp water quality/ temperature 

Abstract: Various aspects of water chemistry of a natural 

forested wetland were studied in order to determine the 

possibility of using the wetland for advanced wastewater 

treatment in Louisiana and to evaluate the wastewater 

effect on swamp water quality. The study was carried out 

by comparing treatment and control cypress-tupelo forests 

separated by a bottomland hardwood forest ridge. The 

treatment area (231 ha) received secondarily treated 

municipal wastewater at a rate of 6.3X106 L d-1. The 

calculated hydraulic detention time of the wastewater was 

120 d. Electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and concentrations 

of 5-d biological oxygen demand (BOD5), dissolved oxygen 

(DO), solids, nutrients, and trace metals were monitored. 

Mean concentrations for the wastewater were 14.6 mg L-1 

for total N and 2.5 mg L-1 for total P. The dominant form of 

N in the wastewater was NO3-N. The swamp system 

attenuated the NO3-N by 100%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen 

(TKN) by 69%, and total P by 66%. It appears that tertiary 

wastewater treatment was achieved due to the nutrient 

attenuations. Based upon our findings, we predict that the 

high N attenuation efficiency would enable the swamp to 

work well if the N loading rate were doubled. However, P 

removal was dependent on loading rate, hydraulic retention 

time, and temperature. The swamp was more efficient in 

treating wastewater during warm seasons than cool 

seasons. During the monitoring period, trace metals were 

not significantly increased in the swamp water because of 

very low concentrations in the wastewater. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

662. Water quality and macroinvertebrate assemblages 

in three types of seasonally inundated limesink 

wetlands in southwest Georgia. 

Battle, J. and Golladay, S. W. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16(2): 189-208. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: wetlands/ macrofauna/ zoobenthos/ water 

quality/ community composition/ species diversity/ ecology/ 

invertebrates/ aquatic life/ USA, Georgia 

Abstract: In southwest Georgia there are three types of 

shallow, seasonally inundated limesink wetlands based on 

soil characteristics and vegetation - grass-sedge marshes, 

cypress savannas, and cypress-gum swamps. We sampled 

wetlands of the three types from February 1997 through 

June 1998 during early, mid, and late hydroperiod in 1997. 

The wetlands had similar water chemistry soon after 

inundation. Over rime, water in swamps generally had 

higher levels of dissolved organic carbon, NH sub(4)-N, NO 

sub(3)-N, and PO sub(4)-P, was more darkly stained, and 

had lower temperatures than in other wetland types. We 

collected 121 macroinvertebrate taxa, with 40 taxa 

occurring in >10% of the samples. Marshes had higher 

macroinvertebrate numbers and taxa richness than other 

wetland types. Early in the hydroperiod, macroinvertebrate 

assemblages were composed of taxa that overwintered in 

wetlands. Later, predators were abundant in the marshes, 

and detritivore numbers declined in swamps. Our findings 

suggest that water quality is influenced by interactions of 

vegetation, soils, and time since inundation. We believe 

that macroinvertebrate assemblages differed among the 

wetland types due mainly to vegetation. Macroinvertebrates 

in marshes probably have a wider variety of food sources 

(i.e., algae) and greater habitat structure available, whereas 

in swamps macroinvertebrates have more stressful 

conditions (i.e., low dissolved oxygen) caused by 

processing of large detrital inputs. 

© CSA 

663. Wetland losses in Maryland's coastal bays 

watershed since the beginning of the twentieth century 

and their implications for wetlands restoration.

Spaur, C. C.; Nichols, B. E.; Hughes, T. E.; and Noy, P. M. 

In: Proceedings of the conference: Conservation of 

biological diversity: A key to the restoration of the 

Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and beyond. (Held 10 May 

1998-13 May 1998 at Therres, G. D. (eds.); 

pp. 291-302; 2001. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48 C66 2001 

Descriptors: wetlands/ man-induced effects/ land use/ 

agriculture/ forest industry/ rural development/ degradation/ 

ecosystems/ salt marshes/ watersheds/ restoration/ 

ecosystem management/ nature conservation/ species 

diversity/ biodiversity/ aerial photographs/ long-term 

records/ water quality control/ rivers/ coastal waters/ bays/ 

USA, Maryland, St. Martin R./ USA, Maryland, Turville 

Creek/ USA, Maryland, Herring Creek/ USA, Maryland, 

Newport Bay/ USA, Chesapeake Bay/ lost acreage/ 

conservation/ wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: Losses of salt marsh and forested wetlands to 

agriculture, development, and silviculture in the coastal 

bays watershed of Maryland from the beginning of the 

twentieth century through the 1980s were estimated 

through a review of soil, wetlands, and land-use maps and 

aerial photographs; and interpretive field surveys. Loss of 

salt marsh was estimated to be approximately 730 ha 

(1,810 acres), or 10% of the historic total. Losses were 

concentrated in the northern coastal bays, where 

approximately 620 ha (1,540 acres), or 37%, of the historic 

salt marshes were lost to development. Losses of forested 

wetlands by complete conversion to agriculture and 

development were estimated to be 10,000 ha (24,800 

acres), or 44% of the historic total. Most of the remaining 

areas of historic forested wetlands still under forest cover 

have been hydrologically degraded by drainage; up to an 

additional 10,700 ha (26,400 acres) may fall into this status. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

200

Combining these categories, up to 20,700 ha (51,200 

acres), or 91%, of the historic forested wetlands of the 

watershed might have been lost or substantially degraded. 

Complete losses of forested wetlands are concentrated in 

the St. Martin River, Turville/Herring Creek, and Newport 

Bay subwatersheds. Efforts to restore and create salt 

marsh in the northern coastal bays should be undertaken 

wherever suitable sites exist, since losses have been 

substantial in this region, and the natural processes that 

create and maintain salt marsh are impaired. Salt marsh 

restoration efforts in the southern bays should focus on 

sites where losses have occurred. Loss of forested 

wetlands has occurred on such a large scale that 

restoration should be undertaken throughout the coastal 

bays watershed wherever suitable sites exist. To improve 

water quality in the coastal bays, restoration and creation of 

forested wetlands could be focused in the St. Martin River, 

Turville/Herring Creek, and Newport Bay subwatersheds. 

© CSA 

664. Wetland losses related to fault movement and 

hydrocarbon production, southeastern Texas coast. 

White, W. A. and Morton, R. A. 

Journal of Coastal Research 13(4): 1305-1320. (1997); 

ISSN: 0749-0208 

Descriptors: wetlands/ oil and gas production/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ faults/ subsidence/ coastal erosion/ remote 

sensing/ oil industry/ ecological effects/ Spartina/ erosion/ 

time series analysis/ flooding/ Spartina patens/ Spartina 

alterniflora/ USA, Texas/ subsidence 

Abstract: Time series analyses of surface fault activity and 

nearby hydrocarbon production from the southeastern 

Texas coast show a high correlation among volume of 

produced fluids, timing of fault activation, rates of 

subsidence, and rates of wetland loss. Greater subsidence 

on the downthrown sides of faults contributes to more 

frequent flooding and generally wetter conditions, which are 

commonly reflected by changes in plant communities (e.g., 

Spartina patens to Spartina alterniflora) or progressive 

transformation of emergent vegetation to open water. Since 

the 1930s and 1950s, approximately 5,000 hectares of 

marsh habitat has been lost as a result of subsidence 

associated with faulting. Marshes have expanded locally 

along faults where hydrophytic vegetation has spread into 

former upland areas. Fault traces are linear to curvilinear 

and are visible because elevation differences across faults 

alter soil hydrology and vegetation. Fault lengths range 

from 1 to 13.4 km and average 3.8 km. Seventy-five 

percent of the faults visible on recent aerial photographs 

are not visible on photographs taken in the 1930's, 

indicating relatively recent fault movement. At least 80% of 

the surface faults correlate with extrapolated subsurface 

faults; the correlation increases to more than 90% when 

certain assumptions are made to compensate for 

mismatches in direction of displacement. Coastal wetlands 

loss in Texas associated with hydrocarbon extraction will 

likely increase where production in mature fields is 

prolonged without fluid reinjection. 

© CSA 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

665. Agricultural best management practices and the 

decline in surface water total phosphorus 

concentrations in an impounded Everglades marsh. 

Maceina, M. J. 

Lake and Reservoir Management 16(3): 235-247. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TC401.L3; ISSN: 0743-8141 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution control/ freshwater lakes/ 

agricultural pollution/ phosphorus/ water levels/ water 

quality control/ best management practices/ water pollution 

control/ marshes/ agricultural runoff/ farms/ lakes/ nutrients/ 

filtration/ water level/ runoff (agricultural)/ farms and 

farming/ water management/ agriculture/ nutrient 

concentrations/ historical account/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades/ agricultural best management practices 

Abstract: Agricultural Best Management Practices (BMPs) 

in the 290,000 ha Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) 

resulted in a 55% reduction in phosphorus loading to the 

remnant Florida Everglades in 1996-98, exceeding the 25% 

load reduction mandated by law. Consonant with this, 

discharge total phosphorus concentrations (TP) declined 

from 173 ug times L super(-1) in the 1980s to 103 ug times 

L super(-1) during 1996-98. Although not mandatory until 

1995, BMP activity started in the EAA in the mid-1980s. I 

analyzed 3,798 surface water TP samples collected from 

1980 to 1999 in a 54,700 ha impounded Everglades marsh 

that received surface water inflows from the EAA to 

examine temporal changes in TP. A gradient of high (> 100 

ug times L super(-1)) to low (about 10 ug times L super(-1)) 

TP existed from northern regions that received EAA 

discharge south to interior regions of the marsh. During the 

1980s, higher TP concentrations extended further south 

into the marsh, but that process reversed in the 1990s. 

During the 1990s, wet climatic conditions occurred and TP 

was inversely correlated to water levels throughout the 

marsh. However in nearly all regions, TP declined between 

1980 and 1999 after accounting for the effects of water 

levels. Marsh TP was correlated to inflow TP in the regions 

nearest to the discharge gates, and inflow TP declined from 

about 150 to 50 ug times L super(-1) with the 

implementation of BMPs. In addition, this marsh was kept 

essentially flooded for 18 years to increase water supply, 

but a more normal "wet-dry" regulation schedule went into 

effect in late 1980 that permitted drying of the marsh. Three 

droughts followed by reflooding occurred during the 1980s 

that caused short-term "TP spikes" in the surface water. 

Lower inflow TP and possible stabilization of phosphorus 

between the sediment and the water in the marsh after 

being kept artificially flooded for so long appeared related to 

the decline in TP. The establishment of BMPs in the EAA 

have been successful to help in part to achieve phosphorus 

reduction goals throughout the remaining Everglades. 

© CSA 

666. Agricultural BMPs for phosphorus reduction in 

south Florida. 

Izuno, F. T.; Bottcher, A. B.; Coale, F. J.; Sanchez, C. A.; 

and Jones, D. B. 

Transactions of the ASAE 38(3): 735-744. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural practices/ phosphorus/ 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

201

nonpoint pollution sources/ pollution load/ water quality 

control/ water pollution control/ agriculture/ fertilizers/ 

agricultural runoff/ water management/ nonpoint pollution/ 

pollution control/ agricultural pollution/ USA, Florida/ best 

management practices 

Abstract: Four sets of eight or twelve 0.7 ha plots, 

designed for soil and hydraulic uniformity, were used to 

screen potential "Best Management Practices" (BMPs) for 

reducing total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and loadings 

in the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) of south Florida. 

The four production systems and their alternatives 

(treatments) studied were: (1) sugarcane (interspecific 

hybrids of Saccharum sp.) versus drained fallow plots; (2) 

fast versus slow drainage rates for sugarcane; (3) rice 

(Oriza sativa L.) in rotation following radishes to serve as P 

filter crop versus traditional flooding fallow; and (4) banding 

phosphorus (P) fertilizer at 50% of the soil-test 

recommendation rate for cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) 

versus full-rate broadcast applications. The study showed 

that there were no differences in P concentrations in 

drainage water between sugarcane and drained fallow 

fields. Annual P loading to the plots in rainfall and irrigation 

water (0.63 kg TP ha super(-1)) exceeded the P loading of 

drainage waters (0.52 kg TP ha super(-1) for sugarcane 

and 0.59 kg TP ha super(-1) for drained fallow plots). Slow 

drained sugarcane plots exhibited significantly higher TP 

concentrations than the fast drained plots. However, TP 

loads were significantly higher (0.97 kg ha super(-1)) for 

fast drained plots than for the slow drained plots (0.67 kg 

ha super(-1)). Rice as a P filter crop following radishes 

reduced TP concentrations and loadings. Finally, banding P 

fertilizer at a reduced rate for cabbage reduced TP 

concentrations compared to those for broadcasted P at the 

full recommended level. Total phosphorus loadings in 

drainage water were 1.17 kg ha super(-1) for banded and 

1.38 kg ha super(-1) for broadcast treatments. A total of 

1.30 of 1.30 kg TP ha super(-1) entered the plots in rainfall 

and irrigation water. All treatment TP loadings leaving the 

plots in drainage water were close in magnitude to TP 

loadings to the plots, even under heavy fertilization. This 

indicates that the EAA system is currently a net assimilator 

of P. 

© CSA 

667. Agricultural production and wetland habitat quality 

in a coastal prairie ecosystem: Simulated effects of 

alternative resource policies on land-use decisions. 

Musacchio, L. R. and Grant, W. E. 

Ecological Modelling 150(1-2): 23-43. (Apr. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural ecosystems/ prairies/ 

economics/ biological diversity/ ecosystem models/ 

government policies/ decision making/ land use/ habitat/ 

agriculture/ water quality/ wildlife/ resource management/ 

aquatic birds/ habitat selection/ cost analysis/ biodiversity/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ policies/ Oryza sativa/ Chen 

caerulescens caerulescens/ USA, Texas/ rice/ lesser snow 

goose/ Anser caerulescens caerulescens/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ environmental action/ 

protective measures and control/ general environmental 

engineering 

Abstract: We describe an integrated systems model of the 

coastal prairie ecosystem in Texas, USA to simulate the 

effect of alternative federal resource policy scenarios (crop 

subsidies) for rice (Oryza sativa) on land-use decisions of 

farmers and the subsequent impact on lesser snow goose 

(Anser caerulescens caerulescens) habitat. We evaluate 

the ability of the model to predict shifts in land use, 

agricultural production, economic viability of farms, and the 

resulting wetland habitat quality for geese, in view of the 

uncertainty concerning representation of farmers' land-use 

decision making processes (management styles). We then 

simulate shifts in land use, rice and cattle production, farm 

profitability, and level of wetland habitat use by geese that 

might result from three alternative federal resource policy 

scenarios and three alternative farmers' management 

styles. We found changes in land-use allocation, rice and 

cattle production, and farm profitability resulting from the 

policy scenarios affected habitat use by geese. Policy 

financial incentives, market price for rice, level of rice 

production, and farm size were important factors that 

affected wetland habitat use by geese. The management 

styles of farmers affected the quality of wetland habitat 

when policy scenarios required rice to be grown with 

conventional production methods. In this case, farmers, 

particularly those who were concerned about maintaining 

farming as a way of life, continued rice production and 

maintained wetland habitat for geese even when crop 

subsidies decreased over time. The public benefited from 

the decision making of these farmers because the 

important indirect use value (wildlife habitat and water 

quality) and existence value (biodiversity and cultural 

history) of rice agriculture was maintained as an 

agroecosystem. 

© CSA 

668. Amphibian responses to helicopter harvesting in 

forested floodplains of low order, blackwater streams. 

Clawson, R. G.; Lockaby, B. G.; and Jones, R. H. 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 225-235. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ 

land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North America/ 

USA/ Amphibia: forestry/ helicopter harvesting effects on 

communities/ community structure/ population dynamics/ 

responses to helicopter timber harvesting/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ forest and woodland/ floodplain forested wetlands/ 

community responses to timber harvest/ Alabama/ South/ 

community responses to helicopter timber harvesting/ 

forested wetlands/ Amphibia/ amphibians/ chordates/ 

vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

669. Analysis of on-farm best management practices in 

the Everglades Agricultural Area.

Willis, L. M.; Forest, S. B.; Nissen, J. A.; Hiscock, J. G.; and 

Kirby, P. V. 

In: Environmentally Sound Agriculture: Proceedings of the 

Second Conference. (Held 20 Apr 1994-22 Apr 1994 at 

Orlando, Fla.) Campbell, Kenneth L.; Graham, Wendy D.; 

and Bottcher, A. B. (eds.) 

St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural 

Engineers; pp. 93-99; 1994. 

NAL Call #: S589.7.E57 1994; ISBN: 0929355474 

Descriptors: book chapter/ fertilizer runoff/ meeting paper/ 

nonpoint source pollution/ resource management/ 

water quality 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

202

670. Approach to the inventory of forested wetlands for 

timber-harvesting impact assessment. 

Lea, R.; Mitchell, L. J.; Mader, S. F.; and Aust, W. M. 

Forest Ecology and Management 33: 215-225. (1990) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: ecological effects/ forest ecosystems/ forest 

management/ land use/ management planning/ wetland 

forests/ Alabama/ best management practices/ data 

interpretation/ economic aspects/ ecosystems/ forestry/ 

geohydrology/ nutrients/ primary productivity/ resources 

management/ sedimentation/ soil properties 

Abstract: At present, available information describing the 

impact of forestry activities on forested-wetland functions is 

insufficient for use in planning optimal management 

strategies. A methodology has been developed to assess 

the impact of timber-harvesting in a tidal freshwater 

palustrine wetland in southwestern Alabama. Biophysical 

as well as socio- economic parameters were examined to 

estimate both stand timber stocks and the extent of 

disruption of ecosystem functions. Specifically, indices were 

chosen to detect changes in net primary productivity, plant 

nutrient assimilative capacity, soil nutrient retention and 

transformation, decomposition, sedimentation rate, 

hydrology, and wildfife habitat provision. Furthermore, 

methods were chosen for data collection efficiency, 

interpretive simplicity, and the ability to provide a relative 

index of both the integrity and recovery rates of a disturbed 

ecosystem. This assessment enables wetland managers to 

determine which parameters are sensitive to functional 

changes, as well as the relative effects of various 

harvesting methods for use in promoting best forest 

management practices. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

671. Aquatic invertebrate responses to timber harvest 

in a bottomland hardwood wetland of South Carolina. 

Batzer, D. P.; George, B. M.; and Braccia, A. 

Forest Science 51(4): 284-291. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ lowland forests/ hardwood forests/ 

logging/ clearcutting/ Aedes/ Culicidae/ community 

structure/ indicator species/ environmental impact/ 

South Carolina 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

672. Aquatic invertebrates in hardwood depressions of 

southwest Georgia. 

Battle, J. M. and Golladay, S. W. 

Southeastern Naturalist 1(2): 149-158. (June 2002) 

NAL Call #: IPSP11706; ISSN: 1528-7092 

Descriptors: wetlands/ temporary ponds/ aquatic insects/ 

community composition/ zooplankton/ forests/ freshwater 

crustaceans/ rare species/ new records/ distribution 

records/ habitat/ geographical distribution/ nature 

conservation/ environmental protection/ conservation/ 

Limnadia lenticularis/ Invertebrata/ Streptocephalus seali/ 

Cladocera/ Calanoida/ Conchostraca/ Chironomidae/ 

Copepoda/ Lynceus gracilicornis/ USA, Georgia/ rare 

habitat/ hardwood depressions/ water fleas/ midges/ other 

aquatic communities/ conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation/ aquatic entomology/ 

geographical distribution 

Abstract: Hardwood depressions in the southeastern 

United States have been extensively altered due to 

agriculture and other land management practices. They are 

small isolated wetlands dominated by oaks that typically 

become flooded every couple years for a few weeks to 

several months. We sampled the aquatic invertebrate 

assemblages of six depressions in 1998 and five 

depressions in 2001 and found they were composed 

primarily of clam shrimp, cladocerans, calanoid copepods, 

and chironomids. The primary functional feeding group was 

collector-filterers, which comprised >60% of the total 

numbers. Eubranchiopoda were well represented by two 

species of clam shrimp (Lynceus gracilicornis and Limnadia 

lenticularis) and one species of fairy shrimp 

(Streptocephalus seali). L. lenticularis is the first record of 

this species in Georgia. Consideration should be made for 

the conservation of hardwood depressions because of the 

rare invertebrates they accommodate. 

© CSA 

673. Avian response to nutrient enrichment in an 

oligotrophic wetland, the Florida Everglades. 

Crozier, Gaea E. and Gawlik, Dale E. 

Condor 104(3): 631-642. (Aug. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422 

Descriptors: Aves/ community structure/ wetland 

community response to nutrient enrichment/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ oligotrophic wetland/ fertilizer and pesticide 

pollution/ fertilizers and pesticides/ phosphates/ Florida/ 

North Everglades/ community response to nutrient 

enrichment 

Abstract: We studied the effects of nutrient enrichment on 

the bird community in an oligotrophic wetland, the Florida 

Everglades. Among the non-wading birds surveyed in 1996 

and 1997, Boat-tailed Grackles (Quiscalus major) and 

Common Moorhens (Gallinula chloropus) were consistently 

more abundant in enriched sites, whereas Common 

Yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) were consistently more 

abundant in unenriched sites. The abundance of Redwinged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was not 

significantly different between enriched and unenriched 

sites. Among wading birds, Wood Storks (Mycteria 

americana) and Great Egrets (Ardea alba) were 

significantly more abundant in enriched than unenriched 

areas in a dry year, 1991. Great Egrets and all wading 

species combined were significantly more abundant in 

enriched than unenriched areas in the wet year, 1995. 

Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) and White Ibises 

(Eudocimus albus) did not differ in abundance between 

enriched and unenriched areas in the dry or wet year. A 

significant interaction between water depth and nutrient 

status in the wet year indicated that wading bird abundance 

increased with water depth only in nutrient-enriched areas 

presumably because the enriched areas had greater food 

availability than unenriched areas at the same water depth. 

Bird abundance appeared to increase in nutrient-enriched 

areas; however, this increase was accompanied by a shift 

in species composition typically found in the unenriched 

Everglades and was a fundamental change in the 

Everglades' distinctive structure. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

203

674. Beaver lodge distributions and damage 

assessments in a forested wetland ecosystem in the 

southern United States. 

King, Sammy L.; Keeland, Bobby D.; and Moore, Joseph L. 

Forest Ecology and Management 108(1-2): 1-7. (1998) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: Castor canadensis (Castoridae)/ population 

density/ distribution within habitat/ animal constructions/ 

lodge construction/ effect of tree felling on habitat/ impact 

on habitat/ tree felling for lodge construction effect/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ USA/ Louisiana/ 

Texas/ Caddo Lake/ distribution/ abundance and impact on 

habitat/ forested wetland 

© The Thomson Corporation 

675. Belowground nutrient dynamics following three 

harvest intensities on the Pearl River floodplain, 

Mississippi. 

Schilling, E. B.; Lockaby, B. G.; and Rummer, R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 63(6): 

1856-1868. (1999) 

Abstract: The influence of clear and partial cut harvests on 

belowground nutrient cycling processes was examined on 

the Pearl River floodplain, Mississippi. Foci examined by 

this study included fine root biomass and detritus, fine root 

production, fine root nutrient contents, soil respiration rates, 

and microbial biomass C, N, and P during the first year 

post-harvest. Both the clearcut and partial cut initially 

reduced fine root biomass; however, fine root biomass 

levels within each treatment did not differ at this study's 

conclusion. Bimonthly fine root production within both the 

clearcut and partial cut declined initially following harvest; 

however, net primary production was greatest within the 

clearcut, followed by the partial cut, and lowest within the 

control. Soil respiration rates showed strong seasonal 

trends; however, increased soil respiration rates within the 

clearcut and partial cut were not found until almost 1 yr 

post-harvest. Decreased microbial biomass C levels were 

observed following both harvests. Only the clearcut 

treatment significantly reduced microbial biomass N. No 

treatment effects were found regarding microbial biomass 

P. Herbaceous and woody vegetation recolonization was 

vigorous within the clearcut and partial cut harvests, 

strongly influencing fine root production levels and soil 

respiration rates. It appears that fine roots from naturally 

recolonizing vegetation play a large role in belowground C 

storage following disturbance. The rapid increases in fine 

root production and biomass following both silvicultural 

methods indicates that, within these ecosystems, the 

negative influences of harvesting on belowground C and 

nutrient pools may be short lived. The influence of clear and 

partial cut harvests on belowground nutrient cycling 

processes was examined on the Pearl River floodplain, 

Mississippi. Foci examined by this study included fine root 

biomass and detritus, fine root production, fine root nutrient 

contents, soil respiration rates, and microbial biomass C, N, 

and P during the first year post-harvest. Both the clearcut 

and partial cut initially reduced fine root biomass; however, 

fine root biomass levels within each treatment did not differ 

at this study's conclusion. Bimonthly fine root production 

within both the clearcut and partial cut declined initially 

following harvest; however, net primary production was 

greatest within the clearcut, followed by the partial cut, and 

lowest within the control. Soil respiration rates showed 

strong seasonal trends; however, increased soil respiration 

rates within the clearcut and partial cut were not found until 

almost 1 yr post-harvest. Decreased microbial biomass C 

levels were observed following both harvests. Only the 

clearcut treatment significantly reduced microbial biomass 

N. No treatment effects were found regarding microbial 

biomass P. Herbaceous and woody vegetation 

recolonization was vigorous within the clearcut and partial 

cut harvests, strongly influencing fine root production levels 

and soil respiration rates. It appears that fine roots from 

naturally recolonizing vegetation play a large role in 

belowground C storage following disturbance. The rapid 

increases in fine root production and biomass following 

both silvicultural methods indicates that, within these 

ecosystems, the negative influences of harvesting on 

belowground C and nutrient pools may be short lived. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

676. Best management practices to enable the 

coexistence of agriculture and the Everglades 

environment. 

Izuno, F. T.; Rice, R. W.; and Capone, L. T. 

Hortscience 34(1): 27-33. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345 

Descriptors: agriculture/ swamps/ ecosystems/ crop 

management/ environmental protection/ geographical 

variation/ drainage/ habitats/ farms/ pumps/ fertilizers/ low 

input agriculture/ Florida 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

677. Biodegradation of 4-nitrophenol by indigenous 

microbial population in Everglades soils. 

Laha, S. and Petrova, K. P. 

Biodegradation 8(5): 349-356. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QR97.X46 B56 

Descriptors: acclimation/ biodegradation/ bioremediation/ 

Everglades/ mineralization/ nitrophenol/ soil 

Abstract: The Everglades in South Florida are a unique 

ecological system. As a result of the widespread use of 

pesticides and herbicides in agricultural areas upstream 

from these wetlands, there is a serious potential for 

pollution problems in the Everglades. The purpose of this 

study was to evaluate the ability of indigenous microbial 

populations to degrade xenobiotic organic compounds 

introduced by agricultural and other activities. Such 

biodegradation may facilitate the remediation of 

contaminated soils and water in the Everglades. The model 

selected in this study is 4-nitrophenol, a chemical 

commonly used in the manufacture of pesticides. The 

mineralization of 4-nitrophenol at various concentration was 

studied in soils collected from the Everglades. At 

concentrations of 10 and 100 ?g/g soil, considerable 

mineralization occurred within a week. At a higher 

concentration, i.e., 10 mg/g soil, however, no mineralization 

of 4-nitrophenol occurred over a 4-month period; such a 

high concentration apparently produced an inhibitory effect. 

The rate and extent of 4-nitrophenol mineralization was 

enhanced on inoculation with previously isolated 

nitrophenol-degrading microorganisms. The mixture 

mineralization extent measured, however, was less than 

30% suggesting conversion to biomass and/or unidentified 

intermediate products. These results indicate the potential 

for natural mechanisms to mitigate the adverse effects of 

xenobiotic pollutants in a complex system such as the 

Everglades. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

204

678. Changes in surface water table depth and soil 

physical properties after harvest and establishment of 

loblolly pine (Pinus taeda l.) in Atlantic coastal plain 

wetlands of South Carolina. 

Xu, Yi Jun; Burger, James A.; Aust, W. Michael; Patterson, 

Steven C.; Miwa, Masato; and Preston, David P. 

Soil and Tillage Research 63(3-4): 109-121. (2002) 

NAL Call #: S590.S48; ISSN: 0167-1987 

Descriptors: forestry/ soil science/ Coniferopsida: 

gymnosperms, plants, spermatophytes, vascular plants/ 

forest establishment/ post harvest soil characteristics/ soil 

physical properties/ surface water table depth change 

Abstract: The surface water table is an important factor 

determining soil chemical, physical and biological 

processes, and thus affects the functions of forested 

wetlands. The objective of this study was to assess surface 

water table dynamics from timber harvesting through early 

forest plantation establishment in a coastal plain wetland 

area located in the southeastern United States. Simulated 

harvesting patterns included two replicates of clear-cutting 

when soils were dry (dry-weather harvest), three replicates 

of clear-cutting when soils were wet (wet-weather harvest), 

and one replicate of uncut control in three 20 ha wetland 

loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests of ages 20, 23 and 25 

years. After harvesting, two site preparation levels (non-bed 

and bed; bedding is a tillage process of preparing a series 

of parallel ridges) were randomly assigned to both dryweather and wet-weather harvested plots, while an 

additional level (mole-plow + bed) was assigned only to the 

wet-weather harvested plots. The harvest treatments were 

designed to create a broad gradient of surface soil 

disturbance, while the site preparation treatments were 

done to encompass a range of site drainage and aeration 

conditions. Areal changes in soil bulk density, macro- and 

total porosities, and saturated hydraulic conductivity 

following harvesting were quantified. The depths of water 

table were recorded at monthly intervals on a 20 m X 20 m 

grid across the 15 clear-cut and three uncut control plots (a 

total of 1409 PVC slotted wells) over 6 years (1992-1998), 

subdivided into five periods: pre-harvest, post-harvest, site 

preparation, and first year and second year after forest 

plantation establishment. The results showed that 

compared to the uncut control, the surface water table 

depth during a 1-year post-harvest period rose 14 cm for 

the dry-weather harvested site and 21 cm for the wetweather harvested site. The difference in the water table 

rise between the two harvest treatments was small during 

the dormant season (<2 cm) but large during the growing 

season (> 10 cm). These results indicate the large 

influence of tree removal on the surface hydrology in 

forested wetlands and the strong impact of wet-weather 

harvesting on transpiring ground vegetation due to a larger 

surface area of soil disturbance. Bedding initially lowered 

water tables on both dry-weather and wet-weather 

harvested sites. However, this effect decreased rapidly 

during the first 2 years after forest plantation establishment. 

Among all treatments, the dry-weather harvested sites 

without bedding presented the fastest recovery of water 

table depth to that of the non-harvested references, 

suggesting that bedding may have been a further 

disturbance with respect to wetland surface hydrology. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

679. Compaction and rutting during harvesting affect 

better drained soils more than poorly drained soils on 

wet pine flats. 

Aust, W. M.; Tippett, M. D.; Burger, J. A.; and 

McKee, W. H. 

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 19(2): 72-77. (1995) 

NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil air/ soil water regimes/ salvage 

felling and logging/ skidding/ soil degradation/ logging/ 

soil compaction 

Abstract: Soil compaction and rutting (puddling, destruction 

of soil aggregates) are visually distinct types of wet-site 

harvesting disturbances; however, the way in which they 

affect soil physical properties and hydrology is not well 

documented. Three compacted and three rutted sites in wet 

pine flats on the Francis Marion National Forest, South 

Carolina, were evaluated to determine the effects of the 

disturbances during salvage logging after Hurricane Hugo 

on soil physical and hydrologic properties. Primary skid 

trails and nontrafficked areas were compared for each site. 

Both compaction and rutting increased bulk density, and 

reduced macropore space and saturated hydraulic 

conductivity. Water tables and reducing conditions were 

closer to the soil surface within the primary skid trails. For 

the compacted and rutted skid trails, changes were greatest 

on sites that initially had better drainage and aeration. 

Compacted sites may prove easier to mitigate with site 

preparation than rutted sites due to the shallower nature of 

the disturbances and drier site conditions that will facilitate 

mechanical mitigation. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

680. Comparison of wetland structure and function on 

grazed and ungrazed salt marshes. 

Reader, Judy and Craft, Christopher 

Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society 115(4): 

236-249. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 500 EL4; ISSN: 0013-6220 

Descriptors: estuarine ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ backmarsh elevation/ benthic community/ 

biomass: aboveground, belowground/ carbon:nitrogen ratio/ 

grazing effects/ herbivory/ nitrogen:phosphorus ratio/ 

primary productivity/ salinity/ salt marshes/ soil 

development/ species composition/ species density/ 

streamside elevation/ tidal inundation/ wetlands: 

function, structure 

Abstract: Macrophyte productivity, soil development, and 

benthic invertebrate communities were compared on 

grazed and ungrazed salt marshes to examine the effects 

of grazing by feral ponies on wetland structure and function. 

The marshes had similar geomorphology (embayment), 

elevation (streamside and backmarsh), tidal inundation (1 

m), salinity (25-35 ppt), soil type (Carteret series), and plant 

species composition (Spartina alterniflora Loisel) but 

differed with respect to the presence or absence of ponies. 

Over a two year period, above and belowground (0-30 cm 

depth) biomass were significantly lower in the grazed 

marsh (aboveground = 196-400 g/m2, belowground = 828-

1049 g/m2) than the ungrazed marsh (aboveground = 588-

671 g/m2; belowground = 4,921-6,730 g/m2). Reduction in 

Spartina biomass at the grazed marsh resulted in less soil 

organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus than at the 

ungrazed marsh. There was no difference in C:N ratios at 

the two marshes, but N:P ratios were higher in the 

ungrazed marsh (9:1-19:1) than the grazed marsh (6:1-
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

205

11:1), suggesting that more N is available for marsh 

organisms at the ungrazed site. Total benthic infauna 

density did not differ between the grazed (31,265 

organisms/m2) and ungrazed (45,511 organisms/m2) 

marshes. However, the density of subsurface deposit 

feeders was significantly lower in the grazed marsh (10,370 

organisms/m2) than in the ungrazed marsh (16,877 

organisms/m2), perhaps as a result of lower soil organic 

matter and reduced food availability. Our findings 

suggested that herbivory by feral ponies co-ops primary 

productivity that would otherwise enter the detritus based 

salt marsh food web. This hypothesis should be tested 

using manipulative studies (e.g. exclosures) that exclude 

the ponies from areas of the marsh. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

681. Composition and function of sulfate-reducing 

prokaryotes in eutrophic and pristine areas of the 

Florida Everglades. 

Castro, H.; Reddy, K. R.; and Ogram, A. 

Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(12): 

6129-6137. (Dec. 2002) 

NAL Call #: 448.3 Ap5; ISSN: 0099-2240 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil microorganisms/ communities/ 

sulfate/ reduction/ most probable number/ methanogenesis/ 

sulfite reductase/ community composition/ bacteria/ 

sulphates/ soils/ nutrients (mineral)/ physicochemical 

properties/ agricultural runoff/ biogeochemistry/ ground 

water/ carbon cycle/ desulfotomaculum/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades/ soil and plants/ microorganisms 

Abstract: As a result of agricultural activities in regions 

adjacent to the northern boundary of the Florida 

Everglades, a nutrient gradient developed that resulted in 

physicochemical and ecological changes from the original 

system. Sulfate input from agricultural runoff and 

groundwater is present in soils of the Northern Everglades, 

and sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (SRP) may play an 

important role in biogeochemical processes such as carbon 

cycling. The goal of this project was to utilize culture-based 

and non-culture-based approaches to study differences 

between the composition of assemblages of SRP in 

eutrophic and pristine areas of the Everglades. Sulfate 

reduction rates and most-probable- number enumerations 

revealed SRP populations and activities to be greater in 

eutrophic zones than in more pristine soils. In eutrophic 

regions, methanogenesis rates were higher, the addition of 

acetate stimulated methanogenesis, and SRP able to utilize 

acetate competed to a limited degree with acetoclastic 

methanogens. A surprising amount of diversity within clone 

libraries of PCR-amplified dissimilatory sulfite reductase 

(DSR) genes was observed, and the majority of DSR 

sequences were associated with gram-positive sporeforming Desulfotomaculum and uncultured microorganisms. 

Sequences associated with Desulfotomaculum fall into two 

categories: in the eutrophic regions, 94.7% of the 

sequences related to Desulfotomaculum were associated 

with those able to completely oxidize substrates, and in 

samples from pristine regions, all Desulfotomaculum-like 

sequences were related to incomplete oxidizers. This 

metabolic selection may be linked to the types of substrates 

that Desulfotomaculum spp. utilize; it may be that complete 

oxidizers are more versatile and likelier to proliferate in 

nutrient-rich zones of the Everglades. Desulfotomaculum 

incomplete oxidizers may outcompete complete oxidizers 

for substrates such as hydrogen in pristine zones where 

diverse carbon sources are less available. 

© CSA 

682. Differential effects of surface and peat fire on soil 

constituents in a degraded wetland of the northern 

Florida Everglades. 

Smith, S. M.; Newman, S.; Garrett, P. B.; and Leeds, J. A. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(6): 1998-2005. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: fires/ burning/ peat/ surface layers/ wetland 

soils/ losses from soil/ carbon/ nitrogen/ organic 

compounds/ organophosphorus compounds/ phosphorus/ 

calcium/ soil chemistry/ volatilization/ burnt soils/ inorganic 

phosphorus/ Florida 

Abstract: The effects of surface (aboveground) and peat 

(belowground) fire on a number of soil constituents were 

examined within a hydrologically altered marsh in the 

northern Florida Everglades. Peat fire resulted in losses of 

total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic 

phosphorus (Po), while inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and total 

calcium (TCa) concentrations increased. In addition, peat 

fire led to a more pronounced vertical gradient in 

constituent concentrations between upper and lower soil 

layers. Surface fire also affected soil constituents, but 

impacts were small relative to peat fire. The effects of 

physical versus chemical processes during burning were 

assessed using ratios of constituent to TCa concentrations. 

This measure indicated that increases in the levels of total 

phosphorus (TP) in peat-burned areas were due primarily 

to the physical reduction of soil, while decreases in TN and 

TC were the result of volatilization. Increases in 

concentrations of Pi fractions arose from both chemically 

and physically mediated processes. In an ecological 

context, the observed soil transformations may encourage 

the growth of invasive plant species, such as southern 

narrow-leaved cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.), which 

exhibits high growth rates in response to increased P 

availability. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

683. Division S-10, Wetland soils: Turnover of detrital 

organic carbon in a nutrient-impacted Everglades 

marsh. 

DeBusk, W. F. and Reddy, K. R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 62(5): 

1460-1468. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Abstract: Phosphorus loading to the Everglades from 

nearby agricultural areas has become a major concern, and 

is considered to be a significant factor in the encroachment 

of cattail (Typha domingensis Pers.) and other rapidly 

growing vegetation into endemic sawgrass (Cladium 

jamaicense Crantz) marsh. The objectives of this research 

were to evaluate the variability in turnover of organic C in 

plant and soil detrital pools along a P enrichment gradient 

in an Everglades marsh and to identify substrate 

characteristics and environmental factors controlling C 

turnover. Potential rates of C mineralization in plant litter 

and peat were determined by measuring aerobic and 

anaerobic microbial respiration under controlled conditions 

in laboratory incubations. Potential C mineralization 

decreased with depth and, consequently, substrate age, in 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

206

the plant-soil profile. Within individual detrital pools 

[standing dead plant material, soil litter layer, surface peat 

(0-10 cm depth) and subsurface peat (10-30 cm depth)], 

potential C mineralization decreased down gradient from 

the source of nutrient loading, to WCA-2A. Overall, 91% of 

the variability in aerobic C mineralization in peat and plant 

litter was accounted for by substrate P concentration and 

lignocellulose composition. Anaerobic C mineralization 

rates were consistently about one-third of aerobic rates. 

Results indicated that organic C turnover in detrital pools in 

WCA-2A is significantly affected by accelerated P loading, 

but is also controlled by O2 availability and substrate C 

quality. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

684. Ecological responses of an oligotrophic floodplain 

forest to harvesting. 

Lockaby, B. G.; Thornton, F. C.; Jones, R. H.; and 

Clawson, R. G. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(5): 901-906. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bottomland forests/ groundwater 

level/ clear felling/ Histosols/ denitrification/ helicopters/ 

skidders/ damage/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ skidding/ ecology/ 

floodplains/ logging/ water quality 

Abstract: Aerial (hand felling plus helicopter extraction) and 

ground-based (use of a feller-buncher on mats plus skidder 

log removal) logging systems were compared in terms of 

effects on gaseous and hydrologic transfers on N and P. 

The study sites in southern Alabama were narrow 

floodplains of low order blackwater streams and were 

dominated by P-deficient histosols and a mixed, primarily 

deciduous forest. There was no significant effect of logging 

on either denitrification or surface and groundwater 

chemistry. An unexpected effect of the clear fellings was a 

significant lowering of groundwater tables. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

685. Effect of land development and forest 

management on hydrologic response in southeastern 

coastal wetlands: A review. 

Richardson, C. J. and Mccarthy, E. J. 

Wetlands 14(1): 56-71. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest industry/ land use/ hydrology/ 

United States, Southeast/ literature reviews/ United States, 

North Carolina/ resource management/ runoff/ 

evapotranspiration/ environmental impact/ land 

development/ forest management/ hydrologic models/ 

environmental effects/ forest management/ Mechanical and 

natural changes/ Ecosystems and energetics/ Freshwater 

pollution/ Effects on water of human nonwater activities/ 

Environmental degradation 

Abstract: Land development activities such as agriculture, 

clear cutting, peat mining, and the planting of forest 

plantations on wetlands can affect the hydrologic behavior 

of these ecosystems by affecting their water storage and 

release patterns on the landscape. The effects of these 

development activities on hydrologic fluxes in peatlands 

(Typic Medisaprists) were compared to the effects of forest 

management practices in North Carolina using a fieldtested hydrologic simulation model (DRAINMOD). 

Simulations revealed that natural peat-based (Histosol) 

pocosin systems lose 66% (80 cm) of the 123 cm of 

average annual rainfall by evapo-transpiration (ET) and 

34% (42 cm/yr) via annual runoff. Annual runoff values 

were 63 cm/yr for peat mining areas, 48 cm/yr for cleared 

peatlands, 46 cm/yr for peatlands converted to agriculture 

and 34 cm/yr for pine plantations, once the forest canopy is 

closed. Thus, these wetlands alterations, except for 

forestry, significantly increased runoff and decreased ET 

compared to the natural ecosystem. Forest pine plantation 

management decreased runoff and increased ET. A case 

study of the effects of forest management practices was 

reviewed for a 15-year-old drained loblolly pine plantation 

growing on fine sandy loam soils (Thermic Typic 

umbraquults) in the coastal plains of North Carolina. 

Forestry activities such as thinning (i.e., reduced leaf area 

index by 50%) decreased ET and canopy interception and 

nearly doubled drainage loss (38 cm/yr to 60 cm/yr). 

Commonly applied forest practices, such as drainage, 

increased the average number of flow events with flows > 5 

mm/day to 86 days per year from 26 days per year under 

natural conditions. 

© CSA 

686. Effects of chemical and mechanical site 

preparation on bottomland hardwood regeneration 

after ten years.

Greene, T. A. and Lowe, W. J. 

In: Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Southern 

Silvicultural Research Conference. (Held 17 Nov 1992-19 

Nov 1992 at Mobile, Ala.) Brissette, John C. (eds.) 

New Orleans, La.: Southern Forest Experiment Station; 

pp. 425-429; 1993. 

NAL Call #: aSD11.U57 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=1407

Descriptors: Quercus/ Liquidambar styraciflua/ clearcutting/ 

site preparation/ burning/ herbicides/ chemical control/ 

natural regeneration/ Texas 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

687. Effects of clearcutting and natural regeneration on 

breeding bird communities of a baldcypress-tupelo 

wetland in South Carolina.

Mitchell, Laura J.; Lancia, Richard A.; Lea, Russ; and 

Gauthreaux, Sidney A. 

In: Proceedings of an International Symposium: Wetlands 

and River Corridor Management. (Held 5 Jul 1989-9 Jul 

1989 at Charleston, South Carolina.) Kusler, Jon A. and 

Daly, Sally (eds.) 

Berne, N.Y.: Association of Wetland Managers; pp. 155-

161; 520 p.; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3P75 1989 

Descriptors: wetlands/ lowland forests/ clearcutting/ 

silvicultural practices/ environmental impact/ birds 

688. Effects of forest management on biogeochemical 

functions in southern forested wetlands. 

Walbridge, Mark R. and Lockaby, B. Graeme 

Wetlands 14(1): 10-17. (1994) 

Descriptors: denitrification/ forestry/ Georgia/ ground water/ 

growth/ hydraulic conductivity/ microorganism absorption/ 

nitrate/ nitrogen/ nutrients/ organic carbon/ phosphorus/ 

redox potential/ sediment deposition/ soil moisture/ soil 

temperature/ species composition 

Abstract: Southern forested wetlands perform two 

important biogeochemical functions on the landscape: 1) 

nutrient (N and P) removal from incident surface, 

subsurface, and ground waters, and 2) export of organic 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

207

carbon and associated nutrients to aquatic ecosystems 

downstream. In addition to P sediment deposition, which 

can range from 1.6 to 36.0 kg ha-1 yr-1 P, denitrification of 

NO-3-N (0.5 to 350 kg ha-1 yr-1) and P adsorption (130 to 

199 kg ha-1 yr-) can be important mechanisms associated 

with N and P removal, respectively. Biological processes, 

uptake by plants (15.0 to 51.8 kg ha-1 yr-1 for N; 0.2 to 3.8 

kg ha-1 yr-1 for P) and microorganism absorption (16.2 to 

87.0 kg ha-1 yr-1 for N; 6.6 to 40.0 kg ha-1 yr-1 for P) are 

also important and are intimately associated with organic 

matter export. Clearcut harvests (ground-based or aerial), 

followed by natural regeneration, are the most common 

silvicultural techniques used in forested floodplains in the 

South. Ground-based methods have been shown to 

increase soil bulk density and decrease hydraulic 

conductivity and redox potential in wetter soils. In addition 

to the increases in soil temperature and soil wetness that 

frequently occur following forest harvesting, these added 

effects may be responsible for the reduced productivity and 

altered species composition observed following groundbased vs. aerial harvests. Changes in denitrification will be 

a function of the degree to which harvesting affects soil 

redox potential, substrate (C) availability, and nitrate 

production. In theory, denitrification rates should increase 

following harvesting, but low nitrate availability in acid soils 

may limit this effect. The effects of harvesting on P 

adsorption processes in forested wetland soils have not 

been studied. Reductions in plant uptake and litterfall and 

changes in species composition following harvesting could 

alter both nutrient retention/transformation and organic C 

export functions. On wetter sites, canopy removal may 

stimulate algal populations, providing a short-term 

mechanism for conserving geochemical exports. Clearcut 

harvest systems that minimize alterations in soil hydrology 

and promote rapid vegetation regrowth should have the 

least effect on biogeochemical functions in southern 

forested wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

689. Effects of grazing by feral horses, clipping, 

trampling, and burning on a Georgia salt marsh. 

Turner, M. G. 

Estuaries 10(1): 54-60. (1987) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: Spartina alterniflora/ Littorina/ horses/ salt 

marshes/ grazing/ fires/ Georgia 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

690. Effects of group-selection timber harvest in 

bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant birds. 

Kilgo, John C.; Miller, Karl V.; and Smith, Winston P. 

Journal of Field Ornithology 70(3): 404-413. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 0273-8570 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ behaviour/ ecology/ habitat/ terrestrial 

habitat/ land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North 

America/ USA/ Aves: forestry/ bottomland hardwood group 

selected timber harvest/ impacts on migrant communities/ 

migration/ community structure/ migrant communities/ 

impacts of forestry practices/ distribution within habitat/ 

habitat utilization/ forest and woodland/ South Carolina/ 

Aiken/ Barnwell and Allendale counties/ bottomland 

hardwood forest migrant communities/ forestry practices 

impacts/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

691. Effects of increased phosphorus loading on 

dissolved oxygen in a subtropical wetland, the Florida 

Everglades. 

McCormick, P. V. and Laing, J. A. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 11(3): 199-215. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ nutrient loading/ 

dissolved oxygen/ eutrophication/ agricultural runoff/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ pollution effects/ periphyton/ aquatic 

plants/ biota/ short-term changes/ primary production/ USA, 

Florida, Everglades/ USA, Florida, Everglades Natl. Park/ 

freshwater pollution/ effects on organisms/ habitat 

community studies/ environmental degradation/ water 

pollution: monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: The Florida Everglades is an oligotrophic, 

phosphorus (P)-limited wetland that is experiencing 

eutrophication as a result of P-enriched agricultural runoff. 

Effects of P enrichment on diel water-column dissolved 

oxygen concentration (DO) profiles were measured along 

nutrient gradients downstream of agricultural discharges in 

two northern Everglades marshes and in field enclosures 

(mesocosms) exposed to different P loading rates. 

Reference (i.e., water-column TP < 10 mu g/L) areas in the 

marsh interior were characterized by strong diel fluctuations 

in DO, and aerobic conditions generally were maintained 

throughout the diel cycle. Enriched stations (water-column 

TP elevated to between 12 and 131 mu g/L) were 

characterized by dampened diel fluctuations and reduced 

DO, and the extent of these changes was correlated 

strongly with marsh P concentrations. Mean DO declined 

from between 1.81 and 7.52 mg/L at reference stations to 

between 0.04 and 3.18 mg/L in highly enriched areas. 

Similarly, minimum DO declined from between 0.33 and 

5.86 mg/L to between 0 and 0.84 mg/L with increasing 

enrichment, and the frequency of extremely low DO (< 1 

mg/L) increased from between 0 and 20% to as high as 

100% in the most enriched areas. Diel oxygen profiles in Penriched mesocosms declined progressively with time; all 

loading treatments exhibited similar DO during the 1st year 

of P loading, but concentrations declined significantly at 

higher loads by year 3. Reductions in water-column DO 

with increased P enrichment were associated with reduced 

oxygen production by submersed periphyton and 

macrophytes and increased sediment oxygen demand. 

Increased emergent macrophyte cover in enriched areas 

likely contributed to these changes by shading the watercolumn, which inhibited submerged productivity, and by 

providing inputs of nutrient-rich detritus, which increased 

oxygen demand. Declines in marsh DO are associated with 

other ecological changes such as increased anaerobic 

metabolism and an increase in invertebrate taxa that 

tolerate low DO. While background oxygen concentrations 

in wetlands can be lower than those in lakes and rivers, 

declines in water-column DO caused by eutrophication can 

result in biological impacts similar to those in other aquatic 

ecosystems. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

208

692. Effects of the herbicide imazapyr on benthic 

macroinvertebrates in a logged pond cypress dome. 

Fowlkes, Mark D.; Michael, Jerry L.; Crisman, Thomas L.; 

and Prenger, Joseph P. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22(4): 

900-907. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/5485

Descriptors: imazapyr/ herbicide/ macroinvcrtehrates/ 

chironomid deformity/ wetland 

Abstract: Increased herbicide use in silviculture over the 

last several decades has led to concern over potential 

water contamination, which may affect biotic health. In the 

southeastern United States, pine Ratwoods are important 

for timber production and are often interspersed with 

cypress wetlands. Cypress domes are isolated, shallow 

basins that collect surficial waters from adjacent forested 

areas and therefore might be expected to contain pesticide 

from storm runoff. This study utilizes in situ microcosm 

experiments to assess the effects of a concentration 

gradient of the herbicide imazapyr (0.184, 1.84, and 18.4 

mg/L, equivalent to 1, 10, and 100 times the expected 

environmental concentration from a normal application rate) 

on the nracroinvertebrate community of a logged pond 

cypress dome using changes in macroinvertebrate 

composition, chironomid biomass, and chironomid headcapsule deformities. The control core was not significantly 

different from the surrounding cypress dome for any 

parameter, suggesting that enclosure effects were likely of 

minimal importance in the final experimental results. The 

lack of statistical difference (p < 0.05) in macroinvertcbrate 

community composition, chironomid deformity rate, and 

chironomid biomass between treatments suggests that 

imazapyr did not affect the macroinvertebrate community at 

Ihe concentralions tested. Chironomid deformity rate 

ranged from 0.97% for imazapyr control to 4.96% for the 

100X treatment, with chironomid biomass being 1.79 and 

1.87 mg/L, respectively. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

693. The effects of timber harvest in a South Carolina 

blackwater bottomland. 

Perison, Donna; Phelps, Joseph; Pavel, Christina; and 

Kellison, Robert 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 171-185. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ 

land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North America/ 

USA/ Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ comparison of harvest 

methods/ community structure/ timber harvest effects/ 

forest and woodland/ timber harvest effects on 

communities/ USA/ South Carolina/ South Fork Edisto 

River/ timber harvest effects on community structure/ 

blackwater forested wetland/ amphibians/ chordates/ 

reptiles/ vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

694. Environmental contaminants in Texas, USA, 

wetland reptiles: Evaluation using blood samples. 

Clark, D. R.; Bickham, J. W.; Baker, D. L.; and 

Cowman, D. F. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 19(9): 

2259-2265. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides (organochlorine)/ DDE/ 

contaminants/ water pollution sources/ fate of pollutants/ 

water pollution effects/ arsenic/ animal populations/ 

bioaccumulation/ blood/ data collections/ ecological effects/ 

animal physiology/ water pollution/ ecology/ pesticides/ 

aquatic reptiles/ Nerodia/ Agkistrodon piscivorus/ 

Trachemys scripta/ Nerodia erythrogaster/ Nerodia 

rhombifer/ water snakes/ cottonmouth/ common slider/ 

USA, Texas/ organochlorine pesticides/ reptiles/ plainbellied water snake/ diamondback water snake/ Old River 

Slough/ Municipal L. 

Abstract: Four species of reptiles (diamondback water 

snake [Nerodia rhombifer], blotched water snake [N. 

erythrogaster], cottonmouth [Agkistrodon piscivorus], and 

red-eared slider [Trachemys scripta]) were collected at two 

contaminated and three reference sites in Texas, USA. Old 

River Slough has received intensive applications of 

agricultural chemicals since the 1950s. Municipal Lake 

received industrial arsenic wastes continuously from 1940 

to 1993. Blood samples were analyzed for organochlorines, 

potentially toxic elements, genetic damage, and plasma 

cholinesterase (ChE). Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene 

(DDE) concentrations reached as high as 3.0 ppm (wet 

weight) in whole blood of a diamondback water snake at 

Old River Slough, a level probably roughly equivalent to the 

maximum concentration found in plasma of peregrine 

falcons (Falco peregrinus) in 1978 to 1979 when DDE 

peaked in this sensitive species. Possible impacts on 

diamondback water snakes are unknown, but at least one 

diamondback water snake was gravid when captured, 

indicating active reproduction. Arsenic was not found in redeared sliders (only species sampled) from Municipal Lake. 

Red-eared sliders of both sexes at Old River Slough 

showed declining levels of ChE with increasing mass, 

suggesting a life-long decrease of ChE levels. Possible 

negative population consequences are unknown, but no 

evidence was found in body condition (mass relative to 

carapace length) that red-eared sliders at either 

contaminated site were harmed. 

© CSA 

695. Fate and effect of (14c)fenvalerate in a tidal marsh 

sediment ecosystem model. 

Caplan, J. A.; Isensee, A. R.; and Nelson, J. O. 

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 32(1): 

166-171. (1984) 

NAL Call #: 381 J8223; ISSN: 0021-8561 

Descriptors: pesticides/ fenvalerate/ tidal marshes/ fate of 

pollutants/ sediments/ leaching/ microorganisms/ water 

pollution effects/ salt marshes 

Abstract: A model salt marsh ecosystem was developed 

and used to evaluate the fate and effect of a pesticide 

under simulated salt marsh conditions. Fenvalerate was 

used as a reference pesticide. Fenvalerate is a pyrethroid 

insecticide that has great potential for control of a wide 

range of insect pests in agriculture. Two dosages (0.2 and 

1.0 ppm) of C-14 labeled fenvalerate were uniformly 

applied to the sediment. Additionally, a third treatment (1.0 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

209

ppm) was applied to the top centimeter of a 3-cm column to 

monitor the vertical movement of the compound (plus 

metabolites). No adverse effects of C-14 fenvalerate on 

heterotrophic microorganisms were observed after 7 days 

at any treatment level, as measured by plate counts and 

substrate degradation assays (starch, cellulose, and 

protein). The half-lives of C-14 fenvalerate in the 0.2- and 

1.0 ppm noncolumn treatments were 6.3 and 8.9 days, 

respectively. The lower half-life (3.2 days) observed in the 

1.0 ppm column treatment was attributed to a higher 

leaching rate in that treatment. TLC analysis of sediment 

extracts revealed the presence of three identifiable 

metabolites in all treatments after 4 days of incubation. 

(Baker-IVI) 

© CSA 

696. Female American black bear use of managed 

forest and agricultural lands in coastal North Carolina. 

Jones, Mark D. and Pelton, Michael R. 

Ursus 14(2): 188-197. (2003); ISSN: 1537-6176 

Descriptors: Ursus americanus/ abundance/ agriculture/ 

American black bear/ dispersion/ ecological requirements/ 

habitat/ home-range/ silviculture/ Glucine max/ Pinus spp./ 

Pinus taeda/ Triticum spp./ biotop/ home-range/ 

USA, North Carolina 

Abstract: [unedited] American black bear use of intensively 

managed forestry and agricultural environments in the 

southeastern United States is poorly understood. During 

1992-94, we radiomonitored female black bears (Ursus 

americanus) to determine home range and habitat use 

characteristics in two managed agroforestry environments 

in the North Carolina coastal plain. These areas 

represented opposite ends of the land-management 

spectrum. The Big Pocosin (BP) area was dominated by 

loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations and human activity 

and development. The Gum Swamp (GS) area contained 

larger and more numerous remnants of unmanaged forests 

including bottomlands, mixed hardwoods, upland 

hardwoods, and pocosins. These unmanaged forests were 

interspersed with pine plantations and relatively low human 

activity. Home range and habitat analyses were conducted 

seasonally and annually using land use-land cover data in a 

geographic information system (GIS). Spring, summer, and 

fall home ranges of black bears were larger in the BP than 

the GS, and GS home ranges were among the smallest 

reported in the United States. Pocosins, clearcuts, and 

marshes were frequently preferred over managed pine 

plantations. Collared bears did not spend large amounts of 

time in agricultural areas, but evidence from a companion 

study suggests that bears depended heavily on crops for 

food obtained during short feeding forays. Changes in crop 

rotation patterns from corn, soybeans, and wheat to cotton 

may reduce agricultural food resources for bears. The 

continued loss of pocosins and marshes to human 

development may exacerbate the effects of reduced food 

crops. Black bears appear to benefit from early-succession 

habitats created by logging operations. We recommend the 

development of a coalition of state and federal wildlife 

agencies, the forest industry, and the agricultural 

community to discuss landscape effects on black bears in 

the Atlantic Coastal Plain and implement strategies to 

address future black bear habitat management in the 

region. 

© NISC 

697. First year analysis of the effects of phosphorus 

enrichment on slough communities of the Everglades: 

An experimental approach using a solar powered 

dosing system. 

Richardson, C. J.; Qualls, R. G.; and Vaithiyanathan, P. 

Lake and Reservoir Management 9(2): 108. (1994) 

NAL Call #: TC401.L3; ISSN: 0743-8141 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution effects/ agricultural 

runoff/ phosphorus/ nutrients/ ecosystems/ environmental 

effects/ macrophytes/ algae/ eutrophication/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ environmental impact/ environmental monitoring/ 

monitoring systems/ periphyton/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ environmental impact/ environmental 

monitoring/ monitoring systems/ periphyton/ water pollution 

effects/ nutrients/ macrophytes 

Abstract: The Everglades is a phosphorus limited system 

that historically received most inputs of nutrients via rainfall 

but has more recently been impacted by over 200 metric 

tons of P per year from agricultural drainage. To determine 

a threshold level of phosphorus responsible for changes in 

community structure and ecosystem processes, a 

replicated solar-driven, in situ mesocosm experiment was 

conducted during 1992-1993. Twelve channels, each 10 

meters long, were dosed with 0, 30, 50, 75, and 150 mu g/L 

of PO sub(4)-P (Na sub(2) HPO sub(4)). Control SRP 

concentrations averaged 5.8 mu g/L (plus or minus 3.9) 

while channels receiving highest inputs (150 mu g/L of P) 

displayed varying P levels that averaged between 58 and 

61 mu g/L of P 1 meter from the source but varied with 

water depth, season and distance down the channel. 

Density or percent cover of all dominant macrophytes was 

lower in the channel segments with highest average SRP 

concentrations (58 to 61 mu g/L PO sub(4)-P). Chara 

appeared to reach its maximum pe`rcent cover at an 

average concentration of about 20 mu g/L PO sub(4)-P. 

Two hundred and twenty-nine algal species, dominated by 

diatoms and blue-green algae, were observed. Increased 

SRP levels enhanced periphyton standing crop in certain 

microhabitats. 

© CSA 

698. Floristic quality indices for biotic assessment of 

depressional marsh condition in Florida. 

Cohen, M. J.; Carstenn, S.; and Lane, C. R. 

Ecological Applications 14(3): 784-794. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: agricultural disturbance/ biological 

assessment/ coefficient of conservatism/ Florida (USA)/ 

floristic quality assessment index (FQAI)/ isolated 

depressional marshes/ landscape development intensity 

index (LDI)/ wetland condition 

Abstract: Evaluation of wetland ecological condition 

requires quantitative biological indices for measuring 

anthropogenic impairment. We implemented a modified 

floristic quality assessment index (FQAI) protocol for 75 

isolated, depressional herbaceous wetland systems, 

exploring refinements of FQAI standard methods. Species 

encountered during sampling (n = 397) were assigned 

coefficients of conservatism (CC) by ten expert botanists 

working independently. A quantitative summary metric of 

adjacent site buffer (up to 100 m) land use intensity, called 

the landscape development intensity (LDI) index, was 

calculated for each wetland system to quantify expected 

anthropogenic impairment. The association between LDI 

and wetland community mean CC scores was strong and 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

210

conditionally independent of ecoregion. Weaker 

associations with LDI were observed for other community 

summary metrics, including richness-weighted FQAI. We 

inverted LDI to compute an intensity coefficient (IC), which 

quantifies observed buffer development intensity tolerated 

by each species. IC scores were significantly associated 

with CC scores on a species basis and strongly associated 

on a site mean basis. Growing interest in floristic quality 

assessment for regulatory purposes provides opportunities 

for formally linking expert opinion and ground observations 

of species-specific disturbance tolerance. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

699. Forest harvesting effects on soil temperature, 

moisture and respiration in a bottomland hardwood 

forest. 

Londo, A. J.; Messina, M. G.; and Schoenholtz, S. H. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 63(3): 

637-644. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: lowland forests/ bottomland soils/ soil 

temperature/ soil water content/ carbon dioxide/ losses from 

soil/ clearcutting/ felling/ biogeochemical cycles/ emissions/ 

soil respiration/ Texas 

Abstract: The effect of forest disturbance on C cycling has 

become an issue, given concerns about escalating 

atmospheric C content. We examined the effects of harvest 

intensity on in situ and laboratory mineral soil respiration in 

an East Texas bottomland hardwood forest between 6 and 

22 mo after harvesting. Treatments included a clearcut, a 

partial cut wherein approximately 58% of the basal area 

was removed, and an unharvested control. The soda-lime 

absorption technique was used for in situ respiration (CO(2) 

efflux) and the wet alkali method (NaOH) was used for 

laboratory mineral soil respiration. Soil temperature and 

moisture content were also measured. Harvesting 

significantly (P = 0.05) increased in situ respiration during 

most sampling periods. This effect was attributed to an 

increase in live root and microflora activity associated with 

postharvesting revegetation. In situ respiration increased 

exponentially (Q(10) relationship) as treatment soil 

temperatures increased (mean range 8.3-29.1 degree C), 

but followed a parabolic-type pattern through the range of 

soil moisture measured (mean range 10.4-31.5%). Mean 

rates of laboratory mineral soil respiration measured during 

the study were unaffected by cutting treatment for most 

sampling sessions. Overall, the mean rate of CO(2) efflux in 

the clearcuts (7.15 g CO(2) m(-2) d(-1)) was significantly 

higher than that in the partial cuts (5.95 g CO(2) m(-2) d(-

1)), which in turn was significantly higher than that in the 

controls (4.95 g CO(2) m(-2) d(-1)). Mass balance 

estimates indicate that these treatment differences will have 

little or no long-term effect on C sequestration of these 

managed forests. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

700. Forest harvesting influence on water table 

dynamics in a Florida flatwoods landscape. 

Bliss, C. M. and Comerford, N. B. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 66(4): 

1344-1349. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: logging/ Pinus elliottii/ Taxodium distichum/ 

water table/ forest plantations/ swamps/ swamp soils/ 

wetland soils/ Florida 

Abstract: Flatwoods are an important ecological plant 

community in the southeastern Coastal Plain with 

approximately one-third of Florida's flatwoods in timberland. 

This study was conducted to investigate hydroperiod 

changes in the water table of both hydric and nonhydric 

soils following harvest in a Florida cypress [Taxodium 

distichum (L.)]-pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) 

flatwoods landscape. Shallow water-table wells were 

established on a 42-ha area and divided into three 

harvesting treatments containing mature slash pine 

plantations and pine-cypress swamps: control, clearcut 

(both hydric and nonhydric soils harvested), and cypress 

swamps only harvested (hydric soils only harvested). 

Water-table measurements were obtained at 2-wk intervals 

for 6 yr. Harvesting treatments occurred 2 yr into the study. 

Regression equations created from preharvest water-table 

data between the control block and harvested blocks 

allowed us to predict uncut water-table responses in the cut 

areas. These predicted values were compared with the 

actual postharvest observations. The water-table level 

increased 48 and 49 cm and 19 and 21 cm in the hydric 

and nonhydric soils in the clearcut and cypress swamps 

only cut, respectively, during the first 126 d after harvesting. 

Significant differences (P < 0.10) in water-table depth 

because of harvesting occurred throughout the four 

postharvest years, but the differences were less than seen 

initially, and the pattern was seasonal. Compared with the 

predicted uncut condition, water tables tended to be lower 

(drier) during the growing season and higher (wetter) during 

the nongrowing season. These seasonal fluctuations were 

presumably driven by changes in evapotranspiration rates 

resulting from differences in leaf area of the pine canopy 

and understory. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

701. Forestry and forest management impacts on 

wetlands.

McKee, W. H. 

In: Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the 

Chesapeake. (Held 9 Apr 1985-11 Apr 1985 at Easton, 

Md.) Groman, Hazel A. (eds.) 

Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute; 

pp. 216-224; 1985. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76; ISBN: 0911937196 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ drainage/ forest 

management/ hydrology/ logging/ South Carolina 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

702. Ground-water-table rise after forest harvesting on 

cypress-pine flatwoods in Florida. 

Sun Ge; Riekerk, H.; and Kornhak, L. V. 

Wetlands 20(1): 101-112. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ harvesting/ ecosystems/ 

forest management/ upland areas/ water quality/ 

synecology/ wildlife/ habitats/ botanical composition/ 

logging/ hydrology/ forest influences/ groundwater level/ 

spatial variation/ temporal variation/ logging effects 

Abstract: Forest removal represents one of the large-scale 

ecosystem disturbances that concern water quality 

degradation, species composition change, and wildlife 

habitat alteration along the Florida coast. A 5-year study 

was conducted with the objective of addressing the effects 

of 2 forest management scenarios on the water regimes of 

cypress/pine (Taxodium ascendens/Pinus elliottii, with 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

211

swamp tupelo Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora [N. biflora]) 

flatwoods ecosystems (cypress wetlands and pine uplands) 

in the lower coastal plain. Three experimental blocks (16-21 

ha) were used in this study, with one representing control 

(C), one wetlands-harvest-only (W), and one wetlands + 

uplands harvest (ALL). Within the centre of each block, a 

representative cypress wetland and its surrounding pine 

upland were extensively instrumented to quantify the 

changes of each hydrological variable induced by tree 

removal. Water levels in cypress wetlands in both treatment 

areas were significantly elevated about 32-41 cm on 

average, and outflow doubled in the 5-month dry period 

immediately following the tree harvesting. The groundwater table in the upland was also raised by about 29 cm 

on average in the ALL treatment, but it was not affected 

significantly during the entire post-treatment period by 

treatment W. During wet periods, the treatment effects for 

both wetlands and uplands were not significant. Causes for 

spatial and temporal variability of hydrological responses to 

forest harvesting are speculated to be: (1) total 

evapotranspiration does not change significantly in 

flatwoods after tree removal during wet seasons; (2) 

specific yield of the flatwoods soils is variable in time and 

space; and (3) lateral water movement from uplands to 

wetlands. From this study, it is concluded that harvesting 

both uplands and wetlands causes greater response than 

harvesting wetlands only. The impacts lasted for more than 

2 years but were most pronounced only in the dry periods. 

Temporal and spatial variations of each hydrological 

component should be considered in evaluating the 

hydrological impact of forest management on the flatwoods 

landscape. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

703. Harvest influences on floodwater properties in a 

forested floodplain. 

Clawson, R. G.; Lockaby, B. G.; and Rummer, R. B. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

35(5): 1081-1088. (1999) 

NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X 

Descriptors: USA, Georgia/ forests/ water quality/ nutrients/ 

forestry/ biogeochemistry/ runoff/ flood plains/ water quality 

(natural waters)/ floodplains 

Abstract: Floodplain forests directly influence water quality 

by serving as sinks, sources, or transformers of nutrients. 

Increases in the demand for timber raise the question of 

how silvicultural disturbance may affect this function. The 

objective of this research was to compare biogeochemical 

relationships between undisturbed vs. disturbed conditions 

in a floodplain forest. A randomized complete block design 

consisting of three blocks and two treatments (partial 

harvest and undisturbed) was installed on the Flint River 

floodplain, Georgia. The partial cut was conducted during 

September-October 1993. Automated water samplers were 

situated to sample during flood events as sheetflow entered 

and exited treatment plots during the 1994, 1995 and 1996 

flood seasons. Pre- vs. post-contact comparisons indicated 

that the undisturbed floodplain has minimal influence on 

water chemistry at this scale of measurement. Although the 

partial harvest on an 8-ha scale had minimal effect upon 

sheetflow water chemistry for three years following harvest, 

the data suggest that harvests may stimulate a minor 

increase in Ca and K sink activity. 

© CSA 

704. Herbivorous insect response to group selection 

cutting in a southeastern bottomland hardwood forest. 

Ulyshen, Michael D.; Hanula, James L.; Horn, Scott; Kilgo, 

John C.; and Moorman, Christopher E. 

Environmental Entomology 34(2): 395-402. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/21698 

Descriptors: selection cutting/ uneven-aged silviculture/ 

forest openings/ forest management 

Abstract: We compared the response of ground beetles 

(Coleoptera: Carabidae) to the creation of canopy gaps of 

different size (0.13, 0.26, and 0.50 ha) and age (1 and 7 

years) in a bottomland hardwood forest (South Carolina, 

USA). Samples were collected four times in 2001 by 

malaise and pitfall traps placed at the center and edge of 

each gap, and 50 m into the surrounding forest. Species 

richness was higher at the center of young gaps than in old 

aps or in the forest, but there was no statistical difference in 

species richness between old gaps and the forests 

surrounding them. Carabid abundance followed the same 

trend, but only with the exclusion of Semiardistomis viridis 

(Say), a very abundant species that differed in its response 

to gap age compared to most other species. The carabid 

assemblage at the gap edge was very similar to that of the 

forest, and there appeared to be no distinct edge 

community. Species known to occur in open or disturbed 

habitats were more abundant at the center of young gaps 

than at any other location. Generalist species were 

relatively unaffected by the disturbance, but one species 

(Dicaelus dilatatus Say) was significantly less abundant at 

the centers of young gaps. Forest inhabiting species were 

less abundant at the centers of old gaps than in the forest, 

but not in the enters of young gaps. Comparison of 

community similarity at various trapping locations showed 

that communities at the centers of old and young gaps had 

the lowest similarity (46.5%). The community similarity 

between young gap centers and nearby forest (49.1%) and 

old gap centers and nearby forest (50.0%) was similarly 

low. These results show that while the abundance and 

richness of carabids in old gaps was similar to that of the 

surrounding forest, the species composition between the 

two sites differed greatly. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

705. Hydrological aspects of cypress wetlands in 

coastal-region pine forests and impacts of 

management practices. 

Fares, Ali; Mansell, R. S.; and Comerford, N. B. 

Soil and Crop Science Society of Florida Proceedings 55: 

52-58. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So32; ISSN: 0096-4522 

Descriptors: coastal region pine forest/ cypress wetlands/ 

evapotranspiration/ ground water/ habitat/ hydrology/ land 

development/ management practices/ mathematical model/ 

precipitation/ silviculture/ surface water/ terrestrial ecology 

Abstract: Hydrology for cypress pond/flatwood pine (CPFP) 

systems located in coastal regions of the southeastern USA 

is a primary driving force influencing ecology, land 

development, and persistence of CPFP systems. Water 

budget analysis provides a means to quantify water 

entering, undergoing storage in, and leaving such systems. 

Precipitation, evapotranspiration, ground water, surface 

water and water storage in the vadose zone represent the 

main components of CPFP water budgets. Precipitation is 

considered the main water inflow component, and ET is the 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

212

major pathway of water consumption, with ground and 

surface waters being dynamically connected. Alternative 

silviculture management practices such as establishing 

unharvested buffer zones, and partial harvesting, should be 

tested in flatwood pine forests. However, field experiments 

involving these alternative scenarios are costly and timeconsuming. Mathematical models can be used to lessen 

the number of required field experiments and to investigate 

important parameters and variables that most influence this 

system. A need exists for multi-dimensional mathematical 

models to describe water flow and solute transport for 

transient flow in a variably saturated media, such as the 

model WETLANDS. These models can be used to simulate 

the dynamic connection between free water in ponds and 

subsurface water in surrounding flatwood forests. The 

models should include temporal and spatial plant uptake of 

both water and solutes. This paper gives an overview of the 

hydrology of CPFP systems, along with current and 

alternative management practices utilized for these 

environments. This type of information is helpful for field 

hydrologists, mathematical modelers working on such 

systems, and regulatory agencies dealing with these 

environments. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

706. Hydrological/environmental impacts of tree 

harvesting within flatwood pine forests upon local 

wetlands. 

Fares, A.; Mansell, R. S.; and Bloom, S. A. 

In: Subsurface hydrological responses to land cover and 

land use changes/ Taniguchi, Makoto. 

Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1997; pp. 167-186 

NAL Call #: GB1001.2.S83 1997 

Descriptors: wetlands/ swamps/ land management/ water 

quality/ flow/ groundwater/ hydrology/ environmental 

impact/ forests/ harvesting/ models/ pollution/ clear felling/ 

contamination 

Abstract: The impact of different management practices on 

the hydrology of cypress (Taxodium distichum) 

pond/flatwood (Pinus elliotti and Pinus palustris) systems 

was simulated using a multi-dimensional water flow and 

solute transport model (WETLANDS). Three hypothetical 

weather years were used. Results of these simulations 

revealed that during periods of positive net water input 

(NWI) flatwood areas undergo slow surface drainage by 

inter-connected strands of cypress ponds. It is during such 

times of the year that a high potential exists for 

contamination of the pond surface water. However, there is 

no concern about contaminant movement into the pond 

during a H&W year where NWI is negative throughout the 

year. Total tree harvest resulted in suppressed water 

consumption by ET such that water levels in the cypress 

pond were higher and water table depths were shallower. 

Total clear cut of the forest resulted in higher potential of 

contaminant movement into the pond as a result of the high 

NWI and a high water table through the simulated year. 

Unharvested buffer zones adjacent to ponds provided 

significant hydrological/environmental benefits to total 

harvesting. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

707. The hydrology of cypress wetlands in Florida pine 

flatwoods. 

Riekerk, H. and Korhnak, L. V. 

Wetlands 20(3): 448-460. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ logging/ runoff/ best 

management practices/ lumber/ environmental impact/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ forest industry/ evapotranspiration/ 

taxodium ascendens/ USA, Florida/ USA, Florida/ habitat 

community studies 

Abstract: The poorly drained pine flatwoods of the Lower 

Coastal Plain of the Southern United States, including 

Florida, contain many pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens) 

wetlands, which cover about one-third of the area. 

Management of the resource includes pine silviculture and 

cypress harvesting for lumber, plywood, paper, and mulch. 

Concern about the ecological impacts and hydrologic 

effects prompted a cooperative study of cypress wetlands 

integrating several disciplines. This paper reports results of 

clear-cut harvesting on the wetland hydrology. Three 

wetlands of about 0.5 ha were selected and instrumented to 

measure the climatic and hydrologic variables before and 

after treatments from January 1993 to January 1997. 

Silvicultural treatments were wetland-only clear-cut 

harvesting, wetland plus surrounding upland clear-cut 

harvesting, and an undisturbed control. The absence of 

observable soil surface runoff (high infiltration rate) and 

slow ground-water movement in the upland pine flatwoods 

suggested that normally the precipitation and 

evapotranspiration balanced each other and that the 

wetlands generated most of the runoff from the landscape 

mosaic as a whole. However, the results showed that openwater evaporation after wetland harvesting exceeded 

evapotranspiration of the control, explaining in part a 

decrease in outflow after wetland-only harvesting. 

Increased runoff from the pine upland, generated by 

reduced evapotranspiration and expanded saturated areas 

after clear-cut harvesting, apparently was buffered to some 

extent by increased evaporation from the embedded clearcut cypress wetland. The average open-water area was 

about fifty percent larger than the wetland area as defined 

by the vegetation. However, excess wetland water balance 

data suggested the presence of a rain-catchment area that 

was 2-3 times larger than the vegetative wetland area 

because of semi-saturated soil in the low slopes. Therefore, 

the actual catchment area of a cypress wetland in the pine 

flatwoods may be variable in time, space, and silviculture 

depending on the topography, the extent of open water, 

and saturated soil. The application of this information in 

water management is for better control of first-year runoff 

from the pine-cypress landscape as a whole. Furthermore, 

silvicultural Best Management Practices for cypress 

wetland water management need to consider a variable 

source area for surface-water pollution that is larger than 

the wetland area as defined by the vegetation. 

© CSA 

708. Impact of agricultural drainage activities in the 

coastal flats region of the Chesapeake Bay.

Hall, T. N. 

In: Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the 

Chesapeake. (Held 9 Apr 1985-11 Apr 1985 at Easton, 

Md.) Groman, Hazel A. (eds.) 

Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute; 

pp. 199-207; 1985. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76; ISBN: 0911937196 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drainage/ water quality/ water 

conservation/ coasts/ Maryland 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

213

709. Impact of harvesting activities on oak seedling 

establishment in a bottomland hardwood forest.

Barry, J. E. and Nix, L. E. 

In: Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Southern 

Silvicultural Research Conference. (Held 17 Nov 1992-19 

Nov 1992 at Mobile, Ala.) Brissette, John C. (eds.) 

New Orleans, La.: Southern Forest Experiment Station; 

pp. 155-159; 1993. 

NAL Call #: aSD11.U57 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/viewpub.jsp?index=1407

Descriptors: Quercus/ lowland forests/ natural 

regeneration/ harvesting 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

710. Impact of tracked and rubber-tired skidders traffic 

on a wetland site in Mississippi. 

Murosky, D. L. and Hassan, A. E. 

Transactions of the ASAE 34(1): 322-327. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: skidders/ tires/ environmental impact/ soil 

compaction/ soil physical properties/ trafficability/ lowland 

forests/ forest soils/ hardwood/ Mississippi 

Abstract: One tracked and two rubber-tired skidders 

operating on a bottomland hardwood site in Mississippi 

were evaluated to determine the effect of machine traffic on 

soil compaction, soil physical properties, and site damage. 

Each system operated during a wet and a dry season. The 

machine treatments were compared with a control plot 

where no machine traffic was allowed. The tracked skidder 

and the skidder with wide tires (68X50X32) created less 

compaction and less site damage. Less site disturbance 

resulted from the wet than dry season harvest. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

711. Influence of cattle grazing and pasture land use on 

macroinvertebrate communities in freshwater 

wetlands. 

Steinman, A. D.; Conklin, J.; Bohlen, P. J.; and 

Uzarski, D. G. 

Wetlands 23(4): 877-889. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ community structure/ species 

richness/ nutrient concentrations/ water column/ freshwater 

environments/ grazing/ stocking rates/ land use/ pasture/ 

pastures/ invertebrates/ nutrients/ cattle/ livestock/ 

environmental effects/ ostracods/ macroinvertebrates/ 

midges/ bioindicators/ eutrophication/ aquatic insects/ 

freshwater crustaceans/ zoobenthos/ population structure/ 

community composition/ species diversity/ biotic factors/ 

dominant species/ aquatic plants/ stocking density/ stocks/ 

agriculture/ indicator species/ pollution indicators/ 

Invertebrata/ Culicidae/ Juncus effusus/ Polygonum/ 

Panicum hemitomon/ USA, Florida/ cattle/ cattle stocking/ 

mosquitoes 

Abstract: Responses of wetland abiotic variables and 

aquatic invertebrate community structure to cattle stocking 

density, pasture type, and dominant vegetation were 

evaluated in subtropical pastures. Cattle were stocked at 

four treatment levels on improved (fertilized) and seminative (unfertilized) pastures in south-central Florida, USA. 

Improved pasture wetlands were dominated either by 

Panicum hemitomon (maidencane) or by a mixture of 

Polygonum spp. (smartweed) and Juncus effusus; seminative pasture wetlands were dominated mainly by 

maidencane. Cattle stocking density had few significant 

effects on water-column nutrient concentration or 

invertebrate community structure. However, water-column 

nutrient concentrations were significantly greater in the 

wetlands on improved pastures compared to semi-native 

pastures. Invertebrate richness and diversity were greater 

in wetlands on semi-native pastures than on improved 

pastures, despite lower nutrient concentrations in the 

former. Overall, the cattle stocking treatment had little 

impact on invertebrate community structure in these 

systems relative to prior pasture land use. However, 

vegetation type influenced invertebrate communities and 

explained some of the differences between pasture types. 

Semi-native (lower nutrient) wetland pastures dominated by 

maidencane had significantly greater invertebrate richness 

and diversity than improved (higher nutrient) wetland 

pastures dominated by mixed vegetation but showed no 

difference when compared to improved wetland pastures 

dominated by maidencane. Chironomids were the dominant 

invertebrate in wetlands of both pasture types. 

Correspondence analysis revealed that ostracods and 

Culicidae larvae might be useful as bioindicators of 

subtropical wetlands that are experiencing cultural 

eutrophication. 

© CSA 

712. Influence of harvesting on biogeochemical 

exchange in sheetflow and soil processes in a 

eutrophic floodplain forest. 

Lockaby, B. G.; Clawson, R. G.; Flynn, K.; Rummer, R.; 

Meadows, S.; Stokes, B.; and Stanturf, J. 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 187-194. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ biogeochemistry/ 

runoff/ nutrients/ land management/ forest management/ 

laminar flow/ watershed management/ USA, Georgia/ 

silviculture 

Abstract: Floodplain forests contribute to the maintenance 

of water quality as a result of various biogeochemical 

transformations which occur within them. In particular, they 

can serve as sinks for nutrient run-off from adjacent 

uplands or as nutrient transformers as water moves 

downstream. However, little is known about the potential 

that land management activities may have for alteration of 

these biogeochemical functions. This paper examines the 

effects of three harvesting regimes (unharvested control, 

clearcut, and partial cut) on the physical and chemical 

parameters within the Flint River floodplain located in 

southwestern Georgia, USA. Data presented in this paper 

were collected during the year following initiation of the 

harvesting treatments which occurred in September of 

1993. Sheetflow water chemistry (total suspended solids 

(TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrate (NO3-), 

phosphate (PO43-), sulfate (SO42-), calcium (Ca2+), 

potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), ammonium (NH4+), 

total phosphorous (P), total nitrogen (N), total carbon (C), 

dissolved organic carbon (DOC)), sedimentation rates, 

depth of soil oxidation after flooding, saturated hydraulic 

conductivity, and bulk density were measured. During the 

year immediately after treatment installation, alterations in 

some of the physical and chemical properties (TDS, NO3-, 

total P, and K+) of floodwaters crossing harvest plots were 

detected. Soil oxidation depths, saturated hydraulic 

conductivity and bulk density also changed with treatment. 

The meaning of the changes detected is uncertain but they 

suggest the nature of potential changes in nutrient spiralling 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

214

and non-point source cumulative effects that may occur 

within a managed watershed. Second-year data may offer 

an interesting comparison of sheetflow chemistry and 

sedimentation changes between vegetated and nonvegetated conditions. 

© CSA 

713. Influence of nitrate and phosphorus loading on 

denitrifying enzyme activity in Everglades wetland 

soils. 

White, J. R. and Reddy, K. R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 63(6): 

1945-1954. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ denitrification/ soil enzymes/ 

enzyme activity/ soil heterogeneity/ seasonal variation/ 

correlation/ soil properties/ nitrates/ phosphorus/ pollution/ 

pollution load/ Florida 

Abstract: There has been recent concern about the impact 

of increased nutrient loading on the northern Everglades 

ecosystem. We investigated the spatial and temporal 

distribution of denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA) along a Penrichment gradient in the Water Conservation Area 2A 

(WCA-2A) and determined the effects of added P and 

NO(3)- on DEA. The DEA in soil and detritus layers was 

measured under anaerobic conditions four times during 2 

yr, using the acetylene blockage technique. The DEA 

ranged from 0.004 to 7.75 mg N(2)O-N kg(-1) h(-1). Highest 

rates of DEA were found in the detritus and surface (0-10 

cm) soils, and rates decreased exponentially with 

increasing distance from the surface-water inflow point, 

where nutrients are loaded to the wetland. Nitrate was 

found to be limiting, while the addition of P had no effect on 

the distribution of DEA in these soils. There was a seasonal 

effect on DEA, with higher activity observed during the 

summer when temperatures and hydraulic and nutrient 

loading were highest. Soils from outside the impacted zone 

demonstrated denitrifying potentials, within 10 h when 

spiked with inflow concentrations of NO(3)-, similar to DEA 

of soils from within the impacted zone. This suggests that 

soils from outside the impacted zone can increase 

denitrification rates when exposed to higher NO(3)- 

concentrations in a relatively short time. Agricultural 

drainage water discharge, and consequent NO(3)- loading, 

has created a zone of elevated DEA proximal to the S-10C 

surface-water inflow point in WCA-2A. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

714. Influence of nitrogen on atrazine and 2,4 

dichlorophenoxyacetic acid mineralization in 

blackwater and redwater forested wetland soils. 

Entry, J. A. 

Biology and Fertility of Soils 29(4): 348-353. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH84.8.B46; ISSN: 0178-2762 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ forest soils/ soil types/ atrazine/ 

2,4-D/ degradation/ mineralization/ soil fungi/ soil bacteria/ 

biomass/ biological activity in soil/ nitrogen fertilizers/ 

application rate/ Florida 

Abstract: Microcosms were used to determine the 

influence of N additions on active bacterial and fungal 

biomass, atrazine and dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) 

mineralization at 5, 10 and 15 weeks in soils from 

blackwater and redwater wetland forest ecosystems in the 

northern Florida Panhandle. Active bacterial and fungal 

biomass was determined by staining techniques combined 

with direct microscopy. Atrazine and 2,4-D mineralization 

were measured radiometrically. Treatments were: soil type, 

(blackwater or redwater forested wetland soils) and N 

additions (soils amended with the equivalent of 0, 200 or 

400 kg N ha(-1) as NH(4)NO(3)). Redwater soils contained 

higher concentrations of C, total N, P, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, B and 

Zn than blackwater soils. After N addition and 15 weeks of 

incubation, active bacterial biomass in redwater soils was 

lower when N was added. Active bacterial biomass in 

blackwater soils was lower when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not 

when 200 kg N ha(-1), was added. Active fungal biomass in 

blackwater soils was higher when 400 kg N ha(-1), but not 

when 200 kg N ha(-1), was added. Active fungal biomass in 

redwater soils was lower when 200 kg N ha(-1), but not 

when 400 kg N ha(-1), was added. After 15 weeks of 

incubation 2,4-D degradation was higher in redwater 

wetland soils than in blackwater soils. After 10 and 15 

weeks of incubation the addition of 200 or 400 kg N ha(-1) 

decreased both atrazine and 2,4-D degradation in redwater 

soils. The addition of 400 kg N ha(-1) decreased 2,4-D 

degradation but not atrazine degradation in blackwater soils 

after 10 and 15 weeks of incubation. High concentrations of 

N surface runoff and groundwater resulting from agricultural 

operations may have resulted in the accumulation of N in 

many wetland soils. Large amounts of N accumulating in 

wetlands may decrease mineralization of toxic agricultural 

pesticides. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

715. Influence of selected inorganic electron acceptors 

on organic nitrogen mineralization in Everglades soils. 

White, J. R. and Reddy, K. R. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 65(3): 

941-948. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Abstract: Organic N mineralization can regulate the 

bioavailability of N in wetland soils and be controlled by the 

availability of inorganic electron acceptors. During the past 

40 yr, the northern Everglades has been affected by 

nutrient loading as a consequence of the diversion of 

surface water runoff from agricultural lands. The greatest 

hydraulic loading occurs in the summer season when 

precipitation is highest. Fluctuations in water levels and 

loading of alternate electron acceptors (NO3- and SO42-) 

could result in variable N turnover rates. The effect of 

aerobic, NO3- reducing, SO42- reducing, and 

methanogenic conditions on potential organic N 

mineralization rate was investigated. Soil at 0- to 10- and 

10- to 30-cm depths and overlying plant detritus were 

collected from eight stations along a 10-km eutrophic 

gradient in the northern Everglades, Florida. Selected soil 

characteristics including microbial biomass C and N (MBC 

and MBN), total P, and extractable NH4+ were measured. 

Significantly (P < 0.05) higher rates of N mineralization 

were observed in the detritus, lower rates in the 0- to 10-cm 

depth, and lowest rates in the 10- to 30-cm depth under 

each of aerobic, NO3- reducing, SO42- reducing, and 

methanogenic conditions. Organic N mineralization rates 

decreased sequentially from aerobic to NO3- and SO42- 

reducing conditions to methanogenic conditions. Total P, 

MBC, and MBN were all significantly correlated (P < 0.05) 

to the N mineralization rates under dominance of each 

electron acceptor. Of all the measured soil characteristics, 

extractable NH4+ was the most strongly correlated (P < 

0.01; r = 0.62-0.92) indicator of potential N mineralization 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

215

rates. Results of this research have important implications 

for the biogeochemical cycling of N and ecosystem 

productivity in wetland systems. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

716. Influences of riparian logging on plants and 

invertebrates in small, depressional wetlands of 

Georgia, USA. 

Batzer, D. P.; Jackson, C. R.; and Mosner, M. 

Hydrobiologia 441(1-3): 123-132. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: wetlands/ logging/ plants/ USA, Georgia/ pine 

trees/ invertebrates/ ecological effects/ water temperature/ 

biomass/ vegetation/ hydrogen ion concentration/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ man-induced effects/ forest 

industry/ aquatic plants/ long-term changes/ environmental 

conditions/ biota/ ecosystem management/ riparian 

environments/ population-environment relations/ human 

impact/ forestry/ aquatic organisms/ environmental impact/ 

environmental changes/ ecology/ daphnia/ Oligochaeta/ 

Invertebrata/ pinus/ plantae/ pine/ oligochaetes/ 

angleworms/ earthworms/ pines 

Abstract: We studied 12 small, seasonally flooded, 

depressional wetlands on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of 

Georgia, U.S.A. Each wetland was embedded in stands of 

managed plantation pine. The pine trees surrounding each 

wetland had been harvested and replanted beginning in 

1997 (2 sites), 1995 (2 sites), 1993 (1 site), 1988 (2 sites), 

1984 (2 sites) or 1975 (3 sites). Regressions of various 

environmental variables with harvest histories indicated that 

those wetlands surrounded by smaller trees had greater 

light levels, water temperatures, pH, herbaceous plant 

cover and biomass, terrestrial invertebrate diversities and 

numbers, and water flea numbers, and lower water 

electrical conductivities and aquatic oligochaete numbers 

than those wetlands surrounded by more mature trees. 

Detected variations in hydroperiod, water depth, dissolved 

oxygen levels, sediment inputs, macrophyte diversity, 

periphyton biomass and densities of most aquatic 

invertebrates were not clearly correlated with past histories 

of peripheral tree harvest. This study suggests that 

harvesting trees around small wetlands initiates physical 

and ecological changes within the embedded habitats and 

that changes can persist for up to 15 years. 

© CSA 

717. Initial responses of woody vegetation, water 

quality, and soils to harvesting intensity in a Texas 

bottomland hardwood ecosystem. 

Messina, M. G.; Schoenholtz, S. H.; Lowe, M. W.; Wang, 

Ziyin; Gunter, D. K.; and Londo, A. J. 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 201-215. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ species diversity/ soil erosion/ clearcutting/ forestry/ water quality/ soil physical properties/ 

surface water/ groundwater/ clear cutting/ environmental 

impact/ USA, Texas/ clear cutting/ environmental impact/ 

clear-cutting/ soil physical properties/ groundwater 

Abstract: Sustainable management of bottomland 

hardwood forest ecosystems requires a knowledge of 

responses to management impacts, including timber 

harvesting. The effects of clearcutting and partial cutting on 

woody vegetation regeneration dynamics, surface and 

groundwater quality, soil physical properties, and soil 

respiration were tested in a bottomland hardwood 

ecosystem in southeastern Texas, USA, through 

comparison with non-cut control areas. Overstory removal 

only slightly affected composition of woody vegetation 

regeneration 1 year after harvesting compared with preharvest composition. Initial composition in both cutting 

treatments appeared to be the strongest determinant of 

post-harvest composition, at least for the first year after 

harvesting. There were few significant differences in 

groundwater properties when harvesting treatments were 

compared with control areas during a 17-month period 

following harvest. Turbidity, temperature, electrical 

conductivity, dissolved O2, NH4-N, NO3-N, and PO4-P of 

streamwater did not vary significantly among treatments. 

Slight decreases in total and macroporosity were observed 

in association with higher bulk densities at 0-5 cm depth in 

the clearcut and partial cut treatments. Saturated hydraulic 

conductivity values did not decline significantly with 

treatment intensity. No significant differences among 

treatments in measured soil physical properties were 

observed at 5-10 cm depth. Although in situ soil respiration 

increased with harvest intensity, treatment had no 

significant effect on mineral soil respiration. In summary, 

most variables showed only slight response to harvesting, 

thereby indicating that harvesting practices can be 

conducted with minimal initial impacts on measured 

response variables. 

© CSA 

718. Long-term relationship between phosphorus 

inputs and wetland phosphorus concentrations in a 

northern Everglades marsh. 

Smith, E. P. and McCormick, P. V. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 68(2): 

153-176. (May 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: wetlands/ human impact/ nutrients/ water 

management/ nutrient loading/ marshes/ agricultural 

practices/ runoff/ nutrient enrichment/ environmental 

factors/ soil/ land/ phosphorus/ nutrient concentrations/ 

statistical analysis/ historical account/ agricultural runoff/ 

canals/ hydrology/ freshwater pollution/ water budget/ 

agricultural pollution/ monitoring/ assessments/ water 

depth/ marsh management/ USA, Florida/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades/ human population-hydrosphere interactions/ 

water resources and supplies/ freshwater pollution/ 

prevention and control/ water pollution: monitoring, control 

and remediation/ sources and fate of pollution 

Abstract: Assessments of long-term relationships between 

changes in nutrient inputs and wetland nutrient 

concentrations can be complicated by fluctuations in other 

environmental factors as well as by problems typical of 

long-term monitoring data. Consequently, statistical 

analysis of these types of data sets requires careful 

consideration of environmental covariates, potential biases 

in the monitoring design, and irregularities caused by 

changes in field sampling protocols. We evaluated the 

relationship between anthropogenic phosphorus (P) inputs 

and water-column total P (TP) concentrations in a northern 

Everglades marsh by statistically analyzing available data 

collected from several sampling programs over the past 20 

years (1978-1997). Canal inputs of agricultural runoff 

contribute most of the P to the marsh and have produced a 

zone of enrichment within the marsh during the past few 

decades. Regression analyses showed that both canal and 

marsh TP concentrations increased during the 1980s and 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

216

then decreased in the 1990s. However, the statistical 

relationship between canal P inputs and marsh TP, while 

significant, generally was weak except for marsh locations 

adjacent to the canal. Stronger relationships existed 

between marsh TP and hydrologic parameters such as 

marsh water depth, which is controlled by changes in 

weather patterns and marsh management. In particular, dry 

conditions during the 1980s may have contributed to 

observed increases in marsh P concentrations and the 

movement of a P 'front' further into the marsh. Higher 

rainfall and water depths and agricultural best management 

programs initiated during the 1990s have been associated 

with reduced P concentrations in canal waters entering the 

marsh. While it is anticipated that this reduction eventually 

will result in lower marsh TP concentrations, this effect is 

not yet evident, possibly due to internal loading of P from 

enriched marsh soils. Our findings illustrate some of the 

environmental factors that can complicate attempts to 

develop empirical relationships between P inputs and 

wetland P concentrations and to use such relationships to 

forecast changes in marsh concentrations based on past 

monitoring data alone. 

© CSA 

719. Methods to determine lateral effect of a drainage 

ditch on wetland hydrology. 

Skaggs, R. W.; Chesheir, G. M.; and Phillips, B. D. 

Transactions of the ASAE 48(2): 577-584. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drainage channels/ drainage/ 

hydrology/ hydrologic models/ simulation models/ 

mathematical models/ water table/ North Carolina 

Abstract: A method was developed to estimate the lateral 

effect of a single drainage ditch on wetland hydrology. The 

method can be used to calculate the distance of influence 

of a single ditch constructed through a wetland, where the 

distance of influence is defined as the width of a strip 

adjacent to the ditch that is drained such that it will no 

longer satisfy the wetland hydrologic criterion. Simulation 

analyses were conducted with DRAINMOD to define the 

minimum, or threshold, drainage intensity that would result 

in failure of a site to satisfy the wetland hydrologic criterion. 

Analyses were conducted for five hydric soils spanning a 

wide range of profile hydraulic transmissivities. DRAINMOD 

was used to predict water table fluctuations between 

parallel ditches for a 50-year period of climatological record. 

For each soil, simulations were conducted for a range of 

ditch spacings and depths to determine the combinations 

that would result in the land midway between the ditches 

just barely satisfying the wetland hydrologic criterion. 

Analyses were conducted for climatological conditions for 

three locations in eastern North Carolina. Results for 

Wilmington, North Carolina, showed that the threshold 

drainage intensities would result in water table drawdown 

from an initially ponded surface to a depth of 25 cm in 

approximately 6 days. That is, ditch depths and spacings 

sufficient to lower the water table from the surface to a 

depth of 25 cm in a threshold time of about 6 days would 

result in hydrologic conditions that would just barely satisfy 

the wetland hydrologic criterion for that location. The 

threshold time is denoted T25 and is used as a surrogate 

for quantifying the water table drawdown rate of sites that 

barely satisfy the wetland hydrologic criterion. T25 was 

found to depend somewhat on drain depth, but it was 

essentially constant for all five of the soils examined. 

Similar results were obtained for the other two locations, 

but because of differences in weather and in the growing 

season, the threshold time (T25) was found to be 

dependent on location. The T25 value is also dependent on 

surface depressional storage, decreasing with increasing 

storage. The discovery that water table conditions barely 

satisfying the wetland hydrologic criterion are well 

correlated to the time required for water table drawdown of 

25 cm (T25 values) makes it possible to predict the effects 

of subsurface drains on wetland hydrology. The lateral 

effect of a single ditch on wetland hydrology can be 

computed by using T25 values in solutions to the 

Boussinesq equation for water table drawdown due to 

drainage to a single drain. While the method was 

developed for drainage ditches, it may also be used for 

subsurface drains. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

720. Metolachlor fate and mobility in a tidal wetland 

soil. 

Seybold, C. A. and Mersie, W. 

Wetlands 19(1): 228-235. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ fate of pollutants/ tidal marshes/ 

herbicides/ mineralization/ soil columns/ agricultural runoff/ 

intertidal environment/ soils/ pollution dispersion/ marshes/ 

mineralization/ soil 

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the fate of 

the herbicide metolachlor in a tidal wetland soil located 

along the James River in Virginia, USA. Soil 

adsorption/desorption and mineralization characteristics 

and mobility of metolachlor were determined on the Levy 

tidal wetland soil. The metolachlor K sub(d) value was 65.8 

L kg super(-1) and K sub(oc) value was 810 L kg super(-1) 

C super(-1), which are much greater than would be found 

on typical agricultural soils. After four 24-h desorption 

periods, the total amount of metolachlor that desorbed 

ranged from 16 to 22% of the amount initially adsorbed. 

Metolachlor mineralization was about 0.46% of the amount 

applied after 84 days, which indicates that it does not 

mineralize very readily in the Levy soil. The amount of 

metolachlor that leached from the soil columns averaged 

1.64% of the amount applied after 84 days, showing a low 

degree of mobility. These results suggest that the Levy tidal 

wetland soil can function as an effective filter of metolachlor 

and other similar herbicides that enter via agricultural 

runoff, protecting surface and ground waters. 

© CSA 

721. Minimizing adverse impacts on wetlands of water 

quality associated with forest and agricultural 

practices.

Lee, C. R. 

In: Proceedings of the Conference: Wetlands of the 

Chesapeake. (Held 9 Apr 1985-11 Apr 1985 at Easton, 

Md.) Groman, Hazel A. (eds.) 

Washington D.C.: Environmental Law Institute; 

pp. 225-230; 1985. 

NAL Call #: QH76.5.C48P76; ISBN: 0911937196 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ fertilizers/ pollution/ 

runoff/ Maryland/ Virginia 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

217

722. Model prediction of the effects of changing 

phosphorus loads on the Everglades Protection Area. 

Munson, R. K.; Roy, S. B.; Gherini, S. A.; MacNeill, A. L.; 

Hudson, R. J. M.; and Blette, V. L. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 134(1-4): 255-273. (2002) 

NAL Call #: TD172.W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wilderness areas/ nonpoint pollution 

sources/ phosphorus/ fate of pollutants/ water pollution 

control/ water quality/ prediction/ model studies/ 

calibrations/ simulation/ hydrology/ runoff/ water 

management/ national parks/ mathematical models/ 

pollution dispersion/ USA, Florida, Everglades 

Abstract: The Everglades Phosphorus and Hydrology 

(EPH) model was developed to simulate water movement 

and phosphorus transport in the Everglades Protection 

Area which is comprised of the Everglades National Park 

(ENP) and surrounding wetlands known as the Water 

Conservation Areas (WCAs). Water flows from the 

Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) through the WCAs into 

Everglades National Park (ENP). The model is designed to 

represent the system as a series of cells in which water 

flows from one cell to the next. The code allows for pumped 

inputs and pumped outputs of water as well as sorption and 

removal of phosphorus through peat accretion. Model 

application involved dividing the system into twenty cells 

representing different segments of the WCAs. Inputs to 

each cell consisted of water pumped from the EAA (where 

appropriate), flow from upgradient cells, and precipitation. 

Outputs included pumped outputs and flow out of each cell. 

Using data collected by the South Florida Water 

Management District, the model was calibrated by matching 

simulated and observed flows, water elevations, and 

phosphorus (P) concentrations for the period 1980-1988. 

The model was then validated for the 1988-1992 period 

using the same model parameters derived from the 

calibration process and comparing simulated and observed 

values. Reasonable agreement between simulated and 

observed values was attained for both the calibration and 

validation periods. The calibrated and validated model was 

used to simulate the impacts on annual average total P 

concentrations in each cell resulting from the 

implementation of the management plan mandated by the 

Everglades Forever Act. This plan calls for the construction 

of six Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) to treat 

discharges from the EAA, hydrologic modifications of the 

system to promote sheet flow, and the implementation of 

Best Management Practices to reduce P runoff from 

individual farms. In addition, the model was used to 

evaluate the impact of not building one of the STAs (STA 

3/4), and sensitivity analyses were conducted to determine 

the effects of changing STA outlet P concentrations 

throughout the system. Model results indicate that 

phosphorus concentration reductions will occur in areas 

near EAA discharges in response to reductions in input P 

concentrations. However these measures will have little 

impact on phosphorus concentrations for 85% of the area 

of the WCAs and on the water entering Everglades National 

Park. The scenario analyses also indicate that phosphorus 

concentrations throughout most of the WCAs are similar 

with or without the construction of STA-3/4. 

© CSA 

723. Modeling the hydrologic impacts of forest 

harvesting on Florida flatwoods. 

Sun, G.; Riekerk, H.; and Comerford, N. B. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

34(4): 843-854. (1998) 

NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/22238 

Descriptors: wetlands/ logging/ clearcutting/ forest 

management/ crop rotation/ Pinus/ national forests/ coastal 

plains/ watersheds/ precipitation/ hydrology/ runoff/ 

evapotranspiration/ temporal variation/ spatial variation/ 

mathematical models/ highlands/ forest hydrology/ Florida 

Abstract: The great temporal and spatial variability of pine 

flatwoods hydrology suggests traditional short-term field 

methods may not be effective in evaluating the hydrologic 

effects of forest management. The FLATWOODS model 

was developed, calibrated and validated specifically for the 

cypress wetland-pine upland landscape. The model was 

applied to two typical flatwoods sites in north central 

Florida. Three harvesting treatments (Wetland Harvesting, 

Wetland + Upland Harvesting, and Control) under three 

typical climatic conditions (dry, wet, and normal 

precipitation years) were simulated to study the potential 

first-year effects of common forest harvesting activities on 

flatwoods. Long-term (15 years) simulation was conducted 

to evaluate the hydrologic impacts at different stages of 

stand rotation. This simulation study concludes that forest 

harvesting has substantial effects on hydrology during dry 

periods and clear cutting of both wetlands and uplands has 

greater influence on the water regimes than partial 

harvesting. Compared to hilly regions, forest harvesting in 

the Florida coastal plains has less impact on water yield. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

724. Morphological changes in soils produced when 

hydrology is altered by ditching. 

Hayes, W. A. and Vepraskas, M. J. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 64(5): 

1893-1904. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ coastal plain soils/ soil 

morphology/ iron/ soil morphological features/ hydrology/ 

water table/ drainage/ oxidation/ reduction/ genetic soil 

types/ North Carolina 

Abstract: A soil's hydrology (seasonal saturation 

occurrence) must be estimated in the field to delineate 

jurisdictional wetlands and to evaluate soil suitability for onsite waste disposal. It is difficult to predict soil hydrology on 

lands that contain ditches, because the areal extent of 

hydrologic alteration by an individual ditch is generally 

unknown. This study evaluated whether morphological 

changes occurred in soils after a drainage ditch had been 

installed. Four transects of plots were established parallel 

to a ditch with plots at distances of 7, 30, 60, and 80 m from 

the ditch. Each transect contained plots in the following 

soils: Aquic Paleudults, Aeric Paleaquults, and Typic 

Paleaquults. Soils within 30 m of the ditch had a 

significantly (0.10 level) greater volume of Fe masses at 

depths of 40 to 100 cm than soils further from the ditch. 

Duration of saturation did not vary significantly with 

distance from the ditch, but within 30 m of the ditch water 

tables fluctuated more frequently than those in soils further 

away. Concentrations of Fe(II) in groundwater at a depth of 

60 cm were higher at 7 m from the ditch than at 60 m, but 

redox potentials at a depth of 60 cm were <500 mv for 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

218

shorter periods of time at 7 m than at greater distances 

from the ditch. We hypothesized that groundwater flowing 

into the soils within 30 m of the ditch introduced Fe(II) into 

the Bt horizons. The Fe(II) oxidized and formed Fe masses 

as the water table fell. Our results indicate that soil colors 

can change within 30 yr as a result of ditching. We suggest 

that the major area of soil influenced by the ditch can be 

identified by where the Fe masses in the argillic horizons 

increase as one approaches the ditch. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

725. Nest-site selection and success of mottled ducks 

on agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana. 

Durham, R. S. and Afton, A. D. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2): 433-442. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nesting behavior/ breeding success/ 

survival/ agricultural land/ habitat selection/ nesting/ 

breeding sites/ plant populations/ reproductive behaviour/ 

population density/ grazing/ microhabitats/ environment 

management/ rice fields/ ecological distribution/ agriculture/ 

aquatic birds/ Anas fulvigula maculosa/ Oryza sativa/ 

Rubus trivialis/ USA, Louisiana 

Abstract: Listing of the mottled duck (Anas fulvigula 

maculosa) as a priority species in the Gulf Coast Joint 

Venture of the North American Waterfowl Management 

Plan, coupled with recent declines of rice (Oryza sativa) 

acreage, led us to investigate the nesting ecology of this 

species on agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana. We 

examined nest-site selection at macro- and microhabitat 

levels, nest success, causes of nest failures, and habitat 

features influencing nest success. We found that female 

mottled ducks preferred to nest in permanent pastures with 

knolls (53% of nests) and idle fields (22% of nests). 

Vegetation height was greater at nests than at random 

points within the same macrohabitat patch. Successful 

nests were associated with greater numbers of plant 

species, located farther from water, and associated with 

higher vegetation density values than were unsuccessful 

nests. We determined that mammalian predators caused 

most nest failures (77% of 52 unsuccessful nests). Our 

results suggest that nest success of mottled ducks on 

agricultural lands in southwest Louisiana could be improved 

by 1) locating large permanent pastures and idle fields near 

rice fields and other available wetlands, 2) managing plant 

communities in these upland areas to favor dense stands of 

perennial bunch grasses, tall composites, dewberry (Rubus 

trivialis), and other native grasses and forbs, and 3) 

managing cattle-stocking rates and the duration and timing 

of grazing to promote tall, dense stands of these plant taxa 

during the nesting season (March-June). 

© CSA 

726. Nutrient enrichment of wetland vegetation and 

sediments in subtropical pastures. 

Gathumbi, S. M.; Bohlen, P. J.; and Graetz, D. A. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 69(2): 

539-548. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: seasonal wetlands/ pastures/ wetland plants/ 

wetland soils/ sediments/ nutrient enrichment/ soil depth/ 

land use/ subtropics/ Florida 

Abstract: Land use practices exert a major influence on 

plant productivity, soil and plant nutrient content, and 

within-stand nutrient cycling in wetlands in agricultural 

landscapes. We examined differences between improved 

and seminative pastures in plant and soil nutrient 

characteristics in seasonally flooded wetlands in subtropical 

grazing land of south central Florida. The wetlands were 

embedded within either grazed improved pastures with a 

long-term history of fertilizer application or seminative 

pastures with no history of previous fertilizer application. 

Soil nutrient concentrations decreased with soil depth for 

both land use types. Total C, N, and P were significantly 

greater (P < 0.05) in the 0- to 15-cm mineral layer 

compared with the deeper layers (15-30, 30-45 cm) for both 

improved and seminative pasture wetland soils. Improved 

pasture wetlands had greater amounts of total P (22.3 kg P 

ha(-1)) in the upper 0- to 15-cm soil layer than did the 

seminative pasture wetlands (15.7 kg P ha(-1)). Plant and 

soil (0-15 cm) N/P and C/P ratios were lower in improved 

pasture wetlands compared with seminative pasture 

wetlands, suggesting greater P enrichment in improved 

pasture wetlands. Microbial biomass C and N decreased 

with soil depth in both pasture types. Soil microbial biomass 

C/total C ratios decreased with soil depth and were similar 

for both improved and seminative pasture wetlands. Our 

results suggest that plant and soil nutrient enrichment and 

storage in temporary wetlands may be impacted by 

adjacent land use practices, which potentially leads to the 

alteration of the structure and functions of these wetland 

ecosystems. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

727. Phosphorus in drainage water from sugarcane in 

the Everglades agricultural area as affected by 

drainage rate. 

Coale, F. J.; Izuno, F. T.; and Bottcher, A. B. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(1): 121-126. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural pollution/ drainage/ 

phosphorus/ crops/ freshwater pollution/ flow rates/ 

agricultural runoff/ water pollution/ organic soils/ drainage 

water/ water pollution sources/ saccharum/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades/ organic soils/ drainage water/ water pollution 

sources/ agricultural pollution/ saccharum/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Sugarcane (interspecific hybrids of Saccharum 

spp.) is grown on 78% (156,000 ha) of the cultivated 

organic soils of the Everglades Agricultural Areas (EAA) of 

southern Florida. Recently, the EAA has come under 

scrutiny because of concerns with the impact of nutrientrich drainage water from organic soils on the ecology of 

adjoining bodies of water and wetlands. The objectives of 

our research were to determine the effects of field drainage 

rate on P concentration and off-field P loads in drainage 

water from sugarcane grown on organic soils of the EAA 

and to determine the effect of field drainage rate on 

sugarcane productivity and sugar yield. The research site 

was on a Terra Ceia muck soil (euic, hyperthermic Typic 

Medisaprist) on a commercial sugarcane farm located in 

the EAA. The treatments were commercial sugarcane farm 

located in the EAA. The treatments were fast and slow field 

drainage rates. Nine drainage events were monitored 

between Nov. 1988 and Aug. 1990. 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

219

728. Phosphorus load reductions under best 

management practices for sugarcane cropping 

systems in the Everglades Agricultural Area. 

Rice, R. W.; Izuno, F. T.; and Garcia, R. M. 

Agricultural Water Management 56(1): 17-39. (2002) 

NAL Call #: S494.5.W3A3; ISSN: 0378-3774 

Descriptors: phosphorus/ nutrients/ crops/ agricultural 

runoff/ farming/ water quality control/ USA, Florida, 

Everglades 

Abstract: Stormwater run-off from the 290,000 ha 

Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) is directed into South 

Florida's Everglades wetland ecosystem. Concerns 

regarding run-off water quality and environmental impact 

led to a 1992 regulatory program which requires P levels in 

basin run-off be reduced by at least 25% relative to historic 

trends. Farmers must collectively achieve this annual basinlevel target by implementing best management practices 

(BMPs) to reduce P levels in farm drainage waters. At the 

time, proposed BMP strategies were largely untested, and 

to what extent they might reduce farm-level P discharge 

trends (also poorly documented) was unknown. Given 

these uncertainties, objectives of this study were to: (1) 

document long-term drainage P trends for EAA sugarcane 

systems and (2) quantify BMP effects on-farm drainage P 

loading. In late-1992, discharge pumps at five farm sites 

(cropped to sugarcane, sugarcane-vegetables, and/or 

sugarcane-rice) were instrumented to collect water samples 

for P analysis during all drainage events throughout 

baseline (BL; pre-BMP) and BMP operations. Highly 

variable rainfall distributions in the region strongly influence 

farm drainage requirements, thus, meaningful 

interpretations of water quality trends require hydrologic 

adjustment to P load data. Five rainfall-adjustment analyses 

were applied to the 6-year farm-level databases. Two 

analysis methods compared P load trends for the entire BL 

and BMP monitoring periods. In Method 1, unit area P load 

(UAL) to rainfall ratios (UAL:R) during BMP operations were 

20.4-47.3% smaller across all five sites than those recorded 

during BL. In Method 2, slope coefficients describing 

cumulative UAL versus cumulative rainfall trends during 

BMPs were 14.9-25.0% smaller than BL slopes. The 

remaining three methods assessed data trends across five 

consecutive "water years" (WY). In Method 3, slope 

coefficients describing WY96-98 cumulative UAL versus 

rainfall distributions were 32.8% lower in magnitude relative 

to WY94. In Method 4, average UAL:R for the WY96-98 

period were 31.0% smaller than for WY94. Basin-level P 

loads are calculated every WY by state water management 

regulators, using a hydrologic adjustment model calibrated 

to a historic load and rainfall database. During the first 3 

years (WY96-98) of required BMP implementation, the 

basin recorded a 55% P load reduction. When this model 

was applied to the farm data (Method 5), farm P load 

reductions for WY96-98 averaged 59.7%. All five analytical 

methods confirm favorable P-reduction trends under 

recommended BMP strategies for EAA sugarcane-based 

cropping systems. 

© CSA 

729. Phosphorus sorption capacities of wetland soils 

and stream sediments impacted by dairy effluent. 

Reddy, K. R.; O'Connor, G. A.; and Gale, P. M. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 27(2): 438-447. (1998) 

Descriptors: phosphorus/ streams/ wetland soils/ 

sediments 

Abstract: The ability of strearm sediments and adjacent 

wetlands to retain added P depends on the P sorption 

capacity and physico-chemical properties of sediments or 

wetland soils. The objectives of this study were to: (i) 

determine the potential P sorption capacities of wetland 

soils and stream sediments in systems with distinctly 

different P loadings, and (ii) establish the relationship 

between P sorption capacity and selected physico-chemical 

properties. Batch sorption isotherms were measured under 

aerobic and anaerobic conditions for sediments and 

wetland soils along a stream-wetland-upland continuum at 

two sites in the Lower Kissimmee River Basin and Taylor 

Creek/Nubbin slough of the Okeechobee Basin, Florida. 

Soluble P and equilibrium P concentratiosn (EPC) of 

stream sediments generally decreased along the wetlandupland continuum. The EPC values were about twofold 

greater under anaerobic conditions than aerobic conditions; 

however, P sorption capacities decreased by about 35% 

under anaerobic conditions compared with aerobic 

conditions. The P sorption maxima, estimated by a single 

point isotherm measured at an added P level of 1000 mg P 

kg-1, correlated well with Langmuir adsorptive maxima. 

Phosphorus retention by stream sediments and wetland 

soils was strongly correlated with contents of amorphous 

and poorly crystal-line forms of Fe and Al, which explained 

87% of the variability in P retention maximum. Addition of 

total organic C to predictive equations improved the 

predictability by only 5%. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

730. Prescribed fire's impact on water quality of 

depressional wetlands in southwestern Georgia. 

Battle, Juliann and Golladay, Stephen W 

American Midland Naturalist 150(1): 15-25. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: conservation/ pollution assessment control 

and management/ ANOVA/ analysis of variance, 

mathematical and computer techniques/ prescribed 

burning/ applied and field techniques/ alkalinity/ annual 

differences/ coastal plains/ depressional wetlands/ 

environmental impact/ longleaf pine forests/ longleaf pine 

wiregrass ecosystems/ pH/ prescribed fire/ soils/ 

vegetation/ water quality 

Abstract: Depressional wetlands are a natural feature of 

the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem on the southeastern 

Coastal Plain. Fire is an essential part of the longleaf pine 

forest with prescribed burns occurring at 1-3 y intervals. In 

2000 and 2001 we sampled wetlands whose surrounding 

uplands had been burned and reference wetlands (i.e., no 

fire) to determine the short-term changes (<1 mo) in 

surface water quality. In 2000 pH, alkalinity and dissolved 

inorganic carbon (DIC) were higher in burned wetlands than 

reference sites based on ranked ANOVA. In 2001 dissolved 

organic carbon (DOC) and NH4-N were higher in burned 

wetlands than reference ones. Differences between years 

suggest that field conditions are very important in 

determining fire's affect on water quality. To clarify our 

findings we conducted a laboratory experiment where we 

looked at changes in water quality when exposed to 

material (wiregrass, dead pine needles and soil) that had 

undergone simulated fire (muffle furnace at 340 C for 1 h). 

Results indicated that water exposed to burned soil had 

elevated pH, alkalinity, DOC, NH4-N and soluble reactive 

phosphorus (SRP) compared to unburned soil. Burned 

wiregrass and pine needles had lower DOC and DIC levels 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

220

compared to unburned material, but burned wiregrass had 

higher NH4-N and SRP concentrations than the unburned 

treatment. Overall our results suggest that the linkage of 

fire and water quality of wetlands is through fire's effect on 

soils rather than vegetation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

731. Recovery of ecosystem functions and plant 

community structure by a tupelo-cypress wetland 

following timber harvesting. 

Mader, S. F. 

Raleigh, NC: North Carolina State University, 1990. 

Notes: Diss. Ph.D.: Order No.: DA9025641. 

Descriptors: ecosystem disturbance/ ecosystem resilience/ 

aquatic plants/ community composition/ swamps/ 

biodegradation/ nutrient cycles/ vegetation cover/ 

environmental effects/ forest industry/ USA, Alabama/ 

timber harvesting/ mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: First- and second-year responses of 

aboveground net primary productivity, plant nutrient 

assimilation (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg), soil cellulose 

decomposition rates, and plant community structure 

following clearcutting were determined for a tidal water 

tupelo - bald cypress swamp in southwestern Alabama. 

Responses to helicopter and rubber-tired skidder timbering 

harvest systems were compared to each other and an 

adjacent, undisturbed reference forest. Additionally, 

cellulose decomposition was measured on plots treated 

with glyphosate herbicide as a means for assessing the 

effect of revegetation on decay rates. The greatest impact 

of timber harvesting was the change in plant community 

structure, particularly total standing biomass, habitat 

suitability, and the two-fold increase in plant species 

richness. Aggressively invading herbaceous vegetation and 

fast-growing stump sprouts propelled a rapid recovery of 

important ecosystem functions and indicated high system 

resilience following ecological disturbance. Plant 

productivity was 45-65 percent and 70-71 percent of the 

reference forest in the first and second years, respectively. 

Much of the nutrient retention function had recovered by the 

first year and over 80 percent of this function was achieved 

for all 5 nutrients by the second year. In fact, rates of P and 

K accumulation surpassed the reference forest rates in both 

years. Additionally, revegetation fueled the rapid return of 

soil cellulose decay rates toward preharvest levels. A 

historical investigation revealed that the wetland ecosystem 

responded similarly to more severe forestry impacts near 

the turn of this century. Helicopter logging is without a clear 

biological advantage over skidder logging with respect to 

minimizing impacts on certain ecosystem- and communitylevel attributes of tidal forests. This holds true despite the 

alteration of hydrologic and soil physical and chemical 

characteristics induced by the skidder. Both harvesting 

methods appear to be acceptable forestry management 

practices. (DBO) 

© CSA 

732. Recovery status of a tupelo-cypress wetland 

seven years after disturbance: Silvicultural 

implications. 

Aust, W. M.; Zaebst, T. W.; Schoenholtz, S. H.; and 

Szabo, B. A. 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 161-169. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: forested wetlands/ timber harvesting 

Abstract: Three disturbance treatments were imposed on a 

palustrine forested wetland (Nyssa aquatica-Taxodium 

distichum) located in southwestern Alabama in 1986: (i) 

clearcutting with helicopter log removal (HELI), (ii) HELI 

followed by rubber-tired skidder traffic simulation (SKID) 

and (iii) HELI followed by removal of all vegetation during 

the first two growing seasons via glyphosate herbicide 

application (GLYPH). After two growing seasons, it was 

hypothesized that eventual woody plant growth would be 

best in the HELI-treated areas, because SKID plots had 

reduced rates of water movement and soil aeration. 

However, measurements at stand age seven years indicate 

that SKID actually has greater total above-ground biomass 

(65 979 kg/ha) than HELI (46 748 kg/ha) and SKID plots 

have a higher proportion of the most desirable timber 

species (Nyssa aquatica). GLYPH areas resemble 

freshwater marshes, although the areas are being invaded 

by Salix nigra seedlings. All disturbance treatments have 

significant groundflora components that have increased 

sediment accumulation 70-175% relative to an undisturbed 

reference area. By age seven years, regrowth of vegetation 

has lowered the water table during the growing season but 

has had little effect on soil redox potential and pH. Our 

observations suggest that this wetland system is rapidly 

recovering from logging disturbance seven years ago. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

733. Reducing diffuse pollution through 

implementation of agricultural best management 

practices: A case study. 

Cook, M. G.; Hunt, P. G.; Stone, K. C.; and 

Canterberry, J. H. 

Water Science and Technology 33(4-5)(1996) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 2. IAWQ Int. Specialized Conference 

and Symposia on Diffuse Pollution, (Czech Rep.), 

13-18 Aug 1995 

Descriptors: water quality/ monitoring/ agricultural 

practices/ nutrients/ animal wastes/ waste management/ 

nonpoint pollution sources/ case studies/ pesticides/ 

pollution monitoring/ agricultural pollution/ USA, North 

Carolina, Duplin Cty./ pollution monitoring/ agricultural 

pollution/ monitoring/ agricultural practices/ nonpoint 

pollution sources/ case studies 

Abstract: A system of agricultural best management 

practices (BMPs) was implemented on a 2,100 ha 

watershed in Duplin County, North Carolina, USA, for the 

purpose of improving water quality. The BMPs included: 

Nutrient, pest, and animal waste management; and soil 

conservation practices. Both surface and ground water 

were continually analyzed to assess the water quality 

impacts. Nutrient management plans have been developed 

for over 80% of the cropland. Pest management plans have 

been developed for over 60% of the cropland. Over onehalf of all plans have been implemented. Poultry mortality 

composting and improved swine waste management have 

decreased the potential adverse effects of animal 

operations. A constructed wetland shows promise as a pretreatment of swine waste prior to land application. Stream 

monitoring shows decreasing amounts of nitrate- and 

ammonium-nitrogen in the surface waters of the watershed. 

Ground water monitoring shows relatively high 

concentrations of nitrate in areas of intensive swine and 

poultry operations. Ground water monitoring of pesticides 

reveals low levels of alachlor, atrazine, and metolachlor 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

221

even though large amounts of these chemicals are used on 

crops. The successful implementation of agricultural BMPs 

appears to be having a positive effect on water quality. Both 

stream and ground water monitoring will be continued for 

several years to assess more definitively the changes in 

water quality. 

© CSA 

734. Removal of floodwater sediments by a clearcut 

tupelo-cypress wetland. 

Aust, W. M.; Lea, R.; and Gregory, J. D. 

Water Resources Bulletin 27(1): 111-116. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 AM34; ISSN: 0043-1370 

Descriptors: wetlands/ deltas/ water quality/ Nyssa 

aquatica/ Taxodium distichum/ clearcutting/ logging/ 

glyphosate/ sediments/ Alabama 

Abstract: A palustrine water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.)-

baldcypress (Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.) swamp in 

southwestern Alabama was subjected to three types of 

disturbance, including helicopter logging, rubber-tired 

skidder logging simulation, and helicopter logging followed 

by an herbicide application. An adjacent undisturbed stand 

served as a control area. Post-harvest collection of 

sedimentation data revealed that the herbaceous and 

woody vegetation regrowth within the helicopter and 

skidded clearcut areas trapped more sediments than did 

the control or herbicide treatment areas. Clearcutting, 

followed by plant regrowth, improved the wetland's capacity 

to remove sediments from overbank flow flood waters. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

735. Residual organochlorine pesticides in soils and 

fish from wetland restoration areas in central Florida, 

USA. 

Marburger, J. E.; Johnson, W. E.; Gross, T. S.; Douglas, D. 

R.; and Di, J. 

Wetlands 22(4): 705-711. (Dec. 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil contamination/ organochlorine 

compounds/ pesticides/ aquatic organisms/ Chlordane/ 

DDT/ Dieldrin/ tissues/ soil/ contamination/ pesticides 

(organochlorine)/ USA, Florida/ rehabilitation/ water 

pollution/ fate of pollutants/ sediment contamination/ spatial 

distribution/ bioaccumulation/ fish populations/ animal 

tissues/ data collections/ sediment pollution/ DDE/ 

geographical distribution/ restoration/ pollution dispersion/ 

Pisces/ Ameiurus nebulosus/ Micropterus salmoides/ 

Pomoxis nigromaculatus/ fish/ black crappie/ largemouth 

bass/ brown bullhead/ freshwater pollution/ environmental 

impact/ sources and fate of pollution/ effects on organisms/ 

water pollution: monitoring, control and remediation 

Abstract: Four wetland restoration sites in the Emeralda 

Marsh Conservation Area located in central Florida, USA 

were flooded between 1992 and 1994. Florida Fish and 

Wildlife Conservation Commission stocked largemouth 

bass in the flooded areas from 1992 to 1996. In 1996, 

organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in 

flooded soils and in black crappie, brown bullhead catfish, 

and largemouth bass from the four sites. Areas 5 and 7 had 

the highest concentrations of total residual OCPs in the 

flooded soils, including dieldrin (385 plus or minus 241 mu 

g/kg), sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE (7,173 plus or minus 

1,710 mu g/kg), and toxaphene (39,444 plus or minus 

11,284 mu g/kg). Sum of chlordane residuals was highest 

in area 5 (1,766 plus or minus 1,037 mu g/kg). ANOVA 

indicated significant differences in location and fish muscle 

tissue concentrations for chlordane residuals, DDT 

residuals, and dieldrin. Fish from areas 5 and 7 had the 

greatest concentrations of chlordane residuals, DDT 

residuals, and dieldrin, which corresponded to the higher 

soil concentrations in these two areas. OCPs in muscle 

tissue were below the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 

action limits for human consumption. For three-year-old 

bass collected from Area 5, mean concentrations of 

chlordane residuals, DDT residuals, and dieldrin were 15-

17 times higher in ovary tissue and 76-80 times higher in fat 

tissue compared with muscle tissue. Mean toxaphene 

levels in bass ovary and fat tissues were 9 and 39 times 

higher, respectively, than in muscle tissues. Tissue OCP 

concentrations were consistent with site OCPs, regardless 

of fish species. 

© CSA 

736. Response of macroinvertebrates and small fish to 

nutrient enrichment in the northern Everglades. 

Rader, Russell B. and Richardson, Curtis J. 

Wetlands 14(2): 134-146. (June 1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ pisces/ farming and agriculture/ 

agricultural runoff effects on wetland community/ trophic 

structure/ community structure/ population density/ effects 

of nutrient enrichment/ semiaquatic habitat/ wetland/ 

chemical factors/ nutrient enrichment effects on wetland 

community/ Florida/ Everglades, North/ nutrient 

enrichments effects on community 

© The Thomson Corporation 

737. Responses of isolated wetland herpetofauna to 

upland forest management. 

Russell, Kevin R.; Hanlin, Hugh G.; Wigley, T. Bently; and 

Guynn, David C. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 603-617. (July 2002) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: Amphibia/ Reptilia/ forestry/ upland forest 

management/ isolated wetland taxa responses and 

conservation implications/ habitat management/ 

implications/ community structure/ population dynamics/ 

wetland taxa/ responses to upland forest management and 

conservation implications/ semiaquatic habitat/ isolated 

wetland/ taxa responses to upland forest management/ 

South Carolina/ Marion County/ Woodbury tract/ wetland 

taxa community/ ecology related to upland forest 

management/ conservation implications 

Abstract: Because many amphibians and reptiles 

associated with wetlands also use adjacent terrestrial 

habitats to complete their life cycles, it has been suggested 

that undisturbed upland areas are required to maintain 

populations of these species. To date, however, measured 

responses of wetland herpetofauna to upland silviculture 

include only retrospective comparisons or anecdotes 

without true spatial and temporal references. We used an 

experimental approach to measure responses of 

herpetofauna at isolated wetlands in the Coastal Plain of 

South Carolina, USA, to disturbance of adjacent loblolly 

pine (Pinus taeda) forests. We used drift fences with pitfall 

traps to sample herpetofauna at 5 wetland sites for 1 year 

before (1997) and 2 years after (1998-1999) the following 

treatments were applied to the upland stands surrounding 

each site: (1) reference (unharvested), (2) clearcutting, and 

(3) clearcutting followed by mechanical site preparation. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

222

Although silvicultural treatments significantly altered 

overstory and ground-cover characteristics of upland 

stands, we did not observe any treatment-related changes 

in the overall richness, abundance, or community similarity 

of amphibian and reptile communities at the wetlands. 

Turtles and snakes were less abundant adjacent to clearcut 

and site-prepared stands 6 months after treatment but not 

after 1.5 years, possibly in response to physical disturbance 

of nest sites and changes in ground cover. Fifteen of the 17 

species of herpetofauna with [gtoreq]30 individual captures 

showed no effects of treatments. Bronze frogs (Rana 

clamitans) entered the wetlands in proportionally higher 

numbers from clearcuts and site-prepared stands 1.5 years 

after treatment, possibly in relation to increased standing 

water in treated stands. In contrast, site preparation 

appeared to reduce the abundance of black racers (Coluber 

constrictor) 6 months after treatment. In the short term at 

least, many species of isolated wetland herpetofauna in the 

southeastern Coastal Plain may tolerate some disturbance 

in adjacent upland stands. Responses of isolated wetland 

herpetofauna to upland silviculture and the need for 

adjacent forested buffers likely depend on the specific 

landscape context (e.g., natural disturbance regimes) in 

which the wetlands occur and composition of the resident 

herpetofaunal community. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

738. Runoff from tomato cultivation in the estuarine 

environment: Biological effects of farm management 

practices. 

Arnold, G. L.; Luckenbach, M. W.; and Unger, M. A. 

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

298(2): 323-346. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH91.A1J6; ISSN: 0022-0981 

Descriptors: agriculture/ bioindicators/ pesticides/ plastic 

mulch/ runoff/ toxicity 

Abstract: The use of plastic row covers (plastic mulch) on 

vegetable farms increases runoff of pesticides after rainfall 

events and has been linked to toxic events in adjacent tidal 

waters. In coastal Virginia, USA, runoff from tomato fields 

with plastic mulch was suspected of causing mortality of 

commercial hard clam larvae at a hatchery located 

downstream of farming operations. Concern about the 

putative impacts of this practice on local waters resulted in 

a collection of studies to: (1) determine the sensitivity of 

early life stages of bivalves to copper, a commonly used 

fungicide; (2) examine acute and chronic biological effects 

of runoff on tidal creeks; and (3) examine the efficacy of 

management practices designed to reduce the delivery of 

pesticides to adjacent creeks. Laboratory bioassays 

revealed that 48-h LC50 values for embryonic clams 

Mulinia lateralis and Mercenaria mercenaria were 38 and 

20 ?g/l, respectively. In situ bioassays with Palaemonetes 

pugio showed that pulsed toxic conditions sometimes occur 

downstream of some tomato farms in plastic mulch 

following rainfall events. Growth, mortality rates and 

bioaccumulation of copper and organic pesticides in oysters 

were not correlated with the use of plastic mulch in 

watersheds. Sediment bioassays indicated potential toxicity 

in sediment collected downstream of some tomato fields in 

plastic mulch, but the effects were not consistent between 

years. Closer examination of management practices on the 

farms suggests that controlling runoff can prevent toxic 

impacts. Elevated levels of crop protectants measured at 

the outflow of farm ponds suggested that they may do little 

to reduce loadings of some pesticides. However, forested 

buffer zones and ephemeral sedimentation basins 

appeared to be effective in reducing pesticide 

concentrations in runoff and pulsed toxicity in tidal creeks. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

739. Season length indicators and land-use effects in 

southeast Virginia wet flats. 

Burdt, A. C.; Galbraith, J. M.; and Daniels, W. L. 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 69(5): 

1551-1558. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wetland soils/ growing season/ land 

use/ swamps/ water table/ swamp soils/ soil temperature/ 

ecological succession/ plant ecology/ forests/ fields/ Virginia 

Abstract: The growing season concepts used by federal 

agencies in defining and regulating wetland hydrology 

ignore land use and rely on published surrogate indicators. 

This study compared several growing season indicators 

with measured air and soil temperature and hydrology data 

on three land-use types in the Great Dismal Swamp 

ecosystem of Southeast Virginia to determine how accurate 

the indicators are on each land use. Water-table depths, 1-

m air temperatures, and soil temperature at 50-cm depths 

were measured for 18 mo at plots representing forest, early 

successional field (field), and tilled (bare ground) land-use 

treatments at two study areas. Land use affected air and 

soil temperature through vegetation type and soil surface 

properties, both of which are important for wetland 

restoration. Based on soil temperature at 50 cm, the 

growing season was continuous in forests but was 

interrupted in January for 1 to 7 d in some field and bare 

ground plots. Soil temperatures at 50 cm rose above 

biological zero (5 degrees C) 90 to 128 d before the 

published -2.2 degrees C growing season started. The 

published -2.2 degrees C growing season was 28 to 88 d 

longer than the measured equivalent, and began after the 

water tables rose and stayed continuously in the upper 30 

cm. A continuous growing season declaration is proposed 

for federal regulations in thermic wet flats on all land uses. 

Lengthening the growing season did not cause the studied 

wetlands to fail the minimum federal wetland hydrology 

requirements for identification or delineation. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

740. Sediment and nutrient accumulation in floodplain 

and depressional freshwater wetlands of Georgia, USA. 

Craft, C. B. and Casey, W. P. 

Wetlands 20(2): 323-332. (June 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

agricultural runoff/ eutrophication/ historical account/ 

sediment pollution/ flood plains/ organic carbon/ Caesium 

137/ Lead 210/ USA, Georgia/ sediments/ nutrients/ cores/ 

variability/ accumulation/ sinks/ watersheds/ land use/ 

deposition/ USA, Georgia/ habitat community studies/ 

sediments and sedimentation/ mechanical and 

natural changes 

Abstract: Soil accretion, sediment deposition, and nutrient 

(N, P, organic C) accumulation were compared in floodplain 

and depressional freshwater wetlands of southwestern 

Georgia, USA to evaluate the role of riverine (2600 km 

super(2) catchment) versus depressional (<10 km super(2) 

catchment) wetlands as sinks for sediment and nutrients. 

Soil cores were collected from three floodplain (cypress-
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

223

gum) and nine depressional (three each from cypress-gum 

forest, cypress-savannah, and herbaceous marsh) 

wetlands and analyzed for radionuclides (super(137)Cs, 

super(210)Pb), bulk density, N, P, and organic C to quantify 

recent (30-year) and long-term (100-year) rates of sediment 

and nutrient accumulation. There was no significant 

difference in organic C, N, or sediment accumulation 

between depressional and floodplain wetlands. However, P 

accumulation was 1.5 to three times higher in the floodplain 

(0.12-0.75 g/m super(2)/yr) than in the depressional 

wetlands (0.08-0.25 g/m super(2)/yr). Sediment and 

nutrient accumulations were highly variable among 

depressional wetland types, more so than between 

depressional and floodplain wetlands. This variability likely 

is the result of differences in historical land use, hydrology, 

vegetation type, NPP, and perhaps fire frequency. Mean (n 

= 12) one-hundred-year rates of sediment deposition (1036 

g/m super(2)/yr), organic C (79 g/m super(2)/yr), N (6.0 g/m 

super(2)/yr), and P accumulation (0.38 g/m super(2)/yr) 

were much higher than 30-year rates (sediment = 118 g/m 

super(2)/yr, C = 20 g/m super(2)/yr, N = 1.5 g/m 

super(2)/yr, P = 0.09 g/m super(2)/yr). Higher 100-year 

(super(210)Pb) sediment and nutrient accumulations likely 

reflect the greater numbers of farms, greater grazing by 

livestock, and the absence of environmentally sound 

agricultural practices in southwestern Georgia at the turn of 

the century. Our findings suggest that the degree of 

anthropogenic disturbance within the surrounding 

watershed regulates wetland sediment, organic C, and N 

accumulation. Phosphorus accumulation also is greater in 

floodplain wetlands that have large catchments containing 

fine textured (clay) sediments that are co-deposited with P. 

© CSA 

741. Sediment concentrations from intensively 

prepared wetland sites. 

Askew, G. R. and Williams, T. M. 

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 8(3): 152-157. (1984) 

Descriptors: sedimentation/ logging/ drainage systems/ bay 

lands/ South Carolina/ suspended sediments/ erosion/ 

roads/ drainage ditches/ construction wetlands/ water 

pollution sources/ water pollution control 

Abstract: Conversion of pocosin and bay lands in the 

southeastern US from natural hardwood stands to loblolly 

pine plantations usually involves the installation of some 

form of drainage system followed by logging, site 

preparation, and planting. The drainage system may 

provide a pathway for sediment produced by these 

activities to reach natural streams. Suspended sediment 

concentrations were measured in water draining from a 

5,900-acre Carolina bay located in southeastern 

Georgetown County, South Carolina, which is undergoing 

conversion to loblolly pine plantations. Samples were 

collected during the first storm-flow event of each month 

between January 1981 and December 1982 from 

subwatersheds involved in some of several phases of 

conversion. Suspended sediment concentrations in water 

draining from the bay averaged 16 mg/l despite logging, 

site preparation road maintenance and use, and installation 

of drainage ditches. Road erosion and ditch installation 

produced the highest suspended sediment concentrations. 

Suspended sediment concentrations decreased 

substantially with increasing distance from the sediment 

source. Logging and site preparation did not lead to 

increased sedimentation as long as heavy equipment was 

not allowed to operate in the ditches. Apparently on the flat 

coastal soils overload flow normally transports sediment 

only from roads or from disturbed sites immediately 

adjacent to drainage ditches. One way to minimize the 

impact of roads and new drainage ditches is to use a 

drainage system that contains a length of main channel 

between sediment sources and sensitive areas. (Moore-IVI) 

© CSA 

742. Sediment deposition in a forested inland wetland 

with a steep-farmed watershed. 

McIntyre, S. C. and Naney, J. W. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(1): 

64-66. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wetland soils/ sediment deposition/ 

watersheds/ Tennessee 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

743. Sedimentation in bottomland hardwoods 

downstream of an east Texas dam. 

Phillips, J. D. 

Environmental Geology 40(7): 860-868. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QE1.E5; ISSN: 1073-9106 

Descriptors: sediment deposition/ alluvium/ floodplains/ 

lowland forests/ sediments/ Texas 

Abstract: Dams and reservoirs are often efficient sediment 

traps, and conventional wisdom holds that fluvial sediment 

supplies are reduced well downstream. However, there are 

reasons to question the extent to which fluvial and alluvial 

sediment supplies are reduced more than a few kilometers 

downstream of dams. Sedimentation in bottomlands of 

Loco Bayou, east Texas, was investigated at a site less 

than 16 km downstream of Loco Dam and Lake 

Nacogdoches, which controls 86% of the 265-km2 drainage 

area. Turbidity levels are generally as high or higher than 

those on Loco Bayou upstream of the lake. Sedimentation 

rates on the lower floodplain since the dam was completed 

are 11 mm year(-1) or more. This rate is high enough to 

suggest that the dam has no effect on sediment supplies 16 

km downstream. The spatial pattern of sedimentation and 

the vegetation distribution suggest that the elevation and 

frequency of flooding, not fluvial sediment availability, are 

the critical factors in determining sediment supplies to these 

floodplains. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

744. Short-term breeding bird response to two harvest 

practices in a bottomland hardwood forest. 

Harrison, Charles A. and Kilgo, John C. 

Wilson Bulletin 116(4): 314-323. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 413.8; ISSN: 0043-5643 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ conservation/ conservation 

measures/ ecology/ community structure/ population 

dynamics/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ land zones/ Nearctic 

region/ USA/ North America/ Aves: forestry/ clearcutting 

and patch retention harvesting/ short term breeding 

population responses/ habitat management/ forest 

management/ species diversity/ breeding species richness/ 

short term responses to different harvest practices/ 

population density/ breeding population density/ short term 

responses to clearcutting vs. patch retention harvesting/ 

forest and woodland/ short term breeding population 

responses to clearcutting vs. patch retention harvesting/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

224

South Carolina/ Lower Coastal Plain/ Coosawhatchie River/ 

short term breeding population responses to different 

harvest practices/ bottomland hardwood forest/ Aves/ birds/ 

chordates/ vertebrates 

Abstract: Clearcutting is the preferred timber harvest 

method in bottomland hardwood forests because it is most 

likely to result in regeneration of preferred species. 

However, clearcutting generally has negative impacts on 

forest birds. Patch-retention harvesting may provide similar 

silvicultural benefits, but its effects on birds are unknown. 

We surveyed breeding birds in uncut control, clearcut, and 

patch-retention treatment areas (11-13 ha) for one season 

prior to harvest and two seasons postharvest in a 

bottomland hardwood forest in the Lower Coastal Plain of 

southeastern South Carolina. Bird observations recorded 

along line transects were analyzed using the software 

EstimateS to estimate species richness and program 

Distance to estimate densities. We found greater species 

richness and bird densities in the patch-retention treatment 

than in the clearcut in both postharvest seasons. We 

detected no forest-interior birds in the clearcut after the 

harvest, but by the second postharvest season in the patchretention treatment, the density of forest-interior birds had 

returned to approximately half of its preharvest level. Thus, 

based on density response, patch-retention harvesting 

appears to be less detrimental to forest birds than 

clearcutting. However, additional work is needed to 

determine whether retained patches influence avian 

survival and productivity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

745. Slash incorporation for amelioration of site, soil 

and hydrologic properties on pocosins and wet flats in 

North Carolina. 

Lakel, W. A.; Aust, W. M.; Carter, E. A.; Stokes, B. J.; 

Buford, M. A.; and Sanchez, F. G. 

In: Proceedings of the tenth biennial southern silvicultural 

research conference/ Haywood, James D. Southern 

Research Station, USDA Forest Service (Series: General 

Technical Report SRS-30), 1999. 298-301 

NAL Call #: aSD143 .G46 no. 30 

http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/2141 

Descriptors: incorporation/ mulching/ site preparation/ soil 

water/ water table/ forests/ tillage/ mounds/ forest soils/ 

wetland soils/ Ultisols/ groundwater level/ amelioration of 

forest sites/ slash/ mulches/ soil water content/ soil solution/ 

chemical composition/ nitrate/ ammonium 

Abstract: It was hypothesized that mulching and 

incorporation of slash as part of site preparation treatments 

could affect soil water characteristics. Two forested wetland 

sites, an organic pocosin (Pantego series soil, fine, loamy, 

siliceous, thermic Umbric Paleaquult) and a mineral wet flat 

(Lenoir series soil, clayey, mixed, thermic, Aeric 

Paleaquult), located in the lower coastal plain of North 

Carolina, were selected for treatments. Treatments 

consisted of slash mulching and incorporation in 

combinations with bedding and flat planting. These 

treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block 

design and an incomplete block design. Volumetric soil 

moisture percent, water table depths, and soil water 

chemical characteristics were monitored for one year 

following treatment installation. Preliminary results suggest 

that bedding in general affects soil water characteristics 

while differing methods of slash incorporation do not. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

746. Soil bulk density, soil strength, and regeneration 

of a bottomland hardwood site one year after harvest.

Hassan, A. E. and Roise, J. P. 

Transactions of the ASAE 41(5): 1501-1508. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: soil strength/ bulk density/ soil water content/ 

forest soils/ regeneration/ lowland forests 

Abstract: The first year soil physical properties and 

regeneration measurements following harvest indicate 

ample regeneration on all treatments including the landing 

areas. Comparisons included three machine systems (three 

skidders) and a helicopter-yarded control that were field 

tested for harvesting a bottomland hardwood site under 

adverse conditions. The results also demonstrate a 

significantly greater number of tree stem count following the 

winter than the summer harvest. Results of the statistical 

analysis of soil bulk density indicate that the soil had 

partially recovered from machine traffic one year after 

harvest. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

747. Soil, groundwater, and floristics of a southeastern 

United States blackwater swamp 8 years after 

clearcutting with helicopter and skidder extraction of 

the timber. 

Rapp, J.; Shear, T.; and Robison, D. 

Forest Ecology and Management 149(1-3): 241-252. (2001) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil chemistry/ organic matter/ 

ground water/ community composition/ revegetation/ forest 

management/ USA, South Carolina/ forest hydrology/ 

lumber/ swamps/ groundwater/ plant populations 

Abstract: We compared the impacts of helicopter and 

rubber-tired skidder extraction of timber after harvesting on 

the structure and function of a blackwater forested wetland. 

This study was initiated in 1991, in a cypress-tupelo forest 

adjacent to the South Fork Edisto River in South Carolina, 

USA. Our objective, eight growing seasons after harvest, 

was to focus on the properties that showed effects of the 

harvest after three years: soil chemistry, organic matter 

decomposition, groundwater chemistry, and plant 

community composition. Concentrations of total nitrogen, 

phosphorous, and magnesium were lower in some of the 

harvest treatments than in the unharvested control. 

Cellulose decomposition at 5 and 10 cm below the soil 

surface was significantly greater in the harvested 

treatments than the unharvested, though there were no 

differences in soil temperature. There were no differences 

among treatments in the concentrations of NO sub(3) 

super(-), NH sub(4) super(+), and PO sub(4) in 

groundwater sampled from depths of 0.2 and 1 m. 

Sedimentation was significantly greater in the harvested 

treatments than the unharvested treatment, and had 

apparently filled the ruts caused by the skidder. Ordination 

of the canopy vegetation plots using their importance 

values showed no separation of vegetation communities by 

treatment. In contrast, ordination of the midstory and 

understory vegetation plots cover showed a separation of 

communities between the harvested and unharvested 

treatments. There was no apparent environmental 

advantage to using helicopters rather than skidders to 

extract timber from this forest. 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

225

748. Soil physical and hydrological changes associated 

with logging a wet pine flat wide-tired skidders. 

Aust, W. M.; Reisinger, T. W.; Burger, J. A.; and 

Stokes, B. J. 

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 17(1): 22-25. 

NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 

Descriptors: wetlands/ logging/ harvesting/ skidders/ tires/ 

soil physical properties/ bulk density/ hydraulic conductivity/ 

porosity/ width 

Abstract: A wet pine flat in the coastal plain of South 

Carolina was harvested with a rubber-tired skidder 

equipped with 68-in.-wide tires. Soil physical properties 

were measured immediately before and after a salvage 

harvest to document changes associated with traffic 

disturbance. Paired t-tests indicate that the wide-tired 

operation significantly increased soil volumetric water 

content, bulk, density, and soil strength, and decreased 

saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil porosity, and depth to 

the water table. Changes were greatest for the more 

disturbed areas, and rutting that occurred in the skid trails 

apparently interrupted subsurface drainage. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

749. Soil redox potential in small pondcypress swamps 

after harvesting. 

Casey, W. P. and Ewel, K. C. 

Forest Ecology and Management 112(3): 281-287. (1998) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: Taxodium distichum/ swamps/ redox potential/ 

soil chemistry/ logging/ forest plantations/ Pinus elliottii/ 

water/ depth/ Florida 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

750. Spatiotemporal responses of reptiles and 

amphibians to timber harvest treatments. 

Goldstein, Michael I.; Wilkins, R. Neal.; and 

Lacher, Thomas E. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 525-539. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ 

land zones/ Nearctic region/ USA/ North America/ 

Amphibia/ Reptilia: forestry/ clearcut and selective timber 

harvest treatments/ impact on bottomland hardwood forest 

communities/ community structure/ forest and woodland/ 

bottomland hardwood forest/ Texas/ Tyler County/ 

bottomland hardwood forest communities/ influence of 

clearcut and selective timber harvest treatments/ 

amphibians/ chordates/ reptiles/ vertebrates 

Abstract: We compared the influence of clearcut and 

selective timber harvest treatments on spatial and temporal 

variability of amphibians and reptiles in an east Texas 

bottomland hardwood forest. The dataset represented a 

time series of 5 years post-treatment. A total of 18,645 

amphibians and reptiles was captured in 144 pitfall arrays. 

We used 9 plots Q clearcut, 3 select cut, and 3 untreated). 

Each plot had 16 arrays and was bisected by 1 of 3 

streams. Pitfall captures represented 46 species (16 

amphibians, 30 reptiles). When analyzed with a traditional 

ANOVA approach, these data suggested an increase in 

reptile species richness in response to clearcut treatments; 

amphibian species richness did not respond to treatment. 

When analyzed as a time series, however, the data 

revealed fluctuations in site use by species and species 

groups, and these fluctuations were independent of 

treatment effects. Exploratory analyses of spatio-temporal 

dynamics showed that species richness and the relative 

abundance of common species displayed spatial patterns 

that remained consistent over time. In control and select cut 

treatments, spatial patterns of richness and abundance 

shifted over time and were not necessarily confined to 

areas adjacent to streams. In clearcuts, stationary habitat 

refugia were located within riparian management zones. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

751. Strategies for protecting Florida's Everglades: The 

best management practice approach. 

Izuno, F. T. and Capone, L. T. 

Water Science and Technology 31(8): 123-131. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: wetlands/ fertilizers/ hydraulics/ sediment/ 

water quality/ management/ practice/ pollution/ water 

pollution/ control/ land management 

Abstract: The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA), Florida, 

USA, consists of an artifically drained area of ~ 280 000 ha 

of organic cultivated soils. Hydroperiods and excessive 

nutrients in surface water inflows have been identified as 

potentially disruptive to the natural ecosystem, with 

phosphorus (P) the limiting nutrient. Hence, agricultural 

drainage water from the EAA, containing higher than 

background P loads and concentrations, has been targeted 

as a source of the problem. To reduce P loads and 

concentrations in the drainage water leaving farms in the 

EAA, on-farm best management practices (BMPs) can be 

used. These BMPs have been identified and tested at the 

large plot scale and presently being implemented and their 

efficacy verified at the farm level. It is currently estimated 

that P loading from the EAA can be reduced by 20% to 

60% using BMPs. A 45% reduction should be attainable 

while keeping within acceptable cost-benefit ratios. The use 

of BMPs, however, will require higher levels of farm 

management and more sophisticated tools for decisionmaking. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

752. Stream water quality changes following timber 

harvest in a coastal plain swamp forest. 

Ensign, S. H. and Mallin, M. A. 

Water Research 35(14): 3381-3390. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: water quality (natural waters)/ streams (in 

natural channels)/ wood/ swamps/ forests/ bacteria/ 

logging/ water quality/ streams/ coastal plains/ riparian land/ 

forest hydrology/ land use/ coastal zone/ deforestation/ 

physicochemical properties/ environmental impact/ fecal 

coliforms/ algal blooms/ microbial contamination/ dissolved 

oxygen/ suspended particulate matter/ watersheds/ 

phosphorus/ phytoplankton/ biological pollutants/ pollution 

monitoring/ resource management/ environmental 

monitoring/ man-induced effects/ anthropogenic factors/ 

harvesting/ forest industry/ USA, North Carolina, Goshen 

Swamp/ logging/ coastal plains 

Abstract: The Goshen Swamp, a fourth order blackwater 

creek in southeastern North Carolina, was clearcut of 130 

acres of riparian and seasonally flooded forest in late May 

through September 1998. Downstream water quality had 

been monitored monthly for 2 1/2 years before the clearcut, 

during the clearcut, and for two years following the clearcut. 

The objective of this paper was to test the hypothesis that 

clearcutting in the Goshen Swamp watershed negatively 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

226

impacted downstream water quality. To do so, data from 

the Goshen Swamp were compared with data collected 

from a neighboring control creek (Six Runs Creek) of 

similar size, land use, and hydrologic characteristics. 

Compared with the control creek, the post-clearcut Goshen 

Swamp displayed significantly higher suspended solids, 

total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 

fecal coliform bacteria, and significantly lower dissolved 

oxygen over a 15 month period. Longer-term deleterious 

effects included recurrent nuisance algal blooms that had 

not been present during the 2 1/2 years before the clearcut. 

Although a 10 m uncut buffer zone was left streamside, this 

was insufficient to prevent the above impacts to stream 

water quality. 

© CSA 

753. Sugarcane production impact on nitrogen and 

phosphorus in drainage water from an Everglades 

histosol. 

Coale, F. J.; Izuno, F. T.; and Bottcher, A. B. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 23(1): 116-120. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: agricultural pollution/ drainage/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ freshwater pollution/ agricultural runoff/ water 

pollution sources/ drainage water/ saccharum/ USA, 

Florida, Everglades/ water pollution sources/ drainage 

water/ agricultural pollution/ saccharum/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: The Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) in 

southern Florida is a 280,000-ha tract of land that has come 

under scrutiny by environmental, agricultural industry, and 

government water management groups that are concerned 

with the impact of nutrient-enriched drainage water on the 

ecology of adjoining bodies of water and wetlands. 

Sugarcane (Saccharum sp.) is grown on 155,000 ha or 

78% of the cultivated organic soils in the EAA. The 

objectives of this study were to determine the N and P 

concentrations and off-field loads in drainage water from 

sugarcane and fallow fields. It was concluded that, due to 

the large quantity of soil N and P mineralized and due to 

crop N and P uptake, the impact of sugarcane production 

on drainage water N and P concentrations was minimal. 

© CSA 

754. Surface water nutrient concentrations and litter 

decomposition rates in wetlands impacted by 

agriculture and mining activities. 

Lee, A. A. and Bukaveckas, P. A. 

Aquatic Botany 74(4): 273-285. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QK102.A65; ISSN: 0304-3770 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ waterlit/ water column/ 

nutrient recycling/ C:N [carbon to nitrogen] ratio/ sediment/ 

season/ evaluation/ site specific/ surface water/ litter 

decomposition/ nutrient concentration/ time scale/ floods/ 

impact of forestry or agriculture/ climate, weather, current, 

tide/ experimental research/ impacts of industry or mining/ 

North America/ United States/ Kentucky/ Insertae/ sedis/ 

Typha latifolia 

Abstract: Decomposition rates of a site-specific dominant 

litter, a standard litter (Typha latifolia) and cellulose were 

quantified in 10 western Kentucky wetlands using the 

litterbag technique. Short-term (60 and 42 days) 

incubations were conducted during fall 1998 and spring 

1999. The effect of variable tissue nitrogen content on 

decomposition rates was evaluated by comparing mass 

loss among site-specific dominant species from each 

wetland. Effects of variable surface water and sediment 

nutrient concentrations on decomposition were assessed 

by measuring mass loss of standard litter materials (Typha 

latifolia and cellulose) of uniform C:N ratio. Decomposition 

of the site-specific dominant litter was significantly 

correlated with tissue C:N ratios and phosphorus 

concentrations in wetland waters and sediments. Water 

column and sediment phosphorus were also significant 

predictors of decomposition rates for the standard litter 

types. Nitrogen concentrations in surface waters were not 

significant predictors of decomposition for any of the 

substrates in either season. Wetlands impacted by mine 

drainage exhibited slower decomposition rates and lower 

nutrient levels in comparison to wetlands occurring in 

predominantly agricultural areas. 

© NISC 

755. Targeting ecosystem features for conservation: 

Standing crops in the Florida Everglades. 

Turner, Andrew M.; Trexler, Joel C.; Jordan, C. Frank; 

Slack, Sarah J.; Geddes, Pamela; Chick, John H.; and 

Loftus, William F. 

Conservation Biology 13(4): 898-911. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: ecology/ community structure/ habitat/ 

pollution/ land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North 

America/ USA/ Invertebrata/ Pisces: biomass/ species 

diversity/ low biodiversity/ semiaquatic habitat/ oligotrophic 

wetland biomass and biodiversity/ conservation aspects/ 

enrichment of oligotrophic wetlands/ Florida/ Everglades/ 

biomass and biodiversity/ conservation significance/ 

chordates/ fish/ invertebrates/ vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

756. Temporal and spatial patterns of wetland 

sedimentation, West Tennessee. 

Hupp, C. R. and Bazemore, D. E. 

Journal of Hydrology 141(1/4): 179-196. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ geomorphology/ growth 

rings/ sediment deposition/ temporal variation/ spatial 

variation/ streams/ agriculture/ road construction/ altitude/ 

sediments/ Tennessee 

Abstract: Dendrogeomorphic techniques were used to 

describe and interpret patterns of sedimentation rates at 

two forested wetland sites in West Tennessee. Fifty-five 

sampling stations were established along transects 

upstream and downstream from bridge structures, and 515 

trees were examined for depth of sediment accretion and 

cored for age determination. Temporal variation in 

sedimentation rate may be related more to stream 

channelization and agricultural activity than to bridge and 

causeway construction. Sedimentation rates have 

increased substantially in the last 28 years, although 

channelized streams may have overall lower rates than 

unchannelized streams. Comparisons of sedimentation 

rates from deposition over artificial markers (short term) 

with those determined from tree-ring analysis (long-term) 

indicate that trends are similar where hydrogeomorphic 

conditions have not been altered substantially. No tendency 

for increased sedimentation upstream from bridges was 

observed. Deposition rates were inversely correlated with 

elevation and degree of ponding. Downstream deposition of 

sand splays appears to be related to flow constrictions and 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

227

may be extensive. Mean overall rates of sedimentation 

(between 0.24 and 0.28 cm year-1), determined 

dendrogeomorphically, are comparable with other 

published rates. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

757. Timber harvesting effects After 16 years in a 

tupelo-cypress swamp.

Gellerstedt, Paul A. and Aust, W. Michael. 

In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Southern Silvicultural 

Research Conference. (Held 24 Feb 2003-28 Feb 2003 at 

Biloxi, Mississippi.) Connor, Kristina F. (eds.) 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Southern Research Station; pp. 524-527; 594 p. 

NAL Call #: aSD143 .G46 no. 71 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/6693 

Abstract: A variety of concerns have been expressed 

regarding harvesting in forested wetlands. These concerns 

usually revolve around such issues as potential losses in 

site productivity, altered wetland functional processes, and 

development of appropriate best management practices. In 

1985 a long-term study was established to evaluate harvest 

disturbance effects on water quality, soil properties, 

hydrology, and site productivity in a water tupelo (Nyssa 

aquatica) -baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) swamp. The 

study site is a deltaic red river bottomland within the MobileTensaw River Delta in southwestern Alabama. After 1 year 

of baseline data collection, three disturbance treatments 

were installed in 1986: Clearcutting with helicopter removal, 

clearcutting with rubber-tired skidder trafficking, and 

clearcutting followed by complete vegetation control via 

glyphosate application. The three disturbance treatments 

were installed as three 3 X 3 Latin squares. Data were also 

collected from adjacent non-disturbed reference areas for 

comparison with disturbance treatments. Measurements of 

soil, water, and vegetation have been conducted at 

treatment ages 0-2, 7-8, 10, 12, and 16. The skidder and 

helicopter treatment plots have recovered since harvest 

due to frequent flooding, shrink-sell soils, and sediment 

accumulation on the site. Sediment accumulation on 

treatment plots increased after harvest and has returned to 

near pre-harvest levels at age 16. The skidder treatment 

has shown somewhat better recovery than the helicopter 

treatment, although the differences between the helicopter 

and skidder treatments are becoming less pronounced. As 

the treatment plots mature, the species composition is 

becoming similar to that of the reference area, and the 

treatment areas are expected to fully recover from 

disturbance. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

758. Use of temporary wetlands by anurans in a 

hydrologically modified landscape. 

Babbitt, Kimberly J. and Tanner, George W. 

Wetlands 20(2): 313-322. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: behavior/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ breeding activity/ breeding sites/ 

cattle ranch/ dynamic habitats/ habitat use/ hydrologically 

modified landscape/ localized flooding/ meteorological 

conditions/ species abundance/ species composition/ 

temporary wetlands/ water table/ wetland hydrology/ 

wetland size 

Abstract: We examined larval anuran assemblages at 12 

temporary wetlands occurring on the MacArthur AgroEcology Research Center (MAERC) in southcentral Florida. 

MAERC is an active cattle ranch, and the wetlands on the 

site are heavily influenced by an extensive series of ditches 

that drain the landscape. Ditching has resulted in a change 

from a historically extensive marsh system to a series of 

isolated wetlands surrounded by upland habitats. Because 

a majority of anurans in Florida breed exclusively or 

facultatively in wetlands whose drying regime excludes fish, 

we were interested in determining the value of these 

modified wetlands as breeding sites. We examined the 

effect of wetland size and hydrology on anuran use, and 

compared breeding activity across three summers that 

varied greatly in rainfall pattern. We sampled tadpoles from 

May 93 to August 93 and from May 94 to September 95. A 

total of 3678 tadpoles from 11 species was collected. Rana 

utricularia was the most abundant species and the only 

species found in every wetland. Species richness was 

related positively to wetland size (r = 0.65, p = 0.023) but 

not hydroperiod (r = 0.03, p = 0.93). Tadpole abundance 

was not related to wetland size (r = 0.35, p = 0.29) nor 

hydroperiod (r = 0.40, p = 0.22). Annual variation in rainfall 

resulted in significant changes in species composition. A 

drought during 1993 resulted in no breeding. A high water 

table in the spring of 1995 resulted in localized flooding in 

early summer on part of the ranch. Wetlands in these areas 

were exposed to spillover of water from ditches containing 

fishes. Wetlands so impacted showed significant changes 

in species composition from the previous year (x2 = 1008, p 

< 0.0001), whereas wetlands that were not impacted did 

not differ in composition. The wetlands at MAERC provide 

dynamic habitats that offer varying breeding opportunities 

that are highly dependent on meteorological conditions. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

759. Vegetation changes and land-use legacies of 

depression wetlands of the western coastal plain of 

South Carolina: 1951-1992. 

Kirkman, L. Katherine; Lide, Robert F.; Wein, Gary; and 

Sharitz, Rebecca R 

Wetlands 16(4): 564-576. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecology: environmental sciences/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ soil 

science/ agricultural disturbance/ hydrology/ land cover/ 

land use legacy/ terrestrial ecology/ vegetation changes 

Abstract: We examined historical patterns of land use of 

depression wetlands (Carolina Bay and bay-like wetlands) 

to determine if a relationship between vegetative 

successional changes over a 41-year period and previous 

human disturbances (primarily agricultural) could be 

established. Land cover was interpreted from 1951 (black 

and white) and 1992 (false color infrared) aerial 

photography of the Savannah River Site (a 780 km-2 

federal nuclear facility in which wetlands have been 

relatively undisturbed since 1951). Patterns of change from 

one land cover to another were detected by constructing a 

series of frequency tables. About one fourth of the 299 

wetlands identified were either pasture or cultivated in 

1951. and the majority had been ditched for drainage. 

Agriculturally disturbed wetlands primarily became mixed 

hardwood/pine or were converted to pine plantations by 

1992; however, no successional differences between 

wetlands that were cultivated versus pasture were 

detectable. The type of land use of many of the depression 

wetlands prior to 1951 probably was determined by 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

228

physical characteristics of the wetlands (e.g., topographic 

position, size, and hydrologic features). Thus, in many 

cases, separation of recovery trajectories from other 

successional pathways, initial hydrogeomorphic 

differences, and/or continued human influences is not 

possible in this study. However, from this change-detection 

study, we recognize that many of the currently protected 

depression wetlands at SRS were disturbed by agricultural 

practices or were impacted by hydrologic alterations prior to 

1951, implying considerable resilience in the recovery 

toward a functioning wetland condition if hydrologic regimes 

are restored. A significant finding of this study is the relative 

stability of herb-dominated bays, which indicates that this 

vegetation type is not necessarily a successional continuum 

toward an eventual hardwood forest, at least in the 

temporal scale of the study. Thus, we suggest that 

management prescriptions for the restoration/conservation 

of herb-dominated wetlands should incorporate concepts of 

temporal stability within a framework of cyclical hydrologic 

and vegetation changes. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

760. Vegetation responses to helicopter and ground 

based logging in blackwater floodplain forests. 

Jones, R. H.; Stokes, S. L.; Lockaby, B. G.; and 

Stanturf, J. A. 

Forest Ecology and Management 139(1-3): 215-225. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: logging/ environmental impact/ forests/ 

species composition/ forest management/ freshwater 

ecosystems/ freshwater environments/ soil characteristics/ 

flood plains/ streams/ harvesting/ vegetation/ community 

structure/ species richness/ community composition/ soil 

erosion/ forestry/ water quality/ detritus/ land management/ 

environmental quality/ Cliftonia monophylla/ Acer rubrum/ 

Cyrilla racemiflora/ Liriodendron tulipifera/ Magnolia 

virginiana/ USA, Alabama/ buckwheat tree/ red maple/ 

swamp cyrilla/ tulip poplar/ sweetbay 

Abstract: Logging in floodplains of low order, blackwater 

streams may damage existing seedlings and rootstocks, 

and create soil conditions that inhibit establishment and 

growth of regeneration after harvest. Removal of logs via 

helicopters has been advocated to minimize soil damage 

and facilitate rapid revegetation. We tested impacts of 

helicopter versus conventional skidder harvest systems on 

regeneration, woody plant community structure and 

biomass growth in three blackwater stream floodplains in 

southern Alabama. The helicopter treatment resulted in 

significantly greater woody plant density (19,900 versus 

14,300 stems/ha by Year 8), but both treatments were wellstocked with commercially valuable species. By Year 8, 

treatment effects on density of individual species were 

generally not significant; however, density of Cliftonia 

monophylla was lower on skidder plots (p=0.001) and 

density of Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora was lower on 

helicopter plots (p=0.092). In both treatments, species 

richness within 0.004 ha regeneration plots declined slightly 

between pre- and post harvest, but the Shannon diversity 

and evenness indices remained essentially unchanged 

through 8 years after treatment. Post-harvest survival of 

Acer rubrum, Cyrilla racemiflora and C. monophylla 

rootstocks was significantly lower on the skidder plots. In 

both treatments, species dominant before harvest remained 

so afterwards. Species with the tallest sprouts in Year 8 

were Liriodendron tulipifera, Magnolia virginiana, and A. 

rubrum. During the first 2 years after logging, aboveground 

biomass was greater in the helicopter treatment, but the 

difference was only significant in Year 1. We conclude that 

both harvesting methods had little effect on species 

composition. Skidding may result in a stand structure more 

favorable for commercial timber production; however, 

impacts of skidding on long-term productivity are not yet 

known. 

© CSA 

761. Water quality changes associated with forest 

drainage. 

Williams, T. M. 

Technical Publication R8 (United States Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Region) 20: 

76-83. (1994) 

NAL Call #: aSD11.U5962; ISSN: 0749-5536 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest management/ forest 

plantations/ water quality/ drainage/ road construction/ 

evapotranspiration/ hydrology/ nutrients/ sulfates/ cations/ 

hydrogen ions/ sediments/ literature reviews 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

762. Water quality within lightly-grazed and protected 

isolated wetlands in south-central Florida. 

Tanner, G. W. and Terry, W. S. 

Proceedings of the Soil and Crop Science Society of 

Florida 50: 80-84. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So32; ISSN: 0096-4522 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ water quality/ grazing/ 

animal husbandry/ land types 

Abstract: Total N and P, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen 

and pH of surface water collected from wetlands in Florida 

were measured over an 1.5-yr period. There were no 

significant differences in these water quality parameters 

between grazed and ungrazed wetlands. All wetlands were 

acidic (mean pH about 4.0) and eutrophic in terms of total N 

and chlorophyll a concn. Dissolved oxygen was always >3 

ppm, and mesotrophic in terms of total P concn. Water 

quality was most degraded during a period of extreme low 

water. Light to moderate levels of cattle grazing did not 

degrade water quality within the wetlands studied. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

763. Wet-weather timber harvesting and site 

preparation effects on coastal plain sites: A review. 

Miwa, M.; Aust, W. M.; Burger, J. A.; Patterson, S. C.; and 

Carter, E. A. 

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28(3): 

137-151. (2004) 

NAL Call #: SD1.S63; ISSN: 0148-4419 

Descriptors: site preparation/ site productivity/ timber 

harvesting impacts 

Abstract: Increased interest in sustainable forestry has 

intensified the need for information on the interactions of 

forest soils, harvesting methods, site disturbances, and the 

efficacy of methods for amelio-rating disturbances. On wet 

pine flats, such as those commonly found in the Atlantic 

and Gulf Coastal Plains, conditions such as frequent 

rainfall, low relief, and poor internal soil drainage often 

predispose forest soils to harvest disturbances and 

potential damage. Typical forest operations use heavy 

logging equipment, such as rubber-tired feller-bunchers and 

skidders. During dry soil conditions, these machines cause 

little soil disturbance, but under moist to saturated 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

229

conditions, such operations may compact soils and 

interfere with normal soil drainage. Many studies have been 

conducted to characterize soil disturbance and site 

preparation effects on tree seedling survival and growth 

and to evaluate the amelioration effect of site preparation 

on disturbed soils. However, results are sometimes 

contradictory due to site specificity, and results have not 

been summarized in the context of pine plantation 

management. This article summarizes previous research 

results of the wet-weather harvesting and bedding effects 

on soil properties as related to loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) 

productivity for a variety of Coastal Plain region sites types. 

© 2004 by the Society of American Foresters. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

764. Wetland agriculture in the Everglades: A concept 

for sustaining agriculture and the ecosystem.

Deren, C. W.; Glaz, B.; and Snyder, G. H. 

In: Versatility of Wetlands in the Agricultural Landscape.

(Held -17-20 September, 1995 at Hyatt Regency, Tampa) 

St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

(ASAE); pp. 35-43; 1995. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.V47 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ farming systems/ sustainability/ 

drainage/ soil depth/ subsidence/ flooding/ rice/ sugarcane/ 

vegetables/ Histosols/ agriculture/ ecosystems/ land types/ 

arable land 

Abstract: Sugarcane, rice, vegetables and grasslands are 

cultivated on 283 000 ha organic soils (Histosols) of the 

Everglades Agricultural area (EAA) in Florida, USA. 

Present farming methods do not sustain a good agricultural 

production. The drained Histosols subside ~2.5 cm/year 

mainly because of microbial oxidation and soil depths in 

some areas are only 40-50 cm over bedrock. It is 

suggested that a wetland agriculture based on rice and 

sugarcane or on crops tolerant to flooding or high 

groundwater levels may help sustain agricultural 

ecosystems and reduce soil subsidence. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices

765. Acute toxicity of methyl-parathion in wetland 

mesocosms: Assessing the influence of aquatic plants 

using laboratory testing with Hyalella azteca. 

Schulz, R.; Moore, M. T.; Bennett, E. R.; Milam, C. D.; 

Bouldin, J. L.; Farris, J. L.; Smith, S.; and Cooper, C. M. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

45(3): 331-336. (Oct. 2003) 

NAL Call #: TD172.A7; ISSN: 0090-4341 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Hyalella azteca (amphipoda)/ 

pollutants/ toxicity/ semiaquatic habitat/ fertilizer and 

pesticide pollution/ fertilizers and pesticides/ 

methylparathion pesticide/ physical factors/ aquatic 

vegetation cover/ Mississippi/ pesticide toxicity/ aquatic 

vegetation effects 

Abstract: Methyl-parathion (MeP) was introduced into 

constructed wetlands for the purpose of assessing the 

importance of distance from the source of contamination 

and the role of emergent vegetation on the acute toxicity to 

Hyalella azteca (Crustacea: Amphipoda). A vegetated (90% 

cover: mainly Juncus effuses) and a nonvegetated wetland 

(each with a water body of 50 x 5.5 x 0.2 m) were each 

exposed to a simulated MeP storm runoff event. H. azteca 

was exposed for 48 h in the laboratory to water samples 

taken from the wetlands at a distance of 5, 10, 20, and 40 

m from the pesticide inlet 3 h, 24 h, 96 h, and 10 days 

following application. Methyl-parathion was detected 

throughout the nonvegetated wetland, whereas the 

pesticide was only transported halfway through the 

vegetated wetland. A repeated-measure three-way analysis 

of variance (ANOVA) using time, location, and vegetation 

indicated significantly lower toxicity in the vegetated 

wetland. Furthermore, the mortality decreased significantly 

with both increasing distance from the inlet and time (48-h 

LC50 [plus or minus] 95% CI: 9.0 [plus or minus] 0.3 

[mu]g/L). A significant three-way interaction of time x 

vegetation x location confirmed higher toxicity at the inlet 

area of the nonvegetated wetland immediately after 

contamination. Significant linear regressions of maximum 

mortality (independent of time) versus distance from the 

pesticide inlet indicated that 44 m of vegetated and 111 m 

of nonvegetated wetland would reduce H. azteca mortality 

to <=5%. These results suggest that vegetation contributes 

to reduced MeP effects in constructed wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

766. Ammonia volatilization from constructed wetlands 

that treat swine wastewater. 

Poach, M. E.; Hunt, P. G.; Sadler, E. J.; Matheny, T. A.; 

Johnson, M. H.; Stone, K. C.; Humenik, F. J.; and 

Rice, J. M. 

Transactions of the ASAE 45(3): 619-627. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ animal wastes/ 

ammonia/ vaporization/ nitrogen removal/ livestock/ artificial 

wetlands/ barn wastewater/ testing procedures/ nitrogen 

Abstract: Increasingly, large-scale animal production 

occurs in confinement where large per-unit-area quantities 

of waste are generated. With the increased scale of 

production, new environment-friendly technologies are 

needed to deal with the waste. Constructed wetlands are 

considered an alternative treatment, but it is not known if 

volatilization of free ammonia (NH sub(3)) governs nitrogen 

removal in these systems. The objective of this research 

was to quantify the NH sub(3) volatilization from 

constructed wetlands that treat swine wastewater. In May 

and July of 2000, a specially designed enclosure was used 

to measure NH sub(3) volatilization from constructed 

wetlands receiving swine wastewater. Laboratory and field 

calibration tests indicated that the enclosure was effective 

at measuring NH sub(3) volatilization. Wetland tests 

indicated that NH sub(3) volatilization was occurring. From 

average hourly rates, it was estimated that 7% to 16% of 

the nitrogen load to the wetlands was removed through NH 

sub(3) volatilization. Although NH sub(3) losses should not 

be ignored, results indicated that NH sub(3) volatilization 

was not responsible for removing the majority of nitrogen 

from the swine wastewater. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

230

767. Aquatic invertebrate and plant responses 

following mechanical manipulations of moist-soil 

habitat. 

Gray, M. J.; Kaminski, R. M.; Weerakkody, G.; Leopold, B. 

D.; and Jensen, K. C. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(3): 770-779. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: aquatic invertebrates/ hydrophytes/ 

Mississippi/ moist-soil management/ waterfowl habitat/ 

wetland management 

Abstract: Managers mow, disk, and till moist-soil habitats 

to set back succession and increase interspersion of 

emergent vegetation and water for migrant and wintering 

waterbirds. We evaluated effects of autumn applications of 

these manipulations on aquatic invertebrates and moist-soil 

plants during 2 subsequent winters and growing seasons, 

respectively, at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, 

Mississippi. Greatest seed mass was in tilled and disked 

plots in 1993 (P≤0.008) and in tilled plots in 1994 

(P≤0.008). Plant species diversity generally was greatest in 

tilled plots in both years (P≤0.05). Mowed and control plots 

produced greatest aquatic invertebrate mass in winter 

1992-93 (P≤0.025) and diversity in both winters (P≤0.01). 

Invertebrate mass and plant standing crop generally did not 

differ among treatments in winter 1993-94 and both years, 

respectively. We recommend autumn tilling in small moistsoil habitats to increase plant species diversity and seed 

yield. For large-scale management, disking may be more 

practical than tilling and would likely yield similar plant 

responses. We recommend autumn mowing if moist-soil 

habitats exist in early seral stages and contain desirable 

seed-producing plants that are robust and do not readily 

topple following flooding to create open water areas for 

waterbirds. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

768. Assessing the functional level of a constructed 

intertidal marsh in Mississippi. 

LaSalle, Mark W. 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station, 1996. 64 p. Wetlands Research 

Program Technical Report. 

NAL Call #: TD756.5.L37 1996 

Descriptors: marshes---Mississippi---design and 

construction/ constructed wetlands---Mississippi 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

769. Avian communities of created and natural 

wetlands: Bottomland forests in Virginia. 

Snell Rood, Emilie C. and Cristol, Daniel A. 

Condor 105(2): 303-315. (May 2003) 

NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422 

Descriptors: Aves/ habitat management/ created vs. 

natural forest wetland communities/ community structure/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ forest and woodland/ created vs. 

natural forest wetlands/ Virginia/ Chowan River basin/ 

community structure in created vs. natural forest wetlands/ 

conservation significance 

Abstract: The federal government requires those who 

destroy wetlands to preserve, restore, or create new ones 

with the goal of no net loss of wetlands. In the summer of 

2000, we tested whether forested wetlands created an 

average of 8 years earlier had developed avian 

communities similar to natural wetlands of the same age in 

southeastern Virginia. We compared six created wetlands 

to five natural (reference) wetlands that had undergone 

ecological succession after clearcutting. We also created a 

trajectory of expected avian community development by 

comparing 20 reference wetlands, logged 1-25 years 

earlier, to mature forested wetlands that had not been 

logged for 50 years or more. Created wetlands had 

significantly lower avian richness and diversity, and a 

different community composition, than reference wetlands. 

These differences were likely due to the fact that created 

wetlands supported low numbers of the expected passerine 

species. In addition, natural wetlands supported species of 

higher conservation concern, as measured by Neotropical 

migratory status, trophic level, habitat specificity, and 

wetland dependency. The trajectory of avian community 

development indicated that the created wetlands were 

developmentally behind reference wetlands or were 

following a different developmental trajectory altogether. 

We hypothesize that the differences between created and 

reference forested wetlands were due to unnatural patterns 

of hydrology or retarded vegetation development on 

created wetlands. It should not be assumed that created 

forested wetlands can provide full ecosystem replacement 

for natural forested wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

770. Avian use of natural and created salt marsh in 

Texas, USA. 

Darnell, Traci M. and Smith, Elizabeth H. 

Waterbirds 27(3): 355-361. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: Aransas National Wildlife Refuge/ artificial salt 

marsh island/ intertidal area/ natural salt marsh island 

Abstract: Bird use of three created salt marsh islands, 

constructed from dredged material near the Aransas 

National Wildlife Refuge, Texas, USA, was compared with 

that of natural marsh to provide feedback prior to additional 

marsh construction. Habitat associations of four bird groups 

(shorebirds, perching birds, wading birds, and gulls and 

terns) were similar in all sites, but relative contributions of 

each group to total avian abundance differed. Differences in 

site-use by birds were largely explained by differences in 

ratios of available habitat types, which were products of 

their geomorphic designs. Created marsh designs differed 

substantially from the natural marsh, where the 

unvegetated exposed-substrate and shallow-water habitats 

preferred by waterbirds were prominent features. The 

oldest created site (four years old) differed most from the 

natural marsh. Intertidal areas in the site were almost 

completely overgrown by vegetation, resulting in 

dominance of the avian assemblage by perching birds 

(especially grackles, Quiscalus spp.) rather than waterbirds. 

In the newer created sites (two years old), where vegetation 

had not completely overgrown the intertidal areas, avian 

assemblages were more typical of the natural marsh. 

However, vegetation cover was expanding in these sites, 

causing a reduction in waterbird habitat area. Efforts to 

ensure availability of unvegetated habitat in created sites 

will improve their structural similarity to natural marsh in the 

study area, and will likely increase their functional similarity 

for avian species. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

231

771. Beneficial use of dredged material to enhance the 

restoration trajectories of formerly diked lands. 

Weinstein, M. P. and Weishar, L. L. 

Ecological Engineering 19(3): 187-201. (Sept. 2002) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Special issue: NOAA - Sea Grant Symposium on the 

beneficial Uses of dredge materials for Coastal Ecosystem 

restoration. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ dredge 

spoil/ coastal zone/ marshes/ spoil banks/ dredging/ waste 

disposal/ coastal waters/ restoration/ waste utilization/ 

coastal zone management/ nearshore dynamics/ shore 

protection/ USA, Delaware Bay/ environmental action/ 

reclamation/ ultimate disposal of wastes/ general 

environmental engineering/ protective measures and 

control 

Abstract: Throughout the United States, coastal wetlands 

are being restored from formerly diked lands drained for 

agriculture. One such site, the 1620 ha Commercial 

Township Salt Hay Farm (CTSHF) is located on the 

southern Delaware Bay, USA. A common problem with 

these sites is their low elevation associated with long-term 

lack of tidal inundation and sediment accretion, compaction 

by heavy equipment, and oxidation associated with 

exposure to the atmosphere. With the reintroduction of tide, 

these areas, which have subsided by several meters or 

more, may become open water and tidal flats for extended 

periods before they return to wetland habitat. Different 

levels of subsidence also result in a wide range of marsh 

planforms including flats with little or no vegetation and/or 

semblance to the geomorphology of natural systems. The 

potential use of dredged materials for several aspects of 

the marsh restoration process - enhancing the sediment 

budget at low elevations, accelerating the restoration 

trajectories toward acceptable endpoints, improving the 

geomorphology of the marsh planform, providing high 

marsh refugia for species that depend on this habitat type 

for survival, reestablishing upland dike elevations for off-site 

protection of people and property, and stabilizing shorelines 

to reduce erosion rates - are the subjects of this paper. The 

abundance of dredged materials from channel deepening 

projects that will occur nation-wide, the maintenance 

dredging of major ports, on-site construction and other 

projects provide a wealth of opportunities to combine 

dredging needs with coastal marsh rehabilitation and 

restoration. 

© CSA 

772. Biological diversity of created forested wetlands in 

comparison to reference forested wetlands in the Bay 

watershed.

Perry, M. C.; Osenton, P. C.; and Stoll, C. S. 

In: Proceedings of the conference: Conservation of 

biological diversity: A key to the restoration of the 

Chesapeake Bay ecosystem and beyond. (Held 10 May 

1998-13 May 1998 at Therres, G. D. (eds.); 

pp. 261-268; 2001. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecosystems/ forests/ amphibiotic 

species/ aquatic reptiles/ aquatic birds/ aquatic mammals/ 

population structure/ species diversity/ biodiversity/ 

dominant species/ nature conservation/ habitat 

improvement/ comparative studies/ watersheds/ Anura/ 

Scaphiopus holbrookii/ Peromyscus leucopus/ Microtus 

pennsylvanicus/ Plethodon cinereus/ Rana sylvatica/ 

Hemidactylium scutatum/ USA, Maryland/ eastern 

spadefoot toad/ habitat community studies/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals were 

surveyed at six created forested wetlands in central 

Maryland and at six adjacent reference forested wetlands 

during 1993-1996 to determine comparative biological 

diversity of these habitats. Amphibians and reptiles were 

caught in pitfall and funnel traps associated with 15.4-m 

(50-ft) drift fences. Birds were surveyed with a complete 

count while walking through each area. Mammals were 

surveyed by capture in live traps. More species and total 

individuals of amphibians were caught on the reference 

wetlands than on the created wetlands. The red-backed 

salamander (Plethodon cinereus), the four-toed salamander 

(Hemidactylium scutatum), the eastern spadefoot 

(Scaphiopus holbrooki), and the wood frog (Rana sylvatica) 

were captured on the reference wetlands, but not on the 

created sites. The wood frog was captured at all reference 

sites and may represent the best amphibian species to 

characterize a forested wetland. Reptiles were not caught 

in sufficient numbers to warrant comparisons. Ninety-two 

bird species were recorded on created sites and 55 bird 

species on the reference sites. Bird species on the created 

sites represented those typically found in nonforested 

habitats. Mammal species were similar on both sites, but 

overall the reference sites had three times the number 

caught on created sites. The meadow vole (Microtus 

pennsylvanicus) was the dominant species captured on 

created sites, and the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus 

leucopus) was the dominant species on reference sites, 

with little habitat overlap for these two species. Although 

species richness and total number of animals were high for 

created forested wetlands, these survey results show major 

differences from species expected for a forested wetland. 

The created forested wetlands appear to provide good 

habitat for wildlife, but are probably not providing the full 

functions and values of the forested wetlands that they 

were constructed to replace. 

© CSA 

773. Biomass and nutrient dynamics in restored 

wetlands on the outer coastal plain of Maryland, USA. 

Whigham, Dennis; Pittek, Mary; Hofmockel, Kirsten H.; 

Jordan, Thomas; and Pepin, Antoinette L. 

Wetlands 22(3): 562-574. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: conservation/ ecology: environmental 

sciences/ nutrition/ agricultural landscape/ biomass/ 

depressional wetlands/ hydrologic conditions/ nutrient 

concentrations/ nutrient dynamics/ nutrient standing stock/ 

outer coastal plain/ restored wetlands/ 

vegetation conditions 

Abstract: A three-year study of aboveground biomass and 

nutrient dynamics in twelve restored depressional wetlands 

of different ages demonstrated significant annual variability 

among sites. Annual variations appeared to be primarily 

due to differences in hydrologic conditions over the three 

years of the study. Differences among wetlands were not 

related to time since restoration. When data for all sites 

were combined, annual differences in biomass and most 

measurements of nutrients (concentrations and standing 

stocks) did not, however, differ significantly. These results 

suggest that differences that are measured at individual 

wetland sites may be less important at the landscape level. 

Biomass decreased from the outer temporary to inner 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

232

submersed zone, and there were few differences among 

wetlands when the temporary, seasonal, and submersed 

zones were compared. Nutrient concentrations in the plant 

biomass increased from the temporary zone to the 

submersed zone, resulting in few differences in nutrient 

standing crops across zones. Results from this study 

demonstrate that some measurements of restoration 

success (i.e., biomass production) should be used 

cautiously because they are likely to be highly variable 

among sites and across years and thus may be of limited 

use in post-restoration monitoring. Other ecosystem 

parameters (e.g., nutrient concentrations of biomass) are 

much more constant spatially and temporally, indicating 

that nutrient cycling processes in vegetation were 

established quickly following restoration. Nutrient 

characteristics of wetland vegetation thus may be a useful 

metric for evaluating restoration success or failure. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

774. Bird-habitat relationships in a Texas estuarine 

marsh during summer. 

Weller, M. W. 

Wetlands 14(4): 293-300. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: birds/ habitats/ estuarine environment/ 

marshes/ flooding/ species diversity/ wildlife management/ 

salt marshes/ plant populations/ rainfall/ habitat utilization/ 

summer/ habitat selection/ environment management/ 

marine birds/ ecological zonation/ Aves/ USA, Texas/ Aves/ 

habitat utilization/ summer/ marine birds/ habitat selection/ 

environment management/ USA, Texas, San Bernard Natl. 

Wildlife Refuge/ ecological zonation/ birds/ habitats/ 

estuarine environment/ plant populations/ 

wildlife management 

Abstract: Birds were surveyed during summer 1985 in five 

adjacent saline vegetation zones and during summers 1986 

and 1991 in 6 adjacent vegetation zones on the San 

Bernard National Wildlife Refuge on the upper Texas 

Coast. Although 66 bird species were recorded, numbers 

and species varied among years, and only 17 were nesting 

species. A few bird species used all vegetation types at 

some time, but most were limited by vegetation structure or 

water presence. Olney's three-square bulrush (Scirpus 

olneyi), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and mudflats were 

especially favored feeding and resting areas in response to 

periodic flooding and had the greatest frequency of use as 

well as species richness. Reduced rainfall and water depths 

during 1986 were reflected in a change toward birds 

favoring drier conditions. Heavy rainfall in 1991 decreased 

diversity but increased usage and favored freshwater and 

swimming birds. Although tidally influenced wetlands often 

are considered uniform, dynamic water and salinity regimes 

observed along this coast must be considered in the design 

of any management or conservation program. 

© CSA 

775. Characterization of oxidation-reduction processes 

in constructed wetlands for swine wastewater 

treatment. 

Szogi, A. A.; Hunt, P. G.; Sadler, E. J.; and Evans, D. E. 

Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20(2): 189-200. (2004) 

NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 

Descriptors: aerobic conditions/ anaerobic conditions/ 

animal wastes/ artificial wetlands/ denitrification/ enzyme 

activity/ enzymes/ flooded rice/ nitrification/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ pig manure/ redox potential/ rice/ soyabeans/ 

waste management/ waste water 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands designed and properly 

operated for treatment of swine wastewater may enhance 

oxidation-reduction processes and nutrient treatment 

performance. The objective of this investigation was to 

characterize soil wetland processes related to nitrogen (N) 

treatment (nitrification-denitrification) and phosphorus (P) 

removal using soil oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) data. 

We evaluated three surface-flow wetland systems 

constructed for treatment of swine wastewater in Duplin 

Co., North Carolina, in 1992. Each system consisted of two 

3.6- x 33.5-m cells connected in series. The three systems 

were planted to bulrushes, cattails, and agronomic crops 

(soybean in saturated soil culture and flooded rice), 

respectively. Soil aerobic/anaerobic conditions were 

determined by monitoring soil ORP at 18 sites using 

platinum (Pt) electrodes. Three monitoring sites were 

established in each wetland cell. Each site consisted of five 

Pt electrodes at three soil depths (0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 m) 

and a reference electrode. A data logger was used for 

hourly acquisition of soil ORP and temperature records. 

Hourly ORP data were averaged on a 24-h basis and 

corrected to standard hydrogen electrode readings (Eh). 

Frequency analysis of daily soil Eh showed that bulrush 

and soybean cells were moderately reduced 

(+100<Eh<+300 mV) and anaerobic (Eh<+300 mV) about 

70% of the time. However, cattail and rice cells were 

anaerobic 100% of the time and had reduced (-

100<Eh<+100 mV) to highly reduced (Eh<-100 mV) soil 

conditions. These results indicate that different wetland 

plant species promote distinct anaerobic and reducing soil 

conditions. Outflow concentration of ammonia-N (NH3-N) 

and soluble P increased with increasing ORP values for 

bulrush and soybean-rice wetland cells due to lower 

temperatures during fall and winter, but not for cattails. 

Denitrification enzyme activities and ORP indicated that 

soils in bulrush wetlands promoted better conditions for 

nitrification-denitrification than cattails or rice soils. 

However, equivalent NH3-N removal rates (4.8-5.6 kg ha-1 

d-1) for cattails and bulrush suggested that treatment 

occurred mostly in the water column for cattails rather than 

the wetland soil. Prevalent anaerobic soil conditions and 

soluble P outflow concentrations determined rather poor P 

retention capacity for all three wetlands. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

776. Colonization of herpetofauna to a created wetland. 

Toure, T'shaka A. and Middendorf, George A. 

Bulletin of the Maryland Herpetological Society 38(4): 

99-117. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QL640.M3; ISSN: 0025-4231 

Descriptors: behavior/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ dipnetting/ applied and field 

techniques: drift fence array/ applied and field techniques: 

frog cell/ applied and field techniques: funnel trapping/ 

applied and field techniques: pitfall trapping/ applied and 

field techniques/ clay substrates/ colonization/ conservation 

biology/ created wetlands: habitat/ flooded areas/ forests: 

habitat/ hydroperiods/ species diversity/ terraced sites/ 

vegetation density/ waterbodies 

Abstract: The colonization by amphibians and reptiles of a 

newly created wetland was investigated at a site along 

Sands Road in Davidsonville, Anne Arundel County, MD. 

This 52-hectare artificial wetland was constructed in a 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

233

gradient design that resulted in four distinct terraced sites 

that temporarily retain rainwater. This palustrine wetland 

site, surrounded by an emergent, young, shrub-scrub, 

forested area, is characterized by the appearance of 

shallow temporarily flooded areas over a clay substrate that 

remains wet even during the driest periods of the year with 

a groundwater depth less than 1.5 m. The adjacent natural 

forest bordering the Patuxent River served as a natural 

indicator of amphibian and reptile activity and a source for 

site colonization. The created wetland site was monitored 

over two field seasons (March through September 1995-96) 

using linear transects, frog calls, drift fence arrays, pitfall 

and funnel traps, and dipnets. Sampling, conducted for 54 

days revealed a total of twenty-eight species (16 

amphibians and 12 reptiles). The colonization of this 

created wetland compared favorably in diversity to 

adjacent, natural forest. Factors best explaining differences 

in herpetofaunal activity, across the different sites within the 

created wetland, were density of vegetation surrounding the 

waterbody and hydroperiod. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

777. Comparative economic analysis of using different 

sizes of constructed wetlands in recirculating catfish 

pond production. 

Posadas, C. 

Journal of Applied Aquaculture 11(3): 1-20. (2001) 

NAL Call #: SH135.J69; ISSN: 1045-4438 

Descriptors: wetlands/ freshwater aquaculture/ fish culture/ 

aquaculture economics/ water quality/ recirculating 

systems/ aquaculture/ fish (catfish families)/ economics/ 

ponds/ fishing and fisheries/ recycling/ USA, Mississippi/ 

catfish/ economic aspects/ fisheries/ artificial wetlands/ 

water circulation/ USA, Mississippi/ fish culture/ fish culture/ 

industrial effluents/ fisheries engineering 

Abstract: Results of experiments using constructed 

wetlands at the Mississippi State University-Coastal 

Aquaculture Unit (MSU-CAU) were used to evaluate the 

investment and operation costs of integrating different sizes 

of constructed wetlands in recirculating catfish pond 

production. In order to create the commercial pond-wetland 

systems used in this analysis, each wetland was placed 

adjacent to each of the ponds used in catfish production. 

Hypothetical recirculating catfish production systems 

consisting of six 3.24-ha ponds and six 0.489-, 0.809- or 

1.134-ha constructed wetlands were evaluated. Higher 

investment and operating costs were required for catfish 

production systems with larger constructed wetlands. 

© CSA 

778. A comparative study of nitrogen and phosphorus 

cycling in tidal and non-tidal riverine wetlands. 

Verhoeven, Jos T. A.; Whigham, Dennis F.; Van Logtestijn, 

Richard; and O'Neill, Jay 

Wetlands 21(2): 210-222. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ methods and techniques/ soil science/ 

comparative study/ comparison method/ principal 

components analysis/ analytical method/ interstitial water 

chemistry/ nutrient cycling processes: riverine wetlands/ 

riverine wetlands: forested, geographical separation, 

hydrodynamic differences, natural, nutrient dynamics, 

restored, vegetation differences/ soil variables: bulk density, 

organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus 

Abstract: This paper describes a study of nutrient 

dynamics in 12 tidal and non-tidal freshwater riverine 

wetlands in The Netherlands, Belgium, and Maryland 

(USA). The purpose of the study was to investigate the 

relationships between nutrient cycling processes in riverine 

wetlands that were geographically separated, that were 

dominated by different types of vegetation, and that had 

different hydrodynamics. We also compared restored and 

natural riverine wetlands. The results showed distinct 

differences in interstitial water chemistry between the sites 

in Maryland and Europe. No such regional differences were 

found in the soil variables, except for soil phosphorus, 

which was higher in The Netherlands. Soil organic matter, 

total nitrogen and phosphorus content, and bulk density 

were higher in tidal freshwater wetland soils. Forested 

wetland soils had higher organic matter and total nitrogen 

and lower bulk density and total phosphorus than soils from 

wetlands dominated by herbaceous species. Restored 

wetlands had lower soil organic matter and total soil 

nitrogen and phosphorus than similar types of natural 

riverine wetlands. There were no differences in nutrientrelated process rates nor plant nutrient concentrations in 

tidal versus non-tidal riverine wetlands. Lower nitrogen and 

phosphorus concentrations in plants at the restored sites 

suggest that nutrient uptake by vegetation may be poorly 

coupled to rates of nutrient cycling during early stages of 

vegetation development. A principal components analysis 

of the data identified groupings of soil and water variables 

that were similar to those that had been previously 

identified when we applied the same methods to peatlands 

that were also geographically widely separated. Results of 

the study demonstrate that the techniques that we have 

been using are robust and repeatable. They are especially 

useful for making general comparisons of nitrogen and 

phosphorus cycling when there are limitations on the 

number of wetland that can be sampled. The approach that 

we have developed may also be used to calibrate and 

refine nutrient cycling models that are incorporated into 

wetland assessment procedures. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

779. Comparing ecological functions of natural and 

created wetlands for shorebirds in Texas. 

Brusati, Elizabeth D.; DuBowy, Paul J.; and 

Lacher, Thomas E. 

Waterbirds 24(3): 371-380. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: fecal analysis: analytical method/ fixed point 

observations: survey method/ inshore transects: survey 

method/ offshore transects: survey method/ chick 

provisioning/ diet/ estuaries: habitat/ food resource 

partitioning/ foraging ecology/ habitat choice/ habitat 

differences/ intercolony differences/ piscivory/ prey choice/ 

satellite imagery/ sea surface temperature/ stable isotope 

ratios/ water masses: delineation 

Abstract: We compared shorebird behavior, abundance 

and prey availability between natural and created wetlands 

along the Gulf of Mexico, Texas, USA. Locations included 

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, the Nueces River Delta, 

and Mustang Island. Few significant differences existed in 

invertebrate density or biomass between sites; greater 

differences were found seasonally than between natural 

and created sites. Non-metric multidimensional scaling of 

avian abundance separated Mustang Island from Nueces 

Delta. Cluster analysis of behavior of Black-bellied Plover 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

234

(Pluvialis squatarola), Long-billed Curlew (Numenius 

americanus), "peeps" (Calidris minutilla, C. pusilla), and 

Willet (Catoptrophorus semipalmatus), showed no clear 

differences in their behavior on natural and created sites. 

Mustang Island sites were more similar to each other than 

to Nueces Delta. All created sites had natural hydrology 

and tidal circulation, which appear to facilitate invertebrate 

and avian recruitment. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

780. Conceptual assessment framework for forested 

wetland restoration: The Pen Branch experience. 

Kolka, R. K.; Nelson, E. A.; and Trettin, C. C. 

Ecological Engineering 15(Supplment 1): S17-S2. 

(Sept. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ forests/ 

pollution control/ ecosystem management/ hydrology/ 

geomorphology/ vegetation cover/ analytical techniques/ 

sustainable development/ USA, South Carolina/ 

reclamation/ protective measures and control/ 

environmental action 

Abstract: Development of an assessment framework and 

associated indicators that can be used to evaluate the 

effectiveness of a wetland restoration is critical to 

demonstrating the sustainability of restored sites. Current 

wetland restoration assessment techniques such as the 

index of biotic integrity (IBI) or the hydrogeomorphic 

method (HGM) generally focus on either the biotic or abiotic 

components of wetlands. In addition, current methods 

generally rely on qualitative or semi-quantitative rankings in 

the assessment. We propose a quantitative, ecosystem 

level assessment method similar to that developed by the 

US EPA's Wetland Research Program (WRP approach) 

that includes both biotic and abiotic metrics. Similar to the 

IBI and HGM approaches, biotic and abiotic parameters are 

compared to those of reference communities, however, the 

proposed comparisons are quantitative. In developing the 

assessment method, bottomland reference systems at 

various stages of succession were compared to a recently 

restored site in South Carolina (Pen branch). Studies 

involving hydrology, soil organic matter and nutrient 

dynamics, vegetation communities, seedling establishment 

and competition, and avian, small mammal, herpetofauna, 

fish and macroinvertebrate communities were implemented. 

In this paper, we discuss the conceptual framework in 

which we developed our assessment technique. 

© CSA 

781. Constructed wetland design and performance for 

swine lagoon wastewater treatment. 

Stone, K. C.; Hunt, P. G.; Szoegi, A. A.; Humenik, F. J.; and 

Rice, J. M. 

Transactions of the ASAE 45(3): 723-730. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ livestock/ wastewater 

treatment/ animal wastes/ lagoons/ nitrogen/ hydraulic 

loading/ cattails/ phosphorus/ barn/ wastewater/ bulrushes/ 

natural resources/ regression analysis/ ammonia/ USA, 

North Carolina, Duplin Cty. 

Abstract: Although constructed wetlands have been 

identified as a potentially important component of animal 

wastewater treatment systems, their design requirements 

have been based mainly on municipal systems. The 

objective of this investigation was to examine various 

design approaches for constructed wetlands in relation to 

the performance of our constructed wetlands for swine 

wastewater treatment. The free water surface wetlands in 

Duplin County, North Carolina, investigated in this study 

were constructed in 1992 based on the Natural Resources 

Conservation Service (NRCS) presumptive design method. 

We used four wetland cells (3.6 m x 33.5 m) with two cells 

connected in series; the two series of cells were planted 

and predominated, respectively, by either bulrushes or 

cattails and were studied from 1993 to 1999. The wetlands 

were effective in treating nitrogen with mean total nitrogen 

and ammonia-N concentration reductions of approximately 

85%; however, they were not effective in the treatment of 

phosphorus. Regression analyses of outflow concentration 

vs. inflow concentration and hydraulic loading rate for total 

N and ammonia-N were reasonably correlated (r super(2) 

greater than or equal to 0.66 and r super(2) greater than or 

equal to 0.65, respectively). Our calculated first-order plugflow kinetics model rate constants (K sub(20)) for total-N 

and ammonia-N (8.4 and 8.9, respectively) were slightly 

lower than those reported in the limited literature and 

currently recommended for use in constructed wetland 

design. Nonetheless, use of our calculated rate constants 

would result in about the same size constructed wetland for 

treating swine lagoon wastewater. 

© CSA 

782. Constructed wetland system for mitigation of 

nutrient contaminants in offsite drainage from a 

commercial nursery. 

Whitwell, Ted; Taylor, Milton; and Klaine, Steve 

Hortscience 38(5): 672. (2003) 

NAL Call #: SB1.H6; ISSN: 0018-5345. 

Notes: Conference: American Association for Horticultural 

Science Centennial Conference, Providence, RI, USA; 

October 03-06, 2003 

Descriptors: horticulture: agriculture/ pollution assessment 

control and management/ bioremediation/ applied and field 

techniques/ constructed wetland system/ commercial 

nursery drainage 

Abstract: Container-grown plants from commercial 

nurseries require large amounts of water and nutrients 

during their production cycle. Nutrients may be delivered 

through incorporation in potting media, by top-dressing with 

granular or slow-release fertilizers, or through liquid feeding 

by injection into irrigation water. Thus, mitigation of offsite 

movement of nutrients in runoff is a serious concern. Wight 

Nurseries of Cairo, Georgia has installed 9.31 acres of 

planted wetlands to receive direct runoff in excess of 

recapture needs from over 30 acres of growing beds and 

excess water diverted from a retention basin and pond 

used to retain water for an adjacent watershed. Water flows 

though trench drains between wetland cells and eventually 

into stilling ponds before it is allowed to exit the property. 

Water flow through the wetlands ranges from 1.6 million to 

2.2 million liters per day. Monitoring data indicates strong 

seasonal differences in nitrate and nitrite nitrogen removal 

efficiencies. Nitrogen removal between April and November 

averaged 93.3% while removal during winter months 

averaged 44.1%. Nitrite was never found in wetland 

discharge water. Nitrogen as nitrate in discharge water 

varied from 0.05 ppm to 4.3 ppm, well below drinking water 

quality standards, and was below 0.6 ppm between June 

and November except in September during construction 

activity. Orthophosphate phosphorus removal was highly 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

235

variable with highest removal occurring during late spring, 

averaging 33.6%. and some removal occurring during early 

fall, averaging 13.8%. However, there was a net export of 

phosphorus from the wetlands during winter months. 

Phosphorus levels ranged between 0.9 and 1.9 ppm. While 

there is currently no legal water quality standard, these 

levels are above the generally accepted level of 0.01 ppm 

for preventing downstream eutrophication. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

783. Constructed wetlands as recirculation filters in 

large-scale shrimp aquaculture. 

Tilley, D. R.; Badrinarayanan, H.; Rosati, R.; and Son, J. 

Aquacultural Engineering 26(2): 81-109. (2002) 

NAL Call #: SH1.A66; ISSN: 0144-8609 

Descriptors: wetlands/ shrimp culture/ water quality/ 

potential resources/ recirculating systems/ aquaculture 

engineering/ shellfish culture/ shellfish culture 

Abstract: Effluent waters from shrimp aquaculture, which 

can contain elevated levels of phosphorus, ammonia, 

nitrate, and organics, must be managed properly if shrimp 

aquaculture is to achieve sustainability. Constructed 

wetlands are ecologically beneficial, low cost treatment 

alternatives proven capable of reducing suspended solids, 

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus 

and heavy metals from wastewater of many sources. The 

goal of this study was to determine how well a constructed 

wetland performed as a filter in a full-scale shrimp 

aquaculture operation. A 7.7 ha (19 ac) mesohaline (3-8 

ppt) constructed wetland treating 13,600 m super(3) per 

day (3.6 MGD) of effluent from 8.1 ha (20 ac) of intensively 

farmed shrimp ponds at the Loma Alta Shrimp Aquaculture 

Facility (LASAF), located along the coast of the Gulf of 

Mexico in semi-arid South Texas, was found to reduce 

concentrations of total phosphorus (TP), total suspended 

solids (TSS) and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) by 31, 

65 and 76%, respectively, during recirculation, and 

maintained consistently low levels of mean BOD (< 9 mg 1 

super(-1)), total ammonia (1.8 mg N 1 super(-1)) and nitrate 

(< 0.42 mg N 1 super(-1)). Determination of parameter 

values for the k-C wetland design model for ISS or TP 

showed that mean target levels could be achieved, given 

expected influent concentrations, when the ratio of pond 

surface to wetland surface was 12. Constructed wetlands 

can perform satisfactorily as recirculation filters in largescale shrimp aquaculture operations, reducing the impact of 

effluent on local water bodies, conserving large quantities 

of water and providing valuable ecological habitat. 

© CSA 

784. Constructed wetlands for mitigation of atrazineassociated agricultural runoff. 

Moore, M. T.; Rodgers, J. H.; Cooper, C. M.; and Smith, S. 

Environmental Pollution 110(3): 393-399. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: atrazine/ pesticides/ agricultural runoff/ water 

sampling/ aquatic plants/ sediments/ pollution control/ water 

pollution treatment/ stormwater runoff/ artificial wetlands/ 

fate of pollutants/ storm runoff/ agricultural chemicals/ 

nonpoint pollution sources/ runoff (agricultural)/ pesticides/ 

runoff/ pollution (nonpoint sources)/ performance 

assessment/ constructed wetlands/ freshwater pollution/ 

prevention and control/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

sewage 

Abstract: Atrazine was amended into constructed wetlands 

(59-73x14x0.3 m) for the purpose of monitoring transport 

and fate of the pesticide to obtain information necessary to 

provide future design parameters for constructed wetlands 

mitigation of agricultural runoff. Following pesticide 

amendment, a simulated storm and runoff event equal to 

three volume additions was imposed on each wetland. 

Targeted atrazine concentrations were 0 mu g/l 

(unamended control), 73 mu g/l, and 147 mu g/l. Water, 

sediment, and plant samples were collected weekly for 35 

days from transects longitudinally distributed throughout 

each wetland and were analyzed for atrazine using gas 

chromatography. Between 17 and 42% of measured 

atrazine mass was within the first 30-36 m of wetlands. 

Atrazine was below detection limits (0.05 mu g/kg) in all 

sediment and plant samples collected throughout the 

duration of this study. Aqueous half lives ranged from 16 to 

48 days. According to these data, conservative buffer travel 

distances of 100-280 m would be necessary for effective 

runoff mitigation. 

© CSA 

785. Constructed wetlands for treatment of channel 

catfish pond effluents. 

Schwartz, M. F. and Boyd, C. E. 

Progressive Fish Culturist 57(4): 255-266. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 157.5 P94; ISSN: 0033-0779 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ fish culture/ 

aquaculture effluents/ pond culture/ pollution control/ plant 

populations/ ponds/ aquaculture/ effluents/ fish/ Ictalurus 

punctatus/ USA, Alabama/ fish culture/ aquaculture 

effluents/ pond culture/ plant populations/ fish/ pollution 

control/ ictalurus punctatus/ prevention and control/ fish 

culture/ fish culture/ environmental applications/ impact/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ sewage & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Water from a production pond for channel catfish 

(Ictalurus punctatus) in Hale County, Alabama, was passed 

through a constructed wetland consisting of two cells, one 

planted with California bulrush (Scirpus californicus) and 

giant cutgrass (Zizaniopsis miliacea) and one planted with 

Halifax maidencane (Panicum hemitomon). The removal of 

potential pollutants from water flowing through the wetland 

was determined for 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-d hydraulic residence 

times (HRTs), with hydraulic loading rates of 77-91 L/m 

super(2) of wetland per day. Concentrations of potential 

pollutants were much lower in effluent from the wetland 

than in influent from the channel catfish ponds. The 

following reductions in concentrations were recorded: total 

ammonia nitrogen, 1-81%; nitrite-nitrogen, 43-98%; nitratenitrogen, 51-75%; total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 45-61%; total 

phosphorus, 59-84%; biochemical oxygen demand, 37-

67%; suspended solids, 75-87%; volatile suspended solids, 

68-91%; and settleable solids, 57-100%. Overall 

performance of the wetland was best when operated with a 

4-d HRT in the vegetative season, but good removal of 

potential pollutants was achieved for shorter HRTs and 

when vegetation was dormant. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

236

786. Constructed wetlands for treatment of swine 

wastewater from an anaerobic lagoon. 

Hunt, P. G.; Szoegi, A. A.; Humenik, F. J.; Rice, J. M.; 

Matheny, T. A.; and Stone, K. C. 

Transactions of the ASAE 45(3): 639-647. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: bulrushes/ cattails/ artificial wetlands/ load 

distribution/ anaerobic lagoons/ denitrification/ barn 

wastewater/ wastewater treatment/ enzymes/ animal 

wastes/ nitrates/ USA, North Carolina 

Abstract: Animal waste management is a national concern 

that demands effective and affordable methods of 

treatment. We investigated constructed wetlands from 1993 

through 1997 at a swine production facility in North Carolina 

for their effectiveness in treatment of swine wastewater 

from an anaerobic lagoon. We used four wetland cells (3.6 

x 33.5 m) with two cells connected in series. The cells were 

constructed by removing topsoil, sealing cell bottoms with 

0.30 m of compacted clay, and covering with 0.25 m of 

loamy sand topsoil. One set of cells was planted with 

bulrushes (Scirpus americanus, Scirpus cyperinus, and 

Scirpus validus) and rush (Juncus effusus). The other set of 

cells was planted with bur-reed (Sparganium americanum) 

and cattails (Typha angustifolia and Typha latifolia). 

Wastewater flow and concentrations were measured at the 

inlet of the first and second cells and at the exit of the 

second cell for both the bulrush and cattail wetlands. 

Nitrogen was effectively removed at mean monthly loading 

rates of 3 to 40 kg N ha super(-1) day super(-1); removals 

were generally >75% when loadings were <25 kg ha 

super(-1) day super(-1). In contrast, P was not consistently 

removed. Neither plant growth nor plant litter/soil 

accumulation was a major factor in N removal after the 

loading rates exceeded 10 kg N ha super(-1) day super(-1). 

However, the soil-plant-litter matrix was important because 

it provided carbon and reaction sites for denitrification, the 

likely major treatment component. Soil Eh 

(oxidative/reductive potential) values were in the reduced 

range (<300 mV), and nitrate was generally absent from the 

wetlands. Furthermore, the wetlands had the capacity to 

remove more nitrate-N according to denitrification enzyme 

activity determinations. Our results show that constructed 

wetlands can be very effective in the removal of N from 

anaerobic lagoon-treated swine wastewater. However, 

wetlands will need to be augmented with some form of 

enhanced P removal to be effective in both P and N 

treatments at high loading rates. 

© CSA 

787. Control of upland bank erosion through tidal 

marsh construction on restored shores: Application in 

the Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay. 

Garbisch, E. W. and Garbisch, J. L. 

Environmental Management 18(5): 677-691. (1994) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Abstract: During the period of 1972 through 1993, 

Environmental Concern Inc. (EC) and its recent (1989) 

affiliate Environmental Construction Company (ECC) have 

completed 216 marsh construction projects to control 

upland bank erosion in tributaries of the Maryland portion of 

Chesapeake Bay. Of these projects, 26 have involved 

marsh construction on unaltered existing shores and 190 

have utilized marsh construction on shores that have been 

restored to former increased elevations through shoreline 

filling and grading. This paper describes the latter 

restoration technique. Throughout the 21-year period of 

applying the technique for long-term upland bank erosion 

control, refinements to the design standards and criteria for 

site suitability have been made so as to optimize its 

successful application. As a result of this experience, a 

reliable bioengineering restoration technique has evolved to 

control upland bank erosion. This paper describes the 

details of this successful technique through a review of: (1) 

its objectives and benefits, (2) suitability of sites for its 

application, (3) the design of its shore restoration, (4) its 

construction, (5) its maintenance, and (6) comparison of its 

cost with those of structural techniques for bank erosion 

control. Although the technique has only been applied in 

the Maryland portions of Chesapeake Bay, its applicability 

should, with modifications, be broadly applicable to all 

water bodies. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

788. Creation and restoration of tidal wetlands of the 

southeastern United States. 

Broome, S. W. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 37-72. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ habitat restoration/ tidal 

marshes/ water resources management/ wetland 

restoration/ economic aspects/ environmental engineering/ 

management planning/ marsh management/ soil properties/ 

tidal effects/ water resources development 

Abstract: Methods of creation and restoration of tidal 

wetlands in the southeastern United States have been 

summarized from published papers, reports, and first-hand 

experience. Publications by the U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers which report research related to marsh habitat 

creation with dredged material and for shoreline erosion 

control were significant sources of information. Critical 

aspects which should be considered in planning and 

implementing a tidal marsh creation or restoration project 

are: initial planning, elevation in relation to tide level, wave 

climate and currents, salinity, slope and tidal range, soil 

chemical and physical properties, timing of construction, 

cultural practices, and maintenance. Critical research 

needs include: site selection, revegetation, and 

documentation of tidal marsh development. Practical and 

economical methods are needed to evaluate success of 

individual marsh creation or restoration. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

789. Decomposition of roots in a seasonally flooded 

swamp ecosystem. 

Day, F. P. and Tupacz, E. G. 

Aquatic Botany 37(3): 199-214. (Aug. 1990) 

NAL Call #: QK102.A65; ISSN: 0304-3770. 

Notes: NSF grant bsr-8405222 

Descriptors: wetlands/ decomposition/ Great Dismal 

Swamp/ roots/ swamps/ annual floods/ decay rates/ 

detritus/ environmental effects/ forests/ lakes 

Abstract: Decomposition rates of roots to a depth of 40 cm 

were estimated by two methods in four plant communities 

in the periodically flooded Great Dismal Swamp. The 

community dominants were: (1) Chamaecyparis thyoides; 

(2) Taxodium distichum; (3) mixed Quercus spp. and (4) 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

237

Acer rubrum -Nyssa spp. respectively. Modified litter bags 

and a core method were simultaneously employed on three 

flooded sites and an unflooded site. Long vertical litter bags 

were developed to measure root decay over a vertical soil 

profile with minimal disturbance to the soil. Reciprocal 

samples (litter from each of the other sites) were placed on 

each site to examine the effects of litter quality. Roots in the 

cores exhibited higher decay rates than in the litter bags; 

rates in the bags ranged from 0.48 to 1.00 mg/g/d and the 

range for the cores was 1.15-2.74 mg/g/d. The core method 

was ineffective in estimating decay rates for the >5 mm 

diameter roots because of high sample variability. 

Reciprocal samples revealed statistically significant 

differences between root types, with roots from the mixed 

Quercus site being most resistant to decay. Just as leaf 

litter quality has been shown to regulate aboveground 

decomposition, root quality appears to play a major role in 

belowground decay. The study also demonstrated the 

importance of environmental influences since root decay 

was slowest on the sites (Chamaecyparis and Acer-Nyssa) 

with the longest duration of soil saturation. Both techniques 

exhibited slow decay rates with increasing depth. The litter 

bag technique is the recommended approach; several 

problems make the core technique a less than satisfactory 

method. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

790. Demographic, landscape, and meteorological 

factors controlling the microbial pollution of coastal 

waters. 

Mallin, M. A.; Ensign, S. H.; McIver, M. R.; Shank, G. C.; 

and Fowler, P. K. 

Hydrobiologia 460(1-3): 185-193. (Sept. 2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: wetlands/ coastal waters/ pathogens/ water 

pollution/ fecal coliforms/ landscape/ agriculture/ bacteria/ 

demography/ coastal environments/ urban runoff/ 

urbanization/ biological pollutants/ pollutant persistence/ 

agricultural pollution/ agricultural runoff/ biodegradation/ 

microbial contamination/ public health/ environmental 

factors/ watersheds/ feces/ environmental effects/ shellfish/ 

USA, North Carolina/ shellfish/ bacteria/ other water 

systems/ pollution characteristics and fate/ public health, 

medicines, dangerous organisms/ viruses, bacteria, 

protists, fungi and plants/ marine pollution/ environment and 

ecology/ effects of pollution/ effects on water of human 

nonwater activities 

Abstract: Coastal areas in the United States and many 

other countries are considered to be desirable regions to 

live and recreate. However, as human use of coastal land 

and water increases, so does the incidence of aquaticborne disease from contact with contaminated water and 

eating contaminated shellfish. Movement of humans into 

coastal areas both greatly increases the number of sources 

of microbial pathogens and radically alters the landscape 

through increased construction activity and paving of former 

natural areas. On a regional scale, increases in human 

population over a 14-year period in coastal North Carolina 

were strongly correlated with increases in shellfish bed 

closures due to high fecal coliform bacterial counts. On a 

watershed scale, an analysis of several tidal creeks found 

strong correlations between mean estuarine fecal coliform 

bacterial counts and watershed population, percent 

developed area and especially with percent impervious 

surface coverage. Conversion of natural landscapes to 

impervious surfaces (roads, drives, sidewalks, parking lots 

and roofs) removes the land's natural filtration capability, 

allows for increased concentration of pollutants at the land's 

surface and provides a means of rapid conveyance of 

pollutants to downstream waterways. An analysis of rural 

watersheds in the Coastal Plain found that stream fecal 

coliform counts and turbidity were both strongly correlated 

with rainfall in the previous 24 h in watersheds containing 

extensive industrial swine and poultry operations, as well as 

watersheds containing more traditional agriculture and 

cattle husbandry. In contrast, in watersheds rich in swamp 

wetlands these relationships were not significant, even in 

watersheds containing extensive animal production. Based 

on these findings, we suggest that waterborne microbial 

pathogen abundance can be minimized in urbanizing 

coastal areas through reduced use of impervious surfaces 

and maximal use of natural or constructed wetlands for 

passive stormwater runoff treatment. In animal husbandry 

areas, retention of natural wetlands and management 

practices designed to minimize sediment runoff can likely 

reduce inputs of pathogenic microbes into streams. 

© CSA 

791. Denitrification in a restored riparian forest 

wetland. 

Lowrance, Richard; Vellidis, George; and 

Hubbard, Robert K. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 24(5): 808-815. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

http://www.cpes.peachnet.edu/sewrl/Papers/ 

denitrification.PDF

Descriptors: wetlands/ denitrification/ riparian forests/ 

ecological restoration/ liquid manure/ nitrogen/ land 

application/ groundwater contamination/ nutrient 

management/ hydrogeology/ spatial variation/ temporal 

variation/ coastal plains/ southeastern United States 

792. Depressional wetland vegetation types: A question 

of plant commmunity development. 

Kirkman, Katherine L.; Goebel, Charles P.; West, Larry; 

Drew, Mark B.; and Palik, Brian 

Wetlands 20(2): 373-385. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/12569

Descriptors: depressional wetlands/ isolated wetlands/ 

non-alluvial wetlands/ wetland plant communities/ reference 

wetlands/ wetland restoration/ fire/ succession 

Abstract: When wetland restoration includes reestablishing native plant taxa as an objective, an 

understanding of the variables driving the development of 

plant communities is necessary. With this in mind, we 

examined soil and physiographic characteristics of 

depressional wetlands of three vegetation types 

(cypressgum swamps, cypress savannas, and grass-sedge 

marshes) located in a fire-maintained longleaf pine 

ecosystem in southwestern Georgia, USA. Our objective 

was to establish whether plant community development in 

these wetlands is controlled primarily by hydrogeomorphic 

features or by different disturbance histories. We did not 

identify physical features that uniquely separate the wetland 

vegetation types. Instead, we observed a range of topoedaphic conditions that likely drive variations in hydrologic 

regimes, which in turn, are probable influences on fire 

regime. We propose that several long-term successional 

trajectories may be initiated in the prolonged absence of 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

238

fire, altered hydrology, or both, which link the distinctive 

vegetation types. Thus, a range of vegetation types may be 

suitable as potential restoration goals for these 

depressional wetlands. We suggest that the opportunities 

or constraints for use of prescribed fire in the long-term 

management,of restored wetlands and adjacent uplands 

should be a significant consideration in the development of 

restoration strategies targeting specific plant communities. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

793. Distribution of ammonium-N in the water-soil 

interface of a surface-flow constructed wetland for 

swine wastewater treatment. 

Szogi, A. A. and Hunt, P. G. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11/12): 157-162. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: ammonia/ ammonium nitrogen/ artificial 

wetlands/ denitrification/ denitrifying microorganisms/ 

diffusion/ nitrification/ piggery effluent/ polluted water/ 

pollution control/ soil water/ volatilization/ waste 

management/ waste water/ waste water treatment/ 

water pollution 

Abstract: Most livestock waste waters treated in 

constructed wetlands are typically rich in ammonium N. The 

objective of this study, which was conducted in North 

Carolina, USA, was to evaluate the soil-water ammonium 

distribution and the diffusive flux through the soil-water 

interface. Wetland system 1 was planted to rush (Juncus 

effusus) and bulrushes (Scirpus americanus, S. cyperinus 

and S. validus), and wetland system 2 was planted to burreed (Sparganium americanum) and cattails (Typha latifolia 

and T. angustifolia). Nitrogen was applied at a rate of 2.5 g 

m-2 day-1. Interstitial soil water was sampled at 9, 24, 50, 

and 70 m from the inlet. In both wetlands, we found that 

NH4+ diffusion gradient and N losses were highest in the 

wetland system with lowest water depth. From other 

studies, we knew that shallower depths may have promoted 

a more effective interfacing of nitrifying and denitrifying 

environments. In turn, this N reduction in the water column 

may be the reason for steady NH4+-N upward diffusion 

fluxes. The assumed mechanism for N removal has been 

nitrification and denitrification but ammonia volatilization 

could also have occurred. Although diffusion may explain a 

significant portion of the material transport between the soilwater interface, the large differences in concentrations 

between outlet and inlet need further explanation. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

794. Ecotone characterization between upland longleaf 

pine/wiregrass stands and seasonally-ponded isolated 

wetlands. 

Kirkman, L. K.; Drew, M. B.; West, L. T.; and Blood, E. R. 

Wetlands 18(3): 346-364. (Sept. 1998) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ seasonal variations/ vegetation/ 

rehabilitation/ multivariate analysis/ soil properties/ karst/ 

grasses/ species diversity/ decision making/ moisture/ 

community composition/ plant populations/ ecological 

distribution/ fire/ soils/ nature conservation/ ecosystem 

management/ environment management/ environmental 

factors/ ecotones/ forests/ fires/ soil/ USA, Georgia, 

Southwestern/ depressional wetlands/ water and plants/ 

habitat community studies/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: We examined the physical and ecological 

characteristics of ecotones between longleaf pine/wiregrass 

upland and seasonally-ponded isolated wetlands 

dominated by herbaceous species in a fire-maintained karst 

landscape of southwestern Georgia. The purpose of this 

study was to 1) examine patterns of plant species richness 

across the upland/wetland transitional zone relative to 

elevation and moisture gradients; 2) identify discontinuities 

(boundaries) of soil morphological characteristics, soil 

moisture, soil nutrient availability, and vegetation and their 

spatial relationships in the ecotone; and 3) examine the 

degree of coincidence of ecological thresholds with that of 

jurisdictional wetland/upland boundaries. Transects from 

upland to wetland were established relative to hydric soil 

boundaries for measurements of vegetation abundance, 

biomass, volumetric soil moisture, oxidation reduction 

potential, relative elevation, soil textural analysis by 

horizon, and available nitrogen and phosphorous. We used 

a moving windows analysis and multivariate analyses to 

examine ecological discontinuities in the ecotone. Groundcover species richness was high along all transects with a 

peak in species richness in the non-hydric ecotonal zone. 

Abrupt changes in vegetation and environmental variables 

(soil moisture, soil depth to argillic horizon, and soil texture) 

were generally located below the hydric soil boundary and 

are likely related to frequent fire regimes. Discrepancies 

occurred in the determination of hydrophytic vegetation 

depending on methodology. These results have 

implications for the conservation of regional diversity, for 

depressional wetland restoration, and for regulatory 

decisions. 

© CSA 

795. Effect of a mesohaline constructed wetland on 

water chemistry discharged from a shrimp aquaculture 

facility in South Texas. 

Badrinarayanan, H. 2001. 

Texas A&M University - Kingsville 

Notes: Degree: MS 

Descriptors: wetlands/ shrimp culture/ aquaculture 

effluents/ water quality/ pollution control/ eutrophication/ 

USA, Texas/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ prevention and 

control/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: A 7.69 ha (19-acre) mesohaline (3-8 ppt) 

constructed wetland treating 13644 m[super]3/day (3.6 

MGD) of effluent from 8.09 ha (20 acres) of intensively 

farmed shrimp ponds at the Loma Alta Shrimp Aquaculture 

Facility (LASAF), located in the semi-arid environment of 

South Texas, was found to reduce concentrations of total 

phosphorus, total suspended solids and inorganic 

suspended solids by 19%, 51% and 62%, respectively 

during the recirculation period and maintained consistently 

low levels of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand, 

dissolved oxygen, total ammonia and nitrate. Additionally, 

the size of wetland needed to treat total phosphorus, total 

suspended solids and inorganic suspended solids in the 

shrimp pond effluent to minimum achievable levels during 

recirculation was found to be in the ratio of 13:1, 6:1 and 

6:1 (pond:wetland), respectively. The model, MARSH- DO, 

was developed and simulated to understand the effects of 

inorganic and organic loads on long-term behavior of 

dissolved oxygen in the wetland. Based on MARSH-DO, 

organic loading had the greatest impact on the dissolved 

oxygen concentration in the system. The goal of this study 

was to determine how well a constructed wetland 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

239

performed as a filter in a full-scale shrimp aquaculture 

operation. A constructed wetland was shown to perform 

satisfactorily as a recirculation filter in a full-scale shrimp 

aquaculture operation, reducing the impact of effluent on 

local water bodies, saving large quantities of water and 

providing valuable ecological habitat. (Abstract shortened 

by UMI.) 

© CSA 

796. Effect of forested wetlands on nitrate 

concentrations in ground water and surface water on 

the Delmarva Peninsula. 

Phillips, P. J.; Denver, J. M.; Shedlock, R. J.; and 

Hamilton, P. A. 

Wetlands 13(2 Special issue): 75-83. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ vegetation cover/ 

agriculture/ water quality/ nitrates/ ground water/ surface 

water/ forests/ USA, Maryland/ USA, Delaware/ USA, 

Virginia/ forests/ USA, Delmarva Peninsula/ vegetation 

cover/ nitrates/ geochemistry of sediments 

Abstract: The Delmarva Peninsula is an extensively farmed 

region in which nitrate from commercial fertilizers and 

poultry has entered the ground water and streams. The 

peninsula contains forested wetlands in a variety of 

settings, and their size and location are a result of the 

surrounding hydrologic and soil conditions. Three regions, 

here referred to as hydrogeomorphic regions, were 

selected for study. Each region has characteristic geologic 

and geomorphic features, soils, drainage patterns, and 

distribution of farmland, forests, and forested wetlands. In 

all three regions, forested wetlands generally occupy poorly 

drained areas whereas farmlands generally occupy welldrained areas. The three hydrogeomorphic regions studied 

are the well-drained uplands, the poorly drained uplands, 

and the surficial-confined region. The well-drained uplands 

have the largest amount of farmland and the smallest 

amount of forested wetlands of the three regions; here the 

forested wetlands are generally restricted to narrow riparian 

zones. The poorly drained uplands contain forested 

wetlands in headwater depressions and riparian zones that 

are interspersed among well-drained farmlands. The 

surficial-confined region has the smallest amount of 

farmland and largest amount of forested wetlands of the 

three regions studied. Wetlands in this region occupy the 

same topographic settings as in the poorly drained uplands. 

Much of the farmland in the surficial-confined region was 

previously wetland. Nitrate concentrations in ground water 

and surface water on the peninsula range widely, and their 

distribution reflects (1) the interspersion of forests among 

farmland, (2) hydrogeologic conditions, (3) types of soils, 

and (4) the ground-water hydrology of forested wetlands. 

The well-drained uplands had higher median nitrate 

concentrations in ground water than the poorly drained 

uplands or the surficial-confined region. The highest nitrate 

concentrations were in oxic parts of the aquifer, which are 

beneath well-drained soils that are farmed, and the lowest 

were in anoxic parts of the aquifer, which are beneath 

poorly drained soils overlain by forested wetlands. The 

effect of forested wetlands on water quality depends on the 

hydrogeologic conditions, extent of farming, and type of 

soils. The three regions contain differing combinations of 

these factors and thus are useful for isolating the effects of 

forested wetlands on water quality. 

© CSA 

797. Effects of agriculture and wetland restoration on 

hydrology, soils, and water quality of a Carolina bay 

complex. 

Bruland, G. L.; Hanchey, M. F.; and Richardson, C. J. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 11(3): 141-156. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ agriculture/ soil/ 

hydrology/ ecosystems/ forests/ restoration/ environment 

management/ soils/ swamps/ water table/ agricultural 

pollution/ sediment chemistry/ nutrients (mineral)/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ outflow/ environmental restoration/ USA, North 

Carolina, Cumberland cty./ USA, North Carolina/ nitrogen/ 

phosphorus/ Carolina bays 

Abstract: We compared hydrology, soils, and water quality 

of an agricultural field (AG), a two-year-old restored wetland 

(RW), and two reference ecosystems (a non-riverine 

swamp forest (NRSF) and a high pocosin forest (POC)) 

located at the Barra Farms Regional Wetland Mitigation 

Bank, a Carolina bay complex in Cumberland County, 

North Carolina. Our main objectives were to: 1) determine if 

the RW exhibited hydrology comparable to a reference 

ecosystem, 2) characterize the soils of the AG, RW, and 

reference ecosystems, and 3) assess differences in water 

quality in the surface outflow from the AG, RW, and 

reference ecosystems. Water table data indicated that the 

hydrology of the RW has been successfully reestablished 

as the hydroperiod of the RW closely matched that of the 

NRSF in 1998 and 1999. Jurisdictional hydrologic success 

criterion was also met by the RW in both years. To 

characterize soil properties, soil cores from each 

ecosystem were analyzed for bulk density (D sub(b)), total 

carbon (C sub(t)), nitrogen (N sub(t)), and phosphorus (P 

sub(t)), extractable phosphate (PO sub(4w)), nitrogen (N 

sub(ex)), and cations (Ca sub(ex), Mg sub(ex), K sub(ex), 

Na sub(ex)), as well as pH. Bulk density, P sub(t), Ca 

sub(ex), Mg sub(ex), and pH were greatly elevated in the 

AG and RW compared to the reference ecosystems. Water 

quality monitoring consisted of measuring soluble reactive 

phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), nitrate + nitrite 

(NOX), and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations in surface 

water from the AG, RW, and reference outflows. Outflow 

concentrations of SRP, TP, and NOX were highest and 

most variable in the AG, while TN was highest in the 

reference. This study suggested that while restoration of 

wetland hydrology has been successful in the short term, 

alteration of wetland soil properties by agriculture was so 

intense, that changes due to restoration were not apparent 

for most soil parameters. Restoration also appeared to 

provide water quality benefits, as outflow concentrations of 

SRP, TP, NOX, and TN were lower in the RW than the AG. 

© CSA 

798. Effects of pumped agricultural drainage water on 

wetland water quality.

Gilliam, J. W.; Chescheir, G. M.; Skaggs, R. W.; and 

Broadhead, R. G. 

In: Ecology and management of wetlands: Management, 

use and value of wetlands. Hook, D. D. (eds.); Vol. 2. 

Beckenham, Kent, UK: Croom Helm Ltd.; pp. 275-283; 

1988. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ drainage systems/ land types/ 

drainage water/ nutrients/ removal/ sediment 

Abstract: Two wetland filter areas in North Carolina were 

very effective in removing sediment, total P, total Kjeldahl N 

and nitrate N from pumped drainage water before it 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

240

reached an outlet. The occurrence of a "worst case" event 

(a very wet period during May-June shortly after fertilization 

and tillage) led to improvement of the design. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

799. Effects of soil pH, redox potential, and elevation 

on survival of Spartina patens planted at a west central 

Florida salt marsh restoration site. 

Anastasiou, C. J. and Brooks, J. R. 

Wetlands 23(4): 845-859. (Dec. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ salt marshes/ survival/ 

environmental restoration/ soil chemistry/ pH effects/ soils/ 

redox potential/ transplants/ restoration/ abiotic factors/ 

plant populations/ vegetation cover/ transplantation/ 

introduced species/ environmental effects/ sediment 

chemistry/ aquatic plants/ hydrogen ion concentration/ 

Spartina/ salinity/ grasses/ acidic soils/ Spartina patens/ 

Casuarina/ USA, Florida, Tampa Bay/ reclamation/ 

physiology, biochemistry, biophysics/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ chemical processes 

Abstract: Planting Spartina patens (Salt Meadow Cord 

Grass) is an integral part of restoring salt marshes along 

Tampa Bay, Florida, USA. Of the salt marsh species that 

are planted, S. patens often has the lowest survivorship. 

State managers have hypothesized that this low 

survivorship is related to transplant shock and to acidic soil 

conditions commonly found under dense stands of 

Casuarina sp. (Australian Pine), an exotic invasive. This 

study documents planted S. patens health and survivorship 

over 11 months at a restoration site previously dominated 

by Casuarina sp. Three plots of 100 plants each were 

established in varying soil pH, with each plot covering 

above and below the recommended elevation range for S. 

patens. Transplant shock occurred within the first thirty 

days after planting and affected overall survival. Spartina 

patens survival was not affected by soil pH (p = 0.827) as 

evidenced by the presence of healthy individuals outside 

the plots, in soil pH ranging from 4.76 to 8.94. However, 

there was a sharp decline in plant health when redox 

potentials fell below -50 mV. Although elevation and redox 

potential were highly correlated (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.736), 

plant health varied more with elevation (p < 0.001, R2 = 

0.387) than redox potential (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.950), 

suggesting that elevation, while a good coarse predictor of 

site suitability, may not always be the best measure. Redox 

potential should be monitored, in addition to measuring 

elevation, to avoid planting in highly reduced areas. 

Furthermore, adjusting the lower limit of the target elevation 

range to a higher elevation will increase the amount of 

survivorship. 

© CSA 

800. Effects of structural marsh management and 

winter burning on plant and bird communities during 

summer in the Gulf Coast Chenier Plain. 

Gabrey, S. W.; Afton, A. D.; and Wilson, B. C. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(1): 218-231. (2001) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ watershed management/ prescribed 

burning/ coasts/ Louisiana/ Texas 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

801. Elevation, competition control, and species affect 

bottomland forest restoration. 

McLeod, K. W.; Reed, M. R.; and Wike, L. D. 

Wetlands 20(1): 162-168. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: bottomland hardwood/ competition/ 

reforestation/ restoration/ southeastern United States/ 

swamp/ vegetation control 

Abstract: This experiment examined how elevation and 

control of early successional vegetation would affect the 

growth and survival of tree species used in restoration. 

Vegetation was controlled by either mowing or spraying 

with Accord [glyphosate, -(phosphononomethyl)glycine, in 

the form of its isopropylamine salt] herbicide. These control 

methods were applied to either the entire plot or a narrow 

1-m strip where seedlings were to be planted. A fifth 

treatment (control) had seedlings planted into the existing 

vegetation. Species planted were baldcypress (Taxodium 

distichum), water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), willow oak 

(Quercus phellos), Nuttall oak (Q. nuttallii), overcup oak (Q. 

lyrata), and cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia). 

Seedlings were randomly planted in late April 1993 with six 

rows in each plot and six trees per row on a 2 x 2 m 

spacing with five replicate plots per treatment. Survival was 

not enhanced by any competition control treatment, but 

survival among species differed. All six species had overall 

survival > 90% in autumn 1993. Species survival was 

affected by several summer floods during 1994. 

Baldcypress and overcup oak survival was greater than 

89%, while water tupelo, Nuttall oak, and willow oak were 

all approximately 70%, and cherrybark oak was only 29%. 

By the end of 1995, survival of all species decreased 

further, but the species groupings remained the same. 

Survival and height growth of baldcypress and water tupelo 

were greatest at lower planting elevations. At higher 

elevations, survival of cherrybark oak and willow oak were 

greatest, while overcup oak and Nuttall oak were 

unaffected by elevation. Thus, controlling the herbaceous 

vegetation did not affect survival or growth as much as 

relative planting elevation due to site flooding and the flood 

tolerance of the species. All of the species in this 

experiment except cherrybark oak were successfully 

established. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

802. Environmental impacts to the Everglades 

ecosystem: A historical perspective and restoration 

strategies. 

Chimney, M. J. and Goforth, G. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 93-100. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: regional development/ environmental effects/ 

nonpoint pollution sources/ storm runoff/ water pollution 

control/ case studies/ history/ rehabilitation/ hydrology/ 

pollution (environmental)/ pollution (nonpoint sources)/ 

runoff/ case study/ renovation/ restoration/ environment 

management/ introduced species/ eutrophication/ pollution 

control/ freshwater pollution/ habitat improvement 

(physical)/ river engineering/ wastewater treatment/ 

regional planning/ governments/ environmental restoration/ 

stormwater runoff/ historical account/ nutrient loading/ USA, 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

241

Florida, Everglades/ treatment wetlands/ water quality 

control/ water resources and supplies/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ freshwater pollution/ water 

and wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The Everglades is a vast subtropical wetland that 

dominates the landscape of south Florida and is widely 

recognized as an ecosystem of great ecological 

importance. As a result of anthropogenic disturbances over 

the past 100 years (i.e., agricultural and urban 

development, eutrophication resulting from stormwater 

runoff, changes in hydrology and invasion of exotic 

species), the biotic integrity of the entire Everglades is now 

threatened. To protect this valuable resource, the state of 

Florida and the Federal Government, in cooperation with 

other interested parties, have developed a comprehensive 

restoration strategy that addresses controlling excess 

nutrient loading and reestablishment of a more natural 

hydrology. These efforts include building approximately 

17,000 ha of treatment wetlands, referred to as Stormwater 

Treatment Areas, to treat surface runoff before it is 

discharged into the Everglades. We briefly discuss the 

history of the Everglades in the context of environmental 

disturbance and outline the steps being taken to ensure its 

survival for future generations. 

© CSA 

803. Estimating the effectiveness of vegetated 

floodplains/wetlands as nitrate-nitrite and 

orthophosphorus filters. 

Yates, P. and Sheridan, J. M. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 6(3): 

303-314. (May 1983) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ floodplains/ nitrates/ nitrites/ 

orthophosphorus/ forest watersheds/ agricultural 

watersheds/ vegetation/ water quality/ nonpoint pollution 

sources/ fate of pollutants/ dilution/ sources and fate of 

pollution/ water quality control 

Abstract: The role of vegetated floodplains/wetlands on the 

stream water quality of agroecosystems in the Coastal 

Plain region of the southeastern United States is reported. 

Water-borne nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen budgets and 

orthophosphate phosphorus budgets from a cropped 

agricultural area were compared with those of a watershed 

with alluvial forests below the cropped areas. Analyses 

were made to determine if observed differences in nutrient 

concentrations and loads were the result of dilution of 

cropped area runoff by flows from non-cropped areas. 

Reductions in the observed levels of nitrate plus nitrite 

nitrogen and orthophosphate phosphorus between upland 

cropped areas and watershed outlets exceed reductions 

that would be caused by dilution effects. Significant portions 

of the observed nutrients leaving cropped areas were 

retained, utilized and/or transformed in the vegetated 

floodplains/wetlands characteristic of these Coastal Plain 

watersheds. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

804. Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion 

application in constructed wetland mesocosms. 

Milam, C. D.; Bouldin, J. L.; Farris, J. L.; Schulz, R.; Moore, 

M. T.; Bennett, E. R.; Cooper, C. M.; and Smith, S. 

Environmental Toxicology 19(5): 471-479. (Oct. 2004) 

NAL Call #: RA1221.T69; ISSN: 1520-4081 

Descriptors: Ceriodaphnia (Cladocera)/ Hyalella azteca 

(Amphipoda)/ Chironomus tentans (Chironomidae)/ 

Pimephales promelas (Cyprinidae)/ pollutants/ survival/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ fertilizer and pesticide pollution/ toxic 

effects/ fertilizers and pesticides/ methyl parathion/ 

Mississippi/ Oxford/ toxic effects of methyl parathion/ 

constructed wetland mesocosms 

Abstract: Wetland ecosystems have reduced ambient 

levels of various organic and metallic compounds, although 

their effectiveness on agricultural pesticides is not well 

documented. Five stations within each of two 10 X 50 m 

constructed wetlands (two vegetated, two nonvegetated) 

were selected to measure the fate and effects of methyl 

parathion (MeP). Following a simulated storm event (0.64 

cm of rainfall), aqueous, sediment, and plant samples were 

collected and analyzed spatially (5, 10, 20, and 40 m from 

the inlet) and temporally (after 3-10 days) for MeP 

concentrations and for the impact of those concentrations 

on the aquatic fauna. Aqueous toxicity to fish decreased 

spatially and temporally in the vegetated mesocosm. 

Pimephales promelas survival was significantly reduced, to 

68%, at the 10-m station of the nonvegetated wetlands (3 h 

postapplication), with pesticide concentrations averaging 

9.6 [mu]g MeP/L. Ceriodaphnia in both the vegetated and 

nonvegetated wetlands was sensitive (i.e., a significant 

acute response to MeP occurred) to pesticide 

concentrations through 10 days postapplication. Mean MeP 

concentrations in water ranged from 0.5 to 15.4 [mu]g/L 

and from 0.1 to 27.0 [mu]g/L in the vegetated and 

nonvegetated wetlands, respectively. Hyalella azteca 

aqueous tests resulted in significant mortality in the 5-m 

vegetated segment 10 days after exposure to MeP (2.2 

[mu]g/L. Solid-phase (10-day) sediment toxicity tests 

showed no significant reduction in Chironomus tentans 

survival or growth, except for the sediments sampled 3 h 

postapplication in the nonvegetated wetland (65% survival). 

Thereafter, midge survival averaged >87% in sediments 

sampled from both wetlands. These data suggest that 

wetlands play a significant role in mitigating the effect of 

MeP exposure in sensitive aquatic biota. [copyright] 2004 

Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

805. Evaluation of wetland buffer areas for treatment of 

pumped agricultural drainage water. 

Chescheir, G. M.; Skaggs, R. W.; and Gilliam, J. W. 

Transactions of the ASAE 35(1): 175-182. (1992) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: drainage water/ decontamination/ hydrology/ 

simulation models/ wetland soils/ North Carolina 

Abstract: A computer method was developed for predicting 

nutrient and sediment removal from agricultural drainage 

water pumped onto wetland buffer areas. The method 

utilizes a model for simulating drainage from agricultural 

land and a model for simulating overland flow, and nutrient 

and sediment removal on wetlands. Both simulation models 

were calibrated using data collected in field experiments. 

The simulation models were then coupled to predict the 

percent removal of sediment, total phosphorus (P), total 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

242

Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) from 

drainage water for a 20-year period of climatological data. 

This method predicted that the 240 ha wetland buffer at the 

field research site could be expected to remove over 79% 

of the TKN, NO3-N, P, and sediment in drainage water from 

a 1250 ha agricultural watershed. The method was used to 

evaluate the effects of buffer size and shape on the nutrient 

and sediment removal effectiveness of the wetland. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

806. Evapotranspiration from Florida pondcypress 

swamps. 

Ewel, K. C. and Smith, J. E. 

Water Resources Bulletin 28(2): 299-304. 

(Mar. 1992-Apr. 1992) 

NAL Call #: 292.9 AM34; ISSN: 0043-1370. 

Notes: USDI grant no. 14-08-0001-G899 

Descriptors: evapotranspiration/ Florida/ cypress swamps/ 

clear cutting/ forest management/ coastal plain/ water level/ 

swamps/ canopy/ trees/ growth/ pine trees/ interception/ 

wetland enhancement/ water resources management/ 

evaporation and transpiration/ watershed protection 

Abstract: Pondcypress (Taxodium distichum var. nutans) 

dominates small isolated swamps throughout Florida and 

the southeastern coastal plain. The wide distribution of 

coastal swamps and the increasing interest in managing 

them for various purposes have made it important that the 

role of cypress swamps in regional ecological relationships 

be better understood. Diurnal changes in water levels in 3 

swamps dominated by pondcypress, were measured in 

central Florida for 4 years to obtain additional 

documentation of relatively low evapotranspiration (ET) 

rates. Two of these swamps were monitored for another 3 

years after one of them was clearcut. Estimated annual ET 

from undisturbed cypress swamps varied from 38 cm/yr, 

averaging 60 cm (not including interception). Faster ET 

rates may have been related to faster pondcypress growth 

rates, a greater proportion of hardwoods in the canopy, and 

clearcutting in the surrounding pine plantation. The average 

ET rate was considerably lower then ET rates that have 

been estimated for north Florida pine plantations. However, 

incorporating estimates of interception indicates that overall 

ET rates in pondcypress swamps may be only slightly lower 

than ET from pine plantations. ET decreased only 5% in 

one swamp after it was clearcut, indicating that this 

management practice is not likely to affect regional water 

balances. (Author's abstract) 

© CSA 

807. The Everglades nutrient removal project: A 

constructed wetland designed to treat agricultural 

runoff drainage.

Abtew, W.; Chimney, M. J.; Kosier, T.; Guardo, M.; 

Newman, S.; and Obeysekera, J. 

In: Versatility of Wetlands in the Agricultural Landscape.

(Held 17 Sep 1995-20 Sep 1995 at Hyatt Regency, 

Tampa, Fla.) 

St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

(ASAE); pp. 45-56; 1995. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.V47 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ variation/ aerial 

photography/ nutrients/ removal/ losses from soil/ runoff/ 

drainage water/ phosphorus/ land types 

Abstract: The 1544 ha Everglades Nutrient Removal 

Project (ENR) was designed to reduce P contents in 

agricultural runoff/drainage. ENR was built on former 

cropland and consists of 5 cells ranging from 55 (buffer cell) 

to 525 ha. The Buffer Cell distributes inflow to 2 

independent treatment trains. The other cells are either 

natural cattail marshes, planted mixed marsh or 

periphyton/submerged macrophyte community. Aerial 

photography was used to document spatial and temporal 

changes in the ENR macrophyte community. Preliminary 

observations showed that total P outflow was about 5 times 

lower than the inflow amounts. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

808. Extreme spatial variability and unprecedented 

methylmercury concentrations within a constructed 

wetland. 

Rumbold, D. G. and Fink, L. E. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 112(1-3): 

115-135. (2006) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: toxicology/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control and 

management/ bioprocess engineering/ constructed wetland/ 

applied and field techniques/ spatial variability/ agricultural 

runoff/ surfacewater/ eutrophication reduction/ stormwater 

treatment area 

Abstract: We began monitoring concentrations of both total 

mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) in surface water 

at Stormwater Treatment Area-2 (STA) on July 20, 2000. 

This 2602 hectare STA was constructed with three 

independent marshes to remove phosphorus from 

agricultural runoff and reduce eutrophication in the northern 

Everglades. However, there was concern that in doing so, 

STA-2 might inadvertently worsen the existing mercury 

problem in the Everglades. Accordingly, operating permits 

stipulated that flow-through operation of these treatment 

cells could not begin until concentrations of THg and MeHg 

in the interior marsh were not significantly greater than 

corresponding concentrations in the supply canal. Cells 2 

and 3 quickly met the start-up criteria in the fall of 2000. In 

contrast, Cell 1 exhibited anomalously high MeHg 

concentrations in the fall of 2000 and 2001, and the 

summer of 2002. During the last such event, water-column 

concentrations in Cell 1 reached 32 ng THg/L and an 

unprecedented 20 ng MeHg/L. Tissue Hg in resident fishes 

reached levels as high as 430 ng/g in mosquitofish, 

Gambusia holbrooki, 930 ng/g in sunfish, Lepomis spp., 

and 2000 ng/g in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides. 

Guided by results from the monitoring program, flow rate 

and water depth were managed as a means to alter sulfur 

biogeochemistry and, thereby, reduce in situ mercury 

methylation. This adaptive management strategy likely 

played a role in the decline in water-column concentrations 

of THg and MeHg in Cell 1 by late 2002 and the 

subsequent declines in tissue Hg levels in resident fishes. 

Cell 1 finally met formal start-up criteria on November 26, 

2002. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

809. Factors affecting phosphate uptake by peat soils 

of the Florida Everglades. 

Amador, J. A.; Richany, G. H.; and Jones, R. D. 

Soil Science 153(6): 463-470. (June 1992) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 So3; ISSN: 0038-075X. 

Notes: National Park Service Grant no. Ca-5280-8-8007. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphates/ path of pollutants/ farm 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

243

wastes/ peat soils/ Florida Everglades/ environmental 

impact/ freshwater pollution/ water pollution control/ surface 

runoff/ soil chemistry/ soil chemistry/ agricultural runoff/ 

fertilizers/ nutrients/ phosphorus/ sources and fate of 

pollution/ estuaries 

Abstract: The Florida Everglades constitutes a unique, 

historically oligotrophic ecosystem threatened by the effects 

of phosphate (PO4) pollution resulting from agricultural 

runoff. The Florida Everglades was investigated to 

determine its capacity to remove PO4 from solution and to 

study the effects of total P content of the soil, PO4 

concentration of the water, autoclaving, and glucose and 

ammonium addition on PO4 removal by neutral peats of the 

Florida Everglades. Samples of peat soils were obtained 

from an area impacted by water with a high total P content 

and an unimpacted area, both within Everglades National 

Park. PO4 removal was determined by passing a solution 

containing a known PO4 concentration (0 to 12.5 microM) 

through a soil column and measuring the difference in 

concentration between the influent and effluent solutions 

over time. Removal rates for both soils were nearly 

constant with time at the lower PO4 concentrations, but 

decreased with time at higher PO4 concentrations; these 

values were consistently higher for the soil from the 

unimpacted site than for the impacted site. Autoclaving the 

unimpacted soil diminished the initial rate and extent of 

PO4 removal by the soil. Addition of 100 microM NH4Cl to 

the unimpacted soil increased the removal of P from 1.0 

and 10.0 microM solutions. Glucose (15 mg C/L) had no 

effect on the removal from 2.5 and 10 microM PO4 by the 

unimpacted soil. PO4 removal in natural peats is controlled 

by a combination of biotic and abiotic processes, the 

relative importance of which is determined by the 

concentration of PO4 in the water. (Author's abstract) 

© CSA 

810. Fish recruitment to a constructed wetland. 

Langston, M. A. and Kent, D. M. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(1): 123-129. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: USA, Florida/ artificial wetlands/ fish 

populations/ seasonal variations/ fish establishment/ 

biological sampling/ Pisces/ fish recruitment/ environmental 

restoration/ artificial wetlands 

Abstract: A 31.6 ha isolated, constructed wetland in east 

central Florida was sampled for fish over a two year period 

using a fyke net and minnow traps. A rich and abundant 

fish community rapidly developed. Cumulatively, 848 fish of 

14 species were collected. Variation in abundance was 

observed, and reflects seasonal conditions. Gambusia 

affinis, Fundulus chrysotus, and Lepomis gulosis were the 

most abundant species. This fish community was similar to 

natural fish communities of the region. Fish may have been 

introduced to the study wetland by irrigation, transport on 

terrestrial or volant fauna, or a combination of the two 

modes. 

© CSA 

811. Has the conversion of natural wetlands to 

agricultural land oncreased the incidence and severity 

of damaging freezes in south Florida? 

Marshall, Curtis H.; Pielke, Roger A.; and Steyaert, Louis T. 

Monthly Weather Review 132(9): 2243-2258. (2004); 

ISSN: 1520-0493 

http://blue.atmos.colostate.edu/publications/pdf/R-281.pdf

Descriptors: land use effects on temperature/ land use 

effects on wetlands/ climate and agriculture/ freezing 

temperatures/ frost damage to crops/ Regional Atmospheric 

Modeling System (RAMS)/ U.S. satellite, LANDSAT/ energy 

budget at Earth's surface/ time series analysis/ land use/ 

climatic changes/ agriculture/ temperature effects/ freezing 

crops/ man-induced effects/ moisture transfer/ temperature 

differences/ environment management/ climate/ air 

temperature/ energy budget/ ocean-atmosphere system/ 

anthropogenic factors 

Abstract: On several occasions, winter freezes have 

wrought severe destruction on Florida agriculture. A series 

of devastating freezes around the turn of the twentieth 

century, and again during the 1980s, were related to 

anomalies in the large-scale flow of the ocean-atmosphere 

system. During the twentieth century, substantial areas of 

wetlands in south Florida were drained and converted to 

agricultural land for winter fresh vegetable and sugarcane 

production. During this time, much of the citrus industry 

also was relocated to those areas to escape the risk of 

freeze farther to the north. The purpose of this paper is to 

present a modeling study designed to investigate whether 

the conversion of the wetlands to agriculture itself could 

have resulted in or exacerbated the severity of recent 

freezes in those agricultural areas of south Florida. For 

three recent freeze events, a pair of simulations was 

undertaken with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling 

System. One member of each pair employed land surface 

properties that represent pre-1900s (near natural) land 

cover, whereas the other member of each pair employed 

data that represent near-current land-use patterns as 

derived from analysis of Landsat data valid for 1992/93. 

These two different land cover datasets capture well the 

conversion of wetlands to agriculture in south Florida during 

the twentieth century. Use of current land surface 

properties resulted in colder simulated minimum 

temperatures and temperatures that remained below 

freezing for a longer period at locations of key agricultural 

production centers in south Florida that were once natural 

wetlands. Examination of time series of the surface energy 

budget from one of the cases reveals that when natural 

land cover is used, a persistent moisture flux from the 

underlying wetlands during the nighttime hours served to 

prevent the development of below-freezing temperatures at 

those same locations. When the model results were 

subjected to an important sensitivity factor, the depth of 

standing water in the wetlands, the outcome remained 

consistent. These results provide another example of the 

potential for humans to perturb the climate system in ways 

that can have severe socioeconomic consequences by 

altering the land surface alone. 

© CSA 

812. Herpetofaunal response to gap and skidder-rut 

wetland creation in a southern bottomland hardwood 

forest. 

Cromer, Robert B.; Lanham, Joseph D.; and 

Hanlin, Hugh H. 

Forest Science 48(2): 407-413. (May 2002) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F7632; ISSN: 0015-749X 

Descriptors: Amphibia/ Reptilia/ forestry/ gap and skidder 

rut wetland creation/ conservation/ implications of 

community responses to forest gap and skidder rut wetland 

creation/ community structure/ response to gap and skidder 

rut wetland creation/ forest and woodland/ bottomland 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

244

hardwood forest/ man made habitat/ skidder rut wetland/ 

forest habitat/ community responses/ South Carolina/ 

Barnwell County/ Savannah River site/ community 

response to gap and skidder rut wetland creation/ 

hardwood forests 

Abstract: We compared herpetofaunal communities in 

recently harvested gaps, skidder trails, and unharvested 

depressional wetlands to assess the effects of groupselection harvesting and skidder traffic on reptiles and 

amphibians in a southern bottomland hardwood forest. 

From January 1, 1997 to December 31, 1998 we captured 

24,292 individuals representing 55 species of reptiles and 

amphibians at the Savannah River Site in Barnwell County, 

South Carolina. Forty-two species (n = 6,702 individuals) 

were captured in gaps, 43 species (n = 8,863 individuals) 

were captured along skid trails between gaps and 43 

species (n = 8,727 individuals) were captured in bottomland 

depressions over the 2 yr period. Three vegetation 

variables and six environmental variables were correlated 

with herpetofaunal abundance. Salamander abundance, 

especially for species in the genus Ambystoma, was 

negatively associated with areas with less canopy cover 

and pronounced rutting (i.e., gaps and skidder trails). 

Alternatively, treefrog (Hylidae) abundance was positively 

associated with gap creation. Results from this study 

suggest that group selection harvests and skidder rutting 

may alter the herpetofaunal species composition in 

southern bottomland hardwoods by increasing habitat 

suitability for some species while diminishing it for others. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

813. Hydrodynamic modeling of wetlands for flood 

detention. 

Tsihrintzis, V. A.; John, D. L.; and Tremblay, P. J. 

Water Resources Management 12(4): 251-269. (Aug. 1998) 

NAL Call #: TC401.W27; ISSN: 0920-4741 [WRMAEJ] 

Descriptors: wetlands/ flood control/ hydrodynamics/ 

drainage/ hydraulic structures/ simulation models/ 

mathematical models/ structural design/ water flow/ Florida/ 

detention basins/ SWMM EXTRAN model 

Abstract: The application of a link-node model in modeling 

hydrodynamics of wetland areas related to flood detention 

design is presented through the description of modeling 

and design efforts of an actual project, the first privatelyowned wetland mitigation bank in Florida. The 142-ha 

project is located in the Chapel Trail Preserve of the City of 

Pembroke Pines, South Florida, where a degraded site is 

transformed into a healthy, self-sustaining wetland 

ecosystem. Creation of the wetlands, located adjacent to an 

existing development, required careful evaluation of 

drainage conditions. To properly design the wetland site, a 

hydrodynamic model was developed which allowed sizing 

of hydraulic structures and computation of maximum water 

surface elevations. The paper presents model description 

and calibration using field data, parameter sensitivity, 

general application in the project and use as a design tool. 

The model was found to be a valuable tool that can be 

applied in similar projects. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

814. Hydrologic balance for a subtropical treatment 

wetland constructed for nutrient removal. 

Guardo, M. 

Ecological Engineering 12(3-4): 315-337. (1999) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: agricultural runoff/ drainage/ constructed 

wetlands/ environmental restoration/ Everglades 

ecosystem/ hydraulic retention time/ hydrologic balance/ 

hydroperiod/ seepage 

Abstract: This paper reports on an analysis of a water 

budget for the Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) Project 

in South Florida, USA, for the first 2 years of operation. 

Estimates of nominal hydraulic retention time (HRT) based 

on average monthly values are compared with HRT 

obtained from steady-state two-dimensional hydrodynamic 

simulations, and show good agreement. Statistical analysis 

is performed to develop stage- and depth-duration curves 

for the ENR Project. The ENR Project was constructed 

south of Lake Okeechobee by the South Florida Water 

Management District to begin the process of removing 

nutrients (especially phosphorus) from agricultural drainage 

and stormwater run-off before entering the Everglades. The 

State of Florida's Everglades Forever Act of 1994 

mandates, among other things, completion of stormwater 

treatment areas (STAs), and research to optimize 

phosphorus retention capacity, and to define threshold 

phosphorus concentrations that lead to an imbalance of 

biota. The ENR Project, a 1544-ha wetland, was designed 

and constructed as a pilot project to gain experience on 

design, construction, and operation of the STAs. It began 

operation in August 1994. For the 732 days analyzed (19 

August 1994-19 August 1996), the average water inputs 

into the project were as follows: 86.2% from the inflow 

pumps, 11.2% from rainfall, and 2.6% as emerging 

measured and estimated seepage from an adjacent area 

with higher stages (Water Conservation Area 1). The 

average water outputs from the project consisted of 85.1% 

from the outflow pumps, 8.9% as evapotranspiration, and 

6.0% as a net seepage and groundwater component. This 

net component accounts for elements of the 

surface/subsurface water interaction, either entering or 

leaving the project, which are unknown at this time. 

Considering monthly average values, there were only 3 

months within the study period with positive values of this 

net component. These months were June 1995, and March 

and July 1996. The two most important elements included 

in the net seepage and groundwater component are 

expected to be the surficial aquifer recharge (outflow), and 

the unmeasured seepage (inflow) from Water Conservation 

Area 1 (subsurface seepage). The unmeasured subsurface 

seepage has recently been determined from computer 

model simulations. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

815. Hydrologic characterization of two prior converted 

wetland restoration sites in eastern North Carolina. 

Tweedy, K. L. and Evans, R. O. 

Transactions of the ASAE 44(5): 1135-1142. 

(Sept. 2001-Oct. 2001) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 AM32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, North Carolina, Beaufort Cty./ 

USA, North Carolina, Craven Cty./ water resources 

management/ hydrology/ agricultural practices/ 

environmental policy/ restoration/ water management/ 

topographic effects/ outflow/ water levels/ USA, North 

Carolina, Beaufort Cty./ USA, North Carolina, Craven Cty./ 

protective measures and control/ general environmental 

engineering 

Abstract: Wetland losses resulting from conversion to 

agriculture and other land uses has generated considerable 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

245

interest in wetland restoration. Increased federal and local 

regulations have mandated that wetland areas must be 

protected, and when loss is unavoidable, mitigation and 

restoration efforts are required. Establishing appropriate 

hydrologic functions will inherently influence wetland 

restoration success. This research involved a three-year 

field study to develop guidelines for restoring wetland 

hydrologic function to drained agricultural fields. Two field 

sites (9.2 ha and 10.4 ha) located in Beaufort and Craven 

Counties, North Carolina, were instrumented and monitored 

to evaluate the effectiveness of the restoration treatments 

used. Experimental treatments included two levels of water 

table management (high outlet control at 15 cm above 

average land surface and low outlet control at 15 cm below 

average land surface) and two types of surface contouring 

(smooth and rough) to control runoff. The restoration 

treatments imposed at the Beaufort County site created a 

range of wet conditions. The high water table management, 

rough microtopography treatment displayed the most 

consecutive and total number of days with the water table 

less than 30 cm deep, while the low water table 

management, smooth microtopography treatment displayed 

the driest conditions. The restored wetland status of the 

Craven County site was marginal. Due to both lateral 

seepage and seepage around the water control structures, 

the intended levels of water table management at the 

Craven County site could not be maintained. Roughing of 

the soil surface reduced the amount of outflow from 

restoration treatments by approximately 30% compared to 

the smooth microtopography treatments. Rough 

microtopography also reduced peak outflow rates and 

increased the duration of outflow events. 

© CSA 

816. Hydrologic influence on stability of organic 

phosphorus in wetland detritus. 

Pant, H. K. and Reddy, K. R. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(2): 668-674. (Mar. 

2000-Apr. 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ organic matter/ environmental 

management/ phosphorus/ phosphates/ detritus/ hydrology/ 

nutrients/ biogeochemistry/ USA, Florida/ nutrient removal/ 

residence time/ organic phosphorus/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

aquatic plants/ drainage water/ agricultural runoff/ 

agricultural pollution/ microorganisms/ dispersion/ flooding/ 

water table/ typha/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ water 

resources and supplies/ freshwater pollution/ water in soils/ 

characteristics, behavior and fate/ water pollution: 

monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: Accretion of organic matter in wetlands provides 

long-term storage for nutrients and other contaminants. 

Water-table fluctuations and resulting alternate flooded and 

drained conditions may substantially alter the stability of 

stored materials including phosphorus (P). To study the 

effects of hydrologic fluctuation on P mobilization in 

wetlands, recently accreted detrial material (derived 

primarily from Typha spp.) was collected from the 

Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), a 

constructed wetland used to treat agricultural drainage 

water in the northern Everglades. The detrital material was 

subjected to different periods of drawdown and consecutive 

reflooding under laboratory conditions. The super(31)P 

nuclear magnetic resonance (super(31)P NMR) 

spectroscopy analysis revealed that sugar phosphate, 

glycerophosphate, polynucleotides, and phospholipids 

(glycerophosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphocholine) 

were the major forms of P in the detrital material. After 30 d 

of drawdown, polynucleotides were reduced to trace levels, 

whereas sugar phosphate, glycerophosphate, and 

phospholipids remained the major fractions of organic P. 

Microorganisms seemed to preferentially utilize nucleic acid 

P, perhaps to obtain associated nutrients including carbon 

and nitrogen. At the end of the 30-d reflooding period, 

cumulative P flux from detritus to water column accounted 

for 3% of the total P (less than or equal to 15 d of 

drawdown) and further decreased to 2% at 30 d of 

drawdown, but increased to 8% at 60 d of drawdown. The 

drawdown (less than or equal to 30 d) not only reduced P 

flux to the water column, but also increased the 

humification and microbial immobilization of P. Excessive 

drawdown (60 d), however, triggered the release of P into 

the water column as the water content of detritus 

decreased from 95 to 11%. 

© CSA 

817. Hydrology and pollutant removal effectiveness of 

wetland buffer areas receiving pumped agricultural 

drainage water. 

Chescheir, G. M.; Gilliam, J. W.; Skaggs, R. W.; 

Broadhead, R. G.; and Lea, R. 

Raleigh, N.C.: North Carolina Water Resources Research 

Institute; Report No. 231, 1987. 170 p. 

Notes: NTIS number: PB88-128061 

Descriptors: agricultural runoff/ wetland buffers/ swamps/ 

pumped agricultural drainage/ surface drainage/ North 

Carolina/ water quality/ drainage effects/ drainage ditches/ 

nutrients/ sediment loading/ tidewater region/ 

drainmod model 

Abstract: The hydrology and pollutant-removing 

effectiveness of two wetland areas being used to buffer 

impacts of pumped agricultural drainage in Eastern North 

Carolina were studied. Collection and analysis of field data 

over a two-year period showed that buffer one, originally 

equipped with an efficient diffuser canal, was essentially 

100% effective for pollutant removal for all observed 

events. Less effective flow distribution, less area and faster 

drainage resulting from a greater elevation at buffer two 

resulted in less effective removal. Hydrology of a buffer 

area was simulated with a wetland simulation model for 

overland flow through vegetated areas. A routine was 

added to calculate residence time of the water on the buffer 

and percent removal of nutrients. Hourly surface and 

subsurface field drainage volumes calculated by a water 

management model. The two models estimated that over a 

20-year period, study buffer one would remove 79% of total 

Kjeldahl nitrogen, 82% of nitrate nitrogen, 81% of total 

phosphorus, and 92% of sediment. Study of the response 

of wetland forest to pumped agricultural drainage showed 

pronounced overstory thinning and resultant increased floor 

regeneration, decreased plant diversity, and decreased 

annual tree diameter increment at buffer one, and 

decreased annual tree diameter at buffer two. (LambertUNC-WRRI) 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

246

818. Importance of small isolated wetlands for 

herpetofaunal diversity in managed, young growth 

forests in the Coastal Plain of South Carolina. 

Russell, Kevin R.; Guynn, David C.; and Hanlin, Hugh G. 

Forest Ecology and Management 163(1-3): 

43-59. (June 2002) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: Amphibia/ Reptilia/ community structure/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ small isolated wetlands in managed 

forests/ forest and woodland/ managed forests/ South 

Carolina/ Marion County/ Woodbury tract/ isolated wetlands 

in managed forests 

Abstract: Freshwater wetlands support diverse and unique 

species assemblages, but the contribution of the smallest of 

these habitats to regional biodiversity continues to be 

underestimated, particularly within managed forests. We 

assessed and compared the richness, abundance, and 

diversity of herpetofauna at five small isolated wetlands 

(0.38-1.06 ha) imbedded within a commercial forest 

landscape in the South Carolina Coastal Plain. Continuous 

drift fences with pitfall traps that completely encircled the 

wetlands were used to sample entering and exiting 

herpetofauna. We also deployed coverboards to sample 

herpetofauna in the adjacent uplands. We captured 9186 

individuals of 56 species (20 amphibians, 36 reptiles) from 

the five wetlands combined between 1996 and 1998. 

Although species richness and community composition 

were similar at the five sites, we found significant 

differences in herpetofaunal abundance and diversity 

among wetlands. These differences did not vary with 

wetland size but were related to environmental and habitat 

attributes of the surrounding upland stands. Amphibian 

abundance was positively correlated with basal area of 

upland conifers but negatively correlated with presence and 

size of hardwoods, relationships that appeared to be 

partially influenced by previous stand management. 

Amphibian diversity (H') increased with conifer diameter but 

decreased with increasing distance to nearest wetland. 

Reptile diversity was negatively correlated with upland 

canopy closure. Our data indicate that small isolated 

wetlands are focal points of herpetofaunal richness and 

abundance in managed coastal plain forests and contribute 

more to regional biodiversity than is implied by their small 

size or ephemeral hydrology. By incorporating small 

wetland values and functions into planning objectives, 

forest managers can significantly enhance the contribution 

of extensive young-growth forests to regional conservation 

of biodiversity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

819. In-stream wetland design for non-point source 

pollution abatement. 

Stone, K. C.; Hunt, P. G.; Novak, J. M.; and Johnson, M. H. 

Applied Engineering in Agriculture 19(2): 171-175. (2003) 

NAL Call #: S671.A66; ISSN: 0883-8542 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ammonia/ design/ nitrogen 

Abstract: Nonpoint source pollution (NPS) of rivers and 

streams is a major concern worldwide. Most methods for 

NPS mitigation focus on source reductions; few have been 

developed to mitigate NPS once nutrients have entered 

streams. One system that has been shown to be effective 

in reducing stream nitrogen is by using in-stream wetlands 

(ISW). The objective of this research was to determine if 

design approaches used in constructed wetlands could be 

applied to predict ISW effectiveness in treating NPS. The 

3.3-ha ISW studied was located in a 425-ha watershed in 

eastern North Carolina. We analyzed the data from the ISW 

to calculate the first-order rate constants (K20 and 

dimensionless temperature coefficient, ?) for the k-C* 

model used in constructed wetland design. We found that 

our calculated rate constants were in close agreement with 

literature estimates with TN K20 = 19-20 m/y and ?= 1.0-

1.03. NO3-N rate constants were K20 = 38 - 54 m/y and ?= 

1.07 - 1.13. The design equations used for constructed 

wetlands can be successfully used to predict the 

performance of the ISW'S prior to their implementation. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

820. Influence of a riparian wetland on nitrate and 

herbicides exported from an agricultural field. 

Angier, J. T.; McCarty, G. W.; Rice, C. P.; and Bialek, K. 

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(15): 

4424-4429. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 381 J8223; ISSN: 0021-8561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nitrates/ herbicide residues/ losses 

from soil/ fields/ agricultural land/ streams/ water pollution/ 

groundwater contamination 

Abstract: Agrochemicals are a major source of nonpoint 

pollution. Forested corridors along stream channels 

(riparian zones) are thought to be potential sites for removal 

of agricultural contaminants from ground and surface 

waters. First-order riparian wetlands are reputed to be 

especially effective at groundwater remediation. The study 

site is a fairly typical (for eastern Maryland) small, first-order 

stream in an agricultural watershed. Preferential flow 

supplies most of the stream water within the riparian 

headwater wetland. This upstream area also contains the 

highest average stream N and pesticide loads in the entire 

first-order riparian system. Zones of active groundwater 

emergence onto the surface display high concentrations of 

nitrate throughout the soil profile and in the exfiltrating 

water, whereas inactive areas (where there is no visible 

upwelling) show rapid attenuation of nitrate with decreasing 

depths. Atrazine degradation products appear to penetrate 

more readily through the most active upwelling zones, and 

there is a correlation between zones of high nitrate and 

high atrazine metabolite levels. Deethylatrazine/atrazine 

ratios (DAR) seem to indicate that stream flow is dominated 

by ground water and that much of the ground water may 

have reached the stream via preferential flow. Remediative 

processes appear to be very complex, heterogeneous, and 

variable in these systems, so additional research is needed 

before effective formulation and application of riparian zone 

initiatives and guidelines can be accomplished. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

821. Influence of a willow canopy on tree seedling 

establishment for wetland restoration. 

McLeod, K. W.; Reed, M. R.; and Nelson, E. A. 

Wetlands 21(3): 395-402. (Sept. 2001) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant populations/ microhabitats/ 

restoration/ interspecific relationships/ riparian 

environments/ environmental restoration/ canopies/ floods/ 

canopy/ habitats/ riparian vegetation/ willow trees/ oak 

trees/ trees/ seedlings/ flooding/ habitat/ Quercus lyrata/ 

Carya aquatica/ Taxodium distichum/ Salix nigra/ Quercus 

laurifolia/ black willow/ overcup oak/ baldcypress/ water 

hickory/ restoration/ laurel oak/ protective measures and 

control/ reclamation/ environmental action 

Abstract: Black willow (Salix nigra) is a well-known pioneer 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

247

species of disturbed riparian areas. It competes for 

nutrients, light, and water, but it may also act as a "nurse" 

crop, providing shelter for other species from high light and 

temperature; so, the overall effect on species planted under 

a willow canopy could be positive or negative. This 

experiment examined the response of container-grown 

seedlings of four tree species outplanted into three habitats: 

1) an existing willow stand, 2) a similar habitat, but with the 

willow canopy removed, and 3) an adjacent grassdominated area free of willow. After three years, survival 

rates of overcup oak (Quercus lyrata), baldcypress 

(Taxodium distichum), and water hickory (Carya aquatica) 

were not reduced under the willow canopy relative to the 

other two treatments. Laurel oak (Q. laurifolia) was killed by 

several floods during the first growing season. Height of 

baldcypress seedlings planted under a willow canopy was 

less than for seedlings where the willow had been removed. 

Water hickory and overcup oak height were not affected by 

the willow canopy. Elevation of the planting sites, indicating 

probable soil wetness, was a good indicator of survival 

when used in conjunction with the species flood-tolerance. 

The existing willow stand was not detrimental to survival of 

three of the outplanted tree species. Thus, willow removal 

is unnecessary for successful outplanting, saving time and 

money. 

© CSA 

822. Influence of temperature on treatment efficiency of 

constructed wetlands. 

Hill, D. T. and Payton, J. D. 

Transactions of the ASAE 41(2): 393-396. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ poultry/ slurries/ biological 

treatment/ water quality/ chemical oxygen demand/ 

biochemical oxygen demand/ ammonium nitrogen/ nitrate 

nitrogen/ phosphorus/ water temperature/ animal manures/ 

excreta/ lagoons/ orthophosphorus/ organic nitrogen 

Abstract: An existing free-water-surface constructed 

wetland system at the Auburn University Poultry Science 

Unit was used to evaluate the effects of water temperature 

on the treatment of poultry lagoon effluent. Each wetland 

consisted of two cells in series. One series was planted 

with an approximate 10% fill of Sagittaria lancifolia. A 

second series contained Phragmites australis and Scirpus 

spp. with an approximate 5% fill of plants. A third series 

was unvegetated and acted as a control. Wastewater 

samples were collected approximately every 12 days at the 

influent and effluent of each cell and analyzed for TKN, 

ammonia, nitrate, BOD5, COD, total phosphorus, 

orthophosphorus, and potassium. Water temperature was 

measured using thermographs placed at the midpoint of 

each cell with temperature readings being taken each hour 

from July 1995 until June 1996. The percent removal of 

each wastewater pollutant from each series was compared 

to the average water temperature over the sampling period 

(every 12 days) to determine what effect, if any, 

temperature had on treatment. For most cases, 

temperature was not found to significantly affect treatment 

of poultry wastewater. Treatment efficiency (percent 

removal) was significantly correlated to temperature in one 

series for ammonia, one series for nitrate, one series for 

total phosphorus and one series for orthophosphorus. Mass 

removal was not correlated to temperature in any of the 

cases studied. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

823. Landscape ecological planning process for 

wetland, waterfowl, and farmland conservation. 

Musacchio, L. R. and Coulson, R. N. 

Landscape and Urban Planning 56(3-4): 

125-147. (Oct. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 

Descriptors: wetlands/ landscape/ habitat/ geographic 

information systems/ agricultural land/ rice fields/ land use/ 

grants/ policies/ regional planning/ rice field aquaculture/ 

nature conservation/ overwintering/ plant culture/ 

conservation/ waterfowl/ ecological effects/ farms/ 

geographical information systems/ rice/ anatidae/ Chen 

caerulescens caerulescens/ oryza sativa/ USA, Texas/ 

ducks/ lesser snow goose/ Anser caerulescens 

caerulescens/ rice/ planning/ development/ law, policy, 

economics and social sciences/ plant culture/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation/ ecological impact of 

water development 

Abstract: A landscape ecological planning process (LEP 

process) is described that addresses the issues of rice 

production and wetland habitat conservation on privately 

owned rice farms in Texas. The LEP process was used to 

evaluate proposed land-use management plans based on 

alternative policies for the next US Farm Bill, which would 

be in effect from 2003 to 2009. A system simulation model, 

geographic information systems (GIS) model based on 

expert knowledge, as well as expert opinion, were used to 

evaluate uncertainty about the effects of these plans and 

policies on different types of farms and the quality of winter 

habitat of lesser snow geese. The models simulated shifts 

in land-use, rice and cattle production, farm profitability, and 

use of habitat by geese. Simulation results suggested that 

the level of federal subsidies for all policies influenced the 

continuation of rice production from 2003 to 2009. In 

addition, the size of the farm influenced whether rice 

production continued until 2009. The smaller farms were 

more sensitive to decreases in federal subsidies than larger 

farms because smaller farms received less income from 

goose hunting leases. Winter habitat for lesser snow geese 

was reduced in terms of patch size and nearest neighbor 

distance when rice production was discontinued by 2009 for 

all policies. Agricultural policy experts, who were familiar 

with the study sites, selected the modified version of the 

conservation policy as the example that would most benefit 

farmers and geese. The experts emphasized that their 

policy would offer far mers more flexibility to manage their 

farms, to diversify their incomes, and to be good land 

stewards. 

© CSA 

824. Large-scale constructed wetlands for nutrient 

removal from stormwater runoff: An Everglades 

restoration project. 

Guardo, M.; Fink, L.; Fontaine, T. D.; Newman, S.; 

Chimney, M.; Bearzotti, R.; and Goforth, G. 

Environmental Management 19(6): 879-889. (1995) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: environmental restoration/ storm water/ 

nutrient uptake/ agrochemicals/ nutrients/ artificial wetlands/ 

pollution control/ bioaccumulation/ biodegradation/ water 

reclamation/ environment management/ stormwater runoff/ 

agricultural runoff/ storm runoff/ water pollution treatment/ 

agricultural chemicals/ nutrients (mineral)/ USA, Florida/ 

USA, Florida, Everglades/ stormwater runoff/ storm runoff/ 

water pollution treatment/ agricultural chemicals/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

248

agricultural runoff/ nutrients (mineral)/ storm water/ nutrient 

uptake/ artificial wetlands/ water reclamation/ environmental 

restoration/ agrochemicals/ pollution control/ environment 

management/ nutrients/ reclamation/ environmental action/ 

water quality control/ prevention and control 

Abstract: The South Florida Water Management District 

(SFWMD) constructed a wetland south of Lake 

Okeechobee to begin the process of removing nutrients 

(especially phosphorus) from agricultural stormwater runoff 

entering the Everglades. The project, called the Everglades 

Nutrient Removal (ENR) project, is a prototype for larger, 

similarly constructed wetlands that the SFWMD will build as 

part of the Everglades restoration program. This innovative 

project is believed to be one of the largest agricultural 

stormwater cleanup projects in the United States, if not in 

the world. This publication describes the ENR project's 

design, construction, and proposed operation, as well as 

the proposed research program to be implemented over the 

next few years. 

© CSA 

825. Long-term effects of a lock and dam and greentree 

reservoir management on a bottomland hardwood 

forest. 

King, Sammy L.; Allen, James A.; and McCoy, John W. 

Forest Ecology and Management 112(3): 213-226. (1998) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: bottomland hardwood forest/ competition/ dam 

management/ flooding/ greentree reservoir/ habitat/ lock 

management/ resource management/ riparian wetland/ 

stress response/ succession 

Abstract: We investigated the long-term effects of a lock 

and dam and greentree reservoir management on a 

riparian bottomland hardwood forest in southern Arkansas, 

USA, by monitoring stress, mortality, and regeneration of 

bottomland hardwood trees in 53 permanent sampling plots 

from 1987-1995. The lock and dam and greentree reservoir 

management have altered the timing, depth, and duration 

of flooding within the wetland forest. Evaluation of daily 

river stage data indicates that November overbank flooding 

(i.e. 0.3 m above normal pool) of 1 week duration occurred 

only 10 times from 1950 to 1995 and four of these 

occurrences were the result of artificial flooding of the 

greentree reservoir. Results of the vegetation study indicate 

that the five most common dominant and co-dominant 

species were overcup oak, water hickory, Nuttall oak, 

willow oak, and sweetgum. Mortality of willow oak 

exceeded that of all other species except Nuttall oak. 

Nuttall oak, willow oak, and water hickory had much higher 

percentages of dead trees concentrated within the 

dominant and co-dominant crown classes. Probit analysis 

indicated that differences in stress and mortality were due 

to a combination of flooding and stand competition. 

Overcup oak appears to exhibit very little stress regardless 

of crown class and elevation and, with few exceptions, had 

a significantly greater probability of occurring within lower 

stress classes than any other species. Only 22 new stems 

were recruited into the 5 cm diameter-at-breast height size 

class between 1990-1995 and of these, three were Nuttall 

oak, three were water hickory, and one was sweetgum. No 

recruitment into the 5 cm diameter-at-breast height size 

class occurred for overcup oak or willow oak. The results of 

the study suggest that the forest is progressing to a more 

water-tolerant community dominated by overcup oak. A 

conservative flooding strategy would minimize tree stress 

and maintain quality wildlife habitat within the forested 

wetland. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

826. Long-term phosphorus removal in Florida aquatic 

systems dominated by submerged aquatic vegetation. 

Knight, R. L.; Gu, B.; Clarke, R. A.; and Newman, J. M. 

Ecological Engineering 20(1): 45-63. (2003) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: phosphorus cycle/ aquatic environment/ 

eutrophication/ water treatment/ phosphorus removal/ 

vegetation/ aquatic plants/ environmental engineering/ 

rivers/ lakes/ artificial wetlands/ mesocosms/ coastal inlets/ 

phosphorus/ water quality control/ emergent vegetation/ 

anthropogenic factors/ fluvial sediments/ inlets/ sediments/ 

hydraulic loading/ sinks/ pollution load/ river systems/ USA, 

Florida/ submerged aquatic vegetation 

Abstract: Anthropogenic phosphorus (P) loads have been 

implicated in eutrophication of lakes and wetlands 

throughout Florida. One technology that holds considerable 

promise for controlling these loads in a cost-effective 

manner is the use of treatment wetlands. Preliminary 

research in south Florida on the use of submerged aquatic 

vegetation (SAV) as the dominant vegetation in these 

treatment wetlands is reporting higher P removal 

performance than wetlands dominated by rooted, emergent 

plants. This research has been based to-date primarily on 

relatively small-scale mesocosms (5-2000 m super(2)) and 

on a larger scale treatment wetland (148 ha) that has been 

operated for about 7 years. Considering the magnitude of 

engineering decisions and project costs to implement P 

control in the Everglades Agricultural Area and elsewhere 

in Florida, it is prudent to look for additional confirmation of 

P removal performance from other existing SAV-dominated 

systems in Florida that have a longer operational period. 

This paper describes an analysis of existing data collected 

from a number of SAV-dominated, flow-through lakes and 

rivers in Florida with characteristics similar to the proposed 

SAV treatment systems. While these existing input-output 

data were not specifically collected for the purpose of 

preparing mass balances and P removal rate estimates, 

they can be judiciously applied to that analysis. The overall 

conclusion of this analysis is that SAV-dominated lakes and 

rivers do typically remove P from the water column. The 

likely long-term sink for this P is the newly accreted 

sediment. The long-term average P removal rate for 13 

SAV-dominated lake and river systems in Florida was 1.2 

g/m super(2) per year. This result compares favorably with 

an average net sediment P accumulation rate of 1.2 g/m 

super(2) per year reported by others for 11 SAV-dominated 

Florida lakes. These estimated long-term P removal rates 

are higher than those for full-scale wetlands dominated by 

emergent vegetation. Average first-order P removal rate 

constants for SAV-dominated lakes (15 m/year) and rivers 

(46 m/year) are generally less than those estimated in SAVdominated mesocosms (60-140 m/year) and similar to a 

large-scale SAV-dominated stormwater treatment area 

(STA) (40 m/year). P removals in all of these SAVdominated systems are influenced by inlet P loading rates, 

with removal rates positively correlated to both P inlet 

concentration and hydraulic loading rate (HLR). Based on 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

249

this analysis, caution is recommended when extrapolating 

the P removal results from relatively short-term or smallscale mesocosm studies to the design of full-scale, longterm operating SAV-dominated wetlands. 

© CSA 

827. Marsh terracing as a wetland restoration tool for 

creating fishery habitat. 

Rozas, L. P. and Minello, T. J. 

Wetlands 21(3): 327-341. (Sept. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ intertidal environment/ habitat 

improvement/ marshes/ restoration/ habitat/ fishery 

resources/ nekton/ marine crustaceans/ biomass/ 

population density/ terraces/ environmental restoration/ 

fisheries/ geological terraces/ crustaceans/ fetch/ biological 

sampling/ habitats/ mullet/ menhaden/ trout/ intertidal 

areas/ Litopenaeus setiferus/ Palaemonetes pugio/ 

Callinectes sapidus/ Farfantepenaeus aztecus/ Brevoortia 

patronus/ Mugil cephalus/ Cynoscion nebulosus/ USA, 

Louisiana/ northern white shrimp/ white shrimp/ 

daggerblade grass shrimp/ blue crab/ gulf menhaden/ 

striped mullet/ spotted seatrout/ restoration/ protective 

measures and control/ conservation and environmental 

protection/ reclamation 

Abstract: Terracing is a relatively new wetland-restoration 

technique used to convert shallow subtidal bottom to 

marsh. This method uses existing bottom sediments to form 

terraces or ridges at marsh elevation. A terrace field is 

constructed by arranging these ridges in some pattern that 

maximizes intertidal edge and minimizes fetch between 

ridges; the intertidal area is planted with marsh vegetation. 

We examined the habitat value of terracing for fishery 

species at Sabine National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana 

(USA) in spring and fall 1999 by quantifying and comparing 

nekton densities in a 9-yr-old terrace field and nearby 

reference area using a 1-m super(2) drop sampler. 

Decapod crustaceans were more abundant than fishes, 

composing 62% and 95% of all organisms we collected in 

spring and fall, respectively. White shrimp Litopenaeus 

setiferus, dagger-blade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, 

blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and brown shrimp 

Farfantepenaeus aztecus accounted for 94% of all 

crustaceans, whereas 60% of all fishes were gulf 

menhaden Brevoortia patronus. Mean densities of white 

shrimp (fall), daggerblade grass shrimp, blue crab, and 

brown shrimp (spring) were significantly greater in terrace 

marsh than on non-vegetated bottom in the reference pond. 

Densities of most nekton on non-vegetated bottom were 

similar in the terrace field and the reference pond, but gulf 

menhaden and white shrimp had higher densities at terrace 

pond sites and brown shrimp (spring) were more abundant 

at reference pond sites. The pattern for biomass was 

similar to that for density in that the mean biomass of most 

species was significantly greater at terrace marsh sites than 

reference pond sites and similar at terrace and reference 

pond sites. Terrace marsh, however, was not functionally 

equivalent to natural marsh, as mean densities of 

daggerblade grass shrimp (fall), brown shrimp (spring), and 

blue crab and mean biomass of white shrimp (fall), striped 

mullet Mugil cephalus (spring), and spotted seatrout 

Cynoscion nebulosus (fall) were greater at reference marsh 

sites than terrace marsh sites. Using these density and 

biomass patterns and the percentage of marsh and pond 

area in the terrace field, we concluded that terrace fields 

support higher standing crops of most fishery species 

compared with shallow marsh ponds of similar size. Future 

restoration projects could include design changes to 

increase the proportion of marsh in a terrace field and 

enhance the habitat value of marsh terraces for fishery 

species. 

© CSA 

828. Mitigation of metolachlor-associated agricultural 

runoff using constructed wetlands in Mississippi, USA. 

Moore, M. T.; Rodgers, J. H.; Smith, S.; and Cooper, C. M. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 84(2): 

169-176. (2001) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: pesticides/ water quality/ agricultural runoff/ 

gas chromatography/ water management/ sediments/ 

aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/ freshwater pollution/ 

pollution control/ mesocosms/ agricultural pollution/ 

chemical pollutants/ herbicides/ restoration/ environment 

management/ USA, Mississippi/ metolachlor/ 

constructed wetlands 

Abstract: A loss of marginal wetland acreage adjoining 

agricultural fields has created a potential problem with 

water quality enhancement of agricultural runoff via 

wetlands. Current research is investigating the utility of 

constructed wetlands for pesticide mitigation purposes, 

thereby restoring water quality enhancement capability to 

the area. Constructed wetland mesocosms (59-73 m x 14 

m), located at the University of Mississippi Field Station 

(Lafayette County, MS), were amended with metolachlor to 

simulate a cropland runoff event. Target concentrations for 

wetlands were 73 and 147 mu g/l metolachlor in addition to 

an unamended control (0 mu g/l). Water, sediment, and 

plant samples were collected weekly for 35 days following 

metolachlor amendment. Samples were collected from 

sites, longitudinally distributed within each wetland, and 

analyzed for metolachlor using gas chromatography. 

Between 7 and 25% of measured metolachlor mass was in 

the first 30-36 m (from inflow) of wetlands immediately 

following application and simulated rainfall. Approximately 

10% of measured metolachlor mass was in plant samples. 

Suggested wetland travel distances for effective mitigation 

of metolachlor runoff ranged from 100 to 400 m. According 

to the results from this research, aquatic receiving system 

impacts due to metolachlor runoff could be mitigated by 

using constructed wetlands as buffers. Landowners and 

government agencies can integrate this information into a 

water management plan, allowing for better control of both 

quantity and quality of runoff water from individual 

agricultural fields. 

© CSA 

829. Modeling biogeochemistry and forest management 

practices for assessing GHGs mitigation strategies in 

forested wetlands. 

Cui, J.; Li, C.; and Trettin, C. 

Environmental Modeling and Assessment 10(1): 

43-53. (Mar. 2005) 

NAL Call #: GE1 .E545; ISSN: 1420-2026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ greenhouse gases/ mortality/ 

forests/ biogeochemistry/ seasonal variations/ sulfur 

dioxide/ water table/ trees/ carbon cycle/ biomass/ USA, 

Florida/ air pollution/ air pollution: monitoring, 

control & remediation 

Abstract: Despite the importance of forested wetland in the 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

250

global carbon cycle, no widely applicable ecosystem model 

exists for this ecosystem. This study reports the linkage 

between Wetland-DNDC and MIKE SHE for carbon 

dynamics and GHGs mitigation strategies analyses in 

forested wetland. Wetland-DNDC was modified by 

parameterizing forest management practices and refining 

anaerobic biogeochemical processes. Mortality due to 

senescence was estimated as a function of tree age or as a 

function of the relative biomass. We used a harvesting 

damage mortality coefficient as a linear function of time with 

three parameters: Initial mortality, Duration of the damage 

and intensity of the initial harvesting. The model was 

validated against experimental data obtained from the GNF 

site near Florida. As a preliminary application, we simulated 

the effect of water table position and forest management 

practices on GHGs emissions and carbon dynamics to test 

the capabilities of the models for simulating seasonal and 

long-term carbon budget in forested wetland. 

© CSA 

830. Modeling phosphorus trapping in wetlands using 

nonparametric Bayesian regression. 

Qian, Song S. and Reckhow, K. H. 

Water Resources Research 34(7): 1745-1754. (July 1998) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 W295; ISSN: 0043-1397 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ agricultural runoff/ 

phosphorus removal/ water level/ water management/ 

water pollution/ nonpoint pollution sources/ water quality 

control/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ environment 

management/ ecosystem management/ agricultural 

pollution/ pollution control/ biodegradation/ sources and fate 

of pollution/ freshwater pollution/ protective measures and 

control/ composition of water 

Abstract: Phosphorus-enriched agricultural runoff from the 

Everglades Agriculture Area is believed to have caused 

ecological changes in the northern part of the Everglades 

wetlands. A number of efforts have been made to assess 

the effectiveness of using constructed wetlands as a means 

of phosphorus removal from the agricultural runoff. The 

objective of this study is to develop a predictive model-for 

the total phosphorus effluent concentration of an 

Everglades wetland that has received this runoff for over 20 

years. We used Bayesian nonparametric regression to 

develop a predictive model combining information from an 

Everglades wetland data set and a cross-sectional data set. 

The prior model was based on the cross-sectional data set 

and expert opinion; this prior model, when combined with 

data from the Everglades wetland, yielded the posterior 

model, which can be used to (1) estimate the probability of 

an outflow concentration standard violation and (2) provide 

the posterior distributions of effluent concentrations at 

different loading rates and water levels. The primary use of 

this model is to support decision making in sizing the 

proposed constructed wetlands in south Florida as well as 

keeping a practical management strategy. 

© CSA 

831. Nitrate removal in riparian wetland soils: Effects of 

flow rate, temperature, nitrate concentration and soil 

depth. 

Willems, Hans P.; Rotelli, Matthew D.; Berry, Duane F.; 

Smith, Eric P.; Reneau, Raymond B.; and 

Mostaghimi, Saied 

Water Research 31(4): 841-849. (1997) 

NAL Call #: TD420.W3; ISSN: 0043-1354 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

pollution assessment control and management/ soil 

science/ toxicology/ waste management: sanitation/ 

biobusiness/ concentrations/ flow rate/ groundwater 

ecology/ managed agricultural field/ nitrate/ nomini creek 

watershed/ nutrient contamination removal/ pollution/ 

removal/ riparian wetland soils/ soil columns/ soil depth/ 

temperature/ toxicology/ water pollution 

Abstract: Riparian zones, located adjacent to intensely 

managed agricultural fields, are thought to play an 

important role in removal of nutrient contaminants including 

NO-3- from groundwater. We studied the effect of flow rate, 

NO-3- concentration and temperature on NO-3- removal in 

soil columns under saturated-flow conditions. Bibb (coarseloamy, siliceous, acid thermic Typic Fluvaquent) sandy 

loam soil was collected from a riparian forest located in 

Nomini Creek Watershed, Virginia. Soils included in the 

study were a permanently inundated surface horizon, a 

seasonally saturated surface horizon, a shallow subsurface 

horizon and a deep subsurface horizon. Soil columns were 

infiltrated with NO-3- amended groundwater at 

concentrations from 14 to 36 mg NO-3--N L-1. Column 

operating temperatures varied between 8 and 20 degree C 

and flow rates between 0.01 and 0.09 mL min-1. Following 

a 48 h equilibrium period, effluent NO-3- and N-2O 

concentrations were determined. Denitrification was the 

primary mechanism of NO-3- removal, with higher 

denitrification capacities found in the surface horizons. 

Effluent NO-3- concentrations could be described by a 

linear combination of temperature, flow rate and influent 

NO-3- concentrations. Low temperatures and increased 

flow rates reduced the denitrification capacity in all soils. 

Our results showed that the NO-3- removal capacity 

present in the Bibb soil should theoretically be sufficient to 

remove most, if not all, NO-3-from the groundwater at the 

Nomini Creek study site. However, on-site measurements 

of NO-3- concentration in receiving streams indicated that 

this capacity is not fully realized in the field, suggesting the 

importance of other factors such as local hydrology and 

groundwater flow patterns. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

832. Nutrient and sediment removal by a restored 

wetland receiving agricultural runoff. 

Jordan, T. E.; Whigham, D. F.; Hofmockel, K. H.; and 

Pittek, M. A. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(4): 1534-1547. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ammonia/ total suspended solids 

(TSS)/ agricultural runoff/ runoff/ water contamination 

Abstract: Few studies have measured removal of 

pollutants by restored wetlands that receive highly variable 

inflows. We used automated flow-proportional sampling to 

monitor the removal of nutrients and suspended solids by a 

1.3-ha restored wetland receiving unregulated inflows from 

a 14-ha agricultural watershed in Maryland, USA. Water 

entered the wetland mainly in brief pulses of runoff, which 

sometimes exceeded the 2500-m3 water holding capacity 

of the wetland. Half of the total water inflow occurred in only 

24 days scattered throughout the two-year study. Measured 

annual water gains were within 5% of balancing water 

losses. Annual removal of nutrients differed greatly 

between the two years of the study. The most removal 

occurred in the first year, which included a three-month 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

251

period of decreasing water level in the wetland. In that year, 

the wetland removed 59% of the total P, 38% of the total N, 

and 41% of the total organic C it received. However, in the 

second year, which lacked a drying period, there was no 

significant (p > 0.05) net removal of total N or P, although 

30% of the total organic C input was removed. For the 

entire two-year period, the wetland removed 25% of the 

ammonium, 52% of the nitrate, and 34% of the organic C it 

received, but there was no significant net removal of total 

suspended solids (TSS) or other forms of N and P. 

Although the variability of inflow may have decreased the 

capacity of the wetland to remove materials, the wetland 

still reduced nonpoint-source pollution. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

833. Nutrient attenuation by a riparian wetland during 

natural and artificial runoff events. 

Casey, R. E. and Klaine, S. J. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 30(5): 1720-1731. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution treatment/ nonpoint 

pollution sources/ golf courses/ storm runoff/ nitrates/ 

phosphates/ data collections/ experimental data/ 

performance evaluation/ pollution (nonpoint sources)/ 

runoff/ nitrate/ riparian environments/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

stormwater runoff/ pollution dispersion/ fertilizers/ golf 

courses/ water quality control/ water treatment/ protective 

measures and control/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Due to chronic nutrient enrichment of surface 

water, wetlands adjacent to land managed with fertilizer 

have been studied to determine their role in nutrient 

dynamics. We sampled golf course runoff and determined 

the loads of NO sub(3) super(-) and PO sub(4) super(3-) 

transported during storms and the attenuation of those 

loads when runoff passed through a riparian wetland. All 

sampled storm events contained NO sub(3) super(-) (2 to 

1470 g NO sub(3)-N per event) and PO sub(4) super(3-) (1 

to 4156 g PO sub(4)-P per event). Extensive nutrient 

attenuation occurred when water passed through the 

riparian wetland. In 11 events, NO sub(3) super(-) and PO 

sub(4) super(3-) attenuation averaged 80 and 74%, 

respectively. In subsequent experiments, we created a 

stream of water flowing into the wetland and amended it 

with NO sub(3) super(-), PO sub(4) super(3-) and Br 

super(-), creating an artificial runoff event. The experiments 

were conducted using conditions similar to those of natural 

runoff events. We observed rapid and complete attenuation 

of PO sub(4) super(3-) immediately after runoff water 

infiltrated into the wetland subsurface. No PO sub(4) 

super(3-) was observed in discharge from the wetland. 

Nitrate attenuation occurred following a lag phase of 

several hours that was probably due to reactivation of 

denitrifying enzymes. Nitrate attenuation was initially less 

than 60% but increased to 100% in all experiments. We 

observed extensive dilution of runoff water in the wetland 

subsurface indicating mixing with pre-event ground water in 

the wetland. The results indicated that intermittent inputs of 

NO sub(3) super(-) and PO sub(4) super(3-) could be 

successfully attenuated in the wetland on the time scale of 

natural storm events. 

© CSA 

834. Nutrient removal from eutrophic lake water by 

wetland filtration. 

Coveney, M. F.; Stites, D. L.; Lowe, E. F.; Battoe, L. E.; and 

Conrow, R. 

Ecological Engineering 19(2): 141-159. (2002) 

Descriptors: ammonia/ aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/ 

bioremediation/ eutrophication/ evapotranspiration/ 

filtration/ floodplains/ geological sedimentation/ lakes/ 

nature conservation/ nitrate/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ 

phytoplankton/ rain/ seepage/ suspended solids/ water 

management/ water quality/ plants 

Abstract: Lake Apopka is a large (125 km2), shallow (mean 

depth 1.6 m) lake in Florida, USA. The lake was made 

hypereutrophic by phosphorus loading from floodplain 

farms and has high levels of nutrients, phytoplankton (Chl a 

80 micro g l-1), and suspended matter. The restoration plan 

developed by the St. Johns River Water Management 

District encompasses the biomanipulation concept in which 

the critical step for large shallow lakes is increasing the 

transparency of the water to allow the re-establishment of 

submerged macrophytes. Restoration includes operation of 

a treatment wetland, reduction in external P loading, 

harvest of fish, fluctuation of lake levels, and littoral 

planting. The District constructed a 2-km2 pilot-scale 

treatment wetland to test nutrient-removal and hydraulic 

performance. Lake water was recirculated for 29 months, 

and the removal of suspended solids and particle-bound 

nutrients was assessed. Hydraulic loading rate varied from 

6.5 to 65 m year-1 with a mean hydraulic residence time of 

about 7 days. The inflow contained 40-180 mg l-1 TSS, 80-

380 micro g l-1 TP (mostly particulate organic), and 3-9 mg 

l-1 TN (mostly dissolved and particulate organic). Overall, 

particulate matter was removed (>90%) by the wetland, and 

soluble organic compounds were unaffected. Soluble 

inorganic compounds such as nitrate, ammonia, and 

soluble reactive phosphate (SRP) were low in the lake 

water but increased during passage through the wetland. 

Particulate matter at the outlet was enriched in both N (2-

fold) and P (5-fold) compared to particles in the inflow. 

Mass removal efficiencies were 89-99 (TSS), 30-67 (TP), 

and 30-52% (TN), but efficiency fell when hydraulic shortcircuiting occurred. First-order removal coefficients were 

107 (TSS), 63 m year-1 (TP) and 98 m year-1 (particulate 

N). Areal particulate removal rates were 5.4 g dry matter m2 day-1, 0.18 g PON m-2 day-1, and 0.006 g POP m-2 day1. The ratio of N:P removal was 28:1. Total sedimentation 

rate was 0.4 mm day-1 of very light matter (4.4 g dw l-1). 

About 40% of the dry matter and nitrogen removed and 

about 80% of the phosphorus was found in the new 

sediments. Relative to the inflow of lake water, 

evapotranspiration (4.3%), seepage (2.6%), and rainfall 

(2.8%) were low. Major problems were initial leaching of 

SRP, but not ammonia, from native organic soils and 

vegetation when this former farmland was flooded; 

hydraulic short-circuiting via former drainage ditches; and 

low inflows under drought conditions. After 6 months SRP 

release declined, and initial SRP leaching could be 

prevented with soil treatment. Hydraulic short-circuiting 

occurred only after modifications were made. Low gravity 

flows were augmented with pumped inflows. With these 

improvements P-removal should increase from the 

measured 0.48 to at least 3 g P m-2 year-1. Based on the 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

252

pilot project results, the first phase of an improved 14-km2 

wetland filter has been constructed. This project should 

accelerate improvements in the water quality of Lake 

Apopka and, ultimately, create a new, large wildlife-rich 

marsh. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

835. Nutrient retention dynamics of the Everglades 

Nutrient Removal Project. 

Moustafa, M. Z. 

Wetlands 19(3): 689-704. (Sept. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nutrients/ storm runoff/ agriculture/ 

water quality/ phosphorus/ water quality control/ nutrient 

removal/ stormwater runoff/ pollution control/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ agricultural pollution/ water treatment/ USA, 

Florida, Everglades/ chemical processes/ prevention and 

control 

Abstract: The Everglades Nutrient Removal (ENR) Project 

was constructed to reduce nutrient concentrations in 

stormwater runoff water from the Everglades Agricultural 

Area. Although nutrient concentrations of influent water 

ranged from 66 to 201 mu g TP L super(-1) and 140 to 541 

mu g TN L super(-1) and varied substantially over time, the 

outlet concentrations remained low, 9 to 39 mu g TP L 

super(-1) and 99 to 286 mu g TN L super(-1), during the 

first three years of operation (from August 1994 through 

August 1997). Nutrient removal efficiency was calculated in 

terms of decrease in both loads and nutrient 

concentrations. Nutrient loading rates averaged 1.17 g TP 

m super(-2) year super(-1) (plus or minus 0.12 SE) and 

31.56 g TN m super(-2) year super(-1) (plus or minus 2.92 

SE) at the inflow and 0.23 g TP m super(-2) year super(-1) 

(plus or minus 0.02 SE) and 20.71 g TN m super(-2) year 

super(-1) (plus or minus 1.63 SE) at the outflow. TP load 

removal ranged from 66% to 91% and averaged 82% for 

the period of record, while TN load removal ranged from 

11% to 76% and averaged 55%. Rainfall contribution to the 

ENR Project nutrient budgets was small, averaging only 4% 

and 3% for TP and TN, respectively. The ENR Project 

performance results during the first three years suggest that 

additional Stormwater Treatment Areas (STAs) will be 

effective in removing TP from stormwater runoff. 

© CSA 

836. Nutrient transport in a restored riparian wetland. 

Vellidis, G.; Lowrance, R.; Gay, P.; and Hubbard, R. K. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 32(2): 711-726. (Mar. 

2003-Apr. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plumes/ nitrates/ groundwater 

pollution/ water quality/ nutrient removal/ surface runoff/ 

denitrification/ ammonium/ phosphorus/ hydrology/ 

pastures/ preferential flow/ manure/ environmental effects/ 

ammonium compounds/ nutrients (mineral)/ agricultural 

runoff/ USA, Georgia/ sources and fate of pollution/ 

composition of water/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

water resources and supplies 

Abstract: We determined the water quality effect of a 

restored forested riparian wetland adjacent to a manure 

application area and a heavily fertilized pasture in the 

Georgia Coastal Plain. The buffer system was managed 

based on USDA recommendations and averaged 38 m in 

width. Water quality and hydrology data were collected from 

1991-1999. A nitrate plume in shallow ground water with 

concentrations exceeding 10 mg NO sub(3)-N L super(-1) 

moved into the restored forested riparian wetland. Along 

most of the plume front, concentrations were less than 4 

mg NO sub(3)-N L super(-1) within 25 m. Two preferential 

flow paths associated with past hydrologic modifications to 

the site allowed the nitrate plume to progress further into 

the restored forested riparian wetland. Surface runoff total 

N, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), and total P 

concentrations averaged 8.63 mg N L super(-1), 1.37 mg P 

L super(-1), and 1.48 mg P L super(-1), respectively, at the 

field edge and were reduced to 4.18 mg N L super(-1), 0.31 

mg P L super(-1), and 0.36 mg P L super(-1), respectively, 

at the restored forested riparian wetland outlet. Water and 

nutrient mass balance showed that retention and removal 

rates for nitrogen species ranged from a high of 78% for 

nitrate to a low of 52% for ammonium. Retention rates for 

both DRP and total P were 66%. Most of the N retention 

and removal was accounted for by denitrification. Mean 

annual concentrations of total N and total P leaving the 

restored forested riparian wetland were 1.98 mg N L 

super(-1) and 0.24 mg P L super(-1), respectively. 

© CSA 

837. Nutrient uptake and growth response of six 

wetland/riparian plant species receiving swine lagoon 

effluent. 

Hubbard, R. K.; Ruter, J. M.; Newton, G. L.; and 

Davis, J. G. 

Transactions of the ASAE 42(5): 1331-1341. (1999) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am32T; ISSN: 0001-2351 

Descriptors: wastewater treatment/ Ilex cassine/ Itea/ 

Spartina patens/ Juncus effusus/ Panicum/ nutrient uptake/ 

bioremediation/ filter strips/ Cephalanthus occidentalis/ 

wetland plants 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

838. Operational restoration of the Pen Branch 

bottomland hardwood and swamp wetlands: The 

research setting. 

Nelson, E. A.; Dulohery, N. C.; Kolka, R. K.; and 

McKee, W. H. 

Ecological Engineering 15(Suppl. 1): S23-S33. (Sept. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ forests/ 

rivers/ flood plains/ dams/ USA, South Carolina/ hydrology/ 

vegetation cover/ habitat improvement (biological)/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ Taxodium distichum/ Nyssa 

aquatica/ USA, South Carolina, Aiken, Savannah River 

Site/ USA, South Carolina, Savannah R./ baldcypress/ 

water tupelo/ reclamation/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: The Savannah River swamp, a 3020 ha forested 

wetland on the floodplain of the Savannah River, USA is 

located on the Department of Energy's Savannah River site 

(SRS) near Aiken, SC. Historically, the swamp consisted of 

approximately 50% bald cypress-water tupelo (Taxodium 

distichum-Nyssa aquatica) stands, 40% mixed bottomland 

hardwood stands, and 10% shrub, marsh, and open water. 

Creek corridors were typical of southeastern bottomland 

hardwood forests. Hydrology was controlled by flooding of 

the Savannah River and by flow from four creeks that drain 

into the swamp prior to flow into the Savannah River. 

Upstream dams have caused some alteration of the water 

levels and timing of flooding within the floodplain. Major 

impacts to the swamp hydrology occurred with the 

completion of the production reactors and one coal-fired 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

253

powerhouse at the SRS in the early 1950s. Flow in one of 

the tributaries, Pen Branch, was typically 0.3 m super(3) s 

super(-1) (10-20 cfs) prior to reactor pumping and 11.0 m 

super(3) s super(-1) (400 cfs) during pumping from 1954 to 

1988. Sustained increases in water volume resulted in 

overflow of the original stream banks, the creation of 

additional floodplains, considerable erosion of the original 

stream corridor, and deposition of a deep silt layer on the 

newly formed delta. Heated water was discharged directly 

into Pen Branch and water temperature in the stream often 

exceeded 65 degree C. The nearly continuous flooding of 

the swamp, the thermal load of the water, and the heavy 

silting resulted in complete mortality of the original 

vegetation in large areas of the floodplain. In the years 

since pumping was reduced, no volunteer seedlings of 

heavy-seeded hardwoods or cypress have been found in 

the floodplain corridor. Research was conducted to 

determine methods to reintroduce tree species 

characteristic of more mature forested wetlands. Species 

composition and selection were altered based on the 

current and expected hydrological regimes that the 

reforestation areas will be experiencing. 

© CSA 

839. Particulate phosphorus removal via wetland 

filtration: An examination of potential for hypertrophic 

lake restoration. 

Lowe, E. F.; Battoe, L. E.; Stites, D. L.; and Coveney, M. F. 

Environmental Management 16(1): 67-74. (1992) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus cycle/ filtration/ 

particulate pollution/ environmental restoration/ lakes/ 

hypertrophy/ phosphorus/ USA, Florida, Apopka L./ 

hypertrophic environments/ phosphorus/ Florida, Apopka 

L./ particulate pollution/ environmental restoration/ 

hypertrophy/ reclamation/ prevention and control/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Lake Apopka in Florida, USA, is a large (area = 

124 km super(2)), hypertrophic (mean total phosphorus = 

0.220 g/m super(3); mean chlorophyll a = 60 mg/m 

super(3)) lake, with a large sedimentary store of available P 

(1635 x 10 super(6) g P). Phosphorus loading from 

floodplain farms (132 x 10 super(6) g P/yr) has been the 

primary cause of eutrophication. Assuming elimination of 

farm P loading, the Vollenweider model predicts a decline 

in equilibrium P concentration from 0.270 to 0.024 g/m 

super(3), if the P sedimentation coefficient (sigma) remains 

constant. Recirculation of lake water through a 21-km 

super(2), created wetland and elimination of farm P loading 

is projected to result in a negative P balance for the lake (-

23 x 10 super(6) g P/yr) leading to depletion of P stores in 

the lake in about 60 yr. 

© CSA 

840. Performance of a recirculating wetland filter 

designed to remove particulate phosphorus for 

restoration of Lake Apopka (Florida, USA). 

Coveney, M. F.; Lowe, E. F.; and Battoe, L. E. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 131-136. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: USA, Florida, Apopka L./ water quality control/ 

lake restoration/ recirculated water/ phosphorus removal/ 

particulate matter/ feasibility studies/ performance 

evaluation/ model studies/ optimization/ recycled water/ 

particles/ environment management/ lake reclamation/ 

eutrophic lakes/ eutrophication/ pollution effects/ particulate 

organic phosphorus/ pollution control/ filters/ water filtration/ 

recirculating systems/ performance assessment/ lakes/ 

hydrology/ environmental restoration/ water pollution 

control/ artificial wetlands/ treatment wetlands/ water quality 

control/ water treatment/ prevention and control/ freshwater 

pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, control and 

remediation 

Abstract: Operation of a 14-km super(2) wetland filter for 

removal of total phosphorus (TP) from lake water is part of 

the restoration program for hypereutrophic Lake Apopka, 

Florida. This system differs from most treatment wetlands 

because 1) water is recirculated back to the lake, and 2) the 

goal is removal of particulate phosphorus (P), the dominant 

form of P in Lake Apopka. The operational plan for the 

wetland is maximization of the rate rather than the 

efficiency of P removal. The St. Johns River Water 

Management District operated a 2-km super(2) pilot-scale 

wetland to examine the capacity of a wetland system to 

remove suspended solids and particulate nutrients from 

Lake Apopka. TP in the inflow from Lake Apopka ranged 

from about 0.12 to 0.23 mg l super(-1), and hydraulic 

loading rate (HLR) varied from 6.5 to 42 m yr super(-1). The 

performance of the pilot-scale wetland supported earlier 

predictions. Mass removal efficiencies for TP varied 

between about 30% and 67%. A first-order, area-based 

model indicated a rate constant for TP removal of 55 m yr 

super(-1). We compared actual removal of P with model 

predictions and used modeled performance to examine 

optimal operational conditions. Correspondence between 

observed and modeled outflow TP was not good with 

constant variable values. Monte Carlo techniques used to 

introduce realistic stochastic variability improved the fit. The 

model was used to project a maximal rate of P removal of 

about 4 g P m super(-2) yr super(-1) at P loading 10-15 g P 

m super(-2) yr super(-1) (HLR 60-90 m yr super(-1)). Data 

from the pilot wetland indicated that actual rates of P 

removal may prove to be higher. Further operation of the 

wetland at high hydraulic and P loading rates is necessary 

to verify or modify the application of the model. 

© CSA 

841. Phosphorus removal from Everglades agricultural 

area runoff by submerged aquatic vegetation/Limerock 

treatment technology: An overview of research. 

Gu, B.; Debusk, T. A.; Dierberg, F. E.; Chimney, M. J.; 

Pietro, K. C.; and Aziz, T. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 101-108. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: United States, Florida, Everglades/ water 

pollution control/ nonpoint pollution sources/ agricultural 

runoff/ advanced wastewater treatment/ phosphorus 

removal/ submerged plants/ accumulation/ feasibility 

studies/ experimental data/ performance evaluation/ 

pollution (nonpoint sources)/ runoff (agricultural)/ advanced 

treatment/ aquatic macrophytes/ aquatic plants/ vegetation/ 

lime/ macrophytes/ artificial wetlands/ water quality control/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

254

water treatment/ freshwater pollution/ water pollution: 

monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: The 1994 Everglades Forever Act mandates the 

South Florida Water Management District and the Florida 

Department of Environmental Protection to evaluate a 

series of advanced treatment technologies to reduce total 

phosphorus (TP) in Everglades Agricultural Area runoff to a 

threshold target level. A submerged aquatic 

vegetation/limerock (SAV/LR) treatment system is one of 

the technologies selected for evaluation. The research 

program consists of two phases. Phase I examined the 

efficiency of SAV/LR treatment system for TP removal at 

the mesocosm scale. Preliminary results demonstrate that 

this technology is capable of reducing effluent TP to as low 

as 10 mu g/L under constant flows. The SAV component 

removes the majority of the influent soluble reactive P, 

while the limerock component removes a portion of the 

particulate P. Phase II is a multi-scale project (i.e., 

microcosms, mesocosms, test cells and full-size wetlands). 

Experiments and field investigations using various 

environmental scenarios are designed to (1) identify key P 

removal processes; (2) provide management and 

operational criteria for basin-scale implementation; and (3) 

provide scientific data for a standardized comparison of 

performance among advanced treatment technologies. 

© CSA 

842. Phosphorus retention and soil organic carbon in 

restored and natural freshwater wetlands. 

Hogan, D. M.; Jordan, T. E.; and Walbridge, M. R. 

Wetlands 24(3): 573-585. (Sept. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil/ sorption/ phosphorus/ soil 

chemistry/ carbon/ soil properties/ freshwater environments/ 

restoration/ forests/ aquatic plants/ nitrogen/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ pH/ soils/ inland water environment/ chemical 

properties/ physical properties/ total organic carbon/ 

organic carbon/ water quality/ capacity/ retention/ density/ 

nutrients/ hydrogen ion concentration/ clays/ USA, 

Maryland, Kent Island/ reclamation/ habitat community 

studies/ conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

chemical processes 

Abstract: Nutrient (e.g., phosphorus) retention is an 

important function of wetlands that can improve water 

quality. We examined soil physical and chemical 

characteristics and phosphorus (P) sorption capacities in 

three recently restored herbaceous wetlands (RWs) on 

previously cultivated soils and three adjacent natural 

forested wetlands (NWs) on Kent Island, Maryland, USA. 

Our objective was to compare P retention in these two 

wetland types. As hypothesized, NW soils differed 

fundamentally in soil chemistry and had significantly higher 

total organic carbon (TOC) contents than RW soils (5.7 plus 

or minus 1.7% vs. 1.2 plus or minus 0.1%, respectively, p < 

0.05). A number of soil properties (bulk density, pH, labile 

organic and microbial P, total N, and total N: total P ratios) 

differed between natural and restored wetlands, as 

expected from the differences in TOC. Concentrations of 

pyrophosphate-extractable (organically-bound) Al (Alp) 

were an order of magnitude larger in NW than in RW soils 

(2099.1 plus or minus 365.5 vs. 767.0 plus or minus 194.7 

kg/ha, respectively). Although past studies have suggested 

that higher concentrations of organically-bound Al can 

enhance P sorption, P-sorption capacities were significantly 

greater in the RW soils, likely due to differences in soil 

chemistry. In the RWs, 15 soil chemical parameters were 

significantly correlated with P sorption (based on single 

factor regression), including residual Al, oxalate-extractable 

Al and Fe, clay, HCl-extractable Fe and pyrophosphateextractable Fe (r2 = 0.90, 0.89, 0.87, 0.85, 0.83 and 0.82, 

respectively). In contrast, P sorption in the NWs was 

correlated only with Alp (r2 = 0.68). As restored wetland 

soils are likely in transition from a non-hydric to a hydric 

state, they should be reevaluated periodically to determine 

the ultimate effects of this transition on their capacity to 

retain P. 

© CSA 

843. Phosphorus-sorption characteristics of calcareous 

soils and limestone from the southern Everglades and 

adjacent farmlands. 

Zhou, Meifang and Li, Yuncong 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 65(5): 

1404-1412. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: soil science/ Langmuir isotherm/ farmland/ 

fertilizer management/ pineland/ wetland 

Abstract: The understanding of P sorption and desorption 

by soils is important for safeguarding water quality and for 

fertilizer management. Little is known about the P-sorption 

characteristics of the calcareous soils and limestone 

bedrocks in southern Florida. In this study, 19 samples of 

calcareous soil and subsurface limestone bedrock were 

collected from the southern Everglades wetland, pineland, 

and nearby farmland. At very low P concentrations, P 

sorption in these soils fit the linear isotherm. The 

equilibrium P concentration at zero-net P sorption (EPCo) 

of soils correlated positively with P saturation. Phosphorussorption data of soils at medium P concentrations fit the 

Freundlich and Langmuir equations up to a point at high P 

concentrations where the slope of the isotherm changed 

abruptly. In bedrock samples the sorption-isotherminflection point, which is caused by P precipitation, occurred 

at much lower solution P concentrations than in the case of 

soils (4-18 vs. 400-600 mg mL-1). Also bedrock samples 

had significantly lower Freundlich values, Kf, than soils. The 

sorption of P in soils occurred at relatively low solution P 

concentrations (as indicated by Freundlich value, Kf), and 

appears to be caused by strong affinity of the noncarbonate 

clay, while the P sorption at relatively high solution 

concentrations (as indicted by Langmuir maximum sorption, 

Smax) appears to be caused by the affinities of both the 

noncarbonate clay and carbonate clay. Phosphorussorption values (Psorption) estimated from the one-point 

isotherm were comparable with the Smax values calculated 

from the Langmuir isotherm. Phosphorus saturation and the 

P-retention capacities (Smax or Psorption) were correlated 

strongly to the percentage of P desorption. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

844. Phosphorus storage and release in response to 

flooding: Implications for Everglades stormwater 

treatment areas. 

Newman, S. and Pietro, K. 

Ecological Engineering 18(1): 23-38. (Oct. 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ phosphorus/ environmental 

restoration/ nutrient uptake/ water flow/ agricultural land/ 

storm runoff/ water pollution control/ artificial wetlands/ 

ecosystems/ sediment-water interfaces/ nutrient removal/ 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

255

organic soils/ water quality/ data collections/ storage/ 

flooding/ stormwater runoff/ agricultural runoff/ nitrogen/ 

nutrients/ water management/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

restoration/ environment management/ soils/ uptake/ USA, 

Florida/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ reclamation/ water 

quality control/ freshwater pollution/ chemistry of 

suspended matter/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

general environmental engineering 

Abstract: As part of the Everglades restoration program, 16 

000 ha of constructed wetlands will be reestablished on 

land presently in agricultural production. These wetlands 

will be used to remove Phosphorus (P) from agricultural 

runoff before it enters the Everglades. Histosols, organic 

soils, are the predominant soil type in the Everglades 

Agricultural Area (EAA), and the conversion of these soils 

from drained to flooded conditions has important 

implications for P storage. Phosphorus storage in organic 

soils has been shown to be both positively and negatively 

affected by anaerobic conditions. In this study, P storage 

and release was followed in a 146 ha area during its 

conversion from farmland to wetland. The development of a 

productive biological community, as evidenced by strong 

diel dissolved O sub(2) and pH cycles, occurred within 3 

weeks of flooding at one site and 2 months at a second 

site. This biological community was considered influential in 

maintaining the low concentrations of both N and P in the 

water column relative to soil porewater concentrations. 

Maximum total P (TP) and total Kjeldahl N (TKN) 

concentrations of 0.3 and 5 mg l super(-1), respectively, 

were recorded in the water column following flooding. 

These concentrations declined to background levels within 

2-3 months. Soil porewater TP and total dissolved Kjeldahl 

N (TDKN) concentrations increased to maxima of 4 and 24 

mg l super(-1), respectively, 2 months following flooding. 

Nutrient profiles across the soil-water interface were used 

to estimate flux rates. Calculated NH sub(4)-N flux rates 

ranged between 0.18 and 0.74 mu g cm super(-2) d super(-

1) and P fluxes ranged between 0.03 and 0.15 mu g cm 

super(-2) d super(-1). Phosphorus fluxes from the soil to 

the overlying water are a function of the mobility of different 

P fractions. 

© CSA 

845. Plant colonization after complete and partial 

removal of disturbed soils for wetland restoration of 

former agricultural fields in Everglades National Park. 

Dalrymple, G. H.; Doren, R. F.; O'Hare, N. K.; Norland, M. 

R.; and Armentano, T. V. 

Wetlands 23(4): 1015-1029. (Dec. 2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

agricultural ecosystems/ conservation/ national parks/ soil 

characteristics/ soils/ colonization/ aquatic plants/ nature 

conservation/ environment management/ flooding/ 

canopies/ introduced species/ fire/ agriculture/ chemical 

fertilizers/ herbicides/ restoration/ pesticides/ land 

reclamation/ substrates/ Hydrophytes/ agricultural 

chemicals/ nutrients/ fertilizers/ testing procedures/ Schinus 

terebinthifolius/ USA, Florida/ USA, Florida, Everglades 

Natl. Park/ Brazil peppertree/ reclamation/ habitat 

community studies/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ techniques of planning 

Abstract: The Hole-in-the-Donut is a 4000-ha region of 

former farmlands within Everglades National Park that is 

dominated by a monoculture of the non-indigenous pest 

plant Schinus terebinthifolius (Brazilian pepper). Prior to 

extensive farming in the region, the area consisted of short 

hydroperiod graminoid wetlands and mesic pine savannah. 

Rock plowing in preparation of these lands for farming 

created an artificial soil layer that broke up the limestone 

substrate, mixed and aerated the native marl soil layer with 

the broken limestone, and elevated the surface slightly. 

Farming practices also included the use of chemical 

fertilizers and pesticides. The modified soil substrate 

quickly became dominated by S. terebinthifolius when 

farming ceased in 1975, despite efforts to control its 

establishment, such as prescribed fire, herbicide treatment, 

and mowing. Preliminary evidence indicated that soil 

removal would prevent re-invasion by S. terebinthifolius and 

could lead to colonization by native wetlands plants. Two 

trials, a partial soil removal (PSR) and a compete soil 

removal (CSR), were performed on a pilot test site 

beginning in 1989 to determine whether all or only a portion 

of this modified soil substrate needed to be removed to 

attain desired results. Removal of rock-plowed surface 

material lowered elevation in both treatments. While the 

PSR treatment did show an increase in the number and 

coverage of hydrophytes for a few years, it did not prohibit 

re-colonization and re-establishment of a canopy of S. 

terebinthifolius, and by 1996, the site was again dominated 

by a monoculture of S. terebinthifolius. By contrast, the 

CSR treatment showed rapid colonization by hydrophytes 

and no successful re-colonization by S. terebinthifolius. 

Lowering elevations by 15 to 45 cm allowed for longer 

periods of flooding and rapid colonization by hydrophytes 

on both sites. After the sites were cleared, the average 

difference in elevation between the two treatment areas 

was less than a tenth of a meter, but this resulted in a 

slightly shorter hydroperiod on the PSR site. The small 

amount of residual rock-plowed soil with high levels of 

nutrients, along with its slightly shorter hydroperiod on the 

PSR site, appear to have contributed significantly to the 

success of S. terebinthifolius in re-colonizing this treatment 

area. 

© CSA 

846. Quantifying time-varying ground-water discharge 

and recharge in wetlands of the northern Florida 

Everglades. 

Choi, Jungyill and Harvey, Judson W. 

Wetlands 20(3): 500-511. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: mathematical biology: computational biology/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

Everglades nutrient removal project/ agricultural drainage/ 

chemical budget/ constructed wetland/ ground water 

discharge/ ground water recharge/ mass balance/ time 

varying ground water discharge/ time varying ground water 

recharge/ water budget 

Abstract: Developing a more thorough understanding of 

water and chemical budgets in wetlands depends in part on 

our ability to quantify time-varying interactions between 

ground water and surface water. We used a combined 

water and solute mass balance approach to estimate timevarying ground-water discharge and recharge in the 

Everglades Nutrient Removal project (ENR), a relatively 

large constructed wetland (1544 hectare) built for removing 

nutrients from agricultural drainage in the northern 

Everglades in South Florida, USA. Over a 4-year period 

(1994 through 1998), ground-water recharge averaged 13.4 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

256

hectare-meter per day (ha-m/day) or 0.9 cm/day, which is 

approximately 31% of surface water pumped into the ENR 

for treatment. In contrast, ground-water discharge was 

much smaller (1.4 ha-m/day, or 0.09 cm/day, or 2.8% of 

water input to ENR for treatment). Using a water-balance 

approach alone only allowed net ground-water exchange 

(discharge - recharge) to be estimated (-12 +- 2.4 ham/day). Discharge and recharge were individually 

determined by combining a chloride mass balance with the 

water balance. For a variety of reasons, the ground-water 

discharge estimated by the combined mass balance 

approach was not reliable (1.4 +- 37 ha-m/day). As a result, 

ground-water interactions could only be reliably estimated 

by comparing the mass-balance results with other 

independent approaches, including direct seepage-meter 

measurements and previous estimates using ground-water 

modeling. All three independent approaches provided 

similar estimates of average ground-water recharge, 

ranging from 13 to 14 ha-m/day. There was also relatively 

good agreement between ground-water discharge 

estimates for the mass balance and seepage meter 

methods, 1.4 and 0.9 ha-m/day, respectively. However, 

ground-water-flow modeling provided an average discharge 

estimate that was approximately a factor of four higher (5.4 

ha-m/day) than the other two methods. Our study 

developed an initial understanding of how the design and 

operation of the ENR increases interactions between 

ground water and surface water. A considerable portion of 

recharged ground water (73%) was collected and returned 

to the ENR by a seepage canal. Additional recharge that 

was not captured by the seepage canal only occurred when 

pumped inflow rates to ENR (and ENR water levels) were 

relatively high. Management of surface water in the 

northern Everglades therefore clearly has the potential to 

increase interactions with ground water. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

847. Restoration of a south Florida forested wetland. 

Weller, J. D. 

Ecological Engineering 4(2): 143-151. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Special issue: Restoration and Creation of 

Wetlands. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ forests/ 

land use/ drainage/ ecosystem disturbance/ ecosystem 

management/ nature conservation/ swamps/ hydrology/ 

surface water/ groundwater recharge/ groundwater/ habitat 

improvement/ vegetation cover/ water control/ USA, Florida/ 

water control 

Abstract: A rewatering project conducted at Fern Forest 

Nature Center in Pompano Beach, Florida, USA, has 

rejuvenated and restored an area of south Florida forested 

wetland to its pre-drainage condition in three years. 

Through the removal of undesirable vegetation such as 

Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) and the reintroduction of water, the following have been 

accomplished: increase in surfacewater duration time; 

elevation of groundwater by 70 to 84 cm; rejuvenation of a 

depressed forested wetland, a deciduous hardwood 

swamp, and an emergent wetland; and enhancement of a 

wading bird habitat, a cypress dome, and 3.2 km of shallow 

stream bed (1.5 m deep or less). These accomplishments 

have assured the survival of the park's 34 rare and 

endangered fern species and encouraged the natural return 

of 16 wetland bird species, 8 fish species, 6 species of 

turtles, 6 species of snakes, 5 snails, 2 frog species, and 

even the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). 

© CSA 

848. Restoration of pitcher plant bogs in eastern Texas, 

USA. 

Mize, R.; Evans, R. E.; Macroberts, B. R.; Macroberts, M. 

H.; and Rudolph, D. C. 

Natural Areas Journal 25(2): 197-201. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: bogs/ environmental restoration/ fires/ soil/ 

conservation/ revegetation/ succession/ Sus scrofa/ USA, 

Texas/ pig 

Abstract: Pitcher plant bogs, also referred to as hillside 

seepage bogs or hillside bogs, are extremely restricted on 

the West Gulf Coastal Plain. The number and extent of 

extant bogs is in the low hundreds, comprising no more 

than a few thousand hectares of habitat. These bogs 

support a large number of plant species of significant 

conservation concern. Threats to existing bogs include: 

land use changes, silvicultural impacts, fire scarcity, vehicle 

damage, negative feral hog (Sus scrofa) impact, and 

ground water regime alterations. Two pitcher plant bogs on 

the Angelina National Forest were subjected to severe 

damage from vehicular impacts that eliminated herbaceous 

vegetation, disturbed the soil to substantial depths, and 

initiated severe erosion. A restoration effort that replaced 

lost soil, reduced erosion, and allowed subsequent 

revegetation was implemented. Approximately four years 

post-treatment, bogs are intact, soil erosion is controlled, 

revegetation is complete or progressing, and at least some 

species of conservation concern are present in the 

revegetated areas. These restoration projects have 

demonstrated that degraded pitcher plant bogs that have 

suffered severe damage due to vehicular impacts can be 

substantially restored if sufficient resources are available. 

However, pitcher plant bogs on the West Gulf Coastal Plain 

continue to be threatened by uncontrolled off-road vehicles 

and other impacts. The most insidious threat may be the 

widespread lack of sufficient fire required to preclude or 

reverse succession to communities dominated by woody 

vegetation and the subsequent loss of the herbaceous bog 

species. 

© CSA 

849. Restoration of wetland vegetation on the 

Kissimmee River floodplain: Potential role of seed 

banks. 

Wetzel, P. R.; Van Der Valk, A. G.; and Toth, L. A. 

Wetlands 21(2): 189-198. (June 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ vegetation/ rivers/ flood plains/ 

drainage/ pastures/ shrubs/ species composition/ seed 

banks/ environmental restoration/ plant communities/ 

seeds/ vegetation cover/ aquatic plants/ restoration/ Juncus 

effusus/ Plantae/ USA, Florida, Kissimmee R./ seed banks/ 

restoration/ broadleaf marsh/ reclamation/ habitat 

community studies/ ecological impact of water development 

Abstract: The composition of seed banks of areas on the 

drained Kissimmee River floodplain (Florida, USA) that are 

currently pasture and formerly had been wet prairie, 

broadleaf marsh, and wetland shrub communities was 

compared to that of seed banks of areas that have extant 

stands of these communities. The species composition of 

the seed banks of existing wet prairie and former wet prairie 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

257

sites were the most similar, with a Jaccard index of 

similarity of 55. Existing and former broadleaf marsh and 

wetland shrub communities had Jaccard indices of 38 and 

19, respectively. Although existing and former wet prairie 

seed banks had nearly the same species richness, species 

richness at former broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites 

was higher than at existing sites. Mean total seed densities 

were similar in existing and former wet prairies (700 to 800 

seeds m super(2)). However, seed densities in former 

broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites were significantly 

greater than in comparable existing communities (>4,900 

seeds m super(2) at former sites versus 200 to 300 in 

existing communities). The higher seed densities in former 

broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub sites was due to over 

4,000 seeds m super(2) of Juncus effusus in their seed 

banks. Half of the species that characterize wet prairies 

were found in the seed banks at former and existing wet 

prairie sites. At existing broadleaf marsh and wetland shrub 

sites, most of the characteristic species were found in their 

seed banks. However, only one characteristic broadleaf 

species was found in the seed banks of the former 

broadleaf marsh sites, and no characteristic wetland shrub 

species were found in the seed banks of the former wetland 

shrub sites. The seeds of only two non-indigenous species 

were found in the seed banks of former wetland 

communities at very low densities. For all three vegetation 

types, but particularly for the broadleaf marsh and wetland 

shrub sites, re-establishment of the former vegetation on 

the restored floodplain will require propagule dispersal from 

off-site sources. 

© CSA 

850. Seasonal dynamics of bird assemblages in a 

Texas estuarine wetland. 

Weller, Milton W. 

Journal of Field Ornithology 65(3): 388-401. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 413.8 B534; ISSN: 0273-8570 

Descriptors: management strategy/ species richness 

Abstract: Bird species richness and seasonality were 

sampled in diverse habitats of an estuarine wetland 

complex of San Bernard National Wildlife Refuge on the 

mid-Texas coast. Observations made between 1985 and 

1991 included all months, and form a composite annual 

view; 121 species were recorded, with 54 taxa identified in 

1 mo. Only 23 species occurred regularly over a series of 

months, and their patterns of wetland use varied markedly 

by species and season. The wetland complex served 

different functions for different species, but most used the 

area for migration stops and wintering. Eleven species were 

considered breeders in the brackish marsh, but another 33 

species probably nested in nearby freshwater wetlands, 

coastal islands or in shrubs or small trees, and fed or rested 

in the marsh. Such coastal areas are used by birds yearround and, in addition to protection, need management 

strategies to ensure habitat diversity and normal water 

regimes which will maintain natural bird diversity and serve 

all species for different life stages. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

851. Shrimp farms' effluent waters, environmental 

impact and potential treatment methods. 

Samocha, T. M. and Lawrence, A. L. 

In: 24th U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Panel Symposium, TAMUSG-97-102/ Keller, B. J.; Park, P. K.; McVey, J. P.; 

Takayanagi, Kazufumi; and Hosoya, Kazumi, 1997. 

Notes: Conference: 24. U.S.-Japan Aquaculture Panel 

Symp., Corpus Christi, TX (USA), 8-10 Oct 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquaculture effluents/ 

environmental impact/ wastewater aquaculture/ wastewater 

treatment/ shrimp culture/ aquaculture regulations/ 

aquaculture enterprises/ pond culture/ aquaculture 

techniques/ USA, Texas/ shellfish culture 

Abstract: Texas has a 2280 km (1,425 mile) coastline and 

vast amount of coastal land which is not suitable for 

traditional agriculture crops. This land can be used for the 

development of a shrimp farming industry with an estimated 

value of $100 million or greater within the next 10 yr. 

However, this industry will face restrictions from regulatory 

agencies that will limit future growth and may even reduce 

the present production level of shrimp in Texas. The 

concern of the agencies lies with the emission of effluent 

water generated by shrimp farms. In an effort to reduce the 

potential negative impact on coastal waters, current 

regulation by the Texas Natural Resources Conservation 

Commission (TNRCC) requires effluent water from shrimp 

farms to meet standards set for municipal and industrial 

wastewaters. Preliminary effluent characterization of three 

farms in south Texas suggests that in two farms, the total 

suspended solids (TSS) and ammonia (NH sub(3)-N) levels 

were higher than the standards set by TNRCC. The TSS 

and five-day carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand 

(CBOD sub(5)) for the third farm were higher than the 

required standards. Coagulation methods, although 

effective in decreasing inorganic effluent TSS level, were 

cost-prohibitive and not adequate for ammonia and algal 

removal. A research team from Texas Agricultural 

Experiment Station, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 

Texas A&M University-Kingsville (TAMU-Kingsville), Texas 

A&M University-Corpus Christi and The University of 

Texas-San Antonio is currently working with the shrimp 

producers to evaluate potential methods to improve effluent 

water quality. Studies were initiated to develop alternative 

feeding and pond management practices including 

reduction in pond water exchange rates. Development of a 

low protein, low pollution diet with higher nitrogen and 

phosphorus digestibility is another promising option to 

decrease effluent nutrient loads. Circulating effluent waters 

via settling basins, bivalves and seaweed beds, and 

constructed wetlands are another potential alternative to 

give the shrimp farmers cost-effective effluent treatment 

methods. Due to the recent Taura virus disease outbreak in 

south Texas, only initial evaluation of the above effluent 

treatment strategies was carried out during the 1995 

season. 

© CSA 

852. Species selection trials and silvicultural 

techniques for the restoration of bottomland hardwood 

forests.

McLeod, K. W. 

Ecological engineering 15(Suppl. 1): S35-S46. (Sept. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

silviculture/ forests/ trees/ flooding/ swamps/ USA, South 

Carolina/ habitat improvement (biological)/ vegetation 

cover/ flood plains/ ecosystem management/ 

transplantation/ Fraxinus pennsylvanica/ Carya aquatica/ 

USA, South Carolina/ green ash/ water hickory/ 

reclamation/ protective measures and control 

Abstract: Since 1990, a series of experiments has 

examined the appropriateness of 24 tree species for 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

258

restoring a bottomland and swamp forest in the delta of 

Fourmile Branch in the coastal plain of South Carolina, 

USA. In addition, various silvicultural techniques used to 

maximize the survival of tree plantings, have been 

appraised for effectiveness. While the topographic relief on 

the delta is small (dm differences between most sites), it is 

sufficient to utilize woody species with different flood 

tolerances. Hence, a diverse forest community can be 

established, using these elevation differences. In the 

wettest sites where water persists virtually continuously and 

may be one to two meters deep during large flood events, 

only the most flood-tolerant species, such as Taxodium 

distichum and Nyssa aquatica, can survive. These species 

will also survive very well at higher elevations, because the 

permanent water table never fell below one meter deep. In 

sites that are not flooded, unless the entire swamp is 

flooded, several additional species can be used. These 

include Fraxinus pennsylvanica, Carya aquatica, and 

Quercus lyrata. Finally, in slightly higher areas, Q. 

michauxii, Q. nuttallii and Q. phellos would have adequate 

survival. To minimize herbivory and maximize survival, tree 

shelters should be used if herbivore pressure is high. The 

prime herbivore of concern is beaver. Thus, any plantings 

that are frequently flooded may require protection. Other 

silvicultural techniques, including fertilization and control of 

herbaceous and willow competition, were not essential to 

ensure growth and survival. Finally, survival of the least 

expensive planting stock, bare root saplings, was nearly as 

good as balled and burlapped stock. Thus, unless absolute 

maximal survival is required, bare root stock will produce 

good survival at a fraction of the cost. One critical 

characteristic of the bare root stock is height, which must 

exceed the flood depth during the growing season. In the 

case of the Fourmile Branch delta, this was at least 45-60 

cm tall. 

© CSA 

853. Spectral reflectance patterns of wetland vegetation 

along a water quality gradient in a self-organizing 

mesohaline constructed wetland in south Texas (Typha 

latifolia, Borrichia frutescens). 

Ahmed, M. 2001. 

Texas A&M University, Kingsville 

Notes: Degree: MS 

Descriptors: wetlands/ light reflection/ salinity/ phosphorus/ 

ammonia/ nitrogen/ water quality/ vegetation cover/ shrimp 

fisheries/ man-induced effects/ aquaculture effluents/ typha 

latifolia/ Borrichia frutescens/ USA, Texas/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ optical properties/ effects 

on organisms/ effects of aquaculture on the environment/ 

mechanical and natural changes 

Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between 

the spectral reflectance patterns of wetland plant species 

(Typha latifolia (Cattail), Borrichia frutescens (Sea Oxeye)) 

and water quality parameters (salinity, total phosphorus, 

total ammonia and nitrogen) in a mesohaline constructed 

wetland that treated effluent from the Loma Alta Shrimp 

Aquaculture Facility, located 15 miles east of Raymondville, 

Texas. A field spectroradiometer [ASD Field Spec, 

UV/VNIR-Open Sky (300-1100nm)] was used to measure 

plant reflectance at locations corresponding to water quality 

sampling stations that were part of a water quality 

monitoring project. Water quality parameters were 

determined by USEPA accepted methods The spectral 

reflectance of the plant species and the quality of water was 

measured along the direction of flow in the wetland at 4 

points. Spectral reflectance at specific wavelengths [blue 

(450nm), green (550nm), red (700nm) and near infrared 

(7001100nm)] and indices derived from these wavelengths 

[Blue normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), Green 

NDVI and Red NDVI] were related to water quality 

parameters for each species. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) 

© CSA 

854. Stability of phosphorus within a wetland soil 

following ferric chloride treatment to control 

eutrophication. 

Sherwood, L. J. and Qualls, R. G. 

Environmental Science and Technology 35(20): 

4126-4131. (Oct. 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1E5; ISSN: 0013-936X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality control/ eutrophication/ 

chemcontrol/ phosphorus removal/ iron compounds/ 

chemical precipitation/ sediment-water interfaces/ redox 

reactions/ water pollution control/ phosphorus/ agricultural 

runoff/ chemical treatment/ iron/ sediment-water interface/ 

soils/ aluminium compounds/ agricultural pollution/ 

restoration/ runoff (agricultural)/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ 

ferric chloride/ water quality control/ freshwater pollution/ 

protective measures and control/ water & wastewater 

treatment 

Abstract: Addition of iron and aluminum compounds has 

become an increasingly popular method to regulate 

phosphorus eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. It has 

been proposed that ferric chloride addition to agricultural 

runoff entering the northern Everglades could provide a 

means for enhancing natural mechanisms of phosphorus 

removal from the wetland. In this study we added ferric 

chloride to Everglades water spiked with super(32)PO 

sub(4), incubating the resulting precipitates in microcosms 

simulating the Everglades ecosystem. super(32)P activity 

and reduction-oxidation (redox) potentials were monitored 

to determine if the super(32)P was released into the 

overlying water column due to iron reduction. Results of 

redox potential measurements and super(32)P activity 

indicate that although reducing conditions exist in the soil, 

on average less than 1% of the added super(32)P was 

measured in the water column during the 139-day 

incubation. Ferric chloride addition thus might prove an 

effective means of long-term phosphorus retention in the 

Florida Everglades and perhaps other wetland systems. 

© CSA 

855. Success criteria and adaptive management for a 

large-scale wetland restoration project. 

Weinstein, M. P.; Balletto, J. H.; Teal, J. M.; and 

Ludwig, D. F. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 4(2): 111-127. (1997) 

Notes: Special issue: Hydrologic restoration of coastal 

wetlands 

Descriptors: wetlands/ management planning/ 

photography/ dikes/ salt marshes/ land reclamation/ 

Spartina/ macrophytes/ water reclamation/ coastal zone 

management/ habitat improvement/ environmental 

restoration/ USA, Delaware/ USA, New Jersey, Delaware 

Bay/ habitat improvement/ USA, Delaware Bay 

Abstract: We are using a 20+ year photographic history of 

relatively undisturbed and formerly diked sites to predict the 

restoration trajectories and equilibrium size of a 4,050 ha 

salt marsh on Delaware Bay, New Jersey (USA). The 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

259

project was initiated to offset the loss of finfishes from oncethrough cooling at a local power plant. We used a simple 

food chain model to estimate the required restoration size. 

This model assumed that annual macrophyte detritus 

production and benthic algal production resulted in 

production of finfishes, including certain species of local 

interest. Because the marsh surface and intertidal drainage 

system are used by many finfishes and are the focal points 

for exchange of detrital materials, the restoration planning 

focused on both vegetational and hydrogeomorphological 

parameters. Recolonization by Spartina spp. and other 

desirable taxa will be promoted by returning a natural 

hydroperiod and drainage configuration to two types of 

degraded salt marsh: diked salt hay (Spartina patens) 

farms and brackish marsh dominated by Phragmites 

australis. The criteria for success of the project address two 

questions: What is the "bound of expectation" for 

restoration success, and how long will it take to get there? 

Measurements to be made are macrophyte production, 

vegetation composition, benthic algal production, and 

drainage features including stream order, drainage density, 

channel length, bifurcation ratios and sinuosity. A method 

for combining these individual parameters into a single 

success index is also presented. Finally, we developed 

adaptive management thresholds and corrective measures 

to guide the restoration process. 

© CSA 

856. Surmounting the engineering challenges of 

Everglades restoration. 

Goforth, G. F. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 295-302. (2001) 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: water pollution control/ storm runoff/ artificial 

wetlands/ phosphorus removal/ environmental engineering/ 

design criteria/ case studies/ environmental protection/ 

rehabilitation/ runoff/ engineering/ design data/ case study/ 

pollution control (environmental)/ renovation/ restoration/ 

environment management/ ecosystem management/ water 

quality control/ pollution control/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

phosphorus/ stormwater runoff/ eutrophication/ river 

engineering/ environmental restoration/ nutrient loading/ 

hydrology/ USA, Florida, Everglades/ water treatment/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

freshwater pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, control and 

remediation/ prevention and control 

Abstract: The South Florida Water Management District, in 

partnership with other agencies and stakeholders, is 

undertaking one of the world's largest ecosystem 

restoration programs. The foundation of the nutrient control 

program for the Everglades is a set of six large constructed 

wetlands, referred to as Stormwater Treatment Areas 

(STAs). The initial treatment goal is to reduce phosphorus 

entering the Everglades to 50 parts per billion. The STAs 

comprise almost 17,000 hectares with a capital cost of 

approximately $700 million. Approximately 4,720 hectares 

are currently operational, another 2,600 hectares are in the 

start-up phase, and construction is just getting under way 

on the remaining areas. Throughout the design process, 

engineers and scientists collaborated to capture the best 

available information on wetland treatment systems, and to 

develop the most appropriate design criteria. Some of the 

more challenging issues included characterizing stormwater 

inflows and phosphorus loads, determining appropriate 

nutrient removal performance characteristics, and 

estimating hydraulic design parameters relating to densely 

vegetated systems. The design process combined in-house 

staff with engineering consultants, construction contractors, 

external review groups and independent peer-review. This 

paper summarizes major design aspects and key 

assumptions, and sets the stage for addressing future 

challenges associated with achieving long-term water 

quality goals of Everglades restoration. 

© CSA 

857. Toxicological evaluation of constructed wetland 

habitat sediments utilizing Hyalella azteca 10-day 

sediment toxicity test and bacterial bioluminescence. 

Steevens, J. A.; Vansal, S. S.; Kallies, K. W.; Knight, S. S.; 

Cooper, C. M.; and Benson, W. H. 

Chemosphere 36(15): 3167-3180. (June 1998) 

NAL Call #: TD172.C54; ISSN: 0045-6535 

Descriptors: toxicity tests/ agricultural runoff/ pesticides/ 

erosion/ indicator species/ underwater habitats/ pollution 

control/ sediment contamination/ toxicity/ habitats/ 

bioassay/ interstitial water/ water pollution effects/ 

sediments/ artificial wetlands/ toxicity testing/ bioassays/ 

agricultural practices/ pore water/ bacteria/ luminescence/ 

habitat/ Hyalella azteca/ methods and instruments/ network 

design/ toxicity testing/ toxicology and health 

Abstract: A toxicological evaluation was conducted on 

wetland habitats created as a result of run-off from 

agricultural areas. These temporary wetlands were created 

by using drop pipes as a means of reducing erosional 

cutting in agricultural fields. Toxicity bioassays utilizing 

bacterial bioluminescence and Hyalella azteca were used 

to assess sediment pore water and whole sediment, 

respectively. Inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence was 

initially used to determine relative toxicities of pore water 

from ten wetland sites. Constructed wetland sites were 

compared to the University of Mississippi Biological Field 

Station, a relatively pristine reference site. The H. azteca 

ten day sediment toxicity test was utilized to assess 

sediment from four selected sites using survival and growth 

as toxicological endpoints. Results from the toxicological 

evaluation, along with extensive ecological evaluations, 

were used to assess the best approach for implementation 

of temporary wetland habitats with existing agricultural 

practices. 

© CSA 

858. Treatment of swine wastewater using a saturatedsoil-culture soybean and flooded rice system. 

Szögi, A. A.; Hunt, P. G.; and Humenik, F. J. 

Transactions of the ASAE 43(2): 327-336. (2000) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ rice/ crops/ 

soybeans/ livestock 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands have potential for 

treatment of livestock wastewater, but they generally 

contain wetland plants rather than agronomic crops. We 

evaluated two agronomic crops, saturated-soil-culture 

(SSC) soybean and flooded rice, in a constructed wetland 

system used for swine wastewater treatment. Both crop 

production and treatment efficiency were evaluated from 

1993 to 1996 in two 4-m x 33.5-m constructed wetland cells 

that were connected in series. The first cell contained SSC 

soybean - four cultivars planted in a randomized complete 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

260

block design with four replications. Flooded rice 'Maybelle' 

was planted in the second cell. From the.first to fourth year, 

wastewater application rates were gradually increased to 

obtain rates of 2.0 to 8.8 and 0.5 to 2.2 kg ha super(-1) d 

super(-1) for total N and P, respectively. The best soybean 

grain and dry matter yields were 4.0 and 9.1 Mg ha super(-

1), respectively. These were obtained with soybean 'Young' 

at the lowest wastewater application rate. Increasing total N 

loading rates and the associated higher NH sub(4)-N 

concentrations depressed soybean seed yield and dry 

matter production. On the other hand, both rice grain and 

dry matter production were stable over the application 

range; mean values were 4.0 and 10.9 Mg ha super(-1), 

respectively. Nutrient mass reductions were good; removal 

values increased linearly with loading rates (y = 0.69N load 

+ 0.45, R super(2) = 0.99 and y = 0.45P load + 0.20, R 

super(2) = 0.95). At the highest loading rate, the system 

removed 751 and 156 kg ha super(-1) yr super(-1) N and 

P,, respectively. It appears that the SSC soybean and 

flooded rice system could be useful for liquid manure 

management in confined livestock production. The system 

produced comparable treatment to systems with natural 

wetland plants; moreover, the soybean and rice are 

marketable crops. However, the flooded rice seems to be 

the more robust component for high wastewater application 

rates. 

© CSA 

859. Using historical records of land use to improve 

wetland mitigation. 

Ewing, J. M.; Vepraskas, M. J.; and Zanner, C. W. 

Southeastern Geographer 45(1): 25-43. (2005); 

Descriptors: Carolina bays/ historical records/ organic 

soils/ subsidence/ wetland mitigation 

Abstract: Successful wetland mitigation is determined by 

goals and performance standards of a U.S. Army Corp of 

Engineers approved mitigation plan. This study collected 

and reviewed historical data for a mitigation site prior to 

construction to reduce the cost and risk of mitigation failure. 

Historical records were reviewed to evaluate the hydrology, 

vegetation, and soils of a drained Carolina bay wetland. 

Historical data were obtained from courthouse records, 

aerial photographs, personal interviews, the local Natural 

Resources Conservation Service, and the National Railroad 

Historical Society. Photographs and interviews indicated 

there was open water before drainage, suggesting a 

potential source of consistent hydrology. Organic soils 

subside when influenced by land clearance, drainage, and 

agricultural activities and could result in a water table above 

the soil surface once hydrology is restored. Aerial 

photographs show that several drainage systems have 

existed over the last 90 yr. Soils along the lines of the 

earlier drainage ditches and a former railroad line still show 

disturbance to depths of 1 m. These areas of disturbance 

could affect vegeration establishment. Records of 

agricultural practices suggest higher nutrient levels than 

those of undisturbed Carolina bays, indicating that 

undesired vegetation could compete with desired 

vegetation. Historical information verified that Juniper Bay 

is a viable restoration site and identified areas where 

design change could help improve chances for success. 

Similar historical reviews with other mitigation sites can 

help reduce cost and risk through evaluation of hydrology, 

soils, and vegetation. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

860. Vertebrate use of habitats created by installation 

of field-scale erosion control structures. 

Cooper, C. M.; Smiley, P. C.; Wigginton, J. D.; Knight, S. 

S.; and Kallies, K. W. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 12(2): 199-207. (June 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: Vertebrata/ farming and agriculture/ 

agricultural field runoff control by drop pipe installation/ 

community structure/ habitat utilization/ semiaquatic habitat/ 

wetland habitats created by drop pipe installation in field/ 

community structures and habitat use survey/ Mississippi/ 

Panola County/ agriculture field runoff control by drop pipe 

installation/ created wetland habitats use and 

community structures 

© The Thomson Corporation 

861. Wetland buffer areas for treatment of pumped 

agricultural drainage water.

Chescheir, G. M.; Skaggs, R. W.; Gilliam, J. W.; and 

Broadhead, R. G. 

In: Coastal water resources: Proceedings of a symposium 

held in Wilmington, North Carolina. Bethesda, Maryland: 

American Water Resources Association; 255-263; 1988. 

NAL Call #: TC401.A5 no.88-1 

Descriptors: agricultural runoff/ coastal waters/ nutrients/ 

wastewater treatment/ wetland wastewater treatment/ field 

tests/ hydrologic properties/ model studies/ nitrates/ 

nitrogen/ phosphorus/ sediment load/ water pollution 

control/ water sampling/ water quality control/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ estuaries 

Abstract: The hydrology and pollutant removal 

effectiveness of wetland buffer areas receiving agricultural 

drainage water are analyzed. Field experiments were 

conducted on two wetland buffer areas. During selected 

pumping events, water level measurements and water 

quality samples were taken over a network of stations. 

Automatic water samplers and water level recorders were 

used to monitor water quality and water table elevations 

between sampling events. Rhodamine dye studies were 

conducted to determine water velocities and wetland 

roughness coefficients. The hydrology of the buffer areas 

was simulated using a model for overland flow through 

vegetated areas. A routine was added to the model to 

calculate the residence time of the water on the wetland 

and to calculate the percent removal of nutrients and 

sediment. The water management model, DRAINMOD was 

used to determine the frequency and intensity of pumping 

events by calculating drainage and runoff volumes from the 

drained agricultural areas. Results from the two models 

compared well to the field data. If was found that pumping 

agricultural drainage water through wetland buffer areas will 

significantly reduce the concentration of sediments and 

other nutrients in the water before it reaches an outlet. The 

effectiveness of removing these pollutants can be 

increased by facilitating even distribution of the water over 

the buffer area with a diffuser canal. Lower water velocities 

were observed on the Laurel Bay buffer than on the 

Northwest Fork buffer. Of the two buffers, the Laurel Bay 

buffer was larger with less gradient and greater resistance 

to flow. Estimates of the percent of nutrient removal from 

the total mass of nutrient pumped onto the buffer over a 20 

year period was 79% for total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 82% for 

nitrate nitrogen, 81% for total phoshporus, and 92% for 

sediment. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 
Gulf-Atlantic Coastal Flats/Rolling Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

261

862. Wetland use by non-breeding ducks in coastal 

Texas, USA. 

Anderson, James T.; Muehl, George T.; Tacha, Thomas C.; 

and Lobpries, David S. 

Wildfowl 51: 191-214. (2000) 

NAL Call #: SK351.W575; ISSN: 0954-6324 

Descriptors: aquatic vegetation/ habitat use/ management 

priorities/ population density/ wetland types 

Abstract: Wetland use by nonbreeding ducks in coastal 

Texas in the areas between Galveston Bay and the Rio 

Grande were studied, September 1991 to March 1993, to 

determine the most important wetland types based on 

density. Twenty-five species of ducks were observed using 

wetlands on a stratified (based on dominant land use) 

random sample of 64.75 ha (one-quarter section) plots. 

Ranks of density for all ducks, as a group, were highest in 

lacustrine littoral emergent nonpersistent wetlands. Anatini 

density ranks were greatest in wetlands with scrub-shrub 

vegetation, but individual species' ranks varied. 

Dendrocygnini and Aythyini density ranks were highest in 

lacustrine littoral wetlands, particularly those with aquaticbed vegetation. Ducks depend on a wide array of wetland 

types (including 48 of 82 available subclasses), and 

management should provide complexes of wetlands. 

Management should concentrate on protecting, enhancing, 

and/or creating 15 of 1,201 wetland types occurring in the 

coastal plains of Texas that were prioritized for 

management actions. These wetlands were predominantly 

aquatic-bed, scrub-shrub, and unconsolidated substrate 

types. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

863. Winter feeding ecology of northern shovelers on 

freshwater and saline wetlands in south Texas. 

Tietje, W. D. and Teer, J. G. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 60(4): 843-855. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ foraging behavior/ food preferences/ 

activity patterns/ overwintering/ marshes/ salt marshes/ 

behavior/ aquatic birds/ feeding behaviour/ foods/ 

waterfowl/ USA, Texas, Welder Wildlife Refuge/ food 

organisms/ behavior/ Anas clypeata 

Abstract: During October-May 1982-84, we compared food 

availability, food use, and gut morphology of northern 

shovelers (Anas clypeata) on coastal estuarine wetlands in 

South Texas and on several freshwater lakes 18 km inland 

to evaluate the relative importance of estuarine versus 

freshwater habitats. Of 3 seasons and 3 times of day 

examined, shovelers spent more time feeding in saltwater 

than freshwater during early winter (P = 0.005) and 

afternoon (P = 0.005). Available biomass of plankton, 

nekton, and seeds was greater (P < 0.001) in freshwater 

than saltwater. Animal foods composed 80% of the 

saltwater compared to 50% of the freshwater diet. Although 

plankton composed similar (P = 0.56) proportions of the 

freshwater and saltwater diets, shovelers ingested more 

vegetation (P < 0.001) in freshwater and more nekton (P < 

0.001) in saltwater. A preference assessment of 8 taxa of 

shoveler animal foods ranked plankton first and freshwater 

shrimp (Palaemonetes spp.) last in both habitats. Shoveler 

intestines were heavier in freshwater during 1982-83 (P < 

0.001), but heavier in saltwater (P = 0.048) in 1983-84. 

During midwinter, shoveler intestines were longer (P = 

0.0044) and gizzards were heavier (P < 0.001) in saltwater 

than freshwater. Overall, ceca mass (P < 0.001) and length 

(P < 0.001) were greater in freshwater. Food availability 

and gut morphology data suggest that freshwater wetlands 

were of higher quality than saltwater wetlands for wintering 

shovelers. Management of waterfowl habitats in the Texas 

Gulf Coastal Zone should emphasize protection of 

freshwater areas from saltwater intrusion and other 

development activities to maintain optimal wintering habitat 

for northern shovelers, and perhaps other waterfowl as 

well. 

© CSA 
262
263

High Plains Wetlands 

General Information 

864. Aquatic macroinvertebrate diversity of playa 

wetlands: The role of landscape and island 

biogeographic characteristics. 

Hall, D. L.; Willig, M. R.; Moorhead, D. L.; Sites, R. W.; 

Fish, E. B.; and Mollhagen, T. R. 

Wetlands 24(1): 77-91. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ macrofauna/ species diversity/ 

biogeography/ community composition/ ecology/ fauna/ 

biodiversity/ aquatic organisms/ life history/ regression 

analysis/ USA, Texas/ USA, Texas, Southern High Plains/ 

landscape ecology/ island biogeography 

Abstract: Wetland habitats continue to be lost at a 

unsettling rate, especially freshwater emergent wetlands 

that are isolated geographically. These are the predominant 

wetlands found in arid and semi-arid environments, where 

they serve as foci of regional biodiversity. This is especially 

true of the playa wetlands of the Southern High Plains of 

Texas, USA. The factors that determine and maintain biotic 

diversity in these wetlands are understood poorly. 

Consequently, this study examined the effect of island 

biogeographic and landscape features on the diversity of 

aquatic macroinvertebrates in playa wetlands. 

Macroinvertebrates were collected from playas three times 

during the spring and summer of 1994 and categorized as 

resident or transient taxa based on life history strategies. 

Diversity was estimated using taxonomic richness 

(richness) and Fisher's log-series alpha (alpha). 

Surrounding land-use practices influenced resident 

richness, whereas playa surface area affected resident and 

transient richness, as well as resident alpha. However, 

relationships differed among sampling dates. Regression 

analyses suggested that transient richness and alpha were 

influenced more by insular characteristics than by 

landscape features. The converse was true for resident 

richness and alpha. Therefore, both insular and landscape 

characteristics affected the diversity of macroinvertebrates 

in playa wetlands, but impacts were dependent on lifehistory strategy and time since inundation (i.e., sampling 

date). Consequently, conservation and management efforts 

targeting macroinvertebrates in playa wetlands will need to 

focus on the wetlands and characteristics of adjacent 

watershed features. 

© CSA 

865. Behavior of migrant shorebirds in playas of the 

Southern High Plains, Texas. 

Davis, Craig A. and Smith, Loren M. 

Condor 100(2): 266-276. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QL671.C6; ISSN: 0010-5422 

Descriptors: activity budget/ fall/ feeding/ playas/ 

sleeping/ spring 

Abstract: Playas in the Southern High Plains (SHP) are 

important for migrant shorebirds, but the functional role of 

playas to migrant shorebirds is not clearly understood. We 

conducted diurnal time-activity budgets on American 

Avocets (Recurvirostra americana), Long-billed Dowitchers 

(Limnodromus scolopaceus), Least Sandpipers (Calidris 

minutilla), and Western Sandpipers (C. mauri) in spring and 

fall 1993 and 1994 in 69 play as on the SHP of Texas. 

During both seasons, Least and Western Sandpipers spent 

70-80% of their time feeding. Long-billed Dowitchers spent 

77% of their time feeding in spring, but spent more time 

sleeping and less feeding in fall. American Avocets spent 

41-50% of their time feeding and 34-40% of their time 

sleeping during each season. All four species spent 

minimal time engaged in locomotion, body maintenance, 

alert, and aggressive behaviors. American Avocets and 

Long-billed Dowitchers fed most during the midday and late 

periods and slept most during the early period. Least 

Sandpipers fed most during the early period, whereas 

feeding activities of Western Sandpipers remained 70-80% 

throughout the day. Each of these species use different 

behavioral strategies in response to such factors as 

migration distances, energetic needs, differential predation, 

nocturnal foraging, and diet. Playas appear to serve as 

important intermediate stopover sites for shorebirds during 

migration. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

866. Breeding ducks and their habitats in the High 

Plains of Texas. 

Ray, James D.; Sullivan, Brian D.; and Miller, Harvey W. 

Southwestern Naturalist 48(2): 241-248. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 409.6; ISSN: 0038-4909 

Descriptors: roadside survey: applied and field techniques/ 

central flyway/ breeding areas/ impoundments: habitat/ 

occupancy rates/ playa lakes: habitat/ ponds: habitat/ 

species density 

Abstract: The High Plains of Texas is one of the 

southernmost nontraditional breeding areas for many duck 

species in North America. Because of a paucity of 

information on breeding ducks there, we conducted 

roadside surveys of breeding ducks and their habitats 

during May and June from 1988 through 1992. Breeding 

pairs of 15 species were observed on 6 types of ponds 

(natural and man-made wetlands containing surface water). 

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) density ranged from 9.1 to 

23.1 pairs/100 km2, and density for all species combined 

ranged from 14.8 to 46.7 pairs/100 km2 (all years and 

survey periods included). Occupancy rates were highest on 

playa lakes and impoundments, though all pond types had 

occupancy rates exceeding 26% (all surveys and years). 

Duck pairs per occupied pond were highest on playa lakes 

(>7 and >4 on May and June surveys, respectively), 

followed by impoundments (> 5 and > 2) and entrenched 

draws (>2 and >3). Although the density of breeding pairs 

in the High Plains of Texas (47 pairs/100 km2) is generally 

lower than in prominent nesting areas (e.g., >200 in the 

San Luis Valley. CO; >600 in central Montana; >2,000 in 

California; >4,000 in the Prairie Pothole Region), 

information reported here further confirms the use of the 

Playa Lakes Region by breeding ducks and illustrates its 

importance as a major habitat area for waterfowl in the 

Central Flyway. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

264

867. Composition of seed banks along an elevational 

gradient in playa wetlands. 

Haukos, D. A. and Smith, L. M. 

Wetlands 14(4): 301-307. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ seeds/ vegetation/ water level 

fluctuations/ soil water/ elevation/ species composition/ 

aquatic plants/ playas/ seed banks/ gradients/ community 

composition/ resource management/ water levels/ eolian 

transport/ vegetation cover/ plant reproductive structures/ 

USA, Texas/ seed banks/ gradients/ community 

composition/ eolian transport/ vegetation cover/ resource 

management/ water levels/ plant reproductive structures/ 

water level fluctuations/ soil water/ elevation/ playas/ 

vegetation/ species composition 

Abstract: We analyzed the composition of seed banks 

along an elevational gradient (0-1 m) in playa wetlands of 

the Southern High Plains of Texas. Differing seed-bank 

composition along such a gradient may be one mechanism 

in the determination of vegetation structure in wetlands. We 

used the seedling-emergence technique under moist-soil 

and submerged treatments to ascertain the composition of 

seed banks in 8 playas. There were no differences (P > 

0.05) in overall or common species seedling densities along 

the elevational gradient. Fluctuating water levels in a 

relatively shallow wetland, combined with the short linear 

distance of the gradient into a flat bottom, results in the 

uniform distribution of seed in playas. Additionally, wind 

action during periods when playas are dry may serve to 

distribute seeds throughout the wetland. Structure of 

vegetation in playas is determined principally by the varying 

soil moisture regime, which regulates composition of 

species germinating when other environmental conditions 

are suitable. When environmental conditions, including soilmoisture content, are appropriate for germination, each 

species in the seed bank could potentially be found 

throughout the wetland. When managing playas for specific 

plant species through manipulation of soil moisture, we can 

expect a comparable species response to similar 

treatments anywhere in the playa. 

© CSA 

868. Ecology and management of migrant shorebirds in 

the Playa Lakes Region of Texas. 

Davis, Craig A. and Smith, Loren M. 

Wildlife Monographs(140): 1-45. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173 

Descriptors: body size/ diet/ feeding ecology/ habitat 

selection/ migration/ sex differences/ stopover site 

Abstract: During spring and fall migration, shorebirds rely 

on stopover areas to replenish energy reserves and fulfill 

nutrient requirements. Most studies of stopover areas have 

focused on wetlands in the Northern Great Plains; little 

attention has been given to wetlands in the Southern Great 

Plains, especially the Playa Lakes Region (PLR). Our 

objectives were to determine migrant-shorebird species 

compositions, abundances, migration chronologies, use of 

habitats, and feeding ecologies in the PLR during spring 

and fall migration. More than 130 playa wetlands were 

surveyed for shorebirds in a 34,000-km2 area of western 

Texas. We selected American avocet (Recurvirostra 

americana), long-billed dowitcher (Limnodromus 

scolopaceus), least sandpiper (Calidris minutilla), and 

western sandpiper (C. mauri) as a subset of all shorebirds 

present to examine feeding ecologies; these 4 species 

were common species during both migration periods and 

represent a wide range of body sizes and guilds. We also 

evaluated the influence of sex on the feeding ecologies of 

the 4 species. Thirty shorebird species used playa wetlands 

during spring and fall, 1993-94. The most abundant species 

during spring were American avocet, long-billed dowitcher, 

and Wilson's phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), whereas the 

most abundant species during fall were American avocet, 

long-billed dowitcher, long-billed curlew (Numenius 

americanus), stilt sandpiper (Calidris himantopus), and 

lesser yellowlegs (Tringa flavipes). Migration chronologies 

of each species were distinct in spring with peak 

abundances occurring over 2-4 weeks and were protracted 

in fall with peak abundances occurring over 5-8 weeks. In 

general, most shorebird species selected playas that 

contained sparse vegetation (<25% vegetation cover), 

adequate amounts of mudflat (10-15%) and shallow (<4 cm 

depth) water (10-20%) habitats, and higher invertebrate 

populations. Invertebrates were the most important 

component in the diets of American avocets, long-billed 

dowitchers, least sandpipers, and western sandpipers, and 

diets varied little between males and females. In the spring, 

all 4 species consumed mostly chironomids, whereas in the 

fall, all 4 consumed a wider variety of invertebrates. 

important invertebrate foods during the fall included 

chironomids, hydrophilids, leeches, planorbids, corixids, 

conchostracans, and hydracarinas. The 4 species also 

consumed more plant material (predominantly seeds) in the 

fall than in the spring. Differences in spring and fall diets of 

the 4 shorebird species were attributed to seasonal 

differences in invertebrate abundances and diversities; 

invertebrate abundances and diversities were higher in the 

fall than in the spring. Shorebird diets were compared with 

availabilities of foods within and across individual playas. 

For most foods, overall selection patterns (i.e., selection 

across playas) were different from selection patterns within 

individual playas. In general, all 4 species exhibited a wide 

range of selection patterns for invertebrates as availability 

of invertebrates changed, suggesting that the 4 species 

used an opportunistic foraging strategy. Shorebird foraging 

appeared to decrease invertebrate populations in spring, 

but not in fall. Management of playas in the PLR should 

focus on creating and maintaining sparse vegetation cover, 

and adequate mudflat (at least 10-15%) and shallow water 

(at least 10-20%) habitats. Because invertebrates are 

important foods of migrant shorebirds, management also 

should focus on enhancing invertebrate populations in 

playas. Gradual drawdowns of playas with deep water and 

flooding of dry playas should be used to provide available 

habitat for shorebirds throughout migration. Mowing and 

shallow disking can be used to create preferred habitat 

conditions and provide a detrital food base to enhance 

invertebrate populations. Managers that can manage only a 

few playas should consider managing playas during periods 

of maximum shorebird diversity in the PLR. During spring, 

maximum shorebird diversity occurred in late April and 

early May, whereas during fall, maximum shorebird 

diversity occurred in late August. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
High Plains: General Information 

265

869. Factors affecting condition of northern pintails 

wintering in the Southern High Plains. 

Smith, Loren M. and Sheeley, Douglas G. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 57(1): 62-71. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: body weight/ carcass composition/ climate/ 

diet/ energetic cost/ fat/ gizzard mass/ lipid/ nutrient 

reserve/ paired male/ population ecology/ protein/ 

reproduction/ sex difference/ survival/ wetland management 

Abstract: Because nutrient reserves affect survival and 

subsequent reproduction, it is necessary to examine factors 

affecting nutrient reserves to understand the population 

ecology of northern pintails (Anas acuta). Thus, we 

examined variation in carcass composition and organ mass 

of northern pintails wintering on the Southern High Plains 

(SHP) of Texas(USA) with respect to time (month, year; 

which varied in wetland availability), age, sex, and pair 

status. Carcass mass for males, and fat-gizzard mass, and 

percent fat were higher (P lt 0.05) in 1985-86 (wet year) 

than 1985 (normal year) for males and females. This was 

attributed to precipitation that was 70% above normal in 

1985-86, and resulted in increased availability of wetlands. 

Adult and immature birds did not differ (P gt 0.10) with the 

exception of ash mass. Males were heavier (P lt 0.001), 

had heavier (P lt 0.001) organs (gizzard and liver), and had 

more (P lt 0.001) protein and ash than females. Females 

had a higher (P lt 0.001) percentage of fat than males. Fat 

and protein decreased from November to December in both 

years. In the normal year, fat did not vary (P gt 0.05) from 

January to March. A decline (P lt 0.05) in fat in February of 

the wet year may have been an endogenous response to 

reduce energetic costs. Changes in gizzard mass over time 

probably reflected dietary changes during winter. Paired 

males had greater (P lt 0.01) lipid levels than unpaired birds 

in the wet year but not in the normal year. We could not 

make this comparison for females because ther were so 

few unpaired females. Management in the SHP should 

focus on improving playa wetlands in winter because pintail 

body condition can be improved by increased wetland 

availability, and improved condition has been associated 

with increased survival and reproduction. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

870. High plains wetlands of southeast Wyoming: 

Salinity, vegetation, and invertebrate communities. 

Lovvorn, James R.; Wollheim, Wilfred M.; and 

Hart, E. Andrew 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 603-633. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ biomass/ food webs/ community 

structure/ shallow saline lakes/ brackish habitat/ lake/ 

shallow saline lakes community structure/ biomass and 

food web/ Wyoming/ south east Wyoming/ Laramie Basin/ 

biomass and food web in shallow saline lakes 

© The Thomson Corporation 

871. An historical overview of playas and other 

wetland/riparian areas of "Nuevo Mexico". 

Deason, M. G. 

New Mexico Journal of Science 38: 189-218. (1998); 

ISSN: 0270-3017 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, New Mexico/ history/ riparian 

land/ water resources/ playas 

Abstract: This journal article briefly examines the history of 

Nueva Espana (New Spain) since 1541, in the context of 

playas and other wetland/riparian areas in the Region of 

Nuevo Mexico (New Mexico). Particular attention is given to 

their importance and use by indigenous people, early 

Spanish explorers, and the subsequent settlers of Nuevo 

Mexico. Furthermore, 1998 marks the 150th anniversary of 

the original signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. 

This event is briefly presented along with several historical 

periods that influenced the course of water in Nuevo 

Mexico. 

© CSA 

872. Hydrologic influences on insect emergence 

production from Central Platte River wetlands. 

Whiles, M. R. and Goldowitz, B. S. 

Ecological Applications 11(6): 1829-1842. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ emergence/ ecological 

effects/ insects/ species diversity/ aquatic insects/ Insecta/ 

Diptera/ Chironomidae/ Culicidae/ Ceratopogonidae/ 

Sciomyzidae/ Muscidae/ USA, Nebraska/ USA, Kansas, 

Platte R./ insects/ midges/ mosquitoes/ biting midges/ nosee-ums/ punkies/ marsh flies/ face flies/ horn flies/ house 

flies/ muscid flies/ stable flies 

Abstract: The physical template of freshwater ecosystems 

has a pervasive influence on biological communities and 

processes. To examine the influence of hydrology on 

wetland insect communities, we quantified insect 

emergence from five riparian sloughs in the central Platte 

River valley. Annual hydroperiods of the wetlands ranged 

from 94 to 365 d/yr, and frequency and magnitude of drying 

events were inversely proportional to hydroperiod length. 

Three emergence traps were placed in each wetland from 

April through November 1997. Most insects collected in 

traps were identified to genus, and individual dry mass 

(DM) also was determined. Abundance of emerging insects 

(24 124 individuals/m super(2)) and emergence production 

(5.1 g DM times m super(-2) times yr super(-1)) were 

highest from the site with an intermediate hydroperiod of 

296 d. Sites with longer and shorter hydroperiods had lower 

emergence abundance and production. Emergence 

production from the perennial site, which contained fish 

year-round, was only 0.26 g DM times m super(-2) times yr 

super(-1). Diptera generally dominated emergence trap 

catches. Chironomidae, Culicidae, and Ceratopogonidae 

were among the dominant contributors to abundance, 

whereas Sciomyzidae and Muscidae were important 

contributors to biomass at most sites. Quadratic equations 

best described relationships between taxa richness and 

annual hydroperiod (r super(2) = 0.78, P < 0.05) or number 

of drying events/yr (r super(2) = 0.81, P < 0.05), reflecting a 

peak in richness at intermediate levels of both. These 

relationships followed predictions of the intermediate 

disturbance hypothesis, but specific mechanisms 

underlying patterns were difficult to discern. Like 

emergence production, taxa richness was also highest at 

intermediate hydroperiods. Hence, insect diversity 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

266

(measured as richness) and emergence production were 

positively correlated (r super(2) = 0.85, P < 0.05). Results 

indicate that the hydrology of central Platte River wetlands 

exerts a strong influence on insect species richness and 

emergence production, and that intermittent sites harbor 

the highest insect diversity and produce more emergent 

insect biomass. However, trends in seasonal emergence 

patterns and taxonomic shifts across the hydrologic 

gradient in this study suggest that a landscape containing a 

mosaic of hydrologically distinct wetlands will maximize 

aquatic insect diversity and productivity at larger spatial and 

temporal scales. 

© CSA 

873. The importance of playa wetlands to biodiversity 

of the Southern High Plains. 

Haukos, David A. and Smith, Loren M. 

Landscape and Urban Planning 28(1): 83-98. (Feb. 1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046. 

Notes: Special issue 

Descriptors: comprehensive zoology/ farming and 

agriculture/ threats to playa wetland habitats/ habitat 

management/ conservation importance and needs/ New 

Mexico and Texas/ species diversity/ importance of playa 

wetlands/ semiaquatic habitat/ playa wetlands/ 

conservation importance in prairie biodiversity/ grassland/ 

prairie/ biodiversity and conservation importance of playa 

wetlands/ chemical pollution/ USA/ New Mexico/ southern 

High Plains/ playa wetlands importance to biodiversity/ 

conservation implications 

© The Thomson Corporation 

874. Inventory and floristics of Sandhills fens in Cherry 

County, Nebraska. 

Steinauer, G.; Rolfsmeier, S.; and Hardy, J. P. 

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences (23): 

9-21. (1996) 

NAL Call #: Q11.N4; ISSN: 0077-6351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecological distribution/ fens/ plants/ 

indicators/ flora/ USA, Nebraska/ community composition/ 

aquatic plants/ indicator species/ USA, Nebraska/ plants/ 

species composition/ indicator species/ ecological 

distribution/ fens/ USA, Nebraska 

Abstract: The Sandhills of north-central Nebraska and 

south-central South Dakota are the largest sand-dune area 

in the Western Hemisphere. In 1991 and 1992, an inventory 

of Sandhills fens in Cherry County, Nebraska, documented 

39 fens ranging in size from 4 to 280 ha. The majority of 

these sites had been ditched and were used as hay 

meadows. In 1996, a detailed floristic survey of six fens in 

Cherry County documented 191 species and one 

subspecies of vascular plants, including 21 species 

considered rare in Nebraska. Fifteen Sandhills fen indicator 

species were identified. The Sandhills populations of the 

indicator species are disjunct from their primary ranges to 

the north and east of the Great Plains, suggesting these 

populations to be glacial relicts. 

© CSA 

875. Macroinvertebrate communities in Central Platte 

River wetlands: Patterns across a hydrologic gradient. 

Whiles, M. R. and Goldowitz, B. S. 

Wetlands 25(2): 462-472. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biomass/ abundance/ seasonal 

variations/ community structure/ freshwater environments/ 

flooding/ macroinvertebrates/ insects/ mollusks/ river 

basins/ structure/ organic matter/ rivers/ annelids/ 

crustaceans/ hydrology/ wildlife habitats/ Hydrophilidae/ 

Ceratopogonidae/ Mollusca/ Chironomidae/ Dytiscidae/ 

USA, Nebraska, Platte R./ water scavenger beetles/ biting 

midges/ midges/ predaceous diving beetles 

Abstract: Wetlands provide critical wildlife habitat in the 

central Platte River basin of Nebraska, USA, but little is 

known about their macroinvertebrate communities or how 

factors such as hydrology affect them. In 1997, we 

quantified macroinvertebrate abundance, biomass, and 

community structure and organic matter resources in four 

natural wetlands that represented a gradient from 

ephemeral to permanent flooding. All four wetlands had 

abundant macroinvertebrate communities when flooded, 

and we observed unique taxa at all sites. Mean annual 

macroinvertebrate abundance and biomass increased with 

hydroperiod length, but taxon richness and diversity were 

greatest in intermittent sites. Non-insect groups, mostly 

crustaceans, annelids, and mollusks, were important at all 

sites, and their taxonomic composition shifted across the 

hydrologic gradient. Insect communities were dominated by 

dipterans (mostly Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae) and 

Coleopterans (mostly Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae), and 

these also varied across the hydrologic gradient. Collectorgatherers, scrapers, and predators were the dominant 

functional groups in terms of biomass, and biomass was 

most evenly distributed among these groups in intermittent 

sites. Macroinvertebrate communities in these riparian 

wetlands vary across natural hydrologic gradients, and 

diversity peaks in intermittent sites. Patterns of abundance, 

biomass, and diversity, along with seasonal patterns, 

suggest that, at a landscape level, a diversity of wetland 

habitats with different hydrologic regimes will maximize 

abundance and diversity of freshwater macroinvertebrate 

communities in this region. 

© CSA 

876. Nutrients in a playa wetland receiving wastewater. 

Pezzolesi, T. P.; Zartman, R. E.; Fish, E. B.; and 

Hickey, M. G. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 27(1): 67-74. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Typha domingensis/ wild plants/ 

wastewater/ nutrients/ Texas 

Abstract: We determined nutrient sequestration differences 

in soil and vegetation within two regions of a playa wetland 

that receives agricultural runoff and secondarily treated 

wastewater. Playas are small, topographically closed, 

ephemeral wetlands that serve as catchments for surface 

runoff in the Southern High Plains of the USA. The wetland 

studied received natural runoff and secondarily treated 

wastewater from the U.S. Department of Energy, Pantex 

facility near Amarillo, TX. Soil and aboveground biomass N, 

P, Cu, and Fe and water N and P were evaluated seven 

times during a 2-yr period in cattail (Typha domingensis 

Pers.) and pink smartweed [Persicaria pensylvanica (Raf.) 

Nieuw.] dominated regions of the playa. Spatial and 
High Plains: General Information 

267

temporal variabilities were observed in water, vegetation, 

and soil-nutrient concentrations. These variabilities were 

likely due to fluctuation of water depth and quality in the 

playa. Water was deeper (P < 0.05) in the cattail region 

compared with the smartweed region. Water qualify [Total 

Kjeldahl N (TKN) and total P (TP)] was not effected (P > 

0.05) by vegetation type. Soil concentrations of TKN, TP, 

Cu, and Fe were not significantly different (P > 0.05) 

between cattail and smartweed vegetative types. Cattail 

had significantly greater (P < 0.05) levels of TKN. TP, Cu, 

and Fe than did smartweed. Aboveground biomass was 

greatest in August. Based on nutrient sequestration this 

playa wetland functioned quite well as a receptor for added 

nutrients from runoff and the wastewater treatment facility. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

877. Past and future impacts of wetland regulations on 

playa ecology in the southern Great Plains. 

Haukos, D. A. and Smith, L. M. 

Wetlands 23(3): 577-589. (2003) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ legislation/ environmental 

regulations/ conservation/ education/ government 

regulations/ government policy/ playas/ regulations/ solid 

wastes/ feedlot runoff/ excavation/ aquifers/ watersheds/ 

groundwater recharge/ municipal wastewater/ urban 

planning/ degradation/ surface drainage/ environmental 

legislation/ environmental protection/ policies/ man-induced 

effects/ nature conservation/ USA, Southern Great Plains/ 

USA, Texas/ USA, New Mexico/ USA, Great Plains 

Abstract: Playa wetlands provide functions critical to the 

existence of life on the High Plains portion of the Great 

Plains, including surface drainage, aquifer recharge, and 

wildlife habitat. These small, circular, isolated depressional 

wetlands with closed watersheds have a dynamic, 

unpredictable hydroperiod, which is essential to the 

maintenance of biodiversity. Most numerous in the 

Southern High Plains of northwestern Texas and eastern 

New Mexico, playas have been impacted by sedimentation, 

pit excavation, road construction, industrial and municipal 

wastewater, feedlot runoff, urban development, 

overgrazing, and deliberate filling. Despite being declared, 

as a wetland class, jurisdictional 'waters of the United 

States' since 1977, regulations and laws for conservation of 

wetland functions have seldom been applied to playas. The 

January 2001 Supreme Court decision, Solid Waste 

Agency of Northern Cook County (SWANCC) v. United 

States Army of Corps of Engineers, likely eliminated federal 

regulation of impacts covered by the Clean Water Act in all 

but a few playas. Although still subject to the Federal 

'Swampbuster' provision enacted by the 1985 Food 

Security Act, extended natural dry periods allows for 

frequent cultivation and other activities in playas without 

incurring violation, contributing to the continued degradation 

of playa functions. None of the states with significant 

numbers of playas have regulations for the conservation of 

playa functions. Suggestions for the successful future 

conservation of playas and their associated functions 

include (1) increased promotion and implementation of 

existing federal and state conservation programs 

specifically for playas; (2) proposed state regulations for 

playa conservation; (3) recognition of agricultural impacts 

on wetland determinations; (4) creation of Wetland 

Management Districts to preserve intact, functioning playas; 

and (5) increased public education on the value of playas. 

© CSA 

878. Playa lakes on the southern High Plains in Texas: 

Reevaluating infiltration. 

Zartman, R. E.; Evans, P. W.; and Ramsey, R. H. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49(3): 

299-301. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ lakes/ long-term planning/ water 

management/ infiltration rate/ surface water/ water 

conservation/ soil types/ playas/ temporary ponds/ fate/ 

USA, Texas/ temporary ponds/ fate/ infiltration rate/ 

soil types 

Abstract: The fate of water in playa lakes determines the 

long-term water management strategy for the Southern 

High Plains of Texas. To determine the fate of water within 

playa wetlands, initial (1 min) and long-term (>48 h) 

infiltration rates were determined using double ring 

infiltrometers at three relative elevations in three Southern 

High Plains playa lakes. The high elevation treatments 

were at least 150 mm above the highest intermediate 

elevation and the low elevation treatments were at least 

150 mm below the lowest intermediate elevation. The 

hydric playa soils [Randall clay (fine, smectitic, thermic Udic 

Pellusterts)] were vegetated with facultative wetland plants. 

Particle size analysis, soil pH, and electrical conductivity 

were also determined at each infiltrometer location. There 

were no significant differences of infiltration for the three 

elevational treatments. Initial infiltration rates ranged from 

2490 to 10 mm/min while arithmetic means were greater 

than 100 mm/min. Long-term infiltration rates ranged from 

996 to 0.004 mm/min while arithmetic means were 

approximately 5 mm/min. These rapid initial and 

measurable long-term infiltration rates demonstrate that 

infiltration occurs within playas. Furthermore, these high 

infiltration rates indicate that playa wetlands are important 

zones in determining the fate of surface water on the 

Southern High Plains. 

© CSA 

879. Playa lakes: Prairie wetlands of the Southern High 

Plains, USA. 

Bolen E. G.; Smith L. M.; and Schramm H. L. 

Bioscience 39(9): 615-623. (1989) 

Descriptors: agriculture/ ecology/ irrigation/ hydrology/ 

flora/ fauna/ grazing/ livestock/ biological diversity/ New 

Mexico, USA/ Texas, USA 

© The Thomson Corporation 

880. Playas of the Southern High Plains: The 

macroinvertebrate fauna. 

Hall, Dianne L.; Sites, Robert W.; Fish, Ernest B.; 

Mollhagen, Tony R.; Moorhead, Daryl L.; and 

Willig, Michael R. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 635-665. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/ habitat management/ 

playa lakes overview/ food webs/ community structure/ 

playa lakes/ emigration/ immigration/ playa lakes fauna 

overview/ habitat colonization/ playa lakes colonization 

patterns/ temporary water/ USA/ southern Great Plains/ 

playa lakes community ecology and conservation 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

268

881. Preserving Nebraska 's wetlands: Now and in the 

future. 

Christensen, M. A. 

Nebraska Law Review 63(3): 473-513. (1984); 

ISSN: 0047-9209 

Descriptors: wetlands/ legal aspects/ water resources 

development/ Nebraska/ preservation/ sandhills/ 

groundwater/ flood control/ water quality/ land acquisition/ 

cost-sharing 

Abstract: In an effort to increase public awareness of the 

importance of Nebraska 's wetlands and to evaluate the 

means presently available to aid in wetlands preservation, 

this summary of wetlands and their role in Nebraska is 

offered. Suggestions for further protective measures are 

also made. The destruction of Nebraska 's wetlands is 

described as it relates to the rainwater basin and the 

sandhills. Consequences of wetlands destruction include a 

loss of nutrients, groundwater supplies and recycling center 

for water, and a lessening of the holding power of water 

from rainfall. Wetland protections afforded under the Clean 

Water Act are discussed, specifically section 404. Other 

means of preservation include federal land acquisition, 

state land acquisition, state cost sharing practices, and 

water bank programs. (Baker-IVI) 

© CSA 

882. Protein and energy production in playas: 

Implications for migratory bird management. 

Anderson, J. T. and Smith, L. M. 

Wetlands 18(3): 437-446. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ proteins/ energy/ playas/ birds/ 

biomass/ invertebrates/ habitats/ migration/ waterfowl/ soil 

management/ migratory species/ environment 

management/ Invertebrata/ animal feeds/ aquatic birds/ 

habitat/ nature conservation/ nutrition/ overwintering/ 

bioenergetics/ animal nutrition/ food availability/ food 

organisms/ seeds/ sediment properties/ water content/ 

USA, Texas, High Plains/ USA, Texas, Southern High 

Plains/ Invertebrata/ USA, Texas/ moist-soil management 

Abstract: We examined protein and energy production of 

potential migratory bird foods produced in moist-soil 

managed versus unmanaged playa wetlands on the 

Southern High Plains of Texas (SHP) during fall and winter 

1994-95 and 1995-96 to assess potential carrying capacity 

for wintering migratory birds. Total food (seeds and 

invertebrates) biomass, crude protein production, and gross 

energy production were greater in managed playas than 

unmanaged playas. There was no difference in food 

biomass or energy production between invertebrates and 

seeds when managed and unmanaged playas were 

combined, but protein production from invertebrates was 

greater than production from seeds. The estimated 160,000 

ha of unmanaged playa wetland habitat in the SHP 

produces about 24.3 million kg of seeds and invertebrates, 

9.2 million kg of protein, and 108.6 billion kcal of energy. 

When these playas have water, there are enough seeds 

and invertebrates to support 3 million ducks for 3 months. 

However, water is often limited, making much of this habitat 

unavailable to waterbirds in most years. Therefore, 

conservation of existing playas should be supplemented 

with intensive moist-soil management in some areas as the 

most economical strategy for providing proper nutrition to 

migratory birds and other wildlife in playas. 

© CSA 

883. Quaternary evolution of ephemeral playa lakes on 

the Southern High Plains of Texas, USA: Cyclic 

variation in lake level recorded in sediments. 

Hovorka, S. D. 

Journal of Paleolimnology 17(1): 131-146. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QE39.5.P3 J68; ISSN: 0921-2728. 

Notes: Conference: Modern and Ancient Lake 

Environments of the Great Plains. Theme Session of the 

Geological Society of America Meeting, Lincoln, NE (USA), 

27-28 Apr 1995 

Descriptors: playas/ quaternary/ lake deposits/ water 

levels/ lake sediments/ water level recorders/ USA, Texas/ 

lake sediments/ water level recorders/ quaternary/ lake 

deposits/ water levels 

Abstract: Ephemeral playa lakes on the Southern High 

Plains northeast of Amarillo, Texas, are underlain by more 

than 10 m of Quaternary lake deposits. Sediments beneath 

12 lakes were examined in 76 hollow-stem auger cores and 

in excavations. Stacked depositional cycles recognized in 

lake sediments record repeated phases of (1) initial 

highstand, (2) ephemeral lake, and (3) lake shrinkage and 

prolonged exposure. Sedimentary and soil structures show 

that during all phases the lakes were ephemeral, but that 

the duration and frequency of flooding varied, which caused 

variation in the relative amounts of accumulation, deflation, 

and soil formation. The highstand phase is documented by 

wave-cut benches and lake sediments that extend beyond 

present lake margins. Mud transported as suspended load 

was deposited from ponded water. Desiccation resulted in 

mudcracks and allowed deposition of eolian sand, but 

exposure episodes were relatively short or infrequent, and 

vertic soil formation, oxidation of organic material, and 

deflation of sand were minimal. Decreased frequency and 

duration of flooding resulting in increased pedogenic 

modification under conditions similar to those under which 

modern playa lake sediments accumulate. Eolian silt 

deposited on dry lake beds and clays deposited in flooded 

lakes were mixed by vertic soil processes during repeated 

wetting and drying. Organic material was partly oxidized 

and partly translocated down roots and cracks, and 

interbedded upland facies were gleyed. Episodes of lake 

shrinkage and more frequent exposure are recorded by 

reddening and formation of calcic horizons within lake 

muds. Red-brown eolian loam prograded across lake 

sediments, and calcic soils developed on it. These 

grassland slope facies record decrease in the size of the 

playa lakes. 

© CSA 

884. The saline wetland-meadow vegetation and flora of 

the North Platte River Valley in the Nebraska 

panhandle. 

Rolfsmeier, S. B. 

Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 20: 

13-24. (1993) 

NAL Call #: Q11.N4; ISSN: 0077-6351 

Descriptors: wetlands/ vegetation cover/ community 

composition/ rare species/ distribution records/ saline 

water/ aquatic plants/ flora/ salt marshes/ vegetation/ USA, 

Nebraska, Platte R./ vegetation/ vegetation cover/ 

community composition/ rare species/ distribution records/ 

Aster brachyactis/ Haplopappus annuus/ Thelypodium 

integrifolium/ Althaea officinalis/ Najas marina/ 

Spergularia marina 
High Plains: General Information 

269

Abstract: The saline wetlands associated with the Platte 

River have received very little attention from botanists since 

the 1890s, and several plants widespread in these habitats, 

such as rayless salt-marsh aster (Aster brachyactis), 

annual goldenweed (Haplopappus annuus) and thelypody 

(Thelypodium integrifolium) have been considered rare in 

the State. A floristic inventory of sixteen tracts of saline 

lowlands near the North Platte River in Garden, Morrill, and 

Scotts Bluff counties reveals the presence of 231 species of 

vascular plants (169 native and 62 introduced), including 

three Eurasian halophytes (Althaea officinalis, Najas 

marina, Spergularia marina) not previously reported from 

Nebraska. Saline habitats along the North Platte River have 

a larger number of halophytic species than similar habitats 

in eastern Nebraska, though data from eastern salt 

marshes are insufficient for quantitative comparisons of 

species richness. 

© CSA 

885. Shallow subsurface characterization of gas 

transport in a playa wetland. 

Nicot, J. P. and Bennett, P. C. 

Journal of Environmental Engineering 124(11): 

1038-1046. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 290.9 Am3Ps; ISSN: 0733-9372 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil gases/ advection/ playas/ 

permeability/ tracers/ gases/ soil gases 

Abstract: Controls on vadose-zone gas transport beneath 

and adjacent to a southern High Plains ephemeral lake 

(playa) were investigated. Under dry conditions, vertical gas 

permeability and tortuosity were enhanced by cracks and 

root tubules in the upper 2.5 m. Below this depth, the 

horizontal components of both permeability and tortuosity 

tensors were dominant. Both atmospheric pumping and 

pneumatic tests were used to determine the gas 

permeability tensor; whereas gas tracer tests were used to 

estimate the tortuosity tensor. The field data were elevated 

in a multilayer numerical model. The results suggest that 

gas movement can be dominated by both advection and 

diffusion, with vertical movement dominating in the shallow 

zone under dry conditions. After a large precipitation event, 

vertical gas permeability was reduced and large pressure 

differentials (as high as 1.5 kPa) were produced, creating 

driving forces for advective gas transport. 

© CSA 

886. Shorebird breeding biology in wetlands of the 

Playa Lakes, Texas, USA. 

Conway, Warren C.; Smith, Loren M.; and Ray, James D. 

Waterbirds 28(2): 129-138. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: hatching success/ clutch size/ nesting/ 

breeding behavior/ wetlands habitat 

Abstract: Wetlands in the Playa Lakes Region of Texas are 

important habitats for North American wintering waterfowl 

and migrant shorebirds. However, shorebird breeding 

biology has been overlooked in characterizing the region's 

ecological importance. In 1998 and 1999, American Avocet 

(Recurvirostra americana), Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus 

mexicanus), Killdeer (Charadrius vocferous), and Snowy 

Plover (C. alexandrinus) breeding ecology were studied in 

playas, saline lakes, and riparian wetlands in the Playa 

Lakes Region of Texas. Chronology of nest initiation, clutch 

sizes, and hatching success for 298 Snowy Plover, 111 

American Avocet, 43 Killdeer, and 26 Blacknecked Stilt 

clutches were measured. All four species nested in saline 

lakes, American Avocet and Killdeer also nested in playas, 

and Snowy Plover nested on riparian wetlands. American 

Avocet had higher hatching success in 1999 (52%) than 

1998 (8%), because of more suitable hydrological 

conditions and lower predation. Hatching success was 

higher in 1998 than 1999 for Killdeer (1998, 63%; 1999, 

21%) and Snowy Plover (1998, 47%; 1999, 33%) due to 

failures caused by flooding and hail in 1999. In other 

regions, clutch predation limits shorebird productivity, but 

hatching success in the Playa Lakes Region appears to be 

limited by unpredictable precipitation patterns and wetland 

hydroperiod. As such, breeding shorebird conservation and 

management should focus upon maintaining wetland 

hydrological integrity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

887. Soils, surficial geology, and geomicrobiology of 

saline-sodic wetlands, North Platte River Valley, 

Nebraska, USA. 

Joeckel, R. M. and Clement, B. J. A. 

Catena 61(1): 63-101. (2005) 

NAL Call #: GB400.C3; ISSN: 0341-8162 

Descriptors: wetlands/ salts/ rivers/ groundwater/ 

conductivity/ collapse/ sulfates/ ecology/ salinization/ 

saturated soils/ surface water/ calcite/ drying/ standards/ 

dewatering/ evaporation/ sediments/ fluvial sediments/ 

spring water/ hydrogen ion concentration/ mineralogy/ 

geology/ capillarity/ illite/ USA, Nebraska/ USA, Wyoming, 

North Platte R. 

Abstract: Saline-sodic wetlands along a 200-km stretch of 

the North Platte River Valley in western Nebraska, USA lie 

within an important agricultural region, but their processes, 

salt mineralogy, and geomicrobiology have not previously 

been investigated. Putative anthropogenic salinization has 

long been a concern, yet early historical accounts of 

widespread surface salts in the area have never been 

applied as comparative standards. Surface salts in the area 

originate from soil capillarity and surface evaporation. 

Thenardite (Na sub(2)SO sub(4)) and/or mirabilite (NaSO 

sub(4) times 10 H sub(2)O) dominate, depending on 

ambient conditions. Bloedite (Na sub(2)Mg[SO sub(4)] 

sub(2) times 4[H sub(2)O]), halite (NaCl), burkeite (Na 

sub(6)CO sub(3)[SO sub(4)] sub(2)), and calcite (CaCO 

sub(3)) are minor constituents. Historical accounts indicate 

that salts accumulated naturally long before Euramerican 

settlement, apparently as a result of rock-water interaction 

in nearby volcaniclastic sediments of the Brule Formation. 

Ephemeral to permanent water-holding basins in the 

wetlands contain Na super(+)-rich waters that vary widely in 

electrical conductivity (as high as 159 mS/cm) and in ionic 

composition, but local spring waters are extremely dilute. 

Basin floors exhibit a unique type of microrelief, which 

appears to form by the filling of microlows with water and 

the dispersal of soil material therein by Na super(+), 

followed by dewatering and collapse of the soil with drying. 

Illite dominates basin surface soils, but smectite dominates 

at depth; high soil pH, available K super(+), and frequent 

wetting-drying cycles in the wetlands suggest that in-situ 

illitization may have occurred. Soil crusts and vesicular 

surface horizons are common as are upward increases in 

electrical conductivity. The activity of sulfate-reducing 

microbes forms prominent near-surface horizons of sulfate 

reduction in saturated soils, which retract or disappear 

entirely during dry episodes. Saline-sodic wetland soils in 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

270

the study area change on daily to seasonal scales. Cycles 

of surface salt development, microbial activity, and 

microrelief genesis are all controlled by regular wettingdrying cycles and the interaction of ponded surface waters 

and shallow groundwaters. Relatively unique aspects of 

microbial ecology and surface processes make the soils 

important as "geomicrobial reactors" wherein important 

parts of hydrological and geochemical cycles occur. 

© CSA 

888. Succession of macroinvertebrates in playas of the 

Southern High Plains, USA. 

Moorhead, D. L.; Hall, D. L.; and Willig, M. R. 

Journal of the North American Benthological Society 17(4): 

430-442. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 0887-3593 

Descriptors: wetlands/ trophic structure/ community 

composition/ species diversity/ temporal variations/ 

predators/ filter feeders/ detritus feeders/ ecological 

succession/ colonization/ temporary ponds/ playas/ 

succession/ macrofauna/ species richness/ trophic levels/ 

trophic level/ macroinvertebrates/ sampling/ aquatic insects/ 

Ostracoda/ Branchiopoda/ Notonectidae/ Hydrophilidae/ 

Invertebrata/ ostracods/ branchiopods/ water scavenger 

beetles/ freshwater crustaceans/ backswimmers/ 

USA, Texas 

Abstract: Playas are seasonal wetlands that constitute the 

principal surface-water features of the semiarid, Southern 

High Plains, USA. They are shallow pools that usually 

persist for 2-4 mo following inundation by spring rains. The 

development of macroinvertebrate assemblages in 10 

playas located in West Texas was examined during the 

summer of 1994. Playas were sampled 3 times at 

approximately monthly intervals, beginning shortly after 

initial inundation in early May. All playas were dry within 90 

d. Species richness and diversity (Fisher's log-series alpha) 

increased significantly over time (p < 0.05). Thirteen of the 

16 species representing at least 1% of collected individuals, 

showed significant differences in abundances over time (p 

< 0.05). Some taxa increased in abundance (especially 

insects), whereas others decreased (most crustaceans). 

Trophic structure of assemblages also changed over time, 

with a significant reduction in the abundances of detrivores 

(p < 0.05) and filter-feeders (p < 0.05) occurring 

concurrently with an increase in the abundance of 

predators (p < 0.05). The composition of macroinvertebrate 

assemblages became more similar among playas over time 

(Ochai's index, p < 0.05), and changes in composition 

within individual playas tended to decrease with time (p < 

0.05). These results suggest a rapid development of 

macroinvertebrate assemblages in playas, begining with 

early dominance of crustacean detritivores and filterfeeders (e.g., phyllopods and ostracods), followed by later 

dominance of herbivorous and predaceous insects (e.g., 

hydrophilids and notonectids). Increases in species 

richness, diversity, and similarity in assemblage 

composition among playas over time are consistent with a 

pattern of progressive colonization by a finite set of species 

capable of exploiting these ephemeral habitats. 

© CSA 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands 

889. Breeding bird response to cattle grazing of a 

cottonwood bottomland. 

Sedgwick, J. A. and Knopf F. L. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 51(1): 230-237. (1987) 

Abstract: We studied avian habitat relationships and the 

impact of grazing on breeding densities of selected 

migratory birds in a plains cottonwood (Populus sargentii) 

bottomland in northeastern Colorado. Five 16-ha plots 

served as controls and 5 were fenced and fall-grazed 

October-November 1982-84 following a season of pretreatment study in the spring of 1982. We focused our 

analysis on bird species directly dependent on the grassherb-shrub layer of vegetation for foraging, nesting, or both. 

The guild included house wren (Troglodytes aedon), brown 

thrasher (Toxostoma rufun), American robin (Turdus 

migratorius), common yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), 

yellow-breasted chat (Icteria virens), and rufous-sided 

towhee (Pipilo erythropthalmus). Moderate, late-fall grazing 

had no detectable impact on calculated densities of any of 

the 6 species, implying that proper seasonal grazing of a 

cottonwood floodplain is, at least initially (3 years), 

compatible with migratory bird use of a site for breeding. 

Habitat associations suggested that common yellowthroats 

and yellow-breasted chats were most unique and most 

likely to respond negatively to higher levels of grazing. We 

suggest that these latter 2 species are appropriate 

ecological indicators of the quality of ground-shrub 

vegetation as breeding bird habitats in lowland floodplains 

of the Great Plains. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

890. Diversity of Salmonella serovars in feedyard and 

nonfeedyard playas of the Southern High Plains in the 

summer and winter. 

Purdy, C. W.; Straus, D. C.; and Clark, R. N. 

American Journal of Veterinary Research 65(1): 

40-44. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 41.8 Am3A; ISSN: 0002-9645 

Descriptors: wetlands/ microbial contamination/ playa soils/ 

seasonal variation/ serovars/ summer/ water/ water quality/ 

winter/ Salmonella enterica 

Abstract: Objective: To compare Salmonella isolates 

cultured from feedyard and nonfeedyard (control) playas 

(ie, temporary shallow lakes) of the Southern High Plains in 

Texas, USA. Sample Population: Water and muck 

(sediment) samples were obtained from 7 feedyard playas 

and 3 nonfeedyard playas in the winter and summer. 

Procedure: Each water and muck sample was enriched 

with sulfur-brilliant-green broth and incubated in a shaker at 

37 degrees C for 24 h. A sample (100 ml) of the incubated 

bacterial-enriched broth was then mixed with 100 ml of 

fresh sulfur-brilliant-green enrichment broth and incubated 

in a shaker at 37 degrees C for 24 h. After the second 

incubation, a swab sample was streaked on differential 

media. Suspect Salmonella isolates were further identified 

by use of biochemical tests, and Salmonella isolates were 

confirmed and serovar determinations made. Results: 

Salmonella isolates were not recovered from the 3 control 

playas. Seven Salmonella enterica serovars were isolated 

from 5 of 7 feedyard playas in the summer, and 13 S. 

enterica serovars were isolated from 7 of 7 feedyard playas 
High Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

271

in the winter. In the summer, 296 isolates were cultured, 

and 47 were Salmonella organisms. In the winter, 288 

isolates were cultured, and 171 were Salmonella 

organisms. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Results 

indicated that feedyard playas are frequently contaminated 

with many Salmonella serovars. These pathogens should 

be considered whenever feedyard managers contemplate 

the use of water from these playas. Water from feedyard 

playas should not be used to cool cattle in the summer or 

for dust abatement. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

891. Effects of agricultural cultivation on demographics 

of Southern High Plains amphibians. 

Gray, Matthew J.; Smith, Loren M.; and Brenes, Roberto 

Conservation Biology 18(5): 1368-1377. (Oct. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: Amphibia/ farming and agriculture/ agricultural 

cultivation/ population responses/ community structure/ 

population density/ agricultural cultivation effects/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ Texas/ southern high plains/ 

population responses to agricultural cultivation/ 

playa wetlands 

Abstract: Anthropogenic disturbance of landscapes 

surrounding wetlands is considered a factor in local and 

global amphibian declines. Few data exist on the effects of 

agricultural cultivation of wetland watersheds on 

amphibians, and results from previous studies are 

contradictory. Our objective was to test the effects of 

general anthropogenic land use (cultivation vs. grassland) 

on the demographics of seven species and three age 

classes of amphibians in the Southern High Plains of 

Texas. We partially enclosed 16 playa wetlands (4 per land 

use per year) with drift fences and pitfall traps and 

monitored relative daily abundance and diversity from 16 

May to 17 October 1999 and 19 April to 18 August 2000. In 

general, relative abundance (i.e., average daily capture) of 

New Mexico and plains spadefoots (Spea multiplicata, S. 

bombifrons) was greater at cropland than grassland playas; 

the abundance of other species and diversity of the 

amphibian assemblage was not affected by land use. Also, 

abundance generally was greater in 1999 than 2000 for 

metamorph spadefoots and barred tiger salamanders 

(Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium). Differences in spadefoot 

abundance between land-use types may have been related 

to low species-specific vagility, resulting in increased 

nestedness within disturbed landscapes and reduced 

abundance of a potential keystone intraguild predator in 

cropland playas. The yearly difference in amphibian 

abundance was likely related to annual precipitation, which 

influenced wetland hydroperiod. Agricultural cultivation 

surrounding wetlands is associated with the increased 

abundance of some amphibian species, but other 

demographic and fitness parameters-such as temporal 

demographics, body size, and diet diversity-may be 

negatively affected. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

892. Effects of land use on nongame wetland birds in 

western South Dakota stock ponds, USA. 

May, Shawn M.; Naugle, David E.; and Higgins, Kenneth F. 

Waterbirds 25(Special Publication 2): 51-55. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: wetlands/ Landsat (tm) imagery data/ national 

wetlands inventory maps/ cattle grazing/ cropland 

landscapes/ grasslands/ habitat use/ land use change/ 

landscape types/ nesting habitat/ prairie landscapes/ stock 

ponds/ tillage agriculture/ vegetation cover 

Abstract: Tillage agriculture is expanding into western 

prairie landscapes without knowledge of the effects of land 

use change on habitats used by nongame wetland birds. In 

1999-2000, we surveyed 196 stock ponds within grassland 

(>95% grass) and cropland (>75% tillage) landscapes to 

evaluate effects of land use on nongame wetland bird 

densities in western South Dakota. Land use and wetlands 

were delineated from Landsat TM imagery and National 

Wetlands Inventory maps. Sixteen nongame wetland bird 

species used stock ponds in western South Dakota, of 

which nine species were obligate wetland-nesting species. 

Although densities of seven nongame obligate wetland bird 

species were similar between landscape types, abundance 

of Wilson's Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor) was greater in 

grassland study areas where cattle grazing limited growth 

of thick-stemmed emergent vegetation and reduced overall 

vegetative cover in stock ponds. In contrast, the Redwinged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and Yellowheaded Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) were 

more abundant in cropland landscapes where stock ponds 

provide abundant over-water nesting habitat (e.g., cattail). If 

grasslands continue to be converted to cropland, Wilson's 

Phalarope numbers will likely decrease as blackbird 

densities increase in stock ponds dominated by monotypic 

stands of cattail. To circumvent such changes, we 

recommend that resource managers conserve large tracts 

of grassland through aggressive easement programs in 

landscapes at highest risk of agricultural tillage. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

893. Effects of sedimentation on playa wetland volume. 

Luo, Hong-Ren; Smith, L. M.; Allen, B. L.; and 

Haukos, D. A. 

Ecological Applications 7(1): 247-252. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ watersheds/ soil 

texture/ land use/ agriculture/ vegetation cover/ playas/ 

sediment texture/ sediment texture/ soil texture/ vegetation 

cover/ playas/ USA, Texas, Southern High Plains/ USA, 

Texas, High Plains 

Abstract: Over 50% of the wetlands in the conterminous 

United States have been lost; however, few studies have 

investigated the more insidious effects of sedimentation on 

wetland volume. We examined the effects of sedimentation 

on playa wetland volume in the Southern High Plains 

(Texas, USA). We compared 20 playas with watersheds 

dominated by rangeland to 20 playas that had cropland 

watersheds. Playas were located in fine- and mediumtexture soil zones. Playas with cultivated watersheds 

contained more sediments than those with rangeland 

watersheds. Playas with cultivated watersheds had lost all 

of their original volume, on average, whereas playas with 

rangeland watersheds had lost only about one third of their 

volume. Of the approximately 30 000 playas in the region, 

most have cultivated watersheds, and therefore the 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

272

hydroperiod of playas has been drastically altered over the 

last 60 yr, changing the structure and function of these 

ecosystems. Also, sedimentation in playas in the mediumtexture soil zone was greater than in the fine-texture soil 

zone. Therefore, management efforts should first focus on 

the coarser soil areas to prevent the greatest sedimentation 

rates. Permanent vegetative cover (e.g., buffer strips) 

should be encouraged on playa watersheds to prevent 

further degradation. 

© CSA 

894. Fate of wetlands associated with the central 

Nebraska irrigation canal system. 

Ekstein, J. D. and Hygnstrom, S. E. 

Great Plains Research 6(1): 41-60. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Descriptors: wetlands/ irrigation districts/ canals/ aerial 

photography/ environmental effects/ water table rise/ 

flooding/ wildlife management/ nature conservation/ 

environmental impact/ USA, Nebraska/ nature 

conservation/ environmental impact/ irrigation districts/ 

water table rise/ wildlife management 

Abstract: Changes in wetlands in the vicinity of the Phelps 

and E65 canals operated by Central Nebraska Public 

Power and Irrigation District in Southcentral Nebraska were 

examined using aerial photographs taken on seven 

occasions from 1938 to 1981. According to previous 

research, nearly 90% of the original wetlands within the 

surrounding Rainwater Basin were destroyed or altered by 

draining and filling between 1900 and 1980. Within a zone 

extending 10 kilometers on each side of the Phelps and 

E65 canals, however, we observed an increase in the 

number and total area of wetlands, which we hypothesize 

to have been caused by an elevated groundwater table. Of 

additional importance for wildlife management, there was a 

notable decrease in wetlands temporarily flooded for 2 

months or less, and a notable increase in wetlands 

seasonally flooded for 3 to 5 months each year. These 

changes were most conspicuous after 1969. 

© CSA 

895. Grass buffers for playas in agricultural 

landscapes: A literature synthesis. 

Melcher, Cynthia P.; Skagen, Susan K.; Fort Collins 

Science Center (U.S.); and Geological Survey (U.S.) 

Reston, Va.: U.S. Geological Survey; Open-file report 

2005-1220, 2005. 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.B84 M46 2005 

http://www.fort.usgs.gov/products/publications/ 

21485/21485.asp

Descriptors: buffer zones (ecosystem management)---High 

Plains (U.S.)/ water quality management---High Plains 

(U.S.)/ agricultural pollution High Plains (U.S.)/ playas---

High Plains (U.S.)/ lake ecology---High Plains (U.S.) 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

896. Influence of agricultural landscape structure on a 

Southern High Plains, USA, amphibian assemblage. 

Gray, Matthew J.; Smith, Loren M.; and Leyva, Raquel I. 

Landscape Ecology 19(7): 719-729. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: biogeography: population studies/ freshwater 

ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ wildlife 

management: conservation/ agricultural landscape 

structure/ amphibian assemblage 

Abstract: Landscape structure can influence demographics 

of spatially structured populations, particularly less vagile 

organisms such as amphibians. We examined the influence 

of agricultural landscape structure on community 

composition and relative abundance of the 4 most common 

amphibians in the Southern High Plains of central USA. 

Amphibian populations were monitored using pitfall traps 

and drift fence at 16 playa wetlands (8 playas/year) in 1999 

and 2000. We quantified landscape structure surrounding 

each playa via estimating 13 spatial metrics that indexed 

playa isolation and inter-playa landscape complexity. 

Multivariate ordination and univariate correlations and 

regressions indicated that landscape structure was 

associated with community composition and relative 

abundance for 2 of the 4 amphibians. Spadefoots (Spea 

multiplicata, S. bombifrons) generally were positively 

associated with decreasing inter-playa distance and 

increasing inter-playa landscape complexity. Great Plains 

toads (Bufo cognatus) and barred tiger salamanders 

(Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium) usually were negatively 

associated with spadefoots but not influenced by landscape 

structure. Composition and relative abundance patterns 

were related to amphibian body size, which can influence 

species vagility and perception to landscape permeability. 

Spatial separation of these species in the multivariate 

ordination also may have been a consequence of 

differential competitive ability among species. These results 

suggest agricultural landscape structure may influence 

abundance and composition of spatially structured 

amphibian populations. This also is the first applied 

documentation that inter-patch landscape complexity can 

affect intra-patch community composition of amphibians as 

predicted by metapopulation theory. In the Southern High 

Plains, landscape complexity is positively associated with 

agricultural cultivation. Agricultural cultivation increases 

sedimentation, decreases hydroperiod, alters amphibian 

community dynamics, and negatively impacts 

postmetamorphic body size of amphibians in playa 

wetlands. Thus, conservation efforts should focus on 

preserving or restoring native landscape structure, 

hydroperiod, and connectivity among playas to maintain 

native amphibian populations and historic inter-playa 

movement. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

897. Influence of land use on postmetamorphic body 

size of playa lake amphibians. 

Gray, M. J. and Smith, L. M. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 69(2): 515-524. (2005) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ body size/ grasslands/ reproduction/ 

conspecifics/ rainfall/ drift/ land use/ amphibiotic species/ 

hydrology/ playas/ habitat improvement/ growth rate/ Spea 

multiplicata/ Bufo cognatus/ Ambystoma tigrinum 

mavortium/ USA, Southern High Plains/ Great Plains toad/ 

barred tiger salamander 

Abstract: Agricultural land use may indirectly affect the 

body size of amphibians by altering the hydroperiods of 

nearby wetlands and influencing amphibian densities-both 

factors which can limit the larval and postmetamorphic 

growth rates of amphibians. We measured 

postmetamorphic body size for 4 species (Spea 

multiplicata, S. bombifrons, Bufo cognatus, Ambystoma 

tigrinum mavortium) and 3 age classes (metamorph, 

subadult, adult) of amphibians captured at playa wetlands 
High Plains: Effects of Conservation Practices 

273

surrounded by one of 2 general land-use types (cultivation, 

grassland) in the Southern High Plains. Sixteen playas (4 

per land-use type in 1999 and 2000) were partially 

enclosed with drift fence and pitfall traps, and mass and 

snout-vent length (SVL) were measured from a subsample 

of captured individuals. Mass and SVL were 10-148% 

greater for amphibians captured at grassland wetlands than 

at cropland wetlands for most species and age classes. 

Mass and SVL also were 3-124% greater in 1999 than in 

2000 for most species and age classes. We attribute 

differences in body size between land-use types to 

differences in the hydroperiods of the associated wetlands, 

and potentially to variation in the density of terrestrial 

conspecifics and aquatic predators. We attribute 

differences in body size between years to differences in 

rainfall. Body size is positively related to the probability of 

survival, reproduction, and evolutionary fitness in 

amphibians. Thus, if cultivation of landscapes surrounding 

wetlands negatively influences postmetamorphic body size 

of amphibians, restoration of native grasslands surrounding 

playa wetlands may help prevent local amphibian declines. 

© CSA 

898. Microbial pathogen survival study in a High Plains 

feedyard playa. 

Purdy, Charles W.; Straus, David C.; Harp, James A.; and 

Mock, Richard 

Texas Journal of Science 53(3): 247-266. (2001) 

Descriptors: feedyard shallow lake/ microbial 

pathogen survival 

Abstract: Sixteen microbes and one enteric protozoal 

parasite were secured in screw-cap vials (CV) and dialysis 

tubes (DT) and placed in a feedyard shallow lake (playa) in 

the West Texas High Plains, USA. They were removed 

weekly or monthly depending on their susceptibility to the 

water environment. There were two overlapping studies; 

one started in September 1996 and was terminated 390 

days later. The second study started in May 1997 and was 

terminated 188 days later. These controlled studies were 

used to determine the decrease in titers of 10 bacteria 

(Pasteurella haemolytica A1, Pasteurella multocida A:3, 

Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus 

faecalis, Actinomyces pyogenes Salmonella enterica 

serovar dublin, Bacillus thuringiensis, Klebsiella 

pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa); two fungi 

(Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillus niger); four viruses 

(Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheaitis (IBR), Bovine Virus 

Diarrhea Virus (BVD), Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus 

(BRSV), Bovine Parvovirus (BPV) and one protozoal 

parasite (Cryptosporidium parvum), over time. The 

Pasteurella isolates died in both studies within seven to 35 

days. Actinomyces pyogenes died within 84 days in the 

1996 study and survived for 188 days in the 1997 study. 

The remaining bacterial isolates in 1996 survived for 390 

days with low titers, except for P. aeruginosa. Both fungal 

isolates died by 390 days in the 1996 study. All bacteria 

and fungi survived the 188 day study in 1997, except for the 

Pasteurella isolates. The titers of the viruses decreased 

rapidly over 42 days, except for BPV in the 1996 study, and 

all viruses were inactivated by day 42 in the 1997 study. 

Cryptosporidium parvum survived the 1996 winter but lost 

its ability to infect infant mice during the month of May, 

1997. Microbial survival decreased more rapidly in DT 

samples compared to CV samples. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

899. Occurrence of cotton herbicides and insecticides 

in playa lakes of the High Plains of west Texas. 

Thurman, E. M.; Bastian, K. C.; and Mollhagen, T. 

Science of the Total Environment 248(2-3): 189-200. (2000) 

NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697. 

Notes: Special issue: Fate and transport of agricultural 

chemicals in the Mississippi River Basin. 

Descriptors: playas/ herbicides/ insecticides/ water 

pollution/ agricultural pollution/ pollution surveys/ lakes/ 

water sampling/ pesticides/ agriculture/ drainage/ 

metabolites/ cotton/ degradation/ fate of pollutants/ water 

analysis/ phosphates/ USA, Texas 

Abstract: During the summer of 1997, water samples were 

collected and analyzed for pesticides from 32 playa lakes of 

the High Plains that receive drainage from both cotton and 

corn agriculture in West Texas. The major cotton herbicides 

detected in the water samples were diuron, fluometuron, 

metolachlor, norflurazon, and prometryn. Atrazine and 

propazine, corn and sorghum herbicides, were also 

routinely detected in samples from the playa lakes. 

Furthermore, the metabolites of all the herbicides studied 

were found in the playa lake samples. In some cases, the 

concentration of metabolites was equal to or exceeded the 

concentration of the parent compound. The types of 

metabolites detected suggested that the parent compounds 

had been transported to and had undergone degradation in 

the playa lakes. The types of metabolites and the ratio of 

metabolites to parent compounds may be useful in 

indicating the time that the herbicides were transported to 

the playa lakes. The median concentration of total 

herbicides was 7.2 mu g/l, with the largest total 

concentrations exceeding 30 mu g/l. Organophosphate 

insecticides were detected in only one water sample. 

Further work will improve the understanding of the fate of 

these compounds in the playa lake area. 

© CSA 

900. Organochlorine residues in ducks on playa lakes 

of the Texas panhandle and eastern New Mexico USA. 

Flickinger E. L. and Krynitsky A. J. 

Journal of Wildlife Diseases 23(1): 165-168. (1987) 

NAL Call #: 41.9 W64B; ISSN: 0090-3558 

Descriptors: DDT/ heptachlor/ insecticide/ 

nontarget organism 

© The Thomson Corporation 

901. Sources of recently deposited sediments in playa 

wetlands. 

Luo, H. R.; Smith, L. M.; Haukos, D. A.; and Allen, B. L. 

Wetlands 19(1): 176-181. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ playas/ watersheds/ 

clays/ erosion/ deposition/ volumetric analysis/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ USA, Southwest 

Abstract: There are more than 20,000 playa wetlands in 

the Southern High Plains of Texas and New Mexico. Playas 

with cropland watersheds have lost most of their basin 

volume due to sedimentation, and they have lost more 

volume than playas with rangeland watersheds. To 

determine the source (wind vs. water transport) of 

sedimentation in playas and develop management 

recommendations to lessen sediment impacts, we 

examined the particle size distribution (PSD) of soils in 8 

playas with rangeland and cropland watersheds. The 

distribution curves of sand in playa sediments plotted 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

274

against relative distance coincided with playa elevational 

profiles, and the PSD of deeper sediments contained more 

sand, especially at the playa margins. In contrast, more 

clay had been deposited in the central portion of the playa 

basin, and clay content decreased with sediment depth. 

Sand content at playa edges was greater in crop than in 

range playas. Sediments eroded from the surrounding 

watershed resulted in deposition of coarser soil particles at 

the playa margin, whereas finer particles dominated playa 

centers. Because most sediments in playa wetlands 

originate from the immediate watershed and are deposited 

through water erosion, management activities should 

concentrate on practices that reduce watershed erosion. 

© CSA 

902. Water quality in cattle feedyard playas in winter 

and summer. 

Purdy, C. W.; Straus, D. C.; Parker, D. B.; Williams, B. P.; 

and Clark, R. N. 

American Journal of Veterinary Research 62(9): 

1402-1407. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 41.8 Am3A; ISSN: 0002-9645 

Descriptors: wetlands/ animal health/ coliform count/ 

endotoxins/ faecal coliforms/ health hazards/ public health/ 

summer/ water pollution/ water quality/ water resources/ 

winter 

Abstract: To determine the impact of feedyards on 

endotoxin concentration, faecal coliform count, and other 

water quality measurements during winter and summer in 

feedyard playas (shallow lakes), water samples were 

obtained from seven feedyard playas and three 

nonfeedyard control playas. Surface water samples were 

collected from each playa and at various depths from three 

feedyard playas. Endotoxin concentrations, 22 water quality 

variables, and faecal coliform counts were determined in 

samples collected in summer and winter from various 

combinations of playas. Cattle numbers per feedyard 

ranged from 40 000-175 000 head/year. Mean endotoxin 

concentrations were significantly lower in control than in 

feedyard playas in winter and summer. Endotoxin 

concentration appeared to be homogenous at various water 

depths. Values for 20 of 22 water quality variables were 

higher in the feedyard than in control playas in winter and 

summer. Only in winter, mean total faecal coliform 

concentration in feedyard playas was significantly greater 

than in control playas. These results indicate that feedyards 

have a potential impact on water quality in playas, and 

cattle should not be allowed access to them. Feedyard 

playa water should not be used under high pressure to 

settle dust in pens with cattle or to cool cattle, because 

aerosols containing pathogens and high concentrations of 

endotoxin are a health hazard for humans and cattle. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

903. Wetland impacts of center pivots in Wheeler Co, 

NE.

Lewis, G. L. 

In: Planning Now for Irrigation and Drainage in the 21st 

Century: Proceedings of a Conference. (Held 18 Jul 1988-

21 Jul 1988 at Lincoln, Neb.) Hay, DeLynn R. (eds.) 

New York; pp. 235-241; 1988. 

NAL Call #: TC823.P52; ISBN: 0872626660 

Descriptors: wetlands/ center pivot irrigation/ surface 

water/ water table/ irrigation/ Nebraska 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

904. Wildlife on ungrazed and grazed bottomlands on 

the South Platte River, northeastern Colorado: 

Habitats, land management, adverse effects.

Crouch, G. L. 

In: Proceedings of the Wildlife-Livestock Relationships 

Symposium. (Held 20 Apr 1981-22 Apr 1981 at Coeur 

D'alene, Idaho.) Peek, James M. and Dalke, P. D. (eds.) 

Moscow, Idaho: Forest, Wildlife & Range Experiment 

Station, University of Idaho; pp. 186-197; 1982. 

NAL Call #: SF84.84.W5 1981 

Descriptors: Colorado 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

905. Carrying capacity and diel use of managed playa 

wetlands by nonbreeding waterbirds. 

Anderson, J. T. and Smith, L. M. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(2): 281-291. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ management/ habitat utilization/ 

carrying capacity/ flooding/ ecosystem management/ 

migratory species/ playas/ activity patterns/ nighttime/ 

daytime/ diurnal variations/ aquatic birds/ nature 

conservation/ USA, Texas, Southern High Plains/ USA, 

New Mexico, Southern High Plains/ waterfowl/ monitoring/ 

habitats/ species diversity/ soil management/ seeds/ 

invertebrates/ Aves/ USA, Texas/ USA, New Mexico/ birds/ 

winter/ moist-soil management practices 

Abstract: Playa wetlands on the Southern High Plains of 

Texas and New Mexico provide essential wintering habitat 

for migratory waterbirds. Moist-soil management practices 

have been implemented in playas, yet no variations on the 

timing of management have been attempted. In addition, 

previous evaluation of wetland management has 

considered only diurnal use by waterfowl and has not 

considered invertebrates. We compared waterbird diversity, 

waterfowl abundance, and waterfowl carrying capacity 

based on seeds and invertebrates among playas varying in 

flooding date (September vs. November) and management 

regimes (moist-soil managed vs. unmanaged) during 

nocturnal and diurnal periods during the winters of 1994-

1995 and 1995-1996. Waterbird species richness and 

diversity were greater in November flooded, moistsoil 

managed than in September flooded, managed; September 

flooded, unmanaged; and November flooded, unmanaged 

playas. Waterfowl were more abundant in November 

flooded, moist-soil managed playas than in the other 

treatments, and counts were 10.5 times higher during 

nocturnal than diurnal counts. Evaluation of moist-soil 

management using diurnal counts only showed no 

waterfowl-use benefit. Carrying capacity, based on seed 

biomass, was greater in managed than in unmanaged 

playas. Potential use days, using invertebrate abundance, 

was higher in playas flooded in September than in 

November. Moist-soil management of playas is effective in 

increasing waterbird diversity and waterfowl abundance. If 
High Plains: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

275

the main purpose is to evaluate effectiveness of wetland 

management for waterfowl, then monitoring of nocturnal 

and diurnal use is essential. 

© CSA 

906. Effects of moist-soil management on playa 

wetland soils. 

Haukos, D. A. and Smith, L. M. 

Wetlands 16(2): 1443-149. (June 1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ playas/ soil water/ drawdown/ 

irrigation/ hydrogen ion concentration/ phosphorus/ limiting 

nutrients/ germination/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ 

nutrient cycles/ nitrogen/ limiting factors/ atmospheric 

precipitations/ nutrients (mineral)/ soils/ water content/ 

ecosystem management/ arid environments/ environment 

management/ water in soils/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

protective measures and control 

Abstract: We evaluated effects of moist-soil management 

on soils of eight playa wetlands for 2 years. Moist-soil 

management involves timed drawdown and irrigation of 

wetlands to promote germination, growth, and seed 

production of mudflat annuals for use by wintering 

waterfowl. Moist-soil management reduced soil resistance 

for germination (P = 0.02), raised pH closer to neutrality (P 

= 0.002), but had no effect on soil moisture in the top 4 cm 

of soil (P = 0.16; influence on soil moisture in the root zone 

is unknown) or on salinity measured as conductivity (P = 

0.51). Moist-soil management did not affect nitrogen and 

phosphorus levels in playa soils over 2 seasons (P = 0.61). 

As a percentage of available nutrients, more soil nitrogen 

was lost during the wetter year compared to the dryer year 

(P = 0.02) -- a trend that was reversed for soil phosphorus 

(P = 0.004). More nitrogen was lost in the wetter year (P = 

0.02); whereas, more phosphorus was lost in the dryer year 

(P = 0.004). This indicates potential changes in limiting 

nutrients depending upon local precipitation events. 

Apparently, nutrient cycling is rapid in playas, producing 

large amounts of biomass despite having lower soil nutrient 

pools compared to other inland freshwater wetlands. Moistsoil management is a sustainable and compatible practice 

for playa wetlands because it enhances naturally occurring 

events. 

© CSA 

907. Evaluation of farmed playa wetlands as avian 

habitat using survey data and two rapid assessment 

techniques. 

Rivers, J. W. and Cable, T. T. 

Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 106(3): 

155-165. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 500 K13T; ISSN: 0022-8443 

Descriptors: wetlands/ playas/ agriculture/ aquatic birds/ 

biological surveys/ sampling/ habitat/ USA, Kansas 

Abstract: Playa wetlands contribute to the biological 

diversity of the southern Great Plains, yet many are 

modified by current farming practices. We surveyed 12 

farmed playa wetlands from 1998-99 to (1) document 

seasonal avian use of these habitats and (2) assess the 

performance of two rapid assessment techniques, the 

Habitat Assessment Technique and the Wetland Evaluation 

Technique. Thirty-six bird species were observed on 

farmed playa wetlands, 42% of which are dependent on 

wetland habitats. In contrast, only 5 species were observed 

on upland reference sites in 1999, and none were 

dependent on wetlands. Collectively, both rapid 

assessment techniques rated farmed playa wetlands as 

poor habitats because of the physical characteristics of 

study sites. Based on field observations and published 

work, we conclude that farmed playa wetlands provide 

habitat for many avian species and the rapid assessment 

techniques examined are unsuitable for assessing playa 

wetlands as avian habitat in Kansas. 

© CSA 

908. Hydrologic analysis model for screening wetland 

restoration sites in the Rainwater Basin, Nebraska.

Clemetson, D. J. 

In: Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (H2al). (Held 30 Jul 

1990-2 Aug 1990 at San Diego, Calif.) 

New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 675-680; 1990. 

NAL Call #: TC5.H845 1990; ISBN: 0872627713 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrologic models/ mathematical 

models/ model studies/ Nebraska/ rainwater basin/ site 

selection/ wetland restoration/ agriculture/ aquatic habitats/ 

capital costs/ economic aspects/ hydrologic budget/ 

reservoirs/ statistical analysis/ storage volume/ water depth 

Abstract: Historically, the Rainwater Basin in south central 

Nebraska contained approximately 4000 wetlands. Today, 

over 90% of the wetlands have been lost, primarily due to 

drainage for agricultural purposes. With an increasing 

interest in the restoration of wetland habitats, a need has 

arisen for prioritizing candidate wetland restoration sites, 

which would ensure expenditure of funds on the best 

available sites. A hydrologic model has been developed as 

a tool to assist in screening candidate wetland sites for 

restoration in the Rainwater Basin. The Wetland Hydrologic 

Analysis Model (WHAM) was developed to perform daily 

analysis of the hydrologic budget of individual wetland 

basins. Inflows to the wetland, which are input data for the 

WHAM, were derived with the Streamflow Synthesis and 

Reservoir Regulation model, which was developed by the 

North Pacific Division of the US Army Corps of Engineers. 

Statistical analysis was performed on the simulated 

hydrologic parameters including surface area, water 

surface elevation, storage volume, and average depth to 

evaluate the hydrologic effectiveness of the proposed 

restoration for each site. Priorities for acquisition and 

restoration can be assigned to the individual wetlands 

based on the results of these analyses. 

(Author's abstract) 

© CSA 

909. Identifying sites for riparian wetland restoration: 

Application of a model to the Upper Arkansas River 

Basin. 

O'Neill, M. P.; Schmidt, J. C.; Dobrowolski, J. P.; Hawkins, 

C. P.; and Neale, C. M. 

Restoration Ecology 5(Suppl. 4): 85-102. (Dec. 1997) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971. 

Notes: Special issue: Riparian Restoration. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ USA, Upper Arkansass R./ 

rehabilitation/ river basins/ riparian land/ site selection/ 

priorities/ soil water/ preservation/ reach/ model studies/ 

geographical information systems/ aerial photography/ 

energy/ environmental restoration/ models/ riparian 

environments/ geographic information systems/ vegetation 

patterns/ USA, Colorado/ rivers/ habitat improvement/ 

environmental protection/ pollution control/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

276

USA, Arkansass R./ streamflow and runoff/ modeling, 

mathematics, computer applications/ protective measures 

and control/ reclamation 

Abstract: We present a conceptual model for identifying 

restoration sites for riparian wetlands and discuss its 

application to reaches within the Upper Arkansas River 

basin in Colorado. The model utilizes a Geographic 

Information System (GIS) to analyze a variety of spatial 

data useful in characterizing geomorphology, hydrology, 

and vegetation of riparian wetland sites. The model focuses 

on three basic properties of riparian wetland sites: relative 

soil moisture, disturbance regime, and vegetative 

characteristics. A relative wetness index is used to define 

nominal soil moisture classes within the watershed. These 

classes generally coincide with uplands (low), channel 

margins (moderate), and channels or open water (high). 

Vegetative conditions are characterized using color infrared 

aerial photographs. Land cover types are grouped into five 

major land cover classes: riparian, moist herbaceous, bare 

ground, upland, and open water. Disturbance regime is 

characterized by a reach-based index of specific power 

(omega). Preliminary results indicate that reaches within 

the Upper Arkansas River basin can be classified as high 

energy (omega greater than or equal to 8 W/m super(2)) or 

low energy (omega less than or equal to 3W/m super(2)), 

using discharge estimates that reflect the 10-year flood 

event. Field surveys of channel and floodplain conditions 

show that high-energy reaches (omega greater than or 

equal to 8 W/m super(2)) are characterized by sites where 

the channel occupies a large proportion of the valley 

bottom. By contrast, low-energy reaches (omega less than 

or equal to 3 W/m super(2)) are characterized by 

meandering channels with wide alluvial valleys. Restoration 

potential is evaluated as a combination of nominal scores 

from wetness, land cover, and disturbance indices. 

Application of these methods to field sites within the Upper 

Arkansas River basin identifies a wide range of riparian 

wetland sites for preservation or restoration. Potential sites 

within identified reaches are prioritized using size and 

proximity criteria. 

© CSA 

910. Little Salt Fork Marsh Preserve: Restoration of an 

inland saline wetland. 

Zlotsky, A. and Yost, J. 

Land and Water 42(5): 49-51. (Sept. 1998-Oct. 1998); 

ISSN: 0192-9453 

Descriptors: wetlands/ salt marshes/ land management/ 

environmental quality/ environmental restoration/ nature 

conservation/ research programs/ marshes/ inland water/ 

USA, Nebraska, Little Salt Fork Marsh/ restoration/ refuges/ 

sanctuaries/ ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ land use/ land restoration/ environmental 

quality standards/ land restoration/ water quality control/ 

environmental action/ protective measures and control/ 

water quality 

Abstract: The Little Salt Fork Marsh Preserve restoration 

project initially began in 1995 when The Nature 

Conservancy purchased a 60-acre tract near Lincoln, 

Nebraska. The Conservancy was interested in the 

acquisition and preservation of a large, inland saline 

wetland complex. About the same time, the Burlington 

Northern Railroad Company (BNSF) was in the process of 

creating the first wetland mitigation bank in the state. 

Together, the two entities forged an agreement for the 

restoration, enhancement and expansion of the Little Salt 

Fork Marsh into a 180-acre nature preserve. 

© CSA 

911. Short-term response of wetland birds to 

prescribed burning in Rainwater Basin wetlands. 

Brennan, E. K.; Smith, L. M.; Haukos, D. A.; and 

Lagrange, T. G. 

Wetlands 25(3): 667-674. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ burning/ species richness/ 

abundance/ migration/ recruitment/ basins/ introduced 

species/ incineration/ birds/ species diversity/ forest fires/ 

litter/ Aves/ USA, Nebraska/ birds 

Abstract: Prescribed burning is often used in wetlands to 

remove plant litter, decrease woody or invasive species, 

and increase use by wetland birds. However, little is known 

about the within-season, short-term response of wetland 

birds to prescribed burning, especially during spring 

migration. We surveyed use of 19 burned and 19 unburned 

(reference) wetlands by migratory birds in the Rainwater 

Basin region of Nebraska, USA during three spring 

migrations, 2002-2004. We calculated the change in avian 

abundance and species richness, as well as generating the 

Soerenson's similarity index for burned and reference 

wetlands in the weeks immediately before and after 

burning. We compared Soerenson's index values and 

percent change in abundance and species richness 

between burned and reference wetlands using an analysis 

of covariance with week and wetland area as covariates to 

account for migration chronology and differences in the 

area of experimental units. Following removal of effects due 

to wetland area and week, burning had no effect on the 

percent change in avian abundance and species richness. 

Soerenson's index also did not differ between burned and 

reference wetlands. Prescribed burning did not improve use 

of wetlands by migratory birds in the short term. 

Understanding the immediate and long-term effects of 

prescribed burning on migratory avian abundance, species 

richness, and community composition is imperative for 

management decisions. 

© CSA 
277

Mississippi Alluvial Valley Wetlands 

General Information 

912. Afforestation of bottomland hardwoods in the 

Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Status and trends. 

Schoenholtz, S. H.; James, J. P.; Kaminski, R. M.; Leopold, 

B. D.; and Ezell, A. W. 

Wetlands 21(4): 602-613. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: afforestation/ lowlands/ forests/ Mississippi/ 

trends/ wetland restoration 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

913. Bottomland Hardwoods of the Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley: Characteristics and Management of Natural 

Function, Structure, and Composition. 

Hamel, Paul B. and Foti, Thomas L. 

Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest 

Service, Southern Research Station; GTR-SRS-042, 

2001. 109 p. 

NAL Call #: aSD143 .G46 no. 42 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/2474 

Descriptors: bottomland hardwoods/ forest history/ 

mammals/ Mississippi Alluvial Valley/ old growth/ 

songbirds/ wetland restoration 

Abstract: A symposium entitled "Bottomland hardwoods of 

the Mississippi Alluvial Valley: characteristics and 

management of natural function, structure, and 

composition" convened on October 28, 1995, as part of the 

Natural Areas Conference, October 25-28, 1995, In 

Fayetteville, AR. The symposium's goal was to provide 

informatibn that managers need to begin restoring the 

composition, structure, and function of off rest ecosystems 

in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley.Included in the 

proceedings from that symposium are 8 of 13 

presentations. These peer-reviewed contributions address 

historical conditions of forests in the Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley (two papers), historical changes that are reflected in 

today's forests (one paper), the effect of historic and 

prehistoric rainfall patterns (one paper), forest fauna in the 

region (two papers), the effect of herbivory on forest 

vegetation (one paper), and management of bottomland 

hardwood forests for multiple outputs (one paper). A ninth 

paper, concerning characteristics of old-growth forests, is a 

posthumous submission authored by Dr. James T. Tanner; 

and the tenth paper was published in another venue. The 

intended audience of these proceedings includes managers 

of private, State, and Federal lands, as well as land 

management planners from a range of jurisdictions. 

914. A cumulative impact management plan for a 

forested wetland watershed in the Mississippi River 

floodplain. 

Shaffer, G. P.; Burdick, D. M.; Gosselink, J. G.; and 

Lee, L. C. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 1(4): 199-210. (1992) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forest watersheds/ management 

planning/ degradation/ environmental quality/ forest 

industry/ environment management/ environmental impact/ 

USA, Louisiana, Tensas Basin/ forest industry/ environment 

management/ environmental impact/ forest watersheds/ 

management planning/ environmental quality 

Abstract: A management plan using a watershed-scale 

approach was devised to limit loss of wetland functions in 

the one million ha Tensas Basin. Louisiana, U.S.A. 

Proposals to develop wetland areas are evaluated for their 

potential to affect the structure and function of the 

landscape as a whole. The plan required two prior steps. 

First, we assessed the structural and functional status of 

the landscape through time. Second, using the 

assessment, we formulated a set of environmental goals. 

The assessment indicated that the landscape is severely 

degraded; of the original forest, 85% has been lost, and the 

deforestation has negatively affected water quality and 

biota. Specific goals were devised to conserve remaining 

wetland resources and to restore functional integrity to the 

basin as a whole. On the basis of these two prior steps and 

principles of landscape ecology and conservation biology, 

we devised a plan that would establish two large tracts of 

bottomland forest (BLF) totaling 102000 and 63000 ha. 

These tracts would be established by reforesting about 

1000 ha of corridors, primarily along streams, linking 

existing forest patches. In addition, set-back levees and 

man-made diversions would be incorporated to restore 

natural flooding to certain areas of remaining BLF. Existing 

wetlands would be prioritized on the basis of size and 

density of patches and placed in one of three management 

categories. Implementation of such a plan is possible under 

the present regulatory authority of U.S. federal government 

programs administered by regulatory agencies responsible 

for wetland protection (DBO). 

© CSA 

915. A density-dependent matrix model for bottomland 

hardwood stands in the Lower Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley. 

Zhao, Dehai; Borders, Bruce; and Wilson, Machelle 

Ecological Modelling 184(2-4): 381-395. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.M3E25; ISSN: 0304-3800 

Descriptors: density dependent matrix model: 

mathematical and computer techniques/ wildlife habitat/ 

biodiversity/ timber production/ Lower Mississippi Alluvial 

Valley/ water quality protection 

Abstract: Bottomland hardwoods in the Lower Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley (LMAV) have become one of the most 

endangered ecosystems in the United States. This 

ecosystem is an important ecological resource providing 

many functions and values such as wildlife habitat, water 

quality protection, biodiversity, and timber production. 

Active management and restoration of bottomland 

hardwoods stress the need for tools to support decisionmaking, but no reliable quantitative information, such as 

developed growth and yield models, is available for such 

forests with high species diversity. A density-dependent 

matrix model, which recognizes differences in tree species 

and size, was developed for these bottomland mixedspecies hardwoods in LMAV. The model was calibrated 

using data from continuous forest inventory plots. Trees 

were placed in one of 13 diameter classes of soft 

hardwoods or hard hardwoods, or four diameter classes of 

non-commercial species. Five-year predictions show good 

agreement between the actual and predicted diameter 

distributions. In terms of value of stand basal area, the 

model predicted well for stands with densities ranging from 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

278

13.8 to 41.3 m(2)/ha (60-180 ft(2)/acre). The model will be 

useful for short-term inventory projections and simulation 

studies of the development of these stands using different 

management regimes. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights 

reserved. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

916. Development and application of the wetlands 

dynamic water budget model. 

Walton, Raymond; Chapman, Raymond S.; and 

Davis, Jack E. 

Wetlands 16(3): 347-357. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: ecology: environmental sciences/ forestry/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

mathematical biology: computational biology/ models and 

simulations: computational biology/ black swamp/ 

bottomland hardwood forest/ Cache River/ canopy 

interception/ computer models and simulations/ 

evapotranspiration/ flooding/ forested wetlands/ freshwater 

ecology/ groundwater ecology/ infiltration/ precipitation/ 

wetlands dynamic water budget model 

Abstract: A Wetlands Dynamic Water Budget Model was 

developed and applied to support a large field investigation 

of processes in the Black Swamp wetlands of the Cache 

River between Patterson and Cotton Plant, Arkansas. The 

model is called the Wetlands Dynamic Water Budget Model 

because it provides magnitudes for the water budget 

components, as well as water depths, discharges, and flow 

velocities throughout the modeled system. The 

development of the computer program is based on 

concepts and approaches of a number of programs in 

common use. It includes three dynamically-linked modules 

that include all the major components of a typical water 

budget, including precipitation, canopy interception, 

overland flow, channel flow, infiltration, evapotranspiration, 

and horizontal ground-water flow. The surface-water 

module of the model was applied to the Cache River in 

Arkansas, and augmented a comprehensive hydrologic 

field study by filling data gaps that occurred due to gage 

problems and by providing long-term simulation data for 

broad areas of the wetland, particularly those far away from 

any measurement station. The results demonstrated that 

these wetlands are inundated primarily from the backwater 

produced at downstream constrictions, rather than from the 

forward-moving flood wave. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

917. The effects of varied hydraulic and nutrient 

loading rates on water quality and hydrologic 

distributions in a natural forested treatment wetland. 

Blahnik, Theodore and Day, John 

Wetlands 20(1): 48-61. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ waste management: sanitation/ forested waste 

water treatment wetland/ hydraulic loading/ hydrology/ 

nutrient loading/ water quality 

Abstract: Hydrology and water quality distributions in a 

Louisiana forested waste-water treatment wetland were 

studied under four different hydraulic loading rates (HLR). 

Pond discharge, surface-water elevations, and fluorescent 

dye travel times were recorded to assess surface-water 

hydrology, and water samples were collected for nitrate, 

ammonium, phosphate, and suspended solids analyses. 

Wetted surface area increased with pond discharge rate, 

and 58 to 66 percent of surface-water flow was 

concentrated in shallow channels covering only 10 to 12 

percent of the total study area. Water residence times were 

much longer (0.9 to 1.1 days) than minimum dye travel 

times (2 to 3 hours) through the 4-hectare study area. 

Relative to study area influent concentrations, study area 

outflow concentrations of nitrate and total and organic 

suspended solids were lower, ammonium was higher, and 

phosphate was generally unchanged. However, there was 

an increase in concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, and 

phosphate within 50 m of the study area inflow location. 

Ammonium and phosphate did decrease from these peak 

concentrations. Net nitrate production was observed within 

50 m of the pond outfall and was probably due to 

nitrification. Net nitrate removal was observed beyond this 

distance and ranged up to 0.10 g cntdot m-2 cntdot d-1 

probably due primarily to denitrification. In general, nitrate 

removal rates increased linearly with changes in nitrate 

loading rates. Results show that nutrient distributions are 

linked to hydrology. Higher pond discharge rates created 

more treatment surface area, and higher constituent 

loading rates produced higher removal rates. Therefore, 

discharge rates could be manipulated, and physical control 

structures could be installed to increase wetted surface 

area and increase removal efficiency within the wetland. 

Higher loading rates could then be processed without 

requiring significant increases in treatment area. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

918. Hydrologic, vegetation, and substrate 

characteristics of floating marshes in sediment-rich 

wetlands of the Mississippi River delta plain, Louisiana, 

USA. 

Sasser, C. E.; Gosselink, J. G.; Swenson, E. M.; and 

Evers, D. E. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 3(3): 171-187. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ vegetation/ marshes/ 

sediments/ deltas/ environmental effects/ degradation/ 

aquatic plants/ vegetation cover/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

USA, Louisiana, Terrebonne Basin/ vegetation cover/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ vegetation 

Abstract: Floating marshes occur over 70% of the western 

Terrebonne Basin, Louisiana, USA, freshwater coastal 

wetlands. They are of several types: A free-floating thickmat (45-60 cm) marsh dominated by Panicum hemitomon 

and Sagittaria lancifolia; a thick mat marsh dominated by 

Panicum hemitomon and Sagittaria lancifolia that floats part 

of the year, but whose vertical floating range is damped 

compared to adjacent water; and an irregularly-floating thin 

mat (<30 cm) dominated by Eleocharis spp. in the spring 

and Ludwigia leptocarpa and Bidens laevis in the summer 

and fall. Floating mats must be almost entirely organic in 

order to be buoyant enough to float. The western 

Terrebonne wetlands receive large winter/spring supplies of 

suspended sediments from the Atchafalaya River. Even 

though sediment concentrations in the adjacent bayou are 

as high as 100 mg l super(-1), the Panicum 

hemitomon/Sagittaria lancifolia free-floating marsh probably 

receives no over-surface sediments since it floats 

continuously. The bulk density data of the damped-floating 

marsh, however, suggest some mineral sediment input, 

probably during winter when this marsh is submerged. 

These two types of floating marsh could not have 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: General Information 

279

developed in the present sediment regime of the 

Atchafalaya River, but as long as they remain floating can 

continue to exist. Thin floating mats are found in areas 

receiving the least sediment (<20 mg l super(-1) suspended 

sediment concentration in adjacent bayous). This low 

sediment environment probably made possible their 

formation within the past 20 years. They may represent a 

transitional stage in mat succession from (1) existing thickmat floating marsh to a degrading floating marsh, or (2) a 

floating marsh developing in shallow open water. 

© CSA 

919. Hydrology of the black swamp wetlands on the 

Cache River, Arkansas. 

Walton, Raymond; Davis, Jack E.; Martin, Thomas H.; and 

Chapman, Raymond S. 

Wetlands 16(3): 279-287. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: climatology: environmental sciences/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ black 

swamp/ bottomland hardwood forest/ Cache River/ flood 

storage/ forested wetlands/ freshwater ecology/ hydrology/ 

hydroperiod/ river discharge/ water budget 

Abstract: The hydrologic characteristics of the Cache River 

wetlands between Patterson and Cotton Plant, Arkansas, 

were investigated. The Cache River is an underfit stream 

with wetlands predominantly located in abandoned 

channels and backswamps. Much of the Cache River 

upstream of the study area has undergone extensive 

channelization to allow agricultural development in the 

basin. Hydrologic measurements included streamflow 

gages at the upstream and downstream limits of the study 

area, water-level recorders inside the study area, a nest of 

deep and shallow ground-water wells that monitored 

variations in the underlying aquifer, a meteorological 

recording station that collected precipitation, air 

temperature, and solar radiation data inside the study area, 

and regional precipitation data. Analysis of the wetland's 

water budget showed that the system is dominated by river 

discharges and that the magnitudes of other water-budget 

components are less than the error associated with wellmaintained streamflow gages (5-10%). The system is 

characterized by floods occurring from late fall to late winter 

and again in mid-to-late spring. Peak flood discharges are 

approximately 185 ml/s for a 2-year event and 270 ml/s for 

a 5-year event. Peak discharges between the upstream and 

downstream gages are reduced by 10-20% with greater 

attenuation occurring when the system is initially drier. 

Peak discharge at the downstream gage lags the peak at 

the upstream gage by 4-8 days depending on antecedent 

conditions. The majority of overbank flooding is produced 

by backwater from several constrictions in the downstream 

reach of the study area, rather than from the forward 

movement of the flood wave. Floodpeak attenuation 

between the upstream and downstream gages is due 

mainly to floodplain storage, with flow resistance 

contributing minimally. Finally, the relationship between the 

hydroperiods at different water-surface elevation gages was 

examined to determine if a long-term record could be used 

to estimate long-term hydroperiods at interior gage 

locations (or perhaps at interior computer model locations) 

with shorter-term information. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

920. Inorganic nitrogen processing and assimilation in 

a forested wetland. 

Lindau, C. W.; Delaune, R. D.; and Pardue, J. H. 

Hydrobiologia 277(3): 171-178. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: ammonium/ bottomland hardwood forest/ 

denitrification/ direct measurement technique/ Mississippi 

Valley/ nitrate/ nitrogen assimilation/ soil/ swamp 

Abstract: A field study was conducted to assess the 

capacity of a lower Mississippi Valley, USA forested 

wetland to process and assimilate inorganic N. Elevated 

levels of N-15 labeled N-4 + and NO-3 --N were added to 

field plots and emissions of 15N-2 and N-2O and NH-4 +- 

and NO-3 --N concentrations in the floodwater were 

measured over a 67 d study period. Results are given 

which show the forested wetland soil can remove significant 

quantities of NH-4 + and NO-3 - from the surface water by 

assimilation and denitrification processes. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

921. Limnology of a wetland complex in the Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley of southeast Missouri. 

Wylie, G. D. and Jones, J. R. 

Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie 74 Suppl(3): 288-314. (Dec. 

1986); ISSN: 0081-0001 

Descriptors: wetlands/ reservoirs/ forests/ flooding/ 

missouri/ limnology/ cycling nutrients/ seasonal variation/ 

biomass/ limiting nutrients/ macrophytes/ phytoplankton/ 

aquatic plants/ aquatic habitats/ zooplankton/ salinity/ litter/ 

leachate/ duckweed/ lakes 

Abstract: Productive wetlands in southeast Missouri, 

characterized by low salinity, were studied from 1981-1983. 

Nutrient chemistry was related to water level management 

of individual sites. A permanently flooded reservoir had the 

lowest nutrient concentrations, periodically drained marsh 

sites contained moderate nutrient levels, and autumnallyflooded forest sites had the highest nutrient concentrations 

derived from leachate of leaf litter. Nutrient concentrations 

in the forested sites reached maximum values within a few 

months after inundation and decreased thereafter. Algal 

biomass was typically nitrogen-limited in the sites, but high 

macrophyte production in the largest sites did not depend 

on nutrients in the water. In addition, rates of community 

metabolism were related to relative dominance of 

phytoplankton, rooted macrophytes or duckweeds in the 

respective sites rather than to nutrient content of the water. 

Zooplankton concentrations in managed forested sites 

increased and decreased over time patterns similar to 

changes in nutrient concentrations, which, together with 

results from other investigations, suggests that detritivore 

production in temporarily flooded forest is initially high and 

subsequently decreases with duration of flooding. (Author 's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

922. Loss of bottomland hardwood forests and forested 

wetlands in the Cache River basin, Arkansas. 

Kress, Margaret R.; Graves, Mark R.; and Bourne, Scott G. 

Wetlands 16(3): 258-263. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: conservation/ forestry/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ black swamp/ bottomland 

hardwood forest/ Cache River/ conservation/ forest cover 

loss/ forested wetlands/ geographic information system/ 

image processing/ remote sensing 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

280

Abstract: Data related to forest cover in the Cache River 

Basin, Arkansas, USA were collected and analyzed to 

quantify changes in forest cover since 1935. Forest cover 

loss during the period 1935 to 1987 was characterized 

using data derived from aerial photography, historical map 

products, and Landsat satellite multispectral imagery. 

Forest cover in the basin declined from 65% to 15% over 

the 52-year period (a loss of 108,000 ha of forest cover). 

There was little change in forest cover between 1975 and 

1987. Remaining forest stands in the basin are fragmented 

and small in size. Comparing forest-stand data with Soil 

Conservation Service data revealed that 90% of the forest 

loss in the southern half of the basin occurred in hydric soil 

areas, thus indicating a significant loss of forested 

wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

923. Marsh vegetation types of the Mississippi River 

deltaic plain. 

Visser, J. M.; Sasser, C. E.; Chabreck, R. H.; and 

Linscombe, R. G. 

Estuaries 21(4B): 818-828. (1998) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ vegetation/ deltas/ coastal marshes/ 

sampling/ salt marshes/ vegetation cover/ indicator species/ 

ecological zonation/ USA, Mississippi R. Delta/ 

community composition 

Abstract: Marshes of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain 

represent 17% of the coastal marshes in the continental 

United States. However, only a few detailed descriptions of 

the diverse plant communities that occur in this large 

expanse of wetlands exist and none are based on detailed 

vegetation analysis. The objective of this study was to 

quantitatively analyze the vegetation data collected in the 

wetlands of the Barataria and Terrebonne estuary to 

determine naturally occurring vegetation associations. Twoway indicator species analyses (TWINSPAN) revealed nine 

vegetation types: polyhaline mangrove, polyhaline 

oystergrass, mesohaline mix, mesohaline wiregrass, 

oligohaline wiregrass, oligohaline mix, fresh bulltongue, 

fresh maidencane, and fresh cutgrass. These nine types 

form a logical expansion on the four salinity zones 

described for the region by previous studies and form a 

basis to compare the vegetation types of the Mississippi 

River Delta region with other regions of the Atlantic and 

Gulf coasts. 

© CSA 

924. Methane flux from Mississippi River deltaic plain 

wetlands. 

Alford, Douglas P.; Delaune, Ronald D.; and 

Lindau, Charles W. 

Biogeochemistry 37(3): 227-236. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH345 .B564; ISSN: 0168-2563 

Descriptors: atmospheric methane source/ bulltongue/ 

climatology/ deltaic plain wetlands/ methane flux/ 

Mississippi river delta/ pollution/ seasonal variation/ soil 

temperature/ water tupelo 

Abstract: Methane emissions from three wetland habitats 

in the Mississippi River deltaic plain were measured over a 

three year period. Flux data collected indicate that each 

habitat was a net source of methane to the atmosphere 

throughout the year. Average emission from a Taxodium 

distichum/Nyssa aquatica (bald cypress/water tupelo) 

swamp forest was 146 +- 199 mg CH-4 m-2d-1 while 

emissions from a Sagittaria lancifolia (bulltongue) 

freshwater marsh averaged 251 +- 188 mg CH-4 m-2d-1. 

Methane flux from a Spartina patens/Sagittaria lancifolia 

intermediate marsh was significantly higher, 912 +- 923 mg 

CH-4 m-2d-1. Seasonal variation was significant with 

emissions being higher in the late summer and early fall. 

Significant diumal emissions were observed from the 

Sagittaria lancifolia marsh site. Soil temperature (5 and 10 

cm depths) was found to be significantly con-elated with 

methane emission from the three sites. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

925. Mississippi River Delta: An overview. 

Coleman, J. M.; Roberts, H. H.; and Stone, G. W. 

Journal of Coastal Research 14(3): 698-716. (1998); 

ISSN: 0749-0208 

Descriptors: wetlands/ fluvial morphology/ deltas/ deltaic 

deposits/ coastal morphology/ deltaic features/ USA, 

Mississippi R./ USA, Louisiana/ reviews/ economic aspects/ 

social aspects/ subsidence/ water level fluctuations/ saline 

water intrusion/ population dynamics/ sea level 

Abstract: Over the last century, the river-dominated 

Mississippi delta has received increasing attention from 

geoscientists, biologists, engineers, and environmental 

planners because of the importance of the river and its 

deltaic environments to the economic well-being of the 

state of Louisiana and the nation. Population growth, 

subsurface resource extraction, and increased land-water 

use have placed demands on the delta's natural geologic, 

biologic, and chemical systems, therefore modifying the 

time and spatial scales of natural processes within the delta 

and its lower alluvial valley. As a result, the combined 

effects of natural and human-induced processes, such as 

subsidence, eustatic sea level rise, salt water intrusion, and 

wetland loss, have produced a dynamically changing 

landscape and socioeconomic framework for this complex 

delta. 

© CSA 

926. Nest survival of forest birds in the Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley. 

Twedt, D. J.; Wilson, R. R.; Henne-Kerr, J. L.; and 

Hamilton, R. B. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 65(3): 450-460. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: nests/ survival/ riparian environments/ forests/ 

breeding success/ wildlife management/ ecological effects/ 

birds/ nesting/ riparian land/ Aves/ USA/ birds/ USA, 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley 

Abstract: In the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, flood control has 

led to a drastic reduction in the area of forest habitat and 

altered the patchwork of forest cover types. Silvicultural 

management of the remaining fragmented forests has 

changed to reflect the altered hydrology of the forests, 

current economic conditions of the area, and demand for 

forest products. Because forest type and silvicultural 

management impact forest birds, differences in avian 

productivity within these forests directly impact bird 

conservation. To assist in conservation planning, we 

evaluated daily nest survival, nest predation rates, and 

brood parasitism rates of forest birds in relation to different 

forest cover types and silvicultural management strategies 

within this floodplain. Within bottomland hardwood forests, 

nest success of blue-gray gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea, 

13%), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus, 28%), 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: General Information 

281

indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea, 18%), northern cardinal 

(Cardinalis cardinalis, 22%), and yellow-billed cuckoo 

(Coccyzus americanus, 18%) did not differ from that within 

intensively managed cottonwood plantations. However, 

average daily survival of 542 open-cup nests of 19 bird 

species in bottomland hardwoods (0.9516 plus or minus 

0.0028, similar to 27% nest success) was greater than that 

of 543 nests of 18 species in cottonwood plantations 

(0.9298 plus or minus 0.0035, similar to 15% nest success). 

Differences in daily nest survival rates likely resulted from a 

combination of differences in the predator community - 

particularly fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) - and a marked 

difference in species composition of birds breeding within 

these 2 forest types. At least 39% of nests in bottomland 

hardwood forests and 65% of nests in cottonwood 

plantations were depredated. Rates of parasitism by brownheaded cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were greater in managed 

cottonwoods (24%) than in bottomland hardwoods (9%). 

Nest success in planted cottonwood plantations for 18 

species combined (similar to 14%), and for yellow-breasted 

chat (Icteria virens, 7%), eastern towhee (14%), indigo 

bunting (14%), and northern cardinal (17%) did not differ 

from nest success in cottonwood plantations that were 

coppiced from root sprouts following pulpwood harvest. 

Within bottomland hardwood forests, uneven-aged groupselection timber harvest reduced the combined daily nest 

survival of all species from 0.958 to 0.938, which reduced 

nest success by about 14%. Specifically, timber harvest 

reduced nest success of species that nest in the forest 

midstory and canopy, such as Acadian flycatcher 

(Empidonax virescens) - from 32% before harvest to 14% 

after harvest. Conversely, those species that nest primarily 

in the shrubby understory - such as northern cardinal - were 

not affected by timber harvest and maintained an overall 

nest success of about 33%. Thus, birds nesting in the 

understory of bottomland hardwood forests are not 

adversely impacted by selective timber harvest, but there is 

a short-term reduction in nest success for birds that nest in 

the canopy and midstory. 

© CSA 

927. Pattern and process of land loss in the Mississippi 

Delta: A spatial and temporal analysis of wetland 

habitat change. 

Day, J. W.; Shaffer, G. P.; Britsch, L. D.; Reed, D. J.; 

Hawes, S. R.; and Cahoon, D. 

Estuaries 23(4): 425-438. (2000) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ deltas/ habitats/ dredging/ land 

management/ canals/ sediments/ rivers/ environmental 

degradation/ coastal environments/ salt marshes/ 

degradation/ man-induced effects/ coastal engineering/ 

navigational channels/ coastal zone management/ 

environment management/ habitat/ dredging operations/ 

land/ sediment/ streams (in natural channels)/ USA, 

Louisiana, Mississippi Delta 

Abstract: An earlier investigation concluded that most of 

the coastal wetland loss in Louisiana was caused by the 

effects of canal dredging, that loss was near zero in the 

absence of canals, and that land loss had decreased to 

near zero by the late 1990s. This analysis was based on a 

15-min quadrangle (approximately 68,000 ha) scale that is 

too large to isolate processes responsible for small-scale 

wetland loss and too small to capture those responsible for 

large-scale loss. We conducted a further evaluation of the 

relationship between direct loss due to canal dredging and 

all other loss from 1933-1990 using a spatial scale of 4,100 

ha that accurately captures local land-loss processes. 

Regressions of other wetland loss on canal area (i.e., direct 

loss) for the Birdfoot, Terrebonne, and Calcasieu basins 

were not significant. Positive relationships were found for 

the Breton (r super(2) = 0.675), Barataria (r super(2) = 

0.47), and Mermentau (r super(2) = 0.35) basins, indicating 

that the extent of canals is significantly related to wetland 

loss in these basins. A significant negative relationship (r 

super(2) = 0.36) was found for the Atchafalaya coastal 

basin which had statistically lower loss rates than the other 

basins as a whole. The Atchafalaya area receives direct 

inflow of about one third of the Mississippi discharge. When 

the data were combined for all basins, 9.2% of the variation 

in other wetland loss was attributable to canals. All 

significant regressions intercepted the y-axis at positive 

loss values indicating that some loss occurred in the 

absence of canals. Wetland loss did not differ significantly 

from the coast inland or between marsh type. We agree 

with Turner that canals are an important agent in causing 

wetland loss in coastal Louisiana, but strongly disagree that 

they are responsible for the vast majority of this loss. We 

conclude that wetland loss in the Mississippi delta is an 

ongoing complex process involving several interacting 

factors and that efforts to create and restore Louisiana's 

coastal wetlands must emphasize riverine inputs of 

freshwater and sediments. 

© CSA 

928. A review of ecological impacts of oil and gas 

development on coastal ecosystems in the Mississippi 

Delta. 

Ko, J.-Y. and Day, J. W. 

Ocean and Coastal Management 47(11-12 SPEC. ISS.): 

597-623. (2005) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.O3; ISSN: 0964-5691 

Abstract: We review the multiple ecological impacts of oil 

and gas development on coastal ecosystems in the 

Mississippi Delta. This area has one of the greatest 

developments of oil and gas production in the world. This 

activity has generated significant impacts on coastal 

ecosystems due to the toxicity of spilled oil and the 

secondary and indirect effects of petroleum-related 

activities, such as alteration of hydrology. Effects on plant 

communities include disruption of plant-water relationships, 

direct impacts to plant metabolism, toxicity to living cells, 

and reduced oxygen exchange between the atmosphere 

and the soil. Effects on consumers include growth 

inhibition, reduced production, altered metabolic systems, 

and biomagnification of hydrocarbon compounds. 

Petroleum-related activities have contributed significantly to 

wetland loss in the Delta. Subsidence was increased by 2-3 

times due to fault activation. Canals altered natural 

hydrology by altering water flow pathways, increasing 

saltwater intrusion, and reducing overland flow and 

sediment inputs. The combination of these factors 

increased plant stress and plant death. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

282

929. The role of the Mississippi River in wetland loss in 

southeastern Louisiana USA. 

Kesel R. H. 

Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 13(3): 

183-194. (1989) 

NAL Call #: QE1.E5; ISSN: 0177-5146 

Descriptors: overbank flow/ sedimentation/ reservoir dam/ 

resource management 

Abstract: The suspended load of the Lower Mississippi 

River has decreased almost 80 percent since 1850. The 

long-term suspended sediment record can be loosely 

subdivided into three phases:a historic interval prior to 

1900, a predam period (1930-1952) and a postdam period 

(1963-1982). The suspended load decreased 43 percent 

from the historic to the predam period and 51 percent from 

the predam to the postdam period. The decreases in 

suspended load after 1952 coincide with the construction of 

resevoirs and dams on the Missouri and Arkansas rivers, 

Earlier decreases may be the result of changes in land use 

measurement practices. The decrease in suspended load 

and the elimination of overbank flow by the construction of 

artificial levees are considered to be major causes of 

coastal wetland loss in southeastern Louisiana. During the 

historic period sediment accumulation of the marsh surface 

was greater than the rate of water level rise. During the pre 

and postdam periods, the rate of water level rise exceeded 

sediment accretion on the marsh surface. Although the 

elimination of overbank sediment clearly exacerbated the 

wetlands loss, an accelerated rate of water level rise during 

the past 25 years has been a dominant factor. Base d on 

estimates of available overbank sediment, it is suggested 

that the most viable management strategy for the wetlands 

would be the diversion of sediment into selected areas 

where the land loss is most critical. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

930. Sixteen years of old-field succession and 

reestablishment of a bottomland hardwood forest in 

the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley. 

Battaglia, L. L.; Minchin, P. R.; and Pritchett, D. W. 

Wetlands 22(1): 1-17. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: bottomland/ reforestation/ vegetation 

establishment/ succession/ species composition/ 

distribution patterns/ elevation/ ecology/ on-site 

investigations/ old fields/ forests/ trees/ Celtis laevigata/ 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica/ USA, Louisiana/ USA, Louisiana, 

Mississippi R./ sugarberry/ green ash 

Abstract: In the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV), 

losses of bottomland hardwood forests have been severe, 

with less than 30% of the original 10 million ha remaining. 

Reforestation of abandoned farmland is occurring, but there 

has been little research on natural reestablishment of these 

forests. We examined understory succession and tree 

establishment patterns in a 3.2-ha field in northeast 

Louisiana, USA, abandoned in 1984. Relative elevation, 

strongly correlated with flooding depth and frequency, 

varied by approximately 1m. Ground-layer composition was 

monitored from 1985 to 1999 in twenty 1-m super(2) 

quadrats stratified along the elevation gradient. In 2000, 

shrubs and tree saplings were mapped and their relative 

elevations determined. Ordination of the ground-layer data 

revealed that the major trends in species composition were 

related to time-since-abandonment and elevation. Annual 

species gradually declined, woody perennials became more 

abundant, and a shrub and young tree layer emerged from 

beneath the ground layer, but species composition in low 

and high elevation plots did not converge. Obligate species 

were more common at lower elevations, while facultative 

species were more common at upper elevations. By 16 

years after abandonment, a total of 16 tree and shrub 

species had established in the field; eleven of these had 

potential local seed sources on levees adjacent to the study 

site. Abundance of dominant species was significantly 

related to elevation in most cases. In addition, distance to 

seed source influenced density and spatial distribution of 

Celtis laevigata and Fraxinus pennsylvanica. Our study 

suggests that rate and pattern of secondary succession in 

LMAV bottomlands are strongly influenced by elevation, 

dispersal mode of species, and the composition and 

proximity of forest remnants. Successful restoration of 

bottomland forests will require an improved understanding 

of these factors. 

© CSA 

931. Spring bird migration in Mississippi alluvial valley 

forests. 

Wilson, R. Randy and Twedt, Daniel J. 

American Midland Naturalist 149(1): 163-175. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: alluvial valley forests/ bottomland hardwood 

forest/ silvicultural management/ spring bird migration 

Abstract: We surveyed forest songbirds during migration in 

bottomland hardwood forest stands and managed 

cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations in northeast 

Louisiana and west-central Mississippi between 24 March 

and 24 May 1996 and 1997. We detected more bird 

species in bottomlard hardwood stands than in cottonwood 

stands. Within hardwood stands, we detected more 

individuals in stands subjected to uneven-aged timber 

harvest than in unmanaged stands. Early in migration, 

avian species composition was similar in both forest types, 

being comprised mainly of short-distance migrants. Bird 

species composition in these forest types became 

increasingly disparate as long-distance neotropical-nearctic 

migrants arrived. Ten bird species were characteristic of 

bottomland hardwood forests, whereas eight different 

species were characteristic of managed cottonwood 

plantations. Because these two forest types supported 

different bird communities, both forest types provide 

important inland stopover habitat during migration. 

Silvicultural management of bottomland hardwood forests 

that increases their understory vegetation will provide 

forested habitat for a more species rich and abundant 

population of songbirds during migration. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

932. Structure and composition of three swamp forests 

on the Mississippi alluvial plain of Kentucky's Jackson 

Purchase Region. 

Bryant, William S. 

Transactions of the Kentucky Academy of Science 58(2): 

85-91. (1997) 

NAL Call #: 500 K13T; ISSN: 0023-0081 

Descriptors: basal areas/ composition/ structure/ three 

swamp forests 

Abstract: Three swamp forests on the Mississippi alluvial 

plain of the Jackson Purchase Region of Kentucky are 

described. One forest was dominated by Taxodium 

distichum, one by Nyssa aquatica, and one by T. distichum 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: General Information 

283

and N. aquatica. In terms of basal areas and densities, 

these forests compared favorably to other little disturbed 

swamps in the southeastern United States. Basal areas of 

56.5, 72.8, 84.6 ml/ha were two to three times greater than 

most mature upland forests of Kentucky. These swamps 

are remnants of a once more abundant wetland system on 

the Mississippi alluvial plain. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

933. The use of wetlands in the Mississippi Delta for 

wastewater assimilation: A review. 

Day, J. W.; Ko, J. Y.; Rybczyk, J.; Sabins, D.; Bean, R.; 

Berthelot, G.; Brantley, C.; Cardoch, L.; Conner, W.; Day, J. 

N.; Englande, A. J.; Feagley, S.; Hyfield, E.; Lane, R.; 

Lindsey, J.; Mistich, J.; Reyes, E.; and Twilley, R. 

Ocean & Coastal Management 47(11-12): 671-691. (2004) 

NAL Call #: GC1000.O3; ISSN: 0964-5691 

http://www.clemson.edu/baruch/pubs/wetlandtreatment.pdf

Descriptors: wetlands/ sewage disposal/ marshes/ 

accretion/ water quality/ sedimentation/ wastewater 

treatment/ waste water/ nutrients (mineral)/ economic 

benefits/ subsidence/ environmental effects/ deltas/ 

economic analysis/ effluents/ coastal zone management/ 

nitrogen/ denitrification/ nutrients/ benefits/ productivity/ 

accumulation/ vegetation/ capital/ surface water/ reviews/ 

case studies/ phosphorus/ USA, Louisiana, Mississippi 

Delta/ coastal zone management/ pollution - control and 

prevention/ protective measures and control/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ water and wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The use of wetlands for treatment of wastewaters 

has a number of important ecological and economic 

benefits. Adding nutrient rich treated wastewater effluent to 

selected coastal wetlands results in the following benefits: 

(1) improved effluent water quality; (2) increased accretion 

rates to help offset subsidence; (3) increased productivity of 

vegetation; and (4) financial and energy savings of capital 

not invested in conventional tertiary treatment systems. We 

present as case studies results from several wetlands that 

are receiving secondarily treated wastewater in coastal 

Louisiana. At one site where sedimentation accumulation 

was measured, rates of accretion increased significantly 

after wastewater application began in the treatment site 

(from 7.8 to 11.4 mm yr super(-1)) and approached the 

estimated rate of regional relative sea level rise (RSLR) 

(12.0 mm yr super(-1)). No corresponding increase was 

observed in an adjacent control site. This suggests that the 

application of nutrient-rich wastewater can help coastal 

wetlands survive sea level rise. In the same site, surface 

water nutrient reduction, from the effluent inflow to outflow 

(1600 m), ranged from 100% for nitrate-nitrogen (NO 

sub(3)-N) to 66% for total phosphorus (P). At a second site, 

a forested wetland that has been receiving wastewater 

effluent for 50 years, N and P were both reduced by more 

than 90%. Nutrient reduction is due to three main 

pathways: burial, denitrification and plant uptake. 

Dendrochronological analysis at the second site revealed 

that stem growth increased significantly in the treatment 

site after wastewater applications began, and was 

significantly greater than an adjacent control site. Similar 

increases in productivity have been measured in a number 

of wetland treatment sites. Economic analyses comparing 

conventional and wetland systems indicate savings range 

from $500, 000 to $2.6 million. In addition there are 

substantial energy savings. 

© CSA 

934. Vegetation, substrate and hydrology in floating 

marshes in the Mississippi River Delta Plain wetlands, 

USA. 

Sasser, C. E.; Gosselink, J. G.; Swenson, E. M.; 

Swarzenski, C. M.; and Leibowitz, N. C. 

Vegetatio 122(2): 129-142. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ hydrology/ vegetation 

patterns/ buoyancy/ substrates/ plant populations/ Spartina/ 

USA, Louisiana/ USA, Louisiana, Mississippi Delta/ plant 

populations/ substrata/ vegetation patterns/ substrates/ 

Panicum/ Sagittaria/ Eleocharis 

Abstract: In the 1940s extensive floating marshes (locally 

called 'flotant') were reported and mapped in coastal 

wetlands of the Mississippi River Delta Plain. These floating 

marshes included large areas of Panicum hemitomondominated freshwater marshes, and Spartina 

patens/Scirpus olneyi brackish marshes. Today these 

marshes appear to be quite different in extent and type. We 

describe five floating habitats and one non-floating, quaking 

habitat based on differences in buoyancy dynamics (timing 

and degree of floating), substrate characteristics, and 

dominant vegetation. All floating marshes have low bulk 

density, organic substrates. Nearly all are fresh marshes. 

Panicum hemitomon floating marshes presently occur 

within the general regions that were reported in the 1940's 

by O'Neil, but are reduced in extent. Some of the former 

Panicum hemitomon marshes have been replaced by 

seasonally or variably floating marshes dominated, or codominated by Sagittaria lancifolia or Eleocharis baldwinii. 

© CSA 

935. Waterfowl use of forested wetlands of the 

southern United States: An overview. 

Fredrickson, L. H. and Heitmeyer, M. E. 

In: Waterfowl in winter/ Weller, M. W. 

Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988; 

pp. 307-323 

NAL Call #: QL696.A52W38 

Descriptors: Anatidae/ wildlife management/ habitat 

exploitation/ semiaquatic habitat/ forest/ wetland/ USA/ 

South/ wetland forests/ habitat exploitation and wildlife 

management/ overview 

© The Thomson Corporation 

936. Wetland soil formation in the rapidly subsiding 

Mississippi River Deltaic Plain USA mineral and 

organic matter relationships. 

Nyman J. A.; Delaune R. D.; and Patrick W. H. 

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 31(1): 57-70. (1990) 

NAL Call #: GB451.E72; ISSN: 0272-7714 

Descriptors: coastal marsh/ soil structure/ erosion/ 

planning/ mineral/ vertical accretion/ organic matter/ 

submergence rate/ inactive delta zone/ active delta zone/ 

marine vs. fresh water/ marsh 

Abstract: The elevation of submerging coastal marshes is 

maintained by vertical accretion of mineral and organic 

matter. Submergence rates currently exceed 1.0 cm year-1 

in the Mississippi Deltaic Plain and are expected to 

increase. Mineral matter-organic matter relationships were 

examined in surface profiles of Mississippi Deltaic Plain soil 

from both Active Delta Zone marsh (which receives 

freshwater and mineral sediment from the Atchafalaya or 

Mississippi Rivers) and Inactive Delta Zone marsh (which 

relies on rainfall for freshwater and on reworked sediments 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

284

for mineral matter) to gain insights into marsh soil structure 

and formation. Mineral and organic matter accounted for 4-

14% of soil volume. The remainder was pore space and 

was occupied by water and entrapped gases. Organic 

matter occupied more volume than mineral matter in all but 

saline marsh soil. The regular influx of mineral matter to 

active fresh marsh resulted in active fresh marsh soil 

containing twice as much mineral and organic matter as 

inactive fresh marsh soil. Within the Inactive Delta Zone, 

the volume of mineral and organic matter increased from 

fresh (inland) to saline (seaward) marshes. Saline marsh 

soil required 1.7 times as much mineral matter as brackish 

marsh soil to vertically accrete at similar rates, possibly as 

a result of soil bulk density requirements of the dominant 

saline marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora. Vertical accretion 

rates were highest in the Active Delta Zone, probably as a 

result of increased mineral matter availability and delivery. 

Current, best estimates of the combination of mineral and 

organic matter required (g m-2 year-1) to maintain marsh 

surface-water level relationship are fresh marsh: organic 

matter=1700+269x, mineral matter-424x; brackish marsh: 

organic matter-553+583x, mineral matter=1052x; saline 

marsh: organic matter=923+601x, mineral matter=1798x, 

where x=the rate of submergence (cm year-1). 

© The Thomson Corporation 

937. Wetlands: Impacts of energy development in the 

Mississippi Delta. 

Ko, Jae-Young and Day, John W. 

In: Encyclopedia of Energy; Vol. 6 Elsevier, 2004; 

pp. 397-408 

http://www.lsu.edu/cei/research_projects/Wetlands_final.pdf 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

938. Agronomic implications of waterfowl management 

in Mississippi ricefields. 

Manley, Scott W.; Kaminski, Richard M.; Reinecke, 

Kenneth J.; and Gerard, Patrick D. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 33(3): 981-992. (2005) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat management/ winter 

flooding/ agronomic benefit/ straw disposal 

Abstract: Ricefields are important foraging habitat for 

waterfowl and other waterbirds in several North American 

wintering areas, including the Mississippi Alluvial Valley 

(MAV). Rice growers are likely to adopt management 

practices that provide habitat for waterfowl if agronomic 

benefits also occur. Therefore, we conducted a replicated 

field experiment during autumn through spring 1995-1997 

to study effects of postharvest field treatment and winterwater management on agronomic variables including 

biomass of residual rice straw, cool-season grasses and 

forbs (i.e., winter weeds), and viability of red rice (oryza 

sativa var.). The treatment combination of postharvest 

disking and flooding until early March reduced straw 68%, 

from 9,938 kg/ha after harvest to 3,209 kg/ha in spring. 

Treatment combinations that included flooding until early 

March were most effective in suppressing winter weeds and 

decreased their biomass in spring by 83% when compared 

to the average of other treatment combinations. Effects of 

treatment combinations on spring viability of red rice 

differed between winters, but no significant effects were 

found within winters. Autumn disking followed by flooding 

until early March reduced rice straw and suppressed winter 

weeds the most, but with additional costs. To obtain the 

most agronomic benefits, we recommend that rice growers 

forgo autumn disking and flood fields until early March, 

which will provide moderate straw reduction, good weed 

suppression, and predicted savings of $22.24-62.93/ha 

(U.S.) ($9.00-25.47/ac). Maintenance of floods on ricefields 

until early March also benefits waterfowl and other 

waterbirds by providing foraging habitat throughout winter. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

939. Arsenic and mercury concentrations in major 

landscape components of an intensively cultivated 

watershed. 

Cooper, C. M. and Gillespie, W. B. 

Environmental Pollution 111(1): 67-74. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E52; ISSN: 0269-7491 

Descriptors: wetlands/ arsenic/ mercury/ watersheds/ 

bioaccumulation/ stormwater runoff/ water pollution/ 

sediment pollution/ agricultural runoff/ flood plains/ aquatic 

organisms/ soil contamination/ sediment contamination/ 

fish/ runoff/ mercury-197/ pollution (soil)/ pollution (water)/ 

contaminated sediments/ fish/ catchment areas/ Pisces/ 

freshwater fish/ USA, Mississippi R. 

Abstract: To provide an understanding of arsenic (As) and 

mercury (Hg) concentrations in soil, sediment, water, and 

fish tissues, samples were collected from a Mississippi 

River alluvial floodplain located in northwest Mississippi. As 

concentrations increased approximately an order of 

magnitude from water (5.12 mu g/l) to fish tissues (36.99 

mu g/kg) and an additional two orders of magnitude in soils, 

lake sediments, and wetland sediments (5728, 5614, and 

6746 mu g/kg), respectively. Average Hg concentrations in 

water, soils, lake sediments, and fish were 2.16 mu g/l, 

55.1, 14.5 and 125 mu g/kg, respectively. As and Hg 

concentrations were within published ranges for 

uncontaminated soil, water, and sediments. As 

concentrations represented a low risk. Hg concentrations 

were also low but showed a greater tendency to 

concentrate in fish tissue. The dominant mode of entry of 

these materials into aquatic systems is through stormgenerated runoff. Since both metals accompany sediments, 

agricultural conservation practices such as reduced tillage, 

buffer riparian strips, and bordering sediment ponds or 

drainage wetlands will minimize watershed input to aquatic 

systems. 

© CSA 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Effects of Conservation Practices 

285

940. Assessment of cumulative impacts to water 

quality in a forested wetland landscape. 

Childers, D. L. and Gosselink, J. G. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 19(3): 455-464. (1990) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ land use/ 

environmental impact/ river basin management/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ resuspended sediments/ 

turbidity/ agricultural runoff/ rivers/ basins/ USA, Louisiana, 

Tensas Basin/ river basin management/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

turbidity/ mechanical and natural changes/ 

freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Assessment of cumulative impacts requires a 

landscape approach and large-scale analysis. In the 

authors' procedure for determining cumulative impacts in 

bottomland hardwood forests (BLHF), changes in 

landscape integrity over time were assessed using 

structural and functional ecosystem indices. In this article 

researchers present a historical analysis of water quality in 

the Tensas Basin, Louisiana, USA, as part of the 

cumulative impacts analysis of this BLHF landscape. 

Historical records of suspended sediment, N, P, and 

turbidity from three streams in the Tensas Basin were 

analyzed. Significant positive relationships between water 

levels in these streams and concentrations of total P, total 

Kjeldahl N, total suspended sediment, and turbidity 

confirmed a loading phenomenon characteristic of 

watersheds in which much of the original forest cover has 

been cleared. Eighty-five percent of the original forest in the 

Tensas Basin has been converted to agricultural fields. 

Temporal trends in nutrient concentration show that water 

quality has been declining steadily since 1958 in one river, 

whereas in the other two the decline largely occurred 

before then. A goal-oriented management plan for 

improved water quality in the Tensas Basin was devised 

based on this cumulative impact assessment. 

© CSA 

941. Associations between changes in agriculture and 

hydrology in the Cache River Basin, Arkansas, USA. 

Wilber, D. H.; Tighe, R. E.; and O'neil, L. J. 

Wetlands 16(3): 366-378. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: agriculture/ hydrology/ ground water/ land use/ 

rivers/ rice fields/ groundwater/ forest hydrology/ USA, 

Arkansass, Cache R./ forested wetlands/ groundwater/ 

forest hydrology/ flow rate/ ground water/ rice fields 

Abstract: Impacts to the hydrology of the Cache River, a 

major river system in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, were 

assessed by integrating hydrologic analyses with a review 

of historical land use changes. Extreme low flows have 

become more frequent in recent years, coincident with a 

dramatic increase in rice farming in the basin and its 

associated irrigation. Annual drawdowns in the alluvial 

aquifer were positively correlated with the annual area of 

rice crops. There is no evidence that a change in climatic 

conditions accounts for the increase in extreme low flow 

frequency. In fact, multiple regression analyses indicate the 

relationship between climate and flow is weakest in more 

recent decades when extreme low flows were more 

prevalent. Low flows in the summer (when rice irrigation 

occurs) were least associated with climate in most recent 

decades. Average monthly flows for August and September 

have increased, which is also an impact consistent with rice 

agriculture practices. Water is drained from rice fields to 

surface-water drainages at the end of the summer and may 

eventually reach the Cache River, thus increasing late 

summer flows. The timing and nature of changes in 

agricultural practices within the Cache River basin suggest 

agricultural impacts have contributed to the observed 

changes in hydrology. 

© CSA 

942. Harvesting impacts on selected floral and faunal 

communities in the Mississippi River batture lands: 

Pre-treatment measurements. 

Lockhart, Brian R.; Thompson, Lynne C.; Tappe, Philip A.; 

Peitz, David G.; Weih, Robert C.; Guo, Yanfei; Brown, 

Nicholas R.; Lawson, Edwin R.; and Ku, Timothy T. 

In: Proceedings of the southern forested wetlands ecology 

and management conference/ Flynn, Kathryn M. 

Clemson: Consortium for Research on Southern Forested 

Wetlands, 1996; pp. 30-35 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ ecology/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ 

land and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North America/ 

USA/ Carabidae/ Aves: forestry/ practices/ community 

structure relationship/ USA/ community structure/ forestry 

practices effect/ forest and woodland/ Mississippi/ 

Issaquena County/ Pittman Island/ influence of forestry 

practices/ bottomland forest/ Carabidae/ Caraboidea, 

Adephaga, Coleoptera, Insecta/ arthropods/ birds/ 

chordates/ Coleopterans beetles/ insects/ invertebrates/ 

vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

943. Impact of forest type and management strategy on 

avian densities in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA. 

Twedt, D. J.; Wilson, R. R.; Henne-Kerr, J. L.; and 

Hamilton, R. B. 

Forest Ecology and Management 123(2-3): 261-274. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: agro-forestry/ avian density/ bottomland 

hardwood forests/ cottonwood plantations/ forest birds/ 

forest management effects/ silviculture/ avifauna/ density/ 

forest management/ species richness/ United States/ 

Geothlypis trichas/ Hylochichla mustelina/ Icteria virens/ 

Passerina cyanea/ Populus deltoides/ Vireo griseus 

Abstract: Avian territory densities were determined from 20 

Breeding Bird Censuses in mature (>30 years) bottomland 

hardwood stands and 18 Breeding Bird Censuses in young 

(6-9 years old) cottonwood (Populus deltoides) plantations 

in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Avian species richness, 

diversity, and territory density were greater (p < 0.01) in 

bottomland hardwood stands than in intensively-managed 

cottonwood stands but these parameters were not 

impacted by selective timber harvest within bottomland 

hardwood stands nor by method of regeneration within 

cottonwood plantations (p > 0.05). Even so, detrended 

correspondence analysis based on avian territory densities 

readily segregated forest types and silvicultural treatments. 

Timber harvest within bottomland hardwood stands resulted 

in a shift in bird communities toward those found in 

cottonwood stands by increasing the densities of earlysuccessional species such as Indigo Bunting (Passerina 

cyanea), Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens), and 

Common Yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas). Conversely, 

regenerating cottonwood stands from root sprouts; rather 

than planting stem cuttings, resulted in a shift in bird 

communities toward those found in bottomland hardwood 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

286

stands by increasing densities of species such as Whiteeyed Vireo (Vireo griseus) and Wood Thrush (Hylocichla 

mustelina). Tree species diversity, angular canopy cover, 

and midstory density were positively associated with bird 

species assemblages in bottomland hardwood stands, 

whereas vegetation density at ground level was positively 

associated with bird communities in cottonwood 

plantations. Conversion of agricultural fields to shortrotation cottonwood plantations results in increased 

breeding bird populations by adding up to 140 additional 

territories 40 ha-1. Even so, relative conservation values, 

derived from indicator species analysis and Partners in 

Flight concern scores, suggest that mature bottomland 

hardwood forests are twice as 'valuable' for bird 

conservation as are cottonwood plantations. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

944. Insecticide concentrations in ecosystem 

components of an intensively cultivated watershed in 

Mississippi. 

Cooper C. M. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 6(3): 237-248. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: fish/ contamination/ cotton/ soybean/ rice/ 

bioaccumulation/ lake/ sediment/ wetland/ insecticide/ 

persistence/ watershed management 

Abstract: Concentrations of three currently used 

insecticides (fenvalerate, permethrin, and methyl parathion) 

were documented in major watershed components of Moon 

Lake, Mississippi, [USA] and its 166 km2 watershed over a 

three year period. Moon Lake (10.1 km2), an oxbow of the 

Mississippi River, receives flow through a series of 

wetlands from a flatland watershed intensively cultivated in 

cotton, soybeans, and rice. None of the three insecticides 

were detected in watershed soils, but they were found 

sporadically in wetland and lake sediments, water and fish. 

Twenty-six percent of the 110 fish collected had 

measurable concentrations of the insecticides. Detection of 

all three insecticides, especially methyl parathion, in fish 

tissue suggested that they have sufficient persistence for 

uptake and, perhaps, bioaccumulation. The occurrence of 

banned organochlorine insecticides in the ecosystem was 

also observed, especially during runoff, and it also indicated 

the importance of watershed management practices on 

long term water quality. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

945. Water quality of seasonally flooded agricultural 

fields in Mississippi, USA. 

Maul, J. D. and Cooper, C. M. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 81(3): 

171-178. (2000) 

NAL Call #: S601.A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ seasonal variations/ 

flooding/ agriculture/ runoff/ water quality (natural waters)/ 

seasons/ floods and flooding/ USA, Mississippi 

Abstract: Planned flooding of agricultural fields is 

performed to prevent erosion (e.g. sheet, gully, and rill) and 

provide habitat for waterfowl. As a post-harvest field 

treatment, flooding is becoming more common in the 

agriculturally dominated landscape of the Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley (MAV) in the southeastern United States. 

Despite this trend, information pertaining to water quality 

characteristics of water remaining on fields during the 

winter and subsequent relationships with environmental 

and biological processes is sparse. Because the water 

retained on fields is eventually released into adjacent 

waterways prior to planting, it is critical to monitor water 

quality parameters of these flooded fields. Water quality 

parameters of flooded agricultural fields were assessed 

from January to March and compared to those observed in 

impounded wetlands. Temporal variation of parameters 

among sampling dates was also examined. Mean (plus or 

minus S.E.) suspended solids concentration was greater 

(p<0.05) in flooded agricultural fields (283.3 plus or minus 

98.7 mg l super(-1)) than impounded wetlands (79.5 plus or 

minus 25.3 mg l super(-1)) and an interaction of habitat and 

sampling date was detected on dissolved solids 

concentration (p<0.05). Water temperature, pH, dissolved 

oxygen, ammonia, nitrate, total phosphorus, enterococci 

bacteria, and fecal coliform bacterial concentrations 

exhibited temporal variation among sampling dates 

(p<0.05). For both flooded fields and wetlands, fecal 

coliform and enterococci concentrations peaked at 2887.5 

and 675.0 colony forming units (CFU) 100 ml super(-1), 

respectively, during the first sampling date (January) and 

declined to 133.2 and 33.3 CFU 100 ml super(-1), 

respectively, in March. Results of this study indicated that: 

(1) flooded agricultural fields had greater variability of water 

quality parameters than wetlands; (2) 53% of measured 

water quality parameters exhibited temporal variation and 

(3) impounding water may facilitate decreases in bacterial 

concentrations. Holding water on agricultural fields and 

knowledge of temporal water quality trends may provide a 

means to decrease contaminant concentrations, thus 

improving quality of potential runoff that may enter adjacent 

bodies of water. 

© CSA 
287

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

946. Addressing global warming and biodiversity 

through forest restoration and coastal wetlands 

creation. 

Williams, J. R. 

Science of the Total Environment 240(1-3): 1-9. (Oct. 1999) 

Notes: Special issue: Managing for biodiversity for the 

protection of nature 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ climatic 

changes/ biodiversity/ environment management/ global 

warming/ forests/ environmental restoration/ biological 

diversity/ greenhouse gases/ soil erosion/ wood wastes/ 

compost/ research programs/ USA, Louisiana/ USA, 

Mississippi River Valley/ research priorities/ habitats/ 

erosion control/ USA/ protective measures and control/ 

environmental action/ air pollution 

Abstract: The Climate Challenge is a partnership between 

the Department of Energy and the electric utility industry to 

reduce, avoid, and sequester greenhouse gases. A portion 

of the initiative, the sequestration of greenhouse gases, is 

the focus of this presentation. Over 4 million acres of 

bottomland hardwood forests were cleared for agriculture in 

the Mississippi River Valley in the 1970s. Reestablishing 

these forests would improve depleted wildlife habitats, 

serve as wildlife corridors, increase biodiversity, and 

decrease soil erosion. Also, Louisiana is losing coastal 

wetlands at a rate of approximately 25 square miles/year. 

This coastal erosion is due to a number of factors and 

many efforts are currently underway to address the matter. 

One such effort is the use of material generated in the 

dredging of navigational canals; however, this material is 

low in nutrient value, making the regeneration of marsh 

grasses more difficult. In addition, bottomland hardwood 

forests and coastal wetland grasses are excellent `carbon 

sinks' because they take carbon dioxide out of the 

atmosphere and store it in living plant tissue. Entergy 

Services, Inc. is an electric utility with a service territory that 

comprises portions of both the Lower Mississippi River 

Valley and the Gulf of Mexico coastline. This provides an 

opportunity to positively address both habitat losses noted 

above while at the same time addressing global warming, 

forest fragmentation, and biodiversity. Entergy, through its 

affiliation with the UtiliTree Carbon Company, is 

participating in projects that will investigate the feasibility of 

using bottomland hardwood reforestation on cleared 

marginal farmlands now managed by the Louisiana 

Department of Wildlife and Fisheries and the US Fish and 

Wildlife Service. Entergy has also begun a research project 

with the Environmental Protection Agency and the state of 

Louisiana. The research is a compost demonstration 

project that will utilize wood waste generated through our 

tree-trimming program as a compost material that will be 

mixed with low nutrient dredge material to create new 

coastal wetlands. Taken together, Entergy's initiatives will 

be able to address global warming through carbon 

sequestration, restore fragmented forest habitats, reduce 

coastal erosion and improve the quality of a vital coastal 

aquatic nursery habitat. Efforts will be made to manage the 

created habitats for biodiversity. Pulling all these ideas 

together creates an effect in which the whole is greater than 

the sum of the parts. In such a synergy of ideas, there are 

no losers and the winners are both industry participants and 

the environment. 

© CSA 

947. Avian response to bottomland hardwood 

reforestation: The first 10 years. 

Twedt, Daniel J.; Wilson, R. Randy; Henne-Kerr, Jackie L.; 

and Grosshuesch, David A. 

Restoration Ecology 10(4): 645-655. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: conservation/ conservation measures/ 

ecology/ habitat utilization/ habitat/ terrestrial habitat/ land 

and freshwater zones/ Nearctic region/ North America/ 

USA/ Aves: habitat management/ reforestration strategies/ 

habitat colonization relations/ habitat colonization/ 

reforestration strategy relations/ Louisiana and Mississippi/ 

forest and woodland/ bottomland hardwood/ Louisiana/ 

Madison Parish/ Mississippi/ Issaquena County/ 

reforestation strategy relations/ Aves/ birds/ chordates/ 

vertebrates 

Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forests were planted on 

agricultural fields in Mississippi and Louisiana 

predominantly using either Quercus species (oaks) or 

Populus deltoides (eastern cottonwood). We assessed 

avian colonization of these reforested sites between 2 and 

10 years after planting. Rapid vertical growth of 

cottonwoods (circa 2-3 m/year) resulted in sites with forest 

structure that supported greater species richness of 

breeding birds, increased Shannon diversity indices, and 

supported greater territory densities than on sites planted 

with slower-growing oak species. Grassland birds (Spiza 

americana [Dickcissel] and Sturnella magna [Eastern 

Meadowlark]) were indicative of species breeding on oakdominated reforestation no more than 10 years old. 

Agelaius phoeniceus (Red-winged Blackbird) and Colinus 

virginianus (Northern Bobwhite) characterized cottonwood 

reforestation no more than 4 years old, whereas 14 species 

of shrub-scrub birds (e.g., Passerina cyanea [Indigo 

Bunting]) and early-successional forest birds (e.g., Vireo 

gilvus [Warbling vireo]) typified cottonwood reforestation 5 

to 9 years after planting. Rates of daily nest survival did not 

differ between reforestation strategies. Nest parasitism 

increased markedly in older cottonwood stands but was 

overwhelmed by predation as a cause of nest failure. 

Based on Partners in Flight prioritization scores and 

territory densities, the value of cottonwood reforestation for 

avian conservation was significantly greater than that of oak 

reforestation during their first 10 years. Because of benefits 

conferred on breeding birds, we recommend reforestation 

of bottomland hardwoods should include a high proportion 

of fast-growing early successional species such as 

cottonwood. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

948. Bottomland hardwood forest management for 

black bears in Louisiana.

Weaver, K. M.; Tabberer, D. K.; Moore, L. U.; Chandler, G. 

A.; Posey, J. C.; and Pelton, M. R. 

In: Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference 

Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. 

(Held 24 Oct 1990 at Richmond, Va.); Vol. 44.: 

Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; 

pp. 342-350; 1990. 

NAL Call #: SK1.S6 

Descriptors: telemetry/ forest practices/ techniques/ North 

America/ United States/ Louisiana/ Northeast Region 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

288

Abstract: Recommendations were outlined for bear habitat 

management based on a review of the literature and 

preliminary evidence from ongoing studies that were 

developed in concert with the Tensas River National 

Wildlife Refuge Forest Habitat Management Plan. 

© NISC 

949. Bottomland hardwood reforestation for 

neotropical migratory birds: Are we missing the forest 

for the trees? 

Twedt, Daniel J. and Portwood, Jeff 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(3): 647-652. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: behavior/ birds/ bottomlands/ ecosystems/ 

forestry practices/ forests, deciduous/ habitat management/ 

habitat use/ management/ migration/ succession/ wildlife/ 

bottomland forests/ afforestation/ wild birds/ natural 

resources/ forest practices/ forests/ growth/ habitat 

management for wildlife/ hardwoods/ land, private/ oak/ 

plant succession/ planting/ rehabilitation/ seeding/ species 

diversity/ wildlife management/ neotropical migrant 

Abstract: The authors identify the benefits derived by land 

managers and wildlife resources when fast-growing trees, 

such as cottonwood or sycamore, alone or mixed with oaks, 

are established on lands under cultivation. Reforestation 

with fast-growing species promotes rapid colonization of 

sites by forest-breeding neotropical migrants. The authors 

recommend silvicultural practices to promote succession 

from the fast-growing trees to forests dominated by heavyseeded, slow-growing species. klf. 

© NISC 

950. Bottomland hardwood reforestation in the lower 

Mississippi Valley. 

Allen, James A. and Kennedy, Harvey E. 

Slidell, La.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife 

Service, National Wetlands Research Center, 1989. 28 p. 

NAL Call #: SD409.A46 

Descriptors: reforestation---Mississippi River Valley/ 

reforestation---southern states/ hardwoods---Mississippi 

River Valley/ hardwoods---southern states/ forests and 

forestry---Mississippi River Valley/ forests and forestry---

southern states 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

951. Characterization of soil processes in bottomland 

hardwood wetland-nonwetland transition zones in the 

lower Mississippi River valley. 

Faulkner, S. P.; Patrick, W. H.; Gambrell, R. P.; Parker, W. 

B.; and Good, B. J. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; WRP 91-

1, 1991. 308 p., 55 fig., 11 tab., 212 ref., 19 append. 

Notes: "Final Report." Army Corps of Engineers Contract 

Report WRP-91-1 

Descriptors: bottomland/ floodplain forests/ hardwood/ 

Mississippi-Missouri River basin/ soil properties/ wetland 

soils/ oxidation-reduction potential/ oxygen/ soil saturation/ 

water table/ lakes/ water in soils 

Abstract: The results of a 4-yr study of bottomland 

hardwood soils, the purpose of which was to characterize 

the effects of saturation and inundation on soil processes in 

nonwetland, transitional, and wetland habitats are 

presented. Data are provided for identifying and delineating 

wetlands from non-wetlands in the Lower Mississippi River 

Valley, and detailed technical information for constructing 

and installing equipment to measure soil redox potential 

and oxygen content is provided. Soil redox potential, 

oxygen content, water table depth were measured at 

several soil depths on five transects in Louisiana and 

Mississippi. These data were compared with soil profile 

descriptions, hydrologic zonal classification, and the 

presence of hydric soils to determine the relationships 

among soil redox conditions and diagnostic wetland 

indicators. Tree-coating constituents were also measured to 

determine if plant adaptations are effective indicators of 

wetland soil conditions. The results indicated that large 

areas of bottomland hardwood forests in the Lower 

Mississippi River Valley are not inundated or saturated for 

long periods during the growing season. There are very 

wet, almost permanently inundated sites, but those areas 

that are seasonally inundated are oxidized and aerobic 

throughout the root zone for most of the growing season. 

Saturated, anaerobic conditions for as little as 110-15% of 

the growing season appear sufficient to induce wetland soil 

characteristics (mottling, gleying, low chroma colors) in the 

soil profile. These wetland soil characteristics were 

generally more reliable than the plant root coatings in 

delineating wetlands. (Author's abstract) 35 002621009 

© CSA 

952. A decision-support system for prioritizing 

restoration sites on the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. 

Llewellyn, D. W.; Shaffer, G. P.; Craig, N. J.; Creasman, L.; 

Pashley, D.; Swan, M.; and Brown, C. 

Conservation Biology 10(5): 1446-1455. (Oct. 1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1C5; ISSN: 0888-8892 

Descriptors: environmental restoration/ geographic 

information systems/ nature conservation/ ecosystem 

management/ environment management/ land use/ river 

basins/ information systems/ forests/ alluvial fans/ river 

basin management/ geographical reference systems/ 

decision making/ decision support systems/ USA, 

Mississippi R./ USA, Louisiana, Mississippi Delta/ wetland 

forest/ geographic information systems/ nature 

conservation/ ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ reclamation/ protective measures and 

control/ evaluation process/ environmental action 

Abstract: Conversion of forested wetlands to agricultural 

use and the resulting fragmentation of the landscape has 

led to concerns for the functional integrity of the Mississippi 

River Alluvial Plain ecosystem. We describe an effort 

spearheaded by The Nature Conservancy to initiate a multidecade partnership dedicated to creating and implementing 

a viable, cooperative, landscape-level restoration project in 

the Mississippi River Alluvial Plain. Important phases of the 

process during the first 5 years were (1) initiation of the 

development of an extensive network of partners, including 

state and federal agencies, private land owners, 

conservation groups, academicians, and other interested 

citizens; (2) development of a geographic information 

system (GIS) for the entire extent of the ecosystem; and (3) 

for one watershed, the Tensas basin in northeastern 

Louisiana, refinement of a high resolution GIS to generate 

more detailed land-use conversion statistics to demonstrate 

the feasibility of a semi-objective, landscape-scale 

restoration planning procedure, including methodology for 

prioritization of existing wetland forest patches and areas 

most suitable for reforestation and connection via corridors. 

© CSA 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

289

953. Effects of managed impoundments and herbivory 

on wetland plant production and stand structure. 

Johnson Randall, L. A. and Foote, A. L. 

Wetlands 25(1): 38-50. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: annual production/ Myocastor coypus/ nutria/ 

plant stand structure/ Schoenoplectus americanus/ Spartina 

patens/ wetland management 

Abstract: Managed impoundments, a form of structural 

marsh management, have been used to enhance plant 

production in the rapidly-eroding marshes of coastal 

Louisiana, USA, yet few studies have quantified their 

effects by measuring plant production before and after 

impoundment construction. We tested the effects of 

structural marsh management on the annual aboveground 

production and plant stand structure (stem density and 

stem height) of Spartina patens and Schoenoplectus 

americanus by collecting measurements before and after 

the construction of two shallow impoundments. We 

manipulated the water level in each impoundment by 

adjusting a single flap-gated culvert fitted with a variable 

crest weir. Because nutria herbivory also seemed to have a 

strong influence on plant production in these marshes, we 

tested the effects of nutria herbivory on the annual 

aboveground production and plant stand structure of both 

plant species by collecting data from fenced (ungrazed) and 

unfenced (grazed) plots located in both managed and 

unmanaged areas. There were no significant differences in 

Spartina annual production, stem density, and stem height 

between managed and unmanaged areas, and 

Schoenoplectus annual production, stem density, and stem 

height were greater in unmanaged marsh, indicating that 

the management method used in this study was not 

effective in promoting plant production in the rapidlyeroding, brackish, deltaic marshes of coastal Louisiana. 

Nutria herbivory dramatically reduced the annual 

aboveground production, stem density, and stem height of 

Schoenoplectus, a preferred forage species, and thus 

altered the structure of the mixed species stand. Herbivory 

had no significant effect on the annual aboveground 

production and stem density of Spartina. In the absence of 

herbivory, the stem height of Spartina increased 

significantly and coincided with significant increases in the 

stem density and height of Schoenoplectus. The changes in 

plant stand structure caused by nutria herbivory may 

facilitate marsh erosion and ultimately contribute to wetland 

loss. © 2005, The Society of Wetland Scientists. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

954. Evaluation of reforestation in the Lower 

Mississippi River Alluvial Valley. 

King, S. L. and Keeland, B. D. 

Restoration Ecology 7(4): 348-359. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Abstract: Only about 2.8 million ha of an estimated original 

10 million ha of bottomland hardwood forests still exist in 

the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Valley (LMAV) of the 

United States. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the U.S. 

Forest Service, and state agencies initiated reforestation 

efforts in the late 1980s to improve wildlife habitat. We 

surveyed restorationists responsible for reforestation in the 

LMAV to determine the magnitude of past and future efforts 

and to identify major limiting factors. Over the past 10 

years, 77,698 ha have been reforested by the agencies 

represented in our survey and an additional 89,009 ha are 

targeted in the next 5 years. Oaks are the most commonly 

planted species and bare-root seedlings are the most 

commonly used planting stock. Problems with seedling 

availability may increase the diversity of plantings in the 

future. Reforestation in the LMAV is based upon principles 

of landscape ecology; however, local problems such as 

herbivory, drought, and flooding often limit success. Broadscale hydrologic restoration is needed to fully restore the 

structural and functional attributes of these systems, but 

because of drastic and widespread hydrologic alterations 

and socioeconomic constraints, this goal is generally not 

realistic. Local hydrologic restoration and creation of 

specific habitat features needed by some wildlife and fish 

species warrant attention. More extensive analyses of 

plantings are needed to evaluate functional success. The 

Wetland Reserve Program is a positive development, but 

policies that provide additional financial incentives to 

landowners for reforestation efforts should be seriously 

considered. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

955. Functional comparison of created and natural 

wetlands in the Atchafalaya Delta, Louisiana. 

Faulkner, Stephen P. and Poach, Matthew E. 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station, 1996. 106 p. Wetlands Research 

Program Technical Report . 

NAL Call #: TD756.5.F38 1996 

Descriptors: wetlands---Louisiana/ constructed wetlands---

Louisiana/ Atchafalaya River Watershed (La.) 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

956. Groundwater flow patterns and water budget of a 

bottomland forested wetland, Black Swamp, eastern 

Arkansas. 

Gonthier, G. J. and Kleiss, B. A., WRIR 95-4192; Denver, 

CO: U.S. Geological Survey 

Notes: Water-Resources Investigations Report: 95-4192; 

Branch of Information Services 

Descriptors: wetlands/ groundwater movement/ flow 

pattern/ hydrologic budget/ surface-groundwater relations/ 

swamps/ bottomland/ forests/ interagency cooperation/ 

water level fluctuations/ USA, Arkansass, Black Swamp/ 

groundwater 

Abstract: The U.S. Geological Survey, working in 

cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 

Waterways Experiment Station, collected surface-water and 

ground water data from 119 wells and 13 staff gages from 

September 1989 to September 1992 to describe ground 

water flow patterns and water budget in the Black Swamp, 

a bottomland forested wetland in eastern Arkansas. The 

study area was between two streamflow gaging stations 

located about 30.5 river miles apart on the Cache River. 

Ground water flow was from northwest to southeast with 

some diversion toward the Cache River. Hydraulic 

connection between the surface water and the alluvial 

aquifer is indicated by nearly equal changes in surfacewater and ground water levels near the Cache River. 

Diurnal fluctuations of hydraulic head ranged from more 

than 0 to 0.38 feet and were caused by evapotranspiration. 

Changes in hydraulic head of the alluvial aquifer beneath 

the wetland lagged behind stage fluctuations and created 

the potential for changes in ground water movement. 

Differences between surface-water levels in the wetland 

and stage of the Cache River created a frequently occurring 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

290

local groundwater flow condition in which surface water in 

the wetland seeped into the upper part of the alluvial 

aquifer and then seeped into the Cache River. When the 

Cache River flooded the wetland, ground water consistently 

seeped to the surface during falling surface-water stage 

and surface water seeped into the ground during rising 

surface-water stage. Groundwater flow was a minor 

component of the water budget, accounting for less than 1 

percent of both inflow and outflow. Surface-water drainage 

from the study area through diversion canals was not 

accounted for in the water budget and may be the reason 

for a surplus of water in the budget. Even though 

groundwater flow volume is small compared to other water 

budget components, groundwater seepage to the wetland 

surface may still be vital to some wetland functions. 

© CSA 

957. Hand planting versus machine planting of 

bottomland red oaks on former agricultural fields in 

Louisiana's Mississippi Alluvial Plain: Sixth-year 

results.

Michalek A. J.; Lockhart B. R.; Dean T. J.; Keeland B. D.; 

and McCoy J. W. 

In: General Technical Report, Southern Research Station, 

SRS 48/ Outcalt K. W.; Outcalt P. A.; and Tucker R. B., 

2002. 352-357 

Notes: Conference: Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial 

Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Knoxville, 

Tennessee, 20-22 March 2001. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ afforestation/ artificial regeneration/ 

bottomland forests/ forests/ planting/ seedlings/ survival/ 

Quercus texana 

Abstract: Interest in restoring bottomland hardwoods on 

abandoned agricultural fields has gained considerably over 

the past 15 years, due primarily to federal cost-share 

programmes such as the Conservation Reserve Program 

and the Wetlands Reserve Program. While a variety of 

artificial regeneration techniques are available to afforest 

these lands, none have met with consistently successful 

results, especially in the Mississippi Alluvial Plain. 

Therefore, a study was initiated to compare a variety of 

regeneration techniques for afforesting previously farmed 

bottomland hardwood sites. In this paper we report the 

results from hand planted versus machine planted 1-0 bareroot bottomland red oak seedlings. Four sites in the MAP in 

Louisiana were planted with either 1 or 2 species in a 

randomized complete block design. Sites and species 

planted included Bayou Macon Wildlife Management Area 

(WMA; Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii) and willow oak (Q. 

phellos)), Lake Ophelia National Wildlife Refuge (NWR; 

Nuttall oak), Ouachita WMA (willow oak), and the Tensas 

NWR (Nuttall oak and water oak (Q. nigra)). Results after 6 

growing seasons indicated little difference in density, 

survival, planting success, and stocking between planting 

methods. Densities ranged from 280 Nuttall oak seedlings 

per acre machine planted at the Tensas NWR to 67 willow 

oak seedlings per acre machine planted at the Bayou 

Macon WMA. Nuttall oak also tended to have higher 

survival (81%) compared to willow oak (56%) and water 

oak (38%). When volunteer oak and ash were included, all 

site-species-planting method combinations met the 

minimum criteria for successful afforestation, but all 

combinations failed to meet minimum stocking levels 

necessary for quality sawtimber production. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

958. Impacts of flooding regime modification on wildlife 

habitats of bottomland hardwood forests in the lower 

Mississippi Valley. 

Klimas, C. V.; Martin, C. O.; and Teaford, J. W. 

Vicksburg, Miss.: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station; Technical Report El-81-13, 

1981. 200 p. 

Descriptors: flood plain management/ floods/ forests/ 

wildlife habitats/ hardwood/ aquatic animals/ literature 

review/ logging/ land clearing/ Mississippi River 

Abstract: This is a literature review concerning the impacts 

of flooding regime modification on bottomland hardwood 

forest wildlife habitats of the lower Mississippi Valley. The 

composition and structure of the bottomland forest are an 

important determinant of the quality and type of wildlife 

habitat available. These forest characteristics are largely 

influenced by the flooding regime. Overstory diversity and 

perennial understory diversity and productivity are lowest in 

near-permanently flooded habitats and increase in areas 

flooded less frequently and for shorter periods of time. 

Nonflooded areas are often, but not always, less diverse 

and productive than infrequently flooded areas. Tree 

growth, regional habitat diversity, and land clearance 

patterns may also be influenced by modifications to the 

hydrologic regime. Bottomland forests are considered 

productive wildlife habitat due to high soil fertility, abundant 

moisture, and the diversity and abundance of wildlife food 

and cover. Modifications in the magnitude, frequency, and 

duration of flooding are expected to bring about a wide 

variety of impacts on different species. Impacts of flooding 

regime modifications are discussed for mammals, birds, 

reptiles, and amphibians. Aquatic and semiaquatic species 

are generally adversely affected by flood reduction and are 

benefitted by normal flooding conditions. Species that are 

principally terrestrial may be severely impacted by major 

flooding events, but they may respond more to secondary 

influences such as land clearing and logging. Where 

known, both direct and indirect impacts of flooding regime 

modifications are discussed by species or species groups 

occurring in the study area. 

© CSA 

959. Long-term impacts of agricultural runoff in a 

Louisiana swamp forest. 

Day, J. W. and Kemp, G. P. 

In: Ecological Considerations in Wetlands Treatment of 

Municipal Wastewaters/ Godfrey, Paul J. 

New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985; pp. 317-326. 

Notes: ISBN: 0442230095 

NAL Call #: QH545.S49E3 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ water pollution 

effects/ Louisiana/ swamps/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ 

agriculture/ nutrients/ denitrification/ path of pollutants/ 

dissolved oxygen/ phosphates 

Abstract: A summary of a two-year research project on the 

dynamics of nutrient retention and release in a swamp 

receiving upland runoff is presented. The central objective 

was to estimate the capacity of this type of wetland for 

removing nutrients from upland runoff. The role of redox in 

determining floodwater nutrient concentrations, both in the 

field and in laboratory microcosms is examined, along with 

testing the hypothesis that water quality deterioration in the 

region can be directly related to the cessation of overland 

water processing formerly performed by the swamp. Under 

overland flow conditions, the swamp can remove significant 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

291

amounts of incoming nutrients: 21% of total N and 41% of 

total P were retained in the swamp. Practically all of the 

removal takes place because of the settling of particulate N 

and p. For two reasons, it is not likely that the swamp will 

become saturated with N and P. First, the results indicate 

that denitrification is a significant pathway for the 

permanent loss of N. Second, the swamp is subsiding at a 

significant rate. In spite of nutrient retention in the swamp, 

significant amounts are still exported to swamp bayous and 

lakes. The swamp, however, acts as a buffer in time and 

composition, as, well as in concentration. Dissolved oxygen 

in the water column is the single most important factor 

determining sediment-water exchange of PO4. 

© CSA 

960. Managing forested wetlands.

Fredrickson, L. H. 

In: Ecosystem management: Applications for sustainable 

forest and wildlife resources. (Held 3 Mar 1994-5 Mar 1994 

at Stevens Point, Wisc.) Boyce, M. S. and Haney, A. (eds.) 

New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press; 

pp. 147-177; 1997. 

NAL Call #: QH75.E295 1997 

Descriptors: wetlands/ biodiversity/ bottomland forests/ 

forest management/ forests/ resource management 

Abstract: Focusing on southern forested wetlands of the 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley, the discussion identifies key 

factors associated with wetlands and describes 

characteristics of forested wetlands and their current status. 

Current management, strategies to restore ecosystem 

functions and values, and the associated biodiversity are 

also discussed. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

961. Potential nitrate removal from a river diversion 

into a Mississippi delta forested wetland. 

Lane, R. R.; Mashriqui, H. S.; Kemp, G. P.; Day, J. W.; 

Day, J. N.; and Hamilton, A. 

Ecological Engineering 20(3): 237-249. (July 2003) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ swamps/ 

resuspended sediments/ deltas/ water sampling/ 

ammonium compounds/ algal blooms/ nitrates/ baseline 

studies/ levees/ sediment chemistry/ river water/ sediment 

samples/ phosphorus/ chlorophylls/ phytoplankton/ rivers/ 

forested wetlands/ nutrient retention/ hydrodynamics/ lakes/ 

sediments/ environmental restoration/ forests/ chlorophyll/ 

USA, Mississippi R./ USA, Louisiana, Mississippi Delta/ 

ecosystems and energetics/ sediments and sedimentation/ 

characteristics, behavior and fate/ water/ freshwater 

pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, control & remediation 

Abstract: The objectives of this study were: (1) to carry out 

a baseline study of water quality parameters in the 

Maurepas forested wetland in Louisiana, USA; and (2) to 

estimate potential nitrate uptake of a proposed Mississippi 

River diversion into the wetland. Water sampling trips were 

carried out monthly from April to October 2000. Average 

water quality parameter concentrations and ranges were: 

nitrate 0.008 mg-N l super(-1) (non-detectable (n.d)-0.143 

mg-N l super(-1)); ammonium 0.007 mg-N l super(-1) (n.d0.048 mg-N l super(-1)); total nitrogen 0.577 mg-N l super(-

1) (0.193-1.285 mg-N l super(-1)); phosphate 0.034 mg-P l 

super(-1) (n.d-0.369 mg-P l super(-1)); total phosphorus 

0.055 mg-P l super(-1) (0.022-0.424 mg-P l super(-1)); total 

suspended sediment 16 mg l super(-1) (4-101 mg l super(-

1)), salinity 3 (0-12), and chlorophyll a 11 mu g l super(-1) 

(1-31 mu g l super(-1)). A UNET hydrodynamic model was 

constructed to predict hydrologic patterns as diverted water 

flowed through the Maurepas swamp. The study area was 

divided into 53 storage cells based on topographical 

features that mostly consisted of natural bayous and 

degraded artificial levees. Nitrate loading was high in the 

initial cells and removal efficiencies were on the order of 

40-70%. Loading in subsequent cells was much lower and 

simulated nitrate retention was greater than 90%. Since 

most nutrients will be retained in the swamp, the proposed 

diversion of Mississippi River water should not cause 

adverse water quality conditions or extreme or persistent 

algal blooms in the Lake Maurepas. 

© CSA 

962. Reforestation of Frequently Flooded Agricultural 

Fields: A Compendium of Results from Research 

Conducted at the Lake George Wetland and Wildlife 

Restoration Project, Mississippi. 

Williams, H. M.; Craft, M. H.; and Young, G. L. 

Vicksburg, MS.: Army Engineer Waterways Experiment 

Station; WES/TR/WRP-RE-18, 1997. 

Notes: NTIS accession number: ADA3311321 

Descriptors: wetlands/ flood plains/ agriculture/ land use/ 

reclamation/ ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ plant populations/ vegetation cover/ habitat/ 

USA, Mississippi, George L./ bottomland hardwood 

reforestation/ habitat community studies/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation 

Abstract: The objective of the Lake George Bottomland 

Hardwood Wildlife and Wetland Restoration Project is to 

restore functioning bottomland hardwood wetland habitat by 

reforesting 3,600 ha of agricultural fields located in the 

Mississippi Delta. The Lake George Project provided an 

opportunity to conduct applied research on several 

bottomland hardwood reforestation topics. University and 

Federal agency scientists conducted studies on matching 

tree species to the site, selecting plant stock type, selecting 

when to plant, and monitoring early habitat development 

following planting. 

© CSA 

963. Removal of solids, nitrogen, and phosphorus in 

the Cache River wetland. 

Dortch, Marks S. 

Wetlands 16(3): 358-365. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics/ 

forestry/ freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ black swamp/ bottomland hardwood forest/ 

Cache River/ field method/ forested wetlands/ freshwater 

ecology/ inorganic suspended solids/ mass flux 

measurement/ mathematical model/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ 

removal efficiency 

Abstract: Mass flux measurements collected between April 

1987 and September 1990 at the upstream and 

downstream boundaries of the Cache River Wetland 

(CRW), a bottomland hardwood forest in eastern Arkansas, 

were used to estimate long-term, average removal 

efficiencies (RE, %) for inorganic suspended solids (ISS), 

total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The 

observed removal efficiencies were used with a steadystate, first-order removal model to compute removal rate 

constants. Detention time of the CRW was determined with 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

292

a time-varying, two-dimensional, depth-averaged, 

numerical flow and transport model. The computed average 

detention time of 5.02 da was close to the average 

hydraulic retention time of 5.15 da, justifying the plug flow 

assumption of the model. The removal rate constants 

estimated from the CRW data for ISS, TN, and TP were 

0.066 m/da, 0.048 da-1, and 0.0058 m/da (2.1 m/yr), 

respectively. The denitrification rate constant estimated for 

the CRW was 0.24 da-1. These rate constants are in 

general agreement with values obtained from the literature. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

964. Restoration of bottomland hardwood forests in the 

lower Mississippi Valley. 

Newling, Charles J. 

Restoration and Management Notes 8(1): 23-28. (1990) 

NAL Call #: QH76.R47; ISSN: 0733-0707 

Descriptors: ecological restoration/ land restoration/ 

lowland forests 

965. Shorebird use of managed wetlands in the 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley. 

Twedt, D. J.; Nelms, C. O.; Rettig, V. E.; and Aycock, S. R. 

American Midland Naturalist 140(1): 140-152. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat utilization/ agricultural land/ 

wildlife management/ aquatic birds/ artificial substrata/ 

population density/ migratory species/ ecosystem 

management/ birds/ land management/ environmental 

protection/ habitats/ Aves/ Charadrius vociferus/ Gallinago 

gallinago/ USA, Mississippi R./ USA/ birds/ killdeer/ 

common snipe 

Abstract: We assessed shorebird use of artificial wetlands 

within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley during the winters of 

1991-1992 and 1992-1993 and during the autumn of 1994. 

On agricultural fields managed to provide habitat for 

waterfowl from November to March, mean shorebird 

density was 58.6 birds/100 ha, but shorebird densities were 

greater on soybean fields than on rice or moist-soil fields. 

Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) and common snipe 

(Gallinago gallinago) were common throughout winter, but 

shorebird abundance and species richness along survey 

routes increased from November through April. During the 

late summer and autumn, wetlands on public lands in the 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley are managed by the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service specifically to provide foraging habitat 

for shorebirds. From August through October 1994, we 

observed 14,564 individual shorebirds of 22 species using 

these anthropogenic wetlands. Mean shorebird density on 

wetlands managed by flooding previously dry, disked fields 

was 695 birds/100 ha, whereas mean density on wetlands 

managed by drawing down water reservoirs was 1224 

birds/100 ha. We recommend increased shallow-water 

flooding of agricultural fields, particularly soybean fields, 

during winter to provide habitat for wintering and early 

spring migrant shorebirds. More importantly, we 

recommend continued water management on public 

wetlands from July through October, preferably by drawing 

down water reservoirs, to provide foraging habitat for 

southward migrating shorebirds. 

© CSA 

966. Soil, hydroperiod and bedding effects on restoring 

bottomland hardwoods on flood-prone agricultural 

lands in North Louisiana, USA. 

Patterson, William B. and Adams, John C. 

Forestry 76(2): 181-188. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F767; ISSN: 0015-752X 

Descriptors: artificial regeneration: applied and field 

techniques/ site preparation method: applied and field 

techniques/ afforestation/ bottomland hardwood site 

restoration: bedding effects, hydroperiod effects, soil 

effects/ flood prone agricultural lands/ seasonality/ 

soil properties 

Abstract: Many of the bottomland hardwood forests of the 

Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley, USA have been 

converted to agriculture, thus constituting a sizable loss in 

ecological and socio-economic functions. Bottomland 

hardwood forest afforestation on marginal agricultural lands 

has grown considerably since 1990. However, many 

failures in bottomland hardwood afforestation have 

occurred for various reasons, including misunderstandings 

or ignoring the relationships between species, soil and 

hydrology. In October 1996, a 32-ha tract on an abandoned 

agricultural field in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana, USA was 

site prepared for afforestation by bedding (moulding soil in 

parallel ridges). The following January it was planted with 

seedlings of Nuttall oak (Quercus nuttallii Palmer) and 

green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.), and direct 

seeded with Nuttall oak. The objective of this study was to 

evaluate the effects of bedding (within three soil types) on 

species survival and growth. Soil redox potential 

measurements indicated that the soils were intensely 

anaerobic during frequent prolonged seasonal inundation 

and saturation events. Bedding clayey soils significantly 

increased mean height of planted and direct-seeded Nuttall 

oak, but not that for green ash. Bedding appears to be 

somewhat effective in restoring site microtopography, 

reducing soil hydroperiod and enhancing planted Nuttall 

oak height growth on poorly drained, clayey soils. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

967. Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of 

forested wetlands after farming. 

Middleton, B. A. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 40(6): 1025-1034. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: baldcypress swamp/ flood pulsing/ 

regeneration dynamics/ seed dispersal/ seed longevity/ 

self-design theory/ Taxodium distichum/ weed ecology 

Abstract: 1. Changes in farming practice provide an 

opportunity to restore once extensive forested wetlands on 

agricultural land. In some parts of the world, however, it has 

proved difficult to restore the full complement of plant 

species through natural regeneration. Similarly, the 

restoration of forested wetlands by replanting has often 

resulted in ecosystems of low diversity. Better methods of 

restoring these important ecosystems are now required and 

baldcypress swamps provide an opportunity to investigate 

alternative approaches to the restoration of forested 

wetlands. This study examined the composition of seed 

banks of farmed fields to determine their value in restoring 

swamps in the south-eastern United States. 2. A seed bank 

assay of soils from baldcypress swamps was conducted to 

determine the extent to which seeds are maintained during 

farming for various lengths of time. Soils from swamps that 

were farmed for 0-50 years were collected near the 
Mississippi Alluvial Valley: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

293

northern boundary of the Mississippi Alluvial Valley along 

the Cache River, Illinois. Soils were placed in a glasshouse 

setting in flooded and freely drained conditions, and the 

numbers and species of seeds germinating were recorded. 

3. Woody species including trees, shrubs, and vines were 

poorly represented in seed banks of both farmed and intact 

sites (51 and 9 sites, respectively). Missing dominants in 

the seed banks included tree species with short-lived seeds 

such as Taxodium distichum and Nyssa aquatica. 

Cephalanthus occidentalis constituted the most abundantly 

dispersed seed of all woody species. 4. Herbaceous 

species were well represented in the seed banks of both 

farmed and intact swamps (species richness of 207 vs. 173 

species, respectively) suggesting that herbaceous species 

may live longer than woody species in seed banks. Few of 

the herbaceous species decreased in seed density in seed 

banks with time under cultivation, although seed density 

was lower at sites that had not been farmed. Species that 

relied on vegetative organs for dispersal were absent in the 

seed banks of farmed sites including Heteranthera dubia, 

Hottonia inflata, Lemna minor, Lemna trisulca and Wolffia 

columbiana. These species may require active 

reintroduction during restoration. 5. Synthesis and 

applications. Both restoration ecologists and managers of 

nature conservation areas need to be cognisant of seed 

bank and dispersal characteristics of species to effectively 

restore and manage forested wetlands. In the case of 

baldcypress swamps, critical components of the vegetation 

are not maintained in seed banks, which may make these 

floodplain wetlands difficult to restore via natural 

recolonization. Ultimately, the successful restoration of 

abandoned farm fields to forested wetlands may depend on 

the re-engineering of flood pulsing across landscapes to 

reconnect dispersal pathways. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

968. Stand development on reforested bottomlands in 

the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. 

Twedt, Daniel J. 

Plant Ecology 172(2): 251-263. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QK900.P63; ISSN: 1385-0237 

Descriptors: cluster analysis: mathematical and computer 

techniques/ reforested bottomlands: natural regeneration, 

planting, stand development 

Abstract: Reforestation of bottomland hardwood sites in 

the southeastern United States has markedly increased in 

recent years due, in part, to financial incentives provided by 

conservation programs. Currently > 250,000 ha of marginal 

farmland have been returned to hardwood forests. I 

observed establishment of trees and shrubs on 205 

reforested bottomlands: 133 sites were planted primarily 

with oak species (Quercus spp.), 60 sites were planted with 

pulpwood producing species (Populus deltoides, 

Liquidambar styraciflua, or Platanus occidentalis), and 12 

sites were not planted (i.e., passive regeneration). Although 

oak sites were planted with more species, sites planted with 

pulpwood species were more rapidly colonized by 

additional species. The density of naturally colonizing 

species exceeded that of planted species but density of 

invaders decreased rapidly with distance from forest edge. 

Trees were shorter in height on sites planted with oaks than 

on sites planted with pulpwood species but within a site, 

planted trees attained greater heights than did colonizing 

species. Thus, planted trees dominated the canopy of 

reforested sites as they matured. Planted species acted in 

concert with natural invasion to influence the current 

condition of woody vegetation on reforested sites. Cluster 

analysis of species importance values distinguished three 

woody vegetation conditions: (1) Populus deltoides stands 

(2) oak stands with little natural invasion by other tree 

species, and (3) stands dominated by planted or naturally 

invading species other than oaks. Increased diversity on 

reforested sites would likely result from (a) greater diversity 

of planted species, particularly when sites are far from 

existing forest edges and (b) thinning of planted trees as 

they attain closed canopies. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
294
295

Northwest Wetlands 

General Information 

969. Amphibian occurrence and aquatic invaders in a 

changing landscape: Implications for wetland 

mitigation in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. 

Pearl, Christopher A.; Adams, Michael J.; Leuthold, Niels; 

and Bury, R. Bruce 

Wetlands 25(1): 76-88. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetland mitigation/ breeding occurrence/ 

landscape characteristics 

Abstract: Despite concern about the conservation status of 

amphibians in western North America, few field studies 

have documented occurrence patterns of amphibians 

relative to potential stressors. We surveyed wetland fauna 

in Oregon's Willamette Valley and used an 

information theoretic approach (AIC) to rank the 

associations between native amphibian breeding 

occurrence and wetland characteristics, non-native aquatic 

predators, and landscape characteristics in a mixed urbanagricultural landscape. Best predictors varied among the 

five native amphibians and were generally consistent with 

life history differences. Pacific tree frog (Pseudacris regilla) 

and long-toed salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum) 

occurrence was best predicted by the absence of nonnative fish. Northern red-legged frog (Rana a. aurora) and 

northwestern salamander (Ambystoma gracile) were most 

strongly related to wetland vegetative characteristics. The 

occurrence of rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa), a 

migratory species that makes extensive use of terrestrial 

habitats, was best predicted by greater forest cover within 1 

km. The absence of non-native fish was a strong predictor 

of occurrence for four of the five native species. In contrast, 

amphibians were not strongly related to native fish 

presence. We found little evidence supporting negative 

effects of the presence of breeding populations of bullfrog 

(Rana catesbeiana) on any native species. Only the two 

Ambystoma salamanders were associated with wetland 

permanence. Northwestern salamanders (which usually 

have a multi-year larval stage) were associated with 

permanent waters, while long-toed salamanders were 

associated with temporary wetlands. Although all the 

species make some use of upland habitats, only one 

(rough-skinned newt) was strongly associated with 

surrounding landscape conditions. Instead, our analysis 

suggests that within-wetland characteristics best predict 

amphibian occurrence in this region. We recommend that 

wetland preservation and mitigation efforts concentrate on 

sites lacking non-native fish for the conservation of native 

amphibians in the Willamette Valley and other western 

lowlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

970. Amphibian occurrence and wetland characteristics 

in the Puget Sound Basin. 

Richter, Klaus O. and Azous, Amanda L. 

Wetlands 15(3): 305-312. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: breeding habitat/ hydrology/ land use/ 

predation/ vegetation class 

Abstract: We studied the pattern of amphibian distributions 

within 19 wetlands of the Puget Sound Basin in King 

County, Washington State from 1988 through 1991. 

Amphibian richness was compared to wetland size, 

vegetation classes, presence of bullfrog and fish predators, 

hydrologic characteristics of water flow, fluctuation, and 

permanence, and land use. Low velocity flow and low 

fluctuation were correlated with high species richness. 

Seasonal persistence of water was unrelated to species 

richness. Wetland size, distance to other wetlands 

favorable for breeding, fish and bullfrog predators, and the 

number of vegetation classes found at a wetland were 

unrelated to total number of species. Increasing mean 

water-level fluctuation and percent watershed urbanization 

were correlated with low species richness. Small and 

structurally simple wetlands often have high value 

amphibian habitat, and traditional reliance on wetland size 

and broad vegetation classes without site-specific studies 

should be avoided when assessing habitat value for 

amphibians. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

971. Application of the synoptic approach to wetland 

designation: A case study in Washington. 

Abbruzzese, B.; Leibowitz, S. G.; and Sumner, R., 

EPA/600/3-90/072, 1990. 

Notes: NTIS Order No.: PB90-270604/GAR 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nature conservation/ environmental 

protection/ resource management/ classification systems/ 

USA, Washington/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation 

Abstract: The synoptic approach is a rapid assessment 

method designed to provide a context for evaluating 

landscape sensitivity to cumulative wetland loss and to 

complement site specific information used in reviewing 

permit applications to alter wetlands. The objectives of the 

study were to: (1) test the utility of the synoptic approach in 

prioritizing wetland `functional uses' (including State 

surface water designated uses) within the State of 

Washington; (2) demonstrate and improve this method's 

ability to identify wetland resources that are ecologically 

important or sensitive to change; (3) investigate the 

applicability of the synoptic approach in the landscape 

assessment of a relatively small watershed; and (4) 

implement the transfer of the research products to State 

wetland managers. Readily available data were compiled 

for Washington into a set of map overlays. The overlays 

were synthesized to produce indices of landscape input and 

wetland capacity for hydrologic, water quality, and life 

support functions, cumulative impacts and future wetland 

losses for watersheds within the State. The synoptic 

approach identifies wetland functions not included in 

Washington's designated uses of surface waters. The 

approach is appropriate for a state with a generalized set of 

water quality standards such as Washington's, i.e., one that 

has no specific designated uses relative to wetland 

hydrologic and water quality improvement functions. The 

products of this assessment will be useful in regional 

planning and in the development of State wetland 

conservation plans. Contract EPA-68-C8-0006 Sponsored 

by Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR (DBO). 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

296

972. Characterization of wetland hydrology using 

hydrogeomorphic classification. 

Shaffer, P. W.; Kentula, M. E.; and Gwin, S. E. 

Wetlands 19(3): 490-504. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ geomorphology/ 

classification/ decision making/ land management/ water 

management/ water level/ drainage/ classification systems/ 

water levels/ decision theory/ land/ USA, Oregon, Portland/ 

hydrogeomorphic classification 

Abstract: Hydrologic data are essential for understanding 

relationships between wetland morphology and function 

and for characterizing landscape-scale patterns of wetland 

occurrence. We monitored water levels in 45 wetlands for 

three years to characterize the hydrology of wetlands in the 

vicinity of Portland, Oregon, USA and classified wetlands 

by hydrogeomorphic (HGM) class to determine whether 

hydrologic regimes differed in wetlands in different HGM 

classes. We also compared hydrologic regimes in naturally 

occurring wetlands (NOWs) and mitigation wetlands (MWs) 

and in wetlands with/without a human-made water-retention 

structure to determine whether and how human 

modifications are changing the hydrology of wetlands. We 

found no relationship between hydrologic attributes and 

land use, soil association, or wetland area. We did find 

significant differences related to presence of a waterretention structure and to wetland type (NOW or MW). 

Water levels were higher and had less temporal variability 

and more extensive inundation (as % wetland area) in MWs 

and in wetlands modified to include a retention structure. 

HGM class was very effective for characterizing wetland 

hydrology, with significant differences among HGM classes 

for water level and for extent and duration of inundation. 

For three regional classes, we found the lowest water levels 

and lowest extent/duration of inundation in slope wetlands, 

intermediate conditions in riverine wetlands, and the 

highest water levels and greatest extent and duration of 

inundation in depressions. In "atypical" classes, average 

water level and extent of inundation were similar to 

conditions in depressions, but the within-site variability in 

water levels in depressions-in-slope-setting and in-streamdepressions was significantly smaller than in the regional 

classes (p less than or equal to 0.001). Results highlight the 

importance of both geomorphic setting and wetland 

structure in defining wetland hydrology and support the use 

of HGM for wetland classification. Because hydrology is an 

important determinant of many wetland functions, resource 

managers using restoration and mitigation to offset wetland 

losses should strive for project design and siting that reestablish the hydrogeomorphology of natural wetlands to 

improve the likelihood of replacing wetland functions. 

© CSA 

973. Classification and management of aquatic, 

riparian, and wetland sites on the national forests of 

Eastern Washington: Series description. 

Kovalchik, B. L. and Clausnitzer, R. R.; 593, 2004. 354 

USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PNW. 

NAL Call #: aSD11.A46 no. 593 

http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtr593/ 

Descriptors: aquatic/ Eastern Washington/ plant 

association/ plant community/ riparian/ riparian ecosystems/ 

riparian vegetation/ series description/ vegetation 

classification/ wetland 

Abstract: This is a classification of aquatic, wetland, and 

riparian series and plant associations found within the 

Colville, Okanogan, and Wenatchee National Forests. It is 

based on the potential vegetation occurring on lake and 

pond margins, wetland fens and bogs, and fluvial surfaces 

along streams and rivers within Forest Service lands. Data 

used in the classification were collected from 1,650 field 

plots sampled across the three forests. This classification 

identifies 32 series separated into four physiognomic 

classes: coniferous forests, deciduous forests, shrubs, and 

herbaceous vegetation. In addition, keys to the 

identification of 163 plant associations or community types 

are presented. The report includes detailed descriptions of 

the physical environment, geomorphology, ecosystem 

function, and management of each series. This 

classification supplements and expands information 

presented in upland forest plant association classifications 

previously completed for the three eastern Washington 

forests. It is a comprehensive summary of the aquatic, 

riparian, and wetland series and contributes to the 

understanding of ecosystems and their management in 

eastern Washington. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

974. Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland 

natural areas in Idaho and western Montana. 

Rabe, F. W. and Chadde, S. W. 

Natural Areas Journal 14(3): 175-187. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: wetlands/ classification systems/ hydrology/ 

water analysis/ nature conservation/ classification/ aquatic 

environment/ geochemistry/ natural areas/ geochemistry/ 

classification systems/ nature conservation 

Abstract: A hierarchical classification of aquatic and 

semiaquatic zones associated with lentic (standing water) 

systems in Idaho and western Montana is proposed. This 

classification is structured like Cowardin et al. (1979), but is 

modified to apply to conditions in the Northern Rocky 

Mountains. Aquatic or open water sites are defined as 

having a depth greater than 0.5 m. Sites less than 0.5 m 

deep are considered semiaquatic. At the subsystem level 

our classification differs by separating size and depth of the 

aquatic area, making it possible to have both shallow and 

deep lakes and ponds. At the class and subclass levels 

only minor changes to the aquatic and semiaquatic 

descriptors used by the Cowardin system are proposed. 

We utilize water chemistry and hydrology as modifiers, 

similar to Cowardin, but do not employ water regime or soil 

as modifiers. We add geomorphic forms and special 

aquatic features not recognized by Cowardin. Wetland 

types found in Idaho and Montana such as peatlands, 

marshes, potholes, swamps, and vernal pools are 

described and classified. Photographs of selected study 

sites illustrate the classification process. 

© CSA 

975. Distribution of soil organic matter in freshwater 

emergent/open water wetlands in the Portland, Oregon 

metropolitan area. 

Shaffer, P. W. and Ernst, T. L. 

Wetlands 19(3): 505-516. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ geomorphology/ land 

management/ water management/ decision making/ 

resources management/ land use/ soil organic matter/ land/ 
Northwest: General Information 

297

decision theory/ resources/ organic matter/ USA, Oregon, 

Portland/ standing water 

Abstract: We measured soil organic matter (SOM) 

concentrations in a large sample (n = 95) of freshwater 

emergent and open water wetlands in the Portland, 

Oregon, USA, area as part of a study of the ecological 

development of mitigation wetlands. Mean SOM 

concentrations were higher in naturally occurring wetlands 

(NOWs) than in mitigation wetlands (MWs) at 0-5 cm (SOM 

= 9.75 and 5.83%, respectively, p = 0.0001) and at 15-20 

cm (SOM = 6.85, 4.68%, p = 0.0551). If temporal 

accumulation of SOM is occurring, it is slow; we found no 

significant relationship between SOM and wetland age (p = 

0.6003) and no significant change in SOM concentration in 

soils in MWs sampled in 1987 and 1993. Concentrations of 

SOM were not significantly related to land use but were 

related to soil series, texture class, and association, and to 

hydrogeomorphic class. For a subset of wetlands monitored 

for hydrology, we also found a significant negative 

relationship between SOM and the extent of inundation by 

standing water. Mitigation may be leading to direct loss of 

SOM, probably resulting from soil management practices 

during project construction. We also show that hydrologic 

regime significantly affects SOM. Because most projects in 

our study were built in pre-existing wetlands and have 

extensive areas of open water, our results suggest that low 

concentrations of SOM are likely to persist. For SOM and 

probably for SOM-supported wetland functions, 

fundamental goals of mitigation and wetland management 

(in-kind wetland replacement, no-net-loss of structure and 

function) are not being achieved, at least in the short term. 

The success of mitigation, in terms of SOM, could be 

improved by better project design and better management 

of soils during project construction. 

© CSA 

976. Environmental gradients in Northwest USA 

freshwater wetlands. 

Sanville W. D.; Eilers H. P.; Boss T. R.; and Pfleeger T. G. 

Environmental Management 10(1): 125-134. (1986) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: vegetation/ moisture/ model/ seasonality 

Abstract: Wetland environmental characteristics are 

examined to determine their spatial and temporal 

relationships. Two very different Oregon freshwater 

wetlands provided a range of wetland types. Results are 

evaluated to determine the possible use of environmental 

characteristics in defining wetlands and their boundaries. 

Representative physical, hydrological, and edaphic 

properties were periodically measured in microplots along 

upland/wetland transects. A multivariate approach is 

stressed in the data analysis; correlation, cluster analysis, 

and principal components analyses were used. The results 

indicate the environmental characteristics change in a 

quantifiable manner both spatially and temporally. The 

controlling mechanism is moisture, spatially in terms of the 

upland/wetland transect and temporally with respect to 

seasonal response. These changes do not correlate well 

with vegetation. Several hypotheses are offered as an 

explanation. Correlation within environmental 

characteristics is variable but definite patterns are 

discernible. These data suggest both single and 

combinations of environmental characteristics that could 

serve as "keys" in wetland identification and boundary 

determination. However, before extensive use is made of 

this information additional long-term monitoring of wetland 

environmental characteristics will be required. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

977. Forms and accumulation of soil P in natural and 

recently restored peatlands--Upper Klamath Lake, 

Oregon, USA. 

Graham, S. A.; Craft, C. B.; Mccormick, P. V.; and 

Aldous, A. 

Wetlands 25(3): 594-606. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ phosphorus/ peatlands/ 

drainage/ lakes/ storage/ soil 

Abstract: Forms, amounts, and accumulation of soil 

phosphorus (P) were measured in natural and recently 

restored marshes surrounding Upper Klamath Lake located 

in south-central Oregon, USA to determine rates of P 

accumulation in natural marshes and to assess changes in 

P pools caused by long-term drainage in recently restored 

marshes. Soil cores were collected from three natural 

marshes and radiometrically dated to determine recent 

(super(137)Cs-based) and long-term (super(210)Pb-based) 

rates of peat accretion and P accumulation. A second set of 

soil cores collected from the three natural marshes and 

from three recently restored marshes was analyzed using a 

modification of the Hedley procedure to determine the 

forms and amounts of soil P. Total P in the recently 

restored marshes (222 to 311 mu g cm super(-3)) was 2-3 

times greater than in the natural marshes (103 to 117 mu g 

cm super(-3)), primarily due to greater bulk density caused 

by soil subsidence, a consequence of long-term marsh 

drainage. Occluded Fe- and Al-bound P sub(i), calciumbound P sub(i) and residual P were 4 times, 22 times, and 

5 times greater, respectively, in the recently restored 

marshes. More than 67% of the P pool in both the natural 

and recently restored marshes was present in recalcitrant 

forms (humic-acid P sub(o) and residual P) that provide 

long-term P storage in peat. Phosphorus accumulation in 

the natural marshes averaged 0.45 g m super(-2) yr super(-

1) (super(137)Cs) and 0.40 g m super(-2) yr super(-1) 

(super(210)Pb), providing a benchmark for optimizing P 

sequestration in the recently restored marshes. Effective P 

sequestration in the recently restored marshes, however, 

will depend on re-establishing equilibrium between the Penriched soils and the P concentration of floodwaters and a 

hydrologic regime similar to the natural marshes. 

© CSA 

978. Historical wetlands in Oregon's Willamette Valley: 

Implications for restoration of winter waterbird habitat. 

Taft, O. W. and Haig, S. M. 

Wetlands 23(1): 51-64. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

overwintering/ historical ecology/ valleys/ habitats/ 

waterfowl/ agriculture/ river basins/ habitat improvement/ 

ecosystem management/ restoration/ anthropogenic 

factors/ biological surveys/ river valleys/ aquatic birds/ 

habitat/ Aves/ Cygnus buccinator/ Chen caerulescens/ Grus 

canadensis/ Numenius americanus/ USA, Oregon, 

Willamette Valley/ birds/ trumpeter swan/ snow goose/ 

sandhill crane/ long-billed curlew/ Anser caerulescens/ 

Olor buccinator 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

298

Abstract: Before agricultural expansion in the 19th century, 

river valleys of North America supported expanses of 

wetland habitat. In restoring these landscapes, it is 

important to understand their historical condition and 

biological function. Synthesizing historical primary accounts 

(from explorers, travelers, settlers, and farmers) with 

contemporary knowledge of these wetland systems, we 

developed a profile of the wetlands and their use by 

nonbreeding waterbirds (e.g., waterfowl, wading birds, and 

shorebirds) within the Willamette Valley, Oregon, ca. 1840. 

We found evidence for three types of wetlands used by 

non-breeding waterbirds in fall, winter, and spring: 

emergent wetlands, riverine wetlands, and wetland prairie. 

The most extensive wetland type was wetland prairie, 

which functioned as fall/winter habitat for waterbirds, but 

only while native Kalapuyans managed the region with fire. 

Since the mid-1800s, four species, in particular, have 

decreased their use of the Willamette Valley: trumpeter 

swan (Cygnus buccinator), snow goose (Chen 

caerulescens), sandhill crane (Grus canadensis), and longbilled curlew (Numenius americanus). Information suggests 

that ca. 1840, waterbirds and their habitats were more 

abundant in the Willamette Valley than today. Restoration 

of the Willamette Valley landscape is warranted, and 

today's agricultural wetlands-former wetland prairie-hold 

highest restoration potential. 

© CSA 

979. Hydric soils in a southeastern Oregon vernal pool. 

Clausnitzer, David; Huddleston, J. Herbert; Horn, Edward; 

Keller, Mark; and Leet, Curtis 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 67(3): 

951-960. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: hydric soils/ ponding/ vernal pool/ 

wetlands soil 

Abstract: Vernal pools on the High Lava Plain of the 

northern Great Basin become ponded in most years, but 

their soils exhibit weak redoximorphic features indicative of 

hydric conditions. We studied the hydrology, temperature, 

redox potentials, soil chemistry, and soil morphology of a 

vernal pool to determine if the soils are hydric, and to 

evaluate hydric soil field indicators. We collected data for 3 

yr from piezometers, Pt electrodes, and thermocouples. 

Soil and water samples were analyzed for pH, organic C, 

and extractable Fe and Mn. Soils were ponded from 

January through April or May, but subsurface saturation 

was never detected. Soil temperatures 50 cm below the 

surface rose above 5degreeC by March. Clayey Bt horizons 

perched water and limited saturation to the upper 10 cm. 

Redox potentials at a 5-cm depth were often between 200 

and 300 mV, indicating anaerobic conditions, but producing 

soluble Fe2+ concentrations <1 mg L-1. Extractable soil Fe 

contents indicated Fe depletion from pool surface horizons 

and accumulation at or near the upper Bt1 horizon. 

Depletions and concentrations did not satisfy the criteria of 

any current hydric soil indicators. We recommend 

development of new indicators based on acceptance of 

fewer, less distinct redox concentrations for recognition of a 

depleted A horizon, and on presence of a thin zone 

containing redox concentrations located in the upper part of 

the near-surface perching horizon. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

980. Managing Oregon's estuarine resource lands. 

Jackson, P. L. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 46(1): 

23-26. (1991) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Abstract: Reviews one of the first attempts at mitigation 

banking to balance development with maintenance of 

fragile ecosystems. Estuarine mitigation has become an 

important phase in the planning and management of 

Oregon's coastal wetlands. As a part of a coordinated 

program of local comprehensive planning, land use 

regulation, and waterway alteration laws, mitigation banking 

is used to maintain the integrity of estuarine ecosystems by 

restoring or enhancing substitute habitat where planned 

development would otherwise result in the loss of resource 

lands. Oregon had adopted mitigation banking as the bank 

concept presents an alternative to applicants for state 

permits for material removal or fill in development estuaries. 

The article describes Oregon's first mitigation bank, the 

Astoria mitigation bank, established in 1987 at Young's Bay 

in the Columbia River Estuary. This project's objective was 

to restore a 33.8 acre diked pasture to its former condition 

as tidal marsh and swamp habitat. Another example of a 

large-scale habitat restoration is studied - the Salmon River 

Estuary project. Although this project was not a mitigation 

bank, it provides excellent evidence that diked pastureland 

along the Oregon coast can be returned to functioning saltmarsh habitat by restoration actions. The article finally 

assesses the prospects for estuarine mitigation. -from 

Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

981. Nesting ecology of waterbirds at Grays Lake, 

Idaho. 

Austin, J. E. and Pyle, W. H. 

Western North American Naturalist 64(3): 277-292. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH1 .G7; ISSN: 1527-0904 

Descriptors: wetlands/ nesting behavior/ lakes/ montane 

environments/ aquatic birds/ mountains/ nesting/ breeding 

success/ reproductive behaviour/ Aves/ Fulica americana/ 

Aythya americana/ Gallinago delicata/ Phalaropus tricolor/ 

Podiceps nigricollis/ Recurvirostra americana/ Anas 

platyrhynchos/ Oxyura jamaicensis/ Rallus limicola/ Branta 

canadensis/ Circus cyaneus/ Asio flammeus/ Grus 

canadensis tabida/ Numenius americanus/ Anas strepera/ 

USA, Idaho, Grays L./ birds/ gadwall 

Abstract: Montane wetlands provide valuable habitat for 

nesting waterfowl and other waterbirds in the western 

United States, but relatively little information is available 

about the nesting ecology of their waterbird communities. 

We describe the general nesting ecology of breeding 

waterbirds at a large, shallow, montane wetland in 

southeastern Idaho during 1997-2000. Habitats include 

upland grasslands and intermittently to semipermanently 

flooded wetland habitats. We located a total of 1207 nests 

of 23 bird species: Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), 

Canada Goose (Branta canadensis), Mallard (Anas 

platyrhynchos), Gadwall (A. strepera), American Wigeon 

(A. americana), Green-winged Teal (A. crecca), Bluewinged Teal (A. discors), Cinnamon Teal (A. cyanoptera), 

Northern Shoveler (A. clypeata), Northern Pintail (A. acuta), 

Redhead (Aythya americana), Canvasback (A. valisineria), 

Lesser Scaup (A. affinis), Ruddy Duck (Oxyura 

jamaicensis), Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), American 

Coot (Fulica americana), Virginia Rail (Rallus limicola), 
Northwest: General Information 

299

Greater Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis tabida), American 

Avocet (Recurvirostra americana), Long-billed Curlew 

(Numenius americanus), Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago 

delicata), Wilson's Phalarope (Phalaropus tricolor), and 

Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus). Most nests were initiated 

in May-early June and were terminated (hatched or 

destroyed) by the 3rd week of June. Mean daily survival 

rate (DSR) for Canada Goose nests was 0.954 plus or 

minus 0.005 (s sub(x); n = 127 nests), equivalent to 

Mayfield nest success of 21%. Mean DSR for dabbling 

duck nests over all 4 years was 0.938 plus or minus 0.006 

(n = 41), equivalent to Mayfield nest success of 11%. For 

all other species where we found >10 nests each year 

(Eared Grebe, Redhead, Canvasback, Coot, Sandhill 

Crane, American Avocet, and Wilson's Snipe), >50% of 

nests found hatched at least 1 young. Success rates for 

geese, cranes, and ducks were lower than reported for 

Grays Lake during 1949-1951 and lower than most other 

wetlands in the region. 

© CSA 

982. Quercus garryana communities in the Puget 

Trough, Washington. 

Thysell, David R. and Carey, Andrew B. 

Northwest Science 75(3): 219-235. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 470 N81; ISSN: 0029-344X 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ vashon glaciation/ community 

composition/ exogenous disturbances/ forest types/ plant 

cover/ prairies: habitat/ species diversity/ species richness/ 

tree diameter/ tree height/ tree regeneration/ 

wetlands: habitat 

Abstract: Among the legacies of the Vashon Glaciation are 

Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana), prairie, wetland, and 

Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) communities arrayed 

in a mosaic in the Puget Sound Area (PSA). Much of this 

mosaic has been destroyed. The largest remaining portion 

is on Fort Lewis Military Reservation. We examined oak 

communities on Fort Lewis to assess encroachment by 

exotic plants and by Douglas-fir, to determine amounts of 

regeneration of oak and other tree species, and to compare 

oak community diversity with that of nearby Douglas-fir 

forests and glacial till prairies. For the 22 largest 

communities, we determined densities of trees, distributions 

of tree diameters and heights, amounts of regeneration for 

each tree species, evidence of exogenous disturbances, 

and covers of vascular understory species. For study sites, 

we calculated basal areas of tree species, richness and 

diversity of vascular plants, and percentages of species that 

were exotic. We constructed species accumulation curves 

for oak communities, Douglas-fir forests, and prairies. We 

performed Bray-Curtis and weighted averaging ordinations 

for 176 sampling plots from the 22 sites. Oak communities 

were typically more diverse than either Douglas-fir forests 

or prairies and were transitional in species composition 

between them. However, oak communities contained 

numerous exotics, particularly Scot's broom (Cytisus 

scoparius) and colonial bentgrass (Agrostis capillaris). Most 

oak communities contained large-diameter Douglas-firs and 

other tree species and appeared to be transforming to 

conifer or conifer/mixed hardwood forests. With succession, 

exotic species become less prevalent, but the extent and 

abundance of oaks is diminished. Maintenance of oak 

communities, and the PSA natural mosaic, may require 

tree-density management in oak stands, removal of 

Douglas-fir, development of replacement oak sites, 

prescribed burning, and mechanical suppression of exotics 

before burning. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

983. Recent wetlands trends (1981/82-1994) in the 

Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA. 

Bernert, J. A.; Eilers, J. M.; Eilers, B. J.; Blok, E.; Daggett, 

S. G.; and Bierly, K. E. 

Wetlands 19(3): 545-559. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ runoff/ land management/ 

farms/ classification/ resources management/ agriculture/ 

tile drains/ irrigation/ ecosystem disturbance/ mapping/ 

land/ farms and farming/ resources/ drains/ irrigation 

Abstract: A two-stage, stratified, systematic sample design 

was implemented in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, USA, to 

quantify wetland and land-use changes from the 1980s to 

the 1990s. The Stage I sample (n = 711) was drawn from 

public land survey sections and was stratified by land use 

and runoff potential. The Stage II sample (n = 114) resampled the Stage I sample stratified by the amount of 

hydric soils identified in the Stage I sample. Wetland and 

upland classes were delineated on large-scale aerial 

photographs, digitized into ARC/Info coverages, and 

compared to quantify land-cover changes. Total loss of 

wetlands to uplands during the study period was about 

3,800 ha, representing a 2.1 percent wetland loss from the 

1980s. The net loss after adjusting for wetland gains was 

about 2,750 ha. During the study period, 70 percent of the 

wetland loss was associated with agriculture, six percent 

was lost to urbanization, and 24 percent was lost to other 

changes. The loss of wetlands to agriculture and the 

conversion of wetland types was consistent with a 

pronounced climatic component related to below-normal 

precipitation from 1985 to 1994, although continued 

installation of tile drains and expansion of irrigated 

agriculture also may have contributed to the changes. The 

loss of wetlands to agriculture raised questions regarding 

the effectiveness of current agricultural wetland policy, 

which appears ill-prepared to protect small wetlands or to 

deal with loss of wetlands from intensified use of existing 

farmland. This study identified a larger number and area of 

wetlands compared with national wetland surveys because 

of the larger scale data used in this study, the nature of the 

strata used in the statistical design, and the inclusion of 

palustrine farmed wetlands in the land-use classification. 

© CSA 

984. Restoration of degraded riverine/riparian habitat in 

the Great Basin and Snake River regions. 

Platts, W. S. and Jensen, S. E. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 367-404. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: habitat restoration/ riparian land/ stream 

restoration/ water resources management/ wetland 

restoration/ environmental impact/ planting management/ 

riparian waters/ soil-water-plant relationships/ water 

resources development/ watershed management/ wildlife 

habitats 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

300

Abstract: Riverine/riparian habitat (RRH) includes 

interdependent aquatic (riverine) and streamside (riparian) 

resources that are valuable for fish and wildlife habitat, 

flood storage and desynchronization, nutrient cycling and 

water quality, recreation, and heritage values. RRH 

includes resources both wetter and drier than stipulated for 

wetlands. Whereas the ' natural or achievable state ' of a 

riparian habitat may be wetland, the ' existing state ' may be 

non-wetland because of natural or anthropogenicallyinduced changes in the hydrologic character of RRH. There 

are many different types of RRH, each with distinctive 

structure, function, and values. Restoration commonly 

requires: planning to identify preliminary goals and a 

general approach; baseline assessments and inventories; 

designs from which the feasibility of accomplishing goals 

can be assessed; evaluation to assure compliance with 

designs; and monitoring of variables important to goals and 

objectives. The goals, approach, and design of restoration 

projects must be tailored to each type of RRH. Some 

general elements important to restoration of degraded RRH 

are: establishment of hydrologic conditions compatible with 

project goals; efficient handling of soil and substrates in 

construction; selection and propagation of plants suited to 

the site and project goals; evaluation of features to enhance 

habitat for target species; maintenance and control of 

impacts; and scheduling construction to reflect site 

constraints and goals. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

985. Saturation, reduction, and the formation of ironmanganese concretions in the Jackson-Frazier 

Wetland, Oregon. 

D'Amore, David V.; Stewart, Scott R.; and 

Huddleston, J. Herbert 

Soil Science Society of America Journal 68(3): 

1012-1022. (2004) 

NAL Call #: 56.9 So3; ISSN: 0361-5995 

Descriptors: redoximorphic features: hydric soils, wetting 

drying cycles 

Abstract: The Jackson-Frazier wetland is a rare, relatively 

undisturbed wetland in the Willamette Valley of Oregon that 

experiences repetitive annual flooding and drying cycles. 

Redoximorphic features formed by these wetting and drying 

cycles have not been calibrated with saturation and 

reduction. Long-term measurements of soil saturation and 

soil redox potential (EH) were combined with 

measurements of Fe and Mn concentrations to understand 

the formation of these redoximorphic features in the 

wetland soils. The Jackson-Frazier wetland is underlain by 

three stratigraphic units that control its hydrology: Holocene 

alluvium (A and Bss horizons), Malpass clay (2Bt horizon), 

and Irish Bend silts (3BC horizon). All three units are 

saturated for up to 9 mo each year, leading to EH values 

that fall below the Fe reduction threshold. Extractable Fe 

and Mn in nodules, concretions, and soft masses document 

substantial depletions from the matrix soil in all three units. 

In the 3BC, diffuse halos of Fe accumulation and matrix 

chromas from two to four indicate a source of Fe that can 

be reduced, translocated, and concentrated in nodular 

form. In the Bss and 3BC horizons, soft masses 

surrounding concentrations and higher ratios of oxalate to 

dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate Fe (Feox/FeDCB) in the larger 

concentrations suggest that nodules and concretions are 

currently forming by accretion of Fe. In the 2Bt, virtually all 

of the Fe and Mn is gone from the matrix, and concretion 

boundaries are sharp. These are not relict features, as the 

current conditions would favor continued formation had the 

supply of Fe and Mn not been exhausted. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

986. Sensitive wetlands delineation using 

multitemporal satellite imagery: A comparative study in 

the intermountain western U.S.

Cheney, B.; Jackson, M.; and Hardin, P. 

In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for 

Optical Engineering.; Vol. 4171.; pp. 340-350; 2001. 

Descriptors: Kauth-Thomas transformation/ multitemporal 

image analysis/ wetland delineation 

Abstract: This paper details an effort to develop an 

operational methodology to distinguish lacustrine, 

palustrine and riverine wetlands from irrigated agriculture in 

a continental area using archived multi-temporal/multispectral Landsat Tm data. Archival Landsat Tm data were 

acquired over the Little Wood River Valley of Idaho in April, 

August and September of 1985. All dates of imagery were 

subjected to a Kauth-Thomas transformation and then 

stacked into a single 9-band image and submitted to a 

supervised classification. Dem data was used to remove 

spectral confusion with mountain vegetative systems with 

similar temporal signatures to the wetlands of interest. Field 

checks and comparison to National Wetland Inventory (nwi) 

maps completed in 1984 revealed a 98.3% agreement in 

classification of non-wetland areas. 54% of the areas 

classified as wetland on the Nwi were classified as wetland 

using our method. This is attributed to practice of 

generalization of the Nwi maps in which several small 

wetlands are circumscribed into a single large area. The 

digital method correctly identified the wetland patches and 

classified the interstices as dry land. Confusion with 

irrigated agriculture was almost completely absent. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

987. Tidal wetlands of the Puget Sound region 

Washington USA. 

Boule M. E. 

Wetlands 1: 47-60. (1981) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: spruce/ alder/ pine/ inundation/ salinity/ 

climate/ zonation/ plant evolution/ topography/ tide/ river/ 

freshwater/ marine/ marsh/ swamp 

Abstract: Wetland plant associations in the Puget Sound 

region are controlled by the same physical factors identified 

in wetlands throughout the world: frequency and/or duration 

of inundation, and salinity. Physiographic and climatic 

features and plant evolutionary responses to them have 

resulted in an unusual diversity and zonation of tidal 

wetlands. Substantial freshwater runoff and fjord-like 

topography results in diminished baseline ("marine") salinity 

conditions within Puget Sound. The steep 

topography/bathymetry also means there is little suitable 

wetland habitat in Puget Sound waterways. Tide ranges of 

up to 4m at river mouths may result in tidal fluctuations 40 

km or more upstream, while high river flows often limit 

measurable surface salinities to less than 2km upstream. 

As a consequence, Puget Sound wetlands are found 

predominantly in tidal, freshwater rivers. Plant communities 

vary from low salt marsh associations at river mouths with 
Northwest: General Information 

301

brackish marshes immediately above them to fresh 

marshes and shrub swamps upriver. In undeveloped 

locations, forested swamps of spruce, alder, or occasionally 

pine, may be found in upstream tidal areas. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

988. Tracking changes in wetlands with urbanization: 

Sixteen years of experience in Portland, Oregon, USA. 

Kentula, Mary E.; Gwin, Stephanie E.; and 

Pierson, Suzanne M. 

Wetlands 24(4): 734-743. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: hydrologic modifications/ geographic 

information system: GIS, applied and field techniques/ field 

survey: applied and field techniques/ national wetlands 

inventory/ human manipulation/ rainfall/ residential use/ 

wetland urbanization 

Abstract: Long-term studies are essential to understanding 

the effects of urbanization on wetlands and the 

effectiveness of management actions. Using data from the 

National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) in combination with GIS 

analyses and field surveys, we tracked changes over 16 

years (1982-1998) in small (ltoreq2 ha), palustrine 

emergent/open water wetlands (PEM/POW) in Portland, 

Oregon, USA. Wetlands identified on NWI maps and that 

had not been converted to other land uses at the time of the 

1992 survey were surveyed in 1998. Data were collected 

on 164 of the 171 wetlands in the target population. Despite 

development pressure throughout the 1990s, loss of small 

PEM/POW wetlands slowed between 1992 and 1998, with 

only 6% of the sites being destroyed as compared to 40% 

between 1982 and 1992. Of 11 sites that were not 

identifiable due to drought in 1992, eight had recovered 

with the return of typical rainfall; three had been destroyed. 

Most of the wetlands existing in 1998 were in 

hydrogeomorphic (HGM) classes atypical to the region due 

to human manipulation. Hydrologic modifications were 

observed on 60% of the sites, but on-site disturbances like 

mowing, dumping, and trail building had decreased since 

the 1992 survey. Over the time period studied, land uses 

adjacent to the study sites shifted from undeveloped and 

agricultural to urban and residential use. Reflecting the 

common occurrence of on- and off-site stressors and 

modifications, we rated the condition of only 11 % of the 

sites as good, with 46% fair and 43 % poor. Our results 

demonstrate the utility of combining field surveys with GIS 

analyses to track the status of wetland resources over time. 

The next challenge is to use such data to develop 

strategies to manage urban wetlands in ways that maintain 

and ultimately improve the condition of the resource. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

989. Wetland determination of a southeast Oregon 

vernal pool and management implications. 

Clausnitzer, D. and Huddleston, J. H. 

Wetlands 22(4): 677-685. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ steppes/ classification/ on-site 

investigations/ hydrology/ soil properties/ vegetation/ water 

holes/ livestock/ ecological effects/ ecosystem 

management/ soil/ sediment properties/ temporary ponds/ 

classification systems/ biota/ plant populations/ 

nature conservation 

Abstract: Numerous landscape depressions on the High 

Lava Plain of southeast Oregon, USA are ponded in most 

years, but their wetland status has not been examined 

closely. We applied the standard wetland criteria 

(hydrology, soils, and vegetation) to one such pool to 

evaluate whether the pool meets federal criteria as a 

jurisdictional wetland. Wetland hydrology was determined 

to be present based on data from piezometer and ponding 

observations. Soils were determined to be hydric based on 

hydrology, soil temperature, and redox potentials. 

Vegetation met wetland criteria according to the 50/20 rule. 

Vegetation was similar to that of California Northern Basalt 

Flow vernal pools. Oregon pools are locally called 'upland 

playas,' but they fit the definition of vernal pools. Many 

southeast Oregon vernal pools are dug out as waterholes 

for livestock, increasing ponding depth and duration. 

Increased water availability can alter biological communities 

within pools and on surrounding semi-arid uplands. Effects 

due to grazing and excrement inputs have not yet been 

investigated. Vernal pools constitute distinct habitat sites 

within semi-arid landscapes and, therefore, probably play 

an important, and so far poorly understood, ecological role 

on the southeast Oregon steppe. 

© CSA 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

990. Controls on selenium distribution in wetland 

sediment, Benton Lake, Montana. 

Zhang, Yiqiang and Moore, J. N. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 97(3-4): 323-340. (1997) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ selenium/ sediment pollution/ water 

management/ carbon/ agricultural runoff/ distribution/ 

pumping plants/ water supply/ drainage/ land management/ 

pollution monitoring/ USA, Montana, Benton L. 

Abstract: The distribution of selenium in sediment in 

Benton Lake is mainly controlled by the location of the 

dissolved selenium inputs. Selenium concentrations in 

sediment decrease along flow paths downgradient within 

the wetland system. Construction in 1961 of a pump station 

to increase water supply and dikes to facilitate water 

management, along with current water management, has 

increased the rate of selenium accumulation in sediments 

as compared to the pre-1961 natural lake. Agricultural 

practices (alternate crop/fallow rotation) in the non-irrigated 

farm land of the seleniferous Benton Lake basin also have 

increased selenium loading to Benton Lake. Carbon 

content is an important factor affecting selenium distribution 

in sediment but this relationship is greatly affected by 

dissolved selenium inputs. Amelioration of selenium 

contamination in Benton Lake will require a combination of 

land and water management modifications. Within the 

wetland system, minimizing the duration of inlet-perennial 

ponds would minimize selenium accumulation and increase 

the life of the refuge. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

302

991. Effects of RodeoReg. and GarlonReg. 3A on 

nontarget wetland species in central Washington. 

Gardner, S. C. and Grue, C. E. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 15(4): 

441-451. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ herbicides/ toxicity/ effects/ weeds/ 

weed control/ aquatic organisms/ aquatic weeds/ control/ 

chemical control/ glyphosate/ triclopyr/ nontarget effects/ 

aquatic invertebrates/ Lythrum salicaria/ Daphnia/ rainbow 

trout/ Lemna 

Abstract: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, is an 

invasive wetland perennial that became established in 

northeastern North America in the early 1800s. Despite its 

designation as a noxious weed, its distribution has 

continued to expand. Treatment with herbicides is the most 

widely used means of controlling purple loosestrife. This 

study examined the nontarget effects of two herbicides, 

Rodeo [glyphosate] and Garlon 3A [triclopyr amine], 

currently used or being considered for use in controlling 

purple loosestrife in Washington State, resp. Growth and/or 

survival of duckweed [Lemna spp.], Daphnia, and rainbow 

trout were monitored for at least 24 h following an 

application of each herbicide. Free-living water column and 

benthic invertebrates were monitored 24 h and 7 d postspray using activity traps and sediment cores. Neither 

chemical was associated with significant decreases in 

survival or growth of the bioassay organisms, with the 

exception that growth of duckweed was reduced 48 h after 

exposure to Rodeo. Nor were significant decreases in the 

abundance of free-living aquatic invertebrates detected 

following the herbicide applications. Results suggest that 

neither herbicide, at the application rates used, poses a 

hazard to aquatic invertebrates in wetlands in central 

Washington. However, Rodeo, because it is a broadspectrum herbicide, may pose a greater hazard to 

nontarget aquatic vegetation. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

992. Home ranges, movements, and habitat selection of 

Oregon spotted frogs (Rana pretiosa). 

Watson, James W.; McAllister, Kelly R.; and 

Pierce, D. John 

Journal of Herpetology 37(2): 292-300. (June 2003) 

NAL Call #: QL640.J6; ISSN: 0022-1511 

Descriptors: Rana pretiosa (Ranidae)/ home range/ home 

range use/ distribution within habitat/ movement patterns/ 

habitat selection and home range use relationships/ habitat 

utilization/ range use/ habitat preference/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ wetland upland pasture mosaic/ grassland/ 

Washington/ Thurston County/ Dempsey Creek/ habitat 

selection/ home range use and movement patterns/ upland 

pasture wetland mosaic 

Abstract: From 1997-1999 we studied one of four known 

populations of Oregon Spotted Frogs (Rana pretiosa) in 

Washington State to investigate patterns of range use, 

movements, and habitat selection. Sixty telemetered frogs 

occupied a range that was a mosaic of wetlands (15.6 ha) 

and upland pasture (13.2 ha) grazed by dairy cows. Mean 

(.[plus or minus] SE) home-range size for four frogs was 2.2 

[plus or minus] 1.0 ha. Patterns of spatial use, determined 

from 654 telemetry locations, were closely related to 

season and changing surface water conditions. During the 

breeding season (February to May), frogs occupied >=-50% 

of the area they used the entire year, and oviposited in 

shallow pools (depth = 16.9 [plus or minus] 0.6 cm) on the 

margins of an ephemeral creek. In the dry season (June to 

August), frogs moved down stream to deeper, permanent 

pools (depth = 23.6 [plus or minus] 1.0 cm), significantly 

reduced their movements, and occupied the smallest 

ranges of any season. During the wet season (September 

to January), frogs moved back up stream and reoccupied 

the breeding range. During the coldest weather, frogs 

buried themselves at the base of dense vegetation in 

shallow water under ice (depth = 17.4 [plus or minus] 0.8 

cm). Frogs avoided dry uplands. Frogs selected sedge 

(Carex obnupta, and Carex utriculata)/rush (Juncos 

effuses) habitat during breeding and hardhack (Spiraea 

douglasii) cover during the dry season that shaded and 

maintained remnant pools. Frogs preferred microhabitats 

with 50-75% water surface exposure based on 

comparisons between telemetry locations and nearby 

locations that were randomly selected. Aquatic 

requirements necessary to complete the life cycle of 

Oregon Spotted Frogs in this population include (1) stable, 

shallow water areas for egg and tadpole survival in the 

breeding season, (2) deep, moderately vegetated pools for 

adult and juvenile survival in the dry season, and (3) 

shallow water levels over emergent vegetation for 

protecting all age classes during cold weather in the wet 

season. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

993. The importance of flood irrigation in water supply 

to wetlands in the Laramie Basin, Wyoming, USA. 

Peck, D. E. and Lovvorn, J. R. 

Wetlands 21(3): 370-378. (Sept. 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ flood irrigation/ irrigation effects/ 

irrigation efficiency/ environmental effects/ hydrology/ 

percolation/ ecosystems/ salinity/ conductivity/ irrigation 

water/ agriculture/ water supply/ nature conservation/ 

canals/ water policy/ water management/ irrigation/ 

flooding/ water supplies/ USA, Wyoming, Laramie Basin/ 

groundwater management/ mechanical and natural 

changes/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: As in many areas of western North America, 

flood irrigation for hay production has created many 

wetlands in the Laramie Basin, Wyoming. Since the early 

1900s, water from mountain snowmelt has reached 

wetlands via ditches and as interflow and ground water 

percolating from flooded fields and unlined ditches. Such 

systems are viewed as inefficient for irrigation and other 

human uses because they reduce the volume and increase 

the salinity of downstream flows. Increasing irrigation 

efficiency by lining ditches or installing sprinklers would 

decrease wetland habitat, but such effects are seldom 

considered. To assess potential impacts of increased 

irrigation efficiency, we determined how flood irrigation 

affects the hydrology and types of wetlands in the Laramie 

Basin. For 74 wetlands with 80 total inflows, just 14% of 

inflows were as surface flow from natural stream channels. 

In contrast, 65% of inflows were directly from irrigation: 

30% as surface flow from ditches and 35% as interflow 

percolating from ditches and irrigated fields. Fifteen percent 

of inflows were as surface flow from other wetlands, and 

6% of inflows were from ground water with unknown 

recharge source (probably either natural streams or 

irrigation). In this year of high water availability (1999), 

wetlands receiving surface water generally were fresh or 
Northwest: Effects of Conservation Practices 

303

oligosaline regardless of whether that flow was from natural 

streams, other wetlands, or ditches (mean plus or minus 1 

SD = 3.28 plus or minus 5.07 mS/cm, median = 1.60, range 

0.07-22.10). In contrast, wetlands receiving water as 

interflow percolating from ditches or irrigated fields, or as 

ground water with unknown recharge source, were more 

likely to have conductivities of mesosaline or higher (mean 

plus or minus 1 SD = 22.45 plus or minus 32.71 mS/cm, 

median = 9.08, range 0.60-112.00). Conductivity of surface 

water in the 74 wetlands (mS/cm) ranged from fresh (0.07) 

to hypersaline (112.00), with a mean of 10.89 plus or minus 

22.80 (SD) and median of 2.60; this range of salinity 

corresponds to substantial variation in wetland community 

structure. In the Laramie Basin and similar areas, flood 

irrigation is critical to the existence, hydrology, and 

community types of most wetlands, and these effects 

should be considered in plans to increase irrigation 

efficiency. 

© CSA 

994. Nitrogen and phosphorus loading from drained 

wetlands adjacent to Upper Klamath and Agency 

Lakes, Oregon. 

Snyder, Daniel T. and Morace, Jennifer L. 

Portland, Ore.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological 

Survey67 p. Water-resources investigations report. 

NAL Call #: GB701.W375 no.97-4059 

http://or.water.usgs.gov/pubs_dir/Pdf/97-4059.pdf 

Descriptors: nutrient pollution of water---Oregon/ lakes---

fertilization---Oregon/ eutrophication---Oregon/ water quality 

biological assessment---Oregon 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices 

995. Constructed wetland systems in the arid and semiarid west to treat irrigation wastewater.

Hoag, J. C. 

In: Wetlands and Remediation: An International 

Conference. (Held 16 Nov 1999-17 Nov 1999 at Salt Lake 

City, UT .) Means, J. L. and Hinchee, R. E. (eds.); 

pp. 295-300; 1999. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ irrigation water/ waste utilization/ 

pollution control/ water pollution treatment/ agricultural 

pollution/ water pollution control/ agriculture/ irrigation/ 

precipitation/ irrigation/ precipitation (atmospheric)/ 

wastewater treatment/ phosphorus removal/ nitrogen 

removal/ construction/ arid environments/ environmental 

engineering/ constructed wetlands/ USA, Idaho, Magic 

Valley/ protective measures and control/ wastewater 

treatment processes/ water treatment/ sewage & 

wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Three Constructed Wetland Systems for water 

quality improvement of irrigation wastewater were built in 

the Magic Valley of Idaho in 1994, 1995, and 1996. The 

Nature Conservancy CWS is the oldest CWS. Preliminary 

data indicates that in it has a removal efficiency of 88% of 

Total Suspended Solids, 72.5% Total Phosphorous, 73.4% 

Ortho-phosphorous, and 65% nitrogen. Preliminary data 

indicates that the Cedar Draw CWS has a removal 

efficiency of 65.2% TSS, 43.2% TP, 16% OP, and 16% N 

(very limited sampling data). CSI CWS is the youngest 

wetland and little sampling has been completed on it. The 

plant communities have filled in significantly since planting 

with a few problems associated with water control. 

© CSA 

996. Created and restored marshes in the Lower Fraser 

River, British Columbia: Summary of their functioning 

as fish habitat. 

Levings, C. D. and Nishimura, D. J. H. 

Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 32(3): 599-618. 

(1997); ISSN: 1201-3080 

Descriptors: Canada, British Columbia, Fraser R./ 

marshes/ aquatic habitats/ estuaries/ invertebrates/ smolt/ 

salmon/ aquatic plants/ artificial wetlands/ rehabilitation/ 

comparison studies/ environmental restoration/ 

Oncorhynchus 

Abstract: Ecological comparisons of transplanted, natural 

(reference) and disrupted (unvegetated) marsh sites on the 

Fraser River estuary, British Columbia, were conducted 

between 1991 and 1994. The study examined vegetative 

biomass and cover, invertebrate abundance, fish 

abundance, fish residency, fish food, and submergence 

time for the three habitats. Standing crop biomass at three 

transplant sites was within the range of values for reference 

sites, but was much lower at an unstable site where 

sediment slumping had occurred. The percent cover of 

Lyngbyei's sedge (Carex lyngbyei) in eight transplant sites 

was <50% of that observed in adjacent reference sites 

when data were averaged over the study area; rushes 

(Juncus spp.) were more abundant in transplant sites. In all 

study reaches, abundance of invertebrates at transplant 

and reference sites was significantly higher than at 

disrupted sites. In several instances, invertebrate 

abundance at transplant sites was greater than at reference 

sites. No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed 

among marsh sites when chum salmon (Oncorhynchus 

keta) and chinook salmon (O. tschawytscha) fry abundance 

were compared. However, chinook and sockeye smolt 

catches were significantly different (p<0.05) among marsh 

sites and were usually higher at disrupted sites. In nine 

sites in the North Arm and Deas Slough area chum fry 

residency was examined. At one transplant site (DE1) 

marked chum fry were caught up to 48 h after release. No 

fry were caught 1 h after release at a transplant site (DI1) 

and a disrupted site (DE4). At the remaining sites, fry were 

caught up to 1 and 3 h after release. At all sites, over 80% 

of the total number of food organisms examined in chum fry 

stomachs were harpacticoid copepods. Mean submergence 

time for reference marshes ranged from 33.2 to 50.7%, but 

for transplanted sites the value ranged from 26.4 to 60.1%. 

Our study shows that numerous factors need to be 

examined in determining if restored marshes will function 

as natural habitats. The development of a standardized set 

of reference criteria would assist in evaluating whether or 

not transplanted marshes are functioning as designed. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

304

997. Duwamish River Coastal America restoration and 

reference sites: Results from 1997 monitoring studies. 

Cordell, J. R.; Tear, L. M.; Jensen, K.; and Higgins, H. A. 

Seattle, WA: Fisheries Research Institute; 

FRI-UW-9903, 1999. 

Notes: Other numbers: Technical report. School of Aquatic 

and Fishery Science, Fisheries Research Institute, 

Washington University [Rep. Fish. Res. Inst. Wash. 

Univ.]. No. 9903 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ water 

resources/ riprap/ restoration/ brackishwater environment/ 

man-induced effects/ tidal currents/ riparian vegetation/ 

fishery sciences/ environmental protection/ coastal zone/ 

fishery management/ coastal inlets/ anthropogenic factors/ 

Oncorhynchus/ Carex lyngbyei/ Scirpus maritima/ USA, 

Washington, Seattle, Duwamish Waterway/ habitat 

community studies 

Abstract: In this report, we present the results of 1997 

biological monitoring at three wetland restoration sites in 

the Duwamish River estuary, Seattle, Washington. 

Restoration at these sites was originally facilitated by the 

federal Coastal America program and was carried out by a 

partnership of the City of Seattle, U.S. Fish & Wildlife 

Service, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency. Two of these sites are in 

the middle portion of the Duwamish Waterway, in a region 

dominated by tidal influence and mixed fresh- and marine 

water. The first of these sites consists of the General 

Service Administration (GSA) site located adjacent to the 

Federal Center South, which is a long, narrow intertidal 

strip running parallel to the east bank of the Duwamish 

Waterway adjacent/to the Seattle District Corps of 

Engineers. Restoration at this site included removal of rock 

riprap and a large overwater wharf structure to allow natural 

colonization by existing wetland plants, construction of a 

sediment "bench" at 0.0-m elevation to promote use by 

juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), and planting of 

upland riparian vegetation. The second site is at Terminal 

105 (T-105); this site originally consisted of a vacated street 

end and a large pipe that drained a small degraded wetland 

area. Restoration included removal of debris and 

replacement of the pipe with an estuarine channel that 

restored tidal flow to the area. The third Coastal America 

restoration site is at the upper Turning Basin at the head of 

the Duwamish Waterway. This site/comprises an upland 

riparian buffer planted with native vegetation and a small 

regraded upper intertidal basin planted with fringing native 

sedge, Carex lyngbyei, and rush, Scirpus maritima. 

© CSA 

998. Fire, mowing, and hand-removal of woody species 

in restoring a native wetland prairie in the Willamette 

Valley of Oregon. 

Clark, D. L. and Wilson, M. V. 

Wetlands 21(1): 135-144. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies/ fires/ mowing/ mortality/ 

indigenous species/ environmental restoration/ flowering/ 

plant communities/ freshwater environments/ land use/ land 

management/ environmental quality/ ecosystem 

management/ ecosystem disturbance/ introduced species/ 

vegetation cover/ fire 

Abstract: The invasion of prairies by woody species is a 

worldwide conservation concern. Fire is frequently used to 

inhibit this invasion. However, there is little documentation 

of the effect of fire in wetland prairies, which are also 

threatened with encroachment of woody species. The 

present study investigated wetland species responses to 

experimental burning, hand-removal of woody species, and 

mowing with removal of cut material. The possible 

ecological mechanisms responsible for individualistic 

responses of species, including direct mortality, ability to 

resprout, and release from competition are considered. We 

also evaluated these treatments as tools for meeting 

restoration objectives of reducing the abundance of woody 

species, reducing or preventing spread of non-native pest 

species, and increasing or at least maintaining native 

species' abundance. After two years of treatments (1994 

and 1996) three patterns emerged. 1) Woody species: 

Burning and hand-removal caused the greatest reductions 

in cover of woody species. Mowing with removal of cut 

material, however, did not reduce the cover of woody 

species compared to controls. As woody plant cover 

decreased, plant mortality increased, indicating that 

treatments influenced woody plant cover at least partially 

through mortality. 2) Native herbaceous species: Burning 

significantly decreased inflorescence production of 

Deschampsia cespitosa, the dominant wetland prairie 

grass. In contrast, burning, along with mowing, significantly 

increased flowering of Juncus tenuis. Flowering and cover 

of all native graminoids combined, however, showed no 

significant responses to treatments. Burning and handremoval significantly promoted the cover of native forbs as 

a group, with Lotus purshiana and Veronica scutellata 

showing the greatest increases. 3) Non-native herbaceous 

species: Burning and hand-removal significantly reduced 

the cover of non-native forbs as a group and particularly 

reduced the cover of Hypericum perforatum. The number of 

inflorescences of non-native grasses (Holcus lanatus and 

Anthoxanthum odoratum) increased with hand-removal and 

mowing. Overall, no treatment was clearly superior in 

fulfilling the restoration objectives. Burning was effective in 

reducing woody cover and did not promote abundance of 

non-native herbaceous species. Burning, however, reduced 

the flowering of the key native grass, Deschampsia 

cespitosa. Hand-removal of woody species was also 

effective at reducing woody cover and promoted the 

abundance of some native species, but it sometimes 

increased the cover of non-native herbaceous species. 

Because mowing with removal of cut material was 

ineffective in reducing woody cover and tended to promote 

non-native herbaceous species, this treatment is not 

recommended as a management tool. 

© CSA 

999. Hydrologic design considerations of constructed 

wetlands for urban stormwater runoff. 

Koob, T.; Barber, M. E.; and Hathhorn, W. E. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

35(2): 323-332. (Apr. 1999) 

NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ hydrology/ urban runoff/ 

vegetation/ water stress/ drought/ tolerance/ design criteria/ 

storm runoff/ land reclamation/ stormwater runoff/ water 

budget/ droughts/ environmental engineering/ agricultural 

runoff/ runoff (urban)/ design data/ runoff/ USA, 

Washington, Spokane/ control of water on the surface/ 

protective measures and control/ environmental action/ 

water & wastewater treatment/ underground services and 

water use/ wastewater treatment processes 
Northwest: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

305

Abstract: The successful design of constructed wetlands 

requires a continuous supply of water or vegetation that can 

withstand drought conditions. Having a constant water 

source is the best alternative to insure species diversity 

throughout the season. Consequently, detention structure 

designs should be based on times between events as well 

as on hydrologic return periods, since between events is 

when most evaporation and infiltration losses are likely to 

occur. In arid or semi-arid environments, this is a difficult 

process because of long interevent times and seasonal 

changes in precipitation patterns. This discussion is 

predicated on the assumption that phytoplankton, epiphytic 

algae, and emergent vegetation require moist conditions to 

be effective at removing nutrients, metals and other 

pollutants. There are drought tolerant species of vegetation 

that can be used in constructed wetlands but it may take 

several days to re-establish the attached bacteria 

communities necessary for optimum pollutant removal. This 

paper examines a stochastic framework to examine the 

probability of extended dry periods based on historic rainfall 

data. The number of consecutive dry days is selected for a 

specified level of assurance. By multiplying this value by 

the sum of daily system losses, an overall pond volume can 

be determined that ensures a minimum depth of water. To 

illustrate the utility of the approach, the method is applied to 

a site in Spokane, Washington. 

© CSA 

1000. Hydrologic regime controls soil phosphorus 

fluxes in restoration and undisturbed wetlands. 

Aldous, Allison; McCormick, Paul; Ferguson, Chad; 

Graham, Sean; and Craft, Chris 

Restoration Ecology 13(2): 341-347. (June 2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil/ flooding/ mineralization/ 

phosphorus/ environmental restoration/ lakes/ habitat 

improvement/ fertilizers/ hydrology/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

agriculture/ USA, Oregon, Upper Klamath L./ reclamation/ 

habitat community studies/ mechanical and 

natural changes 

Abstract: Many wetland restoration projects occur on 

former agricultural soils that have a history of disturbance 

and fertilization, making them prone to phosphorus (P) 

release upon flooding. To study the relationship between P 

release and hydrologic regime, we collected soil cores from 

three restoration wetlands and three undisturbed wetlands 

around Upper Klamath Lake in southern Oregon, U.S.A. 

Soil cores were subjected to one of three hydrologic 

regimes-flooded, moist, and dry-for 7.5 weeks, and P fluxes 

were measured upon reflooding. Soils from restoration 

wetlands released P upon reflooding regardless of the 

hydrologic regime, with the greatest releases coming from 

soils that had been flooded or dried. Undisturbed wetland 

soils released P only after drying. Patterns in P release can 

be explained by a combination of physical and biological 

processes, including the release of iron-bound P due to 

anoxia in the flooded treatment and the mineralization of 

organic P under aerobic conditions in the dry treatment. 

Higher rates of soil P release from restoration wetland soils, 

particularly under flooded conditions, were associated with 

higher total P concentrations compared with undisturbed 

wetland soils. We conclude that maintaining moist soil is 

the means to minimize P release from recently flooded 

wetland soils. Alternatively, prolonged flooding provides a 

means of liberating excess labile P from former agricultural 

soils while minimizing continued organic P mineralization 

and soil subsidence. 

© CSA 

1001. Integrated pest management to control reed 

canarygrass in seasonal wetlands of southwestern 

Washington. 

Kilbride, K. M. and Paveglio, F. L. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(2): 292-297. (1999) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ weed control/ control methods/ 

herbicides/ integrated control/ mowing/ spraying/ sprays/ 

discing/ weeds/ cultural control/ Phalaris/ 

Phalaris arundinacea 

Abstract: Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) is an 

exotic, invasive species that threatens to degrade wetlands 

throughout North America. Although efficacies of control 

methods for canarygrass have been studied in the Midwest, 

little information is available regarding efficacies for 

treatments in the Pacific Northwest. Here, integrated pest 

management techniques for the control of canarygrass in 

seasonal wetlands of southwestern Washington were 

investigated. Techniques used included mechanical 

(disking or mowing) and chemical (RodeoReg.) treatments, 

and combinations of disking and Rodeo together with 

water-level control for 3 growing seasons. Stem densities of 

canarygrass were reduced most by spraying and disking 

with a follow-up application of Rodeo during the next 

growing season. Disking with a follow-up application of 

Rodeo during the next growing season generally had 

similar canarygrass control as the most efficacious 

treatment. Canarygrass that germinated and grew from 

viable rhizomes following drawdown after the initial Rodeo 

application or disking made a follow-up treatment with 

herbicide imperative for effective control. To prevent 

canarygrass re-infestation, treatments should not be 

initiated until the ability to manage consistent water levels 

throughout the winter and early spring exists for a wetland. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1002. Nutrients in salmon hatchery wastewater and its 

removal through the use of a wetland constructed to 

treat off-line settling pond effluent. 

Michael, J. H. 

Aquaculture 226(1-4): 213-225. (Oct. 2003) 

NAL Call #: SH1 .A6; ISSN: 0044-8486 

Descriptors: aquaculture effluents/ biodegradation/ water 

pollution treatment/ water quality control/ wastewater 

treatment/ phosphorus/ hatcheries/ solid impurities/ fish 

culture/ nutrients/ habitat/ fisheries/ settling basins/ artificial 

wetlands/ salmonidae/ USA, Washington/ salmonids/ 

effects of aquaculture on the environment/ effects of 

aquaculture on the environment/ sewage & wastewater 

treatment/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: The presence of nutrients in the wastewater of 

salmonid hatcheries is of growing concern to water quality 

managers. Presently, Washington State regulations require 

quiescent settling to remove settleable and suspended 

solids from the water but do not as yet address nutrient 

concerns. In order to evaluate the load of nutrients 

discharged by salmon hatcheries, the Washington 

Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) initiated two 

studies. Water from the Issaquah Hatchery, located in a 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

306

watershed with identified excessive levels of anthropogenic 

phosphorus in the aquatic system, was monitored for total 

phosphorus for more than a year at the points of diversion 

from the creek, at the points of water return to the creek, 

and at the point of discharge from the off-line settling pond. 

Monitoring showed that the hatchery's contribution to 

watershed phosphorus levels was low and that the primary 

phosphorous input from the hatchery appeared to be the 

process water as opposed to water from the off-line settling 

system. In order to evaluate the efficacy of a constructed 

wetland in the removal of nutrients from a conventional 

offline settling system, WDFW installed a constructed 

wetland at the Dungeness Hatchery. Over the course of 4 

years of monitoring, the wetland removed most of the 

solids, phosphorus, and nitrogenous compounds, which 

resulted in a reduction in biological oxygen demand (BOD) 

of the influent water. At times, the offline settling system 

actually increased the level of some of the nutrients, 

suggesting that treatment of hatchery effluent will need to 

include a combination of quiescent settling, constructed 

wetland, and some sort of process water treatment if 

anthropogenic solids and nutrients are to be more 

completely removed. The constructed wetland also 

provided habitat used by amphibians and birds for breeding 

and foraging. At facilities in locations with sufficient land 

base available to develop a constructed wetland, it should 

be possible to reduce the nutrient input to receiving waters 

and provide additional habitat for aquatic animals. 

© CSA 

1003. Prescribed fire and the response of woody 

species in Willamette Valley wetland prairies. 

Pendergrass, K. L.; Miller, P. M.; and Kauffman, J. B. 

Restoration Ecology 6(3): 303-311. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: fire management/ fire suppression/ fuel 

biomass/ fuel properties/ height growth/ prescribed burning/ 

wetland prairies/ woody species density 

Abstract: A single fall-season prescribed bum and two 

consecutive fall-season prescribed bums were conducted in 

1988 and 1989 to quantify the effects of fire intensity and 

frequency on woody species in two Willamette Valley wet 

prairies. Fuel biomass, fuel properties, fire behavior, 

biomass consumption, and changes in woody species 

density and height were documented before and after the 

bums. Before burning, Rosa nutkana (Nootka rose) was the 

most abundant woody species at both sites. In 1988, bums 

were significantly more intense, produced more heat per 

unit area at Fisher Butte than at Rose Prairie, and were 

fairly complete, with 37% and 35% woody biomass 

consumption, respectively. In 1989, bums were spotty; only 

11% of woody biomass was consumed at Fisher Butte. The 

one-burn treatment did not affect R. nutkana density in 1 

apprx 15 m transects at either site; the two-burn treatment 

significantly increased its density in three of the five 

communities sampled. Burning significantly reduced height 

growth by eliminating taller individuals while stimulating 

sprouts from belowground tissues. Redistribution of R. 

nutkana and trees into shorter height classes indicates the 

possibility of reducing the visual dominance of woody 

species if periodic burns were conducted in native 

Willamette Valley prairie. The low-intensity bums in this 

study were sufficient to remove the woody shoots under 3 

m tall but did not reduce their capacity to regenerate and 

did not reduce the density of woody species. After decades 

of fire suppression, two bums were not sufficient to 

reestablish the desired balance between native herbaceous 

and woody species or to reduce the presence of introduced 

woody species. A long-term commitment to the 

reintroduction of fire as a management tool will be required 

to maintain native wetland prairies in the Willamette Valley. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1004. Reduction potential of selenate in wetland 

sediment. 

Zhang, Y. Q. and Moore, J. N. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 26(3): 910-916. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Abstract: Laboratory and field experiments were conducted 

to examine the reduction potential of dissolved selenate in 

wetland sediment at Benton Lake, Montana. Results 

showed that selenate reduction in wetland sediment was a 

microbially mediated process. This process proceeded 

rapidly and removed more than 50% of added selenate 

from solution to the sediment during the first day of the 

experiment. The reduction potential of selenate in sediment 

was positively correlated to Se concentrations in sediment, 

but not to sediment organic C content. This process 

occurred at the sediment surface because the depth of 

diffusion of selenate was limited, resulting in most Se 

accumulating in the top 2 cm of the sediment. The results 

from this study indicate that selenate reduction in sediment 

dominates selenate removal from water. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1005. Response of a terrestrial mollusc community to 

an autumn prescribed burn in a rare wetland prairie of 

western Oregon, USA. 

Severns, Paul M. 

Journal of Molluscan Studies 71(Part 2): 181-187. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QL401; ISSN: 0260-1230 

Descriptors: prescribed burning: applied and field 

techniques/ grasslands/ wetland prairie 

Abstract: Conservation and management of grasslands 

may involve the use of prescribed fire to reinstate a 

historical disturbance regime recently suppressed by 

humans. I used traps to describe the terrestrial mollusc 

community in a rare wetland prairie ecosystem of western 

Oregon, USA over a 3-year period in an adjacent burned 

and unburned wetland prairie parcel beginning 1 year 

following an autumn prescribed fire. Species richness was 

lower throughout the burned area for the duration of the 

study period and mollusc abundance was lower in the first 

postburn year, but steadily increased over time, surpassing 

the adjacent burned area by the third postburn year. 

According to Multi-response Permutation Procedure, the 

mollusc community in the adjacent burned area differed 

significantly from the unburned prairie each year since the 

burn, suggesting that fire history may structure the wetland 

prairie mollusc community. Indicator species analysis 

identified that Deroceras reticulatum and Monadenia fidelis 

were indicator species for unburned wetland prairie, while 

Catinella rhederi and Vertigo modesta were indicator 

species for burned habitat at the study site. Since fire 

appears to decrease wetland prairie mollusc diversity and 

abundance, prescribed burns should be conducted in 

accordance with refuges, to provide a source population for 

colonizing molluscs and for other animals with unknown 

responses to fire. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
Northwest: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

307

1006. Subsurface flow wetland treatment of dairy farm 

stormwater.

Bruce, I. D. and Puget Sound Action Team, 

Olympia WA USA. 

In: 2003 Georgia Basin/Puget Sound Resarch Conference 

Proceedings. (Held 3 Mar 1931-3 Apr 2003 at Vancouver, 

BC (Canada).) Droscher, T. W. and Fraser, D. A. 

(eds.); 2004. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

tributaries/ ponds/ suspended particulate matter/ habitat 

improvement/ airports/ water pollution/ agricultural pollution/ 

farms/ artificial wetlands/ coliforms/ nutrients/ streams/ 

fisheries/ sampling/ interception/ storm seepage/ 

suspended solids/ monitoring/ agriculture/ dairy wastes/ 

storm wastewater/ Canada, British Columbia, Vancouver I., 

Victoria/ Canada, British Columbia, North Saanich/ habitat 

community studies/ prevention and control/ industrial 

effluents/ water & wastewater treatment 

Abstract: Non-point source pollution from agriculture can 

cause chronic water quality impacts in small streams and 

downstream marine waters. In North Saanich, B.C., water 

quality sampling of a tributary of TENTEN Creek in 

February 2000 indicated excessive levels of nutrients, 

suspended solids and faecal coliforms present in 

stormwater originating from an adjacent dairy farm. The 

tributary from the farm crosses into lands managed by the 

Victoria Airport Authority (VAA). The WSIKEM-TENTEN 

Stewardship Project, working in partnership with VAA, 

Pendray Farms, Tseycum First Nation and Fisheries & 

Oceans Canada, developed a stormwater interception and 

treatment complex beginning in August 2000. A 2.1 millionlitre stormwater detention pond was constructed with two 

piped outlets, one that fed a 150 metre long, 3-metre wide 

sub-surface flow constructed wetland. Monitoring of 

treatment efficacy in the winter of 2000-01 indicated that up 

to 99% of source faecal coliforms were removed, while 

nutrient and TSS reductions ranged from 25-95%. 

Subsequently a second wetland was constructed in 2001 to 

treat additional stormwater, and we estimate that during the 

first three years of operation, over 300 million litres of 

stormwater were treated. This paper discusses how the 

project was developed, its successes and limitations, and 

the role of stewardship partnerships in habitat and water 

quality restoration. Data describing wetland efficacy in 

treating agricultural stormwater is presented in tabular and 

chart formats, along with discussion of several of the water 

quality parameters that were investigated. 

© CSA 

1007. Use of radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) to map 

winter wetland habitat for shorebirds in an agricultural 

landscape. 

Taft, O. W.; Haig, S. M.; and Kiilsgaard, C. 

Environmental Management 33(5): 750-763. (2004) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ radar/ remote sensing/ habitat/ 

agriculture/ wildlife/ mapping/ aquatic birds/ agricultural 

ecosystems/ radarsat/ shorebirds/ plovers/ sandpipers 

Abstract: Many of today's agricultural landscapes once 

held vast amounts of wetland habitat for waterbirds and 

other wildlife. Successful restoration of these landscapes 

relies on access to accurate maps of the wetlands that 

remain. We used C-band (5.6-cm-wavelength), HHpolarized radar remote sensing (RADARSAT) at a 38 

degree incidence angle (8-m resolution) to map the 

distribution of winter shorebird (Charadriiformes) habitat on 

agricultural lands in the Willamette Valley of western 

Oregon. We acquired imagery on three dates (10 

December 1999, 27 January 2000, and 15 March 2000) 

and simultaneously collected ground reference data to 

classify radar signatures and evaluate map accuracy of four 

habitat classes: (1) wet with less than or equal to 50% 

vegetation (considered optimal shorebird habitat), (2) wet 

with > 50% vegetation, (3) dry with less than or equal to 

50% vegetation, and (4) dry with > 50% vegetation. Overall 

accuracy varied from 45 to 60% among the three images, 

but the accuracy of focal class 1 was greater, ranging from 

72 to 80%. Class 4 coverage was stable and dominated 

maps (40% of mapped study area) for all three dates, while 

coverage of class 3 decreased slightly throughout the study 

period. Among wet classes, class 1 was most abundant 

(about 30% coverage) in December and January, 

decreasing in March to approximately 15%. Conversely, 

class 2 increased dramatically from January to March, likely 

due to transition from class 1 as vegetation grew. This 

approach was successful in detecting optimal habitat for 

shorebirds on agricultural lands. For modest classification 

schemes, radar remote sensing is a valuable option for 

wetland mapping in areas where cloud cover is persistent. 

© CSA 

1008. The value of agricultural wetlands as invertebrate 

resources for wintering shorebirds. 

Taft, O. W. and Haig, S. M. 

Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 110(3-4): 

249-256. (2005) 

NAL Call #: S601 .A34; ISSN: 0167-8809 

Abstract: Agricultural landscapes have received little 

recognition for the food resources they provide to wintering 

waterbirds. In the Willamette Valley of Oregon, modest yet 

significant populations of wintering shorebirds 

(Charadriiformes) regularly use hundreds of dispersed 

wetlands on agricultural lands. Benthic invertebrates are a 

critical resource for the survival of overwintering shorebirds, 

yet the abundance of invertebrate resources in agricultural 

wetlands such as these has not been quantified. To 

evaluate the importance of agricultural wetlands to a 

population of wintering shorebirds, the density, biomass, 

and general community composition of invertebrates 

available to birds were quantified at a sample of Willamette 

Valley sites during a wet (1999-2000) and a dry winter 

(2000-2001). Invertebrate densities ranged among 

wetlands from 173 to 1925 (mean +/- S.E.: 936 +/- 106) 

individuals/m2 in the wet winter, and from 214 to 3484 

(1028 +/- 155) individuals/m2 in the dry winter. Total 

invertebrate estimated biomass among wetlands ranged 

from 35 to 652 (mean +/- S.E.: 364 +/- 35) mg/m2 in the 

wet winter, and from 85 to 1405 (437 +/- 62) mg/m2 in the 

dry winter. These estimates for food abundance were 

comparable to that observed in some other important 

freshwater wintering regions in North America. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

308

1009. Variability of treatment performance in 

constructed wetlands. 

Kuehn, E. and Moore, J. A. 

Water Science and Technology 32(3): 241-250. (1995) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wastewater treatment/ pollutants/ 

biochemical oxygen demand/ aquatic plants/ 

Schoenoplectus acutus/ Typha latifolia/ pulp and paper mill 

effluents/ constructed wetlands 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1010. Why pest plant control and native plant 

establishment failed: A restoration autopsy. 

Wilson, M. V.; Ingersoll, C. A.; Wilson, M. G.; and 

Clark, D. L. 

Natural Areas Journal 24(1): 23-31. (Feb. 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH76.N37; ISSN: 0885-8608 

Descriptors: environmental restoration/ pest control/ 

prairies/ community composition/ seeds/ restoration/ 

introduced species/ vegetation cover/ plant populations/ 

plant control/ population density/ mortality/ competition/ 

ecosystem management/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

seedlings/ indigenous species/ fallowing/ burning/ 

maintenance/ USA, Oregon/ USA, Oregon, Willamette 

Valley/ native species/ wetland prairies/ reclamation/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

biodiversity 

Abstract: Explaining restoration failure can be as important 

as touting success. We used a series of studies to 

understand the failure of techniques commonly used to 

restore wetland prairies in the Willamette Valley of western 

Oregon. Burning, fallowing, and solarization (covering tilled 

plots with plastic sheeting to heat the soil) had pronounced 

first-year effects on several individual species, but either did 

not reduce overall pest plant abundance or reduced the 

abundance of native species as well. The 34% overall plant 

cover in solarized plots was the only significant difference 

from the 60% cover present in control plots. All first-year 

responses essentially disappeared by the second year. 

These measures had little lasting effect on pest and other 

exotic plants because many survived treatment and 

resprouted. In addition, treatments had little effect on the 

number of seeds in the soil, leaving a pool of immediate 

and potential regeneration. Specific control measures of 

target plants, such as hand removal and repeat 

maintenance after initial treatments, should prove more 

successful. In a second study, three mixtures of native 

species sown into fallowing treatment plots had low 

emergence rates of 1%-7%, despite high seed viability, and 

produced only 0%-3% cover. Native species should be 

selected and sown at densities high enough to lead to 

significant numbers of surviving seedlings, especially in the 

face of competition from surviving pest plants. 

© CSA 
309

Prairie Pothole Region Wetlands 

General Information 

1011. Atmospheric inputs of mercury and organic 

carbon into a forested upland/bog watershed. 

Kolka, R. K.; Nater, E. A.; Grigal, D. F.; and Verry, E. S. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 113(1-4): 273-294. (1999) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mercury/ dissolved organic carbon/ 

watersheds/ trees/ forests/ air pollution/ pollutant 

deposition/ water sampling/ filtration/ rainfall/ organic 

carbon/ peat bogs/ throughfall/ forest watersheds/ USA, 

Minnesota/ freshwater pollution/ characteristics, behavior 

and fate/ sources and fate of pollution/ air pollution 

Abstract: Inputs of mercury (Hg) and dissolved organic 

carbon (DOC) in throughfall and stemflow waters were 

measured for an upland/bog watershed in northern 

Minnesota, and were compared to the deposition in a 

nearby opening to determine the influence of tree canopies 

on Hg and DOC deposition. Twice as much Hg and seven 

times as much DOC was deposited in the forested 

watershed compared to the opening. Mass balance studies 

that are based on wet-only deposition in openings severely 

underestimate atmospheric deposition of Hg in forests. 

Conifer canopies are more efficient filters of airborne 

particulates than are deciduous canopies as indicated by 

much higher Hg concentrations and total deposition in 

throughfall and stemflow waters under conifers. Significant 

positive relationships existed between Hg and DOC in both 

throughfall (36-57% of the variation) and stemflow waters 

(55-88% of the variation). Hg complexation by DOC 

appears to be related to the contact time between 

precipitation and carbon sources. 

© CSA 

1012. Bioindicators for assessing ecological integrity 

of prairie wetlands. 

Adamus, Paul R.; Hairston, Ann J.; National Health and 

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.), 

Western Ecology Division; and ManTech Environmental 

Research Services Corp. 

Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

Office of Research and Development, National Health and 

Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western 

Ecology Division; 209 p. (1996) 

Notes: "Prepared ... through Contract 68-C4-0019 to 

ManTech Environmental Research Services Corp. and 

Contract number 5B6075NATA to Ann Hairston"--T.p. 

verso. Shipping list no.: 97-0045-P. "July 1996." 

"EPA/600/R-96/082." Includes bibliographical references (p. 

131-171). SUDOCS: EP 1.2:B 52/21. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.P7A33 1996 

http://www.epa.gov/owow/wetlands/wqual/ppaindex.html 

Descriptors: prairie ecology---United States/ wetland 

ecology---United States/ indicators---biology---United 

States/ biological diversity conservation---United States 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1013. Chemical characteristics of prairie lakes in southcentral North Dakota: Their potential for influencing 

use by fish and wildlife. 

Swanson, George A. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Fish and 

Wildlife Service, 1988. 44 p. Fish and Wildlife 

Technical Report. 

NAL Call #: SH11.A37 no.18 

Descriptors: limnology---North Dakota/ water chemistry 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1014. Duck nest success in the Prairie Pothole Region. 

Klett, A. T.; Shaffer, T. L.; and Johnson, D. H. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 52(3): 431-440. (1988) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: breeding success/ breeding/ colonies/ nests/ 

population dynamics/ nature conservation/ aquatic birds/ 

Anas/ USA, Minnesota/ USA, North Dakota/ USA, South 

Dakota/ aquatic birds 

Abstract: The authors estimated nest success of mallard 

(Anas platyrhynchos), gadwall (A. strepera), blue-winged 

teal (A. discors), northern shoveler (A. clypeata), and 

northern pintail (A. acuta) for 5 regions in North Dakota, 

South Dakota, and Minnesota, for 1-3 periods between 

1986 and 1984, and for 8 habitat classes. Nest success 

rates ranged from < 5 to 36% among regions, periods, and 

species. Rates were lowest in western Minnesota (MNW) 

and eastern North Dakota (NDE), intermediate in central 

North Dakota (NDC) and eastern South Dakota (SDE), and 

highest in central South Dakota (SDC). In regions with 

comparable data, no consistent trend in nest success was 

apparent from early to late periods. Gadwalls and bluewinged teal nested more successfully than mallards and 

pintails; the relative success of shovelers varied regionally. 

© CSA 

1015. Effects of vegetation manipulation on breeding 

waterfowl in prairie wetlands: A literature review. 

Kantrud, H. A. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department 

of the Interior, 1986. Fish and Wildlife Technical Report. 

Notes: Also available in USDA General Technical Report 

RM-194, Can Livestock Be Used as a Tool to Enhance 

Wildlife Habitat?, Reno, Nevada, 13 February 1990, edited 

by Severson, Kieth E., pp. 93-123. 

NAL Call #: aSD11.A42 no. 194 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/vegmanip/ 

vegmanip.htm

Abstract: Both dabbling and diving ducks and their broods 

prefer wetlands with openings in the marsh canopy. 

Decreased use is commonly associated with decreased 

habitat heterogeneity caused by tall, robust hydrophytes 

and other species adapted to form monotypes in the 

absence of disturbance. Reductions in height and density of 

tall, emergent hydrophytes by fire and grazing (unless very 

intensive) generally benefit breeding waterfowl. Such 

benefits are an increase in pair density, probably related to 

increased interspersion of cover and open water which 

decreases visibility among conspecific pairs, and 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

310

improvements in their invertebrate food resources that 

result from increased habitat heterogeneity. Research 

needs are great because of the drastic changes that have 

accrued to prairie wetlands through fire suppression, 

cultivation, and other factors. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1016. Factors limiting mallard brood survival in prairie 

pothole landscapes. 

Krapu, G. L.; Pietz, P. J.; Brandt, D. A.; and Cox, R. R. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 64(2): 553-561. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: survival/ prairies/ wildlife management/ 

mathematical models/ juveniles/ clutch/ population 

dynamics/ Anas platyrhynchos/ mallard/ 

prairie pothole landscapes 

Abstract: In order to estimate mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) 

production from managed and unmanaged lands, waterfowl 

biologists need measurable predictors of brood survival. 

We evaluated effects of percent of seasonal basins holding 

water (WETSEAS), percent of upland landscape in 

perennial cover (PERNCOVER), rainfall (RAIN), daily 

minimum ambient temperature (TMIN), hatch date 

(HATCHDATE), brood age (BA; 0-7 or 8-30 days), age of 

brood females, and brood size on mallard brood survival in 

prairie pothole landscapes, and developed a predictive 

model using factors found to have significant effects. 

Sixteen of 56 radiomarked broods experienced total loss 

during 1,250 exposure days. Our final fitted model of brood 

survival contained only main effects of WETSEAS, 

HATCHDATE, and RAIN. Total brood loss during the first 

30 days of exposure was 11.2 times more likely for broods 

hatched on areas with <17% WETSEAS than those on 

areas with >59% WETSEAS. Total brood loss was 5.2 

times more likely during rainy conditions than during dry 

periods, and the hazard of total brood loss increased by 5% 

for each 1-day delay in hatching between 17 May and 12 

August. High survival of mallard broods in landscapes 

where most seasonal basins contain water underscores the 

importance of maintaining seasonal wetlands as a major 

component of wetland complexes managed for mallard 

production. Because early hatched broods have higher 

survival, we also suggest that waterfowl managers focus 

their efforts on enhancing nest success of early laid 

clutches, especially in wet years. 

© CSA 

1017. Freshwater functions and values of prairie 

wetlands. 

Murkin, H. R. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 3-15. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: To date, wetland conservation programs and 

policies have focused on wetlands primarily as wildlife 

habitat. In spite of the extensive efforts of wildlife interest 

groups, wetlands continue to be lost. Successful wetland 

conservation in North America will require that society, as a 

whole, perceives broader and more significant values of 

freshwater wetlands than simply their role as wildlife 

habitat. Identifying and quantifying the functions of wetlands 

to the maintenance and renewal of critical freshwater 

resources are important steps toward expanding the base 

of support for wetland conservation/restoration programs 

throughout the continent. This paper introduces the 

functions and values of prairie wetlands related to the 

quantity and quality of fresh water. Subsequent papers in 

this issue evaluate the current state of our knowledge of 

these functions and values, identify priority information 

needs, and make specific recommendations for the use of 

this information to enhance wetland conservation 

restoration programs and policy. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1018. Functions and values of prairie wetlands: 

Economic realities. 

Leitch, J. A. and Fridgen, P. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 157-168. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: Land and water resources of the Prairie Pothole 

Region support important economic and ecologic activities. 

Scarce resources, such as wetlands, should be allocated 

among these activities such that society's well being is 

enhanced. Such allocation requires knowledge of the 

relative values of resources, something that has been 

largely missing in the wetland literature. This paper 

describes the practical realities of wetland economics, 

using the Prairie Pothole Region as an example. Ongoing 

human and economic activities in the PPR are presented 

as an introduction to the economy of the area. The purpose 

for economic valuation of wetlands - achieving the 'greatest 

good' - is briefly discussed. The connection between 

wetlands and human values is described. Five types of 

wetland valuation methods are discussed: market, 

surrogate/proxy, revealed preference, state preference, and 

benefits transfer. Finally, some suggestions are made to 

add value to all types of wetland science by enhancing the 

collaboration among wetland scientists. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1019. Glaciated prairie wetland functions and values: A 

synthesis of the literature. 

Hubbard, Daniel E. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1988. 

50 p. Biological Report . 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.88(43) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ management/ research/ United 

States, north central/ North America/ Great Plains 

1020. The groundwater recharge function of small 

wetlands in the semi-arid northern prairies. 

Van der Kamp, G. and Hayashi, M. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 39-56. (1998) 

Abstract: Small wetlands in the semi-arid northern prairie 

region are focal points for groundwater recharge. Hence the 

groundwater recharge function of the wetlands is an 

important consideration in development of wetland 

conservation policies. Most of the groundwater recharge 

from the wetlands flows to the moist margins of the 

wetlands and serves to maintain high evapotranspiration by 

the vegetation surrounding the wetlands. Only a small 

portion of the recharged water flows to regional aquifers, 

but this portion is important for sustaining groundwater 

resources. Wetland drainage eliminates the local flow 

systems, but may have little effects on regional aquifers 

other than a slight lowering of the groundwater levels. 

Further research should focus on the effects of wetland 

drainage on regional groundwater levels, the role of small 

ephemeral ponds in groundwater recharge, and the 

contribution of groundwater inflow to the water balance of 

large permanent wetlands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Prairie Pothole Region: General Information 

311

1021. Hydrologic functions of prairie wetlands. 

LaBaugh, J. W.; Winter, T. C.; and Rosenberry, D. O. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 17-37. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: Wetlands in the prairie known as potholes or 

sloughs represent an ever-changing mosaic of surface 

waters interacting with the atmosphere, groundwater, and 

each other in a variety of ways. Studies of groups of 

adjacent wetlands in different parts of the glaciated North 

American prairie have enabled some connections to be 

made between hydrologic processes, biological 

communities, and use of these wetlands by wetlanddependent wildlife. Understanding controls on variability in 

water levels, water volume, and salinity in these wetlands 

sets the stage for understanding controls on biological 

communities utilizing these wetlands. The role that natural 

variability in water and salinity plays in making these 

wetlands an important resource for waterfowl will provide 

an important context for those who are responsible for 

artificially altering the variability of water and salinity in 

prairie wetlands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1022. Hydrological, chemical, and biological 

characteristics of a prairie pothole wetland complex 

under highly variable climate conditions: The 

Cottonwood Lake area, east-central North Dakota. 

Winter, Thomas C. 

Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 2003. U.S. 

Geological Survey professional paper. 

NAL Call #: 407 G29Pr no. 1675 

Descriptors: groundwater flow---North Dakota---

Cottonwood Lake (Stutsman County)/ wetlands---North 

Dakota---Cottonwood Lake (Stutsman County)/ climatic 

changes---North Dakota---Cottonwood Lake 

(Stutsman County) 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1023. The impact of duration of drainage on the seed 

banks of northern prairie wetlands. 

Wienhold, C. E. and Van Der Valk, A. G. 

Canadian Journal of Botany 67(6): 1878-1884. (1989) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental impact/ drainage/ 

population density/ prairies/ vegetation cover/ plant 

populations/ USA, Great Plains/ seed banks/ duration 

Abstract: To determine the potential role of seed banks in 

the restoration of drained wetlands, the seed banks of 30 

extant and 52 drained and cultivated prairie potholes were 

sampled in Iowa, Minnesota, and North Dakota; the 

potholes had been drained between 5 and 70 years ago. 

The midsummer vegetation of most of these potholes was 

also sampled. The number of species in the seed bank of a 

pothole declined from a mean of 12.3 in extant potholes to 

7.5, 5.4, 5.0, 7.4, 3.2, and 2.1 in potholes drained up to 5, 

10, 20, 30, 40, and 70 years ago, respectively. The mean 

total seed density of extant potholes was 3600 seeds/m 

super(2). It increased to 7000 seeds/m super(2) up to 5 

years after drainage, but then declined rapidly to 1400, 

1200, 600, 300, and 160 after up to 10, 20, 30, 40 and 70 

years after drainage. Changes in both species richness and 

seed density with increasing duration of drainage varied 

from state to state. 

© CSA 

1024. Iowa's wetlands present and future with a focus 

on prairie potholes. 

Bishop, R. A.; Joens, J.; and Zohrer, J. 

Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science 105(3): 

89-93. (1998) 

NAL Call #: Q11.J68; ISSN: 0896-8381 

Descriptors: pothole habitat/ prairie marsh/ riparian 

floodplain/ uplands/ wetland restoration/ wildlife habitat 

Abstract: The vast prairie marsh-pothole complex that 

historically covered approximately 7.6 millions acres in Iowa 

was reduced to less than 30,000 acres by 1980 when it was 

estimated that only 5,000 acres of prairie marsh and 

pothole habitat remained in private ownership. A bleak 

outlook for the future of wetlands was presented by Bishop 

(1981)." This outlook changed with the development of the 

North American Waterfowl Management Plan and the 

passage of two important pieces of legislation: the North 

American Wetlands Conservation Act and the Food 

Security Act of 1985. Protection of existing wetlands was 

afforded through the Swampbuster provision of the Food 

Security Act. The North American Wetlands Conservation 

Act and the Wetland Reserve Program offered through the 

Food Security Act provided needed funding for the 

protection and restoration of wetlands in Iowa. Since 1988, 

the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service, and various county conservation 

boards together with Pheasants Forever, Ducks Unlimited, 

and the Iowa Natural Heritage Foundation have purchased 

over 10,000 ha (25,000 ac) of wetlands and uplands in the 

Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa and restored over 24,240 ha 

(6,600 ac) of public and private wetlands. The United 

States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources 

Conservation Service has enrolled approximately 24,240 ha 

(60,600 ac) of riparian floodplains and potholes into the 

Wetland Reserve Program and Emergency Wetland 

Reserve Program, affording them protection through 

permanent easements. Public support of wetland legislation 

will ensure that funding continues to be available to protect 

and restore Iowa's prairie wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1025. Local and landscape-level influences on wetland 

bird communities of the Prairie Pothole Region of Iowa, 

USA. 

Fairbairn, S. E. and Dinsmore, J. J. 

Wetlands 21(1): 41-47. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ landscape/ community composition/ 

prairies/ birds/ habitats/ wildlife management/ aquatic birds/ 

population structure/ habitat selection/ population density/ 

ecosystem management/ Aves/ USA, Iowa/ USA, Iowa/ 

birds 

Abstract: Bird species richness and individual species 

densities were measured in wetland complexes in 1998. 

These values were then related to habitat variables within 

the complexes and to area of wetland habitat in the 

surrounding landscape. The percentage of wetland area 

within a complex that was covered with emergent 

vegetation and the total area of wetland habitat in the 3 km 

surrounding each complex were significant predictors of 

species richness. A perimeter-to-area ratio was the most 

frequently selected variable for inclusion in species-density 

models, being selected for 8 of 15 models. Five species' 

densities were related to the percentage of the wetland 

area that was covered by emergent vegetation, and 4 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

312

densities were related to the area covered by weakstemmed wet-meadow vegetation. Densities of 5 species, 

as well as the overall species richness, were associated 

with a measure of the amount of wetland habitat within a 3-

km buffer surrounding the wetland complexes. This 

indicates that the presence and abundance of some 

wetland bird species may be influenced by the amount of 

wetland habitat nearby. Thus, programs that encourage 

restoration of tracts of land that contain multiple wetland 

basins should be emphasized to maximize benefits to the 

wetland bird community. 

© CSA 

1026. Prairie basin wetlands of the Dakotas: A 

community profile. 

Kantrud, Harold A.; Krapu, Gary L.; Swanson, George A.; 

and Allen, James A. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1989. 

111 p. Biological Report. 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/basinwet/ 

basinwet.htm 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies 

1027. Prairie wetland ecology: The contribution of the 

Marsh Ecology Research Program. 

Murkin, Henry R.; Valk, Arnoud van der; Clark, William R.; 

and Marsh Ecology Research Program. 

Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press; 413 p. (2000) 

Notes: 1st ed.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 395-

401) and index. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 P73 2000; ISBN: 0813827523 

Descriptors: wetland ecology/ prairies 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1028. Scale-dependent habitat use in three species of 

prairie wetland birds. 

Naugle, D. E.; Higgins, K. F.; Nusser, S. M.; and 

Johnson, W. C. 

Landscape Ecology 14(3): 267-276. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat utilization/ nesting behavior/ 

foraging behavior/ habitat/ feeding behaviour/ nesting/ 

aquatic birds/ Podilymbus podiceps/ Xanthocephalus 

xanthocephalus/ Chlidonias niger/ USA, South Dakota/ 

yellow-headed blackbird/ black tern/ prairie wetlands 

Abstract: We evaluated the influence of scale on habitat 

use for three wetland-obligate bird species with divergent 

life history characteristics and possible scale-dependent 

criteria for nesting and foraging in South Dakota, USA. A 

stratified, two-stage cluster sample was used to randomly 

select survey wetlands within strata defined by region, 

wetland density, and wetland surface area. We used 18-m 

(0.1 ha) fixed radius circular-plots to survey birds in 412 

semipermanent wetlands during the summers of 1995 and 

1996. Variation in habitat use by pied-billed grebes 

(Podilymbus podiceps) and yellow-headed blackbirds 

(Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), two sedentary species 

that rarely exploit resources outside the vicinity of nest 

wetlands, was explained solely by within-patch variation. 

Yellow-headed blackbirds were a cosmopolitan species that 

commonly nested in small wetlands, whereas pied-billed 

grebes were an area-sensitive species that used larger 

wetlands regardless of landscape pattern. Area 

requirements for black terns (Chlidonias niger), a vagile 

species that typically forages up to 4 km away from the nest 

wetland, fluctuated in response to landscape structure. 

Black tern area requirements were small (6.5 ha) in 

heterogeneous landscapes compared to those in 

homogeneous landscapes (15.4-32.6 ha). Low wetland 

density landscapes composed of small wetlands, where few 

nesting wetlands occurred and potential food sources were 

spread over large distances, were not widely used by black 

terns. Landscape-level measurements related to black tern 

occurrence extended past relationships between wetlands 

into the surrounding matrix. Black terns were more likely to 

occur in landscapes where grasslands had not been tilled 

for agricultural production. Our findings represent empirical 

evidence that characteristics of entire landscapes, rather 

than individual patches, must be quantified to assess 

habitat suitability for wide-ranging species that use 

resources over large areas. 

© CSA 

1029. Snail-periphyton interactions in a prairie 

lacustrine wetland. 

Hann, B.; Mundy, C.; and Goldsborough, L. 

Hydrobiologia 457(1-3): 167-175. (Aug. 2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 H992; ISSN: 0018-8158 

Descriptors: wetlands/ periphyton/ prairies/ nutrient 

concentrations/ macrophytes/ grazing/ freshwater molluscs/ 

interspecific relationships/ phytoplankton/ Gyraulus 

circumstriatus/ Canada, Manitoba, Delta Marsh/ disc gyro/ 

species interactions: general 

Abstract: This study examined the effects of nutrients and 

macrophytes on snail grazers and periphyton in a prairie 

wetland food web. Snails (Gyraulus circumstriatus) and 

periphyton in large enclosures in a lacustrine wetland, Delta 

Marsh, MB, Canada were subjected to two experimental 

treatments, nutrient addition (nitrogen, phosphorus) and 

macrophyte exclusion (using a porous geotextile carpet) 

during July and August. Snail biomass and periphyton 

biomass (on both artificial substrata and submerged 

macrophytes) increased over time in all treatments, 

representing seasonal growth. Snail biomass was three 

times higher on macrophytes than on artificial substrata. In 

response to nutrient addition, snail biomass was 

significantly elevated over time on macrophytes but not on 

artificial substrata. Conversely, periphyton biomass was 

higher on artificial substrata but not on macrophytes in 

response to nutrient addition. Snail biomass and periphyton 

biomass on artificial substrata showed no response to 

macrophyte exclusion. Snail biomass on all substrata was 

inversely correlated with turbidity, whereas periphyton 

biomass showed no relationship with turbidity. Timing of 

nutrient additions to wetlands may influence whether the 

response occurs primarily in phytoplankton or in periphyton 

and macrophytes. 

© CSA 

1030. Status of North Dakota wetlands. 

Leitch, J. A. and Baltezore, J. F. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 47(3): 

216-219. (1992) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental protection. 

environmental policy/ environmental law/ federal 

government/ state government/ case studies/ agricultural 

land/ private sector/ governmental programs and projects/ 

North Dakota/ programs/ resource conservation/ 
Prairie Pothole Region: General Information 

313

agricultural development/ state enhancement programs/ 

Wetland Reserve Program/ environmental easement 

program/ agricultural conservation program/ North Dakota 

Wildlife Extension Program 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1031. A test of vegetation-related indicators of wetland 

quality in the Prairie Pothole Region. 

Kantrud, H. A. and Newton, W. E. 

Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health Management 5(3): 

177-191. (1996); ISSN: 0925-1014 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies/ environmental quality/ 

regional analysis/ vegetation/ quantitative analysis/ testing 

procedures/ indicators/ zones/ indicator species/ water 

budget/ USA, Prairie Pothole Region/ USA/ environmental 

quality/ indicator species/ water budget/ prairies/ regional 

analysis/ vegetation/ quantitative analysis/ testing 

procedures/ zones/ indicators 

Abstract: This study was part of an effort by the U.S. 

Environmental Protection Agency to quantitatively assess 

the environmental quality or "health" of wetland resources 

on regional and national scales. During a two-year pilot 

study, we tested selected indicators of wetland quality in 

the U.S. portion of the prairie pothole region (PPR). We 

assumed that the amount of cropland versus non-cropland 

(mostly grassland) in the plots containing these basins was 

a proxy for their quality. We then tested indicators by their 

ability to discriminate between wetlands at the extremes of 

that proxy. Amounts of standing dead vegetation were 

greater in zones of greater water permanence. Depth of 

litter was greater in zones of greater water permanence and 

in zones of basins in poor-quality watersheds. Amounts of 

unvegetated bottom were greater in basins in poor-quality 

watersheds; lesser amounts occurred in all wetlands during 

a wetter year. Greater amounts of open water occurred 

during a wetter year and in zones of greater water 

permanence. When unadjusted for areas (ha) of 

communities, plant taxon richness was higher in wetmeadow and shallow-marsh zones in good-quality 

watersheds than in similar zones in poor-quality 

watersheds. Wet-meadow zones in good-quality 

watersheds had greater numbers of native perennials than 

those in poor-quality watersheds. This relation held when 

we eliminated all communities in good-quality watersheds 

larger than the largest communities in poor-quality 

watersheds from the data set. We conclude that although 

amounts of unvegetated bottom and plant taxon richness in 

wet-meadow zones were useful indicators of wetland 

quality during our study, the search for additional such 

indicators should continue. The value of these indicators 

may change with the notoriously unstable hydrological 

conditions in the PPR. Most valuable would be indicators 

that could be photographed or otherwise remotely sensed 

and would remain relatively stable under various 

hydrological conditions. An ideal set of indicators could 

detect the absence of stressors, as well as the presence of 

structures of functions, of known value to major groups of 

organisms. 

© CSA 

1032. Use of macroinvertebrates to identify cultivated 

wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region. 

Euliss, N. H. Jr; Mushet, D. M.; and Johnson, D. H. 

Wetlands 21(2): 223-231. (June 2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: macroinvertebrates/ cultivation/ eggs/ 

hydrology/ taxonomy/ vegetation/ soil water/ evaluation/ 

macrofauna/ agricultural land/ indicator species/ aquatic 

animals/ identification/ agriculture/ Invertebrata/ USA, 

Prairie Pothole region/ wetland identification/ aquatic 

entomology/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: We evaluated the use of macroinvertebrates as a 

potential tool to identify dry and intensively farmed 

temporary and seasonal wetlands in the Prairie Pothole 

Region. The techniques we designed and evaluated used 

the dried remains of invertebrates or their egg banks in 

soils as indicators of wetlands. For both the dried remains 

of invertebrates and their egg banks, we weighted each 

taxon according to its affinity for wetlands or uplands. Our 

study clearly demonstrated that shells, exoskeletons, head 

capsules, eggs, and other remains of macroinvertebrates 

can be used to identify wetlands, even when they are dry, 

intensively farmed, and difficult to identify as wetlands using 

standard criteria (i.e., hydrology, hydrophytic vegetation, 

and hydric soils). Although both dried remains and egg 

banks identified wetlands, the combination was more 

useful, especially for identifying drained or filled wetlands. 

We also evaluated the use of coarse taxonomic groupings 

to stimulate use of the technique by nonspecialists and 

obtained satisfactory results in most situations. 

© CSA 

1033. Using aquatic invertebrates to delineate seasonal 

and temporary wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region 

of North America. 

Euliss, N. H.; Mushet, D. M.; and Johnson, D. H. 

Wetlands 22(2): 256-262. (June 2002) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ tillage/ pools/ indicators/ 

invertebrates/ prairies/ vegetation/ cropland/ seasonal 

variations/ indicator species/ identification/ agriculture/ maninduced effects/ temporary ponds/ Invertebrata/ North 

America/ tillage/ prairies/ methodology - general/ 

techniques/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: Tillage can destroy or greatly disturb indicators of 

hydric soils and hydrophytic vegetation, making delineation 

of tilled wetlands difficult. The remains of aquatic 

invertebrates (e.g., shells, drought-resistant eggs, and 

trichopteran cases) are easily identifiable and persist in 

wetland substrates even when wetlands are dry. 

Additionally, these remains are not easily destroyed by 

mechanical tillage. To test the feasibility of using 

invertebrate remains to delineate wetlands, we used two 

methods to identify the wetland edge of ten seasonal and 

ten temporary wetlands, evenly divided between grassland 

and cropland landscapes. First, we identified the wetland 

edge using hydric soil and vegetation indicators along six 

evenly spaced transects in each wetland (our 'standard' 

delineation). We then identified the wetland edge along the 

same transects using aquatic invertebrate remains as our 

indicator. In grassland landscapes, delineations of the 

wetland edge made using invertebrate remains were 

consistently at the same location or closer to the wetland 

center as the standard delineations for both seasonal and 

temporary wetlands. In cropland landscapes, however, 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

314

many of our invertebrate delineations of seasonal and 

temporary wetlands were on the upland side of our 

standard delineations. We attribute the differences to 

movement of remains during tillage, increased maximum 

pool levels in cropland wetlands, and disturbance of hydric 

soils and plants. We found that the elevations of the 

wetland edge indicated by invertebrate remains were more 

consistent within a wetland than elevations determined by 

standard delineations. Aquatic invertebrate remains can be 

useful in delineating wetlands when other indicators have 

been destroyed or severely disturbed by tillage. 

© CSA 

1034. Using landscape information approaches to 

increase duck recruitment in the Prairie Pothole 

Region. 

Reynolds, R. E.; Cohan, D. R.; and Johnson, M. A. 

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resources Conference: 86-93. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355. 

Notes: Conference: 61. North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resources Conf.: Facing Realities in Resource 

Management, Tulsa, OK (USA), 22-27 Mar 1996 

Descriptors: wetlands/ aquatic birds/ recruitment/ habitat 

improvement/ environment management/ predator control/ 

aquaculture techniques/ waterfowl/ birds/ wildlife 

management/ maps/ land management/ Anatidae/ 

North America 

Abstract: Concern about decreasing numbers of some 

duck populations in North America was primary to the 

development of the North American Waterfowl 

Management Plan (NAWMP). Under the NAWMP, several 

geographical subunits, called joint venture areas, have 

been established to step-down the overall goals and 

objectives for the purpose of management action. The 

Prairie Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV) is a high-priority joint 

venture of the NAWMP. During 1991 through 1994, a 

planning process was conducted in the PPJV area of North 

Dakota, South Dakota, and northeastern Montana to 

develop management scenarios for meeting duck 

population objectives. Because predation of nests had been 

identified as a primary factor limiting the growth of duck 

populations in much of the PPJV area (Klett et al. 1988), 

much of the process focused on management treatments 

designed to reduce or limit predation on nests. Treatments 

included non-lethal methods, such as protection and 

establishment of perennial grass cover or creating nesting 

areas protected from predators (e.g., small islands, 

predator exclosures), and lethal methods, such as predator 

removal (Anonymous 1995). To ensure maximum benefits 

from each treatment, guidelines were developed for their 

application. A guideline common to all treatments was that 

each be applied to landscape units where they potentially 

would benefit high numbers of nesting hens. Although 

wetland distribution is the primary determinant of breeding 

duck abundance, the PPJV area is large (approximately 

100,000 square miles: 260,000 km2), and wetland density, 

class and size vary tremendously over this area. Therefore, 

identifying areas where the highest duck densities occur is 

not a trivial task. We present a procedure to apply models 

developed from digital wetland data, data on duck 

pair/wetland relationships, and breeding duck home range 

characteristics to prioritize areas for nesting duck 

management. Using Geographic Information System (GIS) 

techniques, the process was applied to a two-county area 

in North Dakota and a map displaying the area as four 

priority levels based on breeding duck density was created. 

We demonstrate the utility of the map by selecting example 

areas and prescribing specific treatments based on other 

landscape characteristics. 

© CSA 

1035. Wetland soils of the prairie potholes. 

Richardson, J. L.; Arndt, J. L.; and Freeland, J. 

Advances in Agronomy 52: 121-171. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 30 Ad9; ISSN: 0065-2113 [ADAGA7] 

Descriptors: wetland soils/ prairie soils/ prairies/ soil 

properties/ soil sequences/ literature reviews/ Alberta/ 

Saskatchewan/ Manitoba/ north central states of USA 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1036. Wetland use, settling patterns, and recruitment in 

mallards. 

Krapu, G. L.; Greenwood, R. J.; Dwyer, C. P.; Kraft, K. M.; 

and Cowardin, L. M. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 736-746. (1997) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat selection/ aquatic birds/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ ponds/ population dynamics/ 

ducks/ populations/ wildlife management/ waterfowl/ 

habitats/ habitat utilization/ recruitment/ breeding sites/ 

Anas platyrhynchos/ mallard/ USA, Minnesota/ USA, North 

Dakota/ breeding pairs 

Abstract: The correlation between number of May ponds in 

the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America and size 

of the continental mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) breeding 

population the following spring weakened from the 1950s to 

the 1980s, suggesting possible changes in suitability of 

prairie ponds for meeting reproductive needs. We studied 

wetland use and preferences of radioequipped female 

mallards by reproductive stage (1988-90) in eastern North 

Dakota and westcentral Minnesota and evaluated effect of 

land use on pair distribution in eastern North Dakota (1987-

91). May pond density varied among years and study 

areas, with changes in number of temporary and seasonal 

ponds accounting for 93% of variation in total ponds. During 

all reproductive stages, semipermanent basins were used 

most by females, but temporary and seasonal ponds were 

preferred during prenesting and egg production. Accounting 

for number of relocations, number of ponds used varied by 

year, by reproductive stage and with pond density during 

egg production. Numbers of breeding mallard pairs in 

stratum 46 in eastern North Dakota increased as May 

ponds increased from 1963 to 1985, but 33,659 fewer 

breeding pairs on average were present in 1971-85 than in 

1963-70. Number of breeding pairs declined relative to May 

ponds from the 1960s to the 1980s, probably because 

fewer pairs settle in temporary and seasonal ponds as the 

percent of landscape in cropland increases. Waterfowl 

managers in the PPR should target efforts to increase duck 

production on landscapes where non-cropped temporarily 

and seasonally flooded wetland habitats are plentiful, 

thereby increasing cost effectiveness of management 

actions taken to increase nest success rate. 

© CSA 
Prairie Pothole Region: General Information 

315

1037. Wetlands of the Prairie Pothole Region: 

Invertebrate species composition, ecology, and 

management. 

Euliss, Ned H.; Wrubleski, Dale A.; and Mushet, David M. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 471-514. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wetlands/pothole/ 

pothole.htm

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ habitat management/ overview/ 

ecology/ wetland fauna of Prairie Pothole Region/ 

community structure/ Prairie Pothole Region wetlands/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ wetlands of Prairie Pothole Region/ 

species composition/ physical factors/ wetland hydroperiod 

influence on community/ Canada/ USA/ Prairie Pothole 

Region/ wetland species composition/ ecology and 

management 

© The Thomson Corporation 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

1038. Accumulation of sediment, nutrients, and 

cesium-137 in prairie potholes in cultivated and 

noncultivated watersheds. 

Martin, D. B., EPA 440-5-85-001, 1985. 

Notes: Conference: Perspectives on Nonpoint Source 

Pollution, Kansas City, MO (USA), 19-22 May 1985 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ agricultural runoff/ 

pollution monitoring/ sediments/ nutrients/ watersheds/ 

freshwater pollution/ nonpoint pollution/ conservation/ 

nonpoint sources/ nutrients (mineral)/ USA/ Canada/ 

Cesium-137/ prairie potholes/ nonpoint sources/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ environmental action/ pollution characteristics 

and fate/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ 

monitoring and surveillance 

Abstract: Prairie potholes are water-holding depressions of 

glacial origin that occur throughout 780,000 km super(2) of 

prairie in the northcentral United States and southcentral 

Canada (Sloan, 1972). Potholes are used extensively by 

wildlife for water and habitat, and recently their importance 

in flood control and ground water recharge has been 

recognized. Numerous potholes have been eliminated in 

recent decades by drainage for agricultural purposes. 

Sediment is currently recognized as an important problem 

affecting prairie pothole wetlands. Agriculture is the 

predominant land use throughout the region, and erosion of 

farmland often results in the deposition of field soil directly 

onto wetlands. The impacts of sediment on wetlands are 

twofold. First, sediment can reduce and eventually 

eliminate wetland habitat by filling the pothole basin. 

Second, sediment may serve as an agent for the transfer of 

chemical contaminants for the watershed to the wetland. 

The purpose of this work on sedimentation in pothole 

wetlands is to determine the relationship between specific 

agricultural land use practices and sediment deposition, 

composition, and contaminat impacts. Cesium-137 was 

used as outlined by Ritchie and McHenry (1977) to 

determine recent sedimentation rates in the Wetlands. 

© CSA 

1039. Agricultural chemicals and prairie pothole 

wetlands: Meeting the needs of the resource and the 

farmer - U.S. perspective.

Grue, C. E.; Tome, M. W.; Messmer, T. A.; Henry, D. B.; 

Swanson, G. A.; and DeWeese, L. R. 

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resources Conference 54: 43-58. (1989) 

NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 

Descriptors: agricultural activity/ use of chemicals in prairie 

wetlands/ potential effects and management/ conservation/ 

prairie wetland ecosystems/ ecology/ agrichemical effects/ 

significance for conservation/ semiaquatic habitat/ 

grassland/ prairie wetlands/ impacts and management of 

agrichemicals/ chemical pollution/ agrichemicals in prairie 

wetlands potential effects and management/ USA, north 

central/ conservation of prairie wetland ecosystems/ 

significance of agrichemicals 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1040. Agricultural pesticides threaten the ecological 

integrity of northern prairie wetlands. 

Donald, D. B.; Syrgiannis, J.; Hunter, F.; and Weiss, G. 

Science of the Total Environment 231(2-3): 173-181. (1999) 

NAL Call #: RA565.S365; ISSN: 0048-9697 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides/ agriculture/ rainfall/ 

lindane/ freshwater pollution/ agrochemicals/ water 

pollution/ cultivated lands/ agricultural chemicals/ 

ecosystems/ pollution effects/ agricultural pollution/ 

agricultural runoff/ Canada, Saskatchewan/ triallate 

Abstract: The northern Great Plains of North America has 

millions of small wetlands, and these are often dispersed 

through cultivated fields. We investigated relationship 

between pesticide occurrence and precipitation in selected 

wetlands in a 30.4 X 10 super(4) km super(2) area of the 

Great Plains with relatively uniform farming practices and 

1,777,600 wetlands (southern Saskatchewan, Canada). By 

early July after pesticides have been applied to crops, the 

mean number of pesticides detected in wetlands ranged 

from 1.8 in regions with little precipitation (< 21 mm rain 

during the previous 15 days) to 3.2 in regions under higher 

rainfall (> 90 mm). The proportion of wetlands in which at 

least one pesticide exceeded Canadian guidelines for the 

protection of aquatic life increased from 0% to 60% over 

this same precipitation range. The maximum number of 

pesticides detected in a single wetland was six. 

Concentration of lindane in wetlands increased with 

increasing precipitation. Using geographic information on 

rainfall, wetland densities, area seeded to crops, and region 

specific relationships between pesticides and precipitation, 

we estimated the number of wetlands in Saskatchewan with 

elevated levels of pesticides. In early July, during 3 of the 6 

years, the number of wetlands subjected to pesticide levels 

that exceeded guidelines for the protection of aquatic life 

was significant, ranging from 152,000 to 424,000 wetlands 

or 9-24%, respectively, of the total. Lindane and triallate 

exceeded the guidelines most frequently. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

316

1041. Bird use and nesting in conventional, minimumtillage, and organic cropland. 

Lokemoen, John T. and Beiser, Julia A. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 644-655. (1997) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: animals and man/ disturbance by man/ 

commercial activities/ reproduction/ reproductive 

productivity/ ecology/ population dynamics/ animal 

constructions/ habitat/ man made habitat/ land and 

freshwater zones/ nearctic region/ North America/ USA/ 

Aves: farming and agriculture/ fledgeing success/ farming 

system effect/ hatching success/ community structure/ 

seasonal changes/ mortality/ nest losses/ predators/ nest 

loss significance/ minimum tillage and organic farms/ nests/ 

density/ conventional/ minimum tillage and organic 

farmland/ cultivated land habitat/ farming system/ effect on 

community structure and reproduction/ North Dakota/ 

Prairie Pothole Region/ community structure and 

reproduction/ effect of farming system/ Aves/ birds/ 

chordates/ Vertebrates 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1042. Buffered wetlands in agricultural landscapes in 

the Prairie Pothole Region: Environmental, agronomic, 

and economic evaluations. 

Rickerl, D. H.; Janssen, L. L.; and Woodland, R. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 55(2): 

220-225. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: prairies/ crop production/ cycling/ farming/ 

farming systems/ forage/ fodder crops/ hay/ nutrient 

content/ nutrients/ soil/ vegetation/ wetland soils/ vegetated 

strips/ economics/ United States/ South Dakota/ North 

America/ America/ Developed Countries/ OECD Countries/ 

Northern Plains States of USA/ West North Central States 

of USA/ North Central States of USA/ United States/ 

Great Plains States of USA 

Abstract: A farm site with four seasonal wetlands was 

chosen in South Dakota, USA, to examine agronomic, 

environmental, and economic performance of cropped 

fields with buffered and non buffered wetlands. Buffers 

were established in blocks around two of the wetlands in 

1995. In 1997 and 1998, soil/water/plants were analysed for 

nutrient content in the buffered and non buffered wetlands. 

Results showed that the wetland buffer vegetation 

effectively removed nutrients, thus reducing nutrient content 

in wetland soils and vegetation, and cycling captured 

nutrients through hay and forage crops. Long term budgets 

were developed for combinations of five wetland 

management scenarios and three crop farming systems. 

Net returns from buffered wetland fields were generally 

lower than net returns from maximum crop production. Net 

returns were greatest for the Wetland Reserve Program 

(WRP) or Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) scenarios, 

regardless of farming system. The results suggest that 

enrolling wetlands in WRP or CRP has both economic and 

environmental benefits. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1043. Consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation 

for wetland amphibian assemblages. 

Lehtinen, R. M.; Galatowitsch, S. M.; and Tester, J. R. 

Wetlands 19(1): 1-12. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat changes/ conservation/ 

habitats/ amphibians/ land use/ marshes/ geographical 

information systems/ species extinction/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ habitat/ nature conservation/ Amphibia/ USA, 

Minnesota/ amphibians/ habitat fragmentation 

Abstract: Landscape-level variables operating at multiple 

spatial scales likely influence wetland amphibian 

assemblages but have not been investigated in detail. We 

examined the significance of habitat loss and 

fragmentation, as well as selected within-wetland 

conditions, affecting amphibian assemblages in twenty-one 

glacial marshes. Wetlands were located within urban and 

agricultural regions of central and southwestern Minnesota, 

USA and were distributed across two ecoregions: tallgrass 

prairie and northern hardwood forest. We surveyed 

amphibian assemblages and used a geographic information 

system to quantify land-use variables at three scales: 500, 

1000, and 2500 m. Ten species of amphibians were 

detected, the most abundant being Rana pipiens, 

Ambystoma tigrinum, and Bufo americanus. Amphibian 

species richness was lower with greater wetland isolation 

and road density at all spatial scales in both ecoregions. 

Amphibian species richness also had a negative 

relationship with the proportion of urban land-use at all 

spatial scales in the hardwood forest ecoregion, and 

species richness was greater in wetlands with fish and 

Ambystoma tigrinum. These biotic relationships are less 

consistent and more difficult to interpret than are land-use 

relationships. The data presented here suggest that 

decreases in landscape connectivity via fragmentation and 

habitat loss can affect amphibian assemblages, and 

reversing those landscape changes should be an important 

part of a regional conservation strategy. 

© CSA 

1044. Descriptive and experimental studies on the 

biotic and abiotic determinants of selected pesticide 

concentrations in prairie wetland water columns. 

Friesen-Pankratz, Bruce 

Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: University of Manitoba, 2004. 

Notes: Dissertation Abstracts International Part B: Science 

and Engineering (0419-4217) 65 (12): 6173. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pesticides/ phytoplankton/ 

photolysis/ sorption/ aquatic plants/ sedimentation/ 

dissolved organic carbon/ selenastrum capricornutum/ 

algae/ Canada, Manitoba, Delta Marsh 

Abstract: The determinants of high use agricultural 

pesticide concentrations in the water columns of Prairie 

Pothole Region (PPR) wetlands were examined to evaluate 

if these ecosystems had characteristics of pesticide sinks. 

For an ecosystem to function as a pesticide sink it needs to 

receive, retain, and reduce pesticides. A survey of sixty 

PPR wetlands (distance between two farthest sites 1,700 

km) was conducted to determine the extent to which they 

received high use pesticides (atrazine and lindane). Sixtytwo percent of the wetlands were contaminated with either 

atrazine or lindane. Pesticide presence was directly related 

to wetland proximity to pesticide use and precipitation prior 

to sampling. In June-July lindane presence was positively 

correlated with phytoplankton concentration; however, in 

August lindane presence was negatively correlated with 

phytoplankton concentration. Laboratory and in situ (Delta 

Marsh, MB) experiments showed that phytoplankton can 

determine pesticide water column concentrations. For 

instance, phytoplankton can sorb lindane and remove it 

from the water column through sedimentation. The extent of 
Prairie Pothole Region: Effects of Conservation Practices 

317

pesticide sorption to phytoplankton (Selenastrum 

capricornutum) was directly related to the pesticides' 

octanol- water partition coefficient. Sorption to 

phytoplankton decreased volatilization of the pesticide 

trifluralin. The presence of wetland water column conditions 

(such as phytoplankton and other particulate matter) 

increased degradation of atrazine, lindane, and, 

glyphosate. In situ experiments did not detect any atrazine 

or lindane photolysis. The limited amount of ultraviolet 

penetration, due to attenuation by aquatic macrophytes, 

suspended particulates, and dissolved organic carbon, 

prevented photolysis from being a significant pesticide 

reduction mechanism in the studied wetlands. PPR 

wetlands do posses characteristics of pesticide sinks in that 

they can receive, retain, and reduce pesticide 

concentrations. This understanding of wetlands as pesticide 

sinks will be useful in managing natural and constructed 

wetlands. Wetland managers should be aware of the high 

percentage of wetlands that are at risk of receiving 

pesticides as these may alter ecosystem dynamics. 

Furthermore, knowledge of the role of algae in determining 

pesticide concentrations could be used to manage 

constructed wetlands so as to maximize pesticide retention 

and reduction. 

© CSA 

1045. Distribution and environmental fate of pesticides 

in prairie wetlands. 

Goldsborough, L. G. and Crumpton, W. G. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 73-95. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Descriptors: wetlands/ pollution effects/ environmental 

impact/ agricultural pollution/ pesticides/ inland water 

environment/ pollutant persistence/ USA/ water pollution/ 

distribution/ agricultural runoff/ prairies/ streams/ 

agrochemicals/ computer programs/ adsorption/ photolysis 

Abstract: There is abundant, albeit fragmentary, evidence 

that prairie wetlands are being contaminated extensively by 

agricultural pesticides (primarily herbicides and 

insecticides) and other anthropogenic contaminants. Such 

inputs can affect fundamental ecosystem properties such 

as primary production which, in turn, affects habitat and 

resource supply for wetland fauna. We review data on the 

use of pesticides, off-site transport of residues from treated 

land, and the frequency with which these residues are 

subsequently detected in receiving streams and wetlands 

on the prairies. As the environmental distribution of a 

pesticide is affected by its chemical and physical properties, 

and the abiotic and biotic characteristics of the receiving 

wetland, greater insight into its ecological impacts will be 

obtained from considering the underlying partitioning and 

degradative processes that determine distribution rather 

than from case-by-case studies of persistence. Future 

research on chemical contamination of prairie wetlands 

should include the development and testing of dissipation 

and fate models under conditions typical of prairie wetlands 

using a process-oriented approach, emphasizing the roles 

of adsorption and photolysis in a shallow, high area to 

volume environment. Output from a computer model based 

on the fugacity concept (QWASFI: Quantitative Water, Air, 

Soil, Film Interactions) indicates the potential to predict the 

environmental behavior of specific chemicals in wetlands. 

© CSA 

1046. Duck nesting on rotational and continuous 

grazed pastures in North Dakota. 

Murphy, Robert K.; Schindler, Darrell J.; and 

Crawford, Richard D. 

Prairie Naturalist 36(2): 83-94. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .P7; ISSN: 0091-0376 

Descriptors: visual obstruction reading: VOR, applied and 

field techniques/ Prairie Pothole Joint Venture [PPJV]/ 

continuous grazed pastures/ nest density/ nest success/ 

nesting habitat/ prairie habitat conservation/ rotational cattle 

grazing/ rotational grazed pastures 

Abstract: To improve the economic viability of grazed 

prairie and thus conserve it as wildlife habitat, the Prairie 

Pothole Joint Venture (PPJV) cost-shares establishment of 

rotational cattle grazing on privately owned, native 

rangeland. During 1996 and 1997 we evaluated duck nest 

density, nest success, and nesting habitat on six PPJV 

rotational grazed pastures on the Missouri Coteau landform 

in central and northwestern North Dakota. Each rotational 

pasture was paired with a traditional, continuous grazed 

pasture for comparison. We located 444 nests of eight duck 

species. We detected no differences (P > 0.1) between 

rotational and continuous grazed pastures in apparent nest 

density of ducks ((x)over bar> +/- SD nests/ha, all species 

combined, 1996: 0.26 +/- 0.09 and 0.31 +/- 0.12; 1997: 0.38 

+/- 0.14 and 0.25 +/- 0.12), although a grazing type x year 

interaction suggested rotational pastures might be more 

attractive to ducks in a dry spring (1997). No differences in 

duck nest success were detected between rotational and 

continuous pastures (% Mayfield estimate, 1996: 27.2 +/- 

12.6 and 15.5 +/- 11.0; 1997: 21.6 +/- 10.0 and 16.7 +/- 

13.7), but varied occurrence of canid species could have 

obscured differences. We detected no differences in 

vegetation height-density indices as measured by visual 

obstruction readings (VORs) between rotational and 

continuous pastures in 1996. VORs were greater on 

rotational pastures, however, in the relatively dry spring of 

1997. Our findings suggested that rotational grazing 

systems can serve as a prairie conservation tool on private 

rangelands without altering habitat values for nesting 

ducks, and in relatively dry springs might provide more 

attractive nesting cover for ducks than prairie under 

continuous grazing. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1047. Duck nesting success on Conservation Reserve 

Program land in the prairie pothole region. 

Kantrud, H. A. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 48(3): 

238-242. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional 

conservation programs/ Prairie Pothole region 

Abstract: Studied duck nesting success in Waterfowl 

Production Areas and CRP tracts. 

1048. Effect of cultivation on sediment composition 

and deposition in prairie pothole wetlands. 

Martin, D. B. and Hartman, W. A. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 34(1): 45-53. (1987) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ sediments/ 

cultivation/ prairie potholes/ deposition/ watersheds/ runoff/ 

agriculture/ nutrients/ grasses 

Abstract: Texture, major nutrient content, and deposition 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

318

rate of sediments were compared for five prairie pothole 

wetlands surrounded by native grassland and seven 

otherwise similar wetlands surrounded by row crop and 

small grain farmland. Specific differences in the nature of 

the sedimentation cycle of cultivated and noncultivated 

watersheds were indicated. Flux of total inorganic material 

into sediments averaged 80 and 43 mg cu/y in cultivated 

and grassland wetlands, respectively. Cultivated sediments 

contained significantly higher clay percentages, but lower 

percentages of silt and sand than grassland sediments. 

Deposition rates of clay at cultivated sites averaged five 

times that of grassland locations. Enrichment ratios (the 

quotient of sediment concentration divided by upland soil 

concentrations) suggested that sand was selectively 

retained in equal proportions on uplands in both types of 

watersheds, that silt was selectively removed (although in 

different proportions) from uplands in both types of 

watersheds, and that clay was selectively retianed only on 

grasslands. Total N and organic matter concentrations were 

significantly higher in both the soils and sediments of 

grassland watersheds, but there were no differences in total 

P concentrations with respect to land use. Sediment flux 

rates for total N and organic matter were similar in the two 

land use types; however, P was transported at nearly twice 

the rate to cultivated wetlands. Enrichment ratios indicated 

that N and P were selectively removed in similar 

proportions from upland soils in both types of watersheds. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

1049. Effects of agricultural activities and best 

management practices on water quality of seasonal 

prairie pothole wetlands. 

Detenbeck, N. E.; Elonen, C. M.; Taylor, D. L.; Cotter, A. 

M.; Puglisi, F. A.; and Sanville, W. D. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 10(4): 335-354. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: agricultural practices/ environment 

management/ water quality/ prairies/ ecosystem 

management/ restoration/ agriculture/ vegetation cover/ 

plant populations/ man induced effects/ water levels/ 

physicochemical properties/ dissolved oxygen/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ climate/ hydrology/ agricultural runoff/ 

conservation/ environmental restoration/ nutrients/ 

vegetation/ biogeochemistry/ water pollution sources/ 

nonpoint pollution sources/ United States/ prairie pothole 

wetlands/ biogeochemical cycle/ tillage effects/ 

environmental degradation/ ecosystems and energetics/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ 

environmental action/ general environmental engineering/ 

sources and fate of pollution 

Abstract: Long-term effects of within-basin tillage can 

constrain condition and function of prairie wetlands even 

after uplands are restored. Runoff was significantly greater 

to replicate wetlands within tilled basins with or without 

vegetated buffer strips as compared to Conservation 

Reserve Program restoration controls with revegetated 

uplands (REST). However, mean water levels for native 

prairie reference sites were higher than for REST controls, 

because infiltration rates were lower for native prairie 

basins, which had no prior history of tillage. Nutrient 

dynamics changed more in response to changes in water 

level and vegetation structure than to increased nutrient 

inputs in watershed runoff. Dissolved oxygen increased 

between dry and wet years except in basins or zones with 

dense vegetation. As sediment redox dropped, watercolumn phosphate declined as phosphate likely coprecipitated with iron on the sediment surface within openwater or sparsely vegetated zones. In response, N:P ratios 

shifted from a region indicating N limitation to P limitation. 

REST sites, with dense vegetation and low DO, also 

maintained high DOC, which maintains phosphate in 

solution through chelation of iron and catalysis of 

photoreduction. Reference sites in native prairie and 

restored uplands diverged over the course of the wet-dry 

cycle, emphasizing the importance of considering climatic 

variation in planning restoration efforts. 

© CSA 

1050. Effects of atmospheric change and agriculture on 

the biogeochemistry and microbial ecology of prairie 

wetlands. 

Robarts, R. D. and Waiser, M. J. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 113-136. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: Relatively little is known about the factors which 

regulate in-water biogeochemical processes and food 

chains in prairie wetlands. Climatic warming, increased UVradiation and agricultural activities will have interacting 

effects on these wetlands. We examined the effects of 

these processes on prairie wetland functioning and 

productivity with particular emphasis on production and 

cycling of organic carbon, especially dissolved organic 

carbon (DOC). Autotrophic and heterotrophic production 

are temperature dependent and temperature increases or 

decreases could affect production under more extreme 

climate change scenarios. DOC concentrations could 

decrease with increasing bacterial production and 

photolysis, leading to increases in UV-radiation penetration. 

This is pertinent to prairie wetlands because of their general 

shallowness. Considering the potential consequences of 

climatic warming, increased UV-radiation and agricultural 

activity on biogeochemistry and food chains, it is imperative 

that we obtain an understanding of the major rate 

processes in prairie wetlands and how these may be 

affected by external processes. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1051. Effects of glyphosate herbicide on cattails, 

invertebrates, and waterfowl in South Dakota wetlands. 

Solberg, K. L. and Higgins, K. F. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 21(3): 299-307. (1993) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Descriptors: wetlands/ glyphosate/ Typha/ waterfowl/ 

population density/ nontarget organisms/ aquatic 

invertebrates/ adverse effects/ South Dakota 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1052. Effects of sediment load on emergence of aquatic 

invertebrates and plants from wetland soil egg and 

seed banks. 

Gleason, R. A.; Euliss, N. H.; Hubbard, D. E.; and 

Duffy, W. G. 

Wetlands 23(1): 26-34. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: agricultural impacts/ egg banks/ hydrophytes/ 

prairie potholes/ resting eggs/ sedimentation/ seed banks/ 

siltation/ tillage/ wetland condition/ wetland degradation 

Abstract: Intensive agricultural activities near prairie 

wetlands may result in excessive sediment loads, which 
Prairie Pothole Region: Effects of Conservation Practices 

319

may bury seed and invertebrate egg banks that are 

important for maintenance and cycling of biotic 

communities during wet/dry cycles. We evaluated effects of 

sediment burial on emergence of plants and invertebrates 

from seed and invertebrate egg banks. Sediment-load 

experiments indicated that burial depths of 0.5 cm caused a 

91.7% reduction in total seedling emergence and a 99.7% 

reduction in total invertebrate emergence. Results of our 

burial experiments corroborated prior research on seedling 

emergence. However, our study demonstrated that 

invertebrate emergence is also highly susceptible to the 

effects of burial. Our research suggests that sediment 

entering wetlands from agricultural erosion may also 

hamper successional changes throughout interannual 

climate cycles. Land-management strategies need to be 

implemented that will prevent erosion of cropland top soil 

from entering wetlands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1053. Effects of sediment load on seedling emergence 

from wetland seed banks. 

Jurik, T. W.; Wang, Shih-Chin; and Van Der Valk, A. G. 

Wetlands 14(3): 159-165. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ sediment transport/ 

agricultural runoff/ germination/ plant populations/ 

sediments/ erosion/ seedlings/ plants/ seed banks/ USA, 

Iowa/ seed banks/ seed burial depth/ plants/ sediment 

transport/ agricultural runoff/ plant populations 

Abstract: The authors examined the effects of sediment 

depth on emergence of seedlings from wetland seed banks, 

with the goal of understanding potential effects on wetlands 

of sediment runoff from agricultural fields. Seed germination 

was studied in the greenhouse using seed bank samples 

taken from natural wetlands in central Iowa, U.S.A. 

Sediment loads as low as 0.25 cm significantly reduced the 

number of species and total number of individuals recruited 

from seed bank samples. Addition of sediment decreased 

the number of individuals appearing for most, but not all, 

species. The change in number of seedlings that occurred 

in treatments with 1 cm of sediment cover was related to 

seed mass, with larger-seeded species showing the least 

effect of burial by sediment. 

© CSA 

1054. Environmental fate of phorate and its metabolites 

in northern prairie wetlands. 

Dieter, C. D.; Duffy, W. G.; and Flake, L. D. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 10(2): 103-110. (1995) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mesocosms/ pollution levels/ water/ 

sediments/ pesticides/ freshwater pollution/ sediment 

pollution/ insecticides/ pollutant persistence/ 

organophosphorus pesticides/ fate of pollutants/ USA, 

South Dakota/ pesticides (organophosphorus)/ pollutant 

persistence/ organophosphorus pesticides/ fate of 

pollutants/ pollution levels/ mesocosms/ water/ freshwater 

pollution/ sediment pollution 

Abstract: The environmental fate of the organophosphate 

insecticide phorate and its metabolites, phorate sulfone and 

phorate sulfoxide was examined in mesocosms placed in 

South Dakota wetlands. Three treatment concentrations of 

phorate (1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 kg/ha) were applied to wetland 

mesocosms. Phorate, phorate sulfone, and phorate 

sulfoxide were present in water and sediment during the 

entire study (28 days) in all treatments. Maximum phorate 

concentrations in water were measured one day after 

treatment and decreased significantly during a 28-day 

period. The metabolites of phorate increased significantly in 

the water during the study. Phorate was present in higher 

concentrations in sediments than either phorate sulfone or 

phorate sulfoxide throughout the study. 

© CSA 

1055. Ethyl parathion in wetlands following aerial 

application to sunflowers in North Dakota. 

Tome, M. W.; Grue, C. E.; and De Weese, L. R. 

Wildlife Society Bulletin 19(4): 450-457. (1991) 

NAL Call #: SK357.A1W5; ISSN: 0091-7648 

Abstract: Reviews how spray droplet size, weather, terrain, 

and type of application equipment interact to determine the 

amount of drift from any application of pesticide. With this 

information, wildlife managers should be able to make 

decisions pertaining to insecticide applications that will 

minimize drift and reduce negative impacts to nontarget 

organisms. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1056. Evaluation of the effect of CRP on duck 

recruitment in the prairie pothole joint venture area of 

Fish & Wildlife Service Region 6. 

Reynolds, R. 

Bismark, ND: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1992. U.S. 

Fish & Wildlife Service Progress Report. 

Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional 

conservation programs/ state conservation programs/ 

Prairie Pothole Region/ Montana/ South Dakota/ 

North Dakota 

Abstract: Reported the 1992 results of a pilot effort to 

evaluate waterfowl production in CRP grasslands 

compared to Waterfowl Production Areas. 

1057. Impact of agricultural land-use on prairie wetland 

ecosystems: Experimental design and overview. 

Gleason, Robert A. and Euliss, Ned H. 

Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 50: 

103-107. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 500 N813; ISSN: 0096-9214 

1058. The impact of haying Conservation Reserve 

Program lands on productivity of ducks nesting in the 

Prairie Pothole Region of North and South Dakota. 

Renner, R. W.; Reynolds, R. E.; and Batt, B. D. J. 

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resource Conference 60: 221-229. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 [NAWTA6]. 

Notes: Meeting held March 24-29, 1995, Minneapolis, 

Minnesota 

Descriptors: anatidae/ prairies/ conservation areas/ 

haymaking/ reproductive performance/ nature reserves/ 

land banks/ North Dakota/ South Dakota 

Abstract: Compared nest success and duck production in 

hayed and non-hayed CRP fields. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

320

1059. Impact of haying CRP lands on duck nesting in 

the Prairie Pothole Region.

Renner, R. W. and Reynolds, R. E. 

In: 60th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources 

Conference. (Held 24 Mar 1995-29 Mar 1995 at 

Minneapolis. MN (USA).) 

Bismarck, ND: Ducks Unlimited; 1995. 

Notes: Conference Sponsor: Wildlife Management Institute 

(Washington, DC); World Meeting Number 951-0315 

1060. Impact of the Conservation Reserve Program on 

duck recruitment in the U.S. Prairie Pothole Region. 

Reynolds, R. E.; Shaffer, T. L.; Renner, R. W.; Newton, W. 

E.; and Batt, B. D. J. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 65(4): 765-780. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: breeding success/ recruitment/ land use/ 

wildlife management/ Conservation Reserve Program/ 

habitat improvement/ breeding sites/ food availability/ 

hunting/ aquaculture/ Anas/ Montana/ South Dakota/ North 

Dakota/ Prairie Pothole Region/ dabbling ducks/ 

management/ culture of other aquatic animals/ 

United States 

Abstract: The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)'s 

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) resulted in the 

conversion of about 1.9 million ha of cropland to perennial 

grass cover in the Prairie Pothole Region of North Dakota, 

South Dakota, and northeastern Montana by 1992. Many 

wildlife managers believed this cover would provide 

benefits to wildlife, including upland nesting ducks. During 

1992-1995, we evaluated success of 5 duck species 

nesting in CRP fields and nearby Waterfowl Production 

Areas (WPA) throughout the region. We examined 

relationships between daily survival rates (DSR) of duck 

nests in CRP cover and landscape-level habitat and 

population parameters. We computed DSR of duck nests in 

other major cover types in our study area from data 

collected during 1980-1984 (pre-CRP) and 1990-1994 

(CRP) periods. We then applied recruitment models to 

estimate duck production in our study area during peak 

CRP years (1992-1997) and compared these results with 

those that simulated the scenario in which cropland was in 

place of CRP cover (i.e., the CRP had not occurred). DSR 

were higher in all habitats combined during the CRP period 

compared to the pre-CRP period. Regressions of DSR in 

CRP cover on the percent of each study plot in perennial 

cover and geographic location were significant (P< 0.01) for 

4 of 5 duck (Anas spp.) species. Estimated nest success 

and recruitment rates for the 5 species combined during 

1992-1997 were 46% and 30% higher, respectively, with 

CRP cover on the landscape compared to a scenario where 

we simulated cropland in place of CRP. Our model 

estimated an additional 12.4 million recruits from our study 

area to the fall flight as a consequence of the CRP during 

1992-1997. Our results document benefits to 5 duck 

species in the northern plains associated with a farm 

program that provided financial incentives to landowners for 

planting undisturbed grass cover as an alternative to annual 

crops. 

© CSA 

1061. Impacts of center pivot irrigation systems on 

birds in prairie wetlands. 

Peterson, T. L. and Cooper, J. A. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 51(1): 238-247. (1987) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ center pivot irrigation/ birds/ nesting/ 

Minnesota 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1062. Influence of agriculture on aquatic invertebrate 

communities of temporary wetlands in the Prairie 

Pothole Region of North Dakota, USA. 

Euliss, N. H. and Mushet, D. M. 

Wetlands 19(3): 578-583. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ agriculture/ prairies/ 

cultivated lands/ agricultural practices/ invertebrates/ 

environmental impact/ aquatic communities/ temporary 

ponds/ cladocera/ Invertebrata/ USA, North Dakota/ Prairie 

Pothole Region/ water fleas 

Abstract: We evaluated the influence of intensive 

agriculture on invertebrate communities of temporary 

wetlands as indicated by aquatic invertebrate resting eggs, 

shells, and cases remaining after wetlands dried. To 

facilitate the comparison, we sampled 19 wetlands within 

cropland areas and 19 wetlands within grassland areas. We 

found resting eggs, shells, and cases of significantly more 

taxa and greater numbers of cladoceran resting eggs 

(ephippia), planorbid and physid snail shells, and ostracod 

shells in wetlands within grasslands than in croplands. We 

also successfully incubated greater numbers of 

cladocerans and ostracods from soil samples collected 

from grassland sites. We were unable to detect differences 

in the viability of cladoceran ephippia between grassland 

and cropland wetlands, but our sample size was small due 

to an absence of ephippia in most cropland wetlands 

sampled; 74% of the cropland wetlands were devoid of 

cladoceran ephippia whereas ephippia were well 

represented in nearly all of our grassland sites. Our results 

corroborate findings of other investigators that prairie 

pothole wetlands have been negatively impacted by human 

activities. Our study demonstrates that aquatic 

invertebrates of temporary wetlands have been negatively 

impacted by intensive agriculture and suggests that future 

studies need to assess the influence of agricultural 

practices on wetland-dependant wildlife. 

© CSA 

1063. Influence of tillage system on water quality and 

quantity in prairie pothole wetlands. 

Elliott, J. A.; Cessna, A. J.; and Hilliard, C. R. 

Canadian Water Resources Journal 26(2): 165-182. (2001) 

NAL Call #: GB707.C3; ISSN: 0701-1784 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution sources/ herbicides/ 

prairies/ tillage/ agricultural practices/ comparison studies/ 

potholes/ water quality/ hydrology/ water quality 

measurements/ fertilizers/ phosphorus/ ammonia 

Abstract: Since zero tillage (ZT) requires more herbicide 

and fertilizer use than conventional tillage (CT) and may 

improve water infiltration into soil, the system may 

negatively impact prairie pothole wetlands. In this paper, 

the hydrology and water quality of pothole wetlands in zero 

tillage and conventional tillage systems were compared by 

monitoring three wetlands (ZT-1, ZT-2 and CT) from 1995 

to 1997, and during a runoff-producing summer storm in 
Prairie Pothole Region: Effects of Conservation Practices 

321

1998. Wetland water levels were recorded during snowmelt 

runoff and throughout the unfrozen period. Water samples 

from the wetlands were analyzed for total P, ortho P, NO 

sub(2)-NO sub(3), NH sub(3) and a suite of commonlyused herbicides. In each year of the study, similar snow 

accumulations generated more runoff per unit area from the 

ZT basins than the CT basin. Water levels were similar in 

the three wetlands in the spring of 1995, but by 1997 the 

water depths were less in the ZT wetlands than in the CT 

wetland. Despite greater fertilizer use in the ZT basins, we 

did not observe a consistent effect of tillage system on 

available N and P in the surface soil. Phosphorus 

concentrations were generally higher in the ZT than the CT 

wetlands during snowmelt but there was no consistent 

effect of tillage on NO sub(2)-NO sub(3) or NH sub(3) 

concentrations in the wetlands. The herbicides found in all 

three wetlands included those that were applied during the 

study and some that were not. At least one herbicide was 

detected in trace amounts in approximately 75% of samples 

from the wetlands. 

© CSA 

1064. Insects as indicators of land use in three 

ecoregions in the prairie pothole region. 

Anderson, D. J. and Vondracek, B. 

Wetlands 19(3): 648-664. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ grasslands/ aquatic insects/ 

prairies/ biological indicators/ roads/ ecology/ diversity/ 

relationships/ arable land/ land use/ aquatic communities/ 

community ecology 

Abstract: Populations of insects in the prairie pothole 

region of North Dakota, USA, were sampled to determine 

whether relationships existed between community- or 

taxon-level indicators and 11 land-use types. Insects were 

sampled with light traps at 126 wetland basins in 3 

ecoregions. Sampling was conducted 3 times each year 

during the spring and early summer of 1995 and 1996. 

Sites were selected based on the proportion of cropland to 

grassland, hayland, and Conservation Reserve Program 

land surrounding wetland basins at 50 and 400 m radii. 

Other land-use types included in the analyses were 

woodland, roadways, and 5 wetland types: permanent, 

semi-permanent, seasonal, temporary, and riverine. In both 

years, taxa richness, abundance, and diversity were greater 

for the 2nd (June) and 3rd (July) sampling periods than for 

the 1st period (May), and indicators were greater in the Drift 

Plain and Red River Valley ecoregions than in the Missouri 

Coteau ecoregion. Several significant associations existed 

between insect indicators and land-use types; however, 

rsuperscript 2 values were generally low. Much more of the 

variance in insect measures was explained by temperature, 

seasonal, and ecoregion effects. Several associations were 

significant within individual ecoregions (i.e., abundance of 

aquatic insects, Caenidae, Scarabaeidae, and Lepidoptera 

and number of Ephemeroptera families). However, no 

indicators were found in common for all 3 ecoregions. 

Several significant associations with land use were 

identified across all sites (i.e., all ecoregions combined). A 

small number of the significant relationships found across 

all sites were related to agricultural land use, and several 

indicated a negative relationship with grasslands. However, 

several positive relationships between the chosen insect 

indicators and riverine wetlands were observed across sites 

and in the Red River Valley ecoregion for both years and 

spatial scales (i.e., the abundance of Caenidae, 

Scarabaeidae, Ceratopogonidae, Hydropsychidae, and 

Hydroptilidae). 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1065. Potential impact of selected agricultural chemical 

contaminants on a northern prairie wetland: A 

microcosm evaluation. 

Johnson, B. T. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 5(5): 

473-485. (1986) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution effects/ wildlife 

habitats/ limnology/ agricultural chemicals/ prairies/ 

pesticides/ microcosms/ toxicity/ sediments/ plants/ 

invertebrates/ algae/ macrophytes/ growth/ productivity 

Abstract: An aquatic, multicomponent microcosm 

simulating a northern prairie wetland was used to asses the 

potential effects of six extensively used agricultural 

pesticides. 16 3-liter aquatic microcosms were treated with 

three concentrations of each of the pesticides carbofuran, 

fonofos, phorate, atrazine, treflan and triallate. The 

microcosm units were incubated for 30 d in an 

environmental chamber, with a 16-h light:8-h dark cycle, 

maintained at 20 C. The laboratory protocol was designed 

as an initial, rapid, economical screening test to determine 

the effect, but not the fate, of chemical contaminants in 

terms of toxicity, impaired productivity and community 

biochemical functions. Static acute toxicity tests with 

Daphnia magna and Chironomus riparius suggested that 

carbofuran, fonofos, phorate and triallate were very toxic to 

aquatic invertebrates. For D. magna the 48-h EC50 values 

were 48, 15, 19 and 57 microgram(ug)/L, respectively. 

Invertebrates viability tests indicated rapid changes in the 

toxicological persistence of these pesticides after 

microcosm interaction. Populations of D. magna were 

established in the 10 ug/L test concentration of carbofuran, 

phorate, triallate and fonofos at 1, 1, 14 and 28 d, 

respectively. Preexposure of the wetland sediments to 

either triallate or fonofos did not appear to change the 

relative toxicological persistence of each compound in the 

water column. Changes in pH, alkalinity, conductivity, 

dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen and total phosphorus were 

also observed with different pesticide treatments. Atrazine 

significantly reduced gross primary productivity and 

inhibited algal and macrophytic growth. The respiratory 

electron transfer system, phosphatase activity, oxygen 

consumption and mineralization of dissolved organic 

carbon were not significantly impacted by any of these 

pesticides in hydrosoils. However, the impact of atrazine, 

fonofos and triallate on invertebrates and plants in the 

microcosm - both key elements in wetland productivity - 

would suggest that caution be used in application of these 

pesticides in or near wetland habitats. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

322

1066. Potential impacts of agricultural chemicals on 

waterfowl and other wildlife inhabiting prairie wetlands: 

An evaluation of research needs and approaches. 

Grue, C. E.; DeWeese, L. R.; Mineau, P.; Swanson, G. A.; 

Foster, J. R.; Arnold, P. M.; Huckins, J. N.; Sheehan, P. J.; 

Marshall, W. K.; and Ludden, A. P. 

Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural 

Resources Conference 51: 357-383. (1986) 

NAL Call #: 412.9 N814; ISSN: 0078-1355 

Descriptors: pesticide residues/ fertilizers/ pollution/ 

research/ toxicity/ waterfowl/ wildlife/ Midwestern United 

States/ Canada 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1067. Predicting water, sediment and NO sub(3)-n loads 

under scenarios of land-use and management 

practices in a flat watershed. 

Chaplot, V.; Saleh, A.; Jaynes, D. B.; and Arnold, J. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 154(1-4): 271-293. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: watersheds/ land use/ agriculture/ 

environment management/ nitrates/ nitrogen/ nutrient 

loading/ sediments/ catchment areas/ agricultural practices/ 

nutrients/ environmental policy/ watershed modelling/ 

watershed management/ land use effects on hydrology/ 

agricultural effects on surface waters/ sediment transport/ 

nitrogen in runoff/ watershed chemistry/ sediment-water 

interface/ hydrology/ models/ soils/ fertilizers/ nitrogen 

compounds/ agricultural runoff/ agricultural pollution/ river 

basin management/ river discharge/ sediment load/ 

pollution dispersion/ nutrient cycles/ sediment pollution/ 

wheat/ pasture/ discharges/ water springs/ topography/ 

tillage/ water resources/ decision making/ Triticum 

aestivum/ Zea mays/ Glycine max/ USA, Iowa, Walnut 

Creek/ maize/ soybean 

Abstract: Changes in land-use or management practices 

may affect water outflow, sediment, nutrients and pesticides 

loads. Thus, there is an increasing demand for quantitative 

information at the watershed scale that would help decision 

makers or planners to take appropriate decisions. This 

paper evaluates by a modeling approach the impact of 

farming practices and land-use changes on water 

discharge, sediment and NO sub(3)-N loads at the outlet of 

a 51.29 km super(2) watershed of central Iowa (Walnut 

Creek watershed). This intensively farmed (corn-soybean 

rotation) watershed is characterized by a flat topography 

with tiles and potholes. Nine scenarios of management 

practices (nitrogen application rates: increase of current 

rate by 20, 40%, decrease of current rate by 20, 40 and 

60%; no tillage) and land-use changes (from corn-soybean 

rotation to winter wheat and pasture) were tested over a 30 

yr simulated period. The selected model (Soil and Water 

Assessment Tool, SWAT) was first validated using 

observed flow, sediment and nutrient loads from 1991 to 

1998. Scenarios of N application rates did not affect water 

and sediment annual budgets but did so for NO sub(3)-N 

loads. Lessening the N rate by 20, 40 and 60% in cornsoybean fields decreased mean NO sub(3)-N annual loads 

by 22, 50 and 95%, respectively, with greatest differences 

during late spring. On the other hand, increasing input N by 

20 and 40% enhanced NO sub(3)-N loads by 25 and 49%, 

respectively. When replacing corn-soybean rotation by 

winter wheat, NO sub(3)-N loads increased in early fall, 

immediately after harvest. Pasture installation with or 

without fertilization lessened flow discharge, NO sub(3)-N 

and sediment delivery by 58, 97 and 50%, respectively. Notillage practices did not significantly affect the water 

resource and sediment loads. Finally, such realistic 

predictions of the impact of farming systems scenarios over 

a long period are discussed regarding environmental 

processes involved. 

© CSA 

1068. Relationships of habitat patch size to predator 

community and survival of duck nests. 

Sovada, M. A.; Zicus, M. C.; Greenwood, R. J.; Rave, D. P.; 

Newton, W. E.; Woodward, R. O.; and Beiser, J. A. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 820-831. (2000) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: patches/ habitat/ predators/ survival/ nests/ 

United States, Minnesota/ United States, North Dakota/ 

United States, South Dakota/ community composition/ 

aquatic birds/ breeding success/ area/ Anatidae/ 

Mammalia/ ducks/ mammals/ patch size/ Prairie Pothole 

Region/ mammals/ environmental effects 

Abstract: We studied duck nest success and predator 

community composition in relation to size of discrete 

patches of nesting cover in the Prairie Pothole Region 

(PPR) of the United States in 1993-95. We focused on 

nests in uplands that were seeded to perennial grasses and 

forbs and enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program 

(CRP) in Minnesota, North Dakota, and South Dakota. We 

estimated daily survival rates (DSRs) of upland duck nests 

and indices of activity for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 

coyotes (Canis latrans), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), 

striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), and Franklin's ground 

squirrels (Spermophilus franklinii), and related these 

variables to habitat patch size. The effect of patch size 

(small vs. large) on estimated annual mean DSR was 

dependent on date of nest initiation (early vs. late) and 

year. Examination of within-year comparisons for early and 

late nests suggested that DSR was generally greater in 

larger habitat patches. Activity indices for the 5 mammalian 

nest predators were influenced differently by year, location, 

and patch size. Activity indices of the red fox were greatest 

in small patches. Coyote indices were the most 

inconsistent, demonstrating a year x location x patch size 

interaction. Activity indices of the striped skunk and 

American badger varied only among years. Franklin's 

ground squirrel indices were affected by study area 

location, with higher indices in the southeast than the 

northwest. Red fox activity was weakly correlated with that 

of the striped skunk and coyote. Although a positive 

relationship between habitat patch size and nest success 

probably exists, we believe the experiment to fully test this 

hypothesis will continue to be elusive. 

© CSA 

1069. Response of invertebrates to glyphosate-induced 

habitat alterations in wetlands. 

Linz, G. M.; Bleier, W. J.; Overland, J. D.; and Homan, H. J. 

Wetlands 19(1): 220-227. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat availability/ herbicides/ 

abundance/ plant populations/ plant control/ freshwater 

crustaceans/ aquatic plants/ aquatic insects/ community 

composition/ cattails/ habitats/ invertebrates/ weed control/ 

Typha/ Chaoboridae/ Chironomidae/ Corixidae/ Ostracoda/ 

Oligochaeta/ Cladocera/ Hydracarina/ USA, North Dakota/ 

glyphosate/ copepods/ ostracods/ angleworms/ 
Prairie Pothole Region: Effects of Conservation Practices 

323

earthworms/ oligochaetes/ water fleas/ water boatman/ 

midges/ phantom midges/ Invertebrata/ Copepoda 

Abstract: Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of eastern 

North Dakota, USA are often overgrown with cattails 

(Typha spp), providing habitat for crop-depredating 

blackbirds and impeding use by waterfowl. One and two 

years post-treatment (1992 and 1993), we assessed the 

response of invertebrates to a catastrophic reduction in 

cattail coverage caused by glyphosate, a herbicide applied 

to about 14,000 ha of North Dakota's wetlands since 1991. 

Numbers of Crustacea, Hydracarina, Oligochaeta, 

Copepoda, Ostracoda, and Cladocera were similar 

between treated and reference wetlands (P > 0.10), while 

abundance of Gastropoda was greater in the treated 

wetlands (P = 0.10). Insect abundance was greater in 

treated wetlands (P < 0.01), with activity traps yielding 

highest numbers in July. Corixidae and Chironomidae were 

more abundant in treated wetlands (P < 0.10), whereas 

Chaoboridae was consistently more plentiful in the 

reference wetlands (P = 0.05). Our results suggest that 

populations of some aquatic invertebrates may be 

enhanced by a reduction in cattail coverage with 

glyphosate-based herbicide. 

© CSA 

1070. Sedimentation of Prairie Pothole Wetlands: The 

Need for Integrated Research by Agricultural and 

Wildlife Interests.

Gleason, R. A. and Euliss, N. H. 

In: Water for Agriculture and Wildlife and the Environment: 

Win-Win Opportunities -- Proceedings from the USCID 

Wetlands Seminar. (Held 27 Jun 1996-28 Jun 1996 at 

Bismarck, North Dakota.) Schaack, J.; Anderson, S. S.; 

U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage; and U.S. 

Bureau of Reclamation (eds.) 

Denver, Colo.: U.S. Committee on Irrigation and Drainage; 

pp. 107-114; 1997. 

NAL Call #: GB624 .U83 1996 

Descriptors: Conservation Reserve Program/ regional 

conservation programs/ Prairie Pothole region 

Abstract: Examined the influences of sedimentation on 

wildlife values in wetlands within the Prairie Pothole 

Region. 

1071. Sedimentation of prairie wetlands. 

Gleason, R. A. and Euliss N. H. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 97-112. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: Many wetlands in the prairie pothole region are 

embedded within an agricultural landscape where they are 

subject to varying degrees of siltation. Cultivation of 

wetland catchment areas has exacerbated soil erosion; 

wetlands in agricultural fields receive more sediment from 

upland areas than wetlands in grassland landscapes and 

hence are sugject to premature filling (i.e., they have 

shorter topographic lives). Associated impacts from 

increased turbidity, sediment deposition, and increased 

surface water input likely have impaired natural wetland 

functions. Although trapping of sediments by wetlands is 

often cited as a water quality benefit, sediment input from 

agricultural fields has potential to completely fill wetlands 

and shorten their effective life-span. Thus, the value placed 

on wetlands to trap sediments is in conflict with maximizing 

the effective topographic life of wetlands. Herein, we 

provide an overview of sedimentation, identify associated 

impacts on wetlands, and suggest remedial management 

strategies. We also highlight the need to evaluate the 

impact of agricultural practices on wetland functions from 

an interdisciplinary approach to facilitate development of 

best management practices that benefit both wetland and 

agricultural interests. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1072. Soil indicators of agricultural impacts on 

northern prairie wetlands: Cottonwood Lake Research 

Area, North Dakota, USA. 

Freeland, J. A.; Richardson, J. L.; and Foss, L. A. 

Wetlands 19(1): 56-64. (Mar. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil classification/ prairies/ 

agricultural practices/ USA, North Dakota/ agriculture/ land 

use/ soil horizons/ organic matter/ cultivated lands/ 

environmental impact/ soils/ environmental degradation/ 

effects on water of human nonwater activities/ protective 

measures and control 

Abstract: Potential damage to wetlands by land-use 

practices has prompted a need for relatively inexpensive, 

reliable indicators in monitoring ecological conditions. In 

this study, soil classification and the following soil tests, 

sodium bicarbonate-extractable P, nitrate (NO sub(3) 

super(-)), organic matter (OM), pH, electrical conductivity 

(EC), and super(137)Cs distribution, were used to compare 

four wetlands surrounded by cultivated land or grassland. 

Cumulic A horizons greater than 60-cm thick were found 

covering the wet meadow zone of the wetland surrounded 

by cultivated land. No cumulic A horizons were observed in 

wet meadow zones adjacent to grassland. Laboratory 

analyses of surface (0-15 cm) soil showed that the wetland 

surrounded by cultivated land had P concentrations 2.5 to 6 

times higher in the wet meadow and shallow marsh zones 

than did the other wetlands. In the wetland surrounded by 

cultivated land, the dominant soil separate in the wet 

meadow was silt, while sand was the dominant soil 

separate in the wet meadow zone in the other three 

wetlands. Phosphorus, OM, and NO sub(3) super(-) 

concentrations in wet meadow subsoils (15-60 cm) were 

higher in the wetland surrounded by cultivated land than in 

the wetlands surrounded by grasslands. Cesium-137 

activities were about 3 to 6 times greater in surface (0-15 

cm) soils collected from upland grassy slopes compared to 

cultivated slopes. Soil morphology, super(137)Cs, P, and 

OM data indicate higher sedimentation and fertilization 

rates in wetlands next to cultivated fields. 

© CSA 

1073. Use of no-till winter wheat by nesting ducks in 

North Dakota. 

Duebbert, H. F. and Kantrud, H. A. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 42(1): 

50-53. (1987) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Abstract: Nests of 5 duck species were found: blue-winged 

teal Anas discors, northern pintail A. acuta, mallard A. 

platyrhynchos, gadwall A. strepera, and northern shoveler 

A. clypeata. Average number of nest found was 8/100 ha in 

1984 and 6/100 ha in 1985. Nest success for all species 

averaged 26% in 1984 and 29% in 1985. Predation by 

mammals was the principal cause of nest destruction. No 

egg or hen mortality could be attributed to pesticide use. 

Only 6 of 151 nests (4%) were abandoned during the 2 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

324

years. Nests of 7 other ground-nesting bird species were 

also found. The trend toward increased planting of no-till 

winter wheat in the prairie pothole region should benefit 

production of ducks and other ground-nesting birds. -from 

Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1074. Water-level fluctuation in wetlands as a function 

of landscape condition in the prairie pothole region. 

Euliss, Ned H. and Mushet, David M. 

Wetlands 16(4): 587-593. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agriculture/ freshwater ecology/ 

habitat/ landscape condition/ Prairie Pothole Region/ 

seasonality/ species composition/ surface flow mitigation/ 

tillage/ water level fluctuations 

Abstract: We evaluated water-level fluctuation (maximum 

water depth - minimum water depth/catchment size) in 12 

temporary, 12 seasonal, and 12 semipermanent wetlands 

equally distributed among landscapes dominated by tilled 

agricultural lands and landscapes dominated by grassland. 

Water levels fluctuated an average of 14.14 cm in wetlands 

within tilled agricultural landscapes, while water levels in 

wetlands within grassland landscapes fluctuated an 

average of only 4.27 cm. Tillage reduces the natural 

capacity of catchments to mitigate surface flow into wetland 

basins during precipitation events, resulting in greater 

waterlevel fluctuations in wetlands with tilled catchments. In 

addition, water levels in temporary and seasonal wetlands 

fluctuated an average of 13.74 cm and 11.82 cm, 

respectively, while water levels in semipermanent wetlands 

fluctuated only 2.77 cm. Semipermanent wetlands receive a 

larger proportion of their water as input from ground water 

than do either temporary or seasonal wetlands. This input 

of water from the ground has a stabilizing effect on waterlevels of semipermanent wetlands. Increases in water-level 

fluctuation due to tillage or due to alteration of ground-water 

hydrology may ultimately affect the composition of a 

wetland's flora and fauna. In this paper, we also describe 

an inexpensive device for determining absolute maximum 

and minimum water levels in wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1075. Water quality in a peripherally tilled prairie 

wetland complex, Cavalier County, North Dakota.

Goebel, D. R.; Mayer, G. G.; and Bassingthwaite, S. A. 

In: Versatility of Wetlands in the Agricultural Landscape.

(Held 17 Sep 1995-20 Sep 1995 at Hyatt Regency, 

Tampa, Fla.) 

St Joseph, Mo.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers 

(ASAE); pp. 549-558; 1995. 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.V47 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ surface water/ tillage/ 

grasslands/ spatial distribution/ arable land/ cropping 

systems/ denitrification/ pollution/ nitrogen/ nitrate/ 

groundwater 

Abstract: Nitrate contamination of ground and surface 

waters in in a peripherally tilled prairie wetland complex, 

Cavalier County, North Dakota, USA, was investigated. 

Although nitrate was not detected in surface waters, spring 

runoff content values ranged from <1 to >27 mg/litre. GIS 

analysis of shallow water showed that nitrate content was 

>10 mg/litre at the base of sloping tilled fields. Under 

grassland soils with slow permeabilities and reduced slope, 

nitrate content was <1 mg/litre. Spatial distribution showed 

that groundwater contamination was related to land use. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1076. Water turbidity in tilled and untilled prairie 

wetlands. 

Dieter, C. D. 

Journal of Freshwater Ecology 6(0): 185-189. (1991) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.F7J68; ISSN: 0270-5060 

Descriptors: wetlands/ inland water environment/ land use/ 

agriculture/ sedimentation/ environmental impact/ USA, 

South Dakota/ turbidity 

Abstract: Water turbidity was compared between 54 tilled 

prairie pothole wetlands, 12 partially tilled wetlands and 52 

untilled wetlands in South Dakota, USA. Specific 

differences in sedimentation as measured by turbidity were 

indicated. Turbidity was significantly lighter in tilled than in 

partially or untilled wetlands (P < 0.01). Average turbidity 

was 24 times greater in tilled than in untilled wetlands. 

There was no significant difference in turbidity between 

partially tilled and untilled wetlands. Turbidity measurement 

may be a useful tool for estimating relative sedimentation 

rates. Current sedimentation rates of tilled wetlands may 

cause them to be filled in a relatively short period of time. 

© CSA 

1077. Weak correspondence between 

macroinvertebrate assemblages and land use in prairie 

pothole region wetlands, USA. 

Tangen, B. A.; Butler, M. G.; and Ell, M. J. 

Wetlands 23(1): 104-115. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ macrofauna/ land use/ agricultural 

land/ aquatic communities/ aquatic insects/ community 

composition/ species diversity/ biotic factors/ trophic 

relationships/ freshwater fish/ environmental impact/ 

ecosystem disturbance/ agriculture/ environment 

management/ invertebrates/ fish/ population dynamics/ 

aquatic habitats/ Invertebrata/ pisces/ USA, North Dakota/ 

USA, Prairie Pothole Region 

Abstract: To evaluate the potential development of a 

macroinvertebrate Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for Prairie 

Pothole Region wetlands, we sampled the aquatic 

macroinvertebrate and fish communities in 24 

semipermanent wetlands located throughout Central North 

Dakota. Wetland basins were selected to encompass a 

range of surrounding land-use, ranging from 100% 

grassland to 100% cropland. We used redundancy analysis 

(RDA) to identify the influences of fish, and temporal and 

spatial variation on the macroinvertebrate community. We 

also used RDA to look for relationships between wetland 

macroinvertebrate communities and land-use. Seventeen 

potential invertebrate metrics were tested by graphical 

analyses. We identified a strong influence on the 

macroinvertebrate community due to the presence of fish. A 

number of invertebrate taxa decreased in abundance as the 

summer progressed, and there was noticeable variation in 

the invertebrate community among individual wetlands of 

the region. However, we detected no strong relationships 

between the varying degrees of agricultural land-use in the 

wetland catchments and the invertebrate community. 

Consequently, we were unable to identify any effective IBI 
Prairie Pothole Region: Effects of Conservation Practices 

325

metrics indicative of land-use disturbance. Lack of 

correspondence between land-use and macroinvertebrates 

in this habitat is most likely due to a high degree of natural 

disturbance (e.g., presence of fish, temporal changes) and 

a low diversity community of resilient taxa in Prairie Pothole 

Region wetlands. 

© CSA 

1078. Wetlands/groundwater quality in agricultural 

landscapes. 

Rickerl, D. H.; Kringen, D. E.; and Machacek, T. A. 

Journal of the Minnesota Academy of Science 59(4): 

18-24. (1995) 

NAL Call #: 500 M663; ISSN: 0026-539X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ groundwater/ agricultural 

watersheds/ water quality/ groundwater pollution/ nitrates/ 

phosphorus compounds/ agricultural runoff/ nutrients/ 

seasonal variations/ nutrients (mineral)/ USA, South 

Dakota/ nutrients (mineral)/ agricultural watersheds/ 

groundwater/ nutrients 

Abstract: In the Prairie Pothole Region (PPR - SD, ND, 

MN, IA), wetlands classified as "semi-permanent" or 

"seasonal" can act as groundwater recharge sites. The 

nutrient filtering capacity of wetlands has been investigated 

for both natural and constructed wetlands linked to surface 

water, but there is little information available on their 

subsequent impact on groundwater quality. This study 

investigates four seasonal and two semi-permanent 

wetlands in the PPR of eastern South Dakota. Transitional 

no-till (TNT) and organic farm (ORG) management systems 

border the wetlands. The objective is to determine the 

effects of farm management system on wetland surface 

water and groundwater quality. This project is part of a 

more comprehensive study including wildlife-habitat 

investigation and economic analyses. Water quality data 

include nitrate (NO sub(3) super(-)-N) and orthophosphate 

(PO sub(4) super(3-)-P) concentrations from wetland 

surface water, groundwater at wetland and upland sites, 

and run-off water from surrounding weirs. The results will 

be used to determine to what extent PPR wetlands act as 

sinks for nutrient run-off and establish baseline NO sub(3) 

super(-)-N and PO sub(4) super(3-)P data for the 

development of PPR wetland water quality standards. The 

results indicate greater surface water NO sub(3) super(-)-N 

concentrations in semi-permanent than in seasonal 

wetlands. Surface water concentrations of PO sub(4) 

super(3-)-P, however, were greater in seasonal than semipermanent wetlands. Groundwater sampled near the 

wetland perimeter had greater PO sub(4) super(3-)-P 

concentrations than groundwater sampled from nearby 

upland sites. The farming system effects were observed in 

weir data that indicated large concentrations of NO sub(3) 

super(-)-N in runoff following nitrogen (N) application in the 

transitional no-till system. Large NO sub(3) super(-)-N 

concentrations were also found in groundwater sampled 

from the organic semi-permanent wetland site which is 

cropped to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and receive manure 

application. Orthophosphate concentrations were 

significantly greater in groundwater near the seasonal 

wetland in the ORG (0.68 mg L super(-1)) than the TNT 

(0.20 mg L super(-1)). Water quality monitoring will 

continue in 1995, but preliminary results suggest that both 

wetland classification and adjacent farming practices 

impact wetland and groundwater quality. 

© CSA 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices

1079. Black tern colonization of a restored prairie 

wetland in northwestern Minnesota. 

Delehanty, David J. and Svedarsky, W. Daniel 

Prairie Naturalist 25(3): 213-218. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .P7; ISSN: 0091-0376 

Descriptors: wetlands/ birds/ behavior/ colonization/ 

ecosystems/ nests/ nesting/ prairies 

© NISC 

1080. Breeding bird communities of recently restored 

and natural prairie potholes. 

Delphey, P. J. and Dinsmore, J. J. 

Wetlands 13(3): 200-206. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ droughts/ aquatic birds/ 

reclamation/ community composition/ comparative studies/ 

environmental restoration/ Aves/ USA, Iowa/ natural 

wetlands/ environmental restoration/ aquatic birds/ 

reclamation/ comparative studies 

Abstract: We compared the breeding bird communities of 

natural and recently restored prairie potholes in northern 

Iowa in 1989 and 1990. Species richness of breeding birds 

was higher (P < 0.05) at natural wetlands, although duck 

pair counts and species richness were not significantly 

different between wetland types (P > 0.1). Common 

yellowthroat (Geothlypis trichas), red-winged blackbird 

(Agelaius phoeniceus), marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris), 

and swamp sparrow (Melospiza georgiana) were each 

more abundant at natural than at restored wetlands during 

at least one year (P < 0.05). Brown-headed cowbirds 

(Molothrus ater) parasitized a significantly greater 

proportion of red-winged blackbird nests at natural than at 

restored wetlands. Incomplete development of typical 

vegetation structure evidently depresses bird species 

richness at recently restored prairie potholes. Drought the 

year before and during the first year of our study 

undoubtedly affected our results. Similar studies should be 

conducted during periods of relatively high precipitation to 

complement our results. 

© CSA 

1081. Changes in breeding bird populations with 

habitat restoration in northern Iowa. 

Fletcher, R. J. and Koford, R. R. 

American Midland Naturalist 150(1): 83-94. (July 2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: wetlands/ terrestrial-ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ wildlife management: 

conservation/ Aves/ Vertebrata/ Chordata/ Animalia/ 

Charadriiformes/ bird (Aves)/ Charadrius vociferus/ killdeer/ 

Eagle Lake Wetland Complex/ Iowa/ USA, North America/ 

nearctic region/ Prairie Pothole Region/ geographic 

information system: applied and field techniques/ breeding 

ecology/ grasslands/ habitat fragmentation/ habitat loss/ 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

326

habitat restoration/ haylands/ land conversion/ land cover 

types/ pastures/ population changes/ rowcrop agriculture/ 

species abundance 

Abstract: Native tallgrass prairie and wetland habitat in the 

Prairie Pothole Region of the United States have declined 

over the past two centuries. Bird communities using these 

habitats have also experienced widespread declines that 

are often attributed to severe habitat loss and 

fragmentation. We estimated the change, or turnover, in 

bird populations in the Eagle Lake Wetland Complex, Iowa, 

with ongoing grassland and wetland restoration by linking 

geographic information system data and bird surveys in 

different land cover types (hayland, pasture, restored 

grassland, restored wetland and rowcrop agriculture) during 

the 1999-2001 breeding seasons. Habitat restoration efforts 

primarily converted rowcrop agriculture and pastures into 

grassland and wetland habitat. Based on land conversion, 

abundances of most species have likely increased in the 

area, including many species of management concern. Yet 

a few species, such as killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), have 

probably decreased in abundance. This estimation 

approach and these estimates provided a critical first step 

for evaluating restoration efforts; however, information on 

demographic parameters, such as nesting success, in 

restored areas is needed for understanding how restoration 

ultimately affects bird populations. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1082. Characteristics of recently restored wetlands in 

the Prairie Pothole Region. 

Galatowitsch, S. M. and Van Der Valk, A. G. 

Wetlands 16(1): 75-83. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ vegetation/ hydrology/ land 

reclamation/ hydrological regime/ aquatic plants/ plant 

populations/ community composition/ environment 

management/ ecosystem management/ reclamation/ nature 

conservation/ environmental restoration/ USA, Iowa/ USA, 

Minnesota/ USA, South Dakota 

Abstract: Between 1987 and 1991, 1892 prairie potholes 

were restored in northern Iowa, southern Minnesota, and 

southeastern South Dakota by state and federal agencies, 

most as part of the Conservation Reserve Program. The 

total area covered by these restored wetlands is 

approximately 2714 ha. Most restorations are small (less 

than 4 ha) wetlands with a seasonal hydrologic regime. 

Wetlands with an ephemeral/temporary water regime are 

under-represented compared to their pre-drainage extent. 

Information on basin morphometry, hydrology, and 

vegetation-zone development was collected on 62 wetlands 

restored in 1988. Earthen dams are installed on most (73%) 

restorations in the region, increasing the full pool volume 

but not the mean depth of the basin. Overall, restored 

wetlands have basin morphometries that are comparable to 

those of similarly sized natural wetlands. About 60% of the 

basins had their predicted hydrology or held water longer 

than predicted. Nevertheless, about 20% of the projects 

that we examined were hydrologic failures and either never 

flooded or had significant structural problems. Most 

restored wetlands had developed emergent and submersed 

aquatic vegetation zones, but only a few had developed wet 

prairie and sedge meadow vegetation zones. 

© CSA 

1083. Decision-making for prairie wetland restorations. 

Galatowitsch, S. M.; Van Der Valk, A. G.; and 

Budelsky, R. A. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 137-155. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165. 

Notes: Special issue: Freshwater functions and values of 

prairie wetlands 

Descriptors: wetlands/ inland water environment/ 

government policy/ land reclamation/ water reclamation/ 

environment management/ decision making/ environmental 

policy/ land use/ land management/ government policies/ 

USA 

Abstract: Assessments of wetland restorations in the 

prairie region are not done routinely and no accepted 

assessment framework exists. Wetland assessment 

protocols in the U.S. have varied over time from those 

emphasizing social significance to those attempting to 

quantify functions of wetlands from hydrogeomorphic 

considerations. A conceptual framework for restoration 

decision-making is presented that is based on optimizing 

wetland restoration success at both the landscape and site 

scales. This framework uses societal concerns, knowledge 

of factors that limit ecosystem recovery, and data on losses 

of different types of wetlands locally and regionally to 

establish restoration goals and guide site selection. These 

goals in turn generate restoration expectations or targets. 

Currently, restoration expectations are usually formulated 

only at the basin scale. Prairie pothole wetlands, however, 

were historically part of wetland complexes. Consequently, 

restoration efforts should focus on restoring complexes not 

isolated wetlands. Wetland restoration decision-making 

thus requires that landscape-level restoration expectations 

be part of all prairie pothole restorations. Landscape-level 

expectations should also be used in the assessment of 

these projects. Reference wetlands or historic data from the 

wetland and wetland complexes to be restored are used to 

develop these restoration expectations. 

© CSA 

1084. The development of vegetative zonation patterns 

in restored prairie pothole wetlands. 

Seabloom, E. W. and van der Valk, A. G. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 40(1): 92-100. (Feb. 2003) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: prairie/ vegetation/ restoration/ zonation/ 

environmental restoration/ prairies/ vegetation cover/ 

distribution records/ aquatic plants/ interspecific 

relationships/ community composition/ population structure/ 

USA, Midwest/ prairie pothole wetlands/ water resources 

and supplies/ reclamation/ aquatic communities/ 

conservation, wildlife management and recreation/ general 

environmental engineering 

Abstract: 1. The spatial structure of plant communities can 

have strong impacts on ecosystem functions and on 

associated animal communities. None the less, spatial 

structure is rarely used as a measure of restoration 

success. 2. The restoration of hundreds of wetlands in the 

prairie pothole region in the mid-western USA provided an 

excellent opportunity to determine whether the reestablishment of abiotic conditions is sufficient to restore 

structure, composition and spatial patterning of the 

vegetation. 3. We mapped the topography and vegetative 

distributions in 17 restored and nine natural wetlands. We 

used these data to compare the composition and spatial 

structure of the vegetation in both wetlands types. 4. The 
Prairie Pothole Region: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

327

composition of the plant communities differed between 

restored and natural wetlands; the restored wetlands lacked 

the well-developed sedge-meadow community found in 

most natural wetlands. However, the spatial heterogeneity 

was similar, although the zonation patterns were less welldeveloped in the restored wetlands. 5. Although the overall 

structure was similar, species distributions differed among 

wetland types, such that species were found more than 10 

cm higher in restored wetlands than in natural wetlands. 6. 

Synthesis and applications. This study illustrates that 

restored plant community composition and spatial structure 

may converge on their targets at different rates. Evaluations 

of restoration success should consider spatial structure of 

communities along with compositional and functional 

metrics. 

© CSA 

1085. Diatom communities as ecological indicators of 

recovery in restored prairie wetlands. 

Mayer, P. M. and Galatowitsch, S. M. 

Wetlands 19(4): 765-774. (Dec. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212. 

Notes: Conference: Temperate Wetlands Restoration 

Workshop, Barrie, ON (Canada), 27 Nov-1 Dec 1995 

Descriptors: diatoms/ species diversity/ land management/ 

environmental quality/ hydrology/ drainage/ environmental 

restoration/ indicator species/ environment management/ 

community composition/ ecosystem management/ 

restoration/ algae (diatoms)/ land/ environmental quality 

standards/ Bacillariophyceae/ USA/ northern prairie 

wetlands/ control of water on the surface/ reclamation/ 

habitat community studies/ protective measures and 

control/ water resources and supplies 

Abstract: Diatoms were employed to assess the recovery 

of northern prairie wetlands restored after drainage. We 

predicted that diatom species diversity and equitability are 

lower in restored wetlands than in reference wetlands and 

that diatom communities are similar among reference 

wetlands because communities should be relatively stable 

over time. Conversely, we predicted that diatom 

communities in restored and reference wetlands differ 

because species recovery after restoration may be 

incomplete or unattainable depending on environmental 

conditions or dispersal limits. Eight undisturbed, unrestored 

(reference) wetlands were compared to eight wetlands 

restored after drainage. Diatom communities on artificial 

substrates were transplanted from restored to reference 

wetlands and vice versa to test for environmental control 

and dispersal limits to community composition. Species 

richness was similar at restored and reference wetlands. 

Diversity and equitability at restored and reference sites 

were similar within a sampling period, but diversity and 

equitability decreased over the growing season in reference 

sites. Based on multidimensional scaling analyses, restored 

and reference sites could not be distinguished by species 

composition either early or late in the season. Transplanted 

diatom community assemblages became similar to those in 

the wetlands to which they were transferred, suggesting a 

strong environmental control over diatom assemblages. 

Diatoms, as a whole, responded rapidly to environmental 

conditions; yet, dispersal still may limit some species' reestablishment, while resistance to disturbance may produce 

little response among other diatom species. Diatoms may 

have limited utility as ecological indicators in prairie 

wetlands because of the unique interaction between diatom 

life history and the cyclic hydrology of prairie wetlands and 

because diatom community structure is highly variable 

among reference wetlands. 

© CSA 

1086. Economic and environmental contribution of 

wetlands in agricultural landscapes. 

Janssen, Larry 

Brookings, S.D.: Economics Dept., South Dakota State 

University, 1995. 34 p. Economic staff paper series 

no. 95-3. 

Notes: "May 1995." Includes bibliographical references 

(p. 19-21). 

NAL Call #: HD1775.S8E262 no.95-3 

Descriptors: Prairie Pothole Region 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1087. Effects of moisture, temperature, and time on 

seed germination of five wetland carices: Implications 

for restoration. 

Budelsky, R. A. and Galatowitsch, S. M. 

Restoration Ecology 7(1): 86-97. (Mar. 1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ seed 

germination/ temperature effects/ soil moisture/ North 

America/ seeds/ germination/ moisture content/ temperate 

zone/ optimization/ rehabilitation/ storage/ stratification/ 

nature conservation/ environment management/ Carex/ 

reclamation/ water and plants/ protective measures and 

control/ general environmental engineering 

Abstract: Successful restoration of sedge meadow 

wetlands is limited by lack of information regarding 

reintroduction of sedge (Carex) propagules. While 

restoration from seed is common for prairie restorations, 

little is known about the germination characteristics of many 

wetland plants, including sedges. We present the results of 

a 2.5-year study on seed germination and viability for five 

species of Carex common to sedge meadow and prairie 

pothole wetlands in temperate North America. Seed 

storage and germination conditions were investigated to 

determine the optimum combination for maintaining seed 

viability and stimulating germination rates over time. Seeds 

were germinated under seven different temperature and 

three moisture regimes after storage for 4, 10, and 14 

months under one of four different storage regimes(drywarm, dry-cold, moist-cold, and wet-cold). The efficacy of 

short-term wet-cold stratification to stimulate germination of 

2.5-year-old seed after long-term dry storage was also 

investigated. Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex 

lacustris showed the greatest germination response after 

wet-cold or moist-cold storage, while Carex lasiocarpa and 

Carex rostrata showed similar rates of germination after 

either wet-cold or dry-warm storage. Wet-cold long-term 

storage was associated with a high level of viability in all 

five species after 2.5 years. Viability and germination rates 

were reduced in Carex stricta, Carex comosa, and Carex 

lasiocarpa after long-term dry-cold storage. Germination 

rates of seeds stored dry for 2.5 years are not improved by 

short-term wet-cold treatment in any species tested. Carex 

seeds should be stored under wet-cold conditions to 

maintain seed viability over time, thus increasing the 

likelihood of seeding success for sedge meadow 

restoration. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

328

1088. Effects of nutrients and water levels on emergent 

macrophyte biomass in a prairie marsh. 

Neill, C. 

Canadian Journal of Botany 68(5): 1007-1014. (May 1990) 

NAL Call #: 470 C16C; ISSN: 0008-4026 

Descriptors: wetlands/ emergent aquatic plants/ fertilizers/ 

limnology/ macrophytes/ marshes/ nutrients/ water level 

fluctuations/ water pollution effects/ biomass/ cattails/ 

marsh plants/ nitrogen/ phosphorus/ plant growth/ lakes 

Abstract: Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers were added 

over two growing seasons to marshes dominated by 

whitetop grass (Scolochloa festucacea) or cattail (Typha 

glauca) in a prairie lacustrine marsh to assess nutrient 

limitation and the interaction of nutrient limitation with water 

depth. For each species, stands were selected at the deep 

and shallow extremes of its water depth range. Water levels 

were high during the first year of fertilization and low during 

the second year, exposing the fertilized stands to a variety 

of water depths. Nitrogen limited growth in whitetop and 

cattail marshes. Water level, by controlling whether the soil 

was flooded or the water table was below the soil surface, 

affected growth and the degree of nitrogen limitation. In 

whitetop marshes, nitrogen increased biomass more when 

the soil was flooded or when standing water was deeper 

and in cattail marshes, it increased biomass more under 

intermediate water depths (approximately 0-20 cm) than 

under more deeply flooded (20-40 cm) or dry conditions. 

Nitrogen reduced biomass in whitetop marshes the second 

year, apparently because growth was inhibited by fallen 

litter from the previous year. Nitrogen did not limit cattail 

marsh biomass in the driest locations during a year of low 

water levels. Phosphorus caused a small increase in 

growth of both species after 2 years. Changes of nitrogen 

limitation with flooding suggest that annual water level 

fluctuations, by creating alternating flooded and dry 

conditions, may influence the primary production of 

emergent macrophytes through effects on nitrogen cycling. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

1089. Effects of Phalaris arundinacea and nitrate-N 

addition on the establishment of wetland plant 

communities. 

Green, Emily K. and Galatowitsch, Susan M. 

Journal of Applied Ecology 39(1): 134-144. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 410 J828; ISSN: 0021-8901 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ nutrition/ agricultural drainage water/ colonization/ 

dominance/ reflooding/ restoration/ sedge meadow/ 

vegetation re-establishment/ species richness/ wetland 

plant community 

Abstract: 1. Nutrient enrichment may adversely impact 

plant species richness in wetlands and enhance their 

susceptibility to colonization and dominance by invasive 

species. For North American prairie wetlands, enrichment 

by nitrate-N (NO3-N) from agricultural runoff is thought to 

contribute to the increasing colonization and dominance of 

Phalaris arundinacea (reed canary grass), especially during 

restoration. If true, P. arundinacea might compromise the 

re-establishment of sedge meadow vegetation on sites 

reflooded with agricultural drainage water. 2. We tested this 

hypothesis using a fertilization experiment in wetlands with 

controlled hydrology. A community mixture comprising 11 

species from native sedge meadow was seeded in 

mesocosms and grown under one of three NO3-N levels (0 

g m-2 year-1, 12 g m-2 year-1, 48 g m-2 year-1) with or 

without P. arundinacea. Above- and below-ground biomass 

were measured after two growing seasons to assess the 

response of vegetation to NO3-N and P. arundinacea 

treatments. 3. The total shoot biomass of the native 

community was suppressed in the presence of P. 

arundinacea at all NO3-N levels, but shoot suppression 

was significantly greater at the highest NO3-N dose level 

(48 g m-2). Shoot growth of the native community was 

reduced by nearly one-half under these conditions. 4. The 

total root biomass of the community was also suppressed 

by P. arundinacea when no NO3-N was added. 5. As NO3-

N increased, the relative abundance (shoot biomass) of 

native graminoids declined while native forbs increased in 

communities with and without Phalaris. The most common 

graminoid, Glyceria grandis, was suppressed by P. 

arundinacea at all levels, with suppression enhanced at the 

48 g m-2 NO3-N level. Three other species were 

suppressed at the highest NO3-N level, in the presence of 

Phalaris. The two most common forbs, Asclepias incarnata 

and Sium suave, exhibited a continual increase in growth 

with NO3-N additions along with overall suppression by P. 

arundinacea. 6. Community diversity and evenness 

declined with increasing NO3-N levels, whether or not P. 

arundinacea was present. 7. Our results demonstrate that if 

P. arundinacea is present, the restored sedge meadow 

community will not achieve levels of abundance that are 

possible when this species is absent, regardless of NO3-N 

enrichment conditions. 8. At the same time, the increased 

suppression by P. arundinacea at the 48 g m-2 NO3-N 

dose level supports the hypothesis that the dominance of 

this species over the native sedge meadow community is 

enhanced by NO3-N inputs at levels that are common in 

agricultural landscapes. 9. Our results carry two 

implications for achieving biodiversity conservation in 

agricultural landscapes. First, reducing nitrate loads to 

wetland reserves is essential for minimizing declines in 

community diversity. Secondly, the use of P. arundinacea 

for soil conservation and other agri-environmental purposes 

should be curtailed because of the likelihood of off-site 

impacts to wetland biodiversity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1090. Feasibility of restoring previously drained 

wetlands to reduce flood damage. 

Shultz, S. D. and Leitch, J. A. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 58(1): 

21-29. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land restoration/ floods/ watershed 

management/ watersheds/ cost benefit analysis/ 

economic feasibility 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1091. Floral and faunal colonization of restored 

wetlands in west-central Minnesota and northeastern 

South Dakota. 

Sewell, R. S. and Higgins, K. F. 

In: Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference on 

Wetlands Restoration and Creation/ Webb, F. J. 

Plant City, Fl.: Hillsborough Community Coll, 1991; 

pp. 108-133 . 

Notes: Conference: 18. Annu. Conf. on Wetlands 

Restoration and Creation, Plant City, FL (USA), 

16-17 May 1991 
Prairie Pothole Region: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

329

Descriptors: wetlands/ biological surveys/ community 

composition/ land reclamation/ aquatic animals/ freshwater 

fish/ aquatic plants/ aquatic birds/ USA, Minnesota/ 

USA, South Dakota 

Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine 

trends in species abundance and richness of waterfowl, 

aquatic macroinvertebrates, fishes and hydrophytes in 

restored wetlands of differing ages since restoration. One 

hundred fifty-six restored seasonal and semi-permanent 

basins of 12 different ages were surveyed in 3 counties of 

northeast South Dakota and 6 counties of west-central 

Minnesota, USA. A large diversity of flora and fauna 

colonized wetlands as early as one year after restoration. 

Twelve species of waterfowl were observed in all age 

classes of the restored basins. Thirty-one taxa of 

macroinvertebrates occurred in restored basins, 12 of 

which were in age class 1 basins. Four fish species 

inhibited restored basins of all ages. An average of over 16 

taxa of aquatic hydrophytes had coverage values of greater 

than or equal to 5% of the total wetland area in restored 

basins. This study demonstrated that wetland managers 

can expect extensive floral and faunal colonization of prairie 

wetlands even in the first year after restoration. 

© CSA 

1092. Implications of marsh size and isolation for 

marsh bird management. 

Brown, M. and Dinsmore, J. J. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 50(3): 392-397. (1986) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ species richness/ wildlife 

management/ nature conservation/ species diversity/ 

habitat selection/ Aves/ USA, Iowa/ species richness/ 

wildlife management 

Abstract: The number of breeding bird species in 30 Iowa 

prairie marshes ranged from 2 to 17/marsh during 1983 and 

1984. All marshes were similar in physical characteristics, 

except for size and isolation from other marshes. A 2-

variable regression model containing size and isolation 

accounted for 75% of the variation in species richness. Ten 

of 25 species did not occur in marshes < 5 ha. Species 

richness often was greater in wetland complexes than in 

larger isolated marshes. Marsh size and isolation are 

important management considerations. 

© CSA 

1093. Influence of wetland age on bird use of restored 

wetlands in Iowa. 

Vanrees-Siewert, K. L. and Dinsmore, J. J. 

Wetlands 16(4): 577-582. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ reclamation/ 

aquatic birds/ breeding sites/ evaluation/ species diversity/ 

habitat/ environmental restoration/ habitat utilization/ 

environmental quality/ birds/ habitats/ waterfowl/ USA, 

Iowa/ evaluation/ breeding sites/ Aves 

Abstract: A goal of wetland restoration is to provide habitat 

for breeding populations of waterfowl and other bird 

species. To meet this goal, it is important to determine how 

birds respond to restored wetlands and which factors 

influence their use of restored wetlands. We examined the 

relationship between bird species richness and years since 

restoration at restored prairie wetlands in Iowa. We 

detected 42 bird species in restored wetlands, 15 of which 

were breeding species. The mean number of breeding bird 

species was significantly greater in older restored wetlands 

(4.3 species in 1-year-old wetlands, 7.2 species in 4-yearold wetlands, P = 0.005). The mean number of all bird 

species, waterfowl species, and breeding waterfowl species 

did not change with wetland age. Total and breeding bird 

species richness increased with percent cover of emergent 

vegetation. Waterfowl species richness and breeding 

waterfowl species richness were influenced more by 

wetland area than vegetation characteristics, whereas total 

species richness and breeding bird species richness were 

influenced more by vegetation characteristics. If the goal of 

restoration is simply to provide a breeding site for 

waterfowl, our data suggest that this can be done in a few 

years. However, we favor longterm restorations. Such 

restorations are more likely to have a more diverse bird 

community that more closely resembles those found in 

natural wetlands. 

© CSA 

1094. Invertebrate egg banks of restored, natural, and 

drained wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of the 

United States. 

Gleason, R. A.; Euliss, N. H.; Hubbard, D. E.; and 

Duffy, W. G. 

Wetlands 24(3): 562-572. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies/ abundance/ drainage/ 

eggs/ succession/ recruitment/ man-induced effects/ 

anthropogenic factors/ embryonic development/ habitat 

improvement/ aquatic insects/ seasonal variations/ 

restoration/ water levels/ dispersion/ statistical analysis/ 

community composition/ population dynamics/ species 

diversity/ invertebrates/ banks/ history/ cultivation/ 

maintenance/ seeds/ indicators/ drawdown/ habitats/ 

Invertebrata/ USA/ USA, Prairie Pothole Region/ Canada, 

Saskatchewan, Prairie Pothole Region 

Abstract: Analogous to 'seed banks,' 'egg banks' are 

important for seasonal succession and maintenance of 

invertebrate species diversity throughout wet and dry cycles 

in the prairie pothole region. Further, recruitment of 

invertebrates from relic egg banks in the sediments and 

dispersal of eggs into wetlands is believed to be important 

for reestablishment of invertebrates in recently restored 

wetlands. Alhough tens-of-thousands of wetlands have 

been restored in the prairie pothole region of the United 

States, studies have not been conducted to evaluate the 

recovery of invertebrate egg banks in restored wetlands. 

We used taxon richness and abundance as indicators of 

potential egg bank recovery and compared these 

parameters in restored wetlands to those of non-drained 

and drained wetlands with a history of cultivation and also 

to reference wetlands with no history of cultivation. We 

found few significant differences among wetland categories 

within three physiographic regions (Glaciated Plains, 

Missouri Coteau, and Prairie Coteau). Most statistical 

comparisons indicated that restored wetlands had 

invertebrate egg banks similar to reference, non-drained, 

and drained wetlands. The one exception was drained 

seasonal wetlands in the Glaciated Plains, which had 

significantly lower taxon richness and invertebrate 

abundance than the other wetland categories. Trends did 

suggest that invertebrate egg bank taxon richness and 

abundance are increasing in restored seasonal wetlands 

relative to their drained analogues, whereas a similar trend 

was not observed for restored semi-permanent wetlands. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

330

Although recovery was not related to years since 

restoration, comparisons of restored wetlands with 

reference wetlands suggest that recovery potential may be 

inversely related to the extent of wetland drainage and 

intensive agriculture that varies spatially in the prairie 

pothole region. Our research suggests that periodic 

drawdowns of semi-permanent restored wetlands may be 

needed to promote production and development of 

invertebrate egg banks. Inoculation of restored wetlands 

may also be needed in areas where extensive wetland 

drainage has resulted in fewer wetland habitats to provide 

sources of passively dispersed eggs to newly restored 

wetlands. 

© CSA 

1095. Mallard recruitment in the agricultural 

environment of North Dakota. 

Cowardin, L. M.; Gilmer, D. S.; and Shaiffer, C. W. 

Wildlife Monographs 92: 1-37. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 410 W64; ISSN: 0084-0173 

Descriptors: Anas platyrhynchos (Anatidae)/ wildlife 

management/ population recruitment implications/ 

agricultural land/ nesting site/ agricultural habitat usage/ 

breeding season/ nest initiation curves/ reproductive 

productivity/ population dynamics/ recruitment/ habitat 

preference/ nesting/ agricultural environment/ semiaquatic 

habitat/ wetland/ grassland/ cultivated land habitat/ 

agricultural population recruitment and management/ North 

Dakota/ population recruitment/ management implications/ 

agricultural habitat 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1096. A method to prioritize and monitor wetland 

restoration for water-quality improvement. 

Almendinger, J. E. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 6(4): 241-251. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ water 

quality/ runoff/ reclamation/ habitat improvement/ nature 

conservation/ site selection/ water quality control/ 

hydraulics/ benefits/ land management/ agriculture/ 

phosphorus/ nitrogen/ environment management/ USA/ 

USA, Minnesota R. 

Abstract: Wetland restoration can improve water quality by 

reducing concentrations of sediment, total phosphorus, and 

nitrate in runoff. Managers need a simple method to choose 

among many possible restoration sites, particularly in large 

agricultural basins covering thousands of square 

kilometers. The purpose of this paper is to outline a method 

for prioritizing and monitoring wetland restoration sites in 

light of the factors that affect water-quality improvement by 

wetlands. These factors are categorized as loading factors, 

path factors, and process factors. The method for 

prioritizing wetland restoration sites depends primarily on 

assessing the potential effectiveness of the wetland for 

improving water quality. Three types of effectiveness are 

considered: problem effectiveness (is the site in an area 

with known water-quality problems?), function effectiveness 

(is the site likely to improve water quality more or less than 

other sites?), and information effectiveness (does the site fit 

within an overall research plan to gain information on how 

wetlands improve water quality?). The variables of 

hydraulic residence time, hydraulic flux, and wetland area, 

volume, and average depth are combined into a single 

variable termed epsilon and used as a proxy for estimating 

the relative function effectiveness of potential restoration 

sites. Monitoring restoration sites is targeted at establishing 

a minimum data set that can be collected consistently at 

different sites over time, and that can be used for inter-site 

comparison with simple statistical techniques. The 

Minnesota River Basin is used as an example throughout to 

demonstrate the types of data that are available to plan 

wetland restoration. While this paper focuses on the waterquality benefits, wetland restoration should be a multidisciplinary effort to integrate other benefits of restoration, 

such as improvement of wildlife habitat and flood 

abatement. 

© CSA 

1097. Natural revegetation during restoration of 

wetlands in the southern Prairie Pothole Region of 

North America. 

Galatowitsch, S. M. and van der Valk, A. G. 

In: Restoration of Temperate Wetlands/ Wheeler, Bryan D.; 

Shaw, Susan C.; Fojt, Wanda J.; and Robertson, R. Allan. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995; pp. 129-142 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3R47 1995 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ecological restoration/ 

land restoration 

1098. Nitrogen transformation and fate in prairie 

wetlands. 

Crumpton, W. G. and Goldsborough, L. G. 

Great Plains Research 8(1): 57-72. (1998) 

NAL Call #: QH104.5.G73 G755; ISSN: 1052-5165 

Abstract: Agricultural applications of fertilizers and 

pesticides have increased dramatically in the prairie pothole 

region since the middle 1960s, and agrochemical 

contamination of surface and groundwater has become a 

serious environmental concern. There is growing interest in 

the potential of prairie wetlands as sinks for excess 

nutrients in this agricultural landscape. As much as 50% of 

the fertilizer nitrogen applied to cultivated crops may be lost 

as nitrate in agricultural drainage water, and prairie 

wetlands may be especially effective as nitrate sinks. The 

effectiveness of prairie wetlands as sinks for nonpoint 

source nitrogen loads is likely to depend on the magnitude 

of nitrate loads and the capacity of the wetlands to remove 

nitrate by dissimilatory processes. Performance forecast 

models are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of prairie 

wetlands as nitrogen sinks from a watershed scale 

framework. This will be made significantly more difficult by 

the spatial and temporal complexity of prairie pothole 

wetlands and by their hydrologic diversity. Future research 

should focus on identifying the principal factors controlling 

nitrogen transformation in prairie wetlands and on 

developing general predictive tools for modeling nitrogen 

fate in these systems. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1099. Nutrient retention in a northern prairie marsh 

(Frank Lake, Alberta) receiving municipal and agroindustrial wastewater. 

White, J. S. and Bayley, S. E. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 126(1-2): 63-81. (Feb. 2001) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 0049-6979 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ nutrient concentrations/ 

industrial effluents/ wastewater discharges/ ammonia/ 

nitrates/ phosphorus/ water quality control/ nutrients/ 

wastewater/ flow discharge/ ponds/ industrial wastewater/ 
Prairie Pothole Region: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

331

industrial wastes/ domestic wastes/ nutrients (mineral)/ 

agricultural pollution/ biodegradation/ eutrophication/ 

seasonal variations/ ice cover/ temperature effects/ 

industrial waste waters/ Canada, Alberta, Frank L./ prairie 

marshes/ freshwater pollution/ wastewater treatment 

processes/ characteristics, behavior and fate/ sewage 

Abstract: Agro-industrial wastewater and municipal sewage 

were used to restore Frank Lake, a 1246 ha northern prairie 

marsh in southern Alberta, Canada, to provide waterfowl 

habitat and improve water quality. Mean annual inflow 

wastewater nutrient concentrations were 17 mg L super(-1) 

NH sub(3)-N, 30 mg L super(-1) NO sub(3)-N and 11 mg L 

super(-1) SRP. Mean flows greater than 5000 m super(3) 

day super(-1) loaded the marsh with 23 000 kg of P 

annually. Summer NH sub(3)-N, NO sub(3)-N and total 

phosphorus (TP) surface water concentrations were 

decreased by 76, 87 and 64%, respectively, as waters 

flowed through the first basin of the marsh. Winter 

treatment was less successful, with surface water NH 

sub(3)-N, NO sub(3)-N and TP reductions of 46, -26 

(export) and 26%, respectively. Short-circuiting of water 

flow through the marsh and cold seasonal conditions with 

ice cover caused spatial and temporal variation in marsh 

treatment. Continued high loadings to the marsh may lead 

to sediment saturation, eutrophication or phosphorus export 

from the marsh. 

© CSA 

1100. Plant and animal community responses to 

restored Iowa wetlands. 

LaGrange, Theodore G. and James J. Dinsmore 

Prairie Naturalist 21(1): 39-48. (1989) 

NAL Call #: QH540 .P7; ISSN: 0091-0376 

Descriptors: wetlands/ communities/ ecosystems/ habitat 

management/ habitat surveys/ management/ plants/ 

wildlife/ administracion/ Iowa 

© NISC 

1101. Restoring prairie wetlands: An ecological 

approach. 

Galatowitsch, Susan M.; Valk, Arnoud van der; and 

Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research. 

Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press; 246 p. (1994) 

Notes: 1st ed.; "A special publication of Ducks Unlimited's 

Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research." Includes 

bibliographical references and index. 

NAL Call #: QH75.G35 1994; ISBN: 0813824990 

Descriptors: wetland conservation/ wetland conservation---

Prairie Pothole Region/ restoration ecology/ restoration 

ecology---Prairie Pothole Region/ wetland ecology/ wetland 

ecology---Prairie Pothole Region 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1102. The role of water depth and soil temperature in 

determining initial composition of prairie wetland 

coenoclines. 

Seabloom, E. W.; Van Der Valk, A. G.; and Moloney, K. A. 

Plant Ecology 138(2): 203-216. (Oct. 1998) 

NAL Call #: QK900.P63; ISSN: 1385-0237 

Descriptors: wetlands/ prairies/ soil temperature/ water 

levels/ seed banks/ recruitment/ USA, Iowa/ water depth/ 

seedlings/ principal component analysis/ tolerance/ 

elevation/ correlation analysis/ seeds/ germination/ soils/ 

temperature effects/ community composition/ aquatic 

plants/ USA, Iowa/ species richness/ water and plants/ 

habitat community studies 

Abstract: In this study, we examined the effects of water 

depth and temperature on seedling recruitment from a 

prairie wetland seed bank. We collected seed-bank 

samples from natural and restored prairie pothole wetlands 

in northwestern Iowa and combined them into a single 

sample. We examined seedling recruitment from this seedbank sample in an experimental study using a factorial 

design of 4 temperature treatments (5 degree night and 15 

degree day to 20 degree night and 30 degree day) and 3 

water-depth treatments (0, 2, and 7 cm). Principal 

Components Analysis showed that both water depth and 

temperature had significant effects on the composition of 

the seedling community as measured by changes in 

relative stem density and biomass. Water depth had its 

strongest effects on stem density while temperature had its 

strongest effects on biomass. For the 22 most common 

species, stem density varied with water depth for 95% of 

the species and with temperature for 50% of the species. 

Most species with water depth responses had lower stem 

counts as water depth increased, and for the majority of 

species with temperature responses stem density 

increased with temperature. Total, annual, and perennial 

species richness was negatively correlated with water 

depth. Total and annual species richness was positively 

correlated to temperature, while perennial species richness 

was unresponsive to temperature. In addition, species 

found at low elevations as adults emerged at higher rates in 

the deep water treatments while species that occurred at 

higher elevations as adults had their highest emergence 

rates in the low water treatments. Our results suggest that 

differences in environmental conditions along coenoclines 

can affect the initial distribution of species emerging from 

the soil seed bank. Water depth sorted seedlings according 

to their adult water-depth tolerances, and temperature 

determined the proportion of annuals in the seedling 

community. 

© CSA 

1103. A synoptic assessment for prioritizing wetland 

restoration efforts to optimize flood attenuation. 

McAllister, L. S.; Peniston, B. E.; Leibowitz, S. G.; 

Abbruzzese, B.; and Hyman, J. B. 

Wetlands 20(1): 70-83. (Mar. 2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ rehabilitation/ indicators/ 

optimization/ synoptic analysis/ prairies/ assessments/ 

mapping/ priorities/ flood control/ potholes/ flood plains/ 

regional planning/ environment management/ 

environmental restoration/ flooding/ USA, north central/ 

renovation/ maps and mapping/ USA, Prairie Pothole 

Region/ streamflow and runoff/ conservation/ protective 

measures and control/ reclamation/ environmental action/ 

water resources and supplies 

Abstract: The placement of wetland restoration projects in 

a landscape to optimize the functional performance of 

wetlands on a regional scale is often overlooked. To 

address this problem, the U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency's Landscape Function Project developed the 

synoptic approach to assign restoration priority to 

landscape subunits according to selected functional criteria. 

The approach provides a flexible, ecologically-based 

framework for allocating limited restoration-resources and 

preserving valued wetland functions on a landscape scale. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

332

We conducted a synoptic assessment of the Prairie Pothole 

Region of the north-central U.S. to demonstrate application 

of the method for our assessment criterion - the marginal 

decrease in total downstream flood volume per restoration 

dollar. A criterion is often not directly measurable but can 

be represented by an index composed of measurements on 

related variables. In a synoptic assessment, these 

measured variables, referred to as indicators, are limited to 

variables for which data are existing, accessible, and 

uniformly available for the entire region. We developed a 

conceptual model to guide the development of an index of 

the assessment criterion. We then ranked landscape 

subunits based on index values and mapped the ranks to 

show relative priority for restoration among landscape 

subunits. We conducted a series of analyses to justify 

selection of indicators and some of our assumptions. The 

approach offers multiple options for processing and 

displaying information for use by wetland managers. 

© CSA 

1104. A test of two annual cover crops for controlling 

Phalaris arundinacea invasion in restored sedge 

meadow wetlands. 

Perry, Laura G. and Galatowitsch, Susan M. 

Restoration Ecology 11(3): 297-307. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: annual cover crop value/ invasive species 

control/ restoration ecology/ sedge meadow 

wetlands restoration 

Abstract: Rapid establishment by aggressive plants such 

as Phalaris arundinacea (reed canarygrass) often interferes 

with sedge meadow establishment in restored prairie 

pothole wetlands in the mid-continental United States. 

Introducing a cover crop during community establishment 

might suppress P. arundinacea invasion in restored prairie 

potholes by reducing resource availability. We evaluated 

two potential cover crops, Echinochloa crusgalli 

(barnyardgrass) and Polygonum lapathifolium (nodding 

smartweed), for suppressing P. arundinacea invasion in an 

experimental wetland using replacement series competition 

experiments. Further, we assessed the effects of E. 

crusgalli and P. lapathifolium on sedge meadow 

establishment by sowing Carex hystericina, a common 

wetland sedge, as a third species at a constant density in 

the replacement experiments. Echinochloa crusgalli, 

compared with no cover crop, reduced P. arundinacea 

biomass by more than 1,000 g/m2 (65%) after two growing 

seasons. Polygonum lapathifolium did not affect P. 

arundinacea biomass. Dense E. crusgalli canopies in the 

first year and thick E. crusgalli thatch in the second year 

substantially reduced light availability for P. arundinacea 

establishment. Echinochloa crusgalli also reduced C. 

hystericina biomass by more than 1,800 g/m2 (99%) after 

two growing seasons. Carex hystericina biomass was 

similar in plots sown with E. crusgalli to P. arundinacea 

monocultures. Neither E. crusgalli nor P. lapathifolium is 

likely to improve sedge meadow restoration success. These 

trends were not sensitive to initial sowing density or 

elevation above water level. Without methods to suppress 

P. arundinacea invasions, sedge meadow restorations may 

often fail. Thorough site preparation to remove P. 

arundinacea propagule sources before restoration is 

essential. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1105. Vegetation and environmental conditions in 

recently restored wetlands in the Prairie Pothole 

Region of the USA. 

Galatowitsch, S. M. and Van Der Valk, A. G. 

Vegetatio 126(1-4): 89-99. (1996) 

NAL Call #: 450 V52; ISSN: 0042-3106. 

Notes: Conference: 6. International Congress of Ecology, 

Manchester (UK), Aug 1994 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant populations/ ecosystem 

management/ soils/ community composition/ dispersion/ 

environmental conditions/ surface water/ flooding/ 

vegetation patterns/ environmental restoration/ 

environmental quality/ vegetation/ water level fluctuations/ 

USA, Prairie Pothole Region 

Abstract: How closely the vegetation of restored wetlands 

resembles that of comparable natural wetlands is a function 

of the probability of propagules of wetland species reaching 

reflooded wetlands and how similar environmental 

conditions in the restored wetland are those in the natural 

wetlands. Three years after reflooding, we examined the 

vegetation composition, water level fluctuations, soil 

organic carbon content, and soil bulk density as well as 

surface water pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and calcium and 

magnesium concentrations of 10 restored and 10 natural 

wetlands. In the restored wetlands, more species of 

submersed aquatics colonized than were found in natural 

wetlands, and they rapidly spread to form extensive beds 

that were larger than those found in natural wetlands. 

Emergent and wet meadow species in restored wetlands, 

however, were found in only sparse stands as were a 

variety of annuals. The vegetation of natural wetlands was 

predominantly large stands of emergent species. 

Fluctuations in water storage volume and basin surface 

area were similar for both restored and natural wetlands. 

The surface water in restored wetlands had higher pH and 

lower alkalinity, conductivity, and calcium and magnesium 

concentrations than that in natural wetlands. Soils of 

restored wetlands have a lower organic carbon content and 

higher bulk density than do those of natural wetlands. Our 

results suggest that for submersed aquatics, dispersal of 

propagules to restored wetlands is rapid and environmental 

conditions in restored wetlands are very suitable for their 

establishment. For other guilds of wetland species, e.g., 

sedges and other wet meadow species, dispersal to 

restored wetlands is likely much slower and may pose a 

serious problem for the re-establishment of these species in 

restored wetlands. Even if dispersal is not limiting, low 

surface organic carbon and high bulk density may prevent 

the establishment of these species in restored wetlands. 

© CSA 

1106. Walnut Creek Watershed Monitoring Project, 

Iowa: Monitoring water quality in response to prairie 

restoration. 

Schilling, K. E. and Thompson, C. A. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

36(5): 1101-1114. (Oct. 2000) 

NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ water quality 

control/ environmental protection/ agricultural runoff/ 

eutrophication/ pesticides/ pollution monitoring/ USA, Iowa/ 

watershed management/ prairies/ agriculture/ land use/ 

land management/ herbicides/ water quality/ nitrates/ 

streamflow/ water management/ land/ water quality (natural 

waters)/ nitrate/ pesticides/ stream flow/ water quality 
Prairie Pothole Region: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

333

measurements/ watersheds/ nitrogen/ environmental 

restoration/ atrazine/ USA, Iowa, Walnut Creek/ USA, Iowa, 

Walnut Creek/ USA, Iowa/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ effects on water of human 

nonwater activities/ water quality/ freshwater pollution 

Abstract: Land use and surface water data for nitrogen and 

pesticides (1995 to 1997) are reported for the Walnut Creek 

Watershed Monitoring Project, Jasper County Iowa. The 

Walnut Creek project was established in 1995 as a 

nonpoint source monitoring program in relation to 

watershed habitat restoration and agricultural management 

changes implemented at the Neal Smith National Wildlife 

Refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The 

monitoring project utilizes a paired-watershed approach 

(Walnut and Squaw creeks) as well as 

upstream/downstream comparisons on Walnut for analysis 

and tracking of trends. From 1992 to 1997, 13.4 percent of 

the watershed was converted from row crop to native 

prairie in the Walnut Creek watershed. Including another 6 

percent of watershed farmed on a cash-rent basis, land use 

changes have been implemented on 19.4 percent of the 

watershed by the USFWS. Nitrogen and pesticide 

applications were reduced an estimated 18 percent and 28 

percent in the watershed from land use changes. Atrazine 

was detected most often in surface water with frequencies 

of detection ranging from 76-86 percent. No significant 

differences were noted in atrazine concentrations between 

Walnut and Squaw Creek. Nitrate-N concentrations 

measured in both watersheds were similar; both basins 

showed a similar pattern of detection and an overall 

reduction in nitrate-N concentrations from upstream to 

downstream monitoring sites. Water quality improvements 

are suggested by nitrate-N and chloride ratios less than one 

in the Walnut Creek watershed and low nitrate-N 

concentrations measured in the subbasin of Walnut Creek 

containing the greatest amount of land use changes. 

Atrazine and nitrate-N concentrations from the lower portion 

of the Walnut Creek watershed (including the prairie 

restoration area) may be decreasing in relation to the 

upstream untreated component of the watershed. The 

frequencies of pesticide detections and mean nitrate-N 

concentrations appear related to the percentage of row 

crop in the basins and subbasins. Although some results 

are encouraging, definitive water quality improvements 

have not been observed during the first three years of 

monitoring. Possible reasons include: (1) more time is 

needed to adequately detect changes; (2) the size of the 

watershed is too large to detect improvements; (3) land use 

changes are not located in the area of the watershed where 

they would have greatest effect; or (4) water quality 

improvements have occurred but have been missed by the 

project monitoring design. Longer-term monitoring will allow 

better evaluation of the impact of restoration activities on 

water quality. 

© CSA 
334
335

Wetlands in Multiple CEAP Wetlands Assessment Regions 

General Information 

1107. Analysis of wetland trends and management 

alternatives for Georgia. 

Woolf, S. W. and Kundell, J. E. 

Atlanta: Environmental Resources Center, Georgia Institute 

of Technology; Report No. Erc 01-85, 1985. 154 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ coastal marshes/ Georgia/ land use/ 

salt marshes/ alternative planning/ drainage/ erosion/ 

estuaries/ flood control/ forest management/ marshes/ soils/ 

urban runoff/ vegetation/ water management/ waterfowl 

Abstract: Georgia is experiencing ' Sunbelt ' population 

growth and expansions in agricultural and forestry 

production resulting in increased pressure to convert 

wetlands to other uses. An analysis was undertaken of data 

generated by the Fish & Wildlife Service 's National 

Wetland Inventory, Georgia Department of Natural 

Resource 's Landsat Land use study, and Soil 

Conservation Service 's National Resources Inventory. 

Wetland acreage, distribution, types, and trends were 

identified for Georgia. A review of case law and statutory 

law was conducted and wetland management activities of 

federal, state, and local governments were determined. 

Alternative management strategies were identified for 

Georgia. 

© CSA 

1108. Bayous of the northern Gulf of Mexico: 

Distribution and trophic ecology of invertebrates. 

Gaston, Gary R. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 919-947. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ ecology/ functional ecology of 

bayous streams/ trophic structure/ population density/ 

bayous streams/ brackish habitat/ USA/ Gulf of Mexico, 

north coast/ bayous streams functional ecology 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1109. Changes in piping plover nesting habitat 

availability at Great Plains alkaline wetlands, 

1938-1997. 

Root, Brian G. and Ryan, Mark R. 

Wetlands 24(4): 766-776. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: alkaline wetland/ fire frequency/ flooding 

impact/ ground water hydrology/ livestock grazing intensity/ 

long term recovery/ nesting habitat availability/ surface 

water level/ total beach habitat/ vegetation encroachment 

Abstract: Alkaline wetland beaches provide crucial habitat 

for breeding piping plovers (Charadrius melodus) in the 

northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada. 

Vegetation encroachment has been identified as a potential 

threat that decreases alkaline beach habitat availability, but 

the long-term status of these breeding habitats has not 

been evaluated. We measured vegetation changes at two 

North Dakota alkaline wetland complexes from 1938 to 

1997. Total beach habitat, including lower beaches that 

were impacted by flooding, varied substantially among 

years based on changes in surface-water levels. Quantities 

of upper-beach habitats, which were not affected by 

inundation, were negatively correlated with precipitation 

amounts during the previous five-year periods. We 

measured declines in upper-beach habitat averaging 0.89 

ha/yr and 0.20ha/yr at our two wetland complexes from 

1938 to 1997, suggesting that long-term changes in factors 

other than precipitation (e.g., ground-water hydrology, 

livestock grazing intensity, or fire frequency) may be 

negatively affecting beach availability. Vegetation reduction 

may be critical to long-term recovery of threatened piping 

plovers in the Great Plains. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1110. Characteristics of wetland habitats and waterfowl 

populations in Oklahoma. 

Heitmeyer, Mickey E. / Oklahoma State University, 1980. 

Notes: Thesis (M.S.) 

NAL Call #: QH87.3.H45 1980 

Descriptors: wetlands, Oklahoma/ waterfowl, Oklahoma 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1111. Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, 

and rising sea level in coastal wetlands. 

Michener, W. K.; Blood, E. R.; Bildstein, K. L.; 

Brinson, M. M.; and Gardner, L. R. 

Ecological Applications 7(3): 770-801. (1997) 

NAL Call #: QH540.E23; ISSN: 1051-0761 

Descriptors: climate change/ coastal wetlands in 

southeastern United States/ colonial waterbirds and 

hurricanes/ comparative studies, conceptual models of 

hurricanes/ moisture-continuum model/ sea level rise/ 

space-for-time substitution/ tropical storms 

Abstract: Global climate change is expected to affect 

temperature and precipitation patterns, oceanic and 

atmospheric circulation, rate of rising sea level, and the 

frequency, intensity, timing, and distribution of hurricanes 

and tropical storms. The magnitude of these projected 

physical changes and their subsequent impacts on coastal 

wetlands will vary regionally. Coastal wetlands in the 

southeastern United States have naturally evolved under a 

regime of rising sea level and specific patterns of hurricane 

frequency, intensity, and timing. A review of known 

ecological effects of tropical storms and hurricanes 

indicates that storm timing, frequency, and intensity can 

alter coastal wetland hydrology, geomorphology, biotic 

structure, energetics, and nutrient cycling. Research 

conducted to examine the impacts of Hurricane Hugo on 

colonial waterbirds highlights the importance of longterm 

studies for identifying complex interactions that may 

otherwise be dismissed as stochastic processes. Rising 

sea level and even modest changes in the frequency, 

intensity, timing, and distribution of tropical storms and 

hurricanes are expected to have substantial impacts on 

coastal wetland patterns and processes. Persistence of 

coastal wetlands will be determined by the interactions of 

climate and anthropogenic effects, especially how humans 

respond to rising sea level and how further human 

encroachment on coastal wetlands affects resource 

exploitation, pollution, and water use. Long-term changes in 

the frequency, intensity, timing, and distribution of 

hurricanes and tropical storms will likely affect biotic 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

336

functions (e.g., community structure, natural selection, 

extinction rates, and biodiversity) as well as underlying 

processes such as nutrient cycling and primary and 

secondary productivity. Reliable predictions of globalchange impacts on coastal wetlands will require better 

understanding of the linkages among terrestrial, aquatic, 

wetland, atmospheric, oceanic, and human components. 

Developing this comprehensive understanding of the 

ecological ramifications of global change will necessitate 

close coordination among scientists from multiple 

disciplines and a balanced mixture of appropriate scientific 

approaches. For example, insights may be gained through 

the careful design and implementation of broad-scale 

comparative studies that incorporate salient patterns and 

processes, including treatment of anthropogenic influences. 

Well-designed, broad-scale comparative studies could 

serve as the scientific framework for developing relevant 

and focused long-term ecological research, monitoring 

programs, experiments, and modeling studies. Two 

conceptual models of broad-scale comparative research for 

assessing ecological responses to climate change are 

presented: utilizing space-for-time substitution coupled with 

long-term studies to assess impacts of rising sea level and 

disturbance on coastal wetlands, and utilizing the moisturecontinuum model for assessing the effects of global change 

and associated shifts in moisture regimes on wetland 

ecosystems. Increased understanding of climate change 

will require concerted scientific efforts aimed at facilitating 

interdisciplinary research, enhancing data and information 

management, and developing new funding strategies. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1112. Colonization of restored wetlands by amphibians 

in Minnesota. 

Lehtinen, Richard M. and Galatowitsch, Susan M. 

American Midland Naturalist 145(2): 388-396. (2001) 

NAL Call #: 410 M58; ISSN: 0003-0031 

Descriptors: aquatic vegetation cover/ colonization/ habitat 

suitability/ restored wetlands/ water chemistry 

Abstract: Twelve wetlands (7 recently restored; 5 

reference) in central and southern Minnesota were 

monitored during the 1998 breeding season to assess 

colonization of recently restored wetlands by amphibians, 

compare the amphibian fauna to that of reference wetlands 

and identify important factors influencing the probability of 

colonization. Eight amphibian species rapidly colonized 

recently restored wetlands and established breeding 

populations. Reference wetlands were inhabited by twelve 

species, including four not found in restored wetlands 

(Ambystoma laterale, Notophthalmus viridescens, 

Pseudacris crucifer and Rana clamitans). Most local habitat 

variables, such as water chemistry or aquatic vegetation 

cover, were not influential in determining species richness 

patterns in recently restored wetlands. Size and spatial 

isolation of restored wetlands, however, were important 

predictors of species richness. Habitat suitability also 

influenced the probability of colonization for some species. 

The results of this study indicate that restored wetlands are 

valuable habitat for at least a subset of the amphibian fauna 

of this region and that wetland size, isolation and habitat 

suitability all influence colonization success. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1113. A comparison of the watershed hydrology of 

coastal forested wetlands and the mountainous 

uplands in the Southern US. 

Sun, G.; McNulty, S. G.; Amatya, D. M.; Skaggs, R. W.; 

Swift, L. W.; Shepard, J. P.; and Riekerk, H. 

Journal of Hydrology 263(1-4): 92-104. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_sun002.pdf

Descriptors: USA, Southeast/ catchment areas/ 

watersheds/ hydrology/ streamflow comparison/ studies/ 

forests/ climatology/ topography/ regional analysis/ stream 

flow/ comparative studies/ forest hydrology/ wetlands 

development/ hydrologic data/ long-term changes/ seasonal 

variations/ runoff/ storms/ climate/ USA, Southeast 

Abstract: Hydrology plays a critical role in wetland 

development and ecosystem structure and functions. 

Hydrologic responses to forest management and climate 

change are diverse in the Southern United States due to 

topographic and climatic differences. This paper presents a 

comparison study on long-term hydrologic characteristics 

(long-term seasonal runoff patterns, water balances, storm 

flow patterns) of three watersheds in the southern US. 

These three watersheds represent three types of forest 

ecosystems commonly found in the lower Atlantic coastal 

plain and the Appalachian upland mountains. Compared to 

the warm, flat, and shallow groundwater dominated pine 

flatwoods on the coast, the inland upland watershed was 

found to have significantly higher water yield, 

Precipitation/Hamon's potential evapotranspiration ratio 

(1.9 for upland vs 1.4 and 0.9 for wetlands), and 

runoff/precipitation ratio (0.53 plus or minus 0.092 for 

upland vs 0.30 plus or minus 0.079 and 0.13 plus or minus 

0.094 for wetlands). Streamflow from flatwoods watersheds 

generally are discontinuous most of the years while the 

upland watershed showed continuous flows in most years. 

Stormflow peaks in a cypress-pine flatwoods system were 

smaller than that in the upland watershed for most cases, 

but exceptions occurred under extreme wet conditions. Our 

study concludes that climate is the most important factor in 

determining the watershed water balances in the southern 

US. Topography effects streamflow patterns and stormflow 

peaks and volume, and is the key to wetland development 

in the southern US. 

© CSA 

1114. Conserving Southeastern coastal wetlands. 

Southworth, A. D. 

Audubon Wildlife Report 1989/1990: 223-257. (1989) 

NAL Call #: QL84.2.A8; ISSN: 0885-6044 

Abstract: Introduces the problems of general wetland loss 

in the USA, emphasising the status of Southeastern coastal 

wetlands. Acreage statistics are included, with a summary 

of wetland losses, the causes of such loss, and the impact 

on fish and wildlife. Federal regulatory programmes are 

described, including the Clean Water Act. State regulatory 

programmes include wetland regulations in North Carolina, 

Florida, Louisiana and Texas. Non-regulatory programmes 

like Coastal Zone Management Acts, Coastal Barrier 

Resources Acts, acquisition programmes and State 

planning programmes are considered, as are restoration 

and management efforts. -S.J.Yates 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 
Multiple Assessment Regions: General Information 

337

1115. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: 

Municipal, industrial and agricultural. 

In: Proceedings from the First International Conference on 

Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment . (Held 13 

Jun 1988-17 Jun 1988 at Chattanooga, Tennessee.) 

Hammer, Donald A. (eds.) 

Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers; 831 p.; 1989. 

NAL Call #: TD756.5.C66 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land disposal/ conferences/ 

wastewater treatment/ artificial wetlands/ biological 

wastewater treatment/ water pollution control/ macrophytes/ 

municipal wastewater/ industrial wastewater/ agricultural 

wastewater/ tennessee/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

ultimate disposal of wastes/ lakes 

Abstract: Widespread use of constructed wetlands may 

provide a relatively simple and inexpensive solution for 

controlling many water pollution problems facing small 

communities, industries, and agricultural operations. 

Adoption of this technology has been inhibited by a lack of 

guidelines and instructions supported by adequate 

information on important system components and basic 

wetlands ecology. The goal of the present volume is to 

provide information to improve acceptance and increase 

application of constructed wetlands for water quality 

improvements. The book represents the proceedings of the 

First International Conference on Constructed Wetlands for 

Wastewater Treatment, held at Chattanooga, Tennessee, 

on 13-17 June 1988. Besides wetlands treatment of 

municipal wastewater, which has been the subject of other 

conferences, this volume includes applications with acid 

mine drainage, urban runoff, agricultural wastes, and 

industrial effluents. Topics include: general principles 

(hydrology, chemistry, physics, ecology, and microbiology); 

case histories (pilot and full-scale plants); design, 

construction, and operation; and recent results from field 

and laboratory (dynamics of inorganic and organic 

materials in wetlands, efficiencies of substrates, vegetation, 

water levels, and microbial populations, management of 

domestic and municipal wastewaters, nonpoint source 

pollutants (urban runoff and agricultural wastes), 

applications to industrial and landfill wastewaters, and 

control of acid mine drainage including coal pile and ash 

pond seepage). 

© CSA 

1116. Creation and restoration of coastal plain 

wetlands in Florida. 

Lewis, R. R. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 73-101. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ Florida/ tidal marshes/ 

water resources management/ wetland restoration/ 

drainage engineering/ environmental impact/ habitat 

restoration/ mangrove swamps/ plant populations/ planting 

management/ tidal effects/ vegetation establishment/ water 

resources development 

Abstract: Despite hundreds of mangrove and tidal marsh 

restoration and creation efforts in Florida over the last 

fifteen years, current efforts are largely more art than 

science. Adequate monitoring and reporting are rare, and 

no institutional memory exists to improve the review and 

monitoring process. An overview of the Floridian region is 

given, followed by discussions of the extent to which 

creation/restoration has occurred, the design of 

creation/restoration projects, monitoring, and information 

gaps and research needs. Appendices include 

recommended reading, a list of project profiles, and a 

permit review checklist for Florida coastal wetlands. Based 

on a critical review of actual projects and the sparse 

literature, five factors appear most important to successful 

wetland establishment; these are: (1) correct elevations for 

the target plant species; (2) adequate drainage provided by 

gradual slopes and sufficient tidal connections; (3) 

appropriate site selection to avoid wave damage; (4) 

appropriate plant materials; and (5) protection from human 

impacts. 

© CSA 

1117. Creation and restoration of forested wetland 

vegetation in the southeastern USA. 

Clewell, A. F. and Lea, R. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status of the 

Science/ Kusler, J. A. and Kentual, M. E. 

Island Press: Washington, D.C., 1990; pp. 195-232 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: conservation/ ecology: environmental 

sciences/ estuarine ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ forestry/ pest assessment control and 

management/ soil science/ wildlife management: 

conservation/ animal marsh vs. forest replacement/ 

hydrology substrate/ soil fertility wetland type/ ecological 

function/ herbivore control/ weed control/ mine reclamation/ 

water management/ revegetation/ biomonitoring/ Kentucky/ 

South Carolina/ Florida/ Louisiana/ Arkansass/ Virginia/ 

North Carolina/ Tennessee/ Georgia 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1118. Development of Ohio's GIS-based wetlands 

inventory. 

Yi, Gi-Chul; Risley, D.; Koneff, M.; and Davis, C. 

Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 49(1): 

23-28. (1994) 

NAL Call #: 56.8 J822; ISSN: 0022-4561 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mapping/ inventories/ environmental 

protection/ classification/ geographic information systems/ 

USA, Ohio/ GIS/ geographic information systems/ 

inventories/ classification/ conservation, wildlife 

management and recreation/ environmental action/ 

network design 

Abstract: Of Ohio's original 26.4 million acres, more than 

five million are classified as hydric soils or having hydric 

inclusions, a condition indicative of wetlands. Today, about 

800,000 acres, less than 20 percent of the historical 

wetlands, remain unaltered. Ohio's legacy of wetland 

degradation reflects the national trend with respect to inland 

wetland losses attributable to agricultural, residential, and 

commercial development as well as other uses. Today, the 

state's remaining wetlands are threatened by such activities 

as land development, draining, land-filling, conversion to 

agriculture, and highway construction. The threats to 

wetlands are varied and complex. While pressures to 

convert wetlands mount, there is a growing public 

awareness of the value of wetlands. State-of-the-art 

mapping systems, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 

were used in the creation of the Ohio Wetland Inventory. 

GISs are computer hardware and software configurations 

specifically designed to manipulate, interpret, and manage 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

338

large spatially referenced data bases. These systems can 

be successfully applied to the integration of natural, 

cultural, social, and economic information and utilized as 

interactive spatial data processing systems. 

© CSA 

1119. Ecological relationships between landscape 

change and plant guilds in depressional wetlands. 

Lopez, Ricardo D.; Davis, Craig B.; and 

Fennessy, M. Siobhan 

Landscape Ecology 17(2): 43-56. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.L35 L36; ISSN: 0921-2973 

Descriptors: ecology: environmental sciences/ freshwater 

ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ nested quadrat 

sampling/ field method, sampling method/ depressional 

wetlands/ ecological relationships: landscape change, plant 

guilds/ land cover type: cropland, forest, grassland, open 

water, urban land 

Abstract: We used plant guilds to measure the 

relationships between wetland plant community 

characteristics and landscape change around 31 

depressional wetlands in central Ohio, USA. Characteristics 

of certain plant guilds within each wetland site are 

correlated with changes in: (a) area of urban land cover, 

forest, grassland, agriculture, and open-water in the local 

vicinity of the wetland; (b) inter-wetland distance; and (c) 

wetland size (area). Taxa richness is negatively correlated 

with inter-wetland distance for all plant guilds, except 

submersed herbaceous plants. Taxa richness of the 

submersed herbaceous plant guild (usually less than 20% 

of the total number of plant species at a wetland) is 

positively correlated with the area of open-water in the local 

landscape and with the area of the wetland site itself. 

Significant positive correlations also exist between the area 

of open-water in the vicinity of the wetland and the 

proportion of submersed herbaceous plant taxa at the site, 

the number of native submersed herbaceous plant species, 

the submersed herbaceous plant perennial-to-annual ratio, 

and the number of avian-dispersed submersed herbaceous 

plant species at a site. The results suggest that (a) the 

dominance of submersed herbaceous plant species at a 

site is related to dispersal constraints between wetlands, 

and (b) the relatively slower physiological response of 

woody plants to local landscape change may result in their 

contribution to greater 'ecological inertia' in the plant 

community as a whole. For these reasons, relationships 

between the plant community and land cover change may 

not always be observed unless analyzed at the level of 

plant-guild. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1120. Ecosystem dynamics of protists and bacteria in a 

lotic wetland ecosystem. 

Johnson, M. D. 

Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama at Tucaloosa, 1995. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ abundance/ bacteria/ biomass/ 

ciliates/ ecosystem dynamics/ organic carbon/ protists/ 

seasonal changes/ ecology/ bacteria/ fungi/ viruses/ North 

America/ United States/ Insertae/ Sedis/ 

Ophrydium versatile 

Abstract: Despite their importance, little information is 

available on the ecology of protists and bacteria in 

freshwater wetland ecosystems. Microbial communities 

were compared monthly at eight sites in a lotic wetland 

within the coastal plain region of the southeastern United 

States, from upstream, through an alder swamp, reed 

marsh, and water lily pond, to a downstream site. Protist 

abundances and biomass, and bacterial abundances, 

biomass, and productivity were all generally greater in the 

wetland habitats compared to up stream and downstream 

sites, especially in summer. Among wetland habitats, 

planktonic microbial populations were most productive in 

the reed marsh and among submerged aquatic plants, and 

lowest in the alder swamp. The planktonic microbial 

communities were primarily heterotrophic. Dissolved 

organic carbon (DOC) derived from aquatic plant 

community production during summer in the wetland pond 

stimulated planktonic bacterial production, which served as 

a primary food source for protozoa. The wetland habitats 

affected the lotic system as a whole by substantially 

increasing the amount of microbial biomass transported 

downstream. In the wetland pond, DOC concentrations, 

bacterial abundance and productivity, and protist 

abundance were more than an order of magnitude higher 

during warm months than cool months. Out-of-phase 

oscillations between microbial populations suggested 

protist grazing pressure strongly affected bacterial 

abundance during the warm months. Experiments using 

natural microbial communities showed similar uptake rates 

of macrophyte leachate by both grazed and un grazed 

bacteria. However, in the plankton, grazing of bacteria by 

nanoflagellates resulted in greatly increased rates of carbon 

mineralization to carbon dioxide (C02) rather than making 

this carbon available to other trophic levels. Ophrydium 

versatile, a mixotrophic, colonial ciliate was studied to 

determine seasonal changes in its distribution, primary 

productivity, and rates of bacterivory. Summer rates of 

primary production and bacterial consumption were higher 

than any other season on the basis of colony surface area. 

However, high bacterial productivity and limited ciliate 

distribution diminished their importance to the pond 

ecosystem in summer. During the winter, these ciliates 

functioned primarily as bacterivores, and low planktonic 

bacterial productivity combined with a wide distribution of 

large ciliate colonies made O. versatile capable of clearing 

up to one-third of the water column of bacterial production 

daily. 

© NISC 

1121. Environmental characteristics of Oklahoma 

wetlands. 

Heitmeyer, Mickey E. and Vohs, Paul A. 

Stillwater, Okla.: Oklahoma State University; Series: 

Environment series 5; 141 p. (1981) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3H4 

Descriptors: wetlands Oklahoma/ wetland ecology 

Oklahoma 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1122. Evaluating regional differences in 

macroinvertebrate communities from forested 

depressional wetlands across eastern and central 

North America. 

Batzer, Darold P.; Dietz Brantley, Susan E.; Taylor, Barbara 

E.; and DeBiase, Adrienne E. 

Journal of the North American Benthological Society 24(2): 

403-414. (June 2005) 

NAL Call #: QL141.F7; ISSN: 0887-3593 

Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/ community structure/ 

forested depressional wetland habitats/ semiaquatic 
Multiple Assessment Regions: General Information 

339

habitat/ forested depressional wetlands/ community 

structures/ North America, central and eastern/ forested 

depressional wetland habitat community structures/ 

regional differences 

Abstract: Forested depressional wetlands are an important 

seasonal wetland type across eastern and central North 

America. Macroinvertebrates are crucial ecosystem 

components of most forested depressional wetlands, but 

community compositions can vary widely across the region. 

We evaluated variation in macroinvertebrate faunas across 

eastern and central North America using 5 published taxa 

lists from forested depressional wetlands in Michigan, 

Ontario, Wisconsin, Florida, and Georgia. We 

supplemented those data with quantitative community 

descriptions generated from 17 forested depressional 

wetlands in South Carolina and 74 of these wetlands in 

Minnesota. Cluster analysis of presence/absence data from 

these 7 locations indicated that distinct macroinvertebrate 

communities existed in northern and southern areas. Taxa 

characteristic of northern forested depressional wetlands 

included Sphaeriidae, Lumbriculidae, Lymnaeidae, 

Physidae, Limnephilidae, Chirocephalidae, and Hirudinea 

(Glossophoniidae and/or Erpodbellidae) and taxa 

characteristic of southern sites included Asellidae, 

Crangonyctidae, Noteridae, and Cambaridae. Quantitative 

sampling in South Carolina and Minnesota indicated that 

regionally characteristic taxa included some of the most 

abundant organisms, with Sphaeriidae being the 2nd most 

abundant macroinvertebrate in Minnesota wetlands and 

Asellidae being the 2nd most abundant macroinvertebrate 

in South Carolina wetlands. Mollusks, in general, were 

restricted to forested depressional wetlands of northern 

latitudes, a pattern that may reflect a lack of Ca needed for 

shell formation in acidic southern sites. Differences in 

community composition probably translate into regionspecific differences in the ecological functions performed by 

macroinvertebrates in forested depressional wetlands. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1123. Forested wetland area and distribution: A 

detailed look at the South. 

Cubbage, F. W. and Flather, C. H. 

Journal of Forestry 91(5): 35-39. (1993) 

NAL Call #: 99.8 F768; ISSN: 0022-1201 

Descriptors: wetlands/ watershed management/ forestry/ 

protection/ federal jurisdiction/ regulations/ distribution/ 

environmental protection/ classification systems/ ecosystem 

management/ environment management/ geographical 

distribution/ USA, Southeast/ watershed management/ 

forestry/ federal jurisdiction/ regulations/ watershed 

protection/ conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation 

Abstract: Debate over the classification, protection, and 

management of forested wetlands has intensified in recent 

years. Federal agencies have classified US wetlands in 

various manners, leading to frequent protests by groups 

favoring more or less stringent criteria. In addition, wetland 

issues have faced an evolving scope of federal water 

pollution laws applying to wetland regulation; a unified 

federal wetland delineation manual whose implementation 

was opposed by the executive branch and some members 

of Congress; and introduction of bills to redefine wetlands. 

Despite continuing debate, there is still no single definition 

of wetlands, and very little information is available on their 

actual area and distribution in the United States, especially 

forested wetlands. In fact, published estimates of forest 

wetland acreage have varied widely, increasing confusion 

about the implications of permit requirements of 

management restrictions. More reliable data on forested 

wetland extent and trends can clarify our knowledge and 

contribute to future discussions. Accordingly, this article 

summarizes the latest data on the acreage and regional 

distribution of forested wetlands in the United States. Since 

almost two-thirds are in the South, it also examines the 

distribution of forest wetland types among southern 

subregions. 

© CSA 

1124. Forested wetlands of the Southeast: Review of 

major characteristics and role in maintaining water 

quality. 

Winger, P. V. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of 

the Interior, 1986. Resource Publication. 

Abstract: The productive and ecologically diverse forested 

wetlands occupying the floodplains of major rivers in the US 

Southeast are produced and maintained by fluvial 

processes and periodic flooding. The shift between aerobic 

and anaerobic conditions in the floodplain soil in response 

to flooding facilitates assimilation of nutrients and organic 

matter, hastens degradation of persistent pesticides, and 

decreases the bioavailability of heavy metals. -Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1125. Forested wetlands of the southern United States. 

Hook, Donal D. and Lea, Russ (eds.) Proceedings of the 

symposium. (Held 12 Jul 1988-14 Jul 1988 at Orlando, Fla.) 

Asheville, N.C.: United States Dept. of Agriculture Forest 

Service; 168 p.; 1989. 

NAL Call #: aSD433.A53 no.50 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_se050.pdf 

Descriptors: forest management---United States---

congresses/ wetlands---United States---congresses/ 

wetland conservation---United States---congresses/ 

wetland ecology---United States---congresses 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1126. Functional assessment of five wetlands 

constructed to mitigate wetland loss in Ohio, USA. 

Wilson, R. F. and Mitsch, W. J. 

Wetlands 16(4): 436-451. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ habitat improvement/ man-induced 

effects/ nature conservation/ evaluation/ hydrology/ 

marshes/ environmental restoration/ USA, Ohio/ evaluation/ 

depression wetlands/ environmental restoration/ habitat 

improvement/ man-induced effects/ nature conservation 

Abstract: Five replacement wetlands in Ohio, USA, were 

investigated to determine their ecological and legal 

success. Hydrology, soils, vegetation, wildlife, and water 

quality of each wetland determined their functional success. 

The progress of the wetlands was also compared to their 

legal requirements. Four of the five wetlands (80%) were in 

compliance with legal requirements and the same four 

wetlands demonstrated medium to high ecosystem 

success. For the four wetlands, a replacement ratio of 1.4:1 

was achieved for area, and depressional wetlands were 

generally replaced with depressional wetlands. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

340

1127. The geological history of the marshes of coastal 

Louisiana.

Leblanc, R. J. 

In: Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects and 

Issues. (Held 7 Jun 1988-10 Jun 1988 at Baton Rouge, 

LA.) Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 1-27; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22) 

Abstract: Part I of this paper consists of a brief description 

of the deltaic plain complex. Part II is concerned with the 

description of the coastal bays, sounds, transgressive 

barrier islands and offshore shoals which are related to the 

delta complex. Part III discusses 51 significant papers on 

the delta complex which have been written during the past 

58 years. Part IV is a brief summary of the origin and 

development of the coastal region of southeast Louisiana 

based upon the research outlined above. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1128. The hydrogeomorphic approach to functional 

assessment of riparian wetlands: Evaluating impacts 

and mitigation on river floodplains in the USA. 

Hauer, F. Richard and Smith, R. Daniel 

Freshwater Biology 40(3): 517-530. (1998) 

Descriptors: conservation/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ hydrogeomorphic classification/ 

assessment method/ bottomland hardwood forest/ 

compensatory mitigation/ functional assessment/ human 

impact/ riparian wetlands/ river floodplains 

Abstract: 1. The 'hydrogeomorphic' approach to functional 

assessment of wetlands (HGM) was developed as a 

synthetic mechanism for compensatory mitigation of 

wetlands lost or damaged by human activities. The HGM 

approach is based on: (a) classification of wetlands by 

geomorphic origin and hydrographic regime (b) assessment 

models that associate variables as indicators of function, 

and (c) comparison to reference wetlands that represent 

the range of conditions that may be expected in a particular 

region. In this paper, we apply HGM to riparian wetlands of 

alluvial rivers. 2. In the HGM classification, riverine 

wetlands are characterized by formative fluvial processes 

that occur mainly on flood plains. The dominant water 

sources are overbank flooding from the channel or 

subsurface hyporheic flows. Examples of riverine wetlands 

in the U.S.A. are: bottomland hardwood forests that typify 

the low gradient, fine texture substratum of the southeastern coastal plain and the alluvial flood plains that typify 

the high gradient, coarse texture substratum of western 

montane rivers. 3. Assessment (logic) models for each of 

fourteen alluvial wetland functions are described. Each 

model is a composite of two to seven wetland variables that 

are independently scored in relation to a reference data set 

developed for alluvial rivers in the western U.S.A. Scores 

are summarized by a 'functional capacity index' (FCI), 

which is multiplied by the area of the project site to produce 

a dimensionless 'functional capacity unit' (FCU). When 

HGM is properly used, compensatory mitigation is based on 

the FCUs lost that must be returned to the riverine 

landscape under statutory authority. 4. The HGM approach 

also provides a framework for long-term monitoring of 

mitigation success or failure and, if failing, a focus on 

topical remediation. 5. We conclude that HGM is a robust 

and easy method for protecting riparian wetlands, which are 

critically important components of alluvial river landscapes. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1129. Hydrologic model for design and constructed 

wetlands. 

Arnold, J. G.; Allen, P. M.; and Morgan, D. S. 

Wetlands 21(2): 167-178. (2001) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: flow discharge/ model studies/ hydrology/ 

watersheds/ topography/ soil water plant relationships/ 

climatic changes/ land use/ artificial wetlands/ mathematical 

models/ water budget/ stream flow/ design/ soils/ 

topographic features/ Texas/ Trinity River/ United States 

Abstract: The Trinity River Mitigation Bank was proposed 

to develop and use a mature, contiguous, diverse riparian 

corridor along the West Fork of the Trinity River near 

Dallas, Texas, USA. In the proposed wetland design, water 

would be diverted from Walker Creek as necessary to 

maintain wetland function. Therefore, assessment of the 

magnitude and continuity of the flow from Walker Creek 

was paramount to successful wetland operation. The Soil 

and Water Assessment (SWAT) model was used to assess 

whether the sustained flow (storm flow and base flow) from 

the Walker Creek Basin could maintain the proposed 

bottomland wetland ecosystem. For this study, SWAT was 

modified to allow ponded water within the prescribed 

wetland to interact with the soil profile and the shallow 

aquifer. The water budget was prepared for the wetland 

based on a three-step process. First, data required to run 

the model on Walker Creek, including soils, topographic, 

land-use, and daily weather data were assembled. Next, 

data required to validate the model were obtained. Since 

stream flow was not available at the proposed site, flow 

from a nearby watershed with similar soils, land use and 

topography were used. In the final step, the model was run 

for 14 years and compared to the measured water balance 

at the nearby watershed. The model results indicate that 

the wetland should be at or above 85 percent capacity over 

60 percent of the time. The wetland did not dry up during 

the entire simulated time period (14 years) and reached 40 

percent capacity less than one percent of the time during 

the simulation period. The advantages of the continuous 

simulation approach used in this study include (1) validation 

of wetland function (hydroperiod, soil water storage, plant 

water uptake) over a range of climatic conditions and (2) 

the ability to assess the long-term impact of land-use and 

management changes. 

© CSA 

1130. Hydrology, vegetation, and soils of riverine and 

tidal floodplain forests of the lower Suwannee River, 

Florida, and potential impacts of flow reductions. 

Light, Helen M.; Darst, Melanie R.; and Lewis, Lori J. 

Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey, 2002. 124 p. U.S. 

Geological Survey professional paper. 

NAL Call #: 407 G29Pr no. 1656A 

Descriptors: hydrology, forest---Suwannee River 

Watershed (Ga. and Fla.)/ streamflow---Suwannee River 

Watershed (Ga. and Fla.)/ hydrology, forest---Florida/ 

streamflow---Florida/ Suwannee River Watershed 

(Ga. and Fla.) 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
Multiple Assessment Regions: General Information 

341

1131. Implications of environmental change for energy 

flow through natural systems: Freshwater wetlands 

and coastal zones. 

Chasar, L. C. 

Tallahasse, FL: Florida State University of 

Tallahasse, 2002. 

Descriptors: carbon/ coastal zones/ energy flow/ 

environmental changes/ Florida Bay/ freshwater wetlands/ 

northern Minnesota/ coastal environments/ ecology 

Abstract: Freshwater wetlands and coastal zones are 

complex ecosystems threatened by direct (e.g., 

encroachment, water/waste management) and indirect 

(e.g., climate change) human disturbances. My research 

evaluates a northern peatland and a subtropical estuary 

using natural abundance isotopes to trace the origin, 

transport and transformation of energy through these 

systems. This information is used in establishing current 

levels of functioning, comparing present to past status, and 

constructing models of potential responses to continually 

changing environmental conditions. Peat-accumulating 

wetlands are often characterized by their ability to store 

carbon. In a northern Minnesota peatland, radiocarbon and 

stable carbon isotope ratios of peat and of porewater 

dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic 

carbon (DIC) and methane (CH4) illustrated both temporal 

and spatial trends in below-ground carbon cycling: 

seasonality in porewater profiles of del 13C-DIC and del 

13C-CH4 (representative of rate and pathway of microbial 

respiration) was greater in fens than bogs; radiocarbon 

content of peat and DOC, DIC and CH4 indicated that 

recently-fixed organic matter is utilized as substrate for 

microbial respiration throughout the peatland, and that 

modern carbon is more labile in fens and non-forested 

Sphagnum lawns (poor fens) than bogs. Sensitivity of 

carbon dynamics to local vegetation and hydrology will be a 

dominant factor controlling the carbon storage capacity of 

large northern peatlands in the face of predicted climate 

change. In contrast, coastal ecosystems are often 

characterized by the types of primary production driving the 

system and by the dynamics of higher trophic levels. 

Florida Bay has been heavily impacted by the development 

of south Florida, and changing conditions in the bay have 

engendered fears that the fisheries in this system are 

shifting from dependence on benthic production 

(seagrasses) to water-column production (phytoplankton). 

A multiple stable isotope analysis (del 13C, del 15N and del 

34S) of the bay's biota illustrates a strong dependence on 

benthic production such as seagrass, seagrass detritus, 

benthic algae and sedimentary organic matter. Long-term 

fish preservation experiments indicate that this multiple 

stable isotope approach is feasible for museum specimens 

(i.e. specimens that have been fixed in formalin and 

preserved in formalin or ethanol), allowing evaluation of 

trophic dynamics of current and historic populations relative 

to changing environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, 

salinity, turbidity, and seagrass distribution). 

© NISC 

1132. Introduction to nonpoint source pollution in the 

United States and prospects for wetland use. 

Baker, L. A. 

Ecological Engineering 1(1-2): 1-26. (1992) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Conference: US EPA Workshop on the Role of 

Created and Natural Wetlands in Controlling Nonpoint 

Source Pollution, Arlington, VA (USA), 10-11 Jun 1991 

Descriptors: wetlands/ reviews/ pollution sources/ pollution 

effects/ pollution clean-up/ water pollution/ pollution control/ 

wastewater treatment/ literature reviews/ agricultural 

pollution/ USA/ nonpoint/ nonpoint source pollution/ United 

States/ literature reviews/ agricultural pollution/ pollution 

sources/ reviews/ pollution clean-up/ pollution studies/ 

freshwater pollution/ characteristics, behavior and fate 

Abstract: Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is the major 

cause of impairment of US surface waters. The dominant 

source of NPS pollution is agricultural activity, and 

"traditional" pollutants --nutrients, sediments, and 

pathogens-- are the main detrimental constituents. Erosion 

from cropland has been declining and is expected to 

decline further in the 1990s, but it is unclear how this will 

translate into changes in sediment yields in streams. 

Pollution by nitrogen is of particular concern in 

eutrophication of estuaries, as a contaminant of 

groundwater and as an acidifying agent in atmospheric 

deposition. Nitrogen fertilizer and emissions of nitrous 

oxides are major contributors to the problem. The outlook 

on pesticides is mixed: bans on organochlorine pesticides 

in the 1970s have resulted in decreasing concentrations in 

fish tissue; however, herbicides are now a problem for 

some surface and groundwater sources of drinking water, 

especially in the Upper Midwest. Metals in NPS pollution 

are primarily a concern in mining areas and in urban runoff. 

© CSA 

1133. Macroinvertebrate responses to wetland 

restoration in northern New York. 

Brown, S. C.; Smith, K.; and Batzer, D. 

Environmental Entomology 26(5): 1016-1024. (Oct. 1997) 

NAL Call #: QL461.E532; ISSN: 0046-225X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ environmental restoration/ USA, 

New York/ macrofauna/ man-induced effects/ 

environmental impact/ environment management/ habitat 

improvement/ colonization/ community composition/ aquatic 

insects/ Insecta/ soil transplantation/ aquatic entomology/ 

reclamation/ mechanical and natural changes/ habitat 

community studies 

Abstract: Wetlands are being restored throughout the 

United States in an effort to replace habitat functions lost 

following drainage. We studied the macroinvertebrate 

communities that developed in wetlands restored by the 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and compared them to those 

occurring at natural wetlands in the same area. During the 

3 yr of the study, most taxa found at the natural sites could 

also be found in similar numbers at the restored sites. 

Insects with aerial dispersal capability rapidly colonized the 

restored habitats, but some less mobile forms (noninsects 

and some hemipterans) either colonized more slowly or not 

at all. We analyzed the effects of experimental techniques 

for site preparation that were applied before restoration of 

hydrology to determine if they influenced macroinvertebrate 

recolonization. Transplantation of remnant wetland soil, 

which resulted in faster and more prolific plant growth, 

significantly increased overall macroinvertebrate numbers, 

and significantly increased the abundance of 10 specific 

taxonomic groups. The use of this technique, along with 

possible inoculation of some less mobile taxa, could 

improve efforts to reestablish natural macroinvertebrate 

communities to newly restored wetland habitats. 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

342

1134. Marsh impoundments for the management of 

wildlife and plants in Louisiana.

Chabreck, R. H. and Junkin, G. M. 

In: Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects and 

Issues. (Held 7 Jun 1988-10 Jun 1988 at Baton Rouge, 

LA.) Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 112-119; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22) 

Abstract: Marsh impoundments are widely used in coastal 

regions for improving wildlife habitats, aquaculture, water 

storage for agricultural irrigation and industrial uses, 

flooding of marshes for mosquito control, and maintenance 

of favorable water depths for navigation. Impoundments 

used to improve wildlife habitat can be categorized into 4 

types by water depth and salinity regimes: permanently 

flooded with freshwater, manipulated freshwater, 

permanently flooded with brackish water, and manipulated 

brackish water. In certain areas, eg SE Louisiana, 

impoundment use is limited because of the fluid nature of 

the subsoil. -from Authors 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1135. Nekton use of salt marshes of the Southeast 

region of the United States.

Rozas, Lawrence P. 

In: Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on 

Coastal and Ocean Management. (Held 19 Jul 1993-23 Jul 

1993 at New Orleans, La.); Vol. 1. 

New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 528-537; 1993. 

NAL Call #: HT391.S935 1993; ISBN: 087262918X 

Abstract: Published studies of nekton in salt marshes of 

the Southeast Region of the U.S. were reviewed to identify 

fish and decapod crustaceans associated with marshsurface habitats, to describe preferred microhabitats, and to 

compare habitat use between the Gulf of Mexico and 

Atlantic coasts Nekton assemblages are dominated by 

estuarine resident species such as daggerblade grass 

shrimp Palaemonetes pugio, sheepshead minnow 

Cyprinodon variegatus, and several other cyprinodonts. 

Other numerically dominant cyprinodon variegatus, and 

several other cyprinodonts. Other numerically dominant 

cyprinodonts are: gulf killifish Fundulus grandis and 

diamond killifish Adinia xenica on the Gulf coast and 

mummichog F. heteroclitus, spotfin killifish F. luciae, and 

striped killifish F. majalis on the Atlantic coast. Most 

resident species can use interior marshes that are remote 

from subtidal habitats. The majority of estuarine transients, 

including many fishery species (e.g., spotted seatrout 

Cynoscion nebulosus and brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus), 

select marsh edge, that part of the marsh surface 

immediately adjacent to subtidal habitats. Marsh 

submergence time also influences habitat selection. Nekton 

assemblages using the marsh surface along the Atlantic 

and Gulf coasts differ not only in terms of species 

composition, but also by nekton densities. Densities on Gulf 

coast marshes are at least an order of magnitude greater 

than those reported from Atlantic coast marshes. 

Differences in habitat utilization may be due to 

dissimilarities in marsh geomorphology, tidal regimes, or 

rates of relative sea level rise along the two coasts. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1136. Nitrate removal for Platte Valley, Nebraska 

synthetic groundwater using a constructed wetland 

model. 

Robins, J. P.; Rock, J.; Hayes, D. F.; and Laquer, F. C. 

Environmental Technology 21(6): 653-659. (2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E59; ISSN: 0959-3330 

Descriptors: groundwater/ carbon/ cellulose/ denitrification/ 

nitrate/ organic matter/ oxygen/ retention/ starch/ water 

quality/ removal/ nitrogen/ models/ artificial wetlands 

Abstract: The purposes of this study were (i) to show that 

nitrate removal by denitrification from Platte Valley, 

Nebraska, USA, synthetic groundwater was possible 

utilizing a model, laboratory-scale, constructed wetland 

(MW) and (ii) to evaluate the influence of MW on water 

quality when the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was varied. 

Denitrification was successfully achieved using a starch 

and cellulose mixture as the carbon source, instead of 

carbon from plant growth, and a 30 mg nitrate-N litre-1 

synthetic feed concentration. For 1, 3, and 7 day HRTs, the 

MW achieved nitrate-N plus nitrite-N (nitrate/nitrite-N) 

removals of 82%, 98%, and 88%, respectively. The effluent 

nitrate/nitrite-N levels were not significantly different, based 

on their 95% confidence intervals. For all HRTs, average 

effluent organic-N concentrations were less than 2.0 mg 

litre-1 and average effluent ammonia-N values were less 

than 0.5 mg litre-1. For 356 mg litre-1 chemical oxygen 

demand (COD) addition to the MW, the MW achieved COD 

removals of 84%, 89%, and 98% for the 1, 3, and 7 day 

HRTs, respectively. Volatile fatty acid effluent levels were 

below the detection limit. Residual organic matter in the 

treated water may make further treatment necessary. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1137. Nitrogen retention and release in Atlantic white 

cedar wetlands. 

Zhu, Wei Xing and Ehrenfeld, Joan G 

Journal of Environmental Quality 29(2): 612-620. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH540.J6; ISSN: 0047-2425 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ pollution assessment control and management/ 

soil science/ laboratory incubations/ laboratory techniques/ 

Atlantic white cedar wetlands/ groundwater: nitrogen 

enriched/ hollows/ hummocks/ nitrification rates/ nitrogen 

saturated sediments/ pulsed stormwater inputs/ runoff: 

nitrogen enriched/ soil total Kjeldahl nitrogen [soil TKN]/ 

suburban watersheds/ undisturbed watersheds/ water 

quality degradation/ wetland peats 

Abstract: The fate of N inputs to freshwater wetlands from 

enriched runoff, ground water, or atmospheric deposition 

reflects a variety of processes that determine the net 

retention of N or its release to downstream ecosystems. 

The history of N enrichment may affect the relative 

importance of different pathways. We compared the ability 

of sediments from Atlantic cedar wetlands in suburban and 

undisturbed watersheds to remove added inorganic N in 

laboratory incubations. Three pulses of NH4NO3, at 50 mg 

N L-1 concentration, were added at consecutive 2-wk 

intervals as an analog of pulsed stormwater inputs. After 

each incubation, soils were leached with CaCl2 and 

inorganic N concentrations in the leachate were analyzed. 

The peats retained added N during the first incubation, but 

after the second and third, all soils released more N than 

had been added. Nitrate concentrations were always lower 

than ammonium concentrations. Soils from hollows and 

most hummocks retained added nitrate throughout the 
Multiple Assessment Regions: General Information 

343

study, but all soils released ammonium. Soil extractable 

ammonium increased four to 10 times after the 6-wk 

incubation, while extractable dissolved organic N (DON) 

decreased. There also was a net decrease of soil total 

Kjeldahl N (TKN). The patterns of retention and release of 

nitrate and ammonium were correlated positively with the N 

mineralization and nitrification rates of the soils. Our results 

suggest that wetland peats in suburban drainages may 

have limited ability to retain frequent, pulsed N inputs from 

runoff and high intrinsic N mineralization in N-saturated 

sediments can become a cause of water quality 

degradation. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1138. Nutrient interactions, plant productivity, soil 

accretion, and policy implications of wetland 

enhancements in coastal Louisiana. 

Brantley, Christopher G. / Louisiana State University, 2005. 

http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-10242005-143348/ 

unrestricted/(Brantley)dissert.pdf 

1139. Population biology and management of rare 

plants in depression wetlands of the southeastern 

coastal plain, USA. 

Edwards, A. L. and Weakley, A. S. 

Natural Areas Journal 21(1): 12-35. (Jan. 2001) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ rare species/ plants/ population 

studies/ management/ conservation/ environmental 

degradation/ USA/ aquatic plants/ check lists/ distribution 

records/ population structure/ species diversity/ dominant 

species/ population genetics/ degradation/ marshes/ salt 

marshes/ nature conservation/ ecosystem management/ 

coastal zone/ bays/ coastal plains/ USA, Southeast/ USA, 

South Carolina, Carolina Bay/ coastal plains/ conservation/ 

water and plants/ conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation 

Abstract: One of the greatest challenges for conservation 

biologists is how to minimize biodiversity losses in the face 

of staggering habitat destruction. In the southeastern 

United States, a majority of the depression wetlands 

(Carolina bays, limesinks, and other landscape 

depressions) have been altered or destroyed. These 

wetlands harbor a large proportion of the region's rare 

species. Surprisingly, there is no single resource from 

which the patterns of rarity, life history characteristics, and 

vegetation alliances for species can be obtained. We 

extracted information from natural heritage program lists, 

floristic manuals, and primary literature to synthesize 

information on rare plants in isolated, seasonally ponded 

depression wetlands in the southeastern coastal plain. Out 

of 197 species of concern listed in six states, 69 were 

threatened to varying degrees, occurring in a few to 

approximately 100 populations (G1-G3G4 species), and 

128 were relatively secure with 100 or more populations but 

were rare in a portion of their geographical ranges. Rare 

species in depression wetlands were predominately 

perennial and clonal (120 species), which reflects the 

prevalence of that life form throughout southeastern 

wetlands. The perennial and clonal growth form can 

influence population demographic and genetic structure, 

and should influence the management of rare plants in 

depression wetlands. To preserve rare species, it is 

important to know where they occur and what aspects of 

their habitats and biology most limit their persistence. 

© CSA 

1140. Quantification of the water budget and nutrient 

loading in a small peatland. 

Drexler, J. Z.; Bedford, B. L.; DeGaetano, A. T.; and Siegel, 

D. I. 

Journal of the American Water Resources Association

35(4): 753-769. (Aug. 1999) 

NAL Call #: GB651.W315; ISSN: 1093-474X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ peat bogs/ nutrients/ 

evapotranspiration/ groundwater/ hydrology/ hydrologic 

budget/ agriculture/ peat/ water budget/ eutrophication/ 

nutrients (mineral)/ chemical processes/ habitat community 

studies/ physics and chemistry 

Abstract: Few water budgets exist for specific types of 

wetlands such as peatlands, even though such information 

provides the basis from which to investigate linkages 

between wetlands and upland ecosystems. In this study, 

we first determined the water budget and then estimated 

nutrient loading from an upland farm field into a 1.5 ha, 

kettle-block peatland. The wetland contains highly 

anisotropic peat and has no distinct, active layer of 

groundwater flow. We estimated the depth of the active 

layer using Fick's law of diffusion and quantified 

groundwater flow using a chemical mass balance model. 

Evapotranspiration was determined using MORECS, a 

semi-physical model based on the Penman-Monteith 

approach. Precipitation and surface outflow were measured 

using physical means. Groundwater provided the major 

inflow, 84 percent (44,418 m super(3)) in 1993 and 88 

percent (68,311 m super(3)) in 1994. Surface outflow 

represented 54 percent (28,763 m super(3)) of total 

outflows in 1993 and 48 percent (37,078 m super(3)) in 

1994. A comparison of several published water budgets for 

wetlands and lakes showed that error estimates for 

hydrologic components in this study are well within the 

range of error estimates calculated in other studies. 

Groundwater inflow estimates and nutrient concentrations 

of three springs were used to estimate agricultural nutrient 

loading to the site. During the study period, nutrient loading 

into the peatland via groundwater discharge averaged 

24.74 kg K ha super(-1), 1.83 kg total inorganic P ha 

super(-1), and 21.81 kg NO sub(3)-N ha super(-1). 

© CSA 

1141. Restoration and creation of palustrine wetlands 

associated with riverine systems of the glaciated 

northeast. 

Lowry, D. J. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 267-280. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ glaciation/ habitat 

restoration/ water resources management/ wetland 

restoration/ environmental policy/ environmental quality/ 

monitoring/ research priorities/ water resources 

development 

Abstract: Published information on freshwater wetland 

creation in the glaciated northeastern United States is 

largely limited. Though there is more experience in 

constructing wetlands than the literature base would 

indicate, there has been no compilation of the experience 

obtained from most of the wetland creation projects in the 

region and there appears to be a general lack of detailed 

monitoring which would provide data necessary for 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

344

assessment of results. Long-term, comprehensive studies 

evaluating the functions of created freshwater wetlands in 

the region are not presently being conducted. There is, 

therefore, a need to document the ability of such areas to 

provide a range of ecological and hydrological functions, 

rather than just serving as sites where wetland plants grow 

and that waterfowl visit. In evaluating future projects 

involving wetland creation as mitigation for wetland loss in 

the region, the following critical points should be 

emphasized: (1) the project proposal should provide an 

assessment of the wetland functions; (2) goals should be 

developed based on the most significant functions; (3) the 

hydrologic setting and water budget of the created area 

must be understood; (4) present capabilities to create other 

wetland types (swamps, fens, bogs) is in question; (5) 

every attempt should be made to replace lost wetland in the 

same hydrogeologic unit and reach of the riverine system 

associated with the original wetland; (6) an understanding 

of the area where the wetland is proposed to be created is 

needed; (7) detailed consideration of a number of logistical 

constraints (hydrologic controls, machinery needs, 

availability of plant stock and soils, sediment and erosion 

control, wildlife predation, and barriers to human intrusion) 

is always necessary; and (8) monitoring requirements 

should depend on the functions determined to be of most 

significance at the assessment stage. 

© CSA 

1142. A review of basin morphology and pool 

hydrology of isolated ponded wetlands: Implications 

for seasonal forest pools of the northeastern United 

States. 

Brooks, Robert T. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 13: 335-348. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/21526

Descriptors: amphibians/ aquatic invertebrates/ hydrology/ 

hydroperiod/ seasonal forest pools/ woodland vernal pools 

Abstract: Seasonal forest pools (SFPs) are geographicallyand hydrologically- isolated ponded wetlands, in that they 

are topographically isolated from other surface waters. 

SFPs occur commonly throughout the temperate forests of 

the eastern United States and adjacent Canada. SFPs are 

ephemeral in occurrence, typically drying annually. The 

regular drying of SFPs excludes fish from these habitats, 

and as a result, they are the preferred breeding habitat of 

some amphibians, notably ambystomid ('mole') 

salamanders and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica Le Conte). 

The pools also support a rich and diverse invertebrate 

fauna. The duration of the wet phase, or hydroperiod of 

SFPs, has been repeatedly shown to be the dominant 

influence on the composition and fitness of the faunal 

community of the pools. Despite the importance of SFP 

hydrology, it is a poorly studied subject. This paper reviews 

the limited state-of-knowledge of seasonal forest pool 

hydrology and associated basin morphology. The review 

discusses findings from studies of other isolated ponded 

wetlands that could be applicable to our understanding of 

the hydrology of SFPs. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

1143. A review of early literature on forested wetlands 

in the United States. 

Lugo, A. E.(1984) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ reviews/ forests/ ecology/ literature 

reviews/ USA/ literature/ forested/ literature reviews/ 

reviews/ habitat community studies 

Abstract: A review of the literature dealing with freshwaterforested wetlands reveals three phases prior to 1970: early 

descriptions, formal descriptive accounts, and ecological 

descriptions. Each of these phases is reviewed with the 

objective of presenting the points of view of early students 

of forested wetlands and focusing on the generalizations 

that emerged from those studies. Specific topics of 

discussion are species composition and diversity, 

vegetation structure and physiognomy, response to 

flooding, succession, site factors and wetland classification, 

wildlife, and uses and values. 

© CSA 

1144. Riverine floodplain forests of the southeastern 

United States: Invertebrates in an aquatic-terrestrial 

ecotone. 

Smock, Leonard A. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 137-165. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Macroinvertebrata/ life cycle/ riverine flood 

plain forest fauna life history adaptations/ biomass/ 

productivity/ community structure/ population density/ 

riverine flood plain forest community characteristics review/ 

distribution within habitat/ semiaquatic habitat/ flood plain 

forests community characteristics review/ flood plain 

habitat/ forest and woodland/ forested freshwater wetland 

community characteristics review/ flooding/ hydrologic cycle 

effect on riverine flood plain forest community/ 

USA, Southeast 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1145. The role of canopy gaps in maintaining vascular 

plant diversity at a forested wetland in New York State. 

Anderson, Kimberly L. and Leopold, Donald J. 

Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 129(3): 

238-250. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QK1.J687; ISSN: 1095-5674 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ ecology: environmental sciences/ 

groundwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

canopy gaps/ forested wetland: habitat/ 

microsite heterogeneity 

Abstract: We studied species diversity and composition of 

herbaceous layer vascular plant communities under closed 

canopies and within gaps in a central New York conifer 

swamp. Our study site, Nelson Swamp, has high 

documented species richness and supports a large number 

of state-protected species. Understory cover and species 

richness at both the quadrat and gap scale were compared 

among closed canopy areas and gaps in three size classes. 

To assess differences in the understory environment 

among the three size classes, we compared light, 

hydrology, and microtopography. We also tested for 

correlations between gap species richness and light, 

wetness, and microsite heterogeneity to determine which 

aspects of the gap environment might influence vascular 
Multiple Assessment Regions: General Information 

345

plant diversity therein. There was higher quadrat- and gaplevel species richness in gaps than in closed canopy areas. 

Small gaps did not appear to offer a physical environment 

substantially different from non-gaps, as no differences in 

their understory communities were apparent. Mid-sized and 

large gaps had higher species richness, substrate 

heterogeneity, and water table fluctuation than small gaps. 

Based on the correlations, the individual factors influencing 

species richness at the gap scale were depth to water, 

water level fluctuation, and microtopographic variability, 

indicating the importance of hydrology over light as a 

species control. Although gaps and non-gaps shared many 

of the same species, there were distinct subsets of species 

that were more important in either type of community. 

Based on these subsets, closed canopy areas and large 

gaps can be viewed as two ends of a continuum 

corresponding to light and hydrology gradients. Out of all 

the species encountered, 10 percent were found 

exclusively in gaps, and none were found only under closed 

canopy. Thus, these gaps are not only sites of higher 

overall plant growth, but also areas that allow rare species 

to persist. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1146. Shorebird use of coastal wetland and barrier 

island habitat in the Gulf of Mexico. 

Withers, Kim 

Scientific World Journal 2: 514-536. (2002); 

ISSN: 1532-2246 

Descriptors: Aves/ habitat management/ implications of 

coastal wetland and barrier island use by shorebirds/ 

overview/ migration/ coastal habitat use/ population 

dynamics/ abundance patterns/ coastal wetland and barrier 

island habitats/ distribution within habitat/ habitat utilization/ 

semiaquatic habitat/ coastal wetlands/ habitat use/ 

overview and conservation implications/ shorebirds/ Mexico 

and USA/ Mexico/ USA/ Gulf of Mexico/ shorebird 

abundance and habitat use/ coastal wetlands and barrier 

islands/ conservation implications 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1147. Soils of Louisiana's coastal marsh.

Murphy, K. 

In: Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects and 

Issues. (Held 7 Jun 1988-10 Jun 1988 at Baton Rouge, 

LA.) Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 58-66; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22) 

Abstract: The vast and unique coastal area of Louisiana 

was formed through thousands of years of geological 

change which included sea-level changes, subsidence, and 

sediment deposition. The 1.3 million ha area of coastal 

marsh is a very delicate ecosystem composed of two 

slightly different areas: the Deltaic marsh of southeast 

Louisiana and the Chenier marsh located along the 

southwest coastline of the State. All of Louisiana's coastal 

marsh soils have the common characteristics of wetness, 

flooding, low elevation, and low relief. -from Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1148. Southern forested wetlands: Ecology and 

management. 

Messina, M. G. and Conner, William H. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers; 616 p. (1998) 

Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 493-582) 

and index. 

NAL Call #: SD410.9.S68 1998; ISBN: 1566702283 

Descriptors: wetland forestry/ forested wetlands---

management/ wetlands---management/ wetland ecology/ 

forest ecology 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1149. Submerge, salt-water intrusion, and managed 

Gulf Coast marshes.

Nyman, J. A.; Chabreck, R. H.; DeLaune, R. D.; and 

Patrick, W. H. 

In: Coastal Zone: Proceedings of the Symposium on 

Coastal and Ocean Management. (Held 19 Jul 1993-23 Jul 

1993 at New Orleans, La.); Vol. 2. 

New York: American Society of Civil Engineers; 

pp. 1690-1704; 1993. 

NAL Call #: HT391.S935 1993; ISBN: 087262918X 

Abstract: Many coastal marshes are managed to improve 

wildlife habitat. Simultaneous salt-water intrusion and rapid 

submergence in Louisiana place additional demands on 

marsh managers and may become common worldwide 

because of the greenhouse effect. Current management 

practices often counter salt-water intrusion but not 

submergence, which is offset by soil formation. The 

purpose of this paper is to help Gulf Coast marsh managers 

understand how marsh management may influence soil 

formation by providing an overview of the relevant physical, 

chemical, and biological processes. Organic matter 

accumulation controls soil formation in Louisiana marshes, 

thus vigorous plant growth should promote soil formation. 

Soil aeration controls many factors that limit plant growth. 

An indication of soil aeration is Eh, which is greater in 

drained soils than in waterlogged soils. Eh also depends 

partly on soil organic matter qualities. Eh is greater in 

Spartina Patens soil than in Panicum hemitomon or 

Spartina alterniflora soil even when hydrological conditions 

are the same. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1150. Subsidence in coastal Louisiana: Causes, rates, 

and effects on wetlands. 

Boesch, D. F.; Levin, D.; Nummedal, D.; and Bowles, K. 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; FWS/OBS-83/26, 

1983. 42 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ geomorphology/ habitat changes/ 

land/ water level/ sedimentation/ mapping/ man/ marshes/ 

North America/ United States/ Louisiana/ coastal region 

Abstract: Purpose of this review is to summarize the known 

causes of subsidence or land loss in coastal Louisiana, to 

examine the available data on subsidence rates, and to 

review the effects of subsidence on wetlands. 

© NISC 

1151. Temporarily flooded wetlands of Missouri: 

Invertebrate ecology and management. 

Magee, Patrick A.; Reid, Frederic A.; and 

Fredrickson, Leigh H. 

In: Invertebrates in freshwater wetlands of North America: 

Ecology and management/ Batzer, Darold P.; Rader, 

Russell B.; and Wissinger, Scott A. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

346

New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999; pp. 691-710. 

Notes: ISBN: 0471292583 

NAL Call #: QL365.4.A1I58 

Descriptors: Invertebrata/ habitat management/ ecology/ 

temporarily flooded wetlands/ semiaquatic habitat/ flooding/ 

Missouri/ temporarily flooded wetlands ecology and 

management 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1152. Vegetative marsh management in Louisiana: 

Long-range recommendations.

Good, B. 

In: Marsh Management in Coastal Louisiana: Effects and 

Issues. (Held 7 Jun 1988-10 Jun 1988 at Baton Rouge, 

LA.) Duffy, W. G. and Clark, D. (eds.): Fish and Wildlife 

Service, U.S. Department of the Interior; pp. 222-234; 1989. 

NAL Call #: QH540.U562 no.89(22) 

Abstract: The major objectives of vegetative marsh 

management are to prevent the conversion of marsh to 

open water and to control the erosion at marsh-water 

interfaces. In many cases soil stabilization can be 

accomplished most cost-effectively with vegetative marsh 

management. Succession acceleration can reduce erosion 

if an environment changes faster than natural plant 

succession can recolonize the area. A proposed procedure 

for selecting an optimal project design incorporates site 

evaluation data, the likelihood of project success, potential 

benefits, and project costs. A state-wide prioritization 

scheme is suggested that would locate vegetation projects 

in those areas with the highest rates of wetland loss. -from 

Author 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1153. Wetland mitigation along the Pacific coast of the 

United States. 

Griswold, T.; Zedler, J.; and Josselyn, M. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 3-36. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ coastal zone management/ 

habitat restoration/ water resources management/ wetland 

restoration/ coastal lagoons/ coastal marshes/ databases/ 

estuarine environment/ hydrologic properties/ monitoring/ 

vegetation establishment/ water resources development/ 

watershed management/ wildlife habitats 

Abstract: Mitigation to compensate for coastal wetland 

losses has taken place under federal and state permit 

policies for over 15 years. As a result, a substantial 

database has developed in the scientific and governmental 

literature on which to base recommendations for 

improvement in mitigation practice. Hydrologic 

characteristics of a mitigation site are especially important 

as they structure the possible wetland habitats that can be 

created. Within the Pacific coastal zone, four general 

hydrological types occur: wetlands associated with small 

rivers or lagoons, wetlands associated with major estuaries 

and coastal embayments, wetlands associated with rivers, 

and non-tidal wetlands. Within each of these broad 

categories, watershed management and specific 

opportunities and constraints must be considered prior to 

approving mitigation proposals. Elements that need to be 

included within mitigation proposals are a description of 

existing conditions, a description of proposed hydrological 

conditions, means by which mitigation site constraints are 

to be ameliorated, planting procedures, determination of 

appropriate buffers, enforceable construction procedures, 

and monitoring programs. Outside of site-specific review, 

resource agencies must assess the long- term implications 

of individual permit approvals. Reappraisal should be based 

on detailed analysis contained within accessible database 

files. Such appraisal can provide important information on 

regional trends and means by which mitigation can be 

redirected to better serve fish and wildlife needs. (Author 's 

abstract) 

© CSA 

1154. Wetlands in the northern Great Plains: A guide to 

values and management. 

Berry, Charles R.; Buechler, Dennis G.; Wentz, W. Alan; 

South Dakota State University. Cooperative Extension 

Service; and U.S. Prairie Pothole Joint Venture 

Washington, D.C.?: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; 

13 p. (1993) 

Notes: Caption title. "Published by a cooperative agreement 

between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (U.S. Prairie 

Pothole Joint Venture) and the Agricultural Extension 

Service, South Dakota State University, Brookings, S.D. 

Funding was provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife 

Service, the Federal Highway Administration, and the U.S. 

Army Corps of Engineers"--P. 13. "Update of Wetland 

values and management ... 1981"--P. 13. 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3B47 1993 

Descriptors: wetland ecology---Great Plains/ wetlands---

Great Plains 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 
347

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

1155. Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in 

streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States. 

Hutchens, J. J.; Batzer, D. P.; and Reese, E. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 4(1): 37-53. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD172 .W36; ISSN: 1567-7230. 

Notes: Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus 

Descriptors: wetlands/ streams/ bioindicators/ environment 

management/ forestry/ nature conservation/ environmental 

policy/ logging/ conservation/ USA, East/ environmental 

action/ water resources and supplies/ water quality control/ 

general environmental engineering 

Abstract: Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the 

impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of 

streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an 

intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be 

superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics 

because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. 

Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing 

sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and 

chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. 

Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands 

probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those 

differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, 

algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of 

logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just 

beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most 

promising indicator taxa. Various best management 

practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the 

impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we 

review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy 

of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the 

eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that 

address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic 

changes in streams and wetlands after BMP 

implementation have been published in scientific journals, 

although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We 

review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP 

efficacy for biota from this body of research. 

© CSA 

1156. A case study of changing land use practices in 

the Northern Great Plains, USA: An uncertain future for 

waterbird conservation. 

Higgins, K. F.; Naugle, D. E.; and Forman, K. J. 

Waterbirds 25(2 [supplement]): 42-50. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695. 

Notes: Managing Wetlands for Waterbirds: Integrated 

Approaches 

Descriptors: wetlands/ land use/ habitat changes/ 

agricultural practices/ conservation/ wildlife management/ 

aquatic birds/ habitat/ breeding sites/ agriculture/ nature 

conservation/ ecosystem management/ environmental 

protection/ Aves/ United States, Great Plains/ birds/ mixed 

grass prairies/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ reproduction and development 

Abstract: Wetland and grassland habitats of the northern 

Great Plains are a primary breeding ground for waterbirds 

in North America. Native mixed grass prairies that were 

historically used for cattle grazing have met with changing 

social and economic pressures that put the remaining 40% 

of this resource at high risk of tillage. In this paper, we 

describe the current state of our waning rural societies, 

characterize impacts of land use change on waterbird 

habitats, and discuss conservation actions to benefit 

waterbirds. Recent population statistics indicate that a 

record number of farmers facing low commodity prices are 

selling their farms and moving to urban centers for 

employment. Other farmers are shifting from diversified 

agriculture to monoculture grain farming to take advantage 

of farm programs that provide incentives to bring marginal 

land into production. Additional data indicate that 

concurrent changes in crop types have decreased quality of 

farmland wildlife habitat while bigger and faster farm 

equipment and genetically modified crops continue to make 

farming marginal land less risky. Legislators and 

administrators should be advised that waterbird habitat loss 

continues to expand westward. The last chance to sustain 

the unique grassland-wetland character of the northern 

Great Plains is to accelerate grassland conservation with 

short- and long-term stewardship programs and incentives 

to family ranchers. This philosophy is of vital importance 

because it also protects wetland habitats that otherwise are 

vulnerable to drainage when native prairie is converted to 

cropland. Lastly, and perhaps most importantly, this would 

conserve our prairie heritage for future generations while 

preserving the private property rights of landowners. 

© CSA 

1157. Changes in species diversity in peatlands 

drained for forestry. 

Vasander, Harri; Laiho, Raija; and Laine, Jukka 

In: Northern forested wetlands: Ecology and management/ 

Trettin, Carl C.; Jurgensen, Martin F.; Grigal, David F.; and 

Gale, Margaret R. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc., 1997; pp. 109-119. 

Notes: ISBN: 1566701775. Meeting Information: Papers 

presented at the International Symposium on the Ecology 

and Management of Northern Forested Wetland, Traverse 

City, Michigan, USA; Cochrane, Ontario, Canada; 

August 24-31, 1994 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ forestry/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ northern forested 

wetland/ peatland drainage/ species diversity/ book 

chapter/ meeting paper 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1158. Cumulative impact assessment in bottomland 

hardwood forests. 

Gosselink J. G. and Lee L. C. 

Wetlands 9(Special Issue): 83-174. (1989) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: conservation/ ecology: environmental 

sciences/ forestry/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ soil science/ wetland forest 

function/ conservation/ biogeography/ streams/ lakes/ 

nutrient loading rates/ south central, southeastern USA 

Abstract: Bottomland hardwood forest ecosystems of the 

south central and southeastern United States include 

extensive areas of palustrine forested wetlands. They are 

valuable to humans because they support a high density 

and diversity of flora and fauna, help protect the quality of 

water and habitat in adjacent streams, and serve as flood 

water storage areas. These ecosystems, however, have 

been rapidly transformed or modified over the past 40 

years. About 20 million ha remain out of an historical area 

of over 100 million ha. Most of this area is now in row crop 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

348

production, although hydrologic modification by flood 

control projects is also an important impact. The cumulative 

impact of incremental forest loss has been deleterious to 

ecosystem processes upon which society depends. It has 

caused increased flooding, turbid and eutrophic streams 

and lakes, and loss of plant and animal species including 

top carnivores, such as large mammals and raptors, and 

birds adopted to forest interiors. Regulation of cumulative 

impacts raises issues that are not addressed by traditional 

site-specific permit evaluation. For example, because the 

spatial scale of cumulative impacts is large relative to most 

individual permit request sites, ecological complexity is 

dramatically increased, spatial and conceptual boundaries 

are unclear, and ecological processes that depend on large 

landscape patterns are difficult to conserve. From a policy 

standpoint, the issue is plagued by a lack of objective, 

scientific data; fragmented jurisdiction; a need to set goals 

within which individual permits can be evaluated; the need 

to maintain regional flexibility; and the imperative to develop 

a way of maintaining and updating records. Many of the 

scientific and technical questions of resource conservation, 

appopriate to cumulative impact management, have been 

addressed previously in the context of island biogeography 

as applied to nature reserves. The extensive literature on 

this subject is summarized in this report. In this report we 

describe a method for cumulative impact assessment and 

management in bottomland and hardwood wetlands that 

uses the landscape approach of island biogeography. 

Goals for this approach are two-fold. The first is to conserve 

bottomland forest functions, such as water-dependent 

terrestrial and wetland-dependent aquatic organisms, 

subsidized production, water quality, and flood water 

desynchronization. The second is to conserve landscape 

pattern-i.e., large blocks of bottomland/upland forest, 

appropriately interspersed with smaller tracts, continuity 

among forest patches, contiguity between bottomland forest 

and stream, and between bottomland and upland forest. 

Generally, the bottomland hardwood functions are 

preserved by conserving landscape integrity. In order to 

assess the cumulative impact status of an area it is 

necessary to select an appropriate scale of analysis, 

characterize the "health" of the landscape unit, and 

consider the assessment unit in the context of the whole 

region. From a consideration of ecological, socio-political, 

and mapping scales, we recommend an assessment unit of 

about 1 million ha. We also describe eight fairly simple 

indices of forest system integrity that, when taken together, 

characterize the assessment unit. Three of these involve 

structural features of the landscape: forest loss, forest 

contiguity, and forest pattern. The other five indices are 

functional indices that integrate over the entire landscape: 

change in discharge rating curves, change in water 

residence time, stream nutrient concentration trends, 

nutrient loading rates, and native biotic diversity. Finally we 

summarize briefly a suggested procedure for cumulative 

impact management that involves boundary determination, 

cumulative impact assessment, goal-setting and planning, 

and permit evaluation in the context of the cumulative 

impact management plan. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1159. Determination of the environmental impact of 

several substitute chemicals in agriculturally affected 

wetlands. 

Meyers, S. P.; Gambrell, R. P.; Day, J. W.; and 

Evironmental Research Laboratory (Gulf Breeze, Fla., EPA600/4-82-052; Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, 1982. xiii, 136 p. 

Notes: NTIS Order No.: PB82-242017; 

Grant EPA-R-804976 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sediments/ simulation/ 

environmental impact/ parathion/ pesticides/ pollution 

detection/ agricultural runoff/ chemical pollutants/ 

agriculture/ chemical pollutants/ Kepone/ Guthion/ 

parathion/ land pollution/ insecticides/ 

methods and instruments 

Abstract: Procedures have been developed for processing 

of anaerobic wetland sediments for pesticide recovery 

along with formulation of simulation models of 

anaerobic/aerobic soil and sediment environments to study 

pesticide degradation. Redox conditions of soils and 

sediment-water systems have a significant effect on in situ 

persistence of synthetic organic pesticides. Chemical and 

microbiological characteristics of wetland sediments have 

equally important consequences on mobility and 

degradation of toxic compounds. The total invertebrate 

community of selected backswamp regions has been 

examined as affected by Guthion and other pesticides. A 

system of continuous-flow and static microcosm systems 

have been developed for quantitative analyses of the effect 

of selected toxic substances, including Guthion, methyl 

parathion, and Kepone. Decomposition of ecologicallysignificant substrates such as chitin is variously affected by 

different toxic substances as shown in microcosm 

investigations. 

© CSA 

1160. Effects of forest management on surface water 

quality in wetland forests.

Shepard, J. P. 

Wetlands 14(1): 18-26. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ forest industry/ 

fertilizers/ harvesting/ literature reviews/ environmental 

impact/ nutrients (mineral)/ sediments/ resource 

management/ logging/ environmental effects/ forest 

management/ literature review/ USA/ forest management/ 

literature review/ forest industry/ harvesting/ nutrients 

(mineral)/ logging/ environmental effects/ literature reviews/ 

environmental impact/ resource management 

Abstract: A literature review on the effects of silvicultural 

practices on water quality in wetland forests was 

conducted. The review summarized results from nine 

wetland forests in five states (AL, FL, MI, NC, and SC). 

Silvicultural practices assessed were timber harvesting 

(including thinning and clearcutting), site preparation, 

bedding, planting, drainage, and fertilization. Many of the 

studies reviewed observed increased concentrations of 

suspended sediment and nutrients following silvicultural 

operations when compared with undisturbed controls. 

Water quality criteria were rarely exceeded by silvicultural 

operations, however, and effects on water quality were 

transient. Water quality parameters returned to undisturbed 

levels within a period ranging from months to several years. 

© CSA 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Effects of Conservation Practices 

349

1161. Effects of silvicultural activity on ecological 

processes in floodplain forests of the southern United 

States: A review of existing reports. 

Lockaby, B. G.; Stanturf, J. A.; and Messina, M. G. 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 93-100. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: functions/ harvests/ wetland forests 

Abstract: Activities associated with timber harvesting have 

occurred within floodplain forests in the southern United 

States for nearly two hundred years. However, it is only in 

the last ten years that any information has become 

available about the effects of harvesting on the ecological 

functions of this valuable resource. Hydrology is the driving 

influence behind all ecological processes in floodplains, and 

timber harvesting alone usually has little long-term effect on 

hydroperiod. However, logging roads, built in association 

with harvest sites, can sometimes alter hydroperiod to the 

extent that vegetation productivity is raised or lowered. 

There is no evidence that harvesting followed by natural 

regeneration represents a threat to ground or surface water 

quality on flood plain sites, as long as 'best management 

practices' are followed. Harvested floodplains may increase 

or have little effect on decomposition rates of surface 

organic matter. The nature of the effect seems to be 

controlled by site wetness. Data from recently harvested 

sites (i.e. within the last ten years) suggest that vegetation 

productivity is maintained at levels similar to those 

observed prior to harvests. During the early stages of stand 

development, tree species composition is heavily 

influenced by harvest method. Similarly, amphibian 

populations (monitored as bioindicators of ecosystem 

recovery) seem to rebound rapidly following harvests, 

although species composition may be different from that of 

unharvested stands. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1162. Effects of timber management on the hydrology 

of wetland forests in the southern United States. 

Sun, G.; Mcnulty, S. G.; Shepard, J. P.; Amatya, D. M.; 

Riekerk, H.; Comerford, N. B.; Skaggs, W.; and Swift, L. 

Forest Ecology and Management 143(1-3): 227-236. (2001) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/2756

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ streams/ forest 

management/ USA, Southeast/ forest industry/ 

environmental impact/ rivers/ flood plains/ USA/ forests/ 

forest hydrology/ runoff/ USA, South 

Abstract: The objectives of this paper are to review the 

hydrologic impacts of various common forest management 

practices that include harvesting, site preparation, and 

drainage. Field hydrological data collected during the past 

5-10 years from ten forested wetland sites across the 

southern US are synthesized using various methods 

including hydrologic simulation models and Geographic 

Information Systems. Wetland systems evaluated include 

red river bottoms, black river bottoms, pocosins, wet 

mineral flats, cypress domes, and pine flatwoods. 

Hydrologic variables used in this assessment include water 

table level, drainage, and storm flow on different spatial and 

temporal scales. Wetland ecosystems have higher water 

storage capacity and higher evapotranspiration than 

uplands. Hydrologic impacts of forest management are 

variable, but generally minor, especially when forest best 

management practices are adopted. A conceptually 

generalized model is developed to illustrate the relative 

magnitude of hydrologic effects of forest management on 

different types of wetlands in the southern US. This model 

suggests that in addition to soils, wetland types, and 

management practice options, climate is an important factor 

in controlling wetland hydrology and the magnitude of 

disturbance impacts. Bottomland wetlands, partial 

harvesting, and warm climate usually offer conditions that 

result in low hydrologic impact. 

© CSA 

1163. Evaluation of management practices and farming 

systems on Missouri wetland wildlife areas: A survey 

of agricultural cropping systems and wetland 

management practices on selected Missouri 

Department of Conservation wildlife areas. 

Graber, D. A. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1987. 

20 p. Annual Report . 

Descriptors: wetlands/ evaluation/ surveys/ cultivated 

farmland/ farms/ food crops/ habitat management/ 

questionnaire/ fertilization, soil and water/ water resources 

management/ plant control/ vegetation/ floods 

© NISC 

1164. Evaluation of management practices and farming 

systems on Missouri wetland wildlife areas: 

Determining the nutritional value of selected moist soil 

seeds and wetland agricultural crops. 

Graber, D. A. Missouri Dept. of Conservation, 1989. 13 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ amino acids/ bioenergetics/ 

cultivated farmland/ evaluation/ farms/ floods/ food crops/ 

goose, Canada/ metabolism/ nutrients/ nutrition/ 

overwintering/ proteins/ seeds/ wildlife management areas/ 

Panicum spp./ Polygonum amphibium/ smartweed/ 

Sorghum vulgare/ North America/ United States/ Missouri 

Abstract: Objectives were to determine: (1) by means of 

proximate analysis, amino acid assay and gross energy 

assay, the nutrient content of rowcrops and moist-soil 

plants (largeseed smartweed, milo, corn, wild millet, 

nodding smartweed, rice cutgrass, nodding foxtail, 

beggarticks, and soybean) regularly consumed by wintering 

Canada Geese in Missouri; (2) the true metabolizable 

energy of these rowcrops and plants for Canada geese; 

and (3) to what extent the gross energy of Canada goose 

foods varies when exposed to non-flooded and flooded 

conditions for 30, 60, 90 and 15 days between September 

1987 and March 1988. 

© NISC 

1165. Forestry best management practices for wetlands 

in Minnesota. 

Phillips, Michael J. 

In: Northern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management/ 

Trettin, Carl C. 

Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Lewis, 1997; pp. 403-409 

NAL Call #: SD410.9.N67 1997 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/680

Abstract: Wetlands are a common landscape feature in 

Minnesota in spite of significant losses of wetlands to 

agriculture and development. Prior to European settlement, 

Minnesota contained 7.5 million ha of wetlands, including 

both wet, mineral and peat soils. These wetlands covered 

approximately 35 percent of the state. The current extent of 

wetlands for Minnesota is approximately 3 million ha, which 

represents a 60 percent loss of the original wetland 

acreage (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

350

Protected Water Inventory Data Base, 1984). The majority 

of the remaining wetlands are found in the forested regions 

of Minnesota, predominantly located on county, state, and 

federal lands in northern Minnesota. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

1166. Impacts of irrigation drainwater on wetlands.

Deason, J. P. 

In: Wetlands: Concerns and Successes - Proceedings of a 

Symposium. (Held 17 Sep 1989-22 Sep 1989 at 

Tampa, Florida.) 

Bethesda, Maryland: American Water Resources 

Association; pp. 127-138; 1989. 

NAL Call #: TC401.A5 no.89-3 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ drainage water/ 

environmental effects/ irrigation effects/ selenium/ water 

pollution effects/ water pollution sources/ Arizona/ 

California/ geochemistry/ irrigation/ Montana/ Nevada/ 

Texas/ Utah/ Wyoming 

Abstract: Over the past four years, the U.S. Department of 

the Interior has been engaged in a program to identify, 

evaluate and respond to irrigation-induced contamination 

problems in the western states. To date 20 areas in 13 

states have been selected for investigation. 

Reconnaissance-level studies focusing on identification of 

irrigation-induced contamination problems have been 

completed at nine locations in Arizona, California, Montana, 

Nevada, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming. Results reveal 

significant adverse impacts on a number of wetland areas 

receiving irrigation drainage water. Several observations 

about the nature of irrigation-induced contamination 

problems can be made: (1) it appears that selenium is the 

constituent of concern most commonly found at elevated 

concentrations in wetland ecological systems receiving 

irrigation drainage water; (2) concentrations of analytes 

were found to vary widely on a spatial basis in all 

environmental media sampled; (3) closed watersheds are 

an important physical characteristic of locations that may 

tend to exhibit symptoms of irrigation-induced 

contamination; and (4) other hydrologic and geochemical 

characteristics can also serve as indicators of potential 

problems with irrigation drainage. 

© CSA 

1167. Impacts of stressors on the emergence and 

growth of wetland plant species in Pennsylvania, USA. 

Mahaney, W. M.; Wardrop, D. H.; and Brooks, R. P. 

Wetlands 24(3): 538-549. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ sedimentation/ plant communities/ 

urbanization/ nitrogen/ greenhouses/ organic matter/ slope/ 

flood plains/ community composition/ geomorphology/ soils/ 

environmental impact/ hydrology/ aquatic plants/ prediction/ 

ecological distribution/ ecosystem disturbance/ growth/ 

eutrophication/ plant growth/ headwaters/ plant populations/ 

slopes/ enrichment/ moisture/ agriculture/ species 

composition/ USA, Pennsylvania 

Abstract: Agriculture and urbanization in the upland 

landscape often generate stressors, such as sedimentation 

and eutrophication, that may negatively impact wetland 

plant communities. Individual plant species responses to 

stressors are also likely influenced by the hydrologic and 

geomorphologic characteristics of different wetland 

hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses. The goal of this study 

was to determine to what extent the two stressors listed 

above influence the growth and development of wetland 

plant species and how these responses vary across HGM 

subclasses. The impacts of the two stressors on wetland 

plant species emergence and growth were examined in a 2 

x 2 factorial greenhouse experiment, using soil moisture 

and organic matter content to simulate three HGM 

subclasses. Both stressors elicited significant responses in 

species establishment and growth, but overall trends in 

stressor responses differed by wetland type. For instance, 

sedimentation reduced the emergence of four species in 

simulated riparian depressions but only affected one 

species in simulated slope wetlands and none in simulated 

headwater floodplains. Sedimentation had little impact on 

any species establishment or growth in headwater 

floodplains. Approximately half of the species showed an 

increase in at least one growth variable in response to 

nitrogen enrichment. Additionally, the conditions used to 

simulate HGM subclasses appeared to impact a species 

performance and sensitivity to stressors. Therefore, further 

investigation of the impacts of HGM subclass conditions on 

species performance is needed. We expected differences 

in species responses to be related to their natural 

distribution across pristine and impacted wetlands; 

however, no obvious relationships were found. Our results 

suggest that it will be difficult to make generalizations about 

species responses to stressors because responses varied 

by stressor type, stressor interactions, and HGM subclass. 

Therefore, perhaps the next step in formulating broad 

generalizations and predictions about wetland plant 

community composition will require a shift from speciesbased approaches to a trait-based approach for examining 

how species composition may change in response to future 

disturbances. 

© CSA 

1168. Irrigated agriculture and freshwater wetlands: A 

struggle for coexistence in the western United States. 

Lemly, A. D. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 3(1): 3-15. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/1123 

Descriptors: wetlands/ fresh water/ irrigation/ agriculture/ 

environmental effects/ salinity/ water use/ environmental 

impact/ drainage/ water demand/ ecological effects/ USA, 

West/ drainage/ water demand/ ecological effects/ USA, 

Western/ fresh water/ environmental impact/ environmental 

effects/ water use 

Abstract: This paper is a review of the major environmental 

problems associated with irrigated agriculture in the 

western United States. Freshwater wetlands are being 

contaminated by subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage 

in many locations. Historic freshwater inflows have been 

diverted for agricultural use, and remaining freshwater 

supplies are not sufficient to maintain these important 

natural areas once they are degraded by irrigation 

drainage. Migratory birds have been poisoned by 

drainwater contaminants on at least six national wildlife 

refuges; waterfowl populations are threatened in the Pacific 

and Central flyways. Revised water allocation policies and 

regulatory actions are probably necessary to correct 

existing damage and prevent future problems. The benefits 

of maintaining healthy wetlands should be used as a 

rationale for negotiating increases in freshwater supplies. 

Cost analyses that show the importance of wetlands in 

dollar values are critical to the success of these 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Effects of Conservation Practices 

351

negotiations. The next few years will provide unique 

opportunities for wetland managers to use cost analyses to 

make changes in water allocation policies. Federally 

subsidized water has supported and expanded agriculture 

at the expense of native wetlands for over 100 years in the 

western United States. This trend must be reversed if these 

wetlands and their fish and wildlife populations are to 

survive. (DBO) 

© CSA 

1169. Linking surface- and ground-water levels to 

riparian grassland species along the Platte River in 

Central Nebraska, USA. 

Henszey, R. J.; Pfeiffer, K.; and Keough, J. R. 

Wetlands 24(3): 665-687. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ rivers/ water levels/ grasslands/ 

statistical analysis/ meadows/ prairies/ grazing/ aquatic 

plants/ riparian environments/ riparian vegetation/ river 

basin management/ community composition/ ground water/ 

water table/ water management/ environmental impact/ 

water level/ statistics/ environmental gradient/ model 

studies/ elevation/ standing waters/ plant populations/ USA, 

Kansas, Platte R./ USA, Nebraska, Platte R./ temperate 

grasslands/ environmental effects/ dynamics of lakes and 

rivers/ streamflow and runoff 

Abstract: Nearly all the techniques used to quantify how 

plants are linked to environmental gradients produce results 

in general terms, such as low to high elevation, xeric to 

mesic, and low to high concentration. While ecologists 

comprehend these imprecise scales, managers responsible 

for making decisions affecting these gradients need more 

precise information. For our study, we preserved the 

measurement scale and units of a dominant environmental 

gradient by using non-linear models to fit plant frequency to 

a water-level gradient ranging from shallow ground water to 

standing water along the Platte River in central Nebraska, 

USA. Non-linear models, unlike polynomials, have 

coefficients that can be interpreted with a biological 

meaning such as population peak, optimum gradient 

position, and ecological amplitude. Sixty-three riparian 

grassland species had sufficient information to link their 

plant frequency to the water-level gradient. From among 10 

water-level summary statistics evaluated for a subset of 22 

species, the best plant-frequency response curves were 

obtained by using the growing season 10% cumulative 

frequency water level, followed closely by the growing 

season 7-day moving average high water level and two 

other high water-level statistics. This suggests that for 

Platte River riparian grasslands, high water levels are more 

influential than mean, median, or low water levels. Landmanagement practices (i.e., grazing, haying, and extended 

rest) affected six species by a change in frequency or a 

shift in position along the water-level gradient. Four general 

plant communities composed of species responding 

individually to the water-level gradient and other factors 

were identified for Platte River riparian grasslands: 

emergent, sedge meadow, mesic prairie, and dry ridge. 

Plant response curves are the first step toward predicting 

how plants responding to riparian-grassland water levels 

might also respond to river management. 

© CSA 

1170. Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics and the fate 

of agricultural runoff. 

Neely, R. K. and Baker, J. L. 

In: Northern Prairie Wetlands/ Van der Valk, A. 

Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1989; pp. 92-131. 

Notes: ISBN: 0813800374 

Descriptors: wetlands/ cycling/ nitrogen/ soil/ agricultural 

chemicals/ phosphorus/ pollutants/ land types/ prairies 

Abstract: Prairie wetlands are often contaminated by 

agricultural pollutants. Pesticides and NH4-N are 

predominantly present in surface runoff, PO4-P is 

transported mainly by sediment, and NO3-N is lost mainly 

with subsurface drainage. Contaminants can be transferred 

to or retained in the soil, groundwater, atmosphere or 

biomass of microbes, plants and animals. Nitrogen is 

removed more effectively than phosphorus from marsh 

surface waters, and NO3-N to a greater extent than NH4-N. 

The most important removal processes seem to be 

denitrification for NO3-N, sedimentation and precipitation 

for PO4-P, and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen and 

phosphorus by emergent vegetation and microorganisms. 

Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands increase 

nutrient accumulation in living plants, but accelerate 

nutrient release from decaying plants. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 

1171. Nitrogen management strategies to reduce nitrate 

leaching in tile-drained Midwestern soils. 

Dinnes, D. L.; Karlen, D. L.; Jaynes, D. B.; Kaspar, T. C.; 

Hatfield, J. L.; Colvin, T. S.; and Cambardella, C. A. 

Agronomy Journal 94(1): 153-171. (2002) 

NAL Call #: 4 AM34P; ISSN: 0002-1962 

Descriptors: wetlands/ soil fertility/ nitrogen/ soil 

management/ leaching/ tile drainage/ groundwater/ 

groundwater contamination/ water pollution/ surface water/ 

water quality/ tillage/ crops/ soil organic matter/ hydrology/ 

air temperature/ precipitation/ monitoring/ crop rotation/ 

cover crops/ conservation tillage/ nitrification inhibitors/ 

biofiltration/ application rate/ literature reviews/ 

United States 

Abstract: Balancing the amount of N needed for optimum 

plant growth while minimizing the NO3 that is transported to 

ground and surface waters remains a major challenge for 

everyone attempting to understand and improve agricultural 

nutrient use efficiency. Our objectives for this review are to 

examine how changes in agricultural management 

practices during the past century have affected N in 

midwestern soils and to identify the types of research and 

management practices needed to reduce the potential for 

nonpoint NO3 leakage into water resources. Inherent soil 

characteristics and management practices contributing to 

nonpoint NO3 loss from midwestern soils, the impact of 

NO3 loading on surface water quality, improved N 

management strategies, and research needs are 

discussed. Artificial drainage systems can have a 

significant impact on water quality because they behave 

like shallow, direct conduits to surface waters. Nonpoint 

loss of NO3 from fields to water resources, however, is not 

caused by any single factor. Rather, it is caused by a 

combination of factors, including tillage, drainage, crop 

selection, soil organic matter levels, hydrology, and 

temperature and precipitation patterns. Strategies for 

reducing NO3 loss through drainage include improved 

timing of N application at appropriate rates, using soil tests 

and plant monitoring, diversifying crop rotations, using 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

352

cover crops, reducing tillage, optimizing N application 

techniques, and using nitrification inhibitors. Nitrate can 

also be removed from water by establishing wetlands or 

biofilters. Research that is focused on understanding 

methods to minimize NO3 contamination of water 

resources should also be used to educate the public about 

the complexity of the problem and the need for multiple 

management strategies to solve the problem across 

agricultural landscapes. 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1172. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated 

biphenyls in sediment and fish from wetlands in the 

north central United States. 

Martin, D. B. and W. A. Hartman 

Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists

68(4): 12-17. (1985) 

NAL Call #: 381 As7; ISSN: 0004-5756. 

Notes: Other number: FR 31(3) 

Descriptors: biomagnification/ polychlorinated biphenyls/ 

organochlorines/ pollution/ animals/ chromatography, gas/ 

fishes [metabolism]/ insecticides [analysis]/ polychlorinated 

biphenyls [analysis]/ soil pollutants [analysis]/ water 

pollutants [analysis]/ water pollutants, chemical [analysis]/ 

North America/ United States, north central 

Abstract: Sediment samples collected in 1980-1982 from 

riverine and pothole wetlands at 17 locations in the north 

central United States were analyzed for organochlorine 

pesticides, certain of their metabolites, and polychlorinated 

biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations were above minimum 

detection levels (5 ng/g of organochlorines and 20 ng/g of 

PCBs) in less than 4% of the samples taken. Fish samples 

taken at 9 of these 17 locations, and analyzed for the same 

compounds, showed a higher frequency of detectable 

contaminants. The most common compound found in fish 

was DDE, which was found in 51% of the samples at levels 

up to 512 ng/g. alpha-BHC was present at concentrations 

of 5 to 27 ng/g in 36% of the fish samples, and DDD was 

found at levels of 5 to 60 ng/g in 14%. Four other 

compounds, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and trans-nonachlor, were 

detected in fish at relatively low concentrations in less than 

10% of the samples. This survey, thus, indicated little 

contamination by organochlorine pesticides or PCBs in the 

wetland habitats of this region. 

© NISC 

1173. A review of wildlife changes in southern 

bottomland hardwoods due to forest management 

practices. 

Wigley, T. Bently and Roberts, Thomas H. 

Wetlands 14(1): 41-48. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: southern USA/ wildlife abundance/ 

wildlife diversity 

Abstract: One function of bottomland hardwood forests is 

provision of wildlife diversity and abundance. In this paper, 

we discuss the temporal and spatial changes in wildlife 

diversity and abundance often associated with forest 

management practices in bottomland hardwoods. Forest 

management activities alter forest composition, structure, 

and spatial hetereogeneity, thereby changing the 

composition, abundance, and diversity of wildlife 

communities. Special habitat features such as snags, den 

trees, and dead and down woody material also may be 

impacted by forestry practices. More research is needed to 

fully understand landscape-level impacts of forest 

management. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1174. Sedimentation associated with forest road 

surfacing in a bottomland hardwood ecosystem. 

Rummer, Bob; Stokes, Bryce; and Lockaby, Graeme 

Forest Ecology and Management 90(2-3): 195-200. (1997) 

NAL Call #: SD1.F73; ISSN: 0378-1127 

Descriptors: bottomland hardwood system/ ecology/ forest 

road surfacing/ forestry/ miscellaneous method/ 

sedimentation/ water quality 

Abstract: Access systems are a necessary element of 

resource production in bottomland hardwood sites. 

However, road building may have a detrimental effect on 

hydrologic function of the site. This report describes initial 

results of a study designed to examine the effect of different 

road surfacing treatments on water quality. Four surfacing 

treatments installed on two test roads included native soil, 

native soil with vegetative stabilization, 6 cm of gravel, and 

15 cm of gravel over geotextile. During the first flooding 

season periodic sampling measured floodwater suspended 

sediments and location of erosion and sediment deposition 

within the road prism. Initial results suggest that sediment 

movement was confined to the road right-of-way, with no 

statistically significant sedimentation effects detected 

beyond the clearing limits of the road. The study is 

continuing for another field season. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1175. Small mammal response to farming as practiced 

on the Franklin Island Wildlife Area. 

Clawson, R. L. and Smith, J. W. Missouri Dept. of 

Conservation; MO W-013-R-39/Job 1/Study No. 69, 

1985. 21 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ cotton-rat/ food crops/ mammals/ 

mice, deer/ mice, harvest/ mice, white-footed/ mouse, 

house/ rodents/ species diversity/ state wildlife 

management areas/ tillage/ voles/ Triticum spp./ North 

America/ United States/ Missouri/ Howard County 

Abstract: Objective was to determine small mammal 

populations in corn, soybean, and wheat fields on a 

Missouri Department of Conservation wetland area. 

© NISC 

1176. Sources and impacts of irrigation drainwater 

contaminants in arid wetlands. 

Lemly, A. D.; Finger, S. E.; and Nelson, M. K. 

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12(12): 

2265-2279. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH545.A1E58; ISSN: 0730-7268 

Descriptors: wetlands/ arid environments/ contaminants/ 

agriculture/ irrigation/ drainage/ reviews/ agricultural 

wastes/ agricultural runoff/ water supply/ ecological effects/ 

environmental effects/ toxicity/ pollutants/ regulations/ 

Western/ environmental impact/ sources and fate of 

pollution/ freshwater pollution/ United States/ Northwest/ 

Central Valley/ High Plains 

Abstract: Arid wetlands are being contaminated by 

subsurface agricultural irrigation drainage throughout the 

western United States. Historic freshwater inflows have 

been diverted for agricultural and municipal use, and 

remaining freshwater supplies are not sufficient to maintain 

the integrity of these important natural areas once they are 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Effects of Conservation Practices 

353

degraded by irrigation drainwater. Waterfowl populations 

are threatened in the Pacific and Central Flyways; 

migratory birds have been poisoned by drainwater 

contaminants on at least six national wildlife refuges. 

Subsurface irrigation drainage is the most widespread and 

biologically important source of contaminants to wetlands in 

arid regions of the country. The case history of poisoning at 

Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge in California and studies 

at other locations by the U.S. Department of the Interior 

provide detailed information on the toxicity of drainwater 

contaminants to fish and wildlife. Biogeochemical 

conditions favorable for the production of toxic drainage are 

found throughout the western states. Two actions seem 

necessary to prevent further drainage-related degradation 

of arid wetlands. First is a reduction in the amount of 

contaminants reaching these wetlands, possibly involving 

regulatory intervention through the National Pollutant 

Discharge Elimination System permit process. Second, a 

better balance must be achieved in the way fresh water is 

allocated between agriculture and wildlife. Federally 

subsidized water has supported agriculture at the expense 

of wetlands for nearly 100 years in the western United 

States. This trend must be reversed if arid wetlands and 

their fish and wildlife populations are to survive. 

© CSA 

1177. Speciation of soluble selenium in agricultural 

drainage waters and aqueous soil-sediment extracts 

using hydride generation atomic absorption 

spectrometry. 

Zhang, Y.; Moore, J. N.; and Frankenberger, W. T. 

Environmental Science and Technology 33(10): 

1652-1656. (1999) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1E5; ISSN: 0013-936X 

Descriptors: wetlands/ chemical speciation/ selenium/ 

drainage water/ agricultural runoff/ sediment pollution/ 

spectroscopic techniques/ analytical methods/ speciation/ 

spectroscopy/ drainage/ ponds/ water sampling/ atomic 

absorption spectroscopy/ agriculture/ oxidation 

Abstract: There are few methods to effectively measure 

organic selenium [Se(-II)] in natural water and soil-sediment 

extracts. A method has been developed to determine 

organic Se(-II) in soil-sediment extracts and agricultural 

drainage water by using persulfate to oxidize organic Se(-II) 

and using manganese oxide as an indicator for oxidation 

completion. This method was used to determine Se 

speciation in eleven soil-sediments and four agricultural 

drainage water samples collected from the western United 

States. Results showed that organic Se(-II) can be 

quantitatively oxidized to selenite without changing the 

selenate concentration in the soil-sediment extract and 

agricultural drainage water and then quantified by hydride 

generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Recoveries of 

spiked organic Se(-II) and selenite were 96-105% in the 

soil-sediment extracts and 96-103% in the agricultural 

drainage water. Concentrations of soluble Se in the soilsediment extracts were 0.0534-2.45 mu g/g, of which 

organic Se(-II) accounted for 4.5-59.1%. Selenate is the 

dominant form of Se in agricultural drainage water, 

accounting for about 90% of the total Se. In contrast, 

organic Se(-II) was an important form of Se in the wetlands. 

These results showed that wetland sediments are more 

active in reducing selenate compared to evaporation pond 

sediments. 

© CSA 

1178. Timber harvesting considerations for site 

protection in southeastern forested wetlands. 

Aust, W. M. 

Technical Publication R8 20: 5-12. (Dec. 1994) 

NAL Call #: aSD11.U5962; ISSN: 0749-5536 

Descriptors: wetlands/ forests/ logging/ natural resource 

management/ environmental impact/ forest management/ 

hydrology/ water quality/ productivity/ history/ trafficability/ 

soil properties/ natural regeneration/ economic analysis/ 

equipment/ disturbed soils/ literature reviews 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1179. A VSA-based strategy for placing conservation 

buffers in agricultural watersheds. 

Qiu, Zeyuan 

Environmental Management 32(3): 299-311. (2003) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: agriculture/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ pollution assessment control and 

management/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ benefit cost analysis/ applied and field 

techniques/ VSA conservation buffer scenario/ agricultural 

land conservation buffer interactions/ agricultural 

landscapes/ agricultural nonpoint source pollution/ 

agricultural watersheds/ available funding/ conservation 

buffers/ aesthetics improvement potential/ agricultural 

nonpoint source pollution reduction potential/ flood control 

improvement potential/ landscape biodiversity improvement 

potential/ location/ recreation potential improvement/ size/ 

terrestrial wild life habitat improvement potential/ cost 

effectiveness/ edge of field buffer scenario/ effectiveness/ 

environmental objectives/ field scale example/ hydrological 

processes/ landscape planning/ natural characteristics: 

hydrology, land use, cover, soils, topography/ riparian 

wetlands/ runoff generation/ streamside areas/ variable 

source area [VSA]: hydrology, identification, runoff 

generation contribution/ variable source area based 

strategy/ water quality 

Abstract: Conservation buffers have the potential to reduce 

agricultural nonpoint source pollution and improve 

terrestrial wild-life habitat, landscape biodiversity, flood 

control, recreation, and aesthetics. Conservation buffers, 

streamside areas and riparian wetlands are being used or 

have been proposed to control agricultural nonpoint source 

pollution. This paper proposes an innovative strategy for 

placing conservation buffers based on the variable source 

area (VSA) hydrology. VSAs are small, variable but 

predictable portion of a watershed that regularly contributes 

to runoff generation. The VSA-based strategy involves the 

following three steps: first, identifying VSAs in landscapes 

based on natural characteristics such as hydrology, land 

use/cover, topography and soils; second, targeting areas 

within VSAs for conservation buffers; third, refining the size 

and location of conservation buffers based on other factors 

such as weather, environmental objectives, available 

funding and other best management practices. Building 

conservation buffers in VSAs allows agricultural runoff to 

more uniformly enter buffers and stay there longer, which 

increases the buffer's capacity to remove sediments and 

nutrients. A field-scale example is presented to 

demonstrate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the 

within-VSA conservation buffer scenario relative to a typical 

edge-of-field buffer scenario. The results enhance the 

understanding of hydrological processes and interactions 

between agricultural lands and conservation buffers in 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

354

agricultural landscapes, and provide practical guidance for 

land resource managers and conservationists who use 

conservation buffers to improve water quality and amenity 

values of agricultural landscape. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices

1180. Breeding season bird use of recently restored 

versus natural wetlands in New York. 

Brown, S. C. and Smith, C. R. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4): 1480-1491. (1998) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: environmental restoration/ habitat utilization/ 

breeding/ aquatic birds/ ecosystem management/ nature 

conservation/ breeding sites/ habitat selection/ plant 

populations/ ecological succession/ nesting/ Aves/ USA, 

New York/ birds/ restored wetlands 

Abstract: Restoration of drained wetlands may contribute 

significantly to conservation of habitats for wetland birds, 

and state and federal agencies throughout the country rely 

on restoration and creation of wetlands to mitigate habitat 

losses to development. However, it is unclear if restored 

systems replace the habitat functions of natural wetlands, 

and few direct comparisons of multiple sites have been 

made. Three years after restoration, we compared the 

relative abundance and density of birds using 18 restored 

wetlands and 8 natural wetlands located in northern New 

York. Birds were classified as wetland dependent, wetland 

associated, or nonwetland. Abundances of species and of 

individuals in all 3 groups did not differ (P > 0.05) between 

restored and natural wetlands in any year. Densities of 

species in all 3 groups were consistently but not 

significantly lower at restored sites. Densities of individuals 

in the wetland-associated category and nonwetland 

category were significantly lower at restored sites for the 

first 2 years following restoration. Bird communities were 

significantly less similar between restored and natural sites 

than among restored sites. However, many of these 

differences may not persist following natural successional 

development of the restored sites. The long-term 

persistence of appropriate plant communities will determine 

whether or not restored sites provide bird habitat 

comparable to natural wetlands. The restoration program 

successfully increased the amount of bird habitat available 

in the region. However, hectare-for-hectare, the restored 

wetland sites did not replace the habitat functions of natural 

wetlands during the time period of this study. 

© CSA 

1181. Core terrestrial habitat for conservation of local 

populations of salamanders and wood frogs in 

agricultural landscapes. 

Porej, D.; Micacchion, M.; and Hetherington, T. E. 

Biological Conservation 120(3): 399-409. (2004) 

NAL Call #: S900.B5; ISSN: 0006-3207 

Descriptors: wetlands/ akaike information criterion/ fish/ 

glaciated plateau/ habitat preservation/ marbled 

salamanders/ predation/ red spotted newts/ smallmouth 

salamanders/ spotted salamanders/ tiger salamanders/ till 

plains/ wood frogs/ amphibia/ conservation/ North America/ 

United States/ Ohio/ Notophthalmus viridescens 

viridescens/ Rana sylvatica/ Ambystoma tigrinum/ 

Ambystoma maculatum/ Ambystoma jeffersonianum 

Abstract: Pond-breeding amphibians require aquatic and 

terrestrial habitats to complete their lifecycles, and 

preservation of both habitats is necessary for maintaining 

local populations. Current wetland regulations focus 

primarily on aquatic habitats, and criteria to define critical 

upland habitats and regulations to protect them are often 

ambiguous or lacking. We examined the association 

between the presence of seven pond-breeding amphibian 

species and the landscape composition surrounding 54 

wetlands located within the Till Plains and the Glaciated 

Plateau ecoregions of Ohio, USA. We quantified landscape 

composition within 200 m of the wetland ("core terrestrial 

zone") and the area extending from 200 m to 1 km from the 

wetland ("broader landscape context zone"). We 

constructed binary logistic regression models for each 

species, and evaluated them using Akaike Information 

Criterion. Presence of spotted salamanders (Ambystoma 

maculatum), Jefferson's salamander complex (A. 

jeffersonianum) and smallmouth salamanders (A. texanum) 

was positively associated with the amount of forest within 

the core zone. Presence of wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) 

was positively associated with the amount of forest within 

the core zone and the amount of forest within the broader 

landscape context zone. Presence of tiger salamanders (A. 

tigrinum tigrinum) was negatively associated with the 

cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site, 

and presence of red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus v. 

viridescens) was negatively associated with the average 

linear distance to the five nearest wetlands. Overall 

salamander diversity was positively associated with the 

amount of forest within the core zone, and negatively 

associated with the presence of predatory fish and 

cumulative length of paved roads within 1 km of the site. 

Our results confirm the strong association between the 

structure of surrounding upland areas and amphibian 

diversity at breeding ponds, and stress the importance of 

preserving core terrestrial habitat around wetlands for 

maintaining amphibian diversity. 

© NISC 

1182. Creation and restoration of forested wetland 

vegetation in the southeastern United States. 

Lea, R. and Clewell, A. F. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 195-231. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ forest ecosystems/ 

swamps/ vegetation establishment/ water resources 

management/ wetland restoration/ hardwood/ oak trees/ 

plant populations/ planting management/ soil-water-plant 

relationships/ trees/ vegetation regrowth/ water 

resources development 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

355

Abstract: A wide variety of forest establishment techniques 

have been employed, some with initial success, but most 

are too new for critical evaluation. Most of these projects 

pertain to bottomland hardwood and cypress replacement. 

The two most significant trends in project activity have been 

the direct seeding of oaks on abandoned croplands and the 

replacement of all trees and sometimes the undergrowth at 

reclaimed surface mines. Project success depends largely 

on judicious planning and careful execution. The most 

critical factor for all projects is to achieve adequate 

hydrological conditions. Other important factors may 

include substrate stability, availability of adequate soil 

rooting volume and fertility, and the control of herbivores 

and competitive weeds. Success criteria for evaluating 

extant projects throughout the southeast need to place 

emphasis on the presence of preferred species and on the 

attainment of a threshold density of trees that are at least 

two meters tall. At that point, release from regulatory liability 

should be seriously considered. Several critical information 

gaps have been identified: (1) the sylvicultural literature 

warrants further investigation of wetland tree establishment; 

(2) the conditions conducive to effective natural 

regeneration need to be elucidated; (3) techniques for 

undergrowth establishment should be developed; (4) 

baseline ecological and floristic studies need expansion for 

certain plant communities and regions; (5) research is 

needed to determine if successful forest replacement will 

provide the functional services of the original ecosystem; 

and (6) the time is ripe for a coordinated southeastern 

regional monitoring effort. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

1183. Creation and restoration of riparian habitat in 

southwestern arid and semi-arid regions. 

Johnson, R. R.; Mills, G. S.; and Carothers, S. W. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 351-366. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ habitat restoration/ riparian 

land/ water resources management/ wetland restoration/ 

arid lands/ planting management/ research priorities/ 

riparian vegetation/ riparian waters/ soil-water-plant 

relationships/ vegetation establishment/ water 

resources development 

Abstract: Though the literature on characteristics, values, 

and functions of riparian habitats in the arid and semiarid 

southwestern region of the United States is fairly extensive, 

few papers that pertain to its creation or restoration are 

available. Because these projects are so recent, 

evaluations of successes and failures are based on shortterm results; long-term survival and growth rates are as yet 

unknown. In most cases, creation and restoration projects 

have involved the planting of vegetation and not the 

creation of conditions suitable for the natural regeneration 

of riparian habitats. Important considerations for riparian 

creation or restoration projects in the Southwest include: 

depth to water table; soil salinity and texture; amount and 

frequency of irrigation; effects of rising and dropping water 

tables on planted trees; protection from vandalism, off-road 

vehicles, and livestock; monitoring of growth rates as well 

as survival; and project design flexible enough to allow for 

major modifications. Because the creation and restoration 

of riparian habitats in the Southwest is new and mostly 

experimental, more information is needed for virtually every 

aspect of revegetation. Two major questions that need to 

be answered are whether planted trees survive for more 

than a few years and reach expected sizes, and what 

ranges of planting parameters are most cost-effective. 

Specific information needs include the identification of: the 

most suitable watering regimes; suitable soil conditions for 

various tree species; long- term survival and growth rates; 

and effects of variable water levels on planted trees. 

(Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 

1184. Creation, restoration, and enhancement of 

marshes of the northcentral Gulf Coast. 

Chabreck, R. H. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif. Island Press, 1990; pp. 125-142. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ coastal marshes/ Louisiana/ 

water resources management/ wetland restoration/ 

Alabama/ diversion/ drainage engineering/ dredging/ 

environmental engineering/ levees/ marsh management/ 

Mississippi/ planting management/ salt marshes/ 

sedimentation/ Texas/ tidal marshes/ vegetation 

establishment/ water resources development/ weirs 

Abstract: Coastal marshes of the northcentral Gulf Coast 

comprise almost 50% of the coastal marshes of the United 

States, excluding Alaska. Over 80% of the marshes in this 

region occur in Louisiana because of the influence of the 

Mississippi River. Salt, brackish, intermediate, and fresh 

marshes are well-represented within the region. Marshes 

have been created from dredged material deposited in 

shallow waters and by controlled diversion of river flow to 

direct sedimentation to specific sites. Plantings are seldom 

made on dredged material in Louisiana because of the 

large area to be planted and the fact that natural 

colonization is rapid. In fresher marshes, dredged material 

is left as levees after canals are dug that connect to salt 

water sources. Levees reduce salt water contamination and 

drainage of the marsh. Dredge material is usually planted in 

Texas, Mississippi, and Alabama to stabilize the material 

and hasten marsh development. In tidal marshes, 

construction of weirs is the most widely used enhancement 

practice. Impoundments provide a mechanism for 

controlling water depth and salinity and regulating plant 

growth. But impoundments can only be constructed in 

marshes that will support a continuous levee system. 

Freshwater diversion from the Mississippi River has been 

used on a small scale for marsh restoration and 

enhancement but could be used to improve vast areas of 

the rapidly deteriorating marshes of southeastern 

Louisiana. Precise information is needed on subsidence 

rates of individual localities for planning marsh creation and 

restoration projects. Methods for maximizing subdelta 

development and determining best use of dredged material 

are needed. (Author 's abstract) 

© CSA 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

356

1185. Design and implementation of functional wetland 

mitigation: Case studies in Ohio and South Carolina. 

McCuskey, S. A.; Conger, A. W.; and Hillestad, H. O. 

Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 77(3-4): 513-532. (1994) 

Abstract: Wetland development offers the opportunity to 

replace and enhance ecological functions lost through 

permitted wetland impacts. Components necessary for the 

restoration and creation of wetlands are presented and 

examples of wetland construction are described to illustrate 

the application of wetland design. Land contours, top soil, 

hydrology and vegetation were manipulated to develop 

wooded wetlands at sites in Ohio and South Carolina. In 

Ohio, approximately 30 ha of former crop land/sod farm 

were modified to bring water from the adjacent creek onto 

the site and hold it to saturate soils for wetland 

development. A 2.8 ha ponding area and channels were 

constructed, berms were built to slow the exit of stormwater 

runoff, and trees were planted in spring 1994. The 

mitigation site lies adjacent to a park and high school, 

thereby also providing community benefits and wetland 

education opportunities. In South Carolina, 9.5 ha of an 

abandoned soil borrow pit were converted into wooded 

wetlands, hydrologically connected to an adjacent swamp. 

Native plants were removed from the 4 ha of isolated 

wetlands to be impacted, and were augmented with nursery 

stock to create the mitigation wetland. Monitoring of 

vegetation, hydrology and wildlife usage of the constructed 

system continues to document wetland development and 

success. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1186. Designing constructed wetlands to remove 

phosphorus from barnyard run-off: Seasonal variability 

in loads and treatment. 

Hill, C. M.; Duxbury, J. M.; Geohring, L. D.; and Peck, T. 

Advances in Ecological Sciences 11: 181-196. (2003) 

NAL Call #: QH540.I67; ISSN: 1369-8273. 

Notes: Special issue: Constructed wetlands for wastewater 

treatment in cold climates; Issue editors: Mander, U. and 

Jenssen, P. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural runoff/ farm wastes/ 

phosphorus removal/ costs/ dairy wastes/ wastewater 

treatment/ runoff (agricultural)/ dairy industry waste waters/ 

wastewater treatment processes/ industrial effluents/ water 

& wastewater treatment 

Abstract: While constructed wetlands can be a costeffective method for reducing the export of P from 

agricultural ecosystems, removal rates vary depending on 

the substrate, the climate, and the load of nutrients. The 

objectives of this research were to evaluate substrates that 

could improve soluble P removal in treatment wetlands, and 

to compare their efficacy both seasonally and under varying 

loading regimes. To compare four substrates for removing 

soluble P from dairy barnyard run-off, eight 55 m super(2) 

subsurface wetland cells were built on an 800-head dairy 

farm in Newark, NY, USA. The four media were (1) a fine 

loamy, mixed, mesic Glossic Hapludalf, (2) crushed 

limestone, (3) Norlite (lightweight coarse aggregates of fired 

shale), and (4) wollastonite (calcium metasilicate) mining 

tailings. Influent P concentrations in the growing season 

dropped to 2.9 mg/L, while concentrations in the dormant 

season rose gradually to a peak of 28.5 mg/L. Over 1.5 

years, soil removed the most soluble P (53%), followed by 

Norlite (34%), wollastonite tailings (13%), and limestone 

(4%). No significant difference was found in percent 

removal of soluble P across seasons, an indication that 

neither higher loads nor freezing conditions curtail removal 

of phosphorus from this wastestream. These results help 

demonstrate that subsurface flow wetlands are appropriate 

components of stormwater management systems on farms 

in cold temperate climates. Treatment rates are sustainable 

in winter even at very high P loads. 

© CSA 

1187. Forested wetlands. 

Calhoun, Aram J. 

In: Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems/ Hunter, 

Malcolm L. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 

1999; pp. 300-331. 

Notes: ISBN: 0521631041 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ ecology: environmental sciences/ 

ecosystem management/ management method/ forested 

wetlands/ hydroperiod/ book chapter 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1188. A guide to bottomland hardwood restoration. 

Allen, J. A.; Keeland, B. D.; Stanturf, J. A.; Clewell, A. F.; 

and Kennedy, H. E. 

Asheville, North Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey, 

Biological Resources Division//U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station; 

USGS/BRD/ITR-2000-0011132 pp. General Technical 

Report SRS-40. 

Notes: Information and Technology Report 

NAL Call #: aSD143 .G46 no. 40 

http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/wdb/pub/diglib/ 

bottomland_hardwood.htm 

Descriptors: wetlands/ afforestation/ bottomland forests/ 

choice of species/ direct sowing/ forests/ nature 

conservation/ planning/ revegetation/ seedlings/ silviculture/ 

site preparation/ southeastern states of USA/ forests and 

forest trees/ biology and ecology/ silviculture and forest 

management/ biological resources/ plants 

Abstract: During the last century, a large amount of the 

original bottomland hardwood forest area in the USA has 

been lost, with losses greatest in the Lower Mississippi 

Alluvial Valley and East Texas. With a holistic approach in 

mind, this manual describes methods to restore bottomland 

hardwoods in the lower Midwest, including the Lower 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley and the southeastern USA. 

Bottomland hardwoods in this guide include not only the 

hardwood species that predominate in most forested 

floodplains of the area but also the softwood species such 

as baldcypress that often co-occur. General restoration 

planning considerations are discussed as well as more 

specific elements of bottomland hardwood restoration such 

as species selection, site preparation, direct sowing, 

planting of seedlings, and alternative options for 

revegetation. We recognize that most projects will probably 

fall more within the realm of reforestation or afforestation 

rather than a restoration, as some site preparation and the 

planting of seeds or trees may be the only actions taken. 

Practical information needed to restore an area is provided 

in the guide, and it is left up to the restorationist to decide 

how complete the restoration will be. Postplanting and 

monitoring considerations are also addressed. Restoration 

and management of existing forests are included because 

of the extensive areas of degraded natural forests in need 

of rehabilitation. 

© CAB International/CABI Publishing 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

357

1189. Habitat use by mallards during spring migration 

through Central Iowa USA. 

Lagrange, T. G. and Dinsmore, J. J. 

Journal of Wildlife Management 53(4): 1076-1081. (1989) 

NAL Call #: 410 J827; ISSN: 0022-541X 

Descriptors: Anas platyrhynchos/ high energy seed/ food/ 

nighttime cover/ sheetwater wetland 

Abstract: We studied the use of 455 seasonally flooded 

farmed basins (sheetwater wetlands) and 16 small 

emergent wetlands by migratory mallards (Anas 

platyrhynchos) in central Iowa during spring 1983-84. 

During daytime, sheetwater wetlands provided 19,530 

mallard use days compared with 103 on the few remaining 

emergent wetlands. Mallards used larger (> 2 ha) versus 

smaller sheetwater wetlands, moist-soil or corn-vegetated 

wetlands more than emergent wetlands or soybeanvegetated wetlands, untilled wetlands more than 

conservation-tiller or plowed sheetwater wetlands, and 

sheetwater wetlands located farther from disturbance. 

Mallards used sheetwater wetlands during all daylight 

hours, but flew .ltoreq. 13 km to roost on larger emergent 

wetlands. A diversity of habitats appears necesary for 

spring migratory mallards: sheetwater wetlands provide 

food and high-energy seeds and emergent wetlands 

provide nighttime cover. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1190. A handbook of constructed wetlands: A guide to 

creating wetlands for agricultural wastewater, domestic 

wastewater, coal mine drainage, stormwater in the MidAtlantic Region. 

Davis, Luise; United States. Natural Resources 

Conservation Service; United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Region III; and Pennsylvania. Dept. of 

Environmental Resources. 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture. (1995) 

Notes: "This document was prepared by Luise Davis"--P. 

[2] of cover; Contents note: v.1. General considerations -- 

v.2. Domestic wastewater -- v.3. Agricultural wastewater -- 

v.4. Coal mine drainage -- v.5. Stormwater. 

NAL Call #: TD756.5.D39 1995; ISBN: 0160529999 (v.1); 

0160530008 (v.2); 0160530016 (v.3); 0160530024 (v.4); 

0160530032 (v.5) 

Descriptors: constructed wetlands---Middle Atlantic States-

--handbooks, manuals, etc/ sewage purification---

handbooks, manuals, etc/ agricultural pollution---

handbooks, manuals, etc/ coal mine waste---handbooks, 

manuals, etc/ storm sewers---handbooks, manuals, etc 

This citation is from AGRICOLA. 

1191. The importance of local and regional factors in 

predicting effective conservation: Planning strategies 

for wetland bird communities in agricultural and urban 

landscapes. 

Whited, Diane; Galatowitsch, Susan; Tester, John R.; 

Schik, Karen; Lehtinen, Rick; and Husveth, Jason 

Landscape and Urban Planning 49(1-2): 49-65. (2000) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1L32; ISSN: 0169-2046 

Descriptors: wildlife management: conservation/ 

agricultural landscapes/ conservation effectiveness: local 

factors, regional factors/ urban landscapes/ 

wetland communities 

Abstract: Wetland assessment techniques have generally 

focused on rapid evaluations of local and site impacts; 

however, wetland biodiversity is often influenced both by 

adjacent and regional land use. Forty wetlands were 

studied in the Red River Valley (RRV), Southwest Prairie 

(SWP), and the Northern Hardwood Forest (NHF) 

ecoregions of Minnesota, USA, to assess the strength of 

association between local and landscape condition and 

avian community composition. We examined the 

relationship between bird assemblages and local and 

landscape factors (connectedness, isolation, road density, 

and site impacts). Landscape variables were calculated for 

three spatial scales at 500 m (79 ha), 1000 m (314 ha), and 

2500 m (1963 ha). Connectedness and road density are 

important measures for predicting bird assemblages in both 

agricultural ecoregions (SWP and RRV). Connectedness 

and its relationship with wetland bird assemblages were 

most pronounced at the larger scale (2500 m), where the 

largest remnant patches can be discerned. In contrast, road 

effects on bird assemblages were most pronounced at the 

smallest scale (500 m). Wetland isolation corresponded to 

bird community patterns as well, but only in one ecoregion 

(SWP). In the urbanizing ecoregion (NHF), species 

richness was considerably lower than elsewhere but 

community patterns did not correspond to landscape 

variables. The focus of wetland conservation planning 

needs to shift from the site scale to the landscape scale to 

ensure that connection with the regional wetland pattern is 

accounted for, therefore, affording the best opportunity to 

successfully maintain wetland avian diversity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1192. Managing agricultural wetlands for waterbirds in 

the coastal regions of Louisiana, USA. 

Huner, J. V.; Jeske, C. W.; and Norling, W. 

Waterbirds 25(Special Publication 2): 66-78. 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: agricultural wetlands/ artificial freshwater 

habitat/ coastal wetlands/ crawfish management/ crawfish 

ponds/ freshwater habitat/ gulf coastal plain/ land 

conservation programs/ migration/ riparian habitat 

Abstract: Rice and/or crawfish are cultivated in over 

225,000 ha of shallow earthen impoundments within 160 

km of the Gulf of Mexico along the coast of Louisiana. The 

region includes both the Gulf Coastal Plain and Prairie and 

the Lower Mississippi River Valley. Annual loss of 4,475 ha 

of coastal wetlands in Louisiana due to subsidence, 

erosion, and rising sea level has significantly reduced 

desirable freshwater habitat in the region. The suite of 

resident, migrant, breeding, and wintering waterbirds 

depending on this region includes grebes, pelicans, 

cormorants, anhingas, wading birds, waterfowl, coots, rails, 

gallinules, shorebirds, gulls, terns, and kingfishers. These 

taxa utilize the artificial freshwater wetland habitat provided 

by the agricultural wetlands. Numerous other birds utilize 

riparian areas associated with these artificial wetlands. 

Crawfish ponds are especially valuable cool season habitat 

for predaceous waterbirds because they provide shallow 

water systems rich in invertebrate and small vertebrate prey 

during the period from mid-autumn through mid-spring 

when most rice fields are drained. Because most crawfish 

ponds are not drained until late spring or early summer, 

predictable, food-rich, shallow water waterbird habitat is 

available throughout the region when rice fields are being 

cultivated for rice production. Incorporation of crawfish 

management into government-sponsored land conservation 

programs should encourage land owners to sustain 

standing water habitat outside of program mandated 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

358

fill/drain requirements. Farmers could adjust the times when 

their impoundments are filled or drained to maximize 

benefits to many species, especially migrating shorebirds. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1193. Reciprocating constructed wetlands for treating 

industrial, municipal and agricultural wastewater. 

Behrends, L.; Houke, L.; Bailey, E.; Jansen, P.; and 

Brown, D. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 399-405. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223 

Descriptors: bioprocess engineering/ freshwater ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ pollution assessment 

control and management/ waste management: sanitation/ 

agricultural wastewater treatment/ industrial wastewater 

treatment/ municipal wastewater treatment/ wastewater 

treatment method/ aerobic zones/ anaerobic zones/ 

biochemical oxygen demand/ contiguous cells/ 

denitrification/ fixed film biological reactor/ high strength 

animal wastewater/ hydraulic retention time/ mixed 

wastewater streams/ municipal/ domestic wastewater/ 

nitrification/ paired subsurface flow constructed wetlands/ 

reciprocating constructed wetlands/ reciprocation cycle 

time/ reciprocation depth/ reciprocation frequency/ redox 

potential: control/ substrate composition/ substrate size/ 

Tennessee Valley Authority [TVA]/ U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency [U.S. EPA] 

Abstract: Scientists at the Tennessee Valley Authority 

(TVA), and in collaboration with the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency (EPA), are continuing to develop and 

refine an innovative wastewater treatment system referred 

to as reciprocating subsurface-flow constructed wetlands. 

Reciprocation relates to patented improvements in the 

design and operation of paired subsurface-flow constructed 

wetlands, such that contiguous cells are filled and drained 

on a frequent and recurrent basis. This operating technique 

turns the entire wetland system into a fixed-film biological 

reactor, in which it is possible to control redox potential in 

alternating aerobic and anaerobic zones. Reciprocating 

systems enable manipulation of wastewater treatment 

functions by controlling such parameters as hydraulic 

retention time, frequency of reciprocation, reciprocation 

cycle time, depth of reciprocation, and size and composition 

of substrate. These improved wetland technologies have 

been used for treating municipal/domestic wastewater, high 

strength animal wastewater, and mixed wastewater 

streams containing acids, recalcitrant compounds, solvents, 

antifreeze compounds, heavy metals, explosives, and 

fertilizer nutrients. Results from selected treatability studies 

and field demonstrations will be summarized with respect to 

conceptual design and treatment efficacy. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1194. Regional analysis of the creation and restoration 

of kettle and pothole wetlands. 

Hollands, G. G. 

In: Wetland Creation and Restoration: The Status 

of the Science. 

Covelo, Calif.: Island Press, 1990; pp. 281-298. 

Notes: ISBN: 1559630450 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3W462 

Descriptors: artificial wetlands/ environmental engineering/ 

glaciation/ hydrologic budget/ water resources 

management/ continental basins/ permeability/ potholes/ 

soil properties/ streams/ surface-groundwater relations/ 

water resources development/ watershed management 

Abstract: Kettles are topographic basins created by a 

variety of glacial processes and occur randomly throughout 

glaciated regions. They are associated with both permeable 

and impermeable deposits. Kettle wetlands can have 

complex hydrologic types: those having no inlet or outlet 

streams, and those associated with surface water streams. 

Complex relationships of surface water, groundwater, water 

chemistry, and other hydrologic elements combine to create 

water balances. This has been documented in the Prairie 

Potholes region of the United States where site specific 

hydrologic research has been conducted. Creating kettle 

wetlands is similar to other types of freshwater wetland 

creation, except where unique vegetation and hydrology 

are involved and replication may be a complex, technical 

effort. Identification of limiting factors is critical to wetland 

creation. Typical factors important to kettle wetlands are: 

surface water hydrology, groundwater hydrology, 

stratigraphy, soils, and water chemistry. Depending upon 

the goals of the project, other limiting factors may include: 

nuisance animals, long-term maintenance/monitoring, lack 

of funds, and disposals of excavated soil. The primary 

concern in creating kettle wetlands is the establishment of 

the proper hydrology. This normally requires mid-course 

corrections in design during construction to establish proper 

post-construction hydrology. Critical needs include studies 

on microstratigraphy, geochemical processes, the 

properties of organic soil, and the details of hydrology. 

(Author' s abstract) 

© CSA 

1195. The use of macrophyte-based systems for 

phosphorus removal: An overview of 25 years of 

research and operational results in Florida. 

Debusk, T. A.; Dierberg, F. E.; and Reddy, K. R. 

Water Science and Technology 44(11-12): 39-46. (2001) 

NAL Call #: TD420.A1P7; ISSN: 0273-1223. 

Notes: Conference: 7th International Conference on 

Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control 2000, Lake 

Buena Vista, FL [USA], 11-16 Nov 2000; Issue editors: 

Kadlec, R. H. and Reddy, K. R.; ISBN: 1843394073 

Descriptors: wetlands/ United States, Florida/ water 

pollution control/ performance evaluation/ phosphorus 

removal/ macrophytes/ case studies/ reviews/ case study/ 

agricultural runoff/ wastewater treatment/ historical account/ 

United States, Florida/ water quality control/ water 

treatment/ freshwater pollution/ water pollution: monitoring, 

control & remediation/ wastewater treatment processes 

Abstract: Phosphorus (P) removal from wastewaters and 

surface runoff using macrophyte-based systems (MBS) has 

been a topic of great interest in Florida for over 25 years. 

During this period, P removal by both treatment wetlands 

and floating aquatic macrophyte systems has been 

evaluated from both a research and operational standpoint. 

Several factors have contributed to the increased focus on 

the use of MBS for P removal. First, there exist no 

conventional technologies that can cost-effectively achieve 

the low outflow P concentrations required to protect the 

integrity of Florida's relatively pristine surface waters. 

Second, because MBSs typically provide some water 

storage, they can accommodate the wide ranges of flows 

typical for runoff sources such as agricultural drainage 

waters. Finally, many regions in Florida have sufficient area 

for deployment of the relatively land-intensive MBS 

technologies. The first P removal work in Florida was 
Multiple Assessment Regions: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

359

initiated in the mid-1970s, and involved pilot-scale research 

on domestic wastewater treatment by natural wetlands. 

Parallel studies were performed with managed (periodically 

harvested) floating plant systems (i.e., Eichhornia 

crassipes) for tertiary treatment. Since that time. the range 

of operational systems that have been deployed include 

emergent macrophyte-based and forested wetlands, 

managed floating plant systems, and submerged 

macrophyte-based systems. Waters treated by MBS 

include domestic effluents, agricultural runoff and eutrophic 

lake waters. Phosphorus removal targets for MBS in Florida 

have been as low as 10 mu g/L. In this paper, we 

summarize research and operational results for MBS in 

Florida over the past 25 years. 

© CSA 

1196. Vegetation similarity and avifaunal food value of 

restored and natural marshes in northern New York. 

Brown, Stephen C. 

Restoration Ecology 7(1): 56-68. (1999) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: natural restored marsh comparisons: avifaunal 

food value, vegetation/ restoration ecology 

Abstract: Measuring the success of wetland restoration 

efforts requires an assessment of the wetland plant 

community as it changes following restoration. But analyses 

of restored wetlands often include plant community data 

from only one time period. We studied the development of 

plant communities at 13 restored marshes in northern New 

York for 4 years, including 1 year prior to restoration and 3 

years afterwards. Restored wetlands ranged in size from 

0.23 to 1.70 ha. Four reference wetlands of similar basin 

morphology, soil type, and size (0.29-0.48 ha) that occurred 

naturally in the same area were studied as comparisons. 

Dike construction to restore hydrology disturbed the 

existing vegetation in some parts of the restored sites, and 

vegetation was monitored in both disturbed and 

undisturbed areas. Undisturbed areas within the restored 

sites, which were dominated by upland field grasses before 

restoration, developed wetland plant communities with 

lower wetland index values but comparable numbers of 

wetland plant species than the reference wetlands, and 

they lagged behind the reference sites in terms of total 

wetland plant cover. There were significantly more plant 

species valuable as food sources for wetland birds, and a 

significantly higher percent cover of these species, at the 

undisturbed areas of the restored sites than at the 

reference wetlands. Areas of the restored sites that were 

disturbed by dike construction, however, often developed 

dense, monospecific cattail stands. In general, the plant 

communities at restored sites became increasingly similar 

to those at the reference wetlands over time, but higher 

numbers of herbaceous plants developed at the restored 

sites, including food plants for waterfowl, rails, and 

songbirds. Differences in shrub cover will probably lessen 

as natural recolonization increases shrub cover at the 

restored sites. Natural recolonization appears to be an 

effective technique for restoring wetlands on abandoned 

agricultural fields with established plant cover, but it is less 

successful in areas where soil has been exposed by 

construction activity. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1197. Wetland conservation and Ducks Unlimited: Real 

world approaches to multispecies management. 

Tori, Gildo M.; Mcleod, Scott; Mcknight, Keith; Moorman, 

Thomas; and Reid, Frederic A. 

Waterbirds 25(Special Publication 2): 115-121. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QL671; ISSN: 1524-4695 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ terrestrial ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences/ wildlife management: 

conservation/ multispecies management/ applied and field 

techniques/ Ducks Unlimited/ biodiversity/ coastal wetlands/ 

development: agricultural, industrial, urban/ habitat 

degradation/ habitat loss/ hydrological modification/ 

integrated habitat based landscape management/ land 

conversion/ palustrine wetlands/ riverine wetlands/ 

sustainable ecosystems/ wetland conservation/ wetland 

management/ wetland restoration/ wetland associated 

uplands/ wildlife diversity 

Abstract: Conversion and loss of coastal, riverine, and 

palustrine wetlands to agricultural, urban, and industrial 

developments have had significant impacts on waterbirds. 

Degradation of wetlands and associated upland habitats, 

and associated impacts on several duck and rail species 

are well documented. Wetland restoration and 

management are essential for wildlife diversity because of 

the magnitude of wetland destruction and hydrological 

modification that has occurred in most of the United States. 

Half of threatened and endangered species rely upon 

wetlands for some portion of their life cycle, underscoring 

the importance of wetlands to all wildlife. Ducks Unlimited, 

during its 65-year history of conservation programs, has 

restored, protected, and enhanced nearly 4.05 million 

hectares of wetlands and associated uplands in North 

America. Despite the accomplishments of Ducks Unlimited 

and its private, state, provincial and federal partners, the 

perception remains that our efforts benefit only waterfowl. 

However, wildlife inventories on Ducks Unlimited projects 

indicate benefits to more than 900 species. Herein, we 

promote an integrated, habitat-based landscape approach 

to wetland restoration and management, rather than 

individual species management, to achieve biodiversity and 

sustainable ecosystem objectives. We discuss the 

development of wetland restoration and management 

strategies for quality wetland complexes needed for 

waterbirds during their annual life cycles. Further, we 

underscore the importance of wetland management by our 

state, federal and private land partners to manage wetland 

complexes to provide high quality habitat for a wide array of 

wetland wildlife. 

© The Thomson Corporation 
360
361

U.S. Wetlands Outside of CEAP Wetlands Assessment Regions 

General Information 

1198. Avian use of revegetated riparian zones. 

Anderson, Bertin W. and Ohmart, Robert D. 

In: California Riparian Systems: Ecology, Conservation, 

and Productive Management/ Warner, Richard E. and 

Hendrix, Kathleen M. 

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984; pp. 626-631 

NAL Call #: QH105.C2C36 

Descriptors: birds/ communities/ ecosystems/ 

riparian habitat 

© NISC 

1199. Effects of stressors on invasive and halophytic 

plants of New England salt marshes: A framework for 

predicting response to tidal restoration. 

Konisky, R. A. and Burdick, D. M. 

Wetlands 24(2): 434-447. (June 2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ plant communities/ salt marshes/ 

environmental restoration/ flooding/ competition/ 

Halophytes/ hydrology/ interspecific relationships/ tidal 

models/ habitat improvement/ dispersion/ transplants/ 

environmental impact/ aquatic plants/ salinity effects/ 

marshes/ salinity tolerance/ plant growth/ biological 

production/ introduced species/ restoration/ plant 

populations/ stress/ Spartina/ salinity/ tolerance/ floods/ 

biomass/ habitats/ hydrological regime/ tides/ survival/ 

cattails/ field tests/ strength/ Juncus/ Phragmites australis/ 

Spartina patens/ Typha angustifolia/ Lythrum salicaria/ 

Spartina alterniflora/ Juncus gerardii/ USA, New England/ 

habitat community studies/ TSD distribution, water masses 

and circulation/ ecology/ community studies/ conservation, 

wildlife management and recreation/ estuaries 

Abstract: Salt marsh restoration practices based on the 

reintroduction of tides to hydrologically-altered wetlands 

may be hindered by a lack of specific knowledge regarding 

plant community response to environmental change. Since 

saltmarsh plant communities are controlled by physical 

stress tolerance and competition, we conducted a field 

experiment that measured effects of saltwater flooding and 

competitive interactions on plants as a guide for predicting 

habitat response to tidal restoration. Six plant species of 

New England salt marshes were studied: halophytes 

Spartina alterniflora, Spartina patens, and Juncus gerardii 

and brackish invasive species Phragmites australis, Typha 

angustifolia, and Lythrum salicaria. Plant shoots were 

transplanted across a gradient of three flooding and three 

salinity regimes and arranged into pair-wise competitive 

combinations. After one growing season, saltwater flooding 

was found to decrease transplant survival, biomass 

production, and/or relative growth for all species. Reduction 

in halophyte growth was largely due to increased flood 

duration; brackish species were most reduced by increased 

salinity. Interspecific competition also influenced species 

growth, although the short duration of the study may have 

weakened these effects. Transplants paired with S. 

alterniflora had reduced growth, but combinations with 

Juncus produced increased growth. Standardized factors of 

stress tolerance and relative competitive strength were 

derived for the six study species as a framework for 

understanding community-level changes in marshes. As an 

aid to resource managers, experimental results can be 

used to predict plant community response to existing and 

potential alterations in saltmarsh tidal hydrology. 

© CSA 

1200. An evaluation of vernal pool creation projects in 

New England: Project documentation from 1991-2000. 

Lichko, L. E. and Calhoun, A. J. 

Environmental Management 32(1): 141-151. (2003) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: conservation/ freshwater ecology/ protected 

species/ vernal-pool-dependent species/ New England, 

USA/ vernal pool creation/ compensatory mitigation/ 

conjecture/ federal regulatory action/ key vernal pool 

functions/ long term landscape functions/ pool design 

specifications/ project monitoring: inconsistencies, reliability 

gaps/ record-keeping inadequacies/ reference wetlands/ 

standardization/ vernal pool creation projects/ vernal pools: 

forestry practice impacts, loss to development, size 

Abstract: Vernal pools are vulnerable to loss through 

development and agricultural and forestry practices owing 

to their isolation from open water bodies and their small 

size. Some vernal pool-dependent species are already 

listed in New England as Endangered, Threatened, or 

Species of Special Concern. Vernal pool creation is 

becoming more common in compensatory mitigation as 

open water ponds, in general, may be easier to create than 

wooded wetlands. However, research on vernal pool 

creation is limited, A recent National Research Council 

study (2001) cites vernal pools as "challenging to recreate." 

We reviewed documentation on 15 vernal pool creation 

projects in New England that were required by federal 

regulatory action. Our purpose was to determine whether 

vernal pool creation for compensatory mitigation in New 

England replaced key vernal pool functions by assessing 

project goals and documentation (including mitigation 

plans, pool design criteria, monitoring protocols, and 

performance standards). Our results indicate that creation 

attempts often fail to replicate lost pool functions. Pool 

design specifications are often based on conjecture rather 

than on reference wetlands or created pools that function 

successfully. Project monitoring lacks consistency and 

reliability, and record keeping by regulatory agencies is 

inadequate. Strengthening of protection of isolated 

wetlands in general, and standardization across all aspects 

of vernal pool creation, is needed to ensure success and to 

promote conservation of the long-term landscape functions 

of vernal pools. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1201. The hydrology of Alaskan wetlands, USA: A 

review. 

Ford, J. and Bedford, B. L. 

Arctic and Alpine Research 19(3): 209-229. (1987) 

NAL Call #: GB395.A73; ISSN: 0004-0851 

Descriptors: wetlands/ hydrology/ water budget/ stream 

flow rate/ literature reviews/ extreme values/ USA, Alaska/ 

nearshore dynamics 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

362

Abstract: Alaska's wetland resources are vast and the 

literature dealing directly with any given aspect of Alaskan 

wetland hydrology is sparse. This review focuses on 

hydrological function and pays particular attention to (1) 

hydrologic inputs to and outputs from wetlands, and (2) the 

influence of wetlands on peak flow regulation. The influence 

of several characteristic high-latitude phenomena 

(permafrost, glaciers, and seasonal stream icings) on the 

overall water balance and the volume, areal distribution, 

rate, and timing of water release are discussed. 

© CSA 

1202. Importance of small wetlands for the persistence 

of local populations of wetland-associated animals. 

Gibbs, James P. 

Wetlands 13(1): 25-31. (1993) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: conservation/ isolation/ metapopulation/ 

population dynamics 

Abstract: I simulated loss of small, legally unprotected 

freshwater wetlands in a 600 km-2 area of Maine, USA to 

examine how loss of small wetlands altered the geometry of 

the wetland mosaic and thereby might affect the dynamics 

of metapopulations of wetland-associated organisms. Loss 

of small wetlands resulted in total wetland area declining by 

19% (from 2032 to 1655 ha), total wetland number 

declining by 62% (from 354 to 136 wetlands), and average 

inter-wetland distance increasing by 67% (from 0.6 to 1.0 

km). Also, average upland-wetland proximity decreased by 

50% (0.5 to 1.0 km), such that just 54% of the landscape 

was within the maximum migration distance (1000 m) of 

terrestrial-dwelling and aquatic-breeding amphibians after 

loss of small wetlands, versus 90% before loss. A spatiallystructured demographic model revealed that local 

populations of turtles, small birds, and small mammals, 

stable under conditions of no wetland loss, faced a 

significant risk of extinction (P gt 5%) after loss of small 

wetlands. No change in metapopulation extinction risk was 

evident for salamanders or frogs, largely because high 

rates of population increase buffered these taxa against 

local extinction. These results suggest that small wetlands 

play a greater role in the metapopulation dynamics of 

certain tax or wetland animals than the most area 

comprised by small wetlands might imply. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1203. Macroinvertebrate response to marsh 

management strategies in Utah. 

Huener, J. D. and Kadlec, J. A. 

Wetlands 12(2): 72-78. (1992) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wildlife management/ marshes/ water levels/ 

macrofauna/ ecosystem management/ population density/ 

Invertebrata/ USA, Utah/ wildlife management/ macrofauna 

Abstract: The authors examined the response of aquatic 

macroinvertebrates to three marsh management strategies. 

The three management practices compared were 

conventional full pool management, full pool management 

with carp (Cyprinus carpio) control, and contour furrowing 

(also with carp control). Significant differences in standing 

crops (both numbers and biomass) of invertebrates were 

observed among the three management strategies. The 

contour furrowed area had the highest standing crops of 

water column invertebrates, followed by the carp-controlled 

full pool area, while the conventionally managed area had 

the lowest standing crops. In the benthos, the two full pool 

areas (with and without carp) had higher standing crops 

than the contour furrowed area. Significant differences were 

noted in seasonal abundance, with all management 

practices having lowest densities of invertebrates in April 

and May. Implications for management include indications 

of the negative impacts of carp and winter drawdowns on 

invertebrates in managed marshes. 

© CSA 

1204. Relationship of breeding bird density and 

diversity to habitat variables in forested wetlands. 

Swift, B. L.; Larson, J. S.; and DeGraaf, R. M. 

Wilson Bulletin 96(1): 48-59. (1984) 

NAL Call #: 413.8; ISSN: 0043-5643 

Descriptors: Aves/ community structure/ breeding/ forest 

wetland habitat relationships/ semiaquatic habitat/ forested 

wetland/ forest/ wetland/ breeding community structure 

relationships/ Massachusetts/ Connecticut Valley/ breeding 

community structure relative to forest wetland variables 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1205. Relationships among wetland and indicators in 

Hawaiian rain forest. 

Wakeley, James S.; Sprecher, Steven W.; and Lichvar, 

Robert W. 

Wetlands 16(2): 173-184. (1996) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: ecology: environmental sciences/ methods 

and techniques/ soil science/ field method/ habitat/ hydric 

soil/ hydrophytic vegetation/ rain forest/ terrestrial ecology/ 

undulating flow pattern/ wetland/ wetland identification/ 

wetland indicators 

Abstract: We applied established methods for wetland 

identification in lowland and montane wet forests (rain 

forests) on the island of Hawaii to determine whether rain 

forests exhibited wetland indicators specified in delineation 

manuals and to examine relationships among indicators of 

hydrophytic vegetation, hydric soils, and wetland hydrology. 

Morphological characteristics and ferrous iron tests 

indicated pockets of hydric organic soils within areas 

mapped as Folists. Hydrophytic vegetation decisions based 

on prevalence values agreed with hydric soil determinations 

more often than did decisions based on dominant plant 

species. None of the rain forest types we studied exhibited 

wetland indicators throughout, but some sites contained 

scattered small wetlands occupying microtopographic lows 

created by cracks, folds, and undulating flow patterns in the 

lava bedrock. Further work is needed to identify reliable 

wetland indicators that can be used during drier portions of 

the year and to distinguish hydric from nonhydric organic 

rain forest soils. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1206. A review of vertebrate community composition in 

seasonal forest pools of the northeastern United 

States. 

Paton, Peter W. C. 

Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(3): 235-246. (2005) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.M3 W472; ISSN: 0923-4861 

Descriptors: terrestrial ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ community composition/ breeding habitat/ 

seasonally flooded wetland/ seasonal forest pool 

Abstract: Seasonally-flooded wetlands occur throughout 

the world and provide important foraging, resting, and 
Outside of Assessment Regions: General Information 

363

breeding habitat for a broad array of organisms. This review 

summarizes our current understanding of vertebrate 

community composition at seasonal forest pools in the 

northeastern United States. These wetlands typically have 

hydroperiods that range from temporarily flooded to 

intermittently exposed, which reduces densities of many 

potential predators (e.g., fish). Current research has shown 

that pool hydroperiod, canopy closure, vegetation structure 

within pools, presence of potential predators, and 

landscape structure surrounding pools are the key factors 

determining vertebrate diversity at seasonal forest pools. Of 

25 species of amphibians in the region, frogs (10 of 12 

species) are more likely to breed in seasonal forest pools 

than salamanders (6 of 13 species). Seven of 10 amphibian 

species that breed in seasonal forest pools are state-listed 

as threatened or endangered. Among 27 species of 

reptiles, 3 of 15 species of snakes, and 6 of 12 species of 

turtles utilize seasonal pools during at least one stage of 

their annual cycle. Seasonal forest pools are important 

foraging and basking habitat for three species of. turtles 

listed as threatened or endangered. Compared to other 

vertebrate taxa, most species of mammals are habitat 

generalists, with 50 of 63 mammal species potentially 

foraging at seasonal pools during part of their annual cycle. 

Chiroptera (bats; all 9 species) arc believed to actively 

forage at seasonal pools and some Insectivora, particularly 

Sorex palustris Richardson and S. fumeus (Miller) and 

Condylura cristata (L.), are detected regularly at seasonal 

pools. Breeding birds are less likely to utilize seasonal 

pools than other vertebrate taxa, although 92 of 233 

species might forage or breed near seasonal pools. Several 

species of Anatidae, Rallidae, and some Passeriformes use 

seasonally flooded pools. All vertebrates that use seasonal 

forest pools use other habitats during some stage in their 

life cycle; thus gaining a clear understanding of their habitat 

requirements is critical to their long-term persistence. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1207. Stream/aquifer interactions at Great Sand Dunes 

National Monument, Colorado: Influences on interdunal 

wetland disappearance. 

Wurster, Frederic C.; Cooper, David J.; and 

Sanford, William E. 

Journal of Hydrology (Amsterdam) 271(1-4): 77-100. (2003) 

NAL Call #: 292.8 J82; ISSN: 0022-1694 

Descriptors: climatology: environmental sciences/ 

freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

groundwater ecology: ecology, environmental sciences/ 

ground water level measurement/ ground water modeling/ 

mathematical and computer techniques/ natural stable 

isotope analysis/ applied and field techniques/ sand creek 

channel incision/ buried seed banks/ climatic fluctuations/ 

dune movement/ ground water pumping: agriculture 

related, regional water table lowering/ hydrologic data/ 

intermittent sand creek flows/ local hydrologic process 

changes/ long term wet dry cycles/ pressure waves: ground 

water level influence/ regional stream flow records/ 

seepage/ severe drought/ soil stratigraphy/ stream/ stream/ 

aquifer interactions: interdunal wetland disappearance 

influence/ sub creek ground water mound: seasonal 

development, seasonal dispersion/ unconfined aquifer/ 

wetland area 

Abstract: Between 1937 and 1995 a complex of more than 

100 interdunal wetlands disappeared from Great Sand 

Dunes National Monument, Colorado. We investigated 

three hypotheses that could explain wetland 

disappearance: (1) dune movement during a severe 

drought in the 1950s buried the wetlands, (2) agriculture 

related ground water pumping lowered the regional water 

table, and (3) changes in local hydrologic processes led to 

wetland loss. We used regional stream flow records, 

ground water level measurements, natural stable isotope 

analyses, soil stratigraphy, buried seed banks, and ground 

water modeling to address these hypotheses. Hydrologic 

data and stable isotope analyses illustrated the interaction 

between Sand Creek, a nearby stream, and the unconfined 

aquifer in the area where wetlands occurred. When the 

intermittent Sand Creek flows, seepage through its bed 

creates a large ground water mound under the creek. The 

seasonal development and dispersion of this mound 

propagates pressure waves through the aquifer that 

influence ground water levels up to 2 km from Sand Creek. 

Our data suggest the primary factors contributing to 

wetland disappearance were recent climatic fluctuations 

and incision of the Sand Creek channel. Below average 

stream flow between 1950 and 1980 reduced the duration 

of Sand Creek flow across the dune complex, minimizing 

ground water mound development. Consequently, the 

water table in the unconfined aquifer dropped apprx 1.0 m 

and interdunal wetlands dried up. Twentieth Century 

incision of Sand Creek's channel reduced ground water 

mound height apprx 2.5 m, decreasing seasonal water 

table fluctuations at interdunal wetlands and contributing to 

the overall water table decline. Long-term wet and dry 

cycles affect the water table elevation more than channel 

incision, leading us to conclude that many interdunal 

wetlands are ephemeral features. Wetland area is 

maximized during consecutive years of above average 

Sand Creek discharge and minimized as the water table 

drops during dry periods. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1208. Weather-related effects on woodland vernal pool 

hydrology and hydroperiod. 

Brooks, Robert T. 

Wetlands 24(1): 104-114. (2004) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/6982 

Descriptors: hydrology/ hydroperiod/ potential 

evapotranspiration/ precipitation/ vernal pools/ 

woodland vernal pools 

Abstract: Woodland vernal pools occur commonly 

throughout northeastern North America. These pools 

provide preferred breeding habitat for mole salamanders 

(Ambystoma spp.) and wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and 

support an abundant and diverse macroinvertebrate fauna. 

Vernal pool hydrology, and especially hydro-period or 

duration of the wet phase, affects the composition and 

productivity of pool fauna. The hydrology of ephemeral 

wetlands is dominated by local weather conditions. In this 

paper, I report a ten-year record of the relationships 

between precipitation and evapotranspiration and waterlevel change and hydroperiod in four typical southern New 

England vernal pools. Long-term average precipitation is 

evenly distributed throughout the year in the Northeast; 

potential evapotranspiration peaks in the summer months 

and exceeds precipitation from mid-June through midSeptember. This period of water deficit causes the period of 

maximum vernal pool drying. Vernal pool hydroperiods 

were shorter and pools dried earlier in those years with 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

364

larger cumulative water deficits, especially when early 

spring ground-water resources were below long-term 

means and late winter snowpack was reduced or absent. 

Weekly water-level change in vernal pools was significantly 

related to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, 

with precipitation having 2-5 times greater effect than 

evapotranspiration. Under climate-change predictions of 

more episodic precipitation and increased 

evapotranspiration, vernal pools would dry earlier in the 

year and remain dry longer. These changes would 

adversely affect the successful reproduction of poolbreeding amphibians and isolate the remaining productive 

pools. 

This citation is from Treesearch. 

1209. Wetland features that influence occupancy by 

endangered Hawaiian duck on the island of Hawaii. 

Uyehara, Kimberly J. 

Annandale-on-Hudson, New York: Bard College, 2005. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ ducks/ wildlife habitat/ ecology 

Effects of Agricultural Conservation Practices on Wetlands

1210. Contaminant loading in drainage and fresh water 

used for wetland management at Stillwater National 

Wildlife Refuge. 

Kilbride, K. M.; Paveglio, F. L.; Altstatt, A. L.; Henry, W. G.; 

and Janik, C. A. 

Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

35(2): 236-248. (Aug. 1998) 

NAL Call #: TD172.A7; ISSN: 0090-4341 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agricultural pollution/ drainage 

water/ ecosystem management/ arid environments/ 

agricultural runoff/ heavy metals/ detritus/ dissolved 

chemicals/ pesticides/ USA, West/ drains/ water pollution/ 

pollution load/ contamination/ water management/ land 

management/ freshwater pollution/ drainage/ trace 

elements/ aquatic organisms/ biota/ irrigation/ national 

parks/ USA, Nevada, Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge/ 

USA, Nevada, Stillwater Natl. Wildl. Refuge/ characteristics, 

behavior and fate/ sources and fate of pollution/ freshwater 

pollution 

Abstract: Throughout the western United States, studies 

have identified various detrimental effects of contaminants 

to aquatic biota from the use of agricultural drainage water 

for management of arid wetlands. However, little is known 

about the relative contributions of contaminant loading from 

pollutants dissolved in water compared with those carried 

by drifting material (e.g., detritus) associated with drainage 

water. Consequently, we determined loading rates for 

contaminants dissolved in water and those incorporated by 

drifting material for drainage (Diagonal Drain) as well as 

fresh (S-Line Canal) water used for wetland management 

at Stillwater National Wildlife Refuge (SNWR), Nevada 

during the early, middle, and late periods of the irrigation 

season (June through mid-November) in 1993. We found 

loading rates for trace elements throughout the irrigation 

season were almost entirely (> 98%) associated with 

contaminants dissolved in the water rather than 

incorporated by drift. Although drift contributed little to the 

total loading for trace elements to SNWR wetlands, 

contaminant concentrations were much greater in drift 

compared with those dissolved in water. Loading rates for 

dissolved As, B, Hg, and total dissolved solids (TDS) 

differed among periods for the Diagonal Drain. Along the 

Diagonal Drain, loading rates for dissolved As, B, Hg, Mo, 

unionized ammonia (NH sub(3)-N), TDS, and Zn differed 

among its three sampling sites. B was the only trace 

element with differences in loading rates for drift among 

periods from the Diagonal Drain. In contrast, loading rates 

for As, B, Cr, Cu, Hg, Se, and Zn in drift differed among 

periods for the S-Line Canal. Along Diagonal Drain, loading 

rates in drift for B (middle and late periods), Cr, Cu, and Zn 

differed among sites. Hg (x greater than or equal to 12.0 

ng/L) and NH sub(3)-N (x greater than or equal to 0.985 

mg/L) dissolved in water as well as B (x greater than or 

equal to 97.4 mu g/g DW) and Hg (x greater than or equal 

to 0.461 mu g/g DW) in drift from the Diagonal Drain and SLine Canal exceeded screening levels (SLs) for protection 

of aquatic biota throughout the irrigation season. Dissolved 

As (x greater than or equal to 0.0426 mg/L) in water from 

the Diagonal Drain during all periods exceeded the SL for 

protection of aquatic biota. Dissolved B (x = 1.03 mg/L) in 

water from the Diagonal Drain during the early period 

exceeded the SL for protection of aquatic biota. 

© CSA 

1211. Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near 

wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 

1987-90. 

Hoffman, R. J. 

Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geol. Survey, Earth Science 

Information Center, 1994. USGS Water-Resources 

Investigations Report. 

NAL Call #: GB701.W375 no.92-4024C 

Descriptors: wetlands/ wildlife habitats/ water quality/ 

irrigation effects/ public health/ contamination/ toxicity/ 

heavy metals/ agricultural hydrology/ aquatic life/ 

bioaccumulation/ water pollution effects/ USA, Nevada/ 

Stillwater Wildlife Management Area 

Abstract: This report presents a summary of the detailed 

scientific study of Stillwater Wildlife Management Area and 

other nearby wetlands in west-central Nevada during 1987-

90. The work was funded by the National Irrigation Water 

Quality Program of the U.S. Department of the Interior with 

the overall objectives of determining (1) the extent, 

magnitude, and effects of selected water-quality 

constituents associated with irrigation drainage on fish, 

wildlife, and human health, and (2) the sources and 

exposure pathways that cause contamination where 

adverse effects are documented. Much of the information in 

this report was summarized from two previously published 

interpretive reports that were completed to fulfill study 

objectives. Where applicable, data for the study area from 

other published sources also were utilized. The results of 

these studies indicate that the aquatic biota in natural 

wetlands of the Carson Desert are adversely affected by 

hydrological and geochemical sources and processes in the 

Newlands Irrigation Project area. Reactions between water 

and naturally occurring minerals in the shallow alluvial 

aquifer increase concentrations of potentially toxic 

constituents in ground water that eventually enters the 

wetlands. Once in the wetlands, these constituents are 
Outside of Assessment Regions: Effects of Conservation Practices 

365

further concentrated by evaporation and transpiration. 

Water from some agricultural drains that enter Stillwater 

WMA was acutely toxic to aquatic organisms. The drains in 

the agricultural areas, which eventually discharge to the 

wetlands, were also implicated as sites of uptake of 

selenium and mercury by aquatic organisms. 

© CSA 

1212. Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near 

wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-

90 - Part B: Effect on biota in Stillwater and Fernley 

wildlife management areas, and other nearby wetlands. 

Hallock, R. J. and Hallock, L. L. 

Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Water Resources 

Investigation Report: 92-4024B, 1993. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water pollution effects/ toxicity/ 

selenium/ dissolved solids/ water quality/ waterfowl/ water 

control/ wildlife/ irrigation/ drainage/ pollution effects/ USA, 

Nevada, Stillwater/ irrigation drainage/ pollution effects/ 

water pollution effects/ dissolved solids/ waterfowl/ 

water control 

Abstract: A water-quality reconnaissance study during 

1986-87 found high concentrations of several potentially 

toxic elements in water, bottom sediment, and biota in and 

near Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (WMA). This 

study prompted the U.S. Department of the Interior to 

initiate a more detailed study to determine the 

hydrogeochemical processes that control water quality in 

the Stillwater WMA, and other nearby wetlands, and the 

resulting effects on biota, especially migratory birds. 

Present wetland size is about 10% of historical size; the 

dissolved-solids load in the water in these now-isolated 

wetlands has increased only moderately, but the dissolvedsolids concentration has increased more than seven-fold. 

Wetland vegetation has diminished and species 

composition in flow water has shifted to predominant salttolerant species in many areas. Decreased vegetative 

cover for nesting is implicated in declining waterfowl 

production. Decreases in numbers or virtual absence of 

several wildlife species are attributed to degraded water 

quality. Results of toxicity tests indicate that water in some 

drains and wetland areas is acutely toxic to some fish and 

invertebrates. Toxicity is attributed to the combined 

presence of arsenic, boron, lithium, and molybdenum. 

Biological pathways are involved in the transport of mercury 

and selenium from agricultural drains to wetlands. Hatch 

success of both artificially incubated and field-reared duck 

eggs was greater than/= 90 percent; no teratogenesis was 

observed. Mercury in muscle tissue of waterfowl harvested 

from Carson Lake in October 1987 exceeded the human 

health criterion six-fold. 

© CSA 

1213. Detailed study of selenium and selected elements 

in water, bottom sediment, and biota associated with 

irrigation drainage in the middle Green River basin, 

Utah, 1988-90. 

Stephens, D. W.; Waddell, B.; Peltz, A.; and Miller, J. B. 

Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Water-Resources 

Investigations Report 92-4084, 1992. 164 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ bioaccumulation/ drainage water/ 

selenium/ water pollution effects/ water pollution sources/ 

ducks/ irrigation/ water birds/ waterfowl/ wildlife habitats 

Abstract: Studies completed at Stewart Lake Waterfowl 

Management Area, lower Ashley Creek, Ouray National 

Wildlife Refuge, and Pariette Wetlands, Utah identified 

several areas where selenium was adversely affecting 

water quality and creating a hazard to wildlife. The source 

of contamination at Stewart Lake is drainwater and shallow 

groundwater from soils derived from Mancos Shale. Median 

concentrations of selenium in all drainwater discharged to 

Stewart Lake exceeded the State standard of 5 microg/L 

established for wildlife protection. Selenium concentrations i 

all biological tissues sampled at Stewart Lake Waterfowl 

Management Area were large compared to concentrations 

in biota from most other sites in the middle Green River 

basin. Selenium concentrations in Ashley Creek upstream 

of the City of Vernal generally were less than 1 microg/L but 

12 miles downstream averaged 73 microg/L. The source of 

the contamination was believed to be from inflows of 

shallow groundwater and surface water originating as 

seepage from a sewage-lagoon system that flows through 

Mancos Shale and mobilizes selenium. Waterfowl from the 

area contained selenium concentrations as large as 27.2 

microg/g in muscle tissue, and an eared grebe egg 

contained 71 microg/g. Selenium contamination of ponds at 

Ouray National Wildlife Refuge was limited to a small area 

on the western part of the refuge and was apparently due to 

seepage of shallow groundwater into waterfowl ponds. 

Geometric mean concentrations of selenium in plants, 

invertebrates, bird eggs, and fish from the North and South 

Roadside Ponds were larger than concentrations known to 

cause reproductive failure in mallards. (USGS) 

© CSA 

1214. Effects of agricultural runoff on vegetation 

composition of a priority conservation wetland, 

Vermont, USA. 

Gustafson, S. and Wang, D. 

Journal of Environmental Quality 31(1): 350-357. (2002) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ agriculture/ composition/ 

conservation/ runoff/ vegetation/ watersheds/ 

subwatersheds/ environmental engineering/ water pollution/ 

conservation of natural resources/ ecosystem/ 

eutrophication/ plants 

Abstract: This study examined the effects of agricultural 

runoff on the vegetation structure of Franklin Bog, a priority 

conservation area located in a rapidly developing region of 

northwestern Vermont. Forested and agricultural runoff 

from the mixed land use watershed created differential 

vegetation patterns in the wetland, including weedy species 

introductions. Concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus 

were measured in the stream runoff from four forested 

subwatersheds and two agricultural subwatersheds. 

Nutrient concentrations were significantly higher for 

agricultural vs. forested runoff for all measured parameters. 

Nitrate and total phosphorus concentrations in agricultural 

runoff ranged from 0.62 to 1.35 mg L-1 and 0.07 to 0.37 mg 

L-1, respectively. Forested runoff values were less than 

0.37 mg L-1 nitrate and 0.09 mg L-1 total phosphorus. 

Significantly higher proportions of weedy species occurred 

at impacted vs. reference sites (46 ± 5% vs. 23 ± 4%). 

Furthermore, significantly higher total percent vegetated 

cover occurred at impacted vs. reference sites (116 ± 11% 

vs. 77 ± 9%) suggesting nutrient induced plant growth. Of 

the nine frequently occurring species categorized as bog 

species, only one was found within impacted sites while all 

nine were found at the reference sites. This suggests that 

the wetland's distinctive native flora is being replaced by 

widespread, vigorous species enhanced by agricultural 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

366

nonpoint pollution in the watershed of Franklin Bog. 

Protection of wetlands requires attention to conservation 

measures throughout the entire watershed. 

© 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 

1215. Physical, chemical, and biological data for 

detailed study of irrigation drainage in the middle 

Green River basin, Utah, 1988-89, with selected data for 

1982-87. 

Peltz, L. A. and Waddell, B. 

Denver, Colo.: U.S. Geological Survey; Open-File Report 

91-530, 1991. 213 p. 

Descriptors: wetlands/ water quality/ water pollution 

sources/ nonpoint pollution sources/ Utah/ selenium/ 

irrigation/ drainage water/ sediments/ plants/ waterfowl/ 

fish/ invertebrates/ water measurement/ data collections/ 

irrigation 

Abstract: Physical, chemical, and biological data were 

collected in the middle Green River basin, eastern Utah, 

between 1988 and 1989, as part of a detailed study of the 

effects of irrigation drainage on wetlands areas. Datacollection efforts were concentrated in the Stewart Lake 

Waterfowl Management Area near Jensen, and Ouray 

National Wildlife Refuge near Ouray. Data also were 

collected from Ashley Creek near Vernal, Pelican Lake near 

Ouray, and in Pariette Wetlands near Myton. A limited 

quantity of data collected during earlier studies (1982-87), 

funded by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, also is 

included. This report contains data needed to assess the 

effects of selenium and other potentially toxic contaminants 

on streams and wetlands. Data consist of concentrations of 

trace elements and common elements in samples of water, 

sediments, plants, waterfowl, birds, fish, and invertebrates. 

Other data presented in the report are groundwater levels, 

surface water discharges, radiochemical constituents in 

water, analyses of organochlorine compounds in biota, and 

morphometric measurements of biota. (USGS) 

© CSA 

1216. Protection of habitat for rare wetland fauna 

during timber harvesting in Massachusetts (USA). 

Kittredge, D. B. 

Natural Areas Journal 16(4): 310-317. (1996) 

Descriptors: wetlands/ conservation/ rare species/ 

environmental protection/ trees/ harvesting/ nature 

conservation/ aquatic organisms/ ecosystem disturbance/ 

environmental impact/ forestry/ environmental effects/ 

forest industry/ USA, Massachusetts/ harvesting/ forest 

industry/ trees/ forestry/ rare species/ nature conservation/ 

aquatic organisms/ ecosystem disturbance/ environmental 

impact/ environmental effects 

Abstract: The practice of harvesting timber is commonly 

thought of as conflicting with the protection of rare species 

habitat. In Massachusetts, over 5 years and more than 

3,300 harvesting operations, rare wetland faunal habitat 

was involved 5.3% of the time (175 occurrences). The 

Massachusetts Natural Heritage and Endangered Species 

Program reviewed all proposed harvesting that involved 

habitat for rare wetland species and determined that 

operations would cause "no impact" in 58.9% of the cases, 

"possible impact" in 40% of the cases, and "definite impact" 

in 1.1% of the cases. Rare fauna whose habitat was most 

frequently involved were wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), 

spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), and spring salamander 

(Gyrinophilus porphyriticus). The Natural Heritage and 

Endangered Species Program recommended mitigating 

measures such as timing of the harvest, buffers around 

water bodies, improved stream crossing techniques, and 

other practices. In most circumstances, these were 

incorporated into the forest cutting plan and were made a 

requirement of the operation. When they were not required, 

the regulating agency had determined that the 

recommendations did not apply to the specific 

circumstances on the ground. In general, habitat of rare 

wetland faunal species is not impacted by timber harvesting 

in Massachusetts, and likewise, harvesting is not seriously 

impacted by habitat protection. Regulation of harvesting, an 

atlas of rare species habitats, and good communication 

result in protection of habitat that is compatible with 

harvesting. 

© CSA 

1217. Role of wetlands and developed land use on 

dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations and 

DON/TDN in northeastern U.S. rivers and streams. 

Pellerin, B. A.; Wollheim, W. M.; Hopkinson, C. S.; 

Mcdowell, W. H.; Williams, M. R.; Voeroesmarty, C. J.; and 

Daley, M. L. 

Limnology and Oceanography 49(4): 910-918. (2004) 

NAL Call #: GC1 .L5; ISSN: 0024-3590 

Descriptors: watersheds/ resource management/ dissolved 

organic nitrogen/ drainage water/ anthropogenic factors/ 

agriculture/ man-induced effects/ rivers/ streams/ organic 

matter/ nitrogen/ human factors/ drainage/ urban areas/ 

land use/ limnology/ dissolved organic matter in river water/ 

nitrogen in watersheds/ nitrogen in wetlands/ 

USA, Massachusetts 

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that watersheds 

with significant human development (i.e., urban and 

agricultural land use) generally have higher concentrations 

and fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in 

comparison to less-developed or forested watersheds. 

However, the impact of watershed development on 

dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations in 

drainage waters has received little attention. We present 

data from 39 watersheds in Massachusetts (Ipswich River 

watershed) encompassing a gradient of developed land use 

(0%-92% urban plus agriculture) and wetland abundance 

(0%-32%) to assess controls on mean annual DON 

concentrations and DON/total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) in 

drainage waters. In addition, we compiled published data 

from 119 northeastern U.S. watersheds to evaluate 

broader-scale relationships between DON, developed land 

use, and wetlands. The percentage of developed land is a 

poor predictor of DON concentrations in the Ipswich 

watersheds (r super(2) = 0.09) and the compiled dataset (r 

super(2) = 0.27). In contrast, wetland percentage explains 

56% of the variability in DON concentrations in the Ipswich 

watersheds, and 60% when all literature data are included. 

Excluding watersheds with direct wastewater inputs to 

surface waters improves the regional relationship 

significantly (r super(2) = 0.79). The DON:TDN ratio is best 

explained by a multiple regression of wetland percentage 

and developed land use percentage for both the Ipswich 

watersheds (r super(2) = 0.73) and the compiled dataset (r 

super(2) = 0.50). Watersheds with abundant wetlands may 

therefore have high DON concentrations and DON:TDN 

ratios despite elevated anthropogenic nitrogen inputs 

associated with human development. 

© CSA 
Outside of Assessment Regions: Effects of Conservation Practices 

367

1218. The transformation of Sonoran desert wetlands 

following the historic decrease of burning. 

Davis, O. K.; Minckley, T.; Moutoux, T.; Jull, T.; and 

Kalin, B. 

Journal of Arid Environments 50(3): 393-412. (2002) 

NAL Call #: QH541.5.D4J6; ISSN: 0140-1963 

Descriptors: wetlands/ historical ecology/ fires/ sediments/ 

vegetation changes/ vegetation/ history/ deserts/ fungi/ 

plant populations/ USA, Arizona/ Mexico 

Abstract: The analysis of sediments from six wetlands 

(cienegas) in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona, U.S.A., and 

Sonora, Mexico, document a marked expansion of wetland 

taxa--particularly woody plants--about 200 years ago at the 

beginning of the historic period, following a decrease in 

charcoal percentages and increased percentages of the 

dung fungus Sporormiella. The presence of charred seeds 

and fruits of wetland plants in prehistoric sediment 

establishes burning of the cienega itself. The charcoal 

decline ca. 250 years ago precedes the first occurrence of 

the pollen exotic plants at several sites, the change of 

cienega sediment from silt to peat, and the increase of 

percentages of the decay fungus Tetraploa. We conclude 

that prior to the historic period, burning was frequent 

enough to exclude most woody plants (Celtis, 

Cephalanthus, Populus, Fraxinus, Salix) from the wetlands 

and suppress the abundance of bulrush (Scirpus). The 

cienegas were probably burned seasonally as a 

management tool to harvest animals and promote 

agriculture. Prehistoric agricultural utilization of the 

cienegas is demonstrated by the presence of corn (Zea) 

and pre-Columbian weeds. This study also records postsettlement (ca. 200 years ago) change of upland 

vegetation; i.e. an increase in the abundance of Juniperus, 

Quercus, Larrea, and Prosopis pollen. Historic fire 

suppression may have permitted the expansion of these 

non-wetland woody species. Copyright 2002 Elsevier 

Science Ltd. 

© CSA 

Wetlands as Agricultural Conservation Practices

1219. Analysis of sediment retention in western riverine 

wetlands: The Yampa River watershed, Colorado, USA. 

Arp, Christopher D. and Cooper, David J. 

Environmental Management 33(3): 318-330. (2004) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: freshwater ecology: ecology, environmental 

sciences/ hydrogeomorphic approach/ applied and field 

techniques/ wetland resource management 

Abstract: We quantified annual sediment deposition, bank 

erosion, and sediment budgets in nine riverine wetlands 

that represented a watershed continuum for 1 year in the 

unregulated Yampa River drainage basin in Colorado. One 

site was studied for 2 years to compare responses to peak 

flow variability. Annual mean sediment deposition ranged 

from 0.01 kg/m along a first-order subalpine stream to 21.8 

kg/m at a sixth-order alluvial forest. Annual mean riverbank 

erosion ranged from 3 kg/m-of-bank at the first-order site to 

1000 kg/m at the 6th-order site. Total sediment budgets 

were nearly balanced at six sites, while net export from 

bank erosion occurred at three sites. Both total sediment 

deposition (R2 = 0.86, p 0.01) and bank erosion (R2 = 0.77, 

p 0.01) were strongly related to bankfull height, and 

channel sinuosity and valley confinement helped to explain 

additional variability among sites. The texture and organic 

fraction of eroded and deposited sediment were relatively 

similar in most sites and varied among sites by watershed 

position. Our results indicate that bank erosion generally 

balances sediment deposition in riverine wetlands, and we 

found no distinct zones of sediment retention versus export 

on a watershed continuum. Zones of apparent 

disequilibrium can occur in unregulated rivers due to factors 

such as incised channels, beaver activity, and cattle 

grazing. A primary function of many western riverine 

wetlands is sediment exchange, not retention, which may 

operate by transforming materials and compounds in 

temporary sediment pools on floodplains. These results are 

considered in the context of the Hydrogeomorphic 

approach being implemented by the U.S. government for 

wetland resource management. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1220. Assessment of hydraulic restoration of San Pablo 

Marsh, California. 

Grismer, Mark E.; Kollar, J.; and Syder, J. 

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 98(1-3): 

69-92. (2004) 

NAL Call #: TD194; ISSN: 0167-6369 

Descriptors: biodiversity/ conservation/ terrestrial ecology: 

ecology, environmental sciences/ aerial survey/ applied and 

field techniques/ channel survey/ applied and field 

techniques/ ground truthing/ applied and field techniques/ 

agricultural development/ biodiversity/ drainage channel/ 

hydraulics/ inter tidal marsh/ ocean environment/ 

restoration strategy/ salt marsh hydrodynamics/ sediment 

accretion process/ terrestrial environment/ tidal circulation/ 

tidal level/ water quality 

Abstract: Inter-tidal marshes are dynamic diverse 

ecosystems at the transition zone between terrestrial and 

ocean environments. Geomorphologically, inter-tidal salt 

marshes are vegetated landforms at elevations slightly 

greater than mean tidal levels that have distributed 

channels formed under ebb (drainage) tidal flows that 

widen and deepen in the seaward direction. The drainage 

channels enable tidal flows to circulate sediments and 

nutrients through the marsh system during normal tidal 

events, while depositing sediments during storm or seismic 

events. This dynamic system encourages considerable 

biodiversity while simultaneously providing water quality 

enhancement features that service marsh terrestrial life and 

marine life in the estuary. Reservoir creation limiting 

sediment transport, anticipated large increases in sea 

levels as well as agricultural and urban development have 

resulted in significant loss of inter-tidal marshes and 

subsequent adverse impacts on waterfowl, infauna and 

fisheries. The complex and continuously changing marsh 

channel hydraulics and sedimentary processes have 

severely constrained quantitative modeling of these marsh 

systems such that restoration/creation efforts remain 

something of an empirical science and further assessments 

are needed. The purpose of this paper is to outline current 

understanding of salt marsh hydrodynamics, sediment 

accretion processes and subsequent response of marsh 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

368

vegetation to set the stage for assessment of a marsh 

restoration effort along San Pablo Bay near San Francisco, 

California. Several kilometers of drainage channels were 

constructed in a 624 ha disturbed salt marsh to restore tidal 

circulation and vegetation so as to enhance habitat for 

threatened species (e.g. clapper rail, harvest mouse, delta 

smelt and potentially anadromous fish species). Two 

distinct drainage channel systems ('east' and 'west') were 

installed having similar channel dimensions common to salt 

marshes in the region, but having design bankfull tidal 

prism volumes differing by a factor of two. Following 

channel excavation, main channel tidal flows and sediment 

loads as well as marsh sediment accretion rates were 

monitored to assess the relative success of the excavation 

in restoring tidal circulation and vegetation (Salicornia spp.) 

to the marsh. Annual aerial surveys corroborated with 

ground-truthing indicated that marsh vegetation rapidly 

expanded, from 40 to 85% coverage several years 

following excavation. The 'east' channel intake was nearly 

completely silted in within three years. However, channel 

surveys and flow measurements indicated that the 'east' 

channel system tidal prism was only about 1200 m3, more 

than an order of magnitude less than that of the stable 

'west' channel system. Marsh sediment accretion rates 

were on the order of 7-8 mm yr-1, a rate common to the 

Pacific coast region that exceeds estimated sea level rise 

rates of apprx2 mm yr-1. East channel network siltation 

resulted in storm and spring tidal flood ponding such that 

marsh vegetation coverage decreased to 51% of the marsh 

area and related habitat expansion decreased. These 

results are considered in terms of the primary inter-tidal 

marsh factors affecting possible restoration/creation 

strategies. 

© The Thomson Corporation 

1221. Bird use of restoration and reference marshes 

within the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, 

Stonington, Connecticut, USA. 

Brawley, A. H.; Warren, R. S.; and Askins, R. A. 

Environmental Management 22(4): 625-633. (1998) 

NAL Call #: HC79.E5E5; ISSN: 0364-152X 

Descriptors: ecosystem management/ environment 

management/ salt marshes/ impoundments/ species 

diversity/ population density/ aquatic birds/ USA, 

Connecticut/ tidal marshes/ birds/ habitats/ estuaries/ 

vegetation/ artificial wetlands/ environmental restoration/ 

habitat utilization/ Aves/ USA, Connecticut, Stonington, 

Barn Island Wildlife Management Area/ restoration/ birds/ 

habitat community studies/ mechanical and natural 

changes/ estuaries/ reclamation 

Abstract: Tidal marshes have been actively restored in 

Connecticut for nearly 20 years, but evaluations of these 

projects are typically based solely on observations of 

vegetation change. A formerly impounded valley marsh at 

the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area is a notable 

exception; previous research at this site has also included 

assessments of primary productivity, macroinvertebrates, 

and use by fishes. To determine the effects of marsh 

restoration on higher trophic levels, we monitored bird use 

at five sites within the Barn Island complex, including both 

restoration and reference marshes. Use by summer bird 

populations within fixed plots was monitored over two years 

at all sites. Our principal focus was Impoundment One, a 

previously impounded valley marsh reopened to full tidal 

exchange in 1982. This restoration site supported a greater 

abundance of wetland birds than our other sites, indicating 

that it is at least equivalent to reference marshes within the 

same system for this ecological function. Moreover, the 

species richness of birds and their frequency of occurrence 

at Impoundment One was greater than at 11 other 

estuarine marshes in southeastern Connecticut surveyed in 

a related investigation. A second marsh, under restoration 

for approximately ten years, appears to be developing in a 

similar fashion. These results complement previous studies 

on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish use in this 

system to show that, over time, the reintroduction of tidal 

flooding can effectively restore important ecological 

functions to previously impounded tidal marshes. 

© CSA 

1222. Fish assemblage composition in constructed and 

natural tidal marshes of San Diego Bay: Relative 

influence of channel morphology and restoration 

history. 

Williams, G. D. and Zedler, J. B. 

Estuaries 22(3A): 702-716. (Sept. 1999) 

NAL Call #: GC96.E79; ISSN: 0160-8347 

Descriptors: wetlands/ tides/ environmental restoration/ 

habitat utilization/ USA, California/ USA, California, San 

Diego Bay/ tidal marshes/ morphology/ rehabilitation/ 

channel morphology/ species composition/ aquatic habitats/ 

population density/ killifish/ multivariate analysis/ 

monitoring/ biological sampling/ physical properties/ 

environment management/ river engineering/ ecosystem 

disturbance/ environmental impact/ community 

composition/ fluvial morphology/ environmental factors/ 

Pisces/ Fundulus parvipinnis/ California killifish/ 

reclamation/ water quality control/ mechanical and natural 

changes/ multi-disciplinary studies/ environmental effects/ 

erosion and sedimentation 

Abstract: This study evaluated the use by fish of restored 

tidal wetlands and identified links between fish species 

composition and habitat characteristics. We compared the 

attributes of natural and constructed channel habitats in 

Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife Refuge, San Diego 

Bay, California, by using fish monitoring data to explore the 

relationships between channel environmental 

characteristics and fish species composition. Fishes were 

sampled annually for 8 yr (1989-1996) at eight sampling 

sites, four in constructed marshes and four in natural 

marshes, using beach seines and blocking nets. We also 

measured channel habitat characteristics, including channel 

hydrology (stream order), width and maximum depth, bank 

slope, water quality (DO, temperature, salinity), and 

sediment composition. Fish colonization was rapid in 

constructed channels, and there was no obvious 

relationship between channel age and species richness or 

density. Total richness and total density did not differ 

significantly between constructed and natural channels, 

although California killifish (Fundulus parvipinnis) were 

found in significantly higher densities in constructed 

channels. Multivariate analyses showed fish assemblage 

composition was related to channel habitat characteristics, 

suggesting a channel's physical properties were more 

important in determining fish use than its restoration status. 

This relationship highlights the importance of designing 

restoration projects with natural hydrologic features and 

choosing proper assessment criteria in order to avoid 

misleading interpretations of constructed channel success. 

We recommend that future projects be designed to mimic 
Outside of Assessment Regions: Wetlands as Conservation Practices 

369

natural marsh hydrogeomorphology and diversity more 

closely, the assessment process utilize better estimates of 

fish habitat function (e.g., individual and community-based 

species trends, residence time, feeding, growth) and 

reference site choice, and experimental research be further 

incorporated into the restoration process. 

© CSA 

1223. Hydrologic restoration of a fen in Rocky 

Mountain National Park, Colorado, USA. 

Cooper, D. J.; MacDonald, L. H.; Wenger, S. K.; and 

Woods, S. W. 

Wetlands 18(3): 335-345. (Sept. 1998) 

NAL Call #: QH75.A1W47; ISSN: 0277-5212 

Descriptors: wetlands/ marshes/ hydrology/ environment 

management/ soil mechanics/ ground water/ water levels/ 

rainfall/ USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain National Park, Big 

meadows/ rehabilitation/ fens/ national parks/ water table 

fluctuations/ anaerobic conditions/ precipitation/ mountains/ 

hydrological regime/ ditches/ laminar flow/ environmental 

restoration/ USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain National Park/ 

USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain Natl. Park, Big meadows/ 

ditch blocking/ conservation, wildlife management and 

recreation/ environmental action 

Abstract: Big Meadows, a 63-ha fen in Rocky Mountain 

National Park (RMNP), was ditched for agricultural 

purposes in the early part of this century. Although use of 

the ditch ceased after the establishment of RMNP in 1915, 

it continued to intercept sheet flows in the central and 

southern portions of the fen, causing the ground-water level 

to decrease and aerobic soil conditions to develop in the 

mid- to late-summer of most years. In 1990, the ditch was 

blocked in an attempt to restore the hydrologic regime in 

the central and southern portions of the fen. Water-level 

data from three years prior to restoration and four years 

after restoration show that blocking the ditch successfully 

restored surface sheet flow, high late-summer water-table 

levels, and anaerobic soil conditions in much of the central 

and southern portions of the fen. Conditions in these areas 

are now similar to those in the northern portion of the fen. 

The long-term data from this site also indicate that summer 

rainfall has a greater influence on the magnitude of latesummer drying than the size of the winter snowpack. In a 

post-restoration year with extremely low rainfall in July and 

August, water levels throughout the fen decreased to levels 

similar to those observed throughout most of the prerestoration period. The study suggests that this and other 

fens in the southern Rocky Mountains are extremely 

sensitive to summer precipitation and the hydrologic 

changes created by even small ditches or water diversions. 

© CSA 

1224. Rapid salinity mapping by electromagnetic 

induction for determining riparian restoration potential. 

Sheets, K. R.; Taylor, J. P.; and Hendrickx, J. M. H. 

Restoration Ecology 2(4): 242-246. (1994) 

NAL Call #: QH541.15.R45R515; ISSN: 1061-2971 

Descriptors: wetlands/ mapping/ riparian environments/ 

environmental restoration/ flood plains/ ecosystem 

management/ nature conservation/ sediments/ 

conservation/ electromagnetic radiation/ sampling/ salinity/ 

soils/ sediment properties/ riparian waters/ saline soils/ 

environmental restoration/ salinity/ soils/ sediment 

properties/ riparian waters/ saline soils/ soil sampling/ 

riparian environments/ ecosystem management/ nature 

conservation/ electromagnetic radiation/ sampling/ 

reclamation/ methods and instruments/ protective 

measures and control/ evaluation, processing and 

publication/ freshwater pollution/ freshwater 

Abstract: The feasibility of measuring soil salinity with 

electromagnetic induction (EM) for determining riparian 

restoration potential was investigated on a 28-hectare plot 

at the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge in 

central New Mexico. The plot was cleared of exotic Tamarix 

chinensis (saltcedar), surveyed and gridded into 1370.2 

hectare sections. Soil samples and EM measurements 

were taken at each section. We compared laboratorydetermined EC sub(e) values from the soil samples with EC 

sub(a) values calculated from the EM measurements using 

a model developed by Rhoades et al. (1990). Direct 

comparison of EC sub(e) values determined from the two 

methods yields a low correlation due to sample-size 

differences but the calculated EC sub(a) was able to 

accurately predict whether the measured EC sub(e) would 

lie above or below some threshold value. An assessment of 

general site suitability for riparian restoration with 

electromagnetic induction has proven to be a rapid, 

accurate, and cost-effective alternative to intensive soil 

sampling. 

© CSA 

1225. Seasonal performance of a wetland constructed 

to process dairy milkhouse wastewater in Connecticut. 

Newman, J. M.; Clausen, J. C.; and Neafsey, J. A. 

Ecological Engineering 14(1-2): 181-198. (Jan. 2000) 

NAL Call #: TD1.E26; ISSN: 0925-8574. 

Notes: Special Issue: Nitrogen & phosphorus retention in 

wetlands 

Descriptors: agricultural pollution/ wastewater treatment/ 

pollution control/ USA, Connecticut/ artificial wetlands/ 

construction/ dairy wastes/ nonpoint pollution sources/ 

water pollution/ biochemical oxygen demand/ seasonal 

variations/ dairies/ fecal coliforms/ nutrients/ denitrification/ 

building and construction/ dairy industry waste waters/ 

pollution (nonpoint sources)/ pollution (water)/ oxygen 

demand (biochemical)/ seasonal variations/ dairy milkhouse 

wastewaters/ performance assessment/ characteristics, 

behavior and fate/ wastewater treatment processes/ 

sewage & wastewater treatment/ water treatment 

Abstract: Constructed wetlands are gaining increased 

attention for treatment of nonpoint sources of water 

pollution. Although constructed wetlands have been utilized 

for wastewater treatment in warm climates, their 

performance in cold climates has been questioned. A 

surface-flow wetland, designed to treat 2.65 m super(3) d 

super(-1) of milkhouse wastewater, was constructed on the 

University of Connecticut's Storrs campus in 1994. The 

purpose of the project was to determine the efficiency of the 

system in reducing nitrogen, phosphorus, five-day 

biochemical oxygen demand (BOD sub(5)), total 

suspended solids (TSS), and fecal coliform bacteria (FC). 

The wetland was designed to process an estimated BOD 

sub(5) loading rate of 7.3 g m super(-2) d super(-1), which 

was less than half of the average actual loading rate. The 

overall percentage of mass retention was 94, 85, 68, 60 

and 53% for TSS, BOD sub(5), total phosphorus, nitratenitrite and total Kjeldahl-nitrogen, respectively. Although the 

wetland became a net source of ammonia nitrogen (NH 

sub(3)-N) following plant die back in fall 1994, NH sub(3)-N 

outflow concentrations have gradually declined over time. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

370

Mass retention was significantly greater (P < 0.05) during 

the summer than during the winter for all variables except 

FC. Denitrification rates measured using the acetylene 

block method have shown denitrification to be a minor 

removal mechanism (<1%) for nitrogen in this wetland. The 

mass balance indicated that settling and increased storage 

was the largest removal mechanism. The treatment of 

wastewater in this wetland did not meet design outflow 

concentration criteria, most likely due to BOD sub(5) 

overloading. 

© CSA 
371

Subject Index 

1,2,3,4,5,6 hexachlorocyclohexane 

286 

15N 342 

2,4-D 714 

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 

193 

abandoned land 320 

abiotic factors 194, 445, 483, 799 

absorption 352, 567 

abundance 97, 133, 171, 191, 445, 

696, 875, 911, 1069, 1094, 1120 

abundance and impact on habitat 

674 

abundance patterns 1146 

acclimation 677 

accretion 64, 652, 933 

accumulation 74, 254, 337, 347, 

472, 535, 580, 637, 740, 841, 933 

accumulative water demand 101 

Acer rubrum 387, 421, 647, 760 

acid mine drainage 383, 405, 621 

acid rain 178 

acid soils 352 

acid streams 209 

acidic soils 79, 799 

acidification 178, 382 

acidity 250, 409 

Acorus calamus 405 

Acrocephalus arundinaceus 183 

Acrocephalus melanopogon 183 

Acrocephalus scirpaceus 183 

active delta zone 936 

activity budget 865 

activity patterns 863, 905 

adjacent land use 526 

administracion 1100 

adsorption 351, 352, 1045 

advanced treatment 841 

advanced wastewater treatment 

661, 841 

advection 885 

adverse effects 1051 

Aedes 671 

aeration 373, 464, 469 

aerial photographs 514, 663 

aerial photography 514, 807, 894, 

909 

aerial photography: applied and 

field techniques 515 

aerial survey 1220 

aerobic conditions 249, 775 

aerobic treatment 340 

aerobic zones 1193 

aesthetic value 146 

aesthetics improvement potential 

1179 

afforestation 912, 949, 957, 966, 

1188 

age composition 387 

age determination 580 

age of trees 421 

Agkistrodon piscivorus 694 

agrichemical 457 

agrichemical effects 1039 

agrichemicals 463 

agrichemicals in prairie wetlands 

potential effects and management 

1039 

agricultural activity 1039 

agricultural areas 569 

agricultural best management 

practices 665 

agricultural chemicals 160, 165, 

172, 266, 784, 824, 845, 1040, 1065, 

1170 

agricultural conservation program 

1030 

agricultural conservation---United 

States 1 

agricultural conversion 101 

agricultural crops 218 

agricultural cultivation 891 

agricultural cultivation effects 891 

agricultural development 170, 179, 

188, 256, 1030, 1220 

agricultural disturbance 698, 759 

agricultural drain 379 

agricultural drainage 14, 276, 366, 

846 

agricultural drainage water 475, 

1089 

agricultural drainwater bypass 

445 

agricultural drainwater: 

remediation, trace element 

contaminated 478 

agricultural ecosystems 2, 309, 

531, 667, 845, 1007 

agricultural effects on surface 

waters 254, 1067 

agricultural engineering 294 

agricultural environment 1095 

agricultural field runoff control by 

drop pipe installation 860 

agricultural fragmentation of forest 

and wetland 528 

agricultural habitat 1095 

agricultural habitat usage 1095 

agricultural hydrology 1211 

agricultural impacts 1052 

agricultural inputs 174 

agricultural land 186, 304, 328, 

455, 499, 516, 520, 572, 725, 820, 

823, 844, 965, 1030, 1032, 1077, 

1095 

agricultural land conservation 

buffer interactions 1179 

agricultural landscape 116, 773 

agricultural landscape 

management---United States 5 

agricultural landscape structure 

896 

agricultural landscapes 8, 1179, 

1191 

agricultural management 462 

agricultural management influence 

194 

agricultural non point source 

pollution 289 

agricultural nonpoint source 

pollution 1179 

agricultural nonpoint source 

pollution reduction potential 1179 

agricultural policy 323 

agricultural pollution 160, 175, 

178, 195, 224, 254, 266, 301, 308, 

311, 317, 324, 327, 337, 359, 360, 

367, 373, 425, 453, 473, 544, 555, 

567, 569, 596, 665, 666, 718, 727, 

733, 753, 790, 797, 816, 828, 830, 

835, 854, 899, 995, 1006, 1040, 

1045, 1067, 1099, 1132, 1210, 1225 

agricultural pollution---handbooks, 

manuals, etc 1190 

agricultural pollution High Plains 

(U.S.) 895 

agricultural ponds 538 

agricultural population recruitment 

and management 1095 

agricultural practice 213 

agricultural practices 7, 158, 166, 

172, 191, 195, 206, 208, 275, 285, 

323, 332, 536, 666, 718, 733, 815, 

857, 1049, 1062, 1063, 1067, 1072, 

1156 

agricultural practices effect on 

benthon 194 

agricultural production 570 

agricultural runoff 61, 158, 160, 

165, 176, 224, 245, 247, 254, 291, 

301, 307, 318, 324, 327, 330, 332, 

337, 341, 343, 347, 354, 359, 360, 

367, 372, 373, 376, 378, 425, 450, 

452, 460, 472, 473, 476, 540, 541, 

542, 544, 549, 552, 555, 562, 567, 

571, 590, 596, 665, 666, 681, 691, 

697, 718, 720, 727, 728, 740, 753, 

784, 790, 808, 809, 814, 816, 817, 

824, 828, 830, 832, 836, 841, 844, 

854, 857, 861, 939, 940, 959, 990, 

999, 1038, 1040, 1045, 1049, 1053, 

1067, 1078, 1106, 1159, 1166, 1176, 

1177, 1186, 1195, 1210 

agricultural runoff effects on 

wetland community 736 

agricultural soils 462 

agricultural wastes 290, 304, 305, 

347, 348, 351, 373, 424, 1176 

agricultural wastewater 1115 

agricultural wastewater treatment 

1193 

agricultural wastewaters 346 

agricultural watersheds 522, 569, 

803, 1078, 1179 

agricultural wetlands 461, 1192 

agricultural wetlands conservation 

goals 461 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

372

agricultural wetlands conservation 

value and management 461 

agricultural wetlands management 

for conservation 461 

agriculturally fragmented forest 

and wetland 528 

agriculturally fragmented forest 

and wetland habitat ecology 528 

agriculturally fragmented forest 

and wetland habitats 528 

agriculturally fragmented forest 

ecology 528 

agriculturally fragmented wetland 

ecology 528 

agriculture 2, 14, 25, 40, 50, 67, 77, 

103, 122, 158, 159, 166, 169, 171, 

175, 179, 189, 190, 191, 201, 205, 

208, 213, 221, 225, 226, 228, 237, 

238, 244, 249, 254, 256, 270, 275, 

277, 291, 315, 316, 322, 323, 328, 

332, 338, 340, 352, 356, 360, 364, 

373, 376, 420, 424, 437, 444, 447, 

449, 455, 460, 464, 470, 515, 518, 

523, 524, 531, 538, 539, 554, 560, 

569, 572, 579, 589, 617, 626, 663, 

665, 666, 667, 676, 696, 711, 725, 

738, 756, 764, 790, 796, 797, 811, 

835, 845, 879, 893, 899, 907, 908, 

941, 945, 959, 962, 978, 983, 993, 

995, 1000, 1006, 1007, 1032, 1033, 

1040, 1048, 1049, 1062, 1067, 1072, 

1074, 1076, 1077, 1096, 1106, 1140, 

1156, 1159, 1167, 1168, 1176, 1177, 

1179, 1214, 1217 

agriculture field runoff control by 

drop pipe installation 860 

agro-forestry 943 

agrochemicals 172, 266, 317, 330, 

824, 1040, 1045 

agrochemicals [analysis] 235 

agronomic benefit 938 

agronomy: agriculture 14, 32, 101, 

239, 300, 319, 338 

Aiken 690 

air drying 478 

air-earth interfaces 426, 525 

air pollution 426, 829, 946, 1011 

air pollution: monitoring, control & 

remediation 829 

air quality 340 

air temperature 204, 622, 632, 811, 

1171 

airports 1006 

akaike information criterion 1181 

Alabama 668, 670, 734, 1184 

alachlor 571 

Alaska 124 

Alberta 143, 243, 1035 

alder 987 

algae 38, 97, 330, 363, 472, 567, 

580, 697, 1044, 1065 

algae (diatoms) 1085 

algae---United States 134 

algal blooms 378, 752, 961 

algal colonization 37 

algal growth 366 

alien plant domination 504 

alkaline soils 352 

alkaline wetland 1109 

alkalinity 111, 215, 730 

allocation 637 

alluvial fans 952 

alluvial soils 268 

alluvial valley forests 931 

alluvium 743 

Alnus incana 382 

altered upper watershed 101 

alternation learning 387 

alternative planning 129, 1107 

Althaea officinalis 884 

altitude 756 

aluminium 146, 352 

aluminium compounds 854 

aluminum irrigation pipe corer 335 

Ambystoma californiense 443 

Ambystoma jeffersonianum 1181 

Ambystoma maculatum 222, 407, 

408, 1181 

Ambystoma texanum 222 

Ambystoma tigrinum 538, 1181 

Ambystoma tigrinum mavortium 

897 

Ameiurus nebulosus 735 

amelioration of forest sites 745 

amendments 234 

America 1042 

American beaver 390 

American black bear 696 

American black duck 133 

American toad 222 

amino acids 1164 

ammonia 291, 340, 342, 350, 371, 

413, 426, 766, 781, 793, 819, 832, 

834, 853, 1063, 1099 

ammonia exchange, air-soil 426 

ammonia oxidisers 290 

ammonia: pollutant 44 

ammonium 86, 322, 345, 382, 464, 

745, 836, 920 

ammonium compounds 426, 464, 

836, 961 

ammonium nitrogen 371, 793, 822 

Amphibia 3, 171, 222, 421, 518, 

528, 531, 579, 668, 693, 737, 750, 

812, 818, 891, 1043, 1181 

Amphibia: forestry 668 

amphibian 659 

amphibian assemblage 896 

amphibians 407, 408, 492, 518, 

531, 579, 668, 693, 750, 1043, 1142 

amphibians---United States 135 

amphibiotic species 7, 408, 443, 

772, 897 

anaerobes 147 

anaerobic 396 

anaerobic conditions 775, 1223 

anaerobic degradation process: 

carbon flow, electron flow 300 

anaerobic lagoons 786 

anaerobic treatment 340 

anaerobic zones 1193 

anaerobically 249 

analysis 51, 488 

analysis of variance, mathematical 

and computer techniques 730 

analytical method 283, 286, 335, 

562, 778 

analytical methods 544, 1177 

analytical techniques 164, 780 

Anas 226, 1014, 1060 

Anas acuta 455 

Anas acuta (Anatidae): farming and 

agriculture 229 

Anas clypeata 863 

Anas crecca carolinensis 133 

Anas fulvigula maculosa 725 

Anas platyrhynchos 981, 1016, 

1036, 1189 

Anas platyrhynchos (Anatidae) 

1095 

Anas rubripes 133 

Anas strepera 981 

Anatidae 229, 823, 935, 1034, 

1058, 1068 

angiosperms 146, 583 

angleworms 716, 1069 

animal (Animalia u nspecified) 422 

animal behaviour 467, 620 

animal communities 185 

animal constructions 674, 1041 

animal ecology 368 

animal feeds 882 

animal health 902 

animal husbandry 762 

animal manures 224, 278, 425, 822 

animal marsh vs. forest 

replacement 1117 

animal nutrition 882 

animal physiology 408, 694 

animal populations 694 

animal production 255 

animal tissues 735 

animal waste---management 293, 

295 

animal wastes 224, 373, 424, 425, 

555, 733, 766, 775, 781, 786 

Animalia 242, 263, 1081 

Animalia (Animalia unspecified) 

422 

animals 3, 127, 422, 583, 1172 

animals and man 162, 194, 229, 

264, 668, 690, 693, 744, 750, 942, 

1041 

animals (invertebrates) 263 

Anisus vorticulus 233 

annelids 875 

annual cover crop value 1104 

annual differences 730 

annual floods 789 

annual production 953 

annual variations 509 

ANOVA 730 

anoxic conditions 75 

Anser 186 

Anser caerulescens 978 

Anser caerulescens caerulescens 

667, 823 

Anseriformes 191, 229 
Subject Index 

373

anthropogenic activities 82 

anthropogenic disturbance 614 

anthropogenic factors 16, 67, 164, 

460, 517, 617, 752, 811, 826, 978, 

997, 1094, 1217 

anthropogenic habitat 465 

anthropogenic impacts 77 

Anura 7, 205, 407, 408, 772 

application rate 259, 714, 1171 

application rates 234 

applied and field techniques 8, 

300, 431, 475, 661, 730, 776, 782, 

808, 1179, 1197, 1207, 1219, 1220 

applied and field techniques: drift 

fence array 776 

applied and field techniques: frog 

cell 776 

applied and field techniques: 

funnel trapping 776 

applied and field techniques: pitfall 

trapping 776 

aquaculture 57, 162, 279, 297, 313, 

325, 334, 345, 358, 363, 377, 777, 

785, 1060 

aquaculture, aquariology and water 

use 88 

aquaculture development 57 

aquaculture economics 350, 777 

aquaculture effluents 61, 279, 297, 

334, 345, 350, 353, 358, 363, 370, 

374, 375, 377, 785, 795, 851, 853, 

1002 

aquaculture engineering 783 

aquaculture enterprises 851 

aquaculture facilities 375 

aquaculture: general 377, 645 

aquaculture regulations 851 

aquaculture self depurating system 

313 

aquaculture systems 198, 358 

aquaculture techniques 325, 358, 

851, 1034 

aquaculture wastewater: recycling, 

treatment 313 

aquatic 973 

aquatic animals 185, 958, 1032, 

1091 

aquatic birds 2, 88, 117, 133, 166, 

254, 321, 365, 432, 434, 442, 455, 

667, 725, 772, 863, 882, 905, 907, 

965, 978, 981, 1007, 1014, 1025, 

1028, 1034, 1036, 1068, 1080, 1091, 

1093, 1156, 1180, 1221 

aquatic communities 314, 368, 

1062, 1064, 1077, 1084 

aquatic ecosystem 32 

aquatic ecosystems 104, 246, 546 

aquatic entomology 263, 317, 546, 

672, 1032, 1133 

aquatic environment 36, 104, 360, 

579, 603, 826, 974 

aquatic environments 104, 225 

aquatic habitat 615 

aquatic habitats 115, 432, 557, 

623, 638, 908, 921, 996, 1077, 1222 

aquatic insects 39, 317, 457, 546, 

672, 711, 872, 888, 1064, 1069, 

1077, 1094, 1133 

aquatic invertebrates 3, 242, 243, 

767, 991, 1051, 1142 

aquatic invertebrates---

environmental aspects---United 

States 29 

aquatic life 246, 662, 1211 

aquatic macrophytes 38, 297, 374, 

841 

aquatic macrophytes (Characeae) 

447 

aquatic macrophytes 

(Potamogetonaceae) 473 

aquatic macrophytes (Ruppiaceae) 

473 

aquatic macrophytes (Typhaceae) 

303 

aquatic mammals 390, 772 

aquatic organisms 159, 254, 473, 

716, 735, 864, 939, 991, 1210, 1216 

aquatic plant culture 198 

aquatic plants 38, 47, 85, 99, 146, 

165, 179, 193, 233, 248, 270, 278, 

297, 303, 327, 330, 341, 349, 363, 

367, 374, 375, 380, 390, 413, 446, 

472, 473, 497, 542, 567, 576, 621, 

629, 657, 691, 711, 716, 731, 784, 

799, 816, 826, 828, 834, 841, 842, 

845, 849, 867, 874, 884, 918, 921, 

996, 1009, 1044, 1069, 1082, 1084, 

1091, 1102, 1139, 1167, 1169, 1199 

aquatic populations 254, 390, 485 

aquatic reptiles 7, 694, 772 

aquatic sciences 603 

aquatic vegetation 862 

aquatic vegetation cover 765, 

1112 

aquatic vegetation effects 765 

aquatic weeds 629, 991 

aquifer interactions: interdunal 

wetland disappearance influence 

1207 

aquifers 110, 249, 274, 877 

arable land 764, 1064, 1075 

arachnids 225 

Aransas National Wildlife Refuge 

770 

archeology 67 

Arctodiaptomus salinus 159 

area 516, 1068 

Argentina 246, 248 

Argentina, Pampa 248 

arid environments 906, 995, 1176, 

1210 

arid lands 201, 1183 

Arizona 1166 

Arkansass 1117 

aromatic hydrocarbons 430 

arsenic 214, 460, 694, 939 

arthropod distribution 183 

arthropods 251, 583, 942 

artificial freshwater habitat 1192 

artificial lakes 347 

artificial regeneration 957 

artificial regeneration: applied and 

field techniques 966 

artificial salt marsh island 770 

artificial substrata 965 

artificial wetlands 27, 47, 57, 122, 

123, 145, 146, 163, 277, 284, 290, 

292, 298, 303, 307, 315, 316, 317, 

318, 329, 330, 332, 337, 340, 345, 

346, 347, 350, 352, 353, 358, 359, 

362, 363, 372, 374, 375, 376, 378, 

381, 413, 425, 429, 430, 460, 464, 

469, 472, 476, 486, 508, 541, 543, 

555, 567, 568, 569, 570, 571, 582, 

592, 594, 596, 766, 775, 777, 781, 

784, 786, 788, 793, 810, 824, 826, 

828, 834, 840, 841, 844, 856, 857, 

996, 999, 1002, 1006, 1115, 1116, 

1129, 1136, 1141, 1153, 1182, 1183, 

1184, 1194, 1221, 1225 

Asia 200, 231 

Asio flammeus 981 

aspen 262 

assessment 3 

assessment method 1128 

assessment method: species 

composition 537 

assessment method: wetland 

biomonitoring 537 

assessments 72, 626, 718, 1103 

Aster brachyactis 884 

Atchafalaya River Watershed (La.) 

955 

Atlantic Ocean 162 

Atlantic white cedar swamp 170 

Atlantic white cedar wetlands 

1137 

ATLSS 627 

atmosphere 75, 509 

atmospheric chemistry 75, 426, 

509 

atmospheric conditions 509 

atmospheric gases 75, 426, 509 

atmospheric methane source 924 

atmospheric precipitations 551, 

906 

atomic absorption spectroscopy 

1177 

atrazine 172, 249, 266, 282, 330, 

343, 516, 519, 527, 540, 571, 714, 

784, 1106 

attitudes 163 

aurelia 317 

Australasia 242 

Australia 125, 225, 242 

Australia, Murrumbidgee R. 205 

Australia, New South Wales, 

Murray R. 263 

Australia, Upper South East 174 

Australia, Victoria 318 

autecology 482 

available funding 1179 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

374

Aves 2, 117, 121, 138, 143, 166, 

199, 224, 229, 248, 442, 673, 690, 

744, 769, 774, 905, 911, 926, 947, 

965, 978, 981, 1025, 1041, 1080, 

1081, 1092, 1093, 1146, 1156, 1180, 

1204, 1221 

Aves: farming and agriculture 

1041 

Aves: forestry 690, 744, 942 

Aves: habitat management 947 

avian community 481 

avian density 943 

avifauna 943 

Aythya americana 981 

Bacillariophyceae 580, 1085 

Bacillus spp. 290 

backmarsh elevation 680 

backswimmers 888 

bacteria 26, 31, 87, 97, 164, 277, 

282, 284, 321, 362, 469, 681, 752, 

790, 857, 1120 

bacteria (faecal) 321 

bacterial contamination 204 

bacterial physiology 540 

baldcypress 598, 821, 838 

baldcypress swamp 967 

banks 1094 

barn 781 

barn wastewater 298, 346, 766, 

786 

Barnwell and Allendale counties 

690 

Barnwell County 812 

barred tiger salamander 897 

barrier beaches 514 

barrier island 659 

barriers 551 

basal areas 932 

base flow 89, 110, 237 

baseline studies 961 

basic approaches, concepts, and 

theory 104 

Basidiomycetes (Fungi 

Unspecified) 409 

basin mangrove forest 660 

basins 122, 164, 911, 940 

bay lands 741 

bayous streams 1108 

bayous streams functional ecology 

1108 

bays 638, 663, 1139 

beaver dams 390 

beavers 390 

beetles 225 

behavior 218, 465, 758, 776, 863, 

949, 1079 

behavior and fate characteristics 

93 

behaviour 166, 233, 442, 690 

benefit cost analysis 1179 

benefits 285, 359, 933, 1096 

benthic community 680 

benthic fauna 390, 432, 485 

benthic infauna distribution 601 

benthon dynamics in wetland rice 

field 194 

benthos 233, 623 

best management practices 230, 

337, 418, 425, 564, 665, 666, 670, 

707 

beta diversity index 600 

beta isomer 286 

Betula lenta 421 

bibliographies 49, 195 

bibliography 635 

bid rent models 77 

bioaccumulation 74, 337, 367, 444, 

453, 457, 460, 472, 473, 567, 568, 

694, 735, 824, 939, 944, 1211, 1213 

bioassay 165, 317, 381, 857 

bioassay method: sediment sample 

analysis 283 

bioassays 164, 317, 857 

bioavailability 17, 128, 214, 352 

biobusiness 831 

biochemical composition 327 

biochemical cycles 653 

biochemical oxygen demand 27, 

132, 315, 322, 329, 350, 373, 413, 

424, 425, 822, 1009, 1193, 1225 

biochemistry and molecular 

biophysics 131, 286, 289, 310, 521, 

831, 963 

biodegradation 84, 87, 164, 172, 

282, 330, 340, 343, 363, 381, 383, 

462, 540, 677, 731, 790, 824, 830, 

1002, 1099 

biodiversity 3, 7, 8, 32, 38, 92, 101, 

103, 122, 125, 127, 149, 164, 170, 

195, 206, 225, 228, 242, 248, 368, 

379, 421, 422, 446, 481, 504, 612, 

629, 663, 667, 772, 864, 915, 946, 

960, 982, 1010, 1145, 1157, 1187, 

1197, 1220 

biodiversity and conservation 

importance of playa wetlands 873 

biodiversity restoration 206 

bioenergetics 882, 1164 

bioenergetics: biochemistry and 

molecular biophysics 637 

biofilms 87 

biofilters 362, 367, 377, 542 

biofiltration 362, 542, 1171 

biogeochemical cycle 24, 74, 75, 

93, 144, 324, 567, 602, 1049 

biogeochemical cycles 462, 529, 

699 

biogeochemical processes 140 

biogeochemistry 24, 26, 74, 79, 84, 

93, 144, 352, 383, 426, 613, 652, 

653, 681, 703, 712, 816, 829, 1049 

biogeography 225, 864, 1158 

biogeography: population studies 

170, 244, 379, 463, 481, 896 

bioindicators 164, 243, 545, 711, 

738, 1155 

biological activity in soil 147, 714 

biological age 10 

biological assessment 698 

biological control 368 

biological diversity 38, 83, 251, 

254, 275, 524, 579, 667, 879, 946 

biological diversity conservation---

United States 68, 1012 

biological diversity support 154 

biological indicators 3, 1064 

biological integrity 608 

biological invasion 170 

biological oxygen demand 315 

biological pollutants 752, 790 

biological production 53, 58, 182, 

384, 1199 

biological resources 1188 

biological sampling 651, 810, 827, 

1222 

biological settlement 554 

biological stress 222 

biological surveys 386, 410, 411, 

907, 978, 1091 

biological treatment 123, 198, 278, 

340, 373, 427, 822 

biological wastewater treatment 

346, 374, 1115 

biology and ecology 1188 

biomagnification 1172 

biomass 10, 38, 57, 85, 183, 194, 

348, 382, 487, 502, 567, 580, 624, 

637, 714, 716, 773, 827, 829, 870, 

875, 882, 921, 1088, 1120, 1144, 

1199 

biomass: aboveground, 

belowground 680 

biomass and biodiversity 755 

biomass and food web 870 

biomass and food web in shallow 

saline lakes 870 

biomass incorporation 244 

biometeorology and bioclimatology 

509 

biomonitoring 1117 

bioprocess engineering 82, 289, 

478, 808, 1193 

bioreactors 198 

bioremediation 95, 380, 469, 472, 

475, 567, 677, 782, 834, 837 

biosphere-atmosphere interaction 

509 

biosphere reserves 248 

biota 92, 254, 691, 716, 989, 1210 

biota shifts: land use response 

537 

biotechnology 290, 322 

biotic factors 372, 546, 711, 1077 

biotop 696 

bioturbation 52 

bird 659 

bird (Aves) 1081 

birds 2, 3, 106, 117, 127, 138, 166, 

199, 218, 224, 229, 237, 248, 365, 

433, 442, 545, 556, 687, 690, 744, 

774, 882, 905, 911, 926, 942, 947, 

949, 965, 978, 981, 1025, 1034, 

1041, 1061, 1079, 1093, 1156, 1180, 

1198, 1221 

birds (marine) 224 

birds (waterfowl) 321 

biting midges 872, 875 

black crappie 735 
Subject Index 

375

black spruce 10, 100, 252 

black swamp 916, 919, 922, 963 

black tern 1028 

black willow 821 

blackwater forested wetland 693 

Blarina brevicauda 397, 411 

blood 694 

blue crab 827 

bluejoint grass 550 

BOD 322 

BOD [biochemical oxygen demand] 

290 

body mass 222 

body size 565, 868, 897 

body weight 869 

bog 192, 385, 396 

bog like free surface flow wetland 

cell 431 

bog plants 99 

bog soils 234 

bogs 59, 98, 152, 168, 218, 228, 

250, 272, 333, 487, 540, 848 

book chapter 313, 669, 1157, 1187 

books 104 

boreal forests 223, 228, 512 

Boreal Plain 262 

Borrichia frutescens 853 

BOS 426 

botanical composition 271, 320, 

702 

botshol 366 

bottle brush tree 629 

bottom topography 435 

bottom up and top down controls 

in food webs 113 

bottom up control 8 

bottomland 657, 930, 951, 956 

bottomland forest 942 

bottomland forests 620, 684, 949, 

957, 960, 1188 

bottomland hardwood 219, 801, 

947 

bottomland hardwood forest 744, 

750, 812, 825, 916, 919, 920, 922, 

931, 963, 1128 

bottomland hardwood forest 

communities 750 

bottomland hardwood forest 

migrant communities 690 

bottomland hardwood forest ridge 

661 

bottomland hardwood forests 357, 

943 

bottomland hardwood group 

selected timber harvest 690 

bottomland hardwood reforestation 

962 

bottomland hardwood site 

restoration: bedding effects, 

hydroperiod effects, soil effects 

966 

bottomland hardwood system 

1174 

bottomland hardwoods 913 

bottomland soils 699 

bottomlands 949 

Bowen's ratio 509 

brackish habitat 162, 870, 1108 

brackishwater environment 997 

brackishwater fish 606 

brackishwater pollution 473, 596 

brain sodium 454 

Branchiopoda 888 

branchiopods 888 

Branta canadensis 981 

Brazil 162 

Brazil, Amazonia 122 

Brazil peppertree 845 

Brazil, Santa Catarina 346 

breeding 7, 133, 218, 1014, 1180, 

1204 

breeding activity 758 

breeding areas 866 

breeding assemblage 183 

breeding behavior 886 

breeding community structure 

relationships 1204 

breeding community structure 

relative to forest wetland variables 

1204 

breeding ecology 1081 

breeding habitat 970, 1206 

breeding occurrence 969 

breeding pairs 1036 

breeding population density 744 

breeding season 1095 

breeding seasons 407, 408 

breeding sites 2, 11, 518, 725, 758, 

1036, 1060, 1093, 1156, 1180 

breeding species richness 744 

breeding status 481 

breeding success 725, 926, 981, 

1014, 1060, 1068 

Brevoortia patronus 827 

British Isles 74 

British Isles, England 233 

British Isles, England, Essex 160 

British Isles, England, Norfolk, 

Stiffkey Marsh 652 

broadleaf marsh 849 

bromides 237 

brood 183 

brown bullhead 735 

browsing 228, 620 

browsing damage 620 

Bryophyta 10 

bryophytes 10 

buckwheat tree 760 

buffer zone 526 

buffer zones (ecosystem 

management)---High Plains (U.S.) 

895 

buffers 7 

Bufo americanus 222 

Bufo cognatus 897 

building and construction 1225 

bulk density 192, 746, 748 

bulk density measurement 335 

bulk soil: trace element retention 

478 

bulltongue 924 

bulrushes 781, 786 

buoyancy 934 

buried seed banks 1207 

burning 228, 248, 480, 682, 686, 

911, 1010 

burning for vegetation control 584 

burns 248 

burnt soils 682 

burying 64 

C:N [carbon to nitrogen] ratio 754 

Cache River 916, 919, 922, 963 

Caddo Lake 674 

Caesium 137 740 

Calanoida 672 

calcareous soils 167 

calcite 887 

calcium 192, 352, 487, 682 

calibrations 722 

California 124, 287, 433, 438, 445, 

450, 451, 461, 462, 479, 1166 

California killifish 1222 

California tiger salamander 443 

Callinectes sapidus 827 

Canada 24, 143, 165, 223, 229, 

238, 269, 1037, 1038, 1066 

Canada, Alberta 365 

Canada, Alberta, Crowfoot Creek 

321 

Canada, Alberta, Frank L. 1099 

Canada, British Columbia, Fraser 

R. 996 

Canada, British Columbia, North 

Saanich 1006 

Canada, British Columbia, 

Vancouver I., Clayoquot Sound 

333 

Canada, British Columbia, 

Vancouver I., Victoria 1006 

Canada, Manitoba 10 

Canada, Manitoba, Delta Marsh 

1029, 1044 

Canada, Nova Scotia 351 

Canada, Nunavut 11 

Canada, Nunavut, Bylot I. 11 

Canada, Ontario 100, 498, 517, 

523, 557 

Canada, Ontario, Cochrane, Great 

Clay Belt 117 

Canada, Ontario, Erie L. 551 

Canada, Ontario, Great Lakes 532 

Canada, Prince Edward Island 133 

Canada, Saskatchewan 166, 175, 

193, 1040 

Canada, Saskatchewan, Prairie 

Pothole Region 1094 

Canadian economy 82 

Canadian Prairie Pothole region 

229 

canals 617, 718, 894, 927, 993 

canopies 387, 821, 845 

canopy 387, 397, 598, 806, 821 

canopy gaps 620, 1145 

canopy interception 916 

capacity 842 

capillarity 887 

capital 933 

capital costs 908 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

376

Carabidae 942 

Caraboidea, Adephaga, Coleoptera, 

Insecta 942 

Carapa nicaraguensis 267 

carbaryls 222 

carbofuran 246 

carbohydrates 31 

carbon 10, 167, 396, 409, 529, 602, 

653, 682, 842, 990, 1131, 1136 

carbon availability 289 

carbon cycle 384, 681, 829 

carbon dioxide 396, 509, 699 

carbon dioxide exchange 578 

carbon dioxide flux 509 

carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus ratios 

611 

carbon nitrogen ratio 167, 680 

carbon sequestration 236 

carboncycles 66 

carcass composition 869 

carcinogens 462 

Carex 96, 1087 

Carex lyngbyei 997 

Carex riparia 189 

Carolina bay 658 

Carolina bays 605, 797, 859 

carp 565 

carrying capacity 11, 905 

Carya aquatica 821, 852 

Carya glabra 421 

case reports 144 

case studies 27, 144, 339, 437, 

733, 802, 856, 933, 1030, 1195 

case study 301, 802, 856, 1195 

Castor canadensis 390 

Castor canadensis (castoridae) 

674 

Casuarina 799 

catchment area 6, 56, 318, 332, 

482, 626 

catchment areas 56, 163, 249, 292, 

317, 318, 321, 332, 362, 482, 560, 

626, 939, 1067, 1113 

catchments 292, 317, 318, 328, 

332 

catenas 616 

catfish 777 

cations 6, 274, 761 

cattails 303, 621, 781, 786, 1069, 

1088, 1199 

cattle 122, 180, 204, 220, 271, 320, 

451, 711 

cattle effects 426 

cattle grazing 892 

cattle manure 427 

cattle ranch 758 

cattle stocking 711 

Caudata 7, 443, 538 

cellulose 530, 1136 

Celtis laevigata 930 

census-survey methods 124 

center pivot irrigation 903, 1061 

Central America 121 

central Appalachian Mountains 

385 

central flyway 866 

Central Gulf coastal plain 583 

Central Valley 1176 

Cephalanthus occidentalis 641, 

837 

Ceratophyllum demersum 527 

Ceratopogonidae 872, 875 

Ceriodaphnia (Cladocera) 804 

Ceriodaphnia dubia 265, 424 

Cesium-137 1038 

change of agriculture 188 

changing climate 326 

channel morphology 1222 

channel survey 1220 

channelization 578 

channels 112, 122, 173, 494 

Chaoboridae 1069 

Chara 472 

Chara canescens 447 

characterisation 290 

characteristics, behavior and fate 

245, 246, 303, 305, 318, 360, 378, 

430, 544, 555, 816, 836, 844, 961, 

1011, 1038, 1099, 1132, 1210, 1225 

Charadriiformes 191, 1081 

Charadrius vociferus 965, 1081 

charcoal 228 

check lists 1139 

checklist 445, 609 

chemcontrol 199, 253, 854 

chemical analysis 6, 304, 381, 404 

chemical and physico-chemical 

properties: hardness, taste and 

odour, salinity, chemical content 

240 

chemical budget 140, 846 

chemical composition 529, 745 

chemical control 166, 234, 368, 

686, 991 

chemical factors 194, 736 

chemical fertilizers 845 

chemical oxygen demand 184, 

310, 315, 363, 375, 427, 464, 822 

chemical pollutants 551, 828, 1159 

chemical pollution 161, 430, 607, 

873, 1039 

chemical precipitation 352, 854 

chemical processes 6, 93, 349, 

415, 426, 487, 502, 544, 549, 799, 

835, 842, 1140 

chemical properties 215, 842 

chemical reactions 349, 360, 544 

chemical speciation 74, 479, 1177 

chemical treatment 253, 854 

chemistry of groundwater 240 

chemistry of suspended matter 

844 

chemistry of wetlands 240 

Chen caerulescens 978 

Chen caerulescens atlantica 11 

Chen caerulescens caerulescens 

667, 823 

Chesapeake Bay 584, 657 

chick provisioning 779 

China, People's Rep. 125, 247 

China, People's Rep., Guangdong 

Prov., Zhujiang Delta 208 

China, People's Rep., Qingzang 

Plateau 138 

chironomid deformity 692 

Chironomidae 317, 496, 546, 582, 

672, 872, 875, 1069 

chironomids 225 

Chironomus 317 

Chironomus tentans 

(Chironomidae) 804 

Chlidonias niger 1028 

Chlordane 735 

chlorides 259 

chlorinated hydrocarbons 254 

chlorine 462 

chlorine compounds 430 

chlorophyll 961 

chlorophylls 222, 961 

chlorpyrifos 317, 337 

choice of species 1188 

Chordata 3, 1081 

chordates 127, 229, 668, 690, 693, 

744, 750, 755, 942, 947, 1041 

Chowan River basin 769 

chromatographic techniques 246 

chromatography, gas 1172 

chronostratigraphy 580 

Chrysobalanus icaco 604 

Ciconia ciconia 138 

Ciconiiformes 191 

Ciliata 284 

ciliates 1120 

cinnamon teal 450 

Circus cyaneus 981 

Circus pygargus 188 

Cirsium arvense 220 

citronelle ponds 583 

Cladium 597 

Cladocera 572, 672, 1062, 1069 

classification 117, 122, 130, 149, 

488, 573, 591, 599, 972, 974, 983, 

989, 1118 

classification systems 79, 117, 

386, 393, 403, 412, 512, 573, 591, 

971, 972, 974, 989, 1123 

clay soils 259 

clay substrates 776 

clays 535, 842, 901 

Clean Water Act 50 

clear-cutting 203, 717, 806 

clear felling 421, 684, 706 

clearcut 252 

clearcut and selective timber 

harvest treatments 750 

clearcutting 202, 671, 686, 687, 

699, 723, 734 

clearcutting and patch retention 

harvesting 744 

Clethrionomys gapperi 411 

Cliftonia monophylla 760 

climate 32, 208, 238, 482, 811, 869, 

987, 1049, 1113 

climate and agriculture 811 

climate change 14, 82, 116, 1111 

climate control of nutrient cycling 

98 

climate variation 605 
Subject Index 

377

climate, weather, current, tide 754 

climatic change influences on 

wetlands 238 

climatic changes 16, 75, 114, 115, 

208, 238, 443, 482, 495, 518, 811, 

946, 1129 

climatic changes---North Dakota---

Cottonwood Lake (Stutsman 

County) 1022 

climatic data 208 

climatic fluctuations 1207 

climatic variables 326 

climatology 14, 32, 924, 1113 

climatology: environmental 

sciences 14, 32, 190, 244, 300, 

310, 521, 632, 919, 1207 

climax communities 421 

climax community 503 

clopyralid 193 

Clostridium spp. 290 

cluster analysis 8 

cluster analysis: mathematical and 

computer techniques 968 

clutch 1016 

clutch size 886 

coal 383 

coal mine waste---handbooks, 

manuals, etc 1190 

coast defences 160 

coastal areas 99, 255 

coastal ecosystems 356 

coastal engineering 16, 927 

coastal environments 112, 356, 

499, 511, 514, 606, 790, 927, 1131 

coastal erosion 664 

coastal forest 60 

coastal habitat use 1146 

coastal inlets 415, 826, 997 

coastal lagoons 497, 617, 1153 

coastal landforms 652 

coastal marsh 936 

coastal marshes 631, 638, 923, 

1107, 1153, 1184 

coastal morphology 16, 925 

coastal plain 806 

coastal plain soils 616, 724 

coastal plains 579, 612, 723, 730, 

752, 791, 1139 

coastal region 1150 

coastal region pine forest 705 

coastal salt marsh 601 

coastal salt marshes 113 

coastal saltmarsh ecosystem 113 

coastal waters 91, 332, 499, 663, 

771, 790, 861 

coastal wetland and barrier island 

habitats 1146 

coastal wetland communities 

response to environmental 

variables 483 

coastal wetland community spatial 

and temporal patterns overview 

496 

coastal wetland environmental 

variables influence on community 

483 

coastal wetland fauna 483 

coastal wetlands 15, 483, 1146, 

1192, 1197 

coastal wetlands and barrier 

islands 1146 

coastal wetlands fauna 496 

coastal wetlands in southeastern 

United States 1111 

coastal wetlands: spatial pattern 

574 

coastal zone 245, 248, 325, 332, 

437, 499, 573, 587, 612, 617, 752, 

771, 997, 1139 

coastal zone management 52, 76, 

114, 155, 208, 437, 514, 592, 645, 

771, 855, 927, 933, 1153 

coastal zones 245, 1131 

coasts 16, 437, 565, 652, 708, 800 

COD [chemical oxygen demand] 

290 

coefficient of conservatism 698 

Coleopterans beetles 942 

coliform bacteria 204 

coliform count 902 

coliforms 277, 315, 362, 1006 

collapse 887 

collembolans 225 

colonial waterbirds and hurricanes 

1111 

colonies 1014 

colonization 34, 314, 387, 407, 546, 

622, 776, 845, 888, 1079, 1089, 

1112, 1133 

colonizing ability 220 

colony-forming cells 362 

Colorado 265, 904 

commercial activities 162, 194, 

229, 264, 668, 690, 693, 744, 750, 

942, 1041 

commercial enterprises 183 

commercial nursery drainage 782 

common carp 565 

common slider 694 

common snipe 965 

communities 106, 183, 538, 681, 

1100, 1198 

communities associated with 

woody debris 624 

communities associated with 

woody debris in forested wetland 

624 

community composition 79, 100, 

166, 178, 205, 248, 263, 270, 290, 

333, 390, 404, 407, 411, 439, 442, 

459, 482, 503, 511, 512, 517, 524, 

533, 545, 546, 572, 579, 580, 587, 

606, 612, 623, 641, 651, 662, 672, 

681, 711, 731, 747, 760, 794, 864, 

867, 874, 884, 888, 923, 982, 1010, 

1025, 1068, 1069, 1077, 1080, 1082, 

1084, 1085, 1091, 1094, 1102, 1105, 

1133, 1167, 1169, 1206, 1222 

community development 503 

community ecology 34, 147, 417, 

421, 1064 

community ecology and 

management 438 

community response to gap and 

skidder rut wetland creation 812 

community response to nutrient 

enrichment 673 

community responses 812 

community responses to helicopter 

timber harvesting 668 

community responses to timber 

harvest 668 

community seasonal dynamics and 

trophic relationships 513 

community structure 100, 117, 

162, 407, 445, 483, 496, 503, 510, 

513, 528, 546, 572, 584, 593, 606, 

607, 610, 624, 636, 668, 671, 673, 

690, 693, 711, 736, 737, 744, 750, 

755, 760, 769, 812, 818, 860, 870, 

875, 880, 891, 942, 1037, 1041, 

1122, 1144, 1204 

community structure and 

reproduction 1041 

community structure in created vs. 

natural forest wetlands 769 

community structure relationship 

942 

community structures 1122 

community structures and habitat 

use survey 860 

community studies 2, 91, 602, 

1199 

community succession 126 

compaction 426 

comparative studies 164, 263, 333, 

540, 546, 612, 772, 1080, 1113 

comparative studies, conceptual 

models of hurricanes 1111 

comparative study 778 

comparison method 778 

comparison of harvest methods 

693 

comparison studies 57, 203, 253, 

263, 370, 390, 540, 585, 996, 1063 

comparison with created 

freshwater marshes 636 

compatible management practice 

448 

compensatory mitigation 1128, 

1200 

competition 550, 801, 825, 1010, 

1199 

competitive ability 37 

compliance 92 

compliance success 92 

composition 588, 932, 1214 

composition of the atmosphere 

509 

composition of water 6, 93, 653, 

830, 836 

compost 946 

comprehensive planning 30 

comprehensive zoology 873 

comprehensive zoology: farming 

and agriculture 162 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

378

comprehensive zoology: forestry 

264 

computational biology 589 

computer models 339, 652 

computer models and simulations 

916 

computer programs 1045 

computer simulation 328 

concentrations 831 

conceptual model 589 

Conchostraca 672 

conductivity 512, 562, 887, 993 

conferences 1115 

confined animal feeding operation 

294 

Coniferopsida: gymnosperms, 

plants, spermatophytes, vascular 

plants 678 

coniferous forests 626 

conifers 10 

conjecture 1200 

Connecticut Valley 1204 

conservation 7, 13, 14, 77, 91, 92, 

101, 138, 149, 154, 155, 166, 170, 

171, 183, 205, 206, 289, 338, 395, 

410, 443, 446, 452, 470, 471, 492, 

517, 518, 524, 531, 537, 538, 546, 

579, 583, 589, 591, 626, 634, 663, 

672, 730, 744, 773, 812, 823, 845, 

848, 877, 922, 947, 1038, 1039, 

1043, 1049, 1103, 1117, 1128, 1139, 

1155, 1156, 1158, 1181, 1200, 1202, 

1214, 1216, 1220, 1224 

conservation and environmental 

protection 40, 297, 437, 827 

conservation and resource 

management 13 

conservation areas 220, 271, 1058 

conservation aspects 755 

conservation biology 776 

conservation buffers 595, 1179 

conservation effectiveness: local 

factors, regional factors 1191 

conservation implications 127, 

515, 737, 873, 1146 

conservation importance and 

needs 873 

conservation importance in prairie 

biodiversity 873 

conservation in agricultural use 

67, 209 

conservation measures 121, 461, 

744, 947 

conservation of natural resources 

18, 1214 

conservation of prairie wetland 

ecosystems 1039 

conservation planning 564 

conservation reserve enhancement 

program 564 

Conservation Reserve Program 

257, 1047, 1056, 1060, 1070 

conservation significance 755, 

769 

conservation status 218, 242, 492 

conservation tillage 1171 

conservation value 206 

conservation, wildlife management 

and recreation 2, 11, 40, 50, 58, 72, 

76, 104, 117, 129, 149, 178, 205, 

208, 233, 270, 323, 407, 408, 437, 

495, 539, 546, 565, 580, 587, 590, 

591, 613, 626, 627, 672, 772, 794, 

799, 802, 823, 842, 845, 856, 962, 

971, 1010, 1049, 1084, 1106, 1118, 

1123, 1139, 1156, 1199, 1223 

conspecifics 897 

constructed treatment wetland 

463 

constructed wetland 309, 388, 392, 

808, 846 

constructed wetland mesocosms 

804 

constructed wetland system 782 

constructed wetlands 19, 20, 47, 

157, 284, 285, 289, 293, 295, 298, 

310, 315, 317, 331, 355, 358, 361, 

370, 376, 380, 427, 475, 559, 564, 

784, 814, 828, 995, 1009 

constructed wetlands---case 

studies---congresses 21 

constructed wetlands---cold 

weather conditions 296 

constructed wetlands: cold 

weather performance 82 

constructed wetlands---congresses 

21 

constructed wetlands---Louisiana 

955 

constructed wetlands---Middle 

Atlantic States---handbooks, 

manuals, etc 1190 

constructed wetlands---Mississippi 

768 

constructed wetlands---Rocky 

Mountains 299 

constructed wetlands---United 

States 22 

constructed wetlands---West---

United States 299 

construction 87, 122, 305, 376, 

377, 995, 1225 

construction wetlands 741 

consumptive activities: derived 

value 82 

contaminant removal 290 

contaminants 36, 265, 694, 1176 

contaminated sediments 939 

contamination 144, 254, 453, 464, 

706, 735, 944, 1210, 1211 

contiguous cells 1193 

continental basins 1194 

continuous flow 292 

continuous grazed pastures 1046 

control 751, 991 

control methods 1001 

control of water on the surface 

122, 253, 339, 629, 999, 1085 

controlled drainage 301 

contructed wetlands 330 

conventional 1041 

cooling water 598 

Coosawhatchie River 744 

Coosawhatchie River floodplain 

624 

Copepoda 159, 572, 672, 1069 

copepods 159, 225, 572, 1069 

copper compounds 159 

cores 347, 544, 652, 740 

Corixidae 1069 

correlation 713 

correlation analysis 203, 1102 

cost analysis 298, 303, 667 

cost benefit analysis 1090 

cost effective 82 

cost effectiveness 1179 

cost-sharing 881 

Costa Rica 258, 267 

costs 123, 1186 

cotton 899, 944 

cotton-rat 1175 

cottonmouth 694 

cottonwood plantations 943 

cover 124, 588 

cover crops 1171 

cover type 489 

Craterellus 333 

Craterellus tubaeformis 333 

crawfish management 1192 

crawfish ponds 1192 

crayfish 171 

created vs. natural forest wetland 

communities 769 

created vs. natural forest wetlands 

769 

created wetland 414 

created wetland habitats use and 

community structures 860 

created wetlands: habitat 776 

crop management 676 

crop production 200, 570, 1042 

crop residues 467, 480 

crop rotation 723, 1171 

crop yield 570 

cropland 1033 

cropland landscapes 892 

cropping systems 1075 

crops 727, 728, 858, 1171 

cross-sections 415 

crushed limestone: wetland 

substrate 309 

Crustacea 350, 524 

Crustacea (Crustacea Unspecified) 

583 

crustaceans 583, 827, 875 

crustaceans (Crustacea 

Unspecified) 583 

Culicidae 39, 427, 671, 711, 872 

cultivated farmland 1163, 1164 

cultivated land habitat 194, 461, 

528, 1041, 1095 

cultivated lands 169, 247, 359, 

1040, 1062, 1072 

cultivation 208, 1032, 1048, 1094 

cultivation intensity 103 

cultural control 494, 1001 

cultural framework 154 

culture effects 350 
Subject Index 

379

culture media 358 

culture method 562 

culture of other aquatic animals 

1060 

culture tanks 380 

cultures 246 

culverts 645 

cumulative effects 523 

cumulative impact analysis 25 

cumulative impacts 30 

cutting 228, 534 

cutting frequency reduction 206 

CW2D reactive transport model 

118 

cyanophyta 97 

cycling 340, 467, 1042, 1170 

cycling nutrients 26, 84, 302, 487, 

502, 536, 560, 638, 921 

Cygnus buccinator 978 

Cynoscion nebulosus 827 

Cyperaceae 146, 189 

Cyperales 146 

cypress pond 632 

cypress swamps 806 

cypress tupelo forests 661 

cypress wetlands 705 

Cyprinus carpio 565 

Cyrilla racemiflora 760 

dabbling ducks 1060 

daggerblade grass shrimp 827 

dairies 292, 298, 315, 316, 347, 

348, 351, 425, 427, 1225 

dairy effluent 329, 340 

dairy farm 309 

dairy farms 322 

dairy industry 298, 348 

dairy industry waste waters 425, 

1186, 1225 

dairy milkhouse wastewaters 1225 

dairy pollution 425 

dairy waste water 290 

dairy wastes 315, 316, 329, 347, 

351, 425, 1006, 1186, 1225 

dam management 825 

damage 129, 684 

dams 173, 390, 838 

daphnia 572, 716, 991 

Daphnia magna 527 

Darcy's law 493 

data acquisition 30, 626 

data banks 130 

data collections 195, 224, 307, 

321, 343, 390, 426, 694, 735, 833, 

844, 1215 

data interpretation 670 

databases 303, 1153 

dating method 335 

daytime 905 

DDE 694, 735 

DDT 735, 900 

dead wood 228 

decay rates 789 

deciduous forest 515 

deciduous forests 411, 421 

decision making 83, 667, 794, 952, 

972, 975, 1067, 1083 

decision support systems 434, 

952 

decision theory 972, 975 

decomposers 84 

decomposition 84, 98, 303, 467, 

480, 511, 521, 536, 789 

decontamination 805 

deep-water habitats 598 

defoliation 101 

deforestation 101, 122, 752 

deglaciation 16 

degradation 84, 122, 125, 164, 383, 

405, 511, 529, 530, 663, 714, 877, 

899, 914, 918, 927, 1139 

deltaic deposits 925 

deltaic features 925 

deltaic plain wetlands 924 

deltas 96, 208, 254, 470, 585, 734, 

918, 923, 925, 927, 933, 961 

demographic changes 127 

demography 408, 790 

Dempsey Creek 992 

denitrification 26, 27, 86, 240, 303, 

304, 305, 322, 324, 340, 341, 400, 

544, 549, 586, 594, 595, 596, 684, 

688, 713, 775, 786, 791, 793, 836, 

920, 933, 959, 1075, 1136, 1193, 

1225 

denitrifying microorganisms 793 

Denmark 85, 180, 304 

density 183, 347, 411, 842, 943, 

1041 

density dependent matrix model: 

mathematical and computer 

techniques 915 

deposition 535, 740, 901, 1048 

depression wetlands 605, 1126 

depressional wetlands 587, 658, 

730, 773, 792, 794, 1119 

depth 177, 480, 644, 749 

depth are volume relationship 306 

deserts 138, 1218 

design 90, 123, 331, 429, 819, 1129 

design adaptation 82 

design criteria 27, 307, 372, 383, 

856, 999 

design data 307, 856, 999 

design standards 298 

design, wastewater treatment 

method 309 

desorption 352 

desulfotomaculum 681 

detention basins 813 

deterministic modeling 310 

detritus 302, 502, 760, 789, 816, 

1210 

detritus feeders 888 

developed countries 3, 1042 

developing countries 187 

development 201, 222, 332, 521, 

637, 823 

development: agricultural, 

industrial, urban 1197 

development pressures 154 

development projects 221 

dewatering 887 

DGGE [denaturing gradient gel 

electrophoresis] 290 

diamondback water snake 694 

diatoms 174, 580, 1085 

dicots 583 

Dieldrin 735 

diet 113, 779, 868, 869 

diffusion 793 

diked marshes 618 

dikes 494, 497, 560, 855 

dilution 803 

dipnetting 776 

Diptera 39, 317, 582, 872 

direct measurement technique 

920 

direct sowing 1188 

disc gyro 1029 

discharge 466 

discharges 1067 

discing 1001 

disinfectants 462 

dispersal 251, 275 

dispersion 191, 275, 518, 629, 696, 

816, 1094, 1105, 1199 

dissolved chemicals 1210 

dissolved organic carbon 462, 

529, 1011, 1044 

dissolved organic carbon [DOC]: 

wetland losses 326 

dissolved organic matter 286, 638 

dissolved organic matter in river 

water 1217 

dissolved organic nitrogen 415, 

1217 

dissolved oxygen 233, 303, 606, 

691, 752, 959, 1049 

dissolved solids 301, 303, 1212 

Distichlis spicata 474 

distribution 175, 225, 411, 471, 

674, 990, 1045, 1123 

distribution (mathematical) 175 

distribution patterns 930 

distribution records 672, 884, 

1084, 1139 

distribution within habitat 483, 

496, 528, 674, 690, 992, 1144, 1146 

disturbance 3, 335, 411, 470, 553, 

598 

disturbance by man 162, 194, 229, 

264, 438, 584, 593, 668, 690, 693, 

744, 750, 942, 1041 

disturbances 183 

disturbed soils 214, 1178 

ditch blocking 1223 

ditches 340, 466, 1223 

diurnal variation 450 

diurnal variations 31, 905 

diversion 1184 

diversity 37, 225, 267, 1064 

domestic wastes 362, 413, 1099 

domestic wastewater 413, 621, 

1193 

dominance 227, 1089 

dominant species 270, 583, 587, 

711, 772, 1139 

drain pipes 570 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

380

drainage 10, 16, 109, 112, 125, 

163, 169, 177, 182, 184, 192, 203, 

209, 210, 250, 268, 271, 292, 301, 

323, 328, 340, 364, 427, 447, 453, 

460, 466, 469, 473, 474, 476, 488, 

516, 523, 524, 525, 541, 552, 569, 

575, 579, 644, 676, 701, 708, 719, 

724, 727, 753, 761, 764, 813, 814, 

847, 849, 899, 972, 977, 990, 1023, 

1085, 1094, 1107, 1168, 1176, 1177, 

1210, 1212, 1217 

drainage channel 1220 

drainage channels 719 

drainage class 312 

drainage districts 476 

drainage ditches 215, 233, 420, 

741, 817 

drainage effects 215, 339, 817 

drainage engineering 1116, 1184 

drainage gradients 611 

drainage patterns 650 

drainage systems 233, 547, 741, 

798 

drainage water 160, 233, 265, 274, 

444, 453, 455, 460, 472, 476, 542, 

569, 571, 727, 753, 798, 805, 807, 

816, 1166, 1177, 1210, 1213, 1215, 

1217 

drained conditions 259 

drainmod model 817 

drains 983, 1210 

drawdown 253, 577, 906, 1094 

dredge spoil 16, 771 

dredging 16, 650, 771, 927, 1184 

dredging operations 927 

drift 897 

drinking water 462, 552 

drought 190, 247, 391, 578, 605, 

631, 999 

droughts 391, 408, 999, 1080 

drying 460, 887 

dryland ecosystem 578 

dryland salinity 242 

ducks 449, 450, 823, 1036, 1068, 

1209, 1213 

Ducks Unlimited 1197 

duckweed 165, 921 

dune movement 1207 

dunes 333 

duration 1023 

dynamic habitats 758 

dynamic simulation models 77 

dynamics 228, 407, 631 

dynamics of lakes and rivers 56, 

111, 285, 1169 

Dytiscidae 875 

Eagle Lake Wetland Complex 1081 

early successional woodlands: 

habitat 8 

earthquakes 96 

earthworms 716, 1069 

Eastern cottonwood 253 

Eastern Hemisphere 242 

eastern spadefoot toad 772 

Eastern Washington 973 

eclosion 427 

ecological assessment---biology---

United States 5 

ecological associations 582 

ecological balance 340 

ecological change monitoring 13 

ecological compensation 251 

ecological distribution 166, 233, 

333, 397, 442, 482, 531, 554, 597, 

725, 794, 874, 1167 

ecological effects 39, 59, 67, 94, 

115, 201, 245, 254, 263, 450, 528, 

629, 664, 670, 694, 716, 823, 872, 

926, 989, 1168, 1176 

ecological evaluation 92, 626 

ecological function 1117 

ecological impact 264 

ecological impact of timber 

harvesting 264 

ecological impact of water 

development 94, 201, 263, 823, 

849 

ecological interaction 589 

ecological relationships: landscape 

change, plant guilds 1119 

ecological requirements 696 

ecological research 154 

ecological restoration 791, 964, 

1097 

ecological risk assessment---

congresses 35 

ecological sensitivity 60 

ecological succession 100, 211, 

220, 248, 270, 271, 320, 356, 357, 

503, 533, 619, 739, 888, 1180 

ecological techniques and 

apparatus 164 

ecological zonation 606, 612, 774, 

923 

ecologically based 

Hydrogeomorphic approach 33 

ecology 2, 13, 28, 72, 77, 88, 91, 

92, 97, 102, 113, 122, 137, 162, 194, 

225, 229, 238, 263, 290, 302, 416, 

422, 432, 433, 438, 473, 528, 597, 

602, 626, 638, 662, 668, 684, 690, 

693, 694, 716, 744, 750, 755, 864, 

879, 887, 930, 942, 947, 1037, 1039, 

1041, 1064, 1108, 1120, 1131, 1143, 

1151, 1174, 1199, 1209 

ecology and conservation 88, 445 

ecology and management 1037 

ecology: environmental sciences 

32, 103, 338, 521, 537, 637, 759, 

773, 916, 1117, 1119, 1145, 1158, 

1187, 1205 

ecology related to upland forest 

management 737 

economic analysis 539, 933, 1178 

economic aspects 383, 486, 657, 

670, 777, 788, 908, 925 

economic benefits 933 

economic changes 127 

economic development 122 

economic feasibility 1090 

economic impact 332, 629 

economics 88, 122, 303, 332, 334, 

350, 667, 777, 1042 

ecophysiology 94 

ecosystem 235, 521, 1214 

ecosystem analysis 36, 125, 557 

ecosystem disturbance 10, 16, 47, 

50, 52, 64, 67, 69, 71, 114, 125, 203, 

208, 222, 269, 323, 332, 387, 390, 

395, 495, 523, 539, 553, 572, 597, 

598, 619, 623, 664, 667, 707, 716, 

731, 838, 847, 918, 983, 998, 1000, 

1010, 1036, 1043, 1077, 1167, 1216, 

1222 

ecosystem dynamics 1120 

ecosystem functioning 37 

ecosystem management 11, 24, 

28, 38, 64, 71, 72, 83, 92, 115, 138, 

158, 178, 248, 275, 324, 364, 365, 

395, 434, 440, 442, 452, 495, 499, 

514, 565, 587, 597, 617, 625, 626, 

627, 663, 716, 780, 794, 830, 847, 

852, 856, 905, 906, 910, 952, 962, 

965, 978, 989, 998, 1010, 1025, 

1049, 1082, 1085, 1105, 1123, 1139, 

1156, 1180, 1187, 1203, 1210, 1221, 

1224 

ecosystem management---United 

States 4, 68 

ecosystem models 667 

ecosystem recovery 495, 598, 627 

ecosystem research 140 

ecosystem resilience 314, 731 

ecosystem respiration 578 

ecosystems 36, 38, 48, 59, 71, 84, 

89, 91, 94, 106, 129, 140, 145, 163, 

164, 167, 183, 201, 218, 238, 245, 

246, 302, 395, 407, 451, 452, 482, 

485, 486, 494, 509, 523, 538, 545, 

557, 572, 579, 582, 613, 614, 627, 

635, 638, 663, 670, 676, 697, 702, 

764, 772, 797, 844, 949, 993, 1040, 

1079, 1100, 1198 

ecosystems and energetics 31, 76, 

93, 178, 304, 453, 502, 509, 560, 

567, 586, 602, 654, 685, 906, 961, 

1049 

ecotones 7, 631, 794 

ecotoxicology 36, 245, 453 

edge of field buffer scenario 1179 

education 51, 877 

education establishments 122 

effect of aquaculture 162 

effect of cattle grazing 448 

effect of farming system 1041 

effect of tree felling on habitat 674 

effect of vegetation control 

measures 584 

effect on community structure 584 

effect on community structure and 

reproduction 1041 

effectiveness 1179 

effects 3, 228, 991 

effects of aquaculture on the 

environment 57, 297, 334, 345, 

350, 353, 363, 374, 375, 795, 853, 

1002 
Subject Index 

381

effects of nutrient enrichment 736 

effects of pollution 179, 407, 453, 

473, 567, 790 

effects of vegetation control 

measures 584 

effects on community structure 

584 

effects on organisms 453, 473, 

598, 691, 735, 853 

effects on water of human 

nonwater activities 25, 50, 158, 

179, 201, 209, 364, 645, 685, 790, 

1072, 1106 

efficiency 380 

effluent 334 

effluent treatment 334, 353, 358, 

375 

effluents 198, 277, 334, 370, 377, 

413, 424, 785, 933 

egg banks 1052 

eggs 183, 408, 1032, 1094 

electrical conductivity 661 

electromagnetic radiation 1224 

Eleocharis 934 

elevation 64, 411, 601, 652, 867, 

930, 1102, 1169 

Elodytes punctatus 171 

embankments 40, 208, 560 

Emberiza hortulana 218 

Emberiza schoeniclus 183 

Emberizidae 183 

embryonic development 1094 

emergence 872 

emergent aquatic plants 1088 

emergent aquatic vegetation 659 

emergent plants 243 

emergent vegetation 826 

emergent waterlogged mudflats 

116 

emigration 880 

emission 147 

emissions 699 

endangered species 417 

endangered status 492 

endemic species 253, 446 

endocrine disrupters 224 

endocrine disruptors 224, 381 

endosulfan 246, 317 

endotoxins 902 

enemy free space 8 

energetic cost 869 

energy 57, 882, 909 

energy budget 811 

energy budget at Earth's surface 

811 

energy content 232 

energy flow 1131 

energy transfer 26, 485 

engineering 650, 856 

England 256 

enrichment 84, 1167 

enrichment of oligotrophic 

wetlands 755 

enteric bacteria 362 

environment 234, 245 

environment and ecology 790 

environment management 7, 11, 

24, 28, 38, 40, 52, 57, 64, 72, 83, 92, 

104, 115, 129, 133, 158, 184, 203, 

208, 233, 270, 314, 318, 324, 327, 

332, 359, 411, 434, 437, 440, 442, 

452, 470, 495, 499, 546, 572, 596, 

597, 617, 725, 774, 794, 797, 802, 

811, 824, 828, 830, 840, 844, 845, 

856, 882, 906, 910, 914, 927, 946, 

952, 962, 1034, 1049, 1067, 1077, 

1082, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1096, 1103, 

1123, 1133, 1155, 1221, 1222, 1223 

environmental 364 

environmental action 28, 40, 50, 

72, 92, 104, 158, 238, 253, 323, 437, 

470, 495, 499, 545, 626, 627, 667, 

771, 780, 821, 824, 910, 946, 952, 

999, 1038, 1049, 1103, 1118, 1155, 

1223 

environmental applications 87, 

373, 785 

environmental assessment 129, 

430 

environmental biology 13 

environmental changes 208, 716, 

1131 

environmental conditions 208, 

270, 626, 716, 1105 

environmental degradation 25, 50, 

125, 348, 685, 691, 927, 1049, 1072, 

1139 

environmental easement program 

1030 

environmental economics 495 

environmental effects 16, 25, 28, 

30, 43, 158, 182, 199, 245, 364, 390, 

395, 420, 443, 486, 495, 523, 576, 

612, 622, 626, 685, 697, 711, 731, 

789, 790, 799, 802, 836, 894, 918, 

933, 993, 1068, 1160, 1166, 1168, 

1169, 1176, 1216, 1222 

environmental engineering 308, 

311, 362, 372, 788, 826, 856, 995, 

999, 1184, 1194, 1214 

environmental factors 102, 133, 

205, 206, 233, 356, 411, 445, 462, 

551, 606, 622, 718, 790, 794, 1222 

environmental gradient 1169 

environmental gradients 658 

environmental health 362 

environmental impact 10, 25, 57, 

67, 94, 114, 158, 187, 200, 201, 213, 

221, 222, 243, 245, 248, 263, 269, 

275, 317, 334, 350, 370, 390, 395, 

402, 407, 408, 420, 443, 444, 446, 

450, 495, 498, 516, 518, 523, 529, 

539, 555, 598, 629, 650, 671, 685, 

687, 697, 706, 707, 710, 716, 717, 

730, 735, 752, 760, 809, 851, 894, 

914, 940, 984, 1023, 1045, 1062, 

1072, 1076, 1077, 1116, 1133, 1159, 

1160, 1162, 1167, 1168, 1169, 1176, 

1178, 1199, 1216, 1222 

environmental impact analysis---

United States 5 

environmental indicators---United 

States 135 

environmental indicators---United 

States---mathematical models 134 

environmental issues 301 

environmental law 1030 

environmental law, regulations & 

policy 72 

environmental legislation 50, 434, 

626, 877 

environmental management 104, 

137, 238, 434, 816 

environmental monitoring 238, 

408, 430, 434, 545, 626, 697, 752 

environmental monitoring---United 

States 136 

environmental objectives 1179 

environmental policy 28, 36, 92, 

115, 597, 626, 815, 1067, 1083, 

1141, 1155 

environmental pollution 254 

environmental protection 30, 50, 

51, 71, 72, 92, 114, 125, 138, 149, 

152, 279, 340, 395, 422, 434, 495, 

499, 579, 626, 627, 649, 672, 676, 

856, 877, 909, 965, 971, 997, 1106, 

1118, 1123, 1156, 1216 

environmental protection. 

environmental policy 1030 

environmental quality 24, 72, 115, 

125, 359, 511, 760, 910, 914, 998, 

1031, 1085, 1093, 1105, 1141 

environmental quality standards 

511, 910, 1085 

environmental regulations 877 

environmental restoration 24, 28, 

64, 71, 83, 92, 102, 104, 112, 129, 

133, 253, 323, 357, 365, 407, 408, 

440, 452, 470, 495, 499, 511, 514, 

553, 557, 565, 572, 580, 597, 603, 

619, 625, 627, 645, 653, 771, 780, 

797, 799, 802, 810, 814, 821, 824, 

827, 838, 839, 840, 844, 845, 847, 

848, 849, 852, 855, 856, 909, 910, 

946, 952, 961, 978, 996, 998, 1000, 

1010, 1049, 1080, 1082, 1084, 1085, 

1087, 1093, 1096, 1103, 1105, 1106, 

1126, 1133, 1180, 1199, 1221, 1222, 

1223, 1224 

environmental sciences 13, 108, 

206, 589 

environmental surveillance 457 

environmentally friendly 

wastewater treatment method 82 

enzyme activity 595, 713, 775 

enzymes 400, 775, 786 

eolian transport 867 

ephemeral forest pools 306 

ephemeral wetlands 108 

epiphytes 580 

equations 77, 322, 488 

equipment 489, 1178 

Eriophorum 146 

Eriophorum angustifolium 146 

erosion 74, 213, 585, 657, 664, 

741, 857, 901, 936, 1053, 1107 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

382

erosion and sedimentation 1222 

erosion control 115, 946 

Escherichia coli 204, 362 

Esox lucius 565 

essential ecosystem services 154 

estimating 437, 599, 627 

estrogens 224 

estuaries 91, 150, 333, 440, 499, 

544, 596, 602, 606, 617, 638, 645, 

650, 809, 861, 996, 1107, 1199, 1221 

estuaries: habitat 779 

estuarine chemistry 602 

estuarine dynamics 602 

estuarine ecology 589 

estuarine ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences 154, 660, 

680, 1117 

estuarine environment 89, 606, 

774, 1153 

estuarine wetlands 154 

estuary 656 

ethics 142 

Eubacterium spp. 290 

Eurasia 183 

Europe 125, 183, 198, 218, 256, 

314, 364 

European carp 565 

European settlement 174 

eustatic changes 16, 208 

eutrophic lakes 378, 840 

eutrophication 57, 125, 145, 158, 

178, 298, 318, 329, 332, 338, 345, 

352, 366, 378, 522, 553, 572, 691, 

697, 711, 740, 795, 802, 826, 834, 

840, 854, 856, 1099, 1106, 1140, 

1167, 1214 

eutrophication---Oregon 994 

eutrophication reduction 808 

eutrophication threat to wetland 

communities 607 

evaluation 246, 323, 429, 464, 472, 

572, 754, 1032, 1093, 1126, 1163, 

1164 

evaluation process 72, 323, 495, 

597, 952 

evaluation, processing and 

publication 599, 1224 

evaporation 274, 551, 578, 659, 

887 

evaporation and transpiration 806 

evaporation ponds 454 

evaporation tanks 455 

evapotranspiration 14, 95, 175, 

302, 303, 306, 391, 571, 579, 632, 

654, 660, 685, 705, 707, 723, 761, 

806, 834, 916, 1140 

Everglades 604, 677, 755 

Everglades ecosystem 814 

Everglades, North 736 

Everglades nutrient removal 

project 846 

evergreen 98 

evolution 503 

excavation 877 

exclosures 273 

excreta 278, 822 

exogenous disturbances 982 

exotic species 69, 115, 171, 553, 

629 

experimental basins 568 

experimental constructed wetland 

system 313 

experimental culture 380 

experimental data 97, 301, 346, 

374, 833, 841 

experimental design 413, 555 

experimental research 754 

exploitation 122 

exploration 122 

explosives 95 

export 292 

extensive culture 325 

extensive farming 232 

extreme values 1201 

face flies 872 

faecal coliforms 290, 902 

fall 865 

fallowing 1010 

Farfantepenaeus aztecus 827 

farm buildings 346 

farm wastes 351, 460, 809, 1186 

farming 109, 728, 1042 

farming and agriculture 161, 461, 

528, 736, 860, 873, 891 

farming practice 181 

farming system 1041 

farming system effect 1041 

farming systems 764, 1042 

farmland 218, 843 

farms 348, 665, 676, 823, 983, 

1006, 1163, 1164 

farms and farming 224, 665, 983 

farmwastes 569 

farmyard manure 329 

fat 869 

fate 266, 878 

fate of pollutants 160, 266, 321, 

343, 383, 400, 519, 527, 540, 694, 

695, 720, 722, 735, 784, 803, 899, 

1054 

faults 664 

fauna 251, 263, 302, 864, 879 

faunal habitats 116 

feasibility 350 

feasibility studies 350, 353, 374, 

840, 841 

fecal analysis: analytical method 

779 

fecal coliforms 315, 321, 362, 752, 

790, 1225 

fecal contamination 204 

feces 204, 790 

federal government 1030 

federal jurisdiction 1123 

federal policies 158 

federal regulations 50 

federal regulatory action 1200 

feeding 7, 218, 865 

feeding activity 8 

feeding behaviour 443, 446, 863, 

1028 

feeding ecology 868 

feeding efficiency 465 

feedlot runoff 877 

feedyard shallow lake 898 

felling 228, 699 

females 455 

fen 192, 385, 506 

fen soils 232 

fences 620 

fens 98, 152, 215, 232, 364, 397, 

404, 410, 412, 512, 874, 1223 

fenthion 199 

fenvalerate 695 

ferric chloride 854 

fertilization 85, 247, 332, 536 

fertilization, soil and water 1163 

fertilizer and pesticide pollution 

673, 765, 804 

fertilizer management 843 

fertilizer runoff 669 

fertilizer use 206 

fertilizer use efficiency 319 

fertilizers 147, 195, 234, 240, 247, 

258, 360, 533, 567, 569, 666, 676, 

721, 751, 809, 833, 845, 1000, 1063, 

1066, 1067, 1088, 1160 

fertilizers and pesticides 194, 584, 

673, 765, 804 

fetch 827 

field conditions 478 

field equipment 335, 431, 478 

field experiments 225 

field method 192, 335, 963, 1205 

field method, sampling method 

1119 

field scale constructed wetland 

283 

field scale example 1179 

field studies 343 

field survey: applied and field 

techniques 988 

field tests 343, 861, 1199 

fields 186, 739, 820 

fieldwork 225 

fieldwork, field experiments 256 

filter feeders 888 

filter strips 837 

filters 341, 367, 840 

filtration 99, 353, 367, 665, 834, 

839, 1011 

fine root turnover 637 

finite difference hydrology model: 

simulation model 660 

finland 184 

fire 10, 248, 584, 792, 794, 845, 998 

fire effects 228 

fire frequency 1109 

fire management 1003 

fire suppression 1003 

fires 248, 682, 689, 794, 848, 998, 

1218 

fish 3, 171, 325, 503, 557, 651, 735, 

755, 785, 939, 944, 1077, 1181, 1215 

fish (catfish families) 777 

fish culture 334, 345, 353, 374, 

375, 380, 777, 785, 1002 

fish establishment 810 
Subject Index 

383

fish farming 198, 334, 353, 374 

fish larvae 452 

fish management 565, 635 

fish migration 606 

fish passages 565 

fish populations 503, 565, 606, 

735, 810 

fish recruitment 810 

fisheries 122, 358, 452, 777, 827, 

1002, 1006 

fisheries engineering 565, 777 

fishery 88 

fishery conservation 18 

fishery management 590, 997 

fishery production 601 

fishery resources 452, 827 

fishery sciences 997 

fishes [metabolism] 1172 

fishing and fisheries 777 

fishways 565 

five-day biological oxygen demand 

[BOD 5] 661 

fixed film biological reactor 1193 

fixed point observations: survey 

method 779 

fledgeing success 1041 

flood control 16, 50, 94, 110, 158, 

208, 285, 323, 613, 813, 881, 1103, 

1107 

flood control improvement 

potential 1179 

flood control measures 379 

flood-control storage 43 

flood duration 206 

flood irrigation 993 

flood peak 209 

flood plain forests community 

characteristics review 1144 

flood plain habitat 1144 

flood plain management 285, 958 

flood plains 110, 122, 205, 263, 

357, 387, 391, 403, 410, 412, 470, 

502, 535, 598, 651, 703, 740, 760, 

838, 849, 852, 939, 962, 1103, 1162, 

1167, 1224 

flood prone agricultural lands 966 

flood pulsing 967 

flood storage 919 

flooded areas 776 

flooded conditions 231, 271 

flooded rice 147, 775 

flooding 53, 58, 94, 182, 205, 208, 

253, 263, 357, 364, 467, 480, 578, 

606, 610, 623, 631, 645, 664, 764, 

774, 816, 821, 825, 844, 845, 852, 

875, 894, 905, 916, 921, 945, 993, 

1000, 1103, 1105, 1144, 1151, 1199 

flooding impact 1109 

floodplain 206, 481 

floodplain development 173 

floodplain ecology---North America 

46 

floodplain forest ecosystem 515 

floodplain forested wetlands 668 

floodplain forests 951 

floodplain vegetation communities 

173 

floodplains 32, 263, 684, 703, 743, 

803, 834 

floods 89, 110, 163, 210, 302, 482, 

754, 821, 958, 1090, 1163, 1164, 

1199 

floods and flooding 263, 606, 945 

flora 47, 180, 874, 879, 884 

Florida 124, 593, 607, 636, 647, 

649, 673, 676, 682, 700, 713, 714, 

723, 726, 736, 749, 755, 806, 813, 

1116, 1117 

Florida, Apopka L. 839 

Florida Bay 638, 1131 

Florida Everglades 607, 809 

Florida (USA) 698 

Florida wetland condition index 

608 

floristic composition 537 

floristic diversity 206 

floristic quality assessment index 

(FQAI) 698 

flow 123, 237, 706 

flow discharge 560, 1099, 1129 

flow pattern 956 

flow proportional sampling: applied 

and field techniques 344 

flow rate 831, 941 

flow rates 727 

flow through constructed wetland 

478 

flow to drains 177 

flowering 998 

fluctuations 75, 387 

fluometuron 172 

fluvial morphology 112, 925, 1222 

fluvial sediments 476, 596, 826, 

887 

fodder 149 

fodder crops 1042 

food 183, 1189 

food abundance 465 

food availability 11, 248, 432, 452, 

882, 1060 

food chains 88, 453, 485 

food crops 1163, 1164, 1175 

food organisms 863, 882 

food preferences 284, 863 

food processing industry 365 

food processing industry wastes 

376 

food-processing wastes 464 

food resource partitioning 779 

food supply 183 

food web 227 

food webs 113, 222, 284, 607, 627, 

870, 880 

foods 149, 218, 863 

forage 1042 

forage quality 232, 244 

forages 248, 432 

foraging 186, 435, 467 

foraging behavior 863, 1028 

foraging behaviour 2 

foraging ecology 779 

foraging performance 465 

forbs 620 

forest 262, 935, 1204 

forest and woodland 121, 264, 

528, 610, 624, 668, 674, 690, 693, 

744, 750, 769, 812, 818, 942, 947, 

1144 

forest birds 943 

forest carbon 312 

forest connectivity 515 

forest cover loss 922 

forest ecology 421, 1148 

forest ecosystem 419 

forest ecosystems 509, 670, 1182 

forest establishment 678 

forest fires 228, 911 

forest habitat 504, 812 

forest history 913 

forest hydrology 6, 48, 56, 209, 

223, 525, 613, 654, 723, 747, 752, 

941, 1113, 1162 

forest industry 25, 182, 269, 533, 

591, 663, 685, 707, 716, 731, 752, 

914, 1160, 1162, 1216 

forest influences 702 

forest land conversion 154 

forest litter 529 

forest management 182, 202, 203, 

215, 223, 269, 339, 418, 421, 670, 

685, 701, 702, 704, 712, 723, 744, 

747, 760, 761, 806, 943, 960, 1107, 

1160, 1162, 1178 

forest management effects 943 

forest management---United States-

--congresses 1125 

forest openings 704 

forest plantations 421, 700, 749, 

761 

forest practices 517, 948, 949 

forest road surfacing 1174 

forest soils 530, 710, 714, 745, 746 

forest types 982 

forest watersheds 48, 415, 803, 

914, 1011 

forest wetland habitat relationships 

1204 

forested 1143 

forested areas 489 

forested depression wetland 583 

forested depressional wetland 

habitat community structures 

1122 

forested depressional wetland 

habitats 1122 

forested depressional wetlands 

1122 

forested freshwater wetland 

community characteristics review 

1144 

forested limesink wetland 

communities 610 

forested northern wetland 389 

forested riparian wetlands 481 

forested waste water treatment 

wetland 917 

forested watershed 419 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

384

forested wetland 577, 624, 674, 

1204 

forested wetland: function, 

structure 131 

forested wetland: habitat 1145 

forested wetland status 121 

forested wetland status relations 

121 

forested wetlands 264, 489, 604, 

608, 615, 668, 732, 916, 919, 922, 

941, 961, 963, 1187 

forested wetlands---management 

1148 

forestry 25, 77, 101, 163, 171, 189, 

192, 215, 322, 418, 422, 517, 521, 

550, 591, 637, 670, 678, 688, 703, 

716, 717, 737, 760, 812, 916, 922, 

963, 1117, 1123, 1155, 1157, 1158, 

1174, 1216 

forestry practices 3, 949 

forestry practices effect 942 

forestry practices impacts 690 

forests 10, 48, 64, 94, 100, 117, 

126, 184, 185, 203, 223, 263, 269, 

333, 357, 387, 423, 470, 482, 498, 

502, 509, 531, 535, 536, 587, 598, 

599, 616, 623, 635, 638, 651, 654, 

672, 702, 703, 706, 739, 745, 752, 

756, 760, 772, 780, 789, 794, 796, 

797, 829, 838, 842, 847, 852, 912, 

921, 926, 930, 946, 949, 952, 956, 

957, 958, 960, 961, 1011, 1113, 

1143, 1162, 1178, 1188 

forests and forest trees 1188 

forests and forestry---Mississippi 

River Valley 950 

forests and forestry---southern 

states 950 

forests, deciduous 949 

forests: habitat 776 

fractal dimension 574 

France 183, 188, 191, 198, 226, 

320, 360 

France, Brittany 266 

France, Camargue 356, 360 

France, Etang de Vaccares 360 

Fraxinus caroliniana 647 

Fraxinus pennsylvanica 852, 930 

free surfaces 303 

free water 345 

free water surface flow systems 

132 

freezing crops 811 

freezing temperatures 811 

frequency 271 

fresh water 242, 1168 

freshwater 987, 1224 

freshwater aquaculture 380, 777 

freshwater crustaceans 524, 672, 

711, 888, 1069 

freshwater ecology 13, 34, 118, 

368, 538, 583, 916, 919, 963, 1074, 

1200 

freshwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences 14, 82, 

101, 116, 154, 170, 239, 283, 286, 

306, 326, 338, 389, 475, 478, 521, 

611, 632, 634, 758, 759, 778, 808, 

831, 846, 896, 916, 917, 919, 922, 

963, 1089, 1119, 1128, 1137, 1157, 

1158, 1179, 1193, 1197, 1207, 1219 

freshwater ecosystems 760 

freshwater environment 88 

freshwater environments 225, 317, 

711, 760, 842, 875, 998 

freshwater fish 353, 445, 503, 565, 

606, 651, 939, 1077, 1091 

freshwater fishes 18 

freshwater flow 589 

freshwater habitat 1192 

freshwater inflow 578 

freshwater invertebrates 126 

freshwater lakes 665 

freshwater macrophytes 472 

freshwater molluscs 233, 546, 

1029 

freshwater organisms 125, 472, 

579 

freshwater pollution 25, 61, 93, 

125, 178, 184, 245, 266, 282, 291, 

308, 311, 317, 318, 330, 341, 349, 

360, 367, 378, 473, 540, 542, 544, 

551, 555, 613, 645, 685, 691, 718, 

727, 735, 753, 784, 794, 802, 809, 

816, 828, 830, 839, 840, 841, 844, 

854, 856, 940, 961, 993, 1011, 1038, 

1040, 1054, 1099, 1106, 1132, 1176, 

1195, 1210, 1224 

freshwater productivity 559 

freshwater wetland research 82 

freshwater wetlands 490, 1131 

Fringillidae 218 

frogs 7, 205, 407, 421 

frost damage to crops 811 

fruit crops 234 

fuel biomass 1003 

fuel properties 1003 

Fulica americana 981 

function 281 

functional assessment 1128 

functional ecology of bayous 

streams 1108 

functional equivalency 465 

functional success 92 

functions 1161 

Fundulus parvipinnis 1222 

fungi 333, 409, 1120, 1218 

gadwall 981 

gadwell 133 

Gallinago delicata 981 

Gallinago gallinago 965 

Gambusia affinis 453 

gap and skidder rut wetland 

creation 812 

gas chromatography 246, 828 

gas emissions 236 

gas exchange 426, 509, 576, 578 

gases 885 

Gastropoda 546 

gastropods 233, 546 

geese 631, 657 

general environmental engineering 

7, 28, 51, 92, 129, 253, 323, 470, 

499, 597, 626, 667, 771, 815, 844, 

1049, 1084, 1087, 1155 

general papers on resources 58, 

122, 130 

genetic analysis 164 

genetic diversity 52, 164 

genetic soil types 724 

genetic variance 47 

genetics 47, 142, 164, 524, 540 

genetics and evolution 52 

genomes 47 

geochemistry 6, 61, 274, 404, 974, 

1166 

geochemistry of sediments 304, 

640, 796 

geographic information system 

591, 922 

geographic information system: 

applied and field techniques 1081 

geographic information system: 

GIS, applied and field techniques 

988 

geographic information systems 

25, 516, 518, 554, 627, 823, 909, 

952, 1118 

geographical distribution 333, 

516, 629, 672, 735, 1123 

geographical information systems 

591, 823, 909, 1043 

geographical reference systems 

514, 591, 952 

geographical separation 778 

geographical variation 676 

geography 163, 175, 225 

geohydrology 24, 83, 670 

geologic time 208 

geological sedimentation 834 

geological terraces 827 

geology 385, 466, 482, 887 

geomorphology 51, 112, 403, 404, 

412, 514, 535, 619, 635, 756, 780, 

972, 975, 1150, 1167 

Georgia 688, 689, 1107, 1117 

Georgia, USA 610 

geostatistics 655 

Geothlypis trichas 943 

Germany 211, 232 

germination 622, 906, 1053, 1087, 

1102 

GIS 1118 

GIS: geographic information 

system, computer method 574 

gizzard mass 869 

Glaciated Interior Plains 559 

glaciated plateau 1181 

glaciation 1141, 1194 

glaciers 512 

global climate change 589 

global warming 16, 495, 946 

Glucine max 696 

Glyceria maxima 189 
Subject Index 

385

Glycine max 1067 

glyphosate 165, 734, 991, 1051, 

1069 

goethite coated quartz sand: trace 

element accumulation 478 

Goias 162 

golden mouse 397 

golf courses 833 

goose, Canada 1164 

government and law 14 

government policies 72, 323, 667, 

1083 

government policy 72, 877, 1083 

government regulations 877 

governmental 437 

governmental programs and 

projects 1030 

governments 408, 802 

gradients 79, 867 

grain crops 186 

grants 823 

grass sward 255 

grasses 550, 622, 794, 799, 1048 

grassland 515, 873, 992, 1039, 

1095 

grassland ecotopes 206 

grassland management 272 

grassland restoration 244 

grassland soils 286 

grassland water district 445 

grasslands 85, 226, 272, 339, 444, 

453, 892, 897, 1005, 1064, 1075, 

1081, 1169 

grasslands habitat 504 

gravel 347, 370, 413 

gravel filtration sub surface flow 

wetland cell 431 

grazed dairy pasture 344 

grazing 11, 97, 164, 168, 180, 204, 

206, 212, 220, 228, 233, 243, 255, 

271, 272, 284, 303, 314, 320, 426, 

443, 446, 451, 689, 711, 725, 762, 

879, 1029, 1169 

grazing effects 680 

grazing---environmental aspects---

United States 55 

grazing intensity 207, 211, 271 

grazing marshes 233 

greasyback shrimp 325 

Great Britain 186 

Great Dismal Swamp 614, 789 

Great Lakes 483, 485, 492, 494, 

497, 500, 507 

Great Plains 1019 

Great Plains States of USA 1042 

Great Plains toad 897 

greater snow goose 11 

Greece 158, 201, 323 

Greece, Karla 323 

green ash 852, 930 

green-winged teal 133, 450 

greenhouse effect 16, 75, 115 

greenhouse gas 319 

greenhouse gases 75, 829, 946 

greenhouses 1167 

Greenland 186 

greentree reservoir 825 

greenveining 251 

gross ecosystem production 578 

ground temperatures 509 

ground truthing 1220 

ground water 56, 58, 110, 111, 242, 

262, 323, 363, 654, 681, 688, 705, 

747, 796, 941, 1169, 1223 

ground water depletion 101 

ground water discharge 846 

ground water hydrology 1109 

ground water level measurement 

1207 

ground water modeling 1207 

ground water pumping: agriculture 

related, regional water table 

lowering 1207 

ground-water quality 301 

ground water recharge 846 

ground water table depth 206 

groundwater 20, 140, 158, 221, 

223, 242, 249, 250, 268, 302, 323, 

338, 400, 412, 415, 493, 500, 506, 

512, 529, 550, 579, 706, 717, 747, 

847, 881, 887, 941, 956, 1075, 1078, 

1136, 1140, 1171 

groundwater basins 240 

groundwater contamination 268, 

791, 820, 1171 

groundwater discharge 240 

groundwater ecology 831, 916 

groundwater ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences 1145, 

1207 

groundwater exchange 306 

groundwater flow 223, 268, 429, 

466, 488, 660 

groundwater flow---North Dakota---

Cottonwood Lake (Stutsman 

County) 1022 

groundwater level 177, 391, 644, 

684, 702, 745 

groundwater management 993 

groundwater movement 111, 223, 

555, 956 

groundwater: nitrogen enriched 

1137 

groundwater pollution 240, 249, 

301, 400, 555, 836, 1078 

groundwater recharge 58, 110, 

240, 391, 488, 847, 877 

groundwater-surface water 

interaction 500 

growing season 739 

growth 69, 193, 256, 622, 647, 688, 

806, 949, 1065, 1167 

growth rate 647, 897 

growth rates 203 

growth rings 387, 756 

Grus canadensis 978 

Grus canadensis tabida 981 

guidelines 211 

guild composition 379 

gulf coastal plain 1192 

gulf menhaden 827 

Gulf of Mexico 656, 1146 

Gulf of Mexico, north coast 1108 

Guthion 1159 

Gymnamoebia 290 

gymnosperms 583 

Gyraulus circumstriatus 1029 

habitat 2, 7, 28, 64, 117, 125, 162, 

189, 190, 194, 205, 229, 248, 253, 

263, 264, 321, 333, 365, 386, 422, 

434, 459, 470, 531, 583, 606, 627, 

667, 668, 672, 690, 693, 696, 705, 

744, 750, 755, 821, 823, 825, 827, 

857, 882, 907, 927, 942, 947, 962, 

978, 1002, 1007, 1028, 1041, 1043, 

1068, 1074, 1093, 1156, 1205 

habitat availability 1069 

habitat changes 2, 233, 635, 1043, 

1150, 1156 

habitat choice 779 

habitat colonization 880, 947 

habitat colonization relations 947 

habitat community studies 7, 10, 

31, 51, 67, 94, 112, 138, 149, 164, 

205, 263, 356, 364, 408, 443, 446, 

482, 512, 554, 580, 591, 598, 651, 

653, 691, 707, 740, 772, 794, 842, 

845, 849, 962, 997, 1000, 1006, 

1032, 1033, 1085, 1102, 1133, 1140, 

1143, 1199, 1221 

habitat conservation 207 

habitat degradation 656, 1197 

habitat destruction 226 

habitat differences 779 

habitat exploitation 935 

habitat exploitation and wildlife 

management 935 

habitat fragmentation 531, 1043, 

1081 

habitat heterogeneity 103 

habitat improvement 149, 253, 

314, 325, 357, 365, 580, 625, 627, 

645, 772, 827, 847, 855, 897, 909, 

946, 978, 997, 1000, 1006, 1034, 

1060, 1093, 1094, 1096, 1106, 1126, 

1133, 1199 

habitat improvement (biological) 

52, 341, 582, 838, 852 

habitat improvement (physical) 

455, 582, 802 

habitat loss 1081, 1197 

habitat management 106, 143, 183, 

191, 438, 461, 538, 635, 737, 744, 

769, 873, 880, 938, 949, 1037, 1100, 

1146, 1151, 1163 

habitat management for wildlife 

949 

habitat modeling 171 

habitat preference 600, 992, 1095 

habitat preferences 186 

habitat preservation 1181 

habitat protection 142 

habitat quality 142 

habitat restoration 543, 592, 788, 

984, 1081, 1116, 1141, 1153, 1183 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

386

habitat selection 7, 138, 166, 233, 

248, 397, 432, 442, 455, 518, 667, 

725, 774, 868, 992, 1025, 1036, 

1092, 1180 

habitat selection and home range 

use relationships 992 

habitat suitability 1112 

habitat surveys 1100 

habitat types 615 

habitat use 183, 435, 450, 471, 538, 

615, 758, 862, 892, 949, 1146 

habitat utilization 2, 442, 455, 624, 

690, 774, 860, 905, 947, 965, 992, 

1028, 1036, 1093, 1146, 1180, 1221, 

1222 

habitats 28, 34, 88, 114, 117, 146, 

185, 238, 248, 255, 263, 357, 368, 

387, 417, 421, 423, 453, 579, 582, 

606, 620, 627, 676, 702, 774, 821, 

827, 857, 882, 905, 927, 946, 965, 

978, 1025, 1036, 1043, 1069, 1093, 

1094, 1199, 1221 

halophilic species 242 

halophyte 273 

halophytes 211, 1199 

hand operated soil corer 335 

Haplopappus annuus 884 

hardwood 357, 710, 951, 958, 1182 

hardwood depressions 672 

hardwood forests 671, 812 

hardwoods 949 

hardwoods---Mississippi River 

Valley 950 

hardwoods---southern states 950 

harrier's breeding success 188 

harvest date 232 

harvesting 16, 223, 250, 269, 533, 

702, 706, 709, 748, 752, 760, 1160, 

1216 

harvests 1161 

hatcheries 1002 

hatching 408 

hatching success 886, 1041 

hay 1042 

haylands 1081 

haymaking 1058 

HCH 286 

headwater floodplain 402 

headwaters 6, 56, 1167 

health hazard 457 

health hazards 902 

heat 466 

heat transfer 466 

heavy metals 74, 95, 128, 150, 372, 

405, 473, 1210, 1211 

height 387 

height growth 1003 

helicopter harvesting effects on 

communities 668 

helicopters 684 

Hemidactylium scutatum 772 

heptachlor 900 

herbicide 584, 692 

herbicide residues 561, 820 

herbicides 95, 159, 160, 165, 172, 

175, 193, 222, 234, 249, 253, 256, 

270, 282, 381, 519, 520, 527, 561, 

571, 686, 720, 828, 845, 899, 991, 

1001, 1063, 1069, 1106 

herbicides [analysis] 235 

herbicides in runoff 254 

herbivore control 1117 

herbivores 11, 69 

herbivory 631, 680 

herons and allies 191 

high energy seed 1189 

high flow 145 

High Plains 1176 

high strength animal wastewater 

1193 

high water bed 206 

highlands 723 

hills 204 

historical account 40, 50, 67, 71, 

314, 470, 514, 524, 557, 650, 665, 

718, 740, 802, 1195 

historical ecology 514, 524, 617, 

978, 1218 

historical records 859 

history 152, 631, 635, 650, 802, 

871, 1094, 1178, 1218 

Histosols 684, 764 

hollows 1137 

holocene 208 

home range 218, 696, 992 

home range use 992 

home range use and movement 

patterns 992 

Hong Kong 325 

Hong Kong, Mai Po Marshes Nature 

Reserve 325 

hormones 224 

horn flies 872 

hornworts 10 

horses 220, 320, 689 

horticulture 47, 589 

horticulture: agriculture 782 

hot spots 604 

house flies 872 

Houston & Winona Counties 538 

Howard County 1175 

human activity 3, 127, 228 

human disturbance effects 593 

human disturbance effects on 

pondcypress swamps communities 

593 

human factors 115, 1217 

human impact 24, 38, 76, 100, 115, 

174, 597, 716, 718, 1128 

human intervention 116 

human manipulation 988 

human population-biosphere 

interactions 38, 100 

human population-hydrosphere 

interactions 718 

human settlements 100 

human wastes and refuse 123 

humic acids 348 

hummocks 1137 

hunting 455, 1060 

hunting efficiency 8 

Hyalella azteca 857 

Hyalella azteca (Amphipoda) 765, 

804 

hybridization 47, 69 

Hydracarina 1069 

hydraulic conductivity 466, 688, 

748 

hydraulic detention time 661 

hydraulic gradient 391 

hydraulic loading 292, 310, 345, 

347, 362, 363, 781, 826, 917 

hydraulic loading rate 44 

hydraulic retention time 661, 814, 

1193 

hydraulic structures 813 

hydraulics 350, 362, 751, 1096, 

1220 

hydric nonhydric soil complexes 

489 

hydric soil 1205 

hydric soils 385, 979 

hydrocarbons 87 

Hydrocharitaceae 146 

Hydrocharitales 146 

hydrochemistry 506 

hydrodynamic differences 778 

hydrodynamics 403, 558, 602, 813, 

961 

hydroelectric power 122 

hydroelectricity 173 

hydrogen 560 

hydrogen ion concentration 79, 

179, 215, 412, 512, 612, 716, 799, 

842, 887, 906 

hydrogen ions 761 

hydrogenic soils 575 

hydrogeochemistry 82 

hydrogeologic setting 658 

hydrogeology 506, 791 

hydrogeomorphic approach 1219 

hydrogeomorphic classification 

972, 1128 

hydrogeomorphology 402 

hydrographic regime 641 

hydrologic alteration 101 

hydrologic aspects 89 

hydrologic balance 814 

hydrologic budget 58, 89, 140, 

163, 215, 543, 908, 956, 1140, 1194 

hydrologic conditions 773 

hydrologic cycle 110, 507, 654 

hydrologic cycle effect on riverine 

flood plain forest community 1144 

hydrologic data 1113, 1207 

hydrologic functioning 206 

hydrologic influences 610 

hydrologic influences on forested 

limesink wetland communities 610 

hydrologic models 110, 145, 482, 

685, 719, 908 

hydrologic modifications 988 
Subject Index 

387

hydrologic properties 861, 1153 

hydrologic systems 59 

hydrologic variables 326 

hydrological fluctuations 206 

hydrological modeling 328 

hydrological modification 1197 

hydrological processes 1179 

hydrological regime 43, 56, 357, 

420, 1082, 1199, 1223 

hydrological variation influence on 

wetland communities 607 

hydrologically modified landscape 

758 

hydrology 16, 24, 51, 56, 58, 59, 

66, 69, 71, 76, 79, 82, 83, 88, 92, 

110, 112, 140, 158, 178, 182, 210, 

238, 285, 302, 318, 322, 323, 328, 

347, 360, 363, 372, 391, 393, 395, 

403, 410, 412, 439, 440, 443, 450, 

466, 482, 493, 495, 499, 511, 512, 

514, 535, 542, 551, 553, 554, 558, 

575, 579, 597, 598, 612, 613, 614, 

619, 625, 627, 640, 645, 647, 654, 

685, 701, 702, 705, 706, 707, 718, 

719, 722, 723, 724, 759, 761, 762, 

780, 796, 797, 802, 805, 815, 816, 

836, 838, 840, 847, 856, 872, 875, 

879, 897, 917, 918, 919, 934, 941, 

970, 972, 974, 975, 989, 993, 999, 

1000, 1032, 1049, 1063, 1067, 1082, 

1085, 1113, 1126, 1129, 1140, 1142, 

1162, 1167, 1171, 1178, 1199, 1201, 

1208, 1223 

hydrology, forest---Florida 1130 

hydrology, forest---Suwannee River 

Watershed (Ga. and Fla.) 1130 

hydrology substrate 1117 

hydroperiod 126, 171, 306, 658, 

814, 919, 1142, 1187, 1208 

hydroperiod influence on 

community structure in snowmelt 

ponds 510 

hydroperiods 776 

Hydrophilidae 875, 888 

Hydrophytes 767, 845, 1052 

hydrophytic vegetation 385, 388, 

1205 

hydrosequences 616 

hygrophorus 333 

Hylochichla mustelina 943 

hyperaccumulators 355 

hypersaline water 454 

hypertrophic environments 839 

hypertrophy 839 

ice cover 1099 

Iceland 186 

Ictalurus punctatus 785 

Icteria virens 943 

identification 82, 1032, 1033 

identification for classification 124 

identification of pollutants 164, 

246, 569 

Ilex cassine 837 

Illinois 556 

illite 887 

image processing 922 

imazapyr 253, 692 

immigrant pastoralists 213 

immigration 227, 880 

immobilization 128 

impact 87, 373, 785 

impact of forestry or agriculture 

256, 445, 754 

impact on bottomland hardwood 

forest communities 750 

impact on habitat 674 

impacts and management of 

agrichemicals 1039 

impacts of forestry or agriculture 

290 

impacts of forestry practices 690 

impacts of industry or mining 754 

impacts on migrant communities 

690 

implications 737 

implications of coastal wetland and 

barrier island use by shorebirds 

1146 

implications of community 

responses to forest gap and 

skidder rut wetland creation 812 

importance as habitat and 

conservation 492 

importance of playa wetlands 873 

impoundment 402 

impoundments 253, 390, 645, 650, 

1221 

impoundments: habitat 866 

inactive delta zone 936 

incineration 248, 911 

incorporation 480, 745 

incremental analysis 335 

Indian Pine Natural Resources Area 

528 

Indiana 528 

indicator species 74, 95, 164, 193, 

545, 606, 671, 711, 857, 874, 923, 

1031, 1032, 1033, 1085 

indicators 362, 580, 874, 1031, 

1033, 1094, 1103 

indicators---biology---United States 

134, 135, 136, 1012 

indigenous species 998, 1010 

indirect sampling effect 37 

industrial effluents 297, 334, 346, 

363, 374, 460, 464, 777, 1006, 1099, 

1186 

industrial pollutants 254 

industrial pollution 254 

industrial waste waters 1099 

industrial wastes 254, 305, 1099 

industrial wastewater 464, 1099, 

1115 

industrial wastewater treatment 

1193 

industrialized landscape 116 

infiltration 916 

infiltration rate 878 

influence of clearcut and selective 

timber harvest treatments 750 

influence of environmental 

variables 483 

influence of forestry practices 942 

influence of hydroperiod 510 

influence on communities 483 

influencing factors 636 

influencing factors and comparison 

with created freshwater marshes 

636 

information systems 952 

inland fisheries 122 

inland freshwater wetland soil 335 

inland water 910 

inland water environment 51, 512, 

842, 1045, 1076, 1083 

inlets 826 

inorganic phosphorus 352, 682 

inorganic suspended solids 963 

input-output relationship 140 

insect communities 34 

insect control 649 

Insecta 872, 1133 

Insecta (Insecta Unspecified) 583 

insecticide 900, 944 

insecticides 199, 222, 246, 254, 

899, 1054, 1159 

insecticides [analysis] 235, 1172 

insectivores 421 

insects 34, 546, 872, 875, 942 

insects (Insecta Unspecified) 583 

insertae 171, 290, 754, 1120 

inshore transects: survey method 

779 

institutions 122 

integrated control 1001 

integrated habitat based landscape 

management 1197 

integrated modelling 77 

integrated planning 154 

intensive culture 350, 370 

intensive deforestation 154 

inter tidal marsh 1220 

interactions 34 

interactions with man 218 

interagency cooperation 956 

interception 806, 1006 

intercolony differences 779 

intercontinental region 171 

intermittent sand creek flows 1207 

internal drainage 616 

interspecific differences 435 

interspecific interactions 189 

interspecific relationships 821, 

1029, 1084, 1199 

interstitial water 857 

interstitial water chemistry 778 

intertidal area 770 

intertidal areas 827 

intertidal environment 115, 720, 

827 

intertidal wetlands 660 

intrinsic water quality amelioration 

wetland function 82 

introduced species 47, 69, 446, 

799, 802, 845, 911, 998, 1010, 1199 

inundation 101, 987 

invasive species control 1104 

invasive taxa 69 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

388

inventories 130, 386, 1118 

inventory 156 

inverse sampling effect 37 

Invertebrata 195, 242, 432, 438, 

461, 483, 496, 510, 513, 546, 593, 

607, 610, 623, 624, 636, 672, 711, 

716, 736, 755, 870, 882, 888, 1032, 

1033, 1037, 1062, 1069, 1077, 1094, 

1108, 1151, 1203 

invertebrates 194, 195, 225, 227, 

432, 485, 582, 583, 623, 662, 711, 

716, 755, 882, 905, 942, 996, 1033, 

1062, 1065, 1069, 1077, 1094, 1215 

Iowa 1081, 1100 

Iran 167 

Ireland 168 

Irish Republic 186 

iron 146, 192, 352, 372, 383, 399, 

409, 724, 854 

iron compounds 854 

irrigated farming 274 

irrigation 58, 67, 111, 138, 158, 

171, 173, 187, 237, 259, 274, 277, 

292, 301, 304, 320, 360, 368, 450, 

469, 476, 879, 903, 906, 983, 993, 

995, 1166, 1168, 1176, 1210, 1212, 

1213, 1215 

irrigation districts 894 

irrigation ditches 568 

irrigation drainage 1212 

irrigation effects 450, 993, 1166, 

1211 

irrigation efficiency 993 

irrigation practices 67, 450 

irrigation requirement 310 

irrigation requirements 339 

irrigation scheduling 259 

irrigation systems 570 

irrigation water 259, 265, 274, 277, 

292, 381, 472, 476, 548, 569, 993, 

995 

island biogeography 864 

islands 168 

isolated depressional marshes 

698 

isolated wetland 737 

isolated wetland taxa responses 

and conservation implications 737 

isolated wetlands 792 

isolated wetlands in managed 

forests 818 

isolation 1202 

isoproturon 249 

isotope fractionation 467 

isotope studies 560, 569 

Issaquena County 942, 947 

Itay 301 

Itea 837 

Japan 125 

Japan, Honshu, Chiba Prefect. 240 

Japan, Honshu, Fukui Prefect. 270 

Japan, Okinawa, Manko 224 

Juncus 248, 1199 

Juncus acutus 248 

Juncus alpinus 349 

Juncus balticus 474 

Juncus effusus 405, 413, 711, 837, 

849 

Juncus gerardii 1199 

juveniles 1016 

kaolinite 583 

kaolinite dissolution 583 

karst 794 

Kauth-Thomas transformation 986 

Kentucky 754, 1117 

Kenya, Nakuru 199 

Kepone 1159 

Kern National Wildlife Refuge 450 

key vernal pool functions 1200 

killdeer 965, 1081 

killifish 1222 

kinetics 93, 322, 367 

Korea, Rep. 277 

laboratories 472 

laboratory experiments 256 

laboratory incubations 1137 

laboratory techniques 1137 

laboratory wetland microcosms 

283 

lacustrine wetlands 154 

lagoons 246, 497, 617, 781, 822 

lake 870, 944 

lake deposits 883 

lake ecology---High Plains (U.S.) 

895 

lake effects 507 

Lake Erie 496, 497, 507 

lake reclamation 840 

lake restoration 366, 840 

lake sediments 883 

lake shores 508 

lake states of USA 3 

lakes 48, 104, 201, 223, 265, 290, 

339, 378, 485, 487, 495, 499, 507, 

551, 621, 629, 635, 665, 789, 826, 

834, 839, 840, 878, 899, 921, 951, 

961, 977, 981, 1000, 1088, 1115, 

1158 

lakes---fertilization---Oregon 994 

laminar flow 712, 1223 

land 92, 201, 323, 499, 553, 597, 

626, 718, 927, 972, 975, 983, 1085, 

1106, 1150 

land acquisition 881 

land and freshwater zones 194, 

229, 264, 668, 690, 693, 755, 942, 

947, 1041 

land application 365, 791 

land banks 1058 

land classification 386, 393 

land clearing 958 

land conservation programs 1192 

land conversion 1081, 1197 

land cover 77, 522, 759 

land cover change 515 

land cover type: cropland, forest, 

grassland, open water, urban land 

1119 

land cover types 1081 

land degradation 213 

land development 685, 705 

land disposal 365, 1115 

land management 24, 72, 320, 365, 

408, 410, 437, 493, 495, 511, 532, 

545, 553, 706, 712, 751, 760, 910, 

927, 965, 972, 975, 983, 990, 998, 

1034, 1083, 1085, 1096, 1106, 1210 

land ownership 423, 505 

land pollution 208, 351, 453, 469, 

1159 

land, private 949 

land reclamation 24, 40, 208, 209, 

365, 437, 440, 453, 511, 514, 553, 

560, 565, 594, 845, 855, 999, 1082, 

1083, 1091 

land resources 3 

land restoration 24, 511, 545, 548, 

553, 910, 964, 1090, 1097 

land types 15, 123, 210, 429, 762, 

764, 798, 807, 1170 

land use 3, 24, 50, 67, 77, 100, 125, 

137, 185, 208, 238, 328, 339, 367, 

376, 411, 480, 518, 523, 524, 531, 

532, 535, 539, 545, 553, 554, 612, 

613, 617, 626, 635, 640, 663, 667, 

670, 685, 711, 726, 739, 740, 752, 

811, 823, 847, 893, 897, 910, 940, 

941, 952, 962, 970, 975, 983, 998, 

1043, 1060, 1062, 1064, 1067, 1072, 

1075, 1076, 1077, 1083, 1106, 1107, 

1129, 1156, 1217 

land use change 462, 892 

land use effects on hydrology 

1067 

land use effects on temperature 

811 

land use effects on wetlands 238, 

811 

land use legacy 759 

land use management 402 

land use surveys---United States 

70 

land zones 183, 538, 744, 750 

landforms 423 

Landsat 573 

Landsat (tm) imagery data 892 

landscape 3, 223, 395, 518, 531, 

554, 597, 625, 626, 627, 658, 790, 

823, 1025 

landscape biodiversity 

improvement potential 1179 

landscape change 515 

landscape characteristics 969 

landscape condition 1074 

landscape development intensity 

608 

landscape development intensity 

index (LDI) 698 

landscape disturbance 402 

landscape disturbance: agriculture, 

urbanization 537 

landscape ecology 103, 864 

landscape ecology: historical 

change 574 

landscape features 103 

landscape functions 30, 43 

landscape modeling 627 

landscape planning 1179 
Subject Index 

389

landscape position: degree of 

wetness, drainage 611 

landscape position effect 419 

landscape structure 103 

landscape success 92 

landscape types 892 

landscaping 597 

Langmuir isotherm 843 

Laramie Basin 870 

largemouth bass 735 

Larix 533 

larvae 408, 427 

larval development 222 

larval growth stage 325 

laurel oak 821 

law, policy, economics and social 

sciences 603, 823 

leachate 921 

leaching 128, 214, 259, 274, 332, 

444, 453, 695, 1171 

lead 214 

Lead 210 740 

lead arsenate 214 

leaf life-span 98 

leaf litter 587, 637 

leAves 84, 405 

legal 437 

legal aspects 649, 881 

legislation 142, 480, 877 

Lemna 991 

lesser snow goose 667, 823 

levee banks 173 

levees 560, 961, 1184 

life cycle 7, 222, 408, 446, 1144 

life cycles 579 

life history 518, 864 

light reflection 853 

light transmission 612 

lignite 594 

lime 841 

limestone 353, 623 

limestone dissolution 409 

limiting factors 85, 247, 906 

limiting nutrients 906, 921 

Limnadia lenticularis 672 

limnology 13, 48, 150, 302, 485, 

487, 494, 497, 507, 921, 1065, 1088, 

1217 

limnology---North Dakota 1013 

lindane 286, 330, 1040 

linear regression 634 

linear regression analysis 8 

lipid 869 

liquid manure 791 

Liquidambar styraciflua 686 

Liriodendron tulipifera 760 

literature 1143 

literature review 39, 49, 64, 69, 74, 

84, 86, 113, 144, 150, 302, 485, 486, 

492, 496, 512, 629, 958, 1160 

literature review and case study 

496 

literature reviews 2, 7, 25, 36, 39, 

74, 84, 91, 95, 99, 144, 147, 149, 

152, 187, 195, 231, 576, 586, 629, 

685, 761, 1035, 1132, 1143, 1160, 

1171, 1178, 1201 

lithium 555 

Litopenaeus setiferus 827 

Litopenaeus vannamei 358 

litter 84, 614, 911, 921 

litter chemistry effects on 

decomposition 98 

litter decomposition 754 

litter plant 95 

littoral environment 370 

Littorina 689 

livebearers 380 

livestock 224, 294, 555, 711, 766, 

781, 858, 879, 989 

livestock biometeorology 426 

livestock farming 213 

livestock grazing intensity 205, 

1109 

load distribution 786 

loam soils 371 

local hydrologic process changes 

1207 

localized flooding 758 

location 1179 

lock management 825 

lodge construction 674 

logging 182, 202, 203, 267, 269, 

530, 671, 679, 684, 700, 701, 702, 

707, 716, 723, 734, 741, 748, 749, 

752, 760, 958, 1155, 1160, 1178 

logging effects 702 

long-billed curlew 978 

Long Branch Creek 535 

long-term changes 545, 617, 716, 

1113 

long term landscape functions 

1200 

long-term planning 878 

long-term records 524, 663 

long term recovery 1109 

long term response to changes in 

wetlands and agriculture 229 

long term wet dry cycles 1207 

longleaf pine depressional wetland 

landscape 611 

longleaf pine forests 730 

longleaf pine wiregrass 

ecosystems 730 

longleaf pine wiregrass forests 

611 

losses from soil 231, 682, 699, 

807, 820 

lost acreage 663 

lotic habitats 634 

Louisiana 674, 800, 947, 948, 959, 

1117, 1150, 1184 

Louisiana and Mississippi 947 

low biodiversity 755 

low flow 110 

low input agriculture 676 

low level episodes 116 

Lower Coastal Plain 744 

Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley 

915 

Lower San Joaquin River map 445 

lowland forests 236, 671, 687, 699, 

709, 710, 743, 746, 964 

lowlands 912 

lumber 707, 747 

luminescence 857 

Lynceus gracilicornis 672 

lysimeters 301, 415 

Lythrum salicaria 69, 991, 1199 

macro ecology 103 

macrofauna 390, 546, 662, 864, 

888, 1032, 1077, 1133, 1203 

macroinvcrtehrates 692 

Macroinvertebrata 584, 880, 1122, 

1144 

macroinvertebrates 214, 225, 263, 

390, 577, 711, 875, 888, 1032 

macrophytes 38, 90, 179, 193, 291, 

353, 362, 367, 374, 447, 473, 567, 

621, 697, 841, 855, 921, 1029, 1065, 

1088, 1115, 1195 

Madison Parish 947 

magnesium 487 

Magnolia virginiana 760 

maintenance 298, 1010, 1094 

maize 570, 1067 

mallard 1016, 1036 

mallards 450 

Mammalia 397, 411, 1068 

mammals 397, 411, 913, 1068, 

1175 

man 1150 

man-induced effects 16, 38, 76, 94, 

100, 115, 125, 164, 166, 205, 208, 

238, 246, 248, 275, 364, 498, 517, 

524, 531, 533, 554, 597, 617, 663, 

716, 752, 811, 853, 877, 927, 997, 

1033, 1049, 1094, 1126, 1133, 1217 

man made habitat 194, 812, 1041 

man-made wetland 388, 414 

man made wetland site 600 

managed agricultural field 831 

managed forests 818 

managed wetlands 435 

management 2, 11, 72, 88, 106, 

122, 158, 178, 183, 205, 234, 238, 

323, 442, 514, 538, 617, 626, 751, 

905, 949, 1019, 1060, 1100, 1139 

management implications 1095 

management influences 194 

management method 1187 

management planning 43, 670, 

788, 855, 914 

management practices 183, 705 

management priorities 862 

management strategy 850 

management tools 434 

manganese 146, 372, 383, 409 

mangrove 162 

mangrove swamp 162 

mangrove swamps 64, 325, 638, 

1116 

mangroves 64, 280 

Manitoba 143, 1035 

manure 224, 836 

maple trees 387 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

390

mapping 72, 130, 386, 573, 579, 

635, 983, 1007, 1103, 1118, 1150, 

1224 

maps 67, 386, 617, 1034 

maps and mapping 1103 

marbled salamanders 1181 

mariculture 198 

marine 987 

marine birds 254, 774 

marine crustaceans 827 

marine ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences 154, 379 

marine environment 638 

marine fish 198 

marine pollution 224, 332, 653, 790 

marine resources 437 

marine vs. fresh water 936 

marine wetlands 154 

marine zones 162 

Marion County 737, 818 

marsh 328, 578, 636, 936, 987 

marsh edge relations 601 

marsh flies 872 

marsh management 339, 718, 788, 

1184 

marsh plants 550, 1088 

marshes 39, 40, 59, 90, 96, 117, 

125, 145, 155, 164, 185, 233, 248, 

255, 259, 270, 314, 325, 360, 365, 

420, 455, 497, 499, 503, 514, 532, 

550, 557, 580, 585, 606, 617, 627, 

629, 631, 649, 652, 654, 665, 718, 

720, 771, 774, 807, 827, 863, 910, 

918, 933, 934, 977, 996, 1043, 1088, 

1092, 1099, 1107, 1126, 1139, 1150, 

1199, 1203, 1223 

marshes, freshwater 635 

marshes---Mississippi---design and 

construction 768 

Maryland 584, 657, 708, 721 

mass balance 846 

mass flux measurement 963 

mass spectrometry 246 

mass transfer 426 

Massachusetts 124, 1204 

mathematical and computer 

techniques 8, 481, 589, 634, 1207 

mathematical and computer 

techniques: logistic regression 

634 

mathematical and computer 

techniques: zero inflation models 

634 

mathematical biology: 

computational biology 190, 310, 

338, 846, 916 

mathematical model 190, 338, 705, 

963 

mathematical models 77, 322, 328, 

332, 466, 488, 597, 719, 722, 723, 

813, 908, 1016, 1129 

Mato grosso 32 

meadow jumping mouse 397 

meadows 411, 470, 1169 

meandering 112 

measurement method 206 

mechanical and natural changes 

25, 57, 61, 67, 100, 158, 164, 221, 

253, 275, 426, 498, 517, 524, 533, 

554, 617, 685, 731, 740, 853, 940, 

993, 1000, 1133, 1221, 1222 

mechanical control 253 

mecoprop 160, 249 

Med, France, Camargue 356 

Med, Spain, Tarragona, Ebro delta 

341 

Mediterranean Region 125, 171, 

323 

meeting paper 313, 669, 1157 

meeting poster 313 

Melaleuca quinquenervia 629 

membrane filtration method 562 

membranes 430 

menhaden 827 

mercury 144, 430, 939, 1011 

mercury-197 939 

mesic Glossic Hapludalf: wetland 

substrate 309 

mesoamerica 67 

mesocosms 38, 222, 440, 546, 826, 

828, 1054 

metabolism 53, 319, 338, 473, 637, 

1164 

metabolites 899 

metals 17, 184, 372 

metamorphosis 222, 408 

Metapenaeus ensis 325 

metapopulation 1202 

metapopulations 524, 554 

meteorological conditions 758 

meteorology 575, 644 

methane 75, 147, 509, 525, 549 

methane emissions 66 

methane exchange, air-marsh 509 

methane flux 924 

methane production 147 

methanogenesis 75, 509, 681 

methanotrophy 147 

methodology 10, 511, 545 

methodology - general 651, 1033 

methods and instruments 349, 

358, 376, 542, 857, 1159, 1224 

methods and techniques 335, 431, 

778, 1205 

methyl parathion 804 

methylation 453 

methylparathion pesticide 765 

metolachlor 828 

metsulfuron-methyl 249 

Mexico 1146, 1218 

Mexico and USA 1146 

Mexico, Gulf of---nutrients 293 

mice, deer 1175 

mice, harvest 1175 

mice, white-footed 1175 

Michigan 513, 529, 530 

microalgae 198 

microbial activities 146, 340 

microbial activity 348, 469, 540 

microbial communities 290 

microbial contamination 752, 790, 

890 

microbial degradation 87, 282, 

343, 540 

microbial ecology 232 

microbial pathogen survival 898 

microbial respiration 655 

microbiological data 300 

microbiological studies 540 

microbiology 290, 322 

microclimate 323 

microclimates of forests and forest 

clearings 509 

microcosms 1065 

microhabitat 218 

microhabitats 233, 397, 725, 821 

microorganism absorption 688 

microorganisms 75, 164, 195, 232, 

282, 302, 348, 362, 409, 426, 453, 

536, 681, 695, 816 

Micropterus salmoides 735 

microscopic processes 300 

microsite heterogeneity 1145 

Microtus arvalis 188 

Microtus pennsylvanicus 411, 772 

midges 317, 432, 546, 672, 711, 

872, 875, 1069 

Midwestern United States 1066 

migrant communities 690 

migration 690, 868, 882, 911, 949, 

1146, 1192 

migratory species 138, 224, 882, 

905, 965 

mine reclamation 1117 

mine spoil 399 

mine tailings 383 

mine wastes 594 

mineral 936 

mineral accretion rates 402 

mineral microbiology 469 

mineral nutrition 53 

mineral soils 529 

mineralization 84, 98, 167, 234, 

249, 396, 540, 586, 677, 714, 720, 

1000 

mineralogy 887 

minerals 536 

minimum tillage and organic 

farmland 1041 

minimum tillage and organic farms 

1041 

mining 383, 590, 594 

Minnesota 3, 487, 534, 538, 1061 

mires 339 

miscellaneous method 1174 

miscellaneous topics 130 

Mississippi 124, 287, 710, 765, 

767, 804, 860, 912, 942, 947, 1184 

Mississippi Alluvial Valley 913 

Mississippi-Missouri River basin 

951 

Mississippi River 958 

Mississippi river delta 924 

Mississippi Valley 920 

Missouri 535, 921, 1151, 1164, 

1175 

mitigation 281 

mitigation wetland 388, 392, 414 
Subject Index 

391

mixed forests 421 

mixed grass prairies 1156 

mixed wastewater streams 1193 

model 66, 976 

model fit 634 

model simulation 632 

model studies 58, 84, 111, 129, 

246, 372, 387, 495, 523, 585, 597, 

627, 722, 840, 861, 908, 909, 1129, 

1169 

model testing 372 

modeling 481 

modeling, mathematics, computer 

applications 246, 308, 311, 597, 

625, 627, 667, 909 

modelling 246, 482, 586, 627 

models 92, 246, 332, 434, 439, 474, 

495, 503, 516, 518, 519, 523, 554, 

558, 561, 575, 597, 625, 627, 644, 

706, 909, 1067, 1136 

models and simulations 310, 589 

models and simulations: 

computational biology 118, 190, 

310, 338, 632, 634, 660, 916 

moist 588 

moist-soil management 767, 882 

moist-soil management practices 

905 

moisture 328, 794, 976, 1167 

moisture content 169, 1087 

moisture-continuum model 1111 

moisture transfer 811 

Mollusca 194, 875 

Mollusca: farming and agriculture 

194 

molluscs 189, 194, 233 

mollusks 875 

molybdenum 460 

monitoring 71, 95, 129, 202, 225, 

238, 246, 321, 407, 408, 424, 508, 

535, 555, 563, 592, 626, 718, 733, 

905, 1006, 1141, 1153, 1171, 1222 

monitoring and surveillance 1038 

monitoring, biological---United 

States 135 

monitoring instruments 430 

monitoring systems 697 

monocotyledons 146 

monooxygenase gene 290 

Montana 265, 1056, 1060, 1166 

montane environments 981 

Monte Carlo modeling 310 

moorland 152 

moorland pools 178 

moorlands 272 

morphological traits 8 

morphology 1222 

morphometry 112 

mortality 64, 94, 159, 265, 829, 

998, 1010, 1041 

mortality causes 408 

mosquito control 39, 427 

mosquitoes 621, 645, 649, 711, 

872 

mosquitofish 453 

mosses 10 

mosses and liverworts 399 

most probable number 681 

most probable number assay 283 

mounds 745 

mountain areas 382 

mountains 411, 981, 1223 

mouse, house 1175 

movement patterns 992 

mowing 212, 998, 1001 

mud flats 224, 657 

Mugil cephalus 325, 827 

mulches 745 

mulching 745 

mullet 827 

multi-disciplinary studies 1222 

multiobjective planning 339 

multispecies approach 143 

multispecies approach to wetland 

management 143 

multispecies management 1197 

multitemporal image analysis 986 

multivariate analysis 794, 1222 

multivariate analysis: analytical 

method 465 

municipal 1193 

Municipal L. 694 

municipal wastes 149 

municipal wastewater 149, 365, 

424, 877, 1115 

municipal wastewater treatment 

1193 

muscid flies 872 

Muscidae 872 

Mycoplasma spp. 290 

Myocastor coypus 953 

Myriophyllum sibiricum 193 

Myriophyllum spicatum 69 

Najas marina 884 

nannoplankton 97 

Narragansett Bay 31 

national forests 723 

national parks 722, 845, 1210, 

1223 

national wetland inventory maps 

489 

national wetlands inventory 988 

national wetlands inventory maps 

892 

native species 1010 

natural 778 

natural areas 974 

natural bottomland forest 600 

natural characteristics: hydrology, 

land use, cover, soils, topography 

1179 

natural disasters 235 

natural ecosystem 206 

natural flatwoods marshes 636 

natural flatwoods marshes 

community 636 

natural flatwoods marshes 

community structure 636 

natural forest 526 

natural forested wetland 661 

natural hydrologic variability 116 

natural regeneration 548, 620, 686, 

709, 1178 

natural resource management 

211, 212, 1178 

natural resources 28, 92, 122, 781, 

949 

natural restored marsh 

comparisons: avifaunal food value, 

vegetation 1196 

natural salt marsh island 770 

natural stable isotope analysis 

1207 

natural wetlands 1080 

natural wetlands: sustainability 82 

nature conservation 7, 34, 52, 64, 

72, 85, 91, 114, 117, 129, 133, 155, 

158, 185, 205, 224, 228, 233, 270, 

272, 364, 395, 410, 418, 434, 446, 

455, 480, 495, 531, 546, 553, 579, 

587, 590, 591, 625, 626, 663, 672, 

772, 794, 823, 834, 845, 847, 877, 

882, 894, 905, 910, 952, 971, 974, 

989, 993, 1014, 1043, 1082, 1087, 

1092, 1096, 1126, 1139, 1155, 1156, 

1180, 1188, 1216, 1224 

nature reserves 1058 

navigation 122 

navigational channels 927 

nearctic region 121, 229, 264, 538, 

668, 690, 693, 744, 750, 755, 942, 

947, 1041, 1081 

nearshore dynamics 771, 1201 

Nebraska 124, 881, 903, 908 

nekton 827 

nekton predator activity 601 

neotropical migrant 949 

neotropical region 121 

Nerodia 694 

Nerodia erythrogaster 694 

Nerodia rhombifer 694 

nest density 1046 

nest initiation curves 1095 

nest loss significance 1041 

nest losses 1041 

nest success 1046 

nested quadrat sampling 1119 

nesting 7, 453, 725, 886, 926, 981, 

1028, 1061, 1079, 1095, 1180 

nesting behavior 725, 981, 1028 

nesting habitat 218, 892, 1046 

nesting habitat availability 1109 

nesting site 1095 

nests 218, 926, 1014, 1041, 1068, 

1079 

net ecosystem exchange 578 

net nitrogen mineralization 192 

net primary production 637 

net primary productivity 80 

Netherlands 40, 85, 178, 220, 271, 

314, 366 

network design 117, 591, 651, 857, 

1118 

Nevada 124, 274, 1166 

New England, USA 1200 

New Hampshire 214 

New Jersey pine barrens 179 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

392

New Jersey pinelands 612 

New Mexico 873 

New Mexico and Texas 873 

New Mexico, USA 879 

New Nexico 124 

new records 672 

New Zealand 125, 201, 204, 209 

New Zealand, North I. 292 

niches 149 

Nigeria, Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands 

58 

nighttime 905 

nighttime cover 1189 

nitrate 109, 289, 304, 324, 382, 

400, 424, 560, 688, 745, 831, 833, 

834, 920, 1075, 1106, 1136 

nitrate in groundwater 240 

nitrate nitrogen 268, 371, 516, 822 

nitrate: pollutant 44 

nitrates 86, 179, 240, 268, 290, 

292, 301, 305, 317, 322, 324, 338, 

400, 415, 424, 426, 560, 561, 594, 

713, 786, 796, 803, 820, 833, 836, 

861, 961, 1067, 1078, 1099, 1106 

nitric oxide 426 

nitric oxide emissions from soil 

426 

nitrification 27, 340, 373, 775, 793, 

1193 

nitrification inhibitor 319 

nitrification inhibitors 147, 1171 

nitrification rates 1137 

nitrites 350, 803 

nitrogen 85, 86, 118, 132, 145, 150, 

167, 185, 192, 215, 252, 277, 291, 

292, 301, 302, 318, 319, 332, 340, 

342, 345, 367, 374, 375, 380, 382, 

409, 413, 415, 424, 427, 449, 467, 

487, 536, 538, 544, 552, 567, 580, 

595, 596, 602, 653, 682, 684, 688, 

753, 766, 775, 781, 791, 797, 819, 

834, 842, 844, 853, 861, 906, 933, 

940, 959, 963, 1067, 1075, 1088, 

1096, 1106, 1136, 1167, 1170, 1171, 

1217 

nitrogen addition 273 

nitrogen assimilation 920 

nitrogen compounds 292, 350, 

415, 426, 1067 

nitrogen content 516 

nitrogen cycle 26, 304, 340, 341, 

367, 560, 586, 594 

nitrogen cycling models 322 

nitrogen emissions 426 

nitrogen fertilization 300 

nitrogen fertilizers 200, 231, 255, 

714 

nitrogen fixation 382, 586 

nitrogen fixing bacteria 26 

nitrogen fixing trees 382 

nitrogen in ecosystems 426 

nitrogen in runoff 1067 

nitrogen in watersheds 1217 

nitrogen in wetlands 1217 

nitrogen isotopes 324 

nitrogen: nutrient 80 

nitrogen:phosphorus balance: 

biogeochemical continuum, 

productivity 80 

nitrogen:phosphorus ratio 680 

nitrogen removal 27, 86, 292, 316, 

341, 345, 367, 596, 766, 995 

nitrogen saturated sediments 

1137 

nitrophenol 677 

nitrous oxide 426 

nitrous oxide emissions from soil 

426 

nitrous oxides 322 

no-see-ums 872 

nomini creek watershed 831 

non-alluvial wetlands 792 

non consumptive activities: 

derived value 82 

non-patents 87, 305, 348 

non point source pollution 431, 

522 

non point source pollution 

treatment 82 

non tidal wetlands 584 

nonhuman vertebrates 127 

nonpoint 1132 

nonpoint pollution 317, 318, 378, 

418, 666, 1038 

nonpoint pollution sources 49, 

160, 307, 317, 318, 337, 343, 359, 

378, 418, 541, 542, 549, 552, 568, 

666, 722, 733, 784, 802, 803, 830, 

833, 841, 1049, 1215, 1225 

nonpoint source pollution 109, 

230, 669, 1132 

nonpoint sources 317, 1038 

nonstructural alternatives 285 

nontarget effects 991 

nontarget organism 900 

nontarget organisms 199, 317, 

1051 

nonvascular plants 409 

norflurazon 234 

norlite: wetland substrate 309 

North America 3, 50, 69, 124, 125, 

229, 264, 303, 445, 510, 511, 538, 

635, 668, 690, 693, 744, 750, 754, 

755, 942, 947, 948, 1019, 1033, 

1034, 1041, 1042, 1087, 1120, 1150, 

1164, 1172, 1175, 1181 

North America, central and eastern 

1122 

North America, Erie L. 514, 565 

North America, Great Lakes 499, 

511, 533, 536, 551, 553 

North Carolina 124, 614, 635, 719, 

724, 805, 817, 1117 

north central states of USA 3, 

1035, 1042 

North Dakota 1030, 1041, 1056, 

1058, 1060, 1095 

North Dakota Wildlife Extension 

Program 1030 

North Everglades 673 

Northeast Region 948 

northern forested wetland 1157 

northern Great Plains 257 

northern Minnesota 1131 

northern pike 565 

northern pintail 455 

northern pintails 450 

Northern Plains States of USA 

1042 

northern prairie wetlands 1085 

northern short-tailed shrew 397 

northern shovelers 450 

northern white shrimp 827 

Northwest 1176 

Norway 218, 307 

Notonectidae 888 

Notophthalmus viridescens 407 

Notophthalmus viridescens 

viridescens 1181 

notostracans 225 

Numenius americanus 978, 981 

nursery industry 431 

nursery runnoff 431 

nutria 953 

nutrient availability 653 

nutrient concentration 754 

nutrient concentrations 321, 499, 

653, 665, 711, 718, 773, 1029, 1099 

nutrient contamination removal 

831 

nutrient content 352, 1042 

nutrient cycles 26, 28, 31, 38, 84, 

93, 327, 502, 544, 567, 602, 731, 

906, 1067 

nutrient cycling 98, 131 

nutrient cycling processes: riverine 

wetlands 778 

nutrient dynamics 327, 602, 773, 

778 

nutrient enrichment 84, 137, 572, 

622, 718, 726 

nutrient enrichment effects on 

wetland community 736 

nutrient enrichments effects on 

community 736 

nutrient flux 506 

nutrient impact 506 

nutrient loading 223, 318, 400, 

506, 596, 691, 718, 802, 856, 917, 

1067 

nutrient loading rates 1158 

nutrient management 791 

nutrient pollution of water---Oregon 

994 

nutrient recycling 754 

nutrient reduction 294 

nutrient removal 86, 145, 277, 302, 

327, 345, 346, 366, 370, 375, 376, 

816, 835, 836, 844 

nutrient reserve 869 

nutrient resorption 98 

nutrient retention 37, 38, 499, 611, 

961 

nutrient sequestration 499 

nutrient standing stock 773 

nutrient transformation 80 

nutrient uptake 53, 268, 324, 567, 

824, 837, 844 
Subject Index 

393

nutrient-use efficiency 98, 604 

nutrients 57, 61, 84, 85, 88, 90, 93, 

97, 114, 145, 150, 158, 184, 215, 

223, 250, 277, 291, 302, 316, 321, 

327, 329, 341, 346, 349, 352, 366, 

415, 424, 425, 485, 487, 527, 541, 

544, 549, 550, 567, 580, 596, 614, 

653, 665, 670, 688, 697, 703, 711, 

712, 718, 728, 733, 740, 761, 798, 

807, 809, 816, 817, 824, 835, 842, 

844, 845, 861, 876, 933, 959, 1002, 

1006, 1038, 1042, 1048, 1049, 1067, 

1078, 1088, 1099, 1140, 1164, 1225 

nutrients (mineral) 61, 79, 84, 316, 

324, 327, 345, 375, 376, 499, 551, 

567, 622, 681, 691, 697, 740, 797, 

816, 824, 833, 835, 836, 842, 844, 

856, 901, 906, 933, 940, 1006, 1038, 

1049, 1078, 1099, 1140, 1160 

nutrition 183, 319, 338, 773, 882, 

1089, 1164 

nutrition and feeding habits 284 

Nyssa aquatica 587, 598, 734, 838 

Nyssa biflora (Nyssaceae) 583 

Nyssa sylvatica 587 

oak 949 

oak trees 821, 1182 

occupancy rates 866 

ocean-atmosphere system 811 

ocean environment 1220 

Ochrotomys nuttalli 397 

Odonata 243 

odor control 361 

OECD countries 3, 1042 

offshore transects: survey method 

779 

Ohio 548, 1181 

oil and gas production 664 

oil industry 664 

old fields 270, 356, 930 

old growth 913 

Old River Slough 694 

Olea europaea 159 

Oligochaeta 716, 1069 

oligochaetes 432, 716, 1069 

oligotrophic wetland 673 

oligotrophic wetland biomass and 

biodiversity 755 

Olor buccinator 978 

on-site investigations 930, 989 

Oncorhynchus 996, 997 

Oncorhynchus mykiss 375 

Ontario 241, 516, 520 

operation 123 

Ophrydium versatile 1120 

optical properties 853 

optimization 307, 374, 383, 840, 

1087, 1103 

orchard soils 214 

orchards 214 

ordination 482 

organic accretion rates 402 

organic acids and salts 529 

organic carbon 303, 400, 409, 412, 

452, 536, 612, 653, 688, 740, 842, 

1011, 1120 

organic carbon fertilization 300 

organic compounds 31, 87, 95, 

164, 234, 254, 502, 602, 653, 682 

organic contaminants 20 

organic loading 464 

organic matter 17, 114, 146, 277, 

303, 347, 348, 374, 384, 452, 502, 

512, 521, 549, 580, 747, 816, 875, 

936, 975, 1072, 1136, 1167, 1217 

organic nitrogen 310, 822 

organic phosphorus 816 

organic soils 727, 844, 859 

organic wastes 224, 334, 373, 426 

organism aggregations 606 

organochlorine compounds 254, 

735 

organochlorine pesticides 694 

organochlorines 1172 

organophosphates 199 

organophosphorous 176 

organophosphorus compounds 

682 

organophosphorus pesticides 

621, 1054 

Oriental region 101, 194 

orthophosphates 571 

orthophosphorus 803, 822 

orthophotography: applied and 

field techniques 515 

ortolan bunting 218 

oryza sativa 147, 208, 231, 246, 

270, 319, 320, 667, 725, 823 

Ostracoda 888, 1069 

ostracods 225, 711, 888, 1069 

other angiosperms 387 

other aquatic communities 122, 

270, 314, 672 

other water systems 362, 790 

outer coastal plain 773 

outflow 797, 815 

overbank flooding 170 

overbank flow 929 

overcup oak 821 

overgrazing 213 

overview 143, 607, 935, 1037, 1146 

overview and conservation 

implications 1146 

overwintering 7, 455, 823, 863, 

882, 978, 1164 

Oxford 804 

oxidation 75, 147, 340, 349, 530, 

724, 1177 

oxidation of methane 509 

oxidation-reduction potential 951 

oxygen 340, 349, 560, 951, 1136 

oxygen demand 424 

oxygen demand (biochemical) 

1225 

oxygen (dissolved) 303, 606 

oxygenation 373 

Oxyura jamaicensis 454, 981 

Pacific Flyway 471 

paddy riverine wetland system 

239 

paddy soil chemistry 239 

paddy soils 147, 258 

paired male 869 

paired subsurface flow constructed 

wetlands 1193 

palaearctic region 183 

Palaemonetes pugio 827 

palaeo studies 208 

palaeoclimate 208 

palaeoecology 100, 174, 228 

paleoecology 100, 470 

palustrine wetlands 154, 1197 

palynology 228 

Panicum 837, 934 

Panicum hemitomon 711 

Panicum spp. 1164 

Panola County 860 

pantanal 32 

Panuridae 183 

Panurus biarmicus 183 

parametric variation 310 

parasites 91 

parasitology 463 

parathion 1159 

particles 840 

particulate matter 840 

particulate organic matter 452 

particulate organic phosphorus 

840 

particulate pollution 839 

passeriformes 183, 218 

Passerina cyanea 943 

passive carbon storage area 326 

pastoral herds 213 

pasture 292, 711, 1067 

pasture management 232 

pastures 204, 292, 711, 726, 836, 

849, 1081 

patch size 1068 

patches 531, 1068 

patchiness 531 

path of pollutants 175, 240, 360, 

400, 485, 568, 809, 959 

pathogenic bacteria 284 

pathogenic organism 362 

pathogens 408, 790 

PCB 254 

PCB compounds 254 

PCR amplification 290 

peat 75, 79, 163, 215, 228, 250, 

364, 384, 404, 420, 682, 1140 

peat bogs 169, 215, 339, 384, 404, 

487, 525, 1011, 1140 

peat chemistry 506 

peat soils 168, 462, 466, 809 

peatland 506 

peatland characteristics 506 

peatland drainage 1157 

peatland forestry 192 

peatlands 168, 184, 384, 404, 977 

peclamation 28 

Pelobatidae 171 

Pennsylvania 423, 496 

percent wetland land cover 522 

percolation 993 

performance 90, 123 

performance assessment 363, 

784, 840, 1225 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

394

performance evaluation 92, 337, 

346, 353, 363, 372, 374, 381, 413, 

464, 592, 833, 840, 841, 1195 

perimeter area method: field 

method 574 

periodic waterlogging 611 

periphyton 527, 580, 691, 697, 

1029 

permeability 111, 885, 1194 

permeable bags 478 

Pernambuco 162 

Peromyscus leucopus 397, 772 

persistence 944 

pest assessment control and 

management 286, 1117 

pest control 39, 368, 1010 

pesticide applications 253 

pesticide effects 428 

pesticide environmental pollution 

254 

pesticide pollution 245 

pesticide residues 1066 

pesticide toxicity 765 

pesticides 95, 147, 159, 175, 176, 

195, 199, 239, 245, 246, 254, 258, 

266, 282, 283, 286, 311, 317, 330, 

337, 343, 368, 381, 430, 519, 551, 

621, 694, 695, 733, 735, 738, 784, 

828, 845, 857, 899, 1040, 1044, 

1045, 1054, 1065, 1106, 1159, 1210 

pesticides (carbamates) 254 

pesticides (organochlorine) 254, 

694, 735 

pesticides (organophosphorus) 

199, 1054 

petroleum 95 

petroleum hydrocarbons 95 

pH 17, 405, 409, 464, 562, 612, 730, 

842 

pH effects 85, 799 

pH values 661 

Phalaris 1001 

Phalaris arundinacea 69, 349, 

1001 

Phalaropus tricolor 981 

phantom midges 1069 

Philippines 194 

phosphate 352 

phosphates 345, 360, 413, 561, 

590, 673, 809, 816, 833, 899, 959 

phosphorous 302 

phosphorus 38, 85, 86, 93, 109, 

118, 132, 150, 184, 192, 215, 223, 

247, 252, 262, 277, 291, 318, 329, 

345, 352, 353, 354, 366, 371, 374, 

375, 378, 380, 424, 425, 427, 487, 

499, 538, 552, 567, 580, 595, 597, 

602, 622, 640, 653, 665, 666, 682, 

684, 688, 691, 697, 713, 718, 722, 

727, 728, 729, 752, 753, 754, 775, 

781, 797, 807, 809, 816, 822, 826, 

830, 834, 835, 836, 839, 842, 844, 

853, 854, 856, 861, 906, 933, 940, 

959, 961, 963, 977, 1000, 1002, 

1063, 1088, 1096, 1099, 1170 

phosphorus compounds 254, 

1078 

phosphorus cycle 38, 826, 839 

phosphorus: nutrient 80 

phosphorus: pollutant 44 

phosphorus potassium fertilization 

192 

phosphorus removal 86, 316, 345, 

351, 353, 378, 542, 826, 830, 840, 

841, 854, 856, 995, 1186, 1195 

phosphorus yield variability 522 

photographs 617 

photography 514, 855 

photolysis 1044, 1045 

photosynthesis 256 

Phragmites 146, 270 

Phragmites australis 69, 146, 189, 

220, 291, 341, 353, 367, 1199 

Phragmites communis 374 

phyllosphere 232 

phylogeny 32 

physical analysis 507 

physical factors 510, 607, 610, 

765, 1037 

physical oceanography 654 

physical properties 169, 842, 1222 

physicochemical properties 74, 

168, 246, 358, 425, 512, 681, 752, 

1049 

physics and chemistry 415, 1140 

physiological ecology 26 

physiology 637 

physiology, biochemistry, 

biophysics 38, 282, 472, 576, 799 

physiology, biology, biochemistry 

445 

Phytobenthos 38 

phytogeography 170 

phytoplankton 38, 97, 452, 614, 

752, 834, 921, 961, 1029, 1044 

phytoremediation 172, 355, 413, 

447 

phytosociological studies 206 

phytotoxicity 520 

phytovolatilization 355 

Picea 533 

Picea mariana 10, 100, 241, 529 

picloram 193 

piezometers 240, 391 

pig 848 

pig manure 361, 371, 775 

piggeries waste waters 224, 346 

piggery effluent 340, 793 

pigs 424 

pilot plants 345, 346 

Pimephales promelas 265, 527 

Pimephales promelas (Cyprinidae) 

804 

pine 716, 987 

pine forest 632 

pine trees 209, 716, 806 

pineland 843 

pineland watershed disturbance 

170 

pines 228, 716 

pinus 533, 716, 723 

Pinus elliottii 700, 749 

Pinus serotina 647 

Pinus spp. 696 

Pinus strobus 421 

Pinus taeda 696 

Piscean predators 607 

Pisces 334, 452, 503, 606, 651, 

735, 736, 810, 939, 1077, 1222 

Pisces: biomass 755 

piscivory 779 

pitfall trapping 8 

Pittman Island 942 

plain-bellied water snake 694 

Planera aquatica 641 

plankton 97, 162, 572 

plankton community structure 162 

plankton community structure 

effect 162 

planning 28, 47, 72, 92, 332, 823, 

936, 1188 

plant association 973 

plant colonization 605 

plant communities 95, 96, 100, 

180, 185, 270, 271, 320, 404, 597, 

849, 998, 1167, 1199 

plant community 973 

plant community attributes 170 

plant community regeneration 521 

plant control 1010, 1069, 1163 

plant cover 982 

plant culture 349, 823 

plant damage 520 

plant density 212 

plant diversity 506 

plant ecology 180, 211, 739 

plant evolution 987 

plant growth 94, 193, 203, 347, 

413, 550, 567, 1088, 1167, 1199 

plant guild relative abundance 537 

plant height 8, 255 

plant indicators---United States 

136, 141 

plant interactions 273 

plant litter 405 

plant nutrition 53, 327, 567 

plant pests 368 

plant physiology 94, 193, 472 

plant (Plantae unspecified) 109, 

422 

plant populations 10, 38, 69, 76, 

79, 83, 133, 205, 233, 248, 270, 324, 

337, 356, 397, 420, 502, 508, 514, 

517, 533, 567, 591, 597, 612, 614, 

647, 725, 747, 774, 785, 794, 799, 

821, 906, 934, 962, 989, 1010, 1023, 

1049, 1053, 1069, 1082, 1105, 1116, 

1167, 1169, 1180, 1182, 1199, 1218 

plant reproductive structures 867 

plant species composition 170 

plant species dominance 481 

plant species richness 481 

plant species structure 481 

plant stand structure 953 
Subject Index 

395

plant succession 95, 96, 228, 272, 

273, 421, 949 

plant tissue chemistry 239 

plant traits 108 

plant water relations 53 

Plantae 100, 314, 567, 612, 716, 

849 

Plantae (Plantae unspecified) 109, 

142, 422 

planting 949, 957 

planting management 209, 508, 

543, 984, 1116, 1182, 1183, 1184 

plants 13, 38, 96, 109, 128, 142, 

146, 242, 254, 316, 404, 409, 413, 

422, 444, 457, 469, 517, 576, 583, 

716, 834, 874, 1053, 1065, 1100, 

1139, 1188, 1214, 1215 

plants (botany) 242, 474 

plastic mulch 738 

playa lakes 880 

playa lakes colonization patterns 

880 

playa lakes community ecology 

and conservation 880 

playa lakes fauna overview 880 

playa lakes: habitat 866 

playa lakes overview 880 

playa soils 890 

playa wetlands 873, 891 

playa wetlands importance to 

biodiversity 873 

playas 865, 867, 871, 877, 878, 

882, 883, 885, 888, 893, 897, 899, 

901, 905, 906, 907 

playas---High Plains (U.S.) 895 

Plethodon cinereus 772 

plovers 1007 

plumes 836 

Poa trivialis 220 

Poaceae 146, 189 

Podiceps grisegena 138 

Podiceps nigricollis 981 

Podilymbus podiceps 1028 

Poeciliidae 380 

Poland 339 

policies 28, 72, 110, 626, 667, 823, 

877 

policy 14 

policy analysis 276 

pollen 100 

pollen analysis 228 

pollutant deposition 1011 

pollutant identification 569 

pollutant input 44 

pollutant persistence 114, 266, 

527, 790, 1045, 1054 

pollutant removal 44, 376, 476 

pollutants 36, 254, 329, 499, 523, 

541, 542, 561, 765, 804, 1009, 1170, 

1176 

polluted soils 214 

polluted water 146, 185, 329, 382, 

793 

pollution 200, 254, 286, 289, 317, 

330, 362, 706, 713, 721, 751, 755, 

831, 924, 1066, 1075, 1172 

pollution assessment control and 

management 118, 239, 283, 286, 

289, 300, 309, 326, 338, 419, 431, 

475, 478, 562, 730, 782, 808, 831, 

1137, 1179, 1193 

pollution characteristics and fate 

790, 1038 

pollution clean-up 311, 1132 

pollution control 38, 57, 147, 204, 

231, 268, 279, 284, 297, 298, 301, 

305, 308, 311, 316, 317, 330, 331, 

332, 334, 337, 341, 353, 359, 361, 

363, 372, 373, 375, 377, 383, 413, 

418, 453, 472, 511, 548, 551, 567, 

595, 596, 665, 666, 780, 784, 785, 

793, 795, 802, 824, 828, 830, 835, 

840, 856, 857, 909, 995, 1132, 1225 

pollution - control and prevention 

279, 375, 933 

pollution control (environmental) 

856 

pollution detection 176, 224, 1159 

pollution dispersion 254, 266, 360, 

519, 551, 720, 722, 735, 833, 1067 

pollution effects 74, 125, 144, 160, 

175, 178, 184, 195, 224, 254, 325, 

453, 473, 527, 597, 691, 840, 1040, 

1045, 1132, 1212 

pollution (environmental) 802 

pollution---environmental aspects--

-congresses 35 

pollution (groundwater) 249, 301, 

400 

pollution indicators 74, 711 

pollution indicators: abiotic, biotic 

562 

pollution levels 1054 

pollution load 145, 332, 595, 596, 

666, 713, 826, 1210 

pollution mitigation 551 

pollution monitoring 114, 246, 254, 

555, 733, 752, 990, 1038, 1106 

pollution monitoring and detection 

545 

pollution (nonpoint sources) 307, 

317, 337, 343, 552, 784, 802, 833, 

841, 1225 

pollution - organisms 473 

pollution (soil) 939 

pollution sources 1132 

pollution studies 1132 

pollution surveys 175, 899 

pollution tolerance 159 

pollution, toxicity 256 

pollution (water) 301, 540, 939, 

1225 

polychlorinated biphenyls 254, 

1172 

polychlorinated biphenyls 

[analysis] 1172 

polychlorinated biphenyls in soil 

254 

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 

430 

Polygonum 711 

Polygonum amphibium 1164 

Pomoxis nigromaculatus 735 

pond 510, 513 

pond culture 325, 785, 851 

pond cypress 583 

pondcypress swamps 577 

pondcypress swamps aquatic 

community 593 

pondcypress swamps community 

593 

ponding 429, 979 

ponds 138, 198, 222, 280, 325, 368, 

408, 455, 538, 569, 612, 777, 785, 

1006, 1036, 1099, 1177 

ponds: habitat 866 

pool design specifications 1200 

pool morphometry 306 

pools 1033 

poor colonizers 546 

poor fen: mixed hardwood 

softwood forest drainage 326 

population changes 1081 

population control 565 

population decline 188 

population density 67, 185, 194, 

227, 232, 411, 427, 483, 534, 593, 

598, 610, 623, 636, 674, 725, 736, 

744, 827, 862, 891, 965, 1010, 1023, 

1025, 1051, 1108, 1144, 1203, 1221, 

1222 

population dynamics 11, 97, 194, 

208, 229, 368, 387, 408, 450, 455, 

485, 518, 668, 737, 744, 925, 1014, 

1016, 1036, 1041, 1077, 1094, 1095, 

1146, 1202 

population ecology 183, 186, 869 

population-environment relations 

208, 716 

population genetics 524, 1139 

population growth 186, 208 

population levels 411 

population number 11 

population pressures 154 

population recruitment 1095 

population recruitment 

implications 1095 

population responses 891 

population responses to 

agricultural cultivation 891 

population size 229 

population structure 711, 772, 

1025, 1084, 1139 

population studies 183, 1139 

populations 545, 1036 

Populus deltoides 253, 943 

pore water 304, 857 

porosity 748 

post harvest soil characteristics 

678 

post harvest treatments 459 

Potamogeton crispus 38 

Potamogeton pectinatus 38, 193, 

473 

potassium 192, 252, 487 

potential active greenhouse gas 

source 326 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

396

potential effects and management 

1039 

potential evapotranspiration 1208 

potential pathway identification 

506 

potential resources 122, 783 

pothole habitat 1024 

potholes 1063, 1103, 1194 

poultry 822 

practice 751 

practices 942 

prairie 238, 873, 1084 

prairie ecology---United States 

1012 

prairie glacial marsh: ecosystem 

537 

prairie habitat conservation 1046 

prairie landscapes 892 

prairie marsh 1024 

prairie marshes 1099 

Prairie Pothole Joint Venture 

[PPJV] 1046 

prairie pothole landscapes 1016 

Prairie Pothole Region 1037, 1041, 

1047, 1056, 1060, 1062, 1068, 1070, 

1074, 1081, 1086 

Prairie Pothole Region wetlands 

1037 

prairie pothole wetlands 1049, 

1084 

prairie potholes 1038, 1048, 1052 

prairie soils 1035 

prairie wetland ecosystems 1039 

prairie wetlands 165, 1028, 1039 

prairies 166, 175, 238, 243, 321, 

365, 524, 667, 998, 1010, 1016, 

1023, 1025, 1026, 1027, 1029, 1031, 

1033, 1035, 1042, 1045, 1049, 1058, 

1062, 1063, 1064, 1065, 1072, 1079, 

1084, 1094, 1102, 1103, 1106, 1169, 

1170 

prairies: habitat 982 

prawn culture 280, 350 

precipitation 190, 209, 306, 326, 

391, 443, 509, 631, 660, 705, 723, 

916, 995, 1171, 1208, 1223 

precipitation (atmospheric) 175, 

317, 995 

precipitation pattern 589 

predaceous diving beetles 875 

predation 8, 91, 325, 601, 970, 

1181 

predation influence on wetland 

communities 607 

predation threat 465 

predator control 1034 

predators 113, 368, 888, 1041, 

1068 

prediction 518, 627, 722, 1167 

preferential flow 247, 836 

prescribed burning 534, 730, 800, 

1003 

prescribed burning: applied and 

field techniques 1005 

prescribed fire 730 

preservation 339, 881, 909 

Presque Isle 496 

pressure waves: ground water level 

influence 1207 

prevention and control 279, 297, 

304, 308, 311, 317, 330, 341, 347, 

353, 359, 370, 373, 377, 453, 464, 

499, 551, 569, 718, 784, 785, 795, 

824, 835, 839, 840, 856, 1006 

prey availability 188 

prey choice 779 

prey source 601 

primary production 567, 580, 586, 

587, 691 

primary productivity 154, 487, 670, 

680 

principal component analysis 

1102 

principal components analysis 

778 

priorities 122, 909, 1103 

private sector 1030 

processes 90 

product quality 431 

productivity 37, 48, 57, 58, 85, 97, 

303, 452, 521, 538, 587, 933, 1065, 

1144, 1178 

programs 1030 

project monitoring: 

inconsistencies, reliability gaps 

1200 

projections 152 

proportion coefficient 600 

protected species 1200 

protection 15, 246, 1123 

protective measures and control 

28, 38, 51, 52, 92, 102, 112, 238, 

277, 282, 314, 327, 332, 334, 345, 

350, 363, 364, 367, 372, 374, 381, 

440, 460, 472, 514, 545, 560, 567, 

597, 619, 625, 645, 653, 667, 771, 

780, 815, 821, 827, 830, 833, 838, 

852, 854, 906, 909, 910, 933, 946, 

952, 995, 999, 1072, 1085, 1087, 

1103, 1224 

protein 869 

proteins 882, 1164 

proteobacteria 290 

protists 1120 

protozoa 284 

public health 362, 790, 902, 1211 

public health, medicines, 

dangerous organisms 790 

public policy 649 

publications 386 

pulp and paper mill effluents 1009 

pulsed stormwater inputs 1137 

pumped agricultural drainage 817 

pumping plants 990 

pumps 676 

punkies 872 

pupae 427 

purification 99 

pyrite 383 

quantitative analysis 1031 

quantitative distribution 411, 554 

quaternary 883 

Quebec 250 

queletox registered 199 

Quercus 686, 709 

Quercus alba 421 

Quercus laurifolia 821 

Quercus lyrata 641, 821 

Quercus montana 421 

Quercus nigra 641 

Quercus phellos 641 

Quercus rubra 421 

Quercus texana 957 

questionnaire 505, 1163 

radar 1007 

radarsat 1007 

radiation 569 

radio-tagging 455 

radioactive contamination 569 

radioactivity 569 

radiochronologic dating 335 

radium 569 

radium isotopes 569 

radium radioisotopes 569 

rain 204, 320, 328, 575, 644, 834 

rain [chemistry] 235 

rain forest 1205 

rainbow trout 375, 991 

rainfall 175, 292, 578, 579, 632, 

654, 659, 774, 897, 988, 1011, 1040, 

1223 

rainwater basin 908 

Rallus limicola 981 

Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of 

International Importance 154 

Rana palustris 498 

Rana pipiens 527 

Rana pretiosa (Ranidae) 992 

Rana septentrionalis 498 

Rana sphenocephala 222 

Rana sylvatica 407, 408, 772, 1181 

Ranavirus 408 

ranching 122, 446 

range management 211, 220 

range management---United States 

55 

range use 992 

rapid flow 247 

raptor 188 

raptor conservation 188 

rare habitat 672 

rare species 85, 100, 138, 233, 

270, 333, 443, 446, 587, 626, 629, 

672, 884, 1139, 1216 

reach 909 

reaction rate constants 132 

reaction thermodynamic 

constraints 300 

rearing 380 

receiving waters 345 

recharge 89 

reciprocating constructed wetlands 

1193 

reciprocation cycle time 1193 

reciprocation depth 1193 

reciprocation frequency 1193 

recirculated water 840 
Subject Index 

397

recirculating systems 198, 297, 

350, 358, 380, 777, 783, 840 

reclamation 40, 76, 83, 92, 102, 

104, 112, 129, 253, 308, 311, 318, 

327, 339, 357, 364, 407, 408, 440, 

495, 499, 514, 565, 567, 580, 597, 

603, 619, 625, 627, 645, 653, 771, 

780, 799, 821, 824, 827, 838, 839, 

842, 844, 845, 849, 852, 909, 952, 

962, 1000, 1010, 1080, 1082, 1084, 

1085, 1087, 1093, 1096, 1103, 1133, 

1221, 1222, 1224 

reclamation of land---government 

policy---United States 62 

record-keeping inadequacies 1200 

recreation potential improvement 

1179 

recruitment 32, 387, 408, 452, 546, 

622, 911, 1034, 1036, 1060, 1094, 

1095, 1102 

Recurvirostra americana 981 

recycled water 840 

recycling 277, 304, 334, 367, 777 

red maple 387, 760 

red-necked grebe 138 

red spotted newts 1181 

redox 17 

redox potential 249, 349, 460, 616, 

688, 749, 775, 799 

redox potential: control 1193 

redox reactions 128, 349, 460, 854 

redox status changes 478 

redoximorphic features: hydric 

soils, wetting drying cycles 985 

reduction 53, 304, 681, 724 

reed bed cutting 183 

reed bed habitat 183 

reed beds 373 

reedbeds 183, 322 

reference habitats 206 

reference wetland 388, 392, 414 

reference wetlands 658, 792, 1200 

reflooding 1089 

reforestation 801, 930 

reforestation---Mississippi River 

Valley 950 

reforestation---southern states 

950 

reforestation strategy relations 

947 

reforested bottomlands: natural 

regeneration, planting, stand 

development 968 

reforestration strategies 947 

reforestration strategy relations 

947 

refuges 910 

regeneration 203, 529, 746 

regeneration dynamics 967 

regional analysis 1031, 1113 

Regional Atmospheric Modeling 

System (RAMS) 811 

regional conservation programs 

257, 1047, 1056, 1070 

regional development 179, 802 

regional differences 1122 

regional diversity 103 

regional planning 24, 72, 437, 591, 

626, 802, 823, 1103 

regional stream flow records 1207 

regional studies, expeditions and 

data reports 654 

regional variations 580 

regression analysis 351, 387, 535, 

781, 864 

regulated rivers 263 

regulations 30, 246, 877, 1123, 

1176 

rehabilitation 28, 64, 129, 341, 426, 

627, 735, 794, 802, 856, 909, 949, 

996, 1087, 1103, 1222, 1223 

relationships 1064 

relaxed eddy accumulation: applied 

and field techniques 578 

remediation 447, 453 

remediation method 206 

remote sensing 312, 573, 614, 664, 

922, 1007 

removal 297, 380, 551, 798, 807, 

831, 1136 

removal efficiency 963 

renovation 426, 802, 856, 1103 

reproduction 159, 408, 443, 538, 

869, 897, 1041 

reproduction and development 

327, 622, 1156 

reproductive behaviour 725, 981 

reproductive performance 1058 

reproductive productivity 1041, 

1095 

reproductive success 188, 538 

reptile 659 

reptiles 693, 694, 750 

Reptilia 737, 812, 818 

Reptilia: forestry 693, 750 

research 88, 1019, 1066 

research priorities 30, 43, 122, 

383, 946, 1141, 1183 

research programmes 122 

research programs 102, 603, 910, 

946 

reservoir dam 929 

reservoirs 171, 253, 453, 508, 548, 

561, 563, 570, 908, 921 

residence time 93, 519, 816 

residential development 170, 179 

residential use 988 

residues 199 

resource conservation 3, 72, 452, 

626, 1030 

resource development 58 

resource management 3, 72, 101, 

182, 208, 323, 357, 418, 422, 437, 

443, 515, 591, 603, 613, 617, 626, 

641, 667, 669, 685, 752, 825, 867, 

929, 960, 971, 1160, 1217 

resources 603, 975, 983 

resources management 39, 72, 

115, 125, 323, 670, 975, 983 

respiration 64, 234, 348 

response to environmental 

variables 483 

response to gap and skidder rut 

wetland creation 812 

response to human disturbance 

593 

responses to helicopter timber 

harvesting 668 

responses to upland forest 

management and conservation 

implications 737 

resting eggs 1052 

restoration 24, 28, 51, 52, 64, 76, 

92, 102, 106, 112, 133, 269, 314, 

364, 367, 391, 407, 408, 416, 426, 

433, 452, 499, 511, 514, 545, 546, 

565, 572, 580, 596, 597, 603, 612, 

653, 658, 663, 735, 771, 797, 799, 

801, 802, 815, 821, 827, 828, 842, 

844, 845, 849, 854, 856, 910, 978, 

997, 1010, 1049, 1084, 1085, 1089, 

1094, 1199, 1221 

restoration ecology 12, 328, 559, 

1101, 1104, 1196 

restoration ecology---congresses 

105 

restoration ecology---Prairie 

Pothole Region 1101 

restoration planning 618 

restoration strategy 1220 

restored 778 

restored riparian wetland 655 

restored wetland 414 

restored wetlands 562, 773, 1112, 

1180 

resuspended sediments 940, 961 

retention 93, 347, 352, 367, 842, 

1136 

retention time 315, 316, 464 

reuse 334 

revegetation 747, 848, 1117, 1188 

review 113, 161, 492 

review articles 140 

reviews 2, 16, 30, 34, 39, 48, 59, 

91, 93, 146, 195, 254, 307, 352, 362, 

494, 576, 925, 933, 1132, 1143, 

1176, 1195 

rhizosphere 17, 95, 469 

Rhode Island 124, 595 

rice 176, 195, 200, 231, 246, 247, 

270, 341, 367, 368, 467, 480, 667, 

764, 775, 823, 858, 944 

rice field 32 

rice field aquaculture 208, 823 

rice fields 2, 176, 191, 195, 246, 

254, 270, 360, 367, 459, 465, 725, 

823, 941 

rice soils 147 

rice straw 300, 467 

ricelands 471 

ring-necked ducks 133 

riparian 973 

riparian areas 287 

riparian buffer 515 

riparian buffer strips 522 

riparian buffers 564 

riparian continuity 522 

riparian depression 402 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

398

riparian ecology---United States 

55 

riparian ecosystems 973 

riparian environments 7, 94, 172, 

253, 275, 304, 324, 400, 426, 482, 

716, 821, 833, 909, 926, 1169, 1224 

riparian floodplain 1024 

riparian forests 3, 791 

riparian habitat 1192, 1198 

riparian land 172, 403, 535, 543, 

560, 752, 871, 909, 926, 984, 1183 

riparian patch size 522 

riparian vegetation 3, 94, 126, 253, 

304, 324, 340, 426, 482, 543, 821, 

973, 997, 1169, 1183 

riparian waters 400, 543, 984, 

1183, 1224 

riparian wetland 825 

riparian wetland soils 831 

riparian wetlands 1128, 1179 

riparian zone 94 

riprap 997 

risk 163, 362 

risks 245 

river 656, 987 

river basin management 94, 205, 

285, 332, 418, 617, 626, 940, 952, 

1067, 1169 

river basins 339, 404, 875, 909, 

952, 978 

river discharge 254, 391, 919, 1067 

river diversions 173 

river engineering 94, 208, 802, 

856, 1222 

river floodplains 1128 

river flow 110 

river flow variations 110 

river mouth 497 

river systems 826 

river valleys 978 

river water 352, 570, 961 

river water pollution 254 

riverine flood plain forest 

community characteristics review 

1144 

riverine flood plain forest fauna life 

history adaptations 1144 

riverine wetlands 154, 1197 

riverine wetlands: forested 778 

rivers 93, 104, 111, 122, 237, 263, 

290, 332, 423, 434, 452, 542, 570, 

663, 826, 838, 849, 875, 887, 909, 

927, 940, 941, 961, 1162, 1169, 1217 

road construction 756, 761 

roads 185, 411, 423, 517, 741, 1064 

roadside survey: applied and field 

techniques 866 

rodent 188 

rodents 421, 1175 

role of biological controls in 

coastal salt marsh food webs 113 

role of bottom up and top down 

controls 113 

root zone 284, 349, 512 

rooted aquatic plants 453 

roots 10, 64, 147, 185, 349, 789 

rotational cattle grazing 1046 

rotational grazed pastures 1046 

rowcrop agriculture 1081 

Rubus trivialis 725 

ruddy duck 454 

ruddy ducks 450 

run-off 635 

runoff 56, 204, 209, 215, 250, 304, 

311, 317, 328, 329, 330, 343, 527, 

596, 626, 660, 685, 703, 707, 712, 

718, 721, 722, 723, 738, 784, 802, 

807, 832, 833, 856, 939, 945, 983, 

999, 1048, 1096, 1113, 1162, 1214 

runoff (agricultural) 291, 307, 337, 

343, 425, 473, 552, 665, 784, 841, 

854, 1186 

runoff generation 1179 

runoff: nitrogen enriched 1137 

runoff (urban) 999 

Ruppia maritima 473, 474 

rural areas 224 

rural development 663 

Russia 125 

saccharum 727, 753 

safety 453 

Sagittaria 934 

sago pondweed 38 

salamanders 7, 407, 443 

Salicornia virginica 440 

saline environments 434 

saline intrusion 111 

saline soils 1224 

saline water 111, 150, 242, 434, 

576, 884 

saline water intrusion 925 

salinisation 242 

salinity 69, 96, 111, 174, 242, 274, 

320, 434, 631, 659, 680, 799, 853, 

921, 987, 993, 1168, 1199, 1224 

salinity effects 69, 356, 453, 576, 

1199 

salinity gradient 589 

salinity gradients 606 

salinity tolerance 242, 1199 

salinization 242, 887 

Salix nigra 821 

salmon 996 

Salmonella enterica 890 

Salmonidae 314, 353, 1002 

salmonids 314, 353, 1002 

salt encrustation 454 

salt lakes 138 

salt marsh 113 

salt marsh hydrodynamics 1220 

salt marshes 16, 28, 31, 40, 59, 74, 

76, 112, 114, 115, 155, 160, 180, 

211, 212, 248, 271, 437, 440, 580, 

586, 595, 602, 606, 645, 649, 653, 

654, 663, 680, 689, 695, 774, 799, 

855, 863, 884, 910, 923, 927, 1107, 

1139, 1184, 1199, 1221 

salt toxicosis 454 

salt wedges 576 

saltcedar trees 253 

saltmarsh habitat 256 

salts 434, 887 

salvage felling and logging 679 

Sambucus nigra 220 

samplers 430 

samples 301 

sampling 145, 258, 292, 403, 430, 

464, 582, 599, 616, 651, 888, 907, 

923, 1006, 1224 

sampling effect 37 

sampling methods 430 

San Joaquin Valley 450 

sanctuaries 910 

sand 234 

sand creek channel incision 1207 

sandhill crane 978 

sandhills 881 

sandpipers 1007 

sandy loam soils 616 

sandy soils 611 

Saskatchewan 143, 235, 1035 

satellite imagery 779 

satellite sensing 573 

satellite technology 573 

saturated flow 268 

saturated soils 887 

Savannah River Site 598, 812 

Scandinavia 186 

Scaphiopus holbrookii 772 

Schinus terebinthifolius 845 

Schoenoplectus acutus 474, 1009 

Schoenoplectus americanus 631, 

953 

Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani 

327, 348 

Sciomyzidae 872 

Scirpus 303, 405 

Scirpus lacustris 341, 367 

Scirpus maritima 997 

Scirpus robustus 469 

Scirpus validus 413 

screens 353 

screens and screening 353 

Se 445 

sea grass 52, 74 

sea level 115, 208, 586, 652, 925 

sea level changes 16, 114, 115, 

208, 652 

sea level rise 1111 

sea surface temperature 779 

season 754 

seasonal abundance 471 

seasonal and semipermanent 

wetlands 438 

seasonal and semipermanent 

wetlands community ecology and 

management 438 

seasonal and semipermanent 

wetlands management effect on 

fauna 438 

seasonal changes 32, 1041, 1120 

seasonal forest pool 1206 

seasonal forest pools 1142 

seasonal growth pattern 310 

seasonal migration 186 

seasonal variation 95, 320, 450, 

462, 507, 568, 595, 620, 713, 890, 

921, 924 
Subject Index 

399

seasonal variations 184, 292, 325, 

372, 391, 580, 606, 794, 810, 829, 

875, 945, 1033, 1078, 1094, 1099, 

1113, 1225 

seasonal wetlands 225, 726 

seasonality 966, 976, 1074 

seasonally flooded wetland 1206 

seasons 606, 945 

seawater 48, 266 

secondarily treated municipal 

wastewater 661 

secondary treatment 277 

secondary wastewater treatment 

277 

sedge meadow 1089 

sedge meadow wetlands 

restoration 1104 

sediment 352, 526, 540, 601, 751, 

754, 798, 927, 944 

sediment accretion process 1220 

sediment chemistry 282, 304, 367, 

412, 460, 544, 580, 797, 799, 961 

sediment contamination 214, 224, 

282, 453, 460, 476, 532, 549, 735, 

857, 939 

sediment deposition 688, 742, 743, 

756 

sediment load 535, 861, 1067 

sediment loading 817 

sediment plugs 546 

sediment pollution 158, 160, 176, 

266, 444, 453, 460, 472, 511, 532, 

735, 740, 939, 990, 1054, 1067, 1177 

sediment properties 412, 594, 882, 

989, 1224 

sediment salinity 578 

sediment samples 580, 961 

sediment surface 478 

sediment texture 893 

sediment transport 535, 1053, 

1067 

sediment-water interface 854, 

1067 

sediment-water interfaces 844, 

854 

sediment yield 209 

sedimentation 64, 115, 158, 227, 

280, 307, 511, 553, 557, 652, 670, 

740, 741, 893, 901, 929, 933, 1038, 

1044, 1048, 1052, 1053, 1076, 1150, 

1167, 1174, 1184 

sedimentation rate 402 

sedimentation rates 585 

sediments 43, 64, 202, 282, 302, 

337, 348, 470, 476, 540, 542, 544, 

580, 596, 652, 695, 726, 729, 734, 

740, 743, 756, 761, 784, 826, 828, 

857, 887, 918, 927, 961, 1038, 1048, 

1053, 1054, 1065, 1067, 1159, 1160, 

1215, 1218, 1224 

sediments and sedimentation 740, 

961 

sedis 171, 290, 754, 1120 

seed bank 335 

seed banks 410, 849, 867, 1023, 

1052, 1053, 1102 

seed burial depth 1053 

seed dispersal 967 

seed germination 548, 1087 

seed longevity 967 

seed production 629 

seedbed conditions 170 

seeding 949 

seedling density 170 

seedlings 203, 253, 387, 410, 550, 

821, 957, 1010, 1053, 1102, 1188 

seeds 270, 314, 410, 622, 849, 867, 

882, 905, 1010, 1087, 1094, 1102, 

1164 

seepage 240, 412, 466, 660, 814, 

834, 1207 

Segmentina nitida 233 

selection cutting 704 

Selenastrum capricornutum 330, 

1044 

selenium 355, 444, 447, 453, 469, 

472, 473, 474, 476, 479, 568, 990, 

1166, 1177, 1212, 1213, 1215 

selenium concentration 445 

selenium contaminated drainage 

water management 475 

self-design theory 967 

semiaquatic habitat 121, 143, 161, 

229, 264, 438, 483, 492, 496, 528, 

584, 610, 624, 668, 673, 674, 736, 

737, 755, 765, 769, 804, 818, 860, 

873, 891, 935, 992, 1037, 1039, 

1095, 1122, 1144, 1146, 1151, 1204 

semiarid environments 97, 238 

semiarid lands 201 

seminatural wetland habitat 465 

sensitivity analysis 652 

seral stages 228, 421 

series description 973 

serovars 890 

settling basins 541, 1002 

severe drought 1207 

sewage 362, 784, 1099 

sewage and wastewater treatment 

303, 362 

sewage disposal 430, 933 

sewage effluent 429 

sewage lagoons---North Carolina---

hydrodynamics 642 

sewage---purification---biological 

treatment 19, 296 

sewage---purification---cold 

weather conditions 296 

sewage purification---handbooks, 

manuals, etc 1190 

sewage & wastewater treatment 

87, 298, 305, 334, 345, 347, 348, 

350, 353, 358, 363, 370, 372, 373, 

375, 376, 424, 430, 460, 785, 995, 

1002, 1225 

sewages 224, 413 

sex difference 869 

sex differences 868 

sex hormones 224 

sexual reproduction 572 

sexual selection 408 

shallow saline lakes 870 

shallow saline lakes community 

structure 870 

shannon wiener diversity 506 

sheep 180, 211 

sheet flow 604 

sheetwater wetland 1189 

shellfish 790 

shellfish culture 280, 325, 358, 

370, 783, 851 

shellfish farming 370 

shelterwood 269 

shelterwood method 269 

shore protection 497, 514, 771 

shorebird abundance and habitat 

use 1146 

shorebirds 1007, 1146 

shoreline alteration 116 

shoreline cover 508 

short term breeding population 

responses 744 

short term breeding population 

responses to clearcutting vs. patch 

retention harvesting 744 

short term breeding population 

responses to different harvest 

practices 744 

short-term changes 691 

short term responses to 

clearcutting vs. patch retention 

harvesting 744 

short term responses to different 

harvest practices 744 

shrimp 325, 370 

shrimp culture 325, 358, 370, 783, 

795, 851 

shrimp fisheries 853 

shrinkage 168 

shrubs 96, 849 

significance for conservation 1039 

significance of agrichemicals 

1039 

siltation 1052 

silvicultural management 931 

silvicultural practices 236, 687 

silviculture 7, 530, 696, 705, 712, 

852, 943, 1188 

silviculture and forest management 

1188 

simazine 428 

simulation 499, 627, 652, 722, 1159 

simulation models 259, 561, 719, 

805, 813 

sinks 61, 150, 476, 623, 740, 826 

site factors 95 

site impacts: cultivation, 

stormwater 537 

site preparation 529, 530, 686, 745, 

763, 1188 

site preparation method: applied 

and field techniques 966 

site productivity 763 

site selection 71, 432, 908, 909, 

1096 

site specific 754 

site surveys 393 

siting criteria 71 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

400

size 387, 620, 1179 

skidder rut wetland 812 

skidders 684, 710, 748 

skidding 679, 684 

slash 745 

sleeping 865 

slope 204, 402, 1167 

slopes 1167 

slopes (topography) 612 

sludge 279 

slugs 546 

sluices 149 

slurries 249, 373, 822 

small isolated wetlands in 

managed forests 818 

small mammals 421 

small-mouthed salamander 222 

small temperate wetland: carbon 

budget 326 

smallmouth salamanders 1181 

smartweed 1164 

smolt 996 

snails 233, 546 

snow 631 

snow goose 978 

snow melting 509 

snowmelt ponds 510 

snowmelt ponds community 

structure 510 

social aspects 925 

social changes 127 

social framework 154 

social pattern: territory 218 

sociological aspects 88, 539 

soil 122, 234, 262, 304, 400, 478, 

594, 616, 677, 718, 720, 735, 794, 

797, 842, 848, 920, 977, 989, 1000, 

1042, 1170 

soil absorption and adsorption---

research---North Carolina 642 

soil air 679 

soil amendments 595 

soil analysis 167, 212 

soil and plants 681 

soil bacteria 147, 469, 714 

soil carbon 312 

soil characteristics 506, 632, 760, 

845 

soil chemistry 85, 111, 274, 426, 

529, 682, 747, 749, 799, 809, 842 

soil classification 616, 1072 

soil columns 720, 831 

soil compaction 168, 679, 710 

soil conservation 323 

soil conservation---United States 

1 

soil constituents: trace element 

retention 478 

soil contamination 176, 444, 735, 

939 

soil contamination analysis: 

stratigraphic integrity 335 

soil coring method 335 

soil degradation 679 

soil depth 530, 726, 764, 831 

soil development 680 

soil enzymes 595, 713 

soil erosion 202, 214, 230, 717, 

760, 946 

soil factors: aeration, peat size 

fractions, substrate 389 

soil fauna 92 

soil fertility 1171 

soil fertility wetland type 1117 

soil fungi 714 

soil gases 885 

soil heterogeneity 713 

soil horizons 400, 1072 

soil hydrology 647 

soil management 882, 905, 1171 

soil mechanics 1223 

soil microorganisms 75, 167, 681 

soil moisture 688, 1087 

soil morphological features 724 

soil morphology 616, 724 

soil nutrient balance 167 

soil nutrients 653 

soil organic matter 462, 529, 530, 

536, 611, 975, 1171 

soil pH 128 

soil physical properties 53, 678, 

710, 717, 748 

soil pollutants [analysis] 1172 

soil pollution 95, 214, 258, 286, 

444, 462 

soil pollution: monitoring, control 

and remediation 94 

soil pollution: monitoring, control 

& remediation 208, 453 

soil profile 247 

soil profiles 168 

soil properties 412, 594, 670, 713, 

788, 794, 842, 951, 966, 989, 1035, 

1178, 1194 

soil redox potential 300 

soil remediation 453 

soil resources 655 

soil respiration 699 

soil salinity 660 

soil salts 259 

soil samples 290 

soil sampling 1224 

soil saturation 131, 400, 951 

soil saturation deficit 660 

soil science 131, 192, 244, 286, 

300, 319, 335, 389, 426, 478, 521, 

611, 632, 637, 678, 759, 778, 831, 

843, 1117, 1137, 1158, 1205 

soil sequences 1035 

soil solution 529, 536, 745 

soil stratigraphy 1207 

soil strength 746 

soil structure 936 

soil temperature 530, 688, 699, 

739, 924, 1102 

soil temperatures 509 

soil texture 893 

soil total Kjeldahl nitrogen [soil 

TKN] 1137 

soil transplantation 1133 

soil type 300 

soil types 203, 352, 393, 410, 466, 

647, 714, 878 

soil variability 616 

soil variables: bulk density, organic 

matter, total nitrogen, total 

phosphorus 778 

soil water 169, 234, 292, 352, 654, 

745, 793, 867, 906, 909, 1032 

soil water balance 259 

soil water content 271, 699, 745, 

746 

soil water movement 177 

soil-water-plant relationships 984, 

1129, 1182, 1183 

soil water regimes 177, 644, 679 

soils 75, 111, 124, 176, 213, 270, 

304, 324, 328, 332, 426, 509, 635, 

640, 647, 653, 654, 681, 720, 730, 

794, 797, 799, 842, 844, 845, 854, 

906, 1067, 1072, 1102, 1105, 1107, 

1129, 1167, 1224 

solar radiation 204 

solid impurities 1002 

solid wastes 877 

solids 661 

solubility 235, 352, 460 

solute transport 519, 568 

songbirds 913 

Sorex cinereus 411 

Sorghum vulgare 1164 

Soricidae 421 

sorption 330, 337, 352, 640, 842, 

1044 

sorption isotherms 352 

sources and fate of pollution 61, 

93, 208, 240, 245, 247, 317, 318, 

343, 360, 444, 460, 469, 540, 555, 

568, 718, 735, 803, 809, 830, 836, 

1011, 1049, 1176, 1210 

south 183, 668, 935 

south africa 317 

South Africa, Cape Town 337 

South Africa, Lourens R. 317, 337 

South America 122, 125 

South America, Amazonia, Amazon 

R. 122 

South Atlantic 162 

South Australia 174 

South Carolina 624, 635, 671, 690, 

693, 701, 737, 741, 744, 812, 818, 

1117 

south central, southeastern USA 

1158 

South Dakota 124, 1042, 1051, 

1056, 1058, 1060 

south east Wyoming 870 

South Fork Edisto River 693 

south west Atlantic 162 

southeastern states of USA 1188 

southeastern United States 791, 

801 

southern Great Plains 880 

southern High Plains 873, 891 

southern USA 1173 

soyabeans 570, 775 

soybean 944, 1067 
Subject Index 

401

soybeans 858 

space-for-time substitution 1111 

spacing 177, 575 

Spain 97, 259 

Spain, Aragon, Huesca 111 

Spain, Cataluna, Tarragona, Ebro 

Delta 367 

Spain, Ebro Delta 367 

Spain, Ebro R. 254, 341 

Spain, Guadalquivir R. Estuary, 

Donana Natl. Park 221 

Spain, Valencia, Albufera Natural 

Park 176 

Spartina 248, 580, 631, 653, 664, 

799, 855, 934, 1199 

Spartina alterniflora 474, 580, 664, 

689, 1199 

Spartina densiflora 248 

Spartina patens 631, 664, 799, 837, 

953, 1199 

spatial distribution 97, 233, 321, 

390, 516, 523, 569, 585, 599, 627, 

735, 1075 

spatial heterogeneity 8 

spatial structure 634 

spatial variability 808 

spatial variation 702, 723, 756, 791 

spatial variations 176, 482, 627 

spatiotemporal distributions 655 

Spea multiplicata 897 

specialist raptors 188 

speciation 1177 

species 588 

species abundance 379, 758, 1081 

species composition 248, 253, 

263, 390, 413, 481, 580, 600, 612, 

680, 688, 758, 760, 849, 867, 874, 

930, 1037, 1074, 1167, 1222 

species density 680, 866 

species diversity 8, 38, 85, 125, 

138, 164, 179, 211, 220, 227, 243, 

254, 270, 275, 368, 407, 411, 421, 

442, 446, 448, 492, 512, 517, 524, 

533, 538, 572, 579, 580, 606, 612, 

620, 662, 663, 711, 717, 744, 755, 

772, 774, 776, 794, 864, 872, 873, 

888, 905, 911, 949, 982, 1077, 1085, 

1092, 1093, 1094, 1139, 1157, 1175, 

1221 

species extinction 524, 1043 

species interactions: general 1029 

species interactions: parasites and 

diseases 91 

species interactions: pests and 

control 430, 629 

species lists 225 

species richness 8, 38, 77, 85, 

103, 170, 171, 185, 189, 206, 356, 

365, 368, 379, 382, 411, 446, 459, 

506, 517, 572, 579, 600, 620, 711, 

760, 850, 888, 911, 943, 982, 1089, 

1092, 1102 

spectroscopic techniques 1177 

spectroscopy 1177 

Spergularia marina 884 

Spermatophyta 146 

spermatophytes 583 

sphagnum 98, 100, 396 

spiralling 342 

spoil banks 771 

spotted salamander 222, 407, 408 

spotted salamanders 1181 

spotted seatrout 827 

spray deposition 520 

spray drift 520 

spraying 1001 

sprays 1001 

spring 186, 865 

spring bird migration 931 

spring water 240, 887 

springs 464 

springs (water) 451 

spruce 987 

spruce trees 550 

SS [suspended solids] 290 

stable flies 872 

stable isotope 342 

stable isotope ratios 779 

stage treatment 353 

stand characteristics 421 

stand density 421 

stand structure 255 

standardization 1200 

standards 246, 887 

standing plants 474 

standing water 578, 975 

standing waters 1169 

starch 1136 

state conservation programs 1056 

state enhancement programs 

1030 

state government 1030 

state jurisdiction 72 

state wildlife management areas 

1175 

statistical analysis 718, 908, 1094, 

1169 

statistical models 204 

statistics 505, 1169 

status 183 

stemflow 660 

stems 405 

steppes 989 

Stillwater Wildlife Management 

Area 1211 

stock ponds 892 

stocking density 711 

stocking (organisms) 546 

stocking rate 220, 255 

stocking rates 711 

stocks 711 

stopover site 868 

storage 644, 844, 977, 1087 

storage volume 908 

storm runoff 6, 49, 343, 541, 784, 

802, 824, 833, 835, 844, 856, 999 

storm seepage 345, 1006 

storm sewers---handbooks, 

manuals, etc 1190 

storm surges 507 

storm wastewater 1006 

storm water 597, 824 

storm water management 49 

storms 318, 631, 1113 

stormwater runoff 6, 44, 56, 317, 

337, 784, 802, 824, 833, 835, 844, 

856, 939, 999 

stormwater treatment area 808 

stormwater treatment wetlands 44 

stratification 1087 

straw 467 

straw disposal 449, 938 

stream 1207 

stream discharge 415 

stream flow 415, 1106, 1113, 1129 

stream flow rate 110, 1201 

stream pollution 61 

stream restoration 984 

stream sinuosity 522 

streamflow 1106 

streamflow analysis 110 

streamflow and runoff 233, 285, 

909, 1103, 1169 

streamflow comparison 1113 

streamflow---Florida 1130 

streamflow---Suwannee River 

Watershed (Ga. and Fla.) 1130 

streams 61, 93, 204, 214, 340, 352, 

387, 390, 399, 415, 568, 729, 752, 

756, 760, 820, 1006, 1045, 1155, 

1158, 1162, 1194, 1217 

streams (in natural channels) 237, 

752, 927 

streamside areas 1179 

streamside elevation 680 

strength 1199 

Streptocephalus seali 672 

stress 631, 1199 

stress analysis 494 

stress response 825 

striped mullet 325, 827 

structural design 813 

structure 122, 248, 281, 482, 875, 

932 

structure-function relationships 

92, 122 

stubble 480 

studies 1113 

sub creek ground water mound: 

seasonal development, seasonal 

dispersion 1207 

sub-humid 262 

subcanopy irrigation 431 

submerged aquatic vegetation 826 

submerged plants 193, 657, 841 

submergence 480, 585 

submergence rate 936 

submersed aquatic macrophytes 

37 

subsidence 16, 664, 764, 859, 925, 

933 

substrata 374, 934 

substrate composition 1193 

substrate size 1193 

substrates 164, 374, 536, 598, 612, 

845, 934 

subsurface agricultural irrigation 

drainage impact on fauna 161 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

402

subsurface agricultural irrigation 

drainage impact on wetland fauna 

161 

subsurface agricultural irrigation 

drainage impact on wetlands 161 

subsurface drainage 247, 292, 

561, 570, 571 

subsurface flow constructed 

wetlands: design optimization, 

research needs, simulation 118 

subsurface flow systems 132 

subsurface irrigation 247, 548, 

561, 563, 570 

subsurface irrigation drainage 

impact on wetland fauna 161 

subsurface wetlands 342 

subtropics 726 

suburban watersheds 1137 

subwatersheds 1214 

succession 100, 227, 270, 356, 

605, 792, 825, 848, 888, 930, 949, 

1094 

succession species diversity 641 

sugarberry 930 

sugarcane 764 

sulfate 409, 473, 681 

sulfate reduction 409 

sulfates 215, 464, 761, 887 

sulfite reductase 681 

sulfur 383 

sulfur dioxide 184, 829 

sulphates 681 

sulphur 383 

summer 774, 890, 902 

surface area 164 

surface chemistry 415 

surface drainage 247, 817, 877 

surface flow 354 

surface flow mitigation 1074 

surface-groundwater relations 56, 

110, 111, 956, 1194 

surface-groundwater relationships 

89 

surface layers 682 

surface runoff 809, 836 

surface water 176, 247, 262, 317, 

321, 363, 382, 403, 404, 415, 434, 

466, 545, 552, 572, 596, 705, 717, 

754, 796, 847, 878, 887, 903, 933, 

1075, 1105, 1171 

surface water conditions: nutrient 

concentration, ph, specific 

conductance 170 

surface water level 1109 

surface water table depth change 

678 

surfacewater 808 

survey 190 

survey and influencing factors 

624 

surveying 242 

surveying and remote sensing 617 

surveys 72, 117, 122, 362, 393, 

423, 505, 1163 

survival 203, 222, 253, 647, 725, 

799, 804, 869, 926, 957, 1016, 1068, 

1199 

Sus scrofa 848 

suspended load 315, 464 

suspended particulate matter 38, 

315, 350, 363, 413, 464, 752, 1006 

suspended sediments 485, 541, 

741 

suspended solids 132, 315, 321, 

329, 353, 363, 464, 834, 1006 

sustainability 764 

sustainable agriculture 323 

sustainable development 58, 115, 

158, 323, 780 

sustainable ecosystems 1197 

Suwannee River Watershed (Ga. 

and Fla.) 1130 

swamp 267, 593, 801, 920, 987 

swamp cyrilla 760 

swamp soils 529, 700, 739 

swamp tupelo 583 

swamp water quality 661 

swamps 56, 59, 100, 145, 228, 598, 

614, 676, 700, 706, 731, 739, 747, 

749, 752, 789, 797, 806, 817, 847, 

852, 956, 959, 961, 1182 

swamps, marshes 238, 509 

Sweden 215, 332 

sweetbay 760 

Sweetwater Marsh National Wildlife 

Refuge 129 

swine 424 

Switzerland 85 

SWMM EXTRAN model 813 

Sylviidae 183 

Synaptomys cooperi 411 

synchronous fluorescence 

spectroscopy 286 

synecology 421, 702 

synergistic effects 631 

synoptic analysis 30, 1103 

syntrophy 300 

systematics and taxonomy 108, 

190 

tadpoles 171 

Taiwan 358 

Tamarix ramosissima 253 

tannins 464 

Tanzania 213 

taxa responses to upland forest 

management 737 

Taxodium 647 

taxodium ascendens 707 

Taxodium ascendens 

(Coniferopsida) 583 

Taxodium distichum 587, 598, 700, 

734, 749, 821, 838, 967 

taxonomy 572, 1032 

techniques 948, 1033 

techniques of planning 92, 149, 

437, 845 

technology 57, 334, 376, 425 

technology transfer 122 

telemetry 948 

temperate 98 

temperate environments 125 

temperate flood meadow 244 

temperate forests 94, 326, 482, 

502 

temperate fruits 234 

temperate grasslands 1169 

temperate rainforests 333 

temperate zone 195, 512, 1087 

temperate zones 69, 125 

temperature 14, 289, 300, 303, 310, 

326, 562, 575, 661, 831 

temperature differences 811 

temperature effects 303, 372, 443, 

811, 1087, 1099, 1102 

temporal distribution 97, 263, 321, 

523 

temporal variation 95, 427, 702, 

723, 756, 791 

temporal variations 176, 263, 387, 

391, 888 

temporarily flooded wetlands 1151 

temporarily flooded wetlands 

ecology and management 1151 

temporary ponds 126, 524, 672, 

878, 888, 989, 1033, 1062 

temporary water 510, 513, 880 

temporary wetland community 

103 

temporary wetlands 758 

temporary woodland pond 

community seasonal dynamics 

513 

temporary woodland ponds 513 

Tennessee 427, 742, 756, 1115, 

1117 

Tennessee Valley Authority [TVA] 

1193 

terminology 92 

terraced sites 776 

terraces 827 

terrestrial ecology 108, 183, 206, 

705, 759, 1205 

terrestrial-ecology: ecology, 

environmental sciences 8, 116, 

131, 244, 309, 326, 431, 463, 489, 

504, 611, 632, 776, 982, 1081, 1179, 

1197, 1206, 1220 

terrestrial ecosystems 100 

terrestrial environment 1220 

terrestrial habitat 264, 668, 690, 

693, 744, 750, 942, 947 

terrestrial wild life habitat 

improvement potential 1179 

territory 218 

tertiary 111 

tertiary wastewater treatment 661 

testing procedures 766, 845, 1031 

Texas 674, 686, 699, 743, 750, 800, 

876, 891, 1129, 1166, 1184 

Texas, USA 879 

Thailand 370 

Thelypodium integrifolium 884 

theoretical 474 

thermal pollution 598 

threats 218 
Subject Index 

403

threats to playa wetland habitats 

873 

three swamp forests 932 

throughfall 660, 1011 

Thurston County 992 

tidal circulation 1220 

tidal currents 76, 997 

tidal effects 16, 76, 586, 602, 654, 

788, 1116 

tidal flats 224, 650, 657 

tidal flats, saltmarsh 60 

"tidal" flow reed bed 373 

tidal flow reed beds 373 

tidal inlets 112 

tidal inundation 660, 680 

tidal level 1220 

tidal marsh geomorphology 618 

tidal marshes 51, 695, 720, 788, 

1116, 1184, 1221, 1222 

tidal marshland use 618 

tidal models 1199 

tidal range 115 

tidal rivers 452, 650 

tide 987 

tides 16, 76, 96, 112, 115, 373, 440, 

654, 1199, 1222 

tidewater 657 

tidewater region 817 

tiger salamander 538 

tiger salamanders 1181 

tile drainage 552, 567, 1171 

tile drainage waters 289 

tile drains 983 

till plains 1181 

tillage 167, 214, 745, 1033, 1052, 

1063, 1067, 1074, 1075, 1171, 1175 

tillage agriculture 892 

tillage effects 1049 

tilling 192 

timber harvest 262 

timber harvest effects 693 

timber harvest effects on 

communities 693 

timber harvest effects on 

community structure 693 

timber harvesting 219, 264, 731, 

732 

timber harvesting impacts 763 

timber production 915 

time allocation 465 

time dependent 263 

time factors 235 

time scale 754 

time series analysis 617, 654, 664, 

811 

time varying ground water 

discharge 846 

time varying ground water 

recharge 846 

tin 345 

Tippecanoe and Warren Counties 

528 

tires 710, 748 

tissues 735 

toads 7, 205 

tolerance 64, 999, 1102, 1199 

top down controls in food webs 

113 

topographic effects 815 

topographic features 652, 1129 

topographical gradient 206 

topography 76, 262, 312, 489, 987, 

1067, 1113, 1129 

topography and morphology 112 

topsoil 371 

total beach habitat 1109 

total coliform concentrations 562 

total organic carbon 612, 842 

total suspended solids (TSS) 832 

toxic effects 804 

toxic effects of methyl parathion 

804 

toxicity 27, 95, 165, 265, 317, 381, 

424, 457, 738, 765, 857, 991, 1065, 

1066, 1176, 1211, 1212 

toxicity abatement 424 

toxicity testing 193, 424, 857 

toxicity tests 193, 857 

toxicology 159, 283, 338, 473, 808, 

831 

toxicology and health 424, 857 

toxins 36 

trace elements 460, 472, 1210 

tracer techniques 558 

tracers 464, 555, 885 

Trachemys scripta 694 

trafficability 710, 1178 

training 122 

trajectories 129 

transfer 637 

transplantation 47, 314, 546, 799, 

852 

transplants 799, 1199 

transport processes 352 

treatment 354, 429 

treatment wetland 294 

treatment wetlands 802, 840 

tree community 267 

tree diameter 982 

tree felling for lodge construction 

effect 674 

tree height 982 

tree islands 604 

tree regeneration 982 

trees 64, 94, 159, 253, 382, 387, 

444, 482, 629, 647, 806, 821, 829, 

852, 930, 1011, 1182, 1216 

trends 912 

triallate 1040 

tributaries 452, 507, 1006 

Tricholoma apium 333 

triclopyr 991 

trifluralin 172 

Trinity River 1129 

Triticum aestivum 274, 1067 

Triticum spp. 696, 1175 

Triturus boscai 171 

Triturus marmoratus 171 

trophic interactions 88 

trophic level 452, 627, 888 

trophic levels 597, 888 

trophic link 601 

trophic relationships 284, 1077 

trophic structure 97, 513, 627, 736, 

888, 1108 

tropical ecology 32 

tropical regions 57 

tropical storms 1111 

tropics 258 

trout 827 

true cattle 426 

trumpeter swan 978 

TSD distribution, water masses and 

circulation 1199 

tulip poplar 760 

turbidity 572, 940, 1076 

Turkey 237 

Tyler County 750 

types 588 

Typha 133, 146, 270, 303, 371, 597, 

816, 1051, 1069 

Typha angustifolia 1199 

Typha domingensis 622, 876 

Typha glauca 69 

Typha latifolia 146, 341, 349, 367, 

374, 405, 413, 474, 754, 853, 1009 

Typhaceae 146 

Typhales 146 

U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency [U.S. EPA] 1193 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 634 

U.S. satellite, LANDSAT 811 

ultimate disposal of wastes 305, 

771, 1115 

Ultisols 745 

unconfined aquifer 1207 

underground services and water 

use 353, 999 

understory 387 

understory composition 170 

underwater habitats 857 

undisturbed watersheds 1137 

undulating flow pattern 1205 

uneven-aged silviculture 704 

United Kingdom 256, 328 

United States 3, 25, 72, 124, 201, 

635, 754, 943, 948, 1042, 1049, 

1060, 1120, 1129, 1132, 1150, 1164, 

1171, 1175, 1176, 1181 

United States, Florida 1195 

United States, Florida, Everglades 

841 

United States, Great Plains 1156 

United States, Minnesota 1068 

United States, North Carolina 685 

United States, north central 1019, 

1172 

United States, North Dakota 1068 

United States of America 445 

United States, South Dakota 1068 

United States, Southeast 685 

unsaturated flow 268 

upland areas 702 

upland forest management 737 

upland pasture wetland mosaic 

992 

upland soils 128, 616 

uplands 1024 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

404

uptake 38, 324, 345, 380, 567, 844 

urban activity 109 

urban areas 1217 

urban landscapes 1191 

urban planning 877 

urban runoff 49, 372, 541, 790, 

999, 1107 

urban watersheds 542 

urban wetlands 608 

urbanization 131, 201, 617, 626, 

790, 1167 

urbanized landscape 116 

urea 319 

Ursus americanus 696 

Urtica dioica 220 

US Fish and Wildlife Service 130 

USA 16, 24, 71, 85, 104, 130, 155, 

161, 175, 182, 285, 357, 403, 410, 

445, 493, 512, 535, 538, 539, 613, 

668, 674, 690, 693, 744, 750, 755, 

873, 880, 926, 935, 942, 946, 947, 

965, 1031, 1037, 1038, 1041, 1045, 

1083, 1085, 1094, 1096, 1108, 1132, 

1139, 1143, 1146, 1160, 1162 

USA, Alabama 651, 731, 760, 785 

USA, Alaska 1201 

USA, Appalachian Mts. 383, 386, 

390, 393, 395, 397, 400, 410, 418, 

426 

USA, Arizona 1218 

USA, Arkansass, Black Swamp 

956 

USA, Arkansass, Cache R. 941 

USA, Arkansass R. 909 

USA, California 129, 439, 440, 442, 

443, 464, 473, 476, 1222 

USA, California, Central Valley 

446, 453 

USA, California, Corcoran 476 

USA, California, Kesterson 453 

USA, California, Kesterson 

Reservoir 453 

USA, California, Sacramento-San 

Joaquin Delta 452, 470 

USA, California, San Diego 129 

USA, California, San Diego Bay 

129, 1222 

USA, California, San Francisco Bay 

437 

USA, California, San Francisco Cty. 

437 

USA, California, San Joaquin Valley 

432, 434, 442, 455, 472 

USA, California, Southern 437 

USA, California, Tijuana Estuary 

440 

USA, California, Tulare Basin 455 

USA, California, Tulare L. 472 

USA, Chesapeake Bay 626, 663 

USA, Colorado 909 

USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain 

National Park 1223 

USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain 

National Park, Big meadows 1223 

USA, Colorado, Rocky Mountain 

Natl. Park, Big meadows 1223 

USA, Connecticut 1221, 1225 

USA, Connecticut, Stonington, 

Barn Island Wildlife Management 

Area 1221 

USA, Delaware 796, 855 

USA, Delaware Bay 771, 855 

USA, Delaware R. 650 

USA, Delmarva Peninsula 796 

USA, East 1155 

USA, Erie L. 551 

USA, Florida 582, 590, 603, 622, 

625, 627, 629, 666, 707, 711, 718, 

735, 810, 816, 824, 826, 829, 844, 

845, 847 

USA, Florida, Apopka L. 839, 840 

USA, Florida, Everglades 144, 597, 

622, 625, 627, 665, 681, 691, 697, 

718, 722, 727, 728, 753, 802, 816, 

824, 830, 835, 844, 854, 856 

USA, Florida, Everglades Natl. Park 

691, 845 

USA, Florida, Indian River Lagoon 

617, 645 

USA, Florida, Kissimmee R. 849 

USA, Florida, Tampa Bay 799 

USA, Georgia 662, 672, 703, 712, 

716, 740, 836 

USA, Georgia, Dougherty Plain, 

Ichauway Ecological Reserve 623 

USA, Georgia, Sapelo I. 586, 653 

USA, Georgia, Southwestern 794 

USA, Great Lakes 499 

USA, Great Plains 877, 1023 

USA, Idaho, Grays L. 981 

USA, Idaho, Magic Valley 995 

USA, Illinois 499, 502, 519, 524, 

554, 569, 571 

USA, Illinois, Champaign Cty. 554 

USA, Illinois, Kankakee R. 569 

USA, Illinois, Wadsworth 542 

USA, Indiana 569 

USA, Indiana, Kankakee Watershed 

560 

USA, Indiana, West Lafayette 555 

USA, Iowa 518, 1025, 1053, 1080, 

1082, 1092, 1093, 1102, 1106 

USA, Iowa, Walnut Creek 1067, 

1106 

USA, Kansas 907 

USA, Kansas, Platte R. 872, 1169 

USA, Louisiana 576, 725, 827, 925, 

930, 934, 946 

USA, Louisiana, Mississippi Delta 

927, 933, 934, 952, 961 

USA, Louisiana, Mississippi R. 

930 

USA, Louisiana, Tensas Basin 

914, 940 

USA, Louisiana, Terrebonne Basin 

918 

USA, Maine, St. John Valley 378 

USA, Maryland 411, 626, 772, 796 

USA, Maryland, Appalachian Mts. 

411 

USA, Maryland, Frederick Cty. 425 

USA, Maryland, Garrett Cty. 390 

USA, Maryland, Herring Creek 663 

USA, Maryland, Herrington Creek 

390 

USA, Maryland, Kent Island 842 

USA, Maryland, Newport Bay 663 

USA, Maryland, St. Martin R. 663 

USA, Maryland, Turville Creek 663 

USA, Massachusetts 1216, 1217 

USA, Massachusetts, Cape Cod, 

Buzzard's Bay, Great Sippewissett 

Salt Marsh 586 

USA, Michigan 482, 499, 533, 536 

USA, Michigan L., Saginaw Bay 

499 

USA, Michigan, Saginaw Bay 499 

USA, Mid-Atlantic Region 626 

USA, Midwest 527, 1084 

USA, Minnesota 545, 1011, 1014, 

1036, 1043, 1082, 1091 

USA, Minnesota R. 1096 

USA, Mississippi 777, 828, 945 

USA, Mississippi Alluvial Valley 

926 

USA, Mississippi, Biloxi Bay 652 

USA, Mississippi, George L. 962 

USA, Mississippi R. 925, 939, 952, 

961, 965 

USA, Mississippi R. Delta 923 

USA, Mississippi River Valley 946 

USA, Montana, Benton L. 990 

USA, Nebraska 872, 874, 887, 894, 

911 

USA, Nebraska, Little Salt Fork 

Marsh 910 

USA, Nebraska, Platte R. 875, 884, 

1169 

USA, Nevada 1211 

USA, Nevada, Stillwater 1212 

USA, Nevada, Stillwater National 

Wildlife Refuge 1210 

USA, Nevada, Stillwater Natl. Wildl. 

Refuge 1210 

USA, New England 76, 1199 

USA, New Hampshire 47 

USA, New Jersey 112, 612 

USA, New Jersey, Delaware Bay 

855 

USA, New Mexico 871, 877, 905 

USA, New Mexico, Rio Grande 

River 253 

USA, New Mexico, Rio Grande 

Valley 253 

USA, New Mexico, Southern High 

Plains 905 

USA, New York 420, 1133, 1180 

USA, New York, Adirondack Mts. 

415 

USA, New York, Hudson R. 51 

USA, North America 1081 

USA, North Carolina 387, 391, 407, 

408, 410, 412, 579, 580, 591, 599, 

696, 786, 790, 797 

USA, North Carolina, Beaufort Cty. 

815 

USA, North Carolina, Craven Cty. 

815 
Subject Index 

405

USA, North Carolina, Cumberland 

cty. 797 

USA, North Carolina, Duplin Cty. 

733, 781 

USA, North Carolina, Goshen 

Swamp 752 

USA, North Carolina, Neuse R. 596 

USA, North Carolina, Tulula Creek 

387 

USA, north central 1039, 1103 

USA, North Dakota 1014, 1036, 

1062, 1069, 1072, 1077 

USA, Ohio 495, 499, 503, 514, 531, 

549, 565, 1118, 1126 

USA, Ohio, Cedar Bog 540 

USA, Ohio, Erie L. 544 

USA, Ohio, Erie L., Metzger Marsh 

514, 565 

USA, Ohio, Erie L., Sandusky Bay 

499 

USA, Ohio, Metzger Marsh 495 

USA, Ohio, Old Woman Creek 544 

USA, Ohio, Old Woman Creek 

Wetland 551 

USA, Ohio, Olentangy R. 540 

USA, Ohio, Sandusky Bay 499 

USA, Ohio, Toledo 495 

USA, Oregon 1010 

USA, Oregon, Portland 972, 975 

USA, Oregon, Upper Klamath L. 

1000 

USA, Oregon, Willamette Valley 

978, 1010 

USA, Pennsylvania 403, 626, 1167 

USA, Pennsylvania, Mountain Run 

390 

USA, Pennsylvania, Somerset Cty. 

390 

USA, Prairie Pothole region 1031, 

1032, 1077, 1094, 1103, 1105 

USA, South 1162 

USA, South Carolina 579, 587, 

598, 599, 602, 619, 747, 780, 838, 

852 

USA, South Carolina, Aiken, 

Savannah River Site 838 

USA, South Carolina, Carolina Bay 

1139 

USA, South Carolina, North Inlet 

654 

USA, South Carolina, North Inlet 

Estuary 602 

USA, South Carolina, Savannah R. 

598, 838 

USA, South Dakota 1014, 1028, 

1054, 1076, 1078, 1082, 1091 

USA, Southeast 182, 264, 1113, 

1123, 1139, 1144, 1162 

USA, Southern Great Plains 877 

USA, Southern High Plains 897 

USA, Southwest 901 

USA, Texas 594, 631, 664, 667, 

694, 717, 774, 795, 823, 848, 851, 

853, 864, 867, 877, 878, 882, 883, 

888, 899, 905 

USA, Texas, Galveston Bay 573 

USA, Texas, High Plains 882, 893 

USA, Texas, Lavaca R. 585 

USA, Texas, Matagorda Bay 606 

USA, Texas, Navidad R. 585 

USA, Texas, Nueces R. 585 

USA, Texas, San Bernard Natl. 

Wildlife Refuge 774 

USA, Texas, Southern High Plains 

864, 882, 893, 905 

USA, Texas, Trinity R. 585 

USA, Texas, Welder Wildlife Refuge 

863 

USA, Upper Arkansass R. 909 

USA, Utah 1203 

USA, Utah, Bonneville Basin 164 

USA, Virginia 599, 626, 640, 796 

USA, Virginia, Caroline Cty. 640 

USA, Virginia, Phillips Creek Marsh 

586 

USA, Washington 971, 1002 

USA, Washington, D.C. 626 

USA, Washington, Seattle, 

Duwamish Waterway 997 

USA, Washington, Spokane 999 

USA, West 1168, 1210 

USA, West Virginia 411, 413 

USA, West Virginia, Appalachian 

Mts. 411 

USA, West Virginia, Appalachian 

Mts., Allegheny Plateau 404 

USA, Western 1168 

USA, Wisconsin 572 

USA, Wisconsin, ChequamegonNicolet Natl. Forest 509 

USA, Wyoming, Laramie Basin 

993 

USA, Wyoming, North Platte R. 

887 

use of chemicals in prairie 

wetlands 1039 

use of water of impaired quality 

304 

uses 152 

Utah 1166, 1215 

valleys 978 

Vallisneria 146 

Vallisneria americana 146 

Valvata macrostoma 233 

vanadium 460 

vaporization 474, 766 

variability 51, 535, 740 

variable source area based 

strategy 1179 

variable source area [VSA]: 

hydrology, identification, runoff 

generation contribution 1179 

variation 807 

vascular plants 583 

vashon glaciation 982 

vegetables 764 

vegetated marsh surface shallow 

open water interface 601 

vegetated strips 340, 1042 

vegetation 69, 89, 124, 137, 180, 

189, 211, 213, 220, 227, 228, 242, 

243, 248, 256, 271, 302, 303, 307, 

320, 327, 345, 362, 386, 393, 397, 

417, 420, 423, 453, 474, 487, 505, 

514, 546, 548, 549, 553, 567, 568, 

588, 591, 612, 614, 631, 635, 656, 

716, 730, 760, 794, 803, 826, 841, 

849, 867, 884, 918, 923, 933, 976, 

989, 999, 1031, 1032, 1033, 1042, 

1049, 1082, 1084, 1105, 1107, 1163, 

1214, 1218, 1221 

vegetation alliance arrhenatherion 

244 

vegetation alliance cnidion 244 

vegetation alliance magnocaricon 

244 

vegetation changes 233, 270, 759, 

1218 

vegetation class 970 

vegetation classification 973 

vegetation composition 481 

vegetation conditions 773 

vegetation control 584, 801 

vegetation cover 10, 56, 76, 233, 

270, 303, 365, 386, 397, 404, 410, 

514, 518, 573, 582, 591, 598, 612, 

619, 626, 731, 780, 796, 799, 838, 

847, 849, 852, 853, 867, 884, 892, 

893, 906, 918, 923, 962, 998, 1010, 

1023, 1049, 1084 

vegetation density 776 

vegetation differences 778 

vegetation dynamics 605 

vegetation effects 303 

vegetation encroachment 1109 

vegetation establishment 420, 

508, 592, 598, 930, 1116, 1153, 

1182, 1183, 1184 

vegetation: graminoid, herbaceous 

perennials 537 

vegetation patterns 69, 270, 420, 

582, 612, 631, 909, 934, 1105 

vegetation re-establishment 1089 

vegetation regrowth 253, 543, 

1182 

vegetation structure 8, 183, 481 

vegetation survey 504 

vegetation types 185, 228, 658 

vernal forest pools 306 

vernal pool 448, 979 

vernal pool creation 1200 

vernal pool creation projects 1200 

vernal-pool-dependent species 

1200 

vernal pools 1208 

vernal pools: forestry practice 

impacts, loss to development, size 

1200 

Vertebrata 517, 860, 1081 

Vertebrates 3, 127, 229, 517, 635, 

668, 690, 693, 744, 750, 755, 942, 

947, 1041 

vertical accretion 936 

vertical distribution 606 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

406

Vertigo moulinsiana 189 

Victoria 225 

Vireo griseus 943 

Virginia 614, 635, 721, 739, 769, 

1117 

viruses 1120 

viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi 

and plants 790 

visual obstruction reading: VOR, 

applied and field techniques 1046 

volatile compounds 472 

volatile materials 175, 447 

volatility 175 

volatilization 469, 682, 793 

vole cyclic pattern 188 

voles 1175 

volume 516 

volume transport 452 

volumetric analysis 901 

VSA conservation buffer scenario 

1179 

vulnerability 149, 443, 626 

waders gulls and auks 191 

wading birds 207 

Wales 202 

warm-water aquaculture 280 

Washington 992 

waste disposal 95, 305, 771 

waste disposal sites 50, 349 

waste handling and treatment 

equipment 123 

waste management 198, 277, 298, 

310, 376, 480, 733, 775, 793 

waste management: sanitation 

118, 309, 310, 313, 478, 661, 831, 

917, 1193 

waste treatment 278, 371, 427 

waste treatment, environment, 

pollution 282 

waste utilization 365, 771, 995 

waste water 99, 123, 290, 327, 340, 

348, 362, 365, 775, 793, 933 

waste water treatment 99, 123, 

340, 429, 793 

wastes 123, 149, 224, 429 

wastewater 20, 86, 354, 362, 427, 

463, 781, 876, 1099 

wastewater analysis 413 

wastewater aquaculture 349, 851 

wastewater chemistry 118 

wastewater discharge 86 

wastewater discharges 1099 

wastewater disposal 49, 86, 240, 

302, 334, 351 

wastewater irrigation 277 

wastewater lagoons 86, 555 

wastewater management 86, 334 

wastewater pollution 149 

wastewater remediation 661 

wastewater treatment 27, 44, 49, 

57, 86, 87, 90, 149, 198, 279, 280, 

284, 291, 297, 298, 303, 305, 315, 

316, 327, 331, 332, 334, 337, 345, 

347, 348, 349, 350, 353, 358, 359, 

361, 362, 363, 365, 370, 372, 373, 

374, 376, 377, 381, 383, 413, 424, 

425, 430, 460, 464, 486, 541, 542, 

621, 766, 781, 785, 786, 802, 837, 

851, 858, 861, 933, 995, 1002, 1009, 

1115, 1132, 1186, 1195, 1225 

wastewater treatment (biological) 

346 

wastewater treatment method 

1193 

wastewater treatment processes 

57, 87, 277, 284, 291, 298, 303, 327, 

334, 345, 346, 347, 351, 353, 362, 

363, 370, 374, 376, 377, 378, 424, 

464, 472, 541, 542, 621, 784, 785, 

861, 933, 995, 999, 1099, 1115, 

1186, 1195, 1225 

water 332, 480, 749, 890, 961, 1054 

water allocation 237 

water analysis 175, 199, 224, 899, 

974 

water and plants 253, 387, 482, 

517, 533, 550, 580, 598, 599, 794, 

1087, 1102, 1139 

water and wastewater treatment 

145, 149, 303, 362, 802, 933 

water animals 242 

water availability 578 

water balance 110, 238, 561 

water biology 242 

water birds 254, 325, 432, 453, 

1213 

water boatman 1069 

water budget 58, 97, 488, 558, 560, 

654, 660, 718, 846, 919, 999, 1031, 

1129, 1140, 1201 

water, chemical properties 635 

water chemistry 239, 404, 1013, 

1112 

water chemistry assessment 661 

water circulation 777 

water column 711, 754 

water conservation 431, 561, 708, 

878 

water contamination 428, 474, 832 

water content 270, 882, 906 

water control 511, 645, 847, 1212 

water deficit 94 

water demand 339, 1168 

water depth 307, 391, 432, 435, 

442, 478, 550, 606, 612, 622, 627, 

718, 908, 1102 

water filtration 840 

water fleas 572, 672, 1062, 1069 

water flow 434, 516, 558, 813, 844 

water fluctuation 583 

water hickory 821, 852 

water holes 989 

water in soils 654, 816, 906, 951 

water level 182, 208, 238, 387, 514, 

579, 631, 665, 806, 830, 972, 1150, 

1169 

water level fluctuations 16, 507, 

508, 585, 654, 867, 925, 956, 1074, 

1088, 1105 

water level fluctuations: future 

effects, past effects 116 

water level measurement 206 

water level recorders 883 

water levels 182, 253, 387, 455, 

494, 511, 514, 654, 665, 815, 867, 

883, 972, 1049, 1094, 1102, 1169, 

1203, 1223 

water logging 286 

water management 39, 58, 110, 

226, 259, 300, 301, 320, 323, 332, 

339, 350, 357, 365, 368, 434, 450, 

480, 495, 547, 548, 575, 597, 625, 

627, 665, 666, 718, 722, 815, 828, 

830, 834, 844, 878, 972, 975, 990, 

993, 1106, 1107, 1117, 1169, 1210 

water masses: delineation 779 

water measurement 1215 

water motion 373 

water movements 483 

water---phosphorus content 559 

water, physical properties 635 

water policy 285, 993 

water pollutants [analysis] 1172 

water pollutants, chemical 

[analysis] 235, 1172 

water pollution 149, 175, 176, 179, 

185, 204, 214, 258, 265, 266, 282, 

316, 317, 329, 331, 352, 382, 399, 

457, 469, 527, 540, 567, 595, 598, 

694, 727, 735, 751, 790, 793, 820, 

830, 831, 899, 902, 939, 1006, 1040, 

1045, 1132, 1171, 1210, 1214, 1225 

water pollution control 49, 292, 

301, 307, 334, 337, 341, 366, 372, 

447, 472, 499, 549, 596, 665, 666, 

722, 741, 802, 809, 840, 841, 844, 

854, 856, 861, 995, 1115, 1195 

water pollution effects 49, 74, 165, 

179, 193, 224, 317, 325, 370, 473, 

486, 694, 695, 697, 857, 959, 1065, 

1088, 1166, 1211, 1212, 1213 

water pollution: monitoring, control 

and remediation 407, 408, 718, 

735, 840, 856 

water pollution: monitoring, control 

& remediation 164, 184, 240, 307, 

330, 332, 343, 472, 540, 549, 569, 

691, 816, 841, 961, 1195 

water pollution prevention 359 

water pollution sources 179, 224, 

240, 249, 254, 362, 460, 485, 694, 

727, 741, 753, 1049, 1063, 1166, 

1213, 1215 

water pollution treatment 282, 327, 

337, 350, 359, 363, 373, 374, 377, 

381, 413, 460, 472, 567, 568, 784, 

824, 833, 995, 1002 

water---pollution---United States 

22 

water processing 290 

water properties 560 

water purification 345 

water quality 26, 43, 50, 57, 61, 86, 

88, 89, 125, 146, 150, 157, 159, 181, 

184, 185, 198, 204, 205, 208, 215, 

230, 243, 246, 250, 258, 265, 277, 

285, 290, 307, 315, 317, 321, 325, 

329, 331, 340, 352, 358, 367, 376, 
Subject Index 

407

water quality (cont’d) 381, 382, 

399, 409, 418, 445, 453, 464, 499, 

516, 526, 532, 552, 553, 561, 563, 

569, 571, 596, 597, 612, 613, 614, 

640, 645, 653, 662, 667, 669, 684, 

701, 702, 703, 706, 708, 712, 717, 

721, 722, 730, 733, 734, 751, 752, 

760, 761, 762, 777, 783, 795, 796, 

797, 803, 817, 822, 828, 834, 835, 

836, 842, 844, 853, 881, 890, 902, 

910, 917, 933, 940, 945, 961, 1006, 

1049, 1063, 1078, 1096, 1106, 1136, 

1160, 1171, 1174, 1178, 1179, 1211, 

1212, 1215, 1220 

water quality acts 50 

water quality biological 

assessment---Oregon 994 

water quality control 28, 86, 129, 

145, 282, 297, 307, 332, 341, 345, 

350, 353, 358, 359, 367, 372, 377, 

378, 380, 381, 408, 418, 460, 472, 

499, 542, 549, 568, 590, 596, 626, 

663, 665, 666, 728, 802, 803, 824, 

826, 830, 833, 835, 840, 841, 844, 

854, 856, 861, 910, 1002, 1096, 

1099, 1106, 1155, 1195, 1222 

water quality degradation 101, 

1137 

water quality maintenance 154 

water quality management 294, 

366 

water quality management---

congresses 21 

water quality management---High 

Plains (U.S.) 895 

water quality management---United 

States 22, 70 

water quality measurements 1063, 

1106 

water quality (natural waters) 301, 

321, 552, 553, 569, 703, 752, 945, 

1106 

water quality protection 915 

water reclamation 560, 645, 824, 

855, 1083 

water regime 183 

water reservoirs 453 

water resource development: 

ecological consequences 173 

water resources 7, 58, 871, 902, 

997, 1067 

water Resources and supplies 38, 

149, 233, 238, 263, 426, 514, 560, 

626, 718, 802, 816, 836, 1084, 1085, 

1103, 1155 

water resources development 201, 

508, 543, 592, 788, 881, 984, 1116, 

1141, 1153, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1194 

water resources development---

United States 81 

water resources management 94, 

201, 328, 508, 543, 592, 635, 788, 

806, 815, 984, 1116, 1141, 1153, 

1163, 1182, 1183, 1184, 1194 

water resources planning 115 

water retention 364 

water reuse 277, 334, 345, 381, 

431 

water sampling 199, 224, 425, 430, 

784, 861, 899, 961, 1011, 1177 

water scavenger beetles 875, 888 

water snakes 694 

water springs 1067 

water storage 58, 570 

water stress 999 

water supplies 237, 323, 993 

water supplies (potable) 552 

water supply 110, 237, 990, 993, 

1176 

water table 221, 259, 269, 301, 391, 

488, 509, 550, 570, 644, 700, 719, 

724, 739, 745, 758, 797, 816, 829, 

903, 951, 1169 

water table fluctuations 391, 1223 

water table rise 203, 894 

water temperature 466, 507, 716, 

822 

water treatment 20, 61, 145, 146, 

290, 291, 303, 330, 343, 381, 540, 

826, 833, 835, 840, 841, 856, 995, 

1195, 1225 

water tupelo 598, 838, 924 

water use 58, 138, 493, 613, 1168 

water & wastewater treatment 277, 

282, 297, 345, 346, 350, 351, 353, 

358, 363, 372, 374, 375, 381, 430, 

460, 464, 541, 567, 795, 833, 854, 

999, 1002, 1006, 1186 

waterbird communities 379 

waterbird conservation 

significance 121 

waterbirds 121, 191 

waterbirds (Aves) 127 

waterbodies 776 

waterfowl 117, 191, 226, 238, 357, 

450, 467, 572, 657, 823, 863, 882, 

905, 978, 1034, 1036, 1051, 1066, 

1093, 1107, 1212, 1213, 1215 

waterfowl habitat 767 

waterfowl habitat conservation 

planning 634 

waterfowl, Oklahoma 1110 

waterlit 754 

watershed chemistry 1067 

watershed hydrology 131 

watershed management 285, 323, 

532, 564, 592, 613, 635, 712, 800, 

944, 984, 1067, 1090, 1106, 1123, 

1153, 1194 

watershed (Md. and Va.) 581 

watershed modelling 1067 

watershed protection 514, 545, 

560, 613, 806, 1123 

watersheds 321, 323, 328, 340, 

352, 378, 415, 418, 499, 518, 532, 

560, 569, 572, 595, 612, 617, 626, 

663, 723, 740, 742, 752, 772, 790, 

877, 893, 901, 939, 1011, 1038, 

1048, 1067, 1090, 1106, 1113, 1129, 

1214, 1217 

waterways 423 

weather data 644 

weed control 234, 520, 991, 1001, 

1069, 1117 

weed ecology 967 

weeds 991, 1001 

weirs 1184 

West 161 

west north central states of USA 

3, 1042 

West Virginia 399, 405 

Western 1176 

western Australia 242 

Western European region 186, 212 

western Mediterranean 159 

western mosquitofish 453 

wet grasslands 207 

wet meadow: ecosystem, land use 

changes, stressor response, 

vegetation 537 

wet site 219 

wet soils 109 

wetland 17, 66, 191, 213, 242, 312, 

474, 692, 736, 843, 935, 944, 973, 

1095, 1204, 1205 

wetland agriculture---United States 

5 

wetland area 1207 

wetland area change 634 

wetland assessment 33 

wetland associated uplands 1197 

wetland biota 32 

wetland biota safety 239 

wetland buffers 817 

wetland cell 478 

wetland characterization 385 

wetland classes: estuarine 

emergent, forested, lacustrine, 

palustrine emergent, scrub shrub, 

unconsolidated bottom 634 

wetland communities 1191 

wetland communities response to 

environmental variables 483 

wetland community diversity and 

food web stability 607 

wetland community response to 

nutrient enrichment 673 

wetland community stability 607 

wetland condition 698, 1052 

wetland conservation 12, 18, 559, 

1101, 1197 

wetland conservation---Australia---

New South Wales 65 

wetland conservation---

Chesapeake Bay 581 

wetland conservation---

Chesapeake Bay Region (Md. and 

Va.)---congresses 643 

wetland conservation---congresses 

105 

wetland conservation---government 

policy---United States 62 

wetland conservation---Prairie 

Pothole Region 1101 

wetland conservation---United 

States 1, 22, 55, 81, 119, 120, 134, 

153, 484 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

408

wetland conservation---United 

States---case studies 12 

wetland conservation---United 

States---congresses 1125 

wetland conservation---Wisconsin 

484 

wetland consolidation 101 

wetland creation 33 

wetland degradation 82, 1052 

wetland degradation lake pollution 

213 

wetland delineation 986 

wetland design 310 

wetland ecology 156, 1027, 1101, 

1148 

wetland ecology---congresses 35, 

105 

wetland ecology---environmental 

aspects---United States 5 

wetland ecology---evaluation 70 

wetland ecology---Great Plains 

1154 

wetland ecology Oklahoma 1121 

wetland ecology---Prairie Pothole 

Region 1101 

wetland ecology---United States 

54, 141, 148, 484, 1012 

wetland ecology---United States---

congresses 1125 

wetland ecology---Wisconsin 484 

wetland ecosystem 419, 578 

wetland ecosystem function 33 

wetland ecosystems 490 

wetland ecotope 206 

wetland enhancement 806 

wetland fauna of Prairie Pothole 

Region 1037 

wetland forest 80, 952 

wetland forest function 1158 

wetland forestry 1148 

wetland forests 94, 487, 614, 670, 

935, 1161 

wetland habitat 379 

wetland habitat decline relations 

113 

wetland habitats created by drop 

pipe installation in field 860 

wetland hydrology 632, 758 

wetland hydroperiod influence on 

community 1037 

wetland identification 1032, 1205 

wetland impoundments 649 

wetland indicators 1205 

wetland inventory 154 

wetland issues 490 

wetland loss 60, 82, 101 

wetland losses 154 

wetland management 126, 154, 

156, 276, 328, 388, 392, 414, 449, 

459, 526, 658, 767, 869, 953, 1197 

wetland management program 

379 

wetland management---United 

States 70, 136, 148 

wetland mitigation 388, 392, 414, 

859, 969 

wetland-no-net-loss policy 33 

wetland organic matter 637 

wetland peats 1137 

wetland pine savanna 609 

wetland plant biomass shifts 116 

wetland plant communities 402, 

792 

wetland plant community 1089 

wetland plant composition shifts 

116 

wetland plants 243, 416, 520, 726, 

837 

wetland prairie 1005 

wetland prairies 1003, 1010 

wetland preservation 33 

wetland refugia 154 

wetland research needs 82 

Wetland Reserve Program 287, 

556, 1030 

wetland resource management 

1219 

wetland restoration 33, 71, 392, 

508, 543, 592, 788, 792, 908, 912, 

913, 984, 1024, 1116, 1141, 1153, 

1182, 1183, 1184, 1197 

wetland restoration---North 

America 46 

wetland restoration---United States 

5 

wetland rice 319 

wetland rice field 194 

wetland rice field management 

effect on benthon dynamics 194 

wetland rice fields 300 

wetland size 758 

wetland soils 53, 128, 167, 177, 

259, 268, 286, 352, 530, 595, 616, 

682, 700, 713, 714, 724, 726, 729, 

739, 742, 745, 805, 951, 1035, 1042 

wetland species composition 1037 

wetland substrate type 335 

wetland systems 322 

wetland systems for water 

pollution control 123 

wetland systems: water pollution 

control 118 

wetland taxa 737 

wetland taxa community 737 

wetland transition 60 

wetland treatment technology 82 

wetland types 862 

wetland upland complexes 489 

wetland upland pasture mosaic 

992 

wetland urbanization 988 

wetland vegetation 183 

wetland wastewater treatment 861 

wetlands---Australia---New South 

Wales---Management 65 

wetlands---Chesapeake Bay 581 

wetlands---Chesapeake Bay Region 

(Md. and Va.)---congresses 643 

wetlands destruction 173 

wetlands development 1113 

wetlands dynamic water budget 

model 916 

wetlands ecology 154, 306, 481, 

601 

wetlands: function, structure 680 

wetlands---government policy---

United States 62 

wetlands---Great Plains 1154 

wetlands habitat 127, 170, 504, 

886, 982 

wetlands hydrology 110, 238 

wetlands---hydrology---North 

Carolina 642 

wetlands importance as habitat and 

conservation 492 

wetlands---Louisiana 955 

wetlands management 143, 1148 

wetlands management---United 

States 135 

wetlands---North Dakota---

Cottonwood Lake (Stutsman 

County) 1022 

wetlands of Prairie Pothole Region 

1037 

wetlands Oklahoma 1110, 1121 

wetlands pollution 254 

wetlands soil 979 

wetlands status and trends study 

sample plots 634 

wetlands treatment 486 

wetlands---United States 4, 5, 29, 

54, 68, 81, 119, 120, 141, 148, 151, 

153, 484 

wetlands---United States---

classification 151 

wetlands---United States---

congresses 1125 

wetlands---Wisconsin 484 

wheat 1067 

white-footed mouse 397 

white shrimp 827 

white stork 138 

whiteleg shrimp 358 

whole tree harvest 521 

whole tree harvesting 529 

widgeongrass 473 

width 423, 748 

wild animals 417, 421, 620 

wild birds 467, 480, 534, 949 

wild edible plant contamination 

239 

wild plants 876 

wilderness areas 224, 722 

wildlife 106, 183, 224, 254, 417, 

434, 453, 486, 538, 667, 702, 949, 

1007, 1066, 1100, 1212 

wildlife abundance 1173 

wildlife conservation 18, 365 

wildlife diversity 1173, 1197 

wildlife effects 82 

wildlife habitat 556, 915, 1024, 

1209 

wildlife habitats 129, 157, 287, 614, 

875, 958, 984, 1065, 1153, 1211, 

1213 

wildlife-human relationships 183 
Subject Index 

409

wildlife management 11, 237, 325, 

365, 589, 635, 774, 894, 926, 935, 

949, 965, 1016, 1025, 1034, 1036, 

1060, 1092, 1095, 1156, 1203 

wildlife management and 

recreation 663 

wildlife management areas 1164 

wildlife management: conservation 

82, 190, 289, 896, 1081, 1117, 1191, 

1197 

willow trees 821 

wind-driven currents 507 

windbreaks 520 

wineries 464 

winter 186, 204, 442, 890, 902, 905 

winter cutting 183 

winter flooding 938 

winter habitat 449 

Wisconsin 493, 510 

Wollastonite mining tailings: 

wetland substrate 309 

wood 502, 752 

wood debris 637 

wood frog 407, 408 

wood frogs 1181 

wood wastes 946 

Woodbury tract 737, 818 

woodland ponds 513 

woodland vernal pools 1142, 1208 

woody debris in forested wetland 

624 

woody plants 96, 620 

woody species density 1003 

world oceans 115 

Wyoming 265, 870, 1166 

Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus 

1028 

xeno-estrogens 224 

yellow-headed blackbird 1028 

Zapus hudsonius 397 

Zea mays 1067 

zinc 372 

Zizania 270 

Zizania aquatica 527 

zonation 987, 1084 

zones 1031 

zoobenthos 390, 432, 546, 662, 

711 

zoogeography 186 

zooplankton 31, 97, 485, 572, 672, 

921 

Zostera marina 74 
410 
411

Author Index

Aamand, J. 249 

Abbruzzese, B. 971, 1103 

Abraham, K. F. 117 

Abtew, W. 807 

Acreman, M. 110 

Acreman, M. C. 145 

Adam, P. 115 

Adams, John C. 966 

Adams, Michael J. 969 

Adamus, Paul R. 1012 

Adler, P. R. 279 

Aerts, R. 98 

Afton, A. D. 725, 800 

Ahmed, M. 853 

Ailstock, M. Stephen. 584 

Akin, S. 606 

Al-Khudhairy, D. H. A. 328 

Alabama Soil and Water 

Conservation Committee 293 

Alcazar, R. 171 

Aldous, A. 977 

Aldous, Allison 1000 

Alford, Douglas P. 924 

Allen, B. L. 893, 901 

Allen, D. M. 587 

Allen-Diaz, B. 451 

Allen, J. A. 357, 1188 

Allen, James A. 825, 950, 1026 

Allen, K. 527 

Allen, K. N. 568 

Allen, P. M. 1129 

Allred, B. J. 570 

Almendinger, J. E. 1096 

Altinaker, M. S. 633 

Altstatt, A. L. 1210 

Alvarez-Cobelas, M. 97 

Alvarez, D. A. 430 

Alvord, H. H. 519 

Amador, J. A. 234, 809 

Amatya, D. M. 644, 1113, 1162 

Amatya, Devendra M. 633 

Ambus, P. 304 

Amerasinghe, Priyanie 187 

Amon, J. P. 512 

Anastasiou, C. J. 799 

Anderson, Bertin W. 1198 

Anderson, D. J. 1064 

Anderson, J. T. 388, 414, 882, 905 

Anderson, James T. 615, 862 

Anderson, K. L. 540 

Anderson, Kimberly L. 1145 

Anderson, M. P. 493 

Anderson, N. O. 69 

Anderson, S. S. 1070 

Anderson, T. A. 172, 566 

Andresen, H. 227 

Andreu, L. 259 

Andrews, Elizabeth S. 468 

Angier, J. T. 820 

Anthony R. G. 457 

Ardales, S. 195 

Arheimer, B. 332 

Armentano, T. V. 845 

Armitage, Brian J. 483 

Armstrong, Llwellyn M. 229 

Arndt, J. L. 1035 

Arnold, G. L. 738 

Arnold, J. 1067 

Arnold, J. G. 1129 

Arnold, Michael A. 431 

Arnold, P. M. 1066 

Arp, Christopher D. 1219 

Arp, P. 326 

Arrington, D. A. 606 

Ascher, P. D. 69 

Ash, A. N. 635 

Askew, G. R. 741 

Askins, R. A. 1221 

Astorga, V. 341 

Atkinson, J. 553 

Aubert, S. 20 

Auble, G. T. 124, 139 

Auger, I. 269 

Ausden, M. 189 

Aust, W. M. 418, 670, 679, 732, 

734, 745, 748, 763, 1178 

Aust, W. Michael 678, 757 

Austin, J. E. 981 

Aycock, S. R. 965 

Azaizeh, H. A. 469 

Aziz, T. 841 

Azous, Amanda L. 970 

Azuma, Kazuaki 240 

Babbitt, Kimberly J. 758 

Baca, B. J. 15 

Bachand, P. A. M. 303 

Badrinarayanan, H. 783, 795 

Bailey, E. 1193 

Bailey, Kathleen M. 85 

Bailey, S. E. 252 

Bain, M. B. 651 

Baird, B. 437 

Baker, D. L. 694 

Baker, J. L. 558, 1170 

Baker, L. A. 1132 

Baker, M. E. 482 

Baker, N. R. 256 

Bakke, R. 288 

Bakker, J. P. 212, 227 

Bakwin, P. 509 

Balcombe, C. K. 388, 414 

Balcombe, Collins K. 392 

Baldwin, A. H. 425 

Ball, H. 553 

Balletto, J. H. 855 

Baltezore, J. F. 1030 

Banuelos, G. 444 

Baranovskii, A. Z. 169 

Barber, M. E. 999 

Barge, G. A. 570 

Barnum, D. A. 450 

Baron, C. L. 165 

Barry, J. E. 709 

Bartlett, K. B. 107 

Bartoldus, C. C. 41 

Bartolome, J. W. 451 

Bassingthwaite, S. A. 1075 

Bastian, K. C. 899 

Bates, M. K. 130 

Batt, B. D. J. 1058, 1060 

Battaglia, L. L. 930 

Battilotti, M. 313 

Battle, J. 662 

Battle, J. M. 672 

Battle, Juliann 730 

Battoe, L. E. 834, 839, 840 

Batzer, D. 1133 

Batzer, D. P. 34, 671, 716, 1155 

Batzer, Darold P. 264, 438, 461, 

483, 496, 510, 513, 593, 607, 610, 

624, 636, 870, 880, 1037, 1108, 

1122, 1144, 1151 

Baughman, D. S. 646 

Bautista, E. U. 231 

Bayley, S. E. 1099 

Bazemore, D. E. 756 

Bean, R. 933 

Bearzotti, R. 824 

Beck, Nicolas 191 

Bedford, B. L. 24, 30, 43, 83, 1140, 

1201 

Bedford, Barbara L. 85, 506 

Bedford, K. W. 507 

Behrends, L. 1193 

Behrendt, U. 232 

Beiser, J. A. 1068 

Beiser, Julia A. 1041 

Beja, P. 171 

Belin, J. I. 424 

Bell, J. C. 616 

Bell, W. R. 262 

Beltman, D. 28 

Benham, B. L. 331 

Bennett, D. R. 321 

Bennett, E. R. 765, 804 

Bennett, P. C. 885 

Benson, W. H. 857 

Berghage, R. D. 361 

Bergman, H. L. 265 

Bergstrom, J. C. 359 

Bernert, J. A. 983 

Berry, Charles R. 1154 

Berry, Duane F. 831 

Berthelot, G. 933 

Bethke, Raymond W. 190 

Bhat, R. 200 

Bialek, K. 820 

Bickel, S. 28 

Bickham, J. W. 694 

Biddlestone, A. J. 373 

Bierly, K. E. 983 

Bildstein, K. L. 1111 

Billeck, B. N. 165 

Bird, J. A. 449 

Bischoff, Joseph M. 419 

Bishop, R. A. 1024 

Bissels, Stephanie 244 

Bissonnette, G. 413 

Black, M. C. 424 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

412

Blahnik, Theodore 917 

Blair, E. A. 51 

Blankenberg, A.-G. B. 288 

Bleier, W. J. 1069 

Blette, V. L. 722 

Bliss, C. M. 700 

Bloczynski, J. A. 495 

Blok, E. 983 

Blood, E. R. 602, 794, 1111 

Bloom, S. A. 632, 706 

Bodie, J. R. 7 

Boesch, D. F. 1150 

Bogart, W. T. 495 

Boggie, R. 168 

Bohlen, P. J. 711, 726 

Boia, C. 246 

Bolen E. G. 879 

Boluda, R. 176 

Bonaiti, G. 301 

Bond-Lamberty, B. 10 

Boone, M. D. 222 

Boorman, L. A. 114 

Borders, Bruce 915 

Borer, R. E. 294 

Borin, M. 301 

Borrego, C. 246 

Boss T. R. 976 

Bossio, D. A. 462 

Bostick, B. C. 214 

Bottcher, A. B. 666, 669, 727, 753 

Bottomley, P. J. 282 

Bottomley, Peter J. 283 

Botts, Pamela Silver 496 

Bouchard, R. 378 

Bouchard, V. 541, 549 

Bouldin, J. L. 765, 804 

Boule M. E. 987 

Boumans, R. M. 76 

Bourne, Scott G. 922 

Bowles, K. 1150 

Boyce, M. S. 960 

Boyd, C. E. 377, 785 

Boyd, H. 186 

Boynton, A. C. 417 

Braccia, A. 671 

Braccia, Amy 624 

Brady, Anne. 65 

Brady, V. J. 546 

Brandt, D. A. 1016 

Brantley, C. 933 

Brantley, Christopher G. 1138 

Braskerud, B. C. 288, 307 

Brawley, A. H. 1221 

Brenes, Roberto 891 

Brennan, E. K. 911 

Brennan, K. M. 486 

Bretagnollie, V. 226 

Bridgham, S. D. 79 

Bried, Jason T. 600 

Brinson, M. M. 48, 125, 1111 

Brinson, Mark M. 614 

Brissette, John C. 686, 709 

Brisson, J. 353, 374 

Bristow, J. M. 491 

Britsch, L. D. 927 

Brix, H. 57, 132 

Broadhead, R. G. 798, 817, 861 

Brockmeyer, R. E. 645 

Brongers, M. 227 

Bronson K. F. 319 

Brooks, J. R. 799 

Brooks, R. P. 394, 403, 423, 1167 

Brooks, Robert P. 402 

Brooks, Robert T. 306, 1142, 1208 

Broome, S. W. 788 

Brose, U. 8 

Brose, Ulrich 103 

Brown, C. 952 

Brown, D. 1193 

Brown, K. J. 470 

Brown, L. 541, 549 

Brown, L. C. 548, 561, 563, 570 

Brown, M. 1092 

Brown, M. J. 599 

Brown, Nicholas R. 942 

Brown, R. B. 520 

Brown, Russ T. 458 

Brown, Russell T. 436 

Brown, S. 48, 502 

Brown, S. C. 1133, 1180 

Brown, S. K. 614 

Brown, Stephen C. 1196 

Bruce, I. D. 1006 

Bruggers, R. L. 199 

Bruland, G. L. 797 

Brumbaugh, W. G. 430 

Brunen, J. M. 321 

Brusati, Elizabeth D. 779 

Bryant, William S. 932 

Bubb, J. M. 74, 160 

Budelsky, R. A. 1083, 1087 

Buechler, Dennis G. 1154 

Buford, M. A. 745 

Buhlmann, K. A. 421 

Bukaveckas, P. A. 754 

Bull, D. C. 324 

Bullen, T. D. 477 

Bullock, A. 110 

Bunting, M. J. 100 

Burdick, D. M. 76, 914, 1199 

Burdt, A. C. 739 

Burel, F. 226 

Burger, J. A. 679, 748, 763 

Burger, James A. 678 

Burkart, M. 307 

Burleigh, James R. 239 

Burney, C. M. 31 

Burns, R. T. 427 

Burow, K. R. 466 

Burt, T. P. 324 

Burton, T. M. 546 

Burton, Thomas M. 483 

Bury, R. Bruce 969 

Busbee, W. S. 587 

Bushmann, Paul J. 584 

Buskens, R. F. M. 178 

Butet, A. 188 

Butler, M. G. 1077 

Cable, T. T. 907 

Cahoon, D. 927 

Calhoun, A. J. 1200 

Calhoun, Aram J. 1187 

California Sea Grant 52 

Callahan, Timothy 633 

Callaway, J. C. 129, 440, 652 

Cambardella, C. A. 1171 

Cameron, Guy N. 574 

Campbell, K. L. 429 

Campbell, Kenneth L. 669 

Canterberry, J. H. 733 

Caplan, J. A. 695 

Capone, L. T. 676, 751 

Cardinale, B. J. 546 

Cardoch, L. 933 

Carey, Andrew B. 982 

Carlberg, J. M. 297 

Carleton, J. N. 44 

Carlson, D. B. 649 

Carlson, K. 428 

Carothers, S. W. 1183 

Carpenter, Q. J. 512 

Carpenter, Stephen R. 522 

Carr, M. A. 464 

Carrillo Guerrero, Yamilett 379 

Carroll, Connie 504 

Carstenn, S. 698 

Carter, E. A. 745, 763 

Carter, M. H. 520 

Carter, V. 89, 614 

Carton, O. T. 340, 352 

Casey, R. E. 833 

Casey, W. P. 619, 740, 749 

Cash, K. 175 

Castle, K. 322 

Castleberry, S. B. 385, 411, 620 

Castro, H. 681 

Catallo, W. J. 36 

Cataudella, S. 313 

Ceska, Oluna 333 

Cessna, A. J. 1063 

Cezilly, F. 91 

CH2M Hill, Inc. 293 

CH2MHILL (Firm) 295 

Cha, M. W. 325 

Chabreck, R. H. 923, 1134, 1149, 

1184 

Chadde, S. W. 974 

Chamberlain, R. J. 297 

Chan, Karrie 463 

Chanasyk, D. S. 321 

Chandler, G. A. 948 

Chang, Y. F. 350 

Chapin, C. 79 

Chaplot, V. 1067 

Chapman, P. J. 163 

Chapman, Raymond S. 916, 919 

Charman, D. 272 

Charpentier, M. A. 595 

Chasar, L. C. 1131 

Chen, C. Y. 214 

Chen, J. M. 312 

Chen, K. F. 343 

Chen, Ronghua 660 

Chen, Y. M. 350 

Cheney, B. 986 

Cheng, S. 381 

Chesapeake Bay Program 581 
Author Index 

413

Chescheir, G. M. 644, 798, 805, 

817, 861 

Chesheir, G. M. 719 

Chester, P. W. 570 

Chiang, Connie 611 

Chick, John H. 755 

Childers, D. L. 602, 604, 940 

Childers, Daniel L. 589 

Chimney, M. 824 

Chimney, M. J. 802, 807, 841 

Chintala, M. M. 595 

Choi, Jungyill 846 

Chow-Fraser, P. 532 

Christensen, M. A. 881 

Christensen, S. 304 

Christian, D. P. 534 

Christian, R. R. 586 

Cicalini, A.-R. 20 

Cignini, I. 313 

Cirmo, Christopher P. 415 

Clair, T. A. 326 

Clark, D. 646, 1127, 1134, 1147, 

1152 

Clark, D. L. 998, 1010 

Clark, D. R. 694 

Clark, J. R. 15, 245 

Clark, R. G. 166 

Clark, R. N. 890, 902 

Clark, William R. 1027 

Clarke, R. A. 294, 826 

Clausen, J. C. 1225 

Clausnitzer, D. 989 

Clausnitzer, David 979 

Clausnitzer, R. R. 973 

Clawson, R. G. 668, 684, 703, 712 

Clawson, R. L. 1175 

Clay, C. J. 225 

Clayton, J. S. 315, 316 

Clearwater, Denise 639 

Clement, B. J. A. 887 

Clemetson, D. J. 908 

Clevenger, W. B. 570 

Clewell, A. F. 1117, 1182, 1188 

Cloern, J. E. 452 

Coale, F. J. 666, 727, 753 

Coats, J. R. 172, 566 

Cobos, D. R. 578 

Cohan, D. R. 1034 

Cohen, M. J. 698 

Cole, C. A. 281, 403 

Cole, Charles Andrew 335 

Coleman, David C. 655 

Coleman, J. 413 

Coleman, J. M. 925 

Coles, Janice R. P. 389 

Collins, R. 204 

Coloma Lopez, P. 111 

Colvin, T. S. 1171 

Colwell, M. A. 432, 435, 442 

Colwell, Mark A. 459 

Comeau, Y. 353, 374 

Comerford, N. B. 700, 705, 723, 

1162 

Comin, F. A. 341, 367 

Comiskey, E. J. 627 

Comiskey, J. 625 

Committee on Restoration of 

Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, 

Technology, and Public Policy 104 

Conger, A. W. 1185 

Conklin, J. 711 

Conly, F. M. 238 

Conner, W. 933 

Conner, W. H. 80, 182, 587 

Conner, William H. 661, 1148 

Connolly, R. M. 63 

Connor, Kristina F. 757 

Conrad, Ralf 300 

Conrow, R. 834 

Constantz, J. 466 

Converse, H. 437 

Conway, Warren C. 886 

Cook, H. F. 268 

Cook, M. G. 733 

Cooke, R. A. 552, 571 

Cooney, J. C. 621 

Coonrod, H. S. 349 

Cooper, A. B. 324 

Cooper, C. M. 337, 765, 784, 804, 

828, 857, 860, 939, 944, 945 

Cooper, D. J. 1223 

Cooper, David J. 1207, 1219 

Cooper, J. 168 

Cooper, J. A. 1061 

Cooper, R. L. 570 

Coppock, C. R. 619 

Cordell, J. R. 997 

Cotter, A. M. 1049 

Coulson, R. N. 823 

Coveney, M. F. 834, 839, 840 

Coward, P. A. 61 

Cowardin, L. M. 1036, 1095 

Cowman, D. F. 694 

Cox, R. R. 1016 

Craft, C. 137, 580 

Craft, C. B. 653, 740, 977 

Craft, Chris 1000 

Craft, Christopher 680 

Craft, Christopher B. 611 

Craft, M. H. 962 

Craig, N. J. 952 

Cranor, W. L. 430 

Crawford, Richard D. 1046 

Creasman, L. 952 

Creed, I. F. 223, 262 

Crisman, T. L. 577, 582, 590 

Crisman, Thomas L. 264, 593, 636, 

692 

Cristol, Daniel A. 769 

Crites, Ron W. 436 

Crivelli, A. 91 

Cromer, Robert B. 812 

Cronk, J. K. 298 

Cronk, Julie K. 559 

Croome, R. L. 318 

Crosbie, B. 532 

Crouch, G. L. 904 

Crow, G. E. 47 

Crowder, A. A. 491 

Crowe, A. S. 500 

Crozier, Gaea E. 673 

Crumpton, W. G. 558, 1045, 1098 

Cubbage, F. W. 1123 

Cui, J. 829 

Cui, Jianbo 236 

Culleton, N. 329 

Curnutt, J. L. 625 

Czartoski, B. J. 563, 570 

Czech, H. A. 2 

D'Amore, David V. 985 

D'Itri, Frank M. 494 

Daggett, S. G. 983 

Dahl, Thomas E. 119, 120, 153 

Dale, P. E. R. 63 

Dale, Svein 218 

Daley, M. L. 1217 

Dalke, P. D. 904 

Dalrymple, G. H. 845 

Dalva, M. 326 

Daly, Sally 687 

Dame, R. F. 602 

Daniels, W. L. 739 

Darnell, Traci M. 770 

Darst, Melanie R. 1130 

Davey, P. A. 256 

David, M. B. 552, 567 

David, Mark B. 289 

David Shuford, W. 471 

Davidian, M. 530 

Davidson, I. 256 

Davis, C. 1118 

Davis, C. B. 548 

Davis, Craig A. 865, 868 

Davis, Craig B. 239, 1119 

Davis, J. G. 837 

Davis, Jack E. 916, 919 

Davis, K. 509 

Davis, Luise 1190 

Davis, O. K. 1218 

Davis, Steven M. 589 

Day F. P. 637, 789 

Day, J. N. 933, 961 

Day, J. W. 84, 927, 928, 933, 959, 

961, 1159 

Day, John 917 

Day, John H. 459 

Day, John W. 661, 937 

De Datta, S. K. 261 

De Laney, T. A. 285 

De Meeues, T. 91 

De Souza, M. 447 

De Steven, D. 598 

De Steven, Diane 605, 658 

de Szalay, Ferenc A. 438 

De Voogt, K. 237 

De Weese, L. R. 1055 

Dean T. J. 957 

DeAngelis, D. L. 627 

Deason, J. P. 1166 

Deason, M. G. 871 

DeBiase, Adrienne E. 1122 

Debusk, T. A. 841, 1195 

DeBusk, W. F. 628, 683 

Decamp, O. 284 

DeGaetano, A. T. 1140 

DeGraaf, R. M. 1204 

Dehayr, R. 63 

Deil, Ulrich 108 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

414

DeLaune, R. D. 576, 628, 652, 920, 

936, 1149 

Delaune, Ronald D. 924 

Delehanty, David J. 1079 

Delphey, P. J. 1080 

Denisoff, C. 437 

Denison, Doug 501 

Denver, J. M. 796 

Deren, C. W. 764 

Destefano, Stephen 379 

Detenbeck, N. E. 527, 553, 1049 

Detenbeck, Naomi Elizabeth. 151 

Devito, K. J. 56, 223, 262 

Devoe, M. R. 646 

DeVries, James H. 229 

DeWalle, D. R. 423 

DeWeese, L. R. 1039, 1066 

Di, J. 735 

Diamond, A. W. 133 

Dias, S. M. 20 

Dick, Thomas M. 106 

Dickerson, K. K. 265 

Dickson, H. Loney 143 

Diepen, L. T. A. van 467 

Dierberg, F. E. 841, 1195 

Dieter, C. D. 1054, 1076 

Dietz Brantley, Susan E. 1122 

Dijkema, K. S. 271 

Dinnes, D. L. 1171 

Dinsmore, J. J. 1025, 1080, 1092, 

1093, 1189 

Dionne, M. 76 

Dobrowolski, J. P. 909 

Dodson, S. I. 572 

Doebel, C. 330 

Donald, D. B. 175, 1040 

Donald, David B. 235 

Donath, Tobias W. 244 

Doner, H. E. 460 

Doner, Harvey E. 478 

Doren, R. F. 845 

Dorge, Jesper 338 

Dortch, Marks S. 963 

Douglas, D. R. 735 

Doust, Jon Lovett 142 

Doust, Lesley Lovett 142 

Drew, M. B. 794 

Drew, Mark B. 792 

Drexler, J. Z. 1140 

Drexler, Judy Z. 506 

Drizo, A. 353, 374 

Droogers, P. 237 

Droscher, T. W. 1006 

Drost, H. J. 220 

Droste, R. L. 372 

DuBowy, P. J. 555 

DuBowy, Paul J. 779 

Dubs, F. 226 

Duebbert, H. F. 1073 

Duelli, P. 251 

Duffy, W. G. 646, 1052, 1054, 1094, 

1127, 1134, 1147, 1152 

Dulohery, N. C. 838 

Duncan, B. W. 617 

Duncan, P. 226 

Dunn, A. 311 

Dunn, R. J. K. 63 

Dunne, E. J. 329, 340, 352 

Durant, D. 255 

Durham, R. S. 725 

Duxbury, J. M. 1186 

Duxbury, John 309 

Dwyer, C. P. 1036 

Dykyjova, Dagmar 156 

Eadie, J. M. 449 

Earnest, L. 645 

Eckles, S. Diane. 5 

Edsall, T. 490 

Edwards, A. L. 1139 

Eggett, D. 164 

Ehrenfeld, Joan G 1137 

Eilers, B. J. 983 

Eilers H. P. 976 

Eilers, J. M. 983 

Eischeid, I. 211 

Ekstein, J. D. 894 

Ell, M. J. 1077 

Elliott, C. C. H. 199 

Elliott, J. A. 1063 

Ellis, James 504 

Ellison, Aaron M. 154 

Ellison, J. C. 64 

Elonen, C. M. 1049 

Elphick, C. S. 480 

Elphick, Chris S. 465 

Emmett, B. A. 61 

Engel, B. A. 571 

Engelhardt, K. A. M. 37, 38 

Englande, A. J. 933 

Ensign, S. H. 752, 790 

Entrekin, Sally 610 

Entry, J. A. 172, 714 

Eppink, F. V. 77 

Ernst, T. L. 975 

Ervin, Gary N. 600 

Erwin, K. L. 71 

Erwin, R. Michael 121 

Esselink, P. 271 

Ettema, Christien H. 655 

Euliss, N. H. 450, 1033, 1052, 1062, 

1070, 1071, 1094 

Euliss, N. H. Jr 1032 

Euliss, Ned H. 438, 1037, 1057, 

1074 

Evans, D. E. 775 

Evans, D. L. 582 

Evans, David L. 636 

Evans, P. W. 878 

Evans, R. E. 848 

Evans, R. O. 815 

Evers, D. E. 918 

Evironmental Research Laboratory 

(Gulf Breeze, Fla.) 1159 

Ewel, K. C. 577, 749, 806, 1143 

Ewing, J. M. 859 

Ezell, A. W. 912 

Fairbairn, S. E. 1025 

Falcucci, M. 313 

Fanning, D. S. 616 

Farahbakhshazad, N. 291 

Farenhorst, A. 330 

Fares, A. 706 

Fares, Ali 705 

Farris, J. L. 765, 804 

Farrish, K. 594 

Faulkner, B. R. 274 

Faulkner, S. P. 951 

Faulkner, Stephen 131 

Faulkner, Stephen P. 955 

Fausey, N. R. 548, 563, 570 

Feagley, S. 933 

Feagley, Sam E. 661 

Feitosa, F. A. N. 162 

Feng, X. 214 

Fennessy, M. Siobhan 1119 

Fennessy, Slobhan 136 

Ferguson, Chad 1000 

Field, Joanne J. 436 

Findlay, C. S. 185, 498, 517 

Findlay, C. Scott 526 

Findlay, S. E. G. 51 

Finger, S. E. 1176 

Fink, L. 824 

Fink, L. E. 808 

Finley, J. C. 423 

Finn, V. M. 543 

Fish, E. B. 864, 876 

Fish, Ernest B. 880 

Fisher, A. S. 420 

Fisher, J. 145 

Fitz, H. C. 597 

Flaig, E. 93 

Flake, L. D. 1054 

Flather, C. H. 1123 

Fleck, J. A. 462 

Fleming, D. M. 627 

Fleskes, J. P. 455 

Fletcher, C. A. 160 

Fletcher, R. J. 1081 

Flickinger E. L. 900 

Flite, O. P. 400 

Flores Montes, M. J. 162 

Flynn, K. 712 

Flynn, Kathryn M. 942 

Fojt, Wanda, J. 1097 

Folkerts, George W. 583 

Folt, C. L. 214 

Fontaine, T. D. 824 

Foote, A. L. 243, 953 

Foote, A. Lee 101 

Ford, J. 1201 

Ford, W. M. 385, 620 

Forest, S. B. 669 

Forget, C. 353 

Forman, K. J. 1156 

Forsyth, D. J. 193 

Fort Collins Science Center (U.S.) 

895 

Fortney, R. H. 388, 414 

Foss, L. A. 1072 

Foster, D. 280 

Foster, J. R. 1066 

Foster, N. W. 241, 252 

Foti, Thomas L. 913 

Fowler, P. K. 790 

Fowlkes, Mark D. 692 

Fox, A. D. 186 

Fox, P. M. 460 
Author Index 

415

Fox, Patricia M. 478 

Fox, Sophia 113 

Francisco, Robert 441 

Francl, K. E. 385, 411 

Frankenberger, W. T. 1177 

Fraser, D. A. 1006 

Fredrickson, L. H. 935, 960 

Fredrickson, Leigh H. 1151 

Freeland, J. 1035 

Freeland, J. A. 1072 

Freeman, Ross E. 515 

French, J. R. P. 565 

Fresco, L. F. M. 271 

Fretwell, J. D. 81 

Fridgen, P. 1018 

Friesen-Pankratz, B. 330 

Friesen-Pankratz, Bruce 1044 

Frydenborg, Russ 134 

Fujii, H. 224 

Fujii, R. 462, 466 

Furlong, E. T. 430 

Gabor, S. 117 

Gabor, T. S. 133 

Gabrey, S. W. 800 

Gadawski, T. R. 117 

Galatowitsch, S. M. 3, 69, 545, 553, 

1043, 1082, 1083, 1085, 1087, 1097, 

1105 

Galatowitsch, Susan 1191 

Galatowitsch, Susan M. 537, 1089, 

1101, 1104, 1112 

Galbraith, Hector 187 

Galbraith, J. M. 739 

Gale, M. R. 241, 260, 529, 533, 536 

Gale, Margaret R. 489, 521, 1157 

Gale, P. M. 93, 729 

Gale, R. W. 430 

Galgraith, H. 28 

Gambrell, R. P. 128, 951, 1159 

Gamon, M. 176 

Gao, S. 474, 476, 477, 479 

Garbisch, E. W. 787 

Garbisch, J. L. 787 

Garbutt, K. 405, 413 

Garcia, C. 341, 367 

Garcia, R. M. 728 

Gardner, L. R. 654, 1111 

Gardner, S. C. 991 

Gardner, W. S. 544 

Garraway, J. L. 268 

Garrett, P. B. 682 

Garson, G. 84 

Gaston, Gary R. 1108 

Gathman, J. P. 546 

Gathman, Joseph P. 483 

Gathumbi, S. M. 726 

Gauthier, G. 11 

Gauthreaux, Sidney A. 687 

Gavin, H. 328 

Gawlik, Dale E. 673 

Gay, P. 836 

Geddes, Pamela 755 

Gelbrecht, J. 375 

Gellerstedt, Paul A. 757 

Gelwick, F. P. 606 

Gentry, L. E. 552, 567 

Gentry, Lowell E. 289 

Geohring, L. D. 1186 

Geohring, Larry 309 

Geological Survey (U.S.). 81, 484, 

895 

George, B. M. 671 

George, D. B. 428 

Gerakis, A. 158, 323 

Gerard, Patrick D. 938 

Gerhardt, R. R. 427 

Gerla, P. J. 488 

German, C. D. 573 

Geron, C. D. 426 

Gerth, A. 20 

Geter, F. 575 

Gettner, S. 211 

Geyer, Wolfgang 286 

Gherini, S. A. 722 

Ghosh, B. C. 200 

Giardini, L. 301 

Gibbs, James P. 1202 

Gibbs, M. M. 342 

Gil, J. 176 

Gillespie, W. B. 939 

Gilliam, J. W. 109, 798, 805, 817, 

861 

Gilmer, D. S. 455, 1095 

Gilmore, R. G. 645 

Giokas, D. 277 

Giudice, John H. 68 

Glaz, B. 764 

Gleason, R. A. 1052, 1070, 1071, 

1094 

Gleason, Robert A. 1057 

Glenn, D. M. 279 

Gloaguen, J.-C. 273 

Godfrey, Paul J. 486, 959 

Godrej, A. N. 44 

Goebel, Charles P. 792 

Goebel, D. R. 1075 

Goeltenboth, F. 590 

Goforth, G. 802, 824 

Goforth, G. F. 856 

Goldowitz, B. S. 872, 875 

Goldsborough, L. 1029 

Goldsborough, L. G. 330, 1045, 

1098 

Goldstein, Michael I. 750 

Golladay, S. W. 623, 662, 672 

Golladay, Stephen W. 610, 730 

Golterman, H. L. 360 

Gonthier, G. J. 956 

Good, B. 1152 

Good, B. J. 951 

Gordon, R. 351 

Gordus, A. G. 454 

Gosselink, J. G. 914, 918, 934, 940, 

1158 

Gosselink, James G. 148 

Goulet, R. R. 372 

Gower, S. T. 10 

Gowthaman, S. 469 

Graber, D. A. 1163, 1164 

Graetz, D. A. 726 

Grafton, W. N. 388 

Graham, S. A. 977 

Graham, Sean 1000 

Graham, Wendy D. 669 

Granata, T. 541, 549 

Grant, Ian F. 194 

Grant, W. E. 667 

Graves, Mark R. 922 

Gray, Brian R. 538 

Gray, K. R. 373 

Gray, M. J. 767, 897 

Gray, Matthew J. 891, 896 

Green, Emily K. 1089 

Greene, T. A. 686 

Greenwood, R. J. 1036, 1068 

Grego, S. 20 

Gregory, J. D. 734 

Grevilliot, F. 206 

Grieve, C. M. 290 

Grigal, D. F. 73, 241, 487, 1011 

Grigal, David F. 1157 

Grillas, P. 320, 356 

Grismer, M. E. 464 

Grismer, Mark E. 1220 

Grissom, S. 524 

Griswold, T. 1153 

Grizzard, T. J. 44 

Groenigen, J. W. van 467 

Groffman, P. M. 26, 595 

Groman, Hazel A. 399, 643, 657, 

701, 708, 721 

Gross, L. J. 625, 627 

Gross, T. S. 735 

Grosse, W. 381 

Grosshuesch, David A. 947 

Grozev, Ognyan 14 

Grubb, T. C. 531 

Grue, C. E. 991, 1039, 1055, 1066 

Gu, B. 826, 841 

Guardo, M. 807, 814, 824 

Guerrero, F. 159 

Guesewell, Sabine 85 

Gueune, Y. 266 

Guggisberg, A. C. 505 

Guitart, R. 254 

Guitjens, J. C. 274 

Gulati, R. D. 314 

Gulf of Mexico Program (U.S.) 293, 

295 

Gunter, D. K. 717 

Guo, X. 444, 473 

Guo, Yanfei 942 

Gurprasad, N. P. 175 

Gustafson, S. 1214 

Guynn, David C. 737, 818 

Gwin, S. E. 972 

Gwin, Stephanie E. 988 

Haapanen, Merja 184 

Haberl, R. 20 

Haig, S. M. 978, 1007, 1008 

Hairston, Ann J. 1012 

Halide, H. 280 

Hall, D. L. 864, 888 

Hall, Dianne L. 880 

Hall, M. 189 

Hall, T. N. 708 

Hallock, L. L. 1212 

Hallock, R. J. 1212 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

416

Halloum, D. J. 157, 287 

Hally, V. M. 342 

Halse, S. A. 242 

Hamel, Paul B. 913 

Hamilton, A. 961 

Hamilton, H. 87 

Hamilton, P. A. 796 

Hamilton, R. B. 926, 943 

Hamm, N. A. S. 328 

Hammer, D. A. 27, 308 

Hammer, Donald A. 1115 

Hanchey, M. F. 797 

Haney, A. 960 

Hanlin, Hugh G. 737, 818 

Hanlin, Hugh H 812 

Hanlon, A. 256 

Hann, B. 1029 

Hanna, W. M. 434 

Hanowski, J. M. 534 

Hanschmann, Guenter 286 

Hanula, James L. 704 

Hardin, P. 986 

Hardy, J. P. 874 

Harp, James A. 898 

Harrington, R. 329 

Harris, P. Dawn 433 

Harrison, Charles A. 744 

Harriss, R. C. 107 

Hart, E. Andrew 870 

Hartig, Ellen Kracauer 14 

Hartman, W. A. 1048 

Harvey, Judson W. 846 

Hassan, A. E. 710, 746 

Hatfield, J. L. 1171 

Hathhorn, W. E. 999 

Hauer, F. Richard 1128 

Haukos, D. A. 867, 877, 893, 901, 

906, 911 

Haukos, David A. 873 

Hawes, S. R. 927 

Hawkins, C. P. 909 

Hay, DeLynn R. 903 

Hayashi, M. 1020 

Hayashi, Masaki 306 

Hayes, D. F. 1136 

Hayes, Daniel B. 481 

Hayes, W. A. 724 

Haywood, James D. 745 

Hazlett, P. 241 

Hazlett, P. W. 252 

Healey, M. 205 

Heard, L. P. 157, 287 

Heath, R. 307 

Hebner, A. 20 

Heckman, Charles W. 32 

Hecnar, S. 492 

Hefner, J. M. 386 

Heilman, J. L. 578 

Heimann, D. C. 535 

Heinsch, F. A. 578 

Heitmeyer, M. E. 935 

Heitmeyer, Mickey E. 1110, 1121 

Hejny, Slavomil 156 

Helgen, Judy 29 

Hench, K. 413 

Hendrickx, J. M. H. 1224 

Hendrix, Kathleen M. 1198 

Henne-Kerr, J. L. 926, 943 

Henne-Kerr, Jackie L. 947 

Henry, D. B. 1039 

Henry, W. G. 1210 

Henszey, R. J. 1169 

Herbel, M. J. 477, 479 

Herdendorf, C. E. 497 

Hermanutz, R. 527 

Hesse, Irene D. 661 

Hetherington, T. E. 1181 

Hewison, A. J. M. 226 

Hey, D. L. 542 

Hey, Donald L. 12 

Heydemann, B. 227 

Hickey, M. G. 876 

Hicks, Brianne M. 556 

Higgins, H. A. 997 

Higgins, K. F. 257, 1028, 1051, 

1091, 1156 

Higgins, Kenneth F. 892 

Higgins, M. 378 

Higgins, Michael J. 513 

Hill, A. R. 6, 56 

Hill, Bernard D. 235 

Hill, C. M. 1186 

Hill, Cynthia M. 309 

Hill, D. T. 278, 822 

Hillestad, H. O. 1185 

Hilliard, C. R. 1063 

Hillman, T. J. 263 

Hinchee, R. E. 995 

Hinojosa Huerta, Osvel 379 

Hinson, J. M. 573 

Hiscock, J. G. 669 

Hoag, J. C. 995 

Hoagland, C. R. 567 

Hobbs, B. F. 495 

Hoelzel, Norbert 244 

Hoffman, R. J. 1211 

Hofmockel, K. H. 832 

Hofmockel, Kirsten H. 773 

Hogan, D. M. 842 

Hohman, W. L. 157, 287 

Holden, J. 163 

Hollands, G. G. 1194 

Hollis, G. E. 58, 201 

Holmes, C. W. 585 

Holz, S. 248 

Homan, H. J. 1069 

Hongo, H. 213 

Hook, D. D. 15, 152, 798 

Hook, Donal D. 1125 

Hopkins, Todd E. 589 

Hopkinson, C. S. 1217 

Horn, Edward 979 

Horn, Scott 704 

Horne, A. J. 303 

Hornung, C. L. R. 243 

Hoshino, H. 370 

Hosoya, Kazumi 851 

Hothem, J. 563 

Hothem, J. A. 561 

Houke, L. 1193 

Houlahan, J. 517 

Houlahan, J. E. 185 

Houlahan, Jeff E. 526 

Houston, J. E. 359 

Houte, S. 226 

Hovorka, S. D. 883 

Howard-Williams, C. 302 

Huang, Zu-Hao 138 

Hubbard, D. E. 1052, 1094 

Hubbard, Daniel E. 1019 

Hubbard, R. K. 836, 837 

Hubbard, Robert K. 791 

Huber-Lee, Annette 187 

Hubert, W. A. 265 

Huckins, J. N. 430, 1066 

Huddleston, Eric 562 

Huddleston, J. H. 989 

Huddleston, J. Herbert 979, 985 

Hudnall, Wayne H. 661 

Hudon, Christiane 116 

Hudson, J. A. 61 

Hudson, R. J. M. 722 

Huener, J. D. 1203 

Hughes, T. E. 663 

Hull, V. 313 

Humenik, F. J. 766, 781, 786, 858 

Hummer, J. W. 398 

Huner, J. V. 1192 

Hunt, P. G. 340, 733, 766, 775, 781, 

786, 793, 819, 858 

Hunt, R. J. 493 

Hunt, Randall J. 484 

Hunt, W. F. 644 

Hunter, F. 1040 

Hunter, Fraser G. 235 

Hunter, Malcolm L. 1187 

Hupp, C. R. 756 

Hurd, T. M. 382 

Hurst, D. 509 

Hussenot, J. M. E. 198 

Huston, M. A. 627 

Husveth, Jason 537, 1191 

Hutchens, J. J. 1155 

Hyfield, E. 933 

Hygnstrom, S. E. 894 

Hyman, J. B. 1103 

Ibekwe, A. M. 290 

Ibrahim, S. M. 177 

Ingersoll, C. A. 1010 

Inman, Rainy L. 481 

Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl 

Research. 1101 

International Water Association. 

IWA Specialist Group on Use of 

Macrophytes in Water Pollution 

Control. 19 

Irmler, U. 227 

Isacch, J. P. 248 

Ischinger, L. S. 139 

Isenhart, T. M. 564 

Isensee, A. R. 695 

Isola, C. R. 432, 435 

Iwami, Yoshifumi 240 

Izuno, F. T. 666, 676, 727, 728, 751, 

753 

Jackson, C. R. 716 

Jackson, M. 986 

Jackson, P. L. 980 
Author Index 

417

Jackson, R. D. 451 

Jackson, R. J. 209 

Jacob, D. L. 17 

James, D. E. 564 

James J. Dinsmore 1100 

James, J. P. 912 

James, S. M. 222 

Jamieson, T. S. 351 

Janik, C. A. 1210 

Jans, L. 220 

Jansen, A. 205 

Jansen, P. 1193 

Janssen, L. L. 1042 

Janssen, Larry 1086 

Janssens, J. A. 79 

Jarvis, N. J. 259 

Jarvis, R. L. 455 

Jassby, A. D. 452 

Jaynes, D. B. 1067, 1171 

Jeglum, J. K. 241 

Jenkins, D. G. 524, 554 

Jenkins, J. J. 282 

Jenkins, Jeffrey J. 283 

Jensen, A. 180 

Jensen, K. 997 

Jensen, K. C. 767 

Jensen, S. E. 984 

Jenssen, P. D. 296 

Jeske, C. W. 1192 

Jiang, Hong 247 

Jimenez-Melero, R. 159 

Jimenez, R. 195 

Jing, S. 345 

Jing, S. R. 350, 358, 363 

Joeckel, R. M. 887 

Joens, J. 1024 

Joergensen, C. 249 

Johengen, T. H. 544 

John, D. L. 813 

Johns, D. 594 

Johnson, B. T. 1065 

Johnson, D. H. 1014, 1032, 1033 

Johnson, K. M. 31 

Johnson, M. A. 1034 

Johnson, M. D. 1120 

Johnson, M. H. 766, 819 

Johnson, R. R. 1183 

Johnson Randall, L. A. 953 

Johnson, T. M. 477 

Johnson, W. C. 1028 

Johnson, W. E. 735 

Johnston, C. A. 25, 369 

Jones, D. B. 666 

Jones, D. D. 555 

Jones, J. R. 921 

Jones-Lepp, T. L. 430 

Jones, Mark D. 696 

Jones, R. D. 809 

Jones, R. H. 668, 684, 760 

Jones, T. A. 13 

Jordan, C. Frank 755 

Jordan, T. E. 832, 842 

Jordan, Thomas 773 

Josselyn, M. 1153 

Ju, W. 312 

Jull, T. 1218 

Junk, W. J. 122 

Junkin, G. M. 1134 

Jurgensen, M. F. 241, 260, 529, 

530, 533, 536 

Jurgensen, Martin F. 521, 1157 

Jurik, T. W. 1053 

Kadlec, J. A. 1203 

Kadlec, R. H. 20, 90, 93, 123, 342, 

354, 519, 542, 841 

Kadlec, Robert H. 310 

Kalbitz, Karsten 286 

Kalburtji, K. 158 

Kalin, B. 1218 

Kallies, K. W. 857, 860 

Kaminski, R. M. 767, 912 

Kaminski, Richard M. 938 

Kane, E. S. 635 

Kantrud, H. A. 1015, 1031, 1047, 

1073 

Kantrud, Harold A. 1026 

Kanwar, R. S. 371, 558 

Kao, C. M. 343 

Karimi, R. 214 

Karlen, D. L. 1171 

Karrenbrock, F. 381 

Kasckow, E. M. 297 

Kaspar, T. C. 1171 

Kauffman, J. B. 1003 

Kayser, K. 346 

Keeland, B. D. 954, 957, 1188 

Keeland, Bobby D. 674 

Keenan, C. M. 582 

Keith, J. O. 199 

Keller, B. J. 851 

Keller, Mark 979 

Kelley, Timothy R. 562 

Kellison, Robert 693 

Kelly, J. M. 260 

Kemp, G. P. 959, 961 

Kendrick, Bryce 333 

Kennedy, C. A. 407, 408 

Kennedy, Gavin 82 

Kennedy, H. E. 1188 

Kennedy, Harvey E. 950 

Kennish, M. J. 16 

Kent, D. M. 647, 810 

Kenttaemies, Kaarle 184 

Kentual, M. E. 1117 

Kentula, M. E. 92, 972 

Kentula, Mary E. 988 

Keough, J. R. 1169 

Kerneis, E. 255 

Kesel R. H. 929 

Kessel, C. van 467 

Kiefer, J. H. 590 

Kiehl, K. 211 

Kiernan, B. D. 382 

Kiilsgaard, C. 1007 

Kilbride, K. M. 1001, 1210 

Kilgo, John C. 690, 704, 744 

Kim, Y. 277 

Kimball, B. A. 199 

King, S. L. 357, 954 

King, Sammy L. 674, 825 

Kingsford, R. T. 173 

Kirby, P. V. 669 

Kirby, R. E. 45 

Kirkman, Katherine L. 792 

Kirkman, L. K. 794 

Kirkman, L. Katherine 759 

Kite, G. 237 

Kittle, D. L. 405 

Kittredge, D. B. 1216 

Kiviat, E. 51 

Kjelmyr, J. E. 471 

Klaine, S. J. 833 

Klaine, Steve 782 

Klarquist, J. E. 543 

Kleiss, B. A. 956 

Klett, A. T. 1014 

Klimas, C. V. 958 

Kloetzli, F. 364 

Knight, J. G. 651 

Knight, R. L. 27, 294, 826 

Knight, S. S. 857, 860 

Knopf F. L. 889 

Knutson, Melinda G. 538 

Ko, J.-Y. 928, 933 

Ko, Jae-Young 937 

Koch, M. S. 628 

Koford, R. R. 1081 

Koike, M. 231 

Kolka, R. K. 619, 780, 838, 1011 

Kollar, J. 1220 

Kolozsvary, Mary B. 528 

Koneff, M. 1118 

Koneff, Mark D. 634 

Konisky, R. A. 1199 

Koob, T. 999 

Koonce, J. F. 495 

Kordek, W. S. 388, 414 

Korhnak, L. V. 707 

Kornhak, L. V. 702 

Kosier, T. 807 

Koskiaho, J. 288 

Kotanen, Juho 184 

Kovacic, D. A. 552, 567 

Kovacic, David A. 289 

Kovalchik, B. L. 973 

Kowalski, K. P. 514 

Kown, S. R. 278 

Kozlowski, T. T. 94 

Krabbenhoft, D. P. 493 

Kraft, K. M. 1036 

Krapu, G. L. 1016, 1036 

Krapu, Gary L. 1026 

Kress, Margaret R. 922 

Kretschmann, R. N. 279 

Krieger, K. A. 485, 551 

Kringen, D. E. 1078 

Kroeger, Paul 333 

Krogman, Naomi T. 101 

Kruger, E. L. 172, 566 

Krynitsky A. J. 900 

Ku, Timothy T. 942 

Kudray, Gregory M. 489 

Kuehn, E. 1009 

Kuijken, E. 186 

Kumaraswamy, S. 147 

Kundell, J. E. 1107 

Kunst, S. 346 

Kusler, J. A. 71, 1117 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

418

Kusler, Jon A. 687 

La Peyre, M. K. 72 

Labadz, J. C. 163 

LaBaugh, J. W. 140, 1021 

Labelle, M. A. 374 

LaBranche, Julie 639 

Lacher, Thomas E. 750, 779 

Lacki, M. J. 398 

Lagrange, T. G. 911, 1189 

LaGrange, Theodore G. 1100 

Laha, S. 677 

Laidig, K. J. 612 

Laidig, Kim J. 170 

Laiho, Raija 1157 

Laine, Jukka 1157 

Laing, J. A. 691 

Lakel, W. A. 745 

Lancia, Richard A. 687 

Lane, C. R. 698 

Lane, R. 933 

Lane, R. R. 961 

Lang, G. E. 396, 399 

Langergraber, G. 20, 118 

Langston, M. A. 810 

Lanham, J. D. 587 

Lanham, Joseph D. 812 

Lansford, S. 428 

Laquer, F. C. 1136 

Larsen, L. 249 

Larson, J. S. 1204 

Larson, V. L. 617 

LaSalle, Mark W. 768 

Lawler, S. P. 368 

Lawrence, A. L. 851 

Lawson, Edwin R. 942 

Lea, R. 530, 670, 734, 817, 1117, 

1182 

Lea, Russ 687, 1125 

Leblanc, R. J. 1127 

LeDuc, D. L. 355 

Lee, A. A. 754 

Lee, C. R. 721 

Lee, D. 345 

Lee, D. R. 277 

Lee, D. Y. 350, 358, 363 

Lee, H. Y. 343 

Lee, L. C. 914, 1158 

Lee, P. Y. 569 

Lee, S. Y. 63 

Lee, V. 150 

Leeds, J. A. 682 

Leeks, G. 202 

Leet, Curtis 979 

Lefebvre, Gaetan 183 

Lefeuvre, J.-C. 273 

Lehtinen, R. M. 1043 

Lehtinen, Richard. 537 

Lehtinen, Richard M. 1112 

Lehtinen, Rick 1191 

Leibowitz, N. C. 934 

Leibowitz, S. G. 971, 1103 

Leiker, T. J. 430 

Leitch, J. A. 1018, 1030, 1090 

Lemckert, C. J. 63 

Lemly, A. D. 1168, 1176 

Lemly, A. Dennis 161 

Lenton, J. 498 

Leonard, S. G. 55 

Leopold, B. D. 767, 912 

Leopold, D. J. 420 

Leopold, Donald J. 1145 

Lepart, J. 320, 356 

Lepistoe, Ahti 184 

Lerch, Robert N. 283 

Leroux, A. B. A. 188 

Lesikar, Bruce J. 431 

Leslie, A. J. 577 

Leslie, Andrea J. 593 

Lester, J. N. 74, 160 

Leuthold, Niels 969 

Leventhal, E. 539 

Levin, D. 1150 

Levine, D. A. 508, 543 

Levings, C. D. 996 

Lewis, G. L. 903 

Lewis, Lori J. 1130 

Lewis, M. A. 245 

Lewis, Michael A. 35 

Lewis, R. R. 71, 1116 

Lewis, S. J. 45 

Leyva, Raquel I. 896 

Li, C. 829 

Li, Changsheng 66, 236 

Li, Harbin 66 

Li, Yuncong 843 

Li, Z. 217 

Libey, G. S. 297 

Lichko, L. E. 1200 

Lichvar, Robert W. 1205 

Lide, Robert F. 605, 759 

Liehr, S. K. 340 

Light, Helen M. 1130 

Liljaniemi, Petri 184 

Lillie, R. A. 572 

Lin, Y. 345 

Lin, Y. F. 350, 358, 363 

Lin, Z. 476 

Lin, Z. Q. 447, 474 

Lin, Zhi Qing. 475 

Lindau, C. W. 920 

Lindau, Charles W. 924 

Lindsey, J. 933 

Lindsey, S. B. 305 

Linscombe, R. G. 923 

Linz, G. M. 1069 

Lippmann, B. E. 541 

Lipton, J. 28 

Liu, Amy J. 574 

Liu, G. 529 

Liu, H. 217 

Liu, Nai-Fa 138 

Liu, Xingmei 247 

Llamas, M. R. 221 

Llewellyn, D. W. 952 

Loaiciga, H. A. 258 

Lobpries, David S. 862 

Lock, L. 509 

Lockaby, B. G. 80, 196, 668, 675, 

684, 703, 712, 760, 1161 

Lockaby, B. Graeme 688 

Lockaby, Graeme 1174 

Lockhart B. R. 957 

Lockhart, Brian R. 942 

Lockhart, W. L. 165 

Loftus, William F. 755 

Lokemoen, John T. 1041 

Londo, A. J. 699, 717 

Long, S. P. 256 

Lopez, E. 380 

Lopez, Ricardo D. 1119 

Lorenz, Jerome J. 589 

Lorimor, J. C. 371 

Lovvorn, J. R. 993 

Lovvorn, James R. 870 

Lowe, E. F. 834, 839, 840 

Lowe, M. W. 717 

Lowe, W. J. 686 

Lowrance, R. 836 

Lowrance, Richard 655, 791 

Lowry, D. J. 1141 

Lu, X. 217 

Luckenbach, M. W. 738 

Luckeydoo, L. 563 

Luckeydoo, L. M. 548 

Ludden, A. P. 1066 

Ludwig, D. F. 855 

Lugo, A. E. 48, 1143 

Lugo, Ariel E. 614 

Lumpkin, T. A. 336 

Lundin, L. 215 

Luo, H. -. R. 901 

Luo, Hong-Ren 893 

Lydon, P. O. 533 

Lyon, S. R. 290 

Macdonald, H. F. 359 

MacDonald, L. H. 1223 

Maceina, M. J. 665 

Machacek, T. A. 1078 

MacNeill, A. L. 722 

Macrae, M. L. 262 

Macroberts, B. R. 848 

MacRoberts, Barbara R. 609 

Macroberts, M. H. 848 

MacRoberts, Michael H. 609 

Madani, A. 351 

Mader, S. F. 670, 731 

Madsen, J. 186 

Magee, Patrick A. 1151 

Magoon, O. R. 437 

Mahaney, W. M. 394, 1167 

Maitland, Peter S. 18 

Mallin, M. A. 752, 790 

Malterer, T. J. 79 

Malvarez, A. I. 125 

Mambani, B. 261 

Mander, U. 296 

Manley, Scott W. 938 

Manosa, S. 254 

Mansell, R. S. 632, 705, 706 

ManTech Environmental Research 

Services Corp. 1012 

Marburger, J. E. 735 

Margolis, B. E. 390 

Mark Ford, W. 411 

Marks, S. 202 

Marsh Ecology Research Program. 

1027 

Marshall, Curtis H. 811 
Author Index 

419

Marshall, W. K. 1066 

Martin, C. O. 958 

Martin, D. B. 1038, 1048, 1172 

Martin J. 191, 541, 549 

Martin, Jean-Louis 191 

Martin, P. A. 193 

Martin, Thomas H. 919 

Martin, V. A. 445 

Martinez, M. M. 248 

Marty, Jaymee 443 

Marty, Jaymee T. 446, 448 

Mashriqui, H. S. 961 

Masikini, M. 213 

Mason, C. F. 256 

Masse, H. 11 

Massingill, M. J. 297 

Mateo, R. 254 

Matheny, T. A. 766, 786 

Matheson, F. E. 324 

Mathias, M. E. 275 

Mauchamp, A. 320 

Maul, J. D. 945 

May, Shawn M. 892 

May, T. W. 445 

Mayer, G. G. 1075 

Mayer, P. M. 1085 

Mayer, T. 490 

Mayer, Tatiana 82 

Mayhew, C. R. 427 

McAllister, Kelly R. 992 

McAllister, L. S. 1103 

McArthur, J. V. 164 

Mccarthy, E. J. 685 

McCarty, G. W. 820 

McCaskey, T. A. 424 

McCauley, L. A. 554 

McCormick, P. V. 622, 691, 718, 

977 

McCormick, Paul 1000 

McCormick, Paul V. 134 

McCoy J. W. 957 

McCoy, John W. 825 

McCuskey, S. A. 1185 

McDaniel, P. A. 616 

McDonald, C. B. 635 

Mcdonald, Garry V. 431 

McDonnell, Jeffrey J. 415 

Mcdowell, W. H. 1217 

McFadden, L. 60 

McFee, W. W. 260 

Mcgechan, M. B. 322 

McGraw, J. B. 405 

McHale, Michael R. 415 

McInnes, K. J. 578 

McIntyre, S. C. 742 

McIver, M. R. 790 

McKeating, Gerald 143 

McKee, W. H. 53, 679, 701, 838 

McKellar, H. N. 602 

McKevlin, M. R. 53 

McKinney, R. A. 595 

Mckinnon, S. 63 

Mcknight, Keith 1197 

McLaughliln, J. W. 529 

McLaughlin, J. W. 260, 533, 536 

Mclaughlin, James W. 521 

McLeod, K. W. 801, 821, 852 

Mcleod, Scott 1197 

Mcnulty, S. G. 1113, 1162 

McRae, J. M. 242 

McVey, J. P. 851 

McVoy, C. 597 

McWilliams W. H. 588 

Meadows, S. 712 

Means, J. L. 995 

Megonigal J. P. 637 

Melcher, Cynthia P. 895 

Mendelssohn, I. A. 72 

Meng, F. R. 326 

Mensing, D. M. 3 

Merkley, M. 164 

Merritt, Richard W. 513 

Mersie, W. 720 

Meslard, Francois 191 

Mesleard, F. 320, 356 

Messina, M. G. 699, 717, 1148, 

1161 

Messmer, T. A. 1039 

Metting, F. B. 336 

Metzker, K. D. 503 

Meyers, S. P. 1159 

Miao, S. L. 622 

Micacchion, M. 1181 

Michael, J. H. 1002 

Michael, Jerry L. 692 

Michalek A. J. 957 

Michener, W. K. 1111 

Mickle, A. M. 99 

Middendorf, George A. 776 

Middleton, B. A. 967 

Middleton, Beth 46 

Milam, C. D. 765, 804 

Milano, Gary R. 648 

Miller, D. L. 631 

Miller, Harvey W. 866 

Miller-Henson, M. 437 

Miller, J. B. 1213 

Miller, K. 524 

Miller, K. V. 620 

Miller, Karl V. 690 

Miller, P. M. 1003 

Miller, P. S. 571 

Miller, R. L. 423 

Mills, D. 28 

Mills, G. 563 

Mills, G. S. 1183 

Milone, N. 313 

Minchin, P. R. 930 

Minckley, T. 1218 

Mineau, P. 1066 

Minello, T. J. 827 

Minello, Thomas J. 601 

Miner, J. 512 

Mironga, J. M. 181 

Mistich, J. 933 

Mitchell, D. S. 318 

Mitchell, J. C. 421 

Mitchell, J. K. 571 

Mitchell, J. W. 168 

Mitchell, L. J. 670 

Mitchell, Laura J. 687 

Mitchell, Myron J. 415, 419 

Mitsch, W. J. 499, 503, 1126 

Mitsch, William J. 148, 559 

Miwa, M. 763 

Miwa, Masato 678 

Mize, R. 848 

Mock, Richard 898 

Moir, S. E. 322 

Molano Flores, Brenda 504 

Mollhagen, T. 899 

Mollhagen, T. R. 864 

Mollhagen, Tony R. 880 

Moloney, K. A. 1102 

Monfrinotti, M. 313 

Moore, J. A. 1009 

Moore, J. N. 990, 1004, 1177 

Moore, Joseph L. 674 

Moore, L. U. 948 

Moore, M. T. 337, 765, 784, 804, 

828 

Moore, S. B. 456 

Moore, T. R. 250, 326, 525 

Moorhead, D. L. 864, 888 

Moorhead, Daryl L. 880 

Moorhead, K. K. 387, 391, 412, 591 

Moorman, Christopher E. 704 

Moorman, Thomas 1197 

Morace, Jennifer L. 994 

Moreno, F. 259 

Morgan, C. R. 100 

Morgan, D. S. 1129 

Morgan, M. D. 179 

Morgan, N. C. 18 

Morrison, G. M. 291 

Morrison, I. K. 241 

Morton, R. A. 585, 664 

Moshiri, Gerald A. 21 

Mosier, A. R. 319 

Mosner, M. 716 

Mostaghimi, Saied 831 

Mote, C. R. 331 

Moura, M. C. O. 162 

Moustafa, M. Z. 835 

Moutoux, T. 1218 

Movassaghi, M. 437 

Moyle, P. 275 

Moynihan, R. E. 412 

Mudd, E. C. 172 

Muehl, George T. 862 

Mueller A. J. 659 

Mulas, G. A. 313 

Mulhouse, John M. 605 

Muller, S. 206 

Muller, T. 232 

Mullie, A. 166 

Munawar, M. 490 

Mundy, C. 1029 

Muniz, K. 162 

Munson, R. K. 722 

Murdock, N. A. 406 

Murkin, H. R. 1017 

Murkin, Henry R. 1027 

Murosky, D. L. 710 

Murphy, K. 1147 

Murphy, Robert K. 1046 

Murray-Rust, H. 237 

Murray, S. S. 407, 408 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

420

Musacchio, L. R. 667, 823 

Mushet, D. M. 1032, 1033, 1062 

Mushet, David M. 1037, 1074 

N' Jie, N. M. 563 

Nakamoto, M. 270 

Nakanishi, Y. 224 

Naney, J. W. 742 

Nater, E. A. 1011 

National Applied Resource 

Sciences Center (U.S.) 55 

National Council of the Paper 

Industry for Air and Stream 

Improvement (U.S.). 293 

National Health and Environmental 

Effects Research Laboratory (U.S.), 

Western Ecology Division 1012 

National Research Council 104, 

216 

Naugle, D. E. 1028, 1156 

Naugle, David E. 892 

Naylor, S. 374 

Neafsey, J. A. 1225 

Neale, C. M. 909 

Neely, R. K. 1170 

Negroni, G. 334 

Neill, C. 1088 

Nelms, C. O. 965 

Nelson, E. A. 780, 821, 838 

Nelson, J. O. 695 

Nelson, M. C. 534 

Nelson, M. K. 1176 

Nelson, R. W. 23 

Neumann Leitao, S. 162 

New South Wales. Dept. of Land 

and Water Conservation. 65 

Newling, Charles J. 964 

Newman, J. M. 826, 1225 

Newman, S. 622, 682, 807, 824, 

844 

Newton, G. L. 837 

Newton, W. E. 1031, 1060, 1068 

Ngammontha, S. 370 

Ngdngam, S. 370 

Ngondi, J. G. 199 

Nguyen, L. M. 348 

Nguyen, M. L. 292, 324, 344 

Nicholls, R. J. 60 

Nichols, B. E. 663 

Nichols, D. S. 9, 86 

Nichols, S. J. 565 

Nicot, J. -. P. 885 

Nieder, W. C. 51 

Nienhuis, P. H. 314 

Nimmer, G. L. 547 

Nishimura, D. J. H. 996 

Nissen, J. A. 669 

Nix, L. E. 709 

Nix, P. G. 87 

Nixon, S. W. 150 

Noble, Christi 639 

Nomsen, D. E. 257 

Norland, M. R. 845 

Norling, W. 1192 

Norman, C. Michael. 584 

Norriss, D. W. 186 

Nott, M. P. 625 

Novais, J. M. 20 

Novak, J. M. 819 

Noy, P. M. 663 

Nudds, Thomas D. 190 

Nummedal, D. 1150 

Nusser, S. M. 1028 

Nutrient Enrichment Committee 

293, 295 

Nuttall, C. A. 146 

Nyman, J. A. 652, 936, 1149 

O'Bryan, P. D. 649 

O'Connell, Mark 127 

O'Connor, G. A. 729 

O'Donovan, G. 329 

O'Hare, N. K. 845 

O'Malley, Rachel Emerson 461 

O'neil, L. J. 941 

O'Neill, Jay 778 

O'Neill, M. P. 909 

Oates, L. G. 451 

Obeysekera, J. 807 

Obrist, M. K. 251 

Odum, H. T. 1143 

Oficial, R. 195 

Oficial, Roberto 194 

Ogram, A. 681 

Ohio Sea Grant 551 

Ohji, Baku 240 

Ohlendorf H. M. 457 

Ohmart, Robert D. 1198 

Ohrui, Kiyokazu 419 

Okruszko, H. 339 

Okruszko, T. 339 

Olsen, A. E. 329 

Olson, Richard Arnold 299 

Olson, Richard K. 22 

Ontkean, G. R. 321 

Oring, L. W. 480 

Ormerod, S. J. 233 

Ortega-Mayagoitia, E. 97 

Osenton, P. C. 772 

Otte, Annette 244 

Otte, M. L. 17 

Ouin, A. 273 

Outcalt K. W. 957 

Outcalt P. A. 957 

Overland, J. D. 1069 

Oxborough, K. 256 

Oztekin, T. 563 

Padgett, D. J. 47 

Paerl, H. W. 596 

Page, G. W. 471 

Pagels, J. F. 421 

Pague, C. A. 421 

Pait, A. S. 245 

Palalay, S. 575 

Palik, B. J. 623 

Palik, Brian 792 

Pandey, Sanjeeva 101 

Panella, S. 313 

Pant, H. K. 816 

Paranagua, M. N. 162 

Pardue, J. H. 920 

Parizek, R. R. 400 

Park, P. K. 851 

Parker, D. B. 902 

Parker, W. B. 951 

Parmelee, Jeffrey R. 538 

Parra, G. 159 

Parsons, K. C. 2 

Pashley, D. 952 

Pasternack, G. B. 470 

Pastor, J. 79 

Paterson, D. M. 256 

Paton, Peter W. C. 1206 

Patrick, W. H. 50, 576, 936, 951, 

1149 

Patterson, N. J. 494 

Patterson, S. C. 763 

Patterson, Steven C. 678 

Patterson, William B. 966 

Paveglio, F. L. 1001, 1210 

Pavel, Christina 693 

Payne Engineering 293 

Payne Engineering (Firm) 295 

Payne, V. W. E. 278, 294 

Payton, J. D. 822 

Peall, S. K. C. 317 

Pearl, Christopher A. 969 

Pearson, P. 189 

Pearson, S. M. 395 

Peck, D. E. 993 

Peck, T. 1186 

Peck, Theodore 309 

Pederson, C. H. 371 

Peek, James M. 904 

Peitz, David G. 942 

Pellerin, B. A. 1217 

Pelton, M. R. 948 

Pelton, Michael R. 696 

Peltz, A. 1213 

Peltz, L. A. 1215 

Pendergrass, K. L. 1003 

Peniston, B. E. 1103 

Pennsylvania. Dept. of 

Environmental Resources. 1190 

Pepin, Antoinette L. 773 

Peralta, R. 267 

Perera, Ajantha 239 

Perez Garcia, A. 111 

Perison, Donna 693 

Perry, Laura G. 1104 

Perry, M. C. 772 

Peters, D. W. 474, 476, 479 

Peterson, E. L. 280 

Peterson, H. G. 376 

Peterson, T. L. 1061 

Petranka, J. W. 407, 408 

Petrova, K. P. 677 

Petty, J. D. 430 

Pettygrove, G. S. 449 

Pezeshki, S. R. 576 

Pezzolesi, T. P. 876 

Pfadenhauer, J. 364 

Pfeiffer, K. 1169 

Pfleeger T. G. 976 

Phadungchep, A. 370 

Phelps, Joseph 693 

Philipp, K. 650 

Philipp, K. R. 179, 618 

Philippi, L. S. 346 

Philippi, Nancy S. 12 
Author Index 

421

Phillips, B. D. 719 

Phillips, J. D. 743 

Phillips, Michael J. 1165 

Phillips, P. J. 796 

Pick, F. R. 372 

Pickering, I. J. 447 

Piedade, M. T. 122 

Piehler, M. F. 596 

Pielke, Roger A. 811 

Pierce, D. John 992 

Pierson, Suzanne M. 988 

Pietro, K. 844 

Pietro, K. C. 841 

Pietz, P. J. 1016 

Pinder, A. M. 242 

Pipornetti, G. 313 

Pittek, M. A. 832 

Pittek, Mary 773 

Plamondon, A. P. 203 

Platts, W. S. 984 

Poach, M. E. 340, 766 

Poach, Matthew E. 955 

Podniesinski, G. S. 420 

Podruzny, Kevin M. 229 

Poe, A. C. 596 

Polit, J. I. 502 

Popp, Peter 286 

Porej, D. 1181 

Pories, C. A. 635 

Portwood, Jeff 949 

Posadas, C. 777 

Posey, J. C. 948 

Post, H. E. 44 

Pothier, D. 269 

Potter, T. 207 

Poulin, Brigitte 183 

Powell, B. 63 

Prantner, S. R. 371 

Prenger, J. P. 577 

Prenger, Joseph P. 264, 593, 692 

Prepas, E. E. 223 

Prestegaard, K. L. 616 

Preston, David P. 678 

Preston, E. M. 30, 43 

Prevost, M. 269 

Pries, J. H. 294 

Prill, G. L. 570 

Prince, Harold H. 481, 494 

Pritchett, D. W. 930 

Puget Sound Action Team, 

Olympia, WA (USA) 1006 

Puglisi, F. A. 1049 

Pulich, W. 573 

Purdy, C. W. 890, 902 

Purdy, Charles W. 898 

Pyke, C. R. 439 

Pyke, Christopher R. 443 

Pyle, W. H. 981 

Pyzoha, Jennifer E. 633 

Qian, Song S. 830 

Qiu, Zeyuan 1179 

Qualls, R. G. 697, 854 

Quigley, M. 541, 549 

Quinn, G. P. 263 

Quinn, N. W. T. 434 

Quinnett-Abbott, L. 175 

Rabe, F. W. 974 

Rabenhorst, M. C. 616 

Rader, R. B. 164 

Rader, Russell B. 264, 438, 461, 

483, 496, 510, 513, 593, 607, 610, 

636, 736, 870, 880, 1037, 1108, 

1144, 1151 

Raesly, R. L. 390 

Raiesi, F. 167 

Raisin, G. W. 318 

Rajagopalan, S. 622 

Ramakrishnan, B. 147 

Raman, D. R. 427 

Ramsey, R. H. 878 

Rapp, J. 747 

Rastall, A. C. 430 

Rath, A. K. 147 

Rathbun, Stephen L. 655 

Ratti, John T. 68 

Rave, D. P. 1068 

Ray, James D. 866, 886 

Raynal, D. J. 382 

Reader, Judy 680 

Reams, M. A. 72 

Reaves, R. P. 555 

Reckhow, K. H. 830 

Redding, T. E. 262 

Reddy, K. R. 93, 340, 352, 628, 

681, 683, 713, 715, 729, 816, 841, 

1195 

Redfield, G. W. 603 

Redman, Phillip J. 81 

Redulla, C. A. 261 

Reed, D. J. 927 

Reed, M. R. 801, 821 

Reed, Tara 522 

Reese, E. 1155 

Reeves, H. W. 654 

Reginatto, V. 346 

Reid, Frederic A. 1151, 1197 

Reinecke, Kenneth J. 938 

Reineke, David M. 538 

Reinhardt, Carrie H. 335 

Reisinger, T. W. 748 

Reiss, K. C. 608 

Rempel, R. S. 117 

Renaud, F. 91 

Renault, O. 207 

Reneau, Raymond B. 831 

Renner, R. W. 1058, 1059, 1060 

Rennert, B. 375 

Renshaw, C. E. 214 

Rentch, J. S. 388 

Rettig, V. E. 965 

Reville, J. P. 353 

Rewa, C. 157, 287 

Rey, J. R. 645, 649 

Reyes, E. 933 

Reynolds, B. 61 

Reynolds, R. 1056 

Reynolds, R. E. 1034, 1058, 1059, 

1060 

Ricci, L. 248 

Rice, C. P. 820 

Rice, J. M. 766, 781, 786 

Rice, P. J. 566 

Rice, R. W. 676, 728 

Rich, D. R. 647 

Richany, G. H. 809 

Richardson, C. J. 685, 697, 797 

Richardson, Curtis J. 736 

Richardson, J. L. 1035, 1072 

Richardson, William B. 538 

Richter, Klaus O. 970 

Rickerl, D. H. 1042, 1078 

Ridd, P. V. 280 

Riding, Tim. 65 

Riekerk, H. 702, 707, 723, 1113, 

1162 

Riemersma, S. 321 

Riethman, D. T. 570 

Rietveld, P. 77 

Rinehart, S. C. 421 

Rip, W. J. 366 

Risley, D. 1118 

Ritchie, M. E. 37, 38 

Rivard, P. G. 550 

Rivers, J. W. 907 

Robarts, R. D. 1050 

Roberts, Christine 333 

Roberts, H. H. 925 

Roberts, Thomas H. 422, 1173 

Robertson, R. Allan 1097 

Robins, J. P. 1136 

Robinson, J. B. 540 

Robinson, T. H. 258 

Robison, D. 747 

Robson, B. J. 225 

Rochefort, L. 11 

Rock, C. 378 

Rock, J. 1136 

Rodgers, J. H. 311, 337, 784, 828 

Rodrigo, M. A. 97 

Roelke, D. L. 578 

Roell, M. J. 535 

Roem, Wilma J. 85 

Roger, P. A. 195, 336 

Roger, Pierre A. 194 

Rogers, J. W. 278 

Roise, J. P. 746 

Rojo, C. 97 

Rolfsmeier, S. 874 

Rolfsmeier, S. B. 884 

Romero, J. A. 341, 367 

Rondeau, D. N. 604 

Rood, B. E. 144 

Roose, D. L. 560, 569 

Root, Brian G. 1109 

Rosati, R. 783 

Rosenberry, D. O. 1021 

Rosenzweig, Cynthia 14 

Rosoux, R. 226 

Ross, D. L. 440 

Ross, R. K. 117 

Rossell, C. R. 397 

Rossell, I. M. 387, 397, 410 

Rosson J. F. 588 

Rostad, C. E. 430 

Rotella, Jay J. 229 

Rotelli, Matthew D. 831 

Rothwell, R. L. 223, 550 

Roulet, N. 56 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

422

Roulet, N. T. 525 

Roy, S. B. 722 

Roy, V. 203 

Royle, J. Andrew 634 

Rozas, L. P. 827 

Rozas, Lawrence P. 1135 

Rudolph, D. C. 848 

Ruel, J. C. 203 

Rumbold, D. G. 808 

Rummer, Bob 230, 1174 

Rummer, R. 675, 712 

Rummer, R. B. 703 

Runes, H. B. 282 

Runes, Heather B. 283 

Rushton, S. P. 272 

Russell, J. M. 305 

Russell, Kevin R. 737, 818 

Rustigian, H. L. 518 

Rutecki, Deborah 113 

Ruter, J. M. 837 

Ryan, Mark R. 1109 

Rybczyk, J. 933 

Rybczyk, J. M. 84 

Rybczyk, John M. 661 

Sabins, D. 933 

Sadler, E. J. 766, 775 

Sadoul, Nicolas 191 

Saez, E. 176 

Safran, R. J. 432, 435 

Saiki, M. K. 445 

Sakura, Yasuo 240 

Saleh, A. 1067 

Samocha, T. M. 851 

Sanchez, C. A. 666 

Sanchez, F. G. 745 

Sanchez Navarro, J. A. 111 

Sanderson, R. A. 272 

Sanford, Michelle R. 463 

Sanford, William E. 1207 

Sansanayuth, P. 370 

Santelmann, M. V. 518 

Santos, M. A. 346 

Sanville W. D. 976, 1049 

Sasser, C. E. 918, 923, 934 

Sather, J. H. 88 

Savin, M. C. 234 

Sawyer, A. 202 

Schaack, J. 1070 

Schaafsma, J. A. 425 

Schafale, M. P. 401 

Schik, Karen 537, 1191 

Schilling, Alvin 219 

Schilling, E. B. 675 

Schilling, K. E. 1106 

Schindler, Darrell J. 1046 

Schmalzer, P. A. 617 

Schmidt, J. C. 909 

Schnabel, R. R. 400 

Schneider, Daniel W. 510 

Schneller-Mcdonald, K. 139 

Schoenholtz, S. H. 196, 699, 717, 

732, 912 

Schramm H. L. 879 

Schuler C. A. 457 

Schulz, C. 375 

Schulz, R. 317, 337, 765, 804 

Schumaker, N. H. 518 

Schwartz, M. F. 377, 785 

Schwarzbach, S. E. 445 

Scott, D. A. 13 

Scott, M. L. 124 

Seabloom, E. W. 1084, 1102 

Sedeno-Alvarez, D. E. 380 

Sedeno-Diaz, J. E. 380 

Sedgwick, J. A. 889 

Segelquist, C. A. 124 

Segers, R. 75 

Segerstrom, U. 228 

Semlitsch, R. D. 7 

Serbesoff-King, K. 629 

Sethunathan, N. 147 

Severns, Paul M. 1005 

Sewell, R. S. 1091 

Sexson, T. N. 45 

Sexstone, A. 413 

Seybold, C. A. 720 

Sezerino, P. H. 346 

Shaffer, G. P. 914, 927, 952 

Shaffer, P. W. 972, 975 

Shaffer, T. L. 1014, 1060 

Shaiffer, C. W. 1095 

Shank, G. C. 790 

Shanklin, D. 569 

Shannon, R. D. 400 

Sharitz, R. R. 579, 598 

Sharitz, Rebecca R. 605, 759 

Shaw, G. G. 193 

Shaw, Susan C. 1097 

Shaw, William W. 379 

Shear, T. 747 

Shedlock, R. J. 796 

Sheehan, P. J. 1066 

Sheeley, Douglas G. 869 

Sheets, K. R. 1224 

Shepard, J. P. 1113, 1160, 1162 

Shepard, James P. 197 

Shepherd, H. L. 464 

Sheridan, J. M. 803 

Sherwood, L. J. 854 

Shiel, R. J. 242 

Shiel, R. S. 272 

Shields, R. T. 429 

Shih, K. C. 350 

Shikaze, S. G. 500 

Shimoda, M. 270 

Shisler, J. K. 592 

Shivaprasad, H. L. 454 

Shrubsole, D. 276 

Shultz, S. D. 1090 

Shumway, D. L. 390 

Shutler, D. 166 

Sidle, W. C. 560, 569 

Sieburth, J. M. 31 

Siegel, D. I. 42, 1140 

Silva, C. 246 

Silva Cunha, M. G. G. 162 

Simkin, J. M. 272 

Simpson, I. 195 

Simpson, Ian C. 194 

Simpson, S. L. 412 

Singer, J. H. 619 

Sites, R. W. 864 

Sites, Robert W. 880 

Skagen, Susan K. 895 

Skaggs, R. W. 644, 719, 798, 805, 

817, 861, 1113 

Skaggs, W. 1162 

Sklar, F. H. 597, 602 

Skousen, J 413 

Skovlin, J. M. 216 

Slack, Sarah J. 755 

Slauson, W. L. 124 

Sleggs, Sheila E. 416 

Sluyter, A. 67 

Smeins, F. E. 631 

Smialek, J. 549 

Smiley, P. C. 860 

Smit, B. 523 

Smith, C. R. 1180 

Smith, E. P. 718 

Smith, Elizabeth H. 770 

Smith, Eric P. 831 

Smith, J. E. 806 

Smith, J. W. 1175 

Smith, K. 1133 

Smith, Karen M. 289 

Smith, L. M. 253, 867, 877, 879, 

882, 893, 897, 901, 905, 906, 911 

Smith, Loren M. 865, 868, 869, 873, 

886, 891, 896 

Smith, R. D. 88 

Smith, R. Daniel 4, 1128 

Smith, R. S. 272 

Smith, S. 337, 765, 784, 804, 828 

Smith, S. M. 682 

Smith, W. P. 620 

Smith, Winston P. 690 

Smock, Leonard A. 1144 

Snedaker, S. C. 638 

Snell Rood, Emilie C. 769 

Snoddy, E. L. 621 

Snyder, Daniel T. 994 

Snyder, G. H. 764 

Soares, H. M. 346 

Sobolewski, A. 87 

Soelsepp, T. 533 

Solberg, K. L. 1051 

Son, J. 783 

South Dakota State University. 

Cooperative Extension Service 

1154 

Southworth, A. D. 1114 

Sovada, M. A. 1068 

Spaling, H. 516, 523 

Sparling, Donald W. 135 

Spaur, C. C. 663 

Spencer, T. 60 

Sprecher, Steven W. 1205 

Sprenger, M. D. 253 

Spyreas, Greg 504 

Stanford, J. A. 555 

Stanley, Emily H. 515 

Stanturf, J. 712 

Stanturf, J. A. 760, 1161, 1188 

Stark, Lloyd R. 409 

Starks, K. M. 552 

Stauber, T. 232 

Stearman, G. K. 428 
Author Index 

423

Steevens, J. A. 857 

Steinauer, G. 874 

Steinberg, S. L. 349 

Steinman, A. D. 711 

Stephens, D. W. 1213 

Stephenson, G. R. 520 

Stevens, C. E. 133 

Stevenson, R. J. 580 

Stevenson, R. Jan 134 

Stewart, Scott R. 985 

Steyaert, Louis T. 811 

Stites, D. L. 834, 839 

Stockdale, E. C. 49 

Stoeckel, D. M. 172 

Stokes, B. 712 

Stokes, B. J. 745, 748 

Stokes, Bryce 1174 

Stokes, Bryce J. 219 

Stokes, S. L. 760 

Stoll, C. S. 772 

Stone, G. W. 925 

Stone, K. C. 733, 766, 781, 786, 

819 

Storrs, C. G. 386 

Stott, T. 202 

Stotts, V. D. 657 

Stover, Lee R. 335 

Strange, E. 28 

Stratton, G. W. 351 

Straus, D. C. 890, 902 

Straus, David C. 898 

Streb, C. A. 425 

Streever, W. J. 582, 590 

Streever, William J. 636 

Stroud, D. A. 186 

Strudwick, T. 189 

Struthers, J. P. 640 

Sukasem, P. 370 

Sukias, J. P. S. 292, 344, 347 

Sullivan, Brian D. 866 

Suministrado, D. C. 231 

Summerfelt, S. T. 279 

Sumner, R. 971 

Sun, G. 373, 723, 1113, 1162 

Sun, G. E. 632 

Sun, Ge 66, 633, 702 

Suso, J. 221 

Sutter, Greg 441 

Sutton, A. L. 555 

Svedarsky, W. Daniel 1079 

Sverko, Ed 235 

Swan, M. 952 

Swank, W. T. 426 

Swanson, G. A. 1039, 1066 

Swanson, George A. 1013, 1026 

Swanson, R. H.\\Bernier, P. 

Y.\\Woodard, P. D. 209 

Swarzenski, C. M. 934 

Swenson, E. M. 918, 934 

Swift, B. L. 1204 

Swift, L. 1162 

Swift, L. W. 1113 

Swift, M. C. 527 

Swift, P. K. 454 

Swihart, Robert K. 528 

Syder, J. 1220 

Sylvester, S. M. 627 

Sym, G. 322 

Syrgiannis, J. 1040 

Syrgiannis, Jim 235 

Szabo, B. A. 732 

Szoegi, A. A. 781, 786 

Szogi, A. A. 775, 793 

Szuniewicz, J. 339 

Szögi, A. A. 858 

Tabberer, D. K. 948 

Tacha, Thomas C. 615, 862 

Taffs, K. H. 174 

Taft, O. W. 435, 442, 978, 1007, 

1008 

Takahira, K. 224 

Takayanagi, Kazufumi 851 

Takemura, A. 224 

Tancioni, L. 313 

Tang, Changyuan 240 

Tangen, B. A. 1077 

Tangren, S. A. 616 

Taniguchi, Makoto 706 

Tanji, K. K. 474, 476, 477, 479 

Tanner, C. C. 292, 315, 316, 327, 

342, 344, 347 

Tanner, G. W. 762 

Tanner, George W. 758 

Tappe, Philip A. 942 

Tarutis, W. J. 383 

Tashiro, Y. 224 

Tate, K. W. 451 

Taylor, B. W. 623 

Taylor, Barbara E. 1122 

Taylor, Brad W. 610 

Taylor, D. L. 1049 

Taylor, J. P. 253, 1224 

Taylor, Milton 782 

Teaford, J. W. 958 

Teal, J. M. 855 

Tear, L. M. 997 

Teasdale, P. R. 63 

Teer, J. G. 863 

Teng, Y. 241, 252 

Terry, N. 355, 447, 469, 472, 474, 

476 

Terry, Norman. 475 

Terry, W. S. 762 

Tessier, M. 273 

Tester, J. R. 3, 545, 1043 

Tester, John R. 1191 

Therres, G. D. 663, 772 

Thilenius, J. F. 96 

Thomas, C. R. 586 

Thomas, F. 91 

Thomas, H. 20 

Thomas, R. F. 173 

Thompson, C. A. 512, 1106 

Thompson, J. R. 58, 328 

Thompson, Lynne C. 942 

Thompson, S. P. 596 

Thornton, C. 570 

Thornton, F. C. 684 

Thung, H. J. 429 

Thurman, E. M. 899 

Thysell, David R. 982 

Tichit, M. 207, 255 

Tietje, W. D. 863 

Tighe, R. E. 941 

Tilley, D. R. 783 

Tilson, Don 501 

Timmons, M. B. 297 

Timotius, K. H. 590 

Tiner, R. W. 155 

Tiner, Ralph W. 54, 141 

Tippett, M. D. 679 

Tobin, G. A. 78 

Tomaszek, J. A. 544 

Tombre, I. M. 186 

Tome, M. W. 1039, 1055 

Tomer, M. D. 564 

Tonderski, K. S. 288 

Toner, Maureen M. 658 

Tori, Gildo M. 1197 

Torstensson, G. 332 

Tossavainen, Tarmo 184 

Toth, L. A. 849 

Toure, T'shaka A. 776 

Tourenq, Christophe 191 

Tournebize, T. 226 

Tremblay, P. J. 813 

Tremblay, Thomas A. 656 

Trettin, C. 829 

Trettin, C. C. 196, 241, 260, 530, 

533, 536, 619, 780 

Trettin, Carl C. 66, 521, 633, 1157, 

1165 

Trexler, Joel C. 755 

Troxler Gann, T. G. 604 

Tsihrintzis, V. A. 813 

Ttabucanon, M. S. 370 

Tucker R. B. 957 

Tuovinen, O. H. 540 

Tupacz, E. G. 789 

Turgeon, Paryse 639 

Turner, Andrew M. 755 

Turner, M. G. 689 

Turner, Monica G. 515 

Twedt, D. J. 926, 943, 965 

Twedt, Daniel J. 931, 947, 949, 968 

Tweedy, K. L. 815 

Twilley, R. 933 

Twilley, Robert R. 660 

U.S. Army Engineer Waterways 

Experiment Station 68 

U.S. Bureau of Reclamation 1070 

U.S. Committee on Irrigation and 

Drainage 1070 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 119 

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 

Region 5. 54 

U.S. Prairie Pothole Joint Venture 

1154 

Ulyshen, Michael D. 704 

Ulén, B. 288 

Underwood, G. J. C. 256 

Unger, M. A. 738 

United States. Army. Corps of 

Engineers 68 

United States. Army. Corps of 

Engineers. U.S. Army Engineer 

Waterways Experiment Station. 
Wetlands in Agricultural Landscapes 

424

Wetlands Research Program (U.S.). 

4, 559 

United States. Dept. of the Interior 

62 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Health and 

Ecological Criteria Division 70, 

135, 136, 137 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of 

Research and Development 22 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of 

Science and Technology 29, 151 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of Water 

70, 134, 135, 136, 137 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office of 

Wetlands, Oceans, and 

Watersheds. 22, 29, 134, 151 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Office Science 

and Technology 134 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Region III 1190 

United States. Environmental 

Protection Agency. Wetlands 

Division 70, 135, 136, 137 

United States. Forest Service. 55 

United States. General Accounting 

Office. 1 

United States. Natural Resources 

Conservation Service. 5, 1190 

Unz, R. F. 383 

Upsdell, M. P. 315, 316, 347 

Uyehara, Kimberly J. 1209 

Uzarski, D. G. 711 

Vachaud, G. 259 

Vaithiyanathan, P. 697 

Valdes Casillas, Carlos 379 

Valente, J. 246 

Valett, H. M. 555 

Valiela, Ivan 113 

Valk, Arnoud van der 70, 1027, 

1101 

Van Bakel, M. 100 

van Dam, H. 178 

van den Bergh, J. 77 

Van der Kamp, G. 238, 1020 

Van Der Molen, W. H. 59 

Van der Valk, A. 1170 

Van Der Valk, A. G. 849, 1023, 

1053, 1082, 1083, 1084, 1097, 1102, 

1105 

Van Iersel, P. B. W. 366 

Van Logtestijn, Richard 778 

Van Olst, J. C. 297 

van Oostrom, A. J. 305 

Van Zee, R. 597 

VanDruff, Larry W. 416 

Vanrees-Siewert, K. L. 1093 

Vansal, S. S. 857 

Vasander, Harri 1157 

Vellidis, G. 836 

Vellidis, George 655, 791 

Vepraskas, M. J. 724, 859 

Vepraskas, Michael J. 642 

Verhoeven, J. T. A. 98 

Verhoeven, Jos T. A. 778 

Verry, E. S. 210, 1011 

Vidakovic-Cifrek, Z. 381 

Virnstein, R. W. 645 

Visser, J. M. 923 

Vivier, J.-P. 273 

Voeroesmarty, C. J. 1217 

Vohs, Paul A. 1121 

Vondracek, B. 1064 

Vose, J. M. 426 

Vulink, J. T. 220 

Vuori, Kari-Matti 184 

Vymazal, J. 362 

W. A. Hartman 1172 

Waddell, B. 1213, 1215 

Wagner, S. 594 

Waiser, M. J. 1050 

Wakeley, J. S. 393 

Wakeley, James S. 1205 

Walbridge, M. R. 404, 613, 640, 842 

Walbridge, Mark R. 688 

Walker, J. T. 426 

Wallace, P. M. 647 

Walter, J. 211 

Walters, D. 276 

Walton, Raymond 916, 919 

Walton, William E. 463 

Wang, C. 10 

Wang, D. 1214 

Wang, J. Y. 343 

Wang, Naiming 499 

Wang, Shih-Chin 1053 

Wang, T. 345 

Wang, Ziyin 717 

Wanganeo, A. 149 

Wanganeo, R. 149 

Wanless, Harold R. 589 

Wardrop, D. H. 394, 1167 

Wardrop, Denise H. 402 

Warner, B. G. 100 

Warner, Richard E. 1198 

Warren, A. 284 

Warren, R. J. 387 

Warren, R. S. 1221 

Water Resources Research 

Institute of the University of North 

Carolina 642 

Watson, A. 256 

Watson, Alisa M. 233 

Watson, James W. 992 

Weakley, A. S. 401, 1139 

Weaver, K. M. 948 

Webb, E. L. 267 

Webb, F. J. 1091 

Webb, J. W. 631 

Weber, T. 626 

Webster, H. J. 398 

Wedding, B. 288 

Weerakkody, G. 767 

Weick, Shawn E. 538 

Weih, Robert C. 942 

Wein, Gary 759 

Weinstein, M. P. 771, 855 

Weis, J. S. 630 

Weis, P. 630 

Weishar, L. L. 771 

Weiss, G. 1040 

Weller, J. D. 847 

Weller, M. W. 641, 774, 935 

Weller, Milton W. 850 

Wells, C. L. 410 

Wells, E. D. 192 

Wen, Long-Ying 138 

Weng, Qihao 208 

Wenger, S. K. 1223 

Wentz, W. A. 257 

Wentz, W. Alan 1154 

Werner, C. 509 

West, L. T. 794 

West, Larry 792 

Western Energy and Land Use 

Team 88 

Wetlands Research Program (U.S.) 

68 

Wetzel, P. R. 849 

Weyrauch, S. L. 531 

Whaley, Shannon D. 601 

Wheeler, Bryan D. 105, 1097 

Wheeler, E. F. 361 

Wheeler, K. A. 540 

Whigham, D. F. 98, 832 

Whigham, Dennis 773 

Whigham, Dennis F. 33, 156, 778 

Whiles, M. R. 872, 875 

Whillans, T. H. 494, 511, 557 

White, J. R. 713, 715 

White, J. S. 365, 1099 

White, S. K. 268 

White, W. A. 585, 664 

White, William A. 656 

Whited, D. C. 545 

Whited, Diane 1191 

Whited, Diane C. 537 

Whitwell, Ted 782 

Wieder, R. K. 396, 399 

Wienhold, C. E. 1023 

Wigand, C. 595 

Wigginton, J. D. 860 

Wigley, T. Bently 422, 737, 1173 

Wike, L. D. 801 

Wilber, D. H. 941 

Wilcox, D. A. 511, 514, 565 

Wildlife Habitat Management 

Institute (U.S.) 157, 287 

Wilen, B. O. 130 

Wiley, M. J. 482 

Wilkerson, Don C. 431 

Wilkins, R. Neal. 750 

Willard, D. E. 508, 543 

Willems, Hans P. 831 

Williams, B. L. 168, 192 

Williams, B. P. 902 

Williams, D. D. 126 

Williams, Frederick M. 409 

Williams, G. D. 1222 

Williams, H. 594 

Williams, H. M. 962 

Williams, J. B. 95 

Williams, J. R. 946 
Author Index 

425

Williams, John S. 81 

Williams, M. R. 1217 

Williams, O. E. 432 

Williams, Philip B. 468 

Williams, S. L. 52 

Williams, T. M. 741, 761 

Williams, T. P. 74 

Willig, M. R. 864, 888 

Willig, Michael R. 880 

Willis, L. M. 669 

Wilson, B. C. 800 

Wilson, M. G. 1010 

Wilson, M. V. 998, 1010 

Wilson, Machelle 915 

Wilson, R. F. 1126 

Wilson, R. R. 926, 943 

Wilson, R. Randy 931, 947 

Winemiller, K. O. 606 

Winger, P. V. 1124 

Winnett, G. 266 

Winston, E. S. 214 

Winter, T. C. 1021 

Winter, Thomas C. 1022 

Wissinger, S. A. 34 

Wissinger, Scott A. 264, 438, 461, 

483, 496, 510, 513, 593, 607, 610, 

636, 870, 880, 1037, 1108, 1144, 

1151 

Witham, Carol W. 441 

Withers, Kim 1146 

Wittgren, H. B. 332 

Wolfe, R. J. 39 

Wolff, W. F. 627 

Wolff, W. J. 40 

Wollheim, W. M. 1217 

Wollheim, Wilfred M. 870 

Wong, C. K. 214 

Wong, K. M. 325 

Wood, S. L. 361 

Woodland, R. 1042 

Woods, S. W. 1223 

Woodward, P. M. 550 

Woodward, R. O. 1068 

Woolf, S. W. 1107 

Wright, S. G. 429 

Wrubleski, Dale A. 1037 

Wu, L. 444, 453, 473 

Wu, M. J. 343 

Wu, Y. 597 

Wurster, Frederic C. 1207 

Wylie, G. D. 921 

Xu, Yi Jun 678 

Yager, L. 631 

Yang, Q. 217 

Yates, P. 803 

Yavitt, J. B. 384, 396 

Yavitt, Joseph B. 389 

Yi, C. 509 

Yi, Gi-Chul 1118 

Yost, J. 910 

Young, G. L. 962 

Young, L. 325 

Young, R. A. 63 

Younger, M. S. 427 

Yzerman, V. T. 560 

Zaebst, T. W. 732 

Zalidis, G. C. 323 

Zampella, R. A. 612 

Zampella, Robert A. 170 

Zanner, C. W. 859 

Zanoli, Michael J. 436 

Zartman, R. E. 876, 878 

Zedler, J. 1153 

Zedler, J. B. 102, 129, 440, 1222 

Zeff, M. L. 112 

Zhang, Mingkui 247 

Zhang, S. 217 

Zhang, Xiaowei 661 

Zhang, Y. 1177 

Zhang, Y. Q. 1004 

Zhang, Yiqiang 990 

Zhang, Yu 66 

Zhao, Dehai 915 

Zheng, L. 498, 580 

Zhou, Meifang 843 

Zhu, Wei Xing 1137 

Zicus, M. C. 1068 

Zimmerman, W. J. 336 

Zlotsky, A. 910 

Zmolek, C. 558 

Zohrer, J. 1024 

Zuberer, D. A. 578