SECOND DIVISION

ANDREWS, P. J.,

MCFADDEN and RAY, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

November 3, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A0981. SWOPE v. GREENBRIAR MALL LIMITED

PARTNERSHIP et al. 

MCFADDEN, Judge. 

Michael Juniel filed a premises liability action for injuries sustained when he

was shot during an armed robbery while working as a security guard at a mall. The

trial court granted summary judgment to the mall ownership and management

defendants on the ground of assumption of the risk. Matthew Swope, the

administrator of Juniel’s estate, appeals.

1 Because there exist no genuine issues of

material fact, we affirm.

1

Juniel died during the pendency of the action, and Swope was substituted as

a party. The record shows that the shooting occurred in March 2007, Juniel filed suit

in March 2009, a suggestion of death was filed in December 2011, and a motion for

substitution of party was filed in May 2012. 
Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). On

appeal from the grant of a motion for summary judgment, we review the evidence de

novo, and construe allreasonable conclusions and inferencesfromthe evidence in the

light most favorable to the nonmovant. Jones v. Barrow, 304 Ga. App. 337 (696 SE2d

363) (2010). 

So construed, the evidence shows that IPC International Corporation, an

independent security contractor, hired Juniel to work as a “public safety officer” at

Greenbriar Mall in Atlanta. Juniel was responsible for providing public safety

services at the mall, patrolling the property and deterring criminal activity. On March

31, 2007, Juniel arrived for work at 5:00 p.m., and was assigned by his supervisor to

patrol a parking lot area of the mall. As Juniel walked through the mall to his

assigned post, he saw several masked men near a jewelry store and approached them.

One of them had a gun and aimed it toward a mall patron. Juniel intervened in the

confrontation, covering the patron’s body with his own in an attempt to shield him

from the gunshots. Both Juniel and the patron suffered bullet woundsin the shooting.

The masked men then entered the jewelry store, shot a security guard in the store,

smashed the counter, stole jewelry, and fled from the mall. 

2
Juniel filed a premises liability action against Greenbriar Mall (2006) Limited

Partnership, Hendon Properties, LLC, Hendon Property Management, LLC and

O’Leary Partners, Inc. (collectively the “Greenbriar Mall defendants”), claiming that

negligent management and patrol of the mall had proximately caused his injuries. The

trial court granted summary judgment to the Greenbriar Mall defendants on the basis

of assumption of the risk, concluding that “recovery is precluded because the risk

[Juniel] encountered was one inherent in hisjob as a uniformed public safety officer.”

This appeal followed. 

1. Assumption of the risk. 

The Greenbriar Mall defendants assert that the trial court correctly granted

summary judgment based on the doctrine of assumption of the risk. We agree. 

The general rule is that where one voluntarily and knowingly takes a

risk involving imminent danger, he is precluded fromrecovery by reason

of another’s negligence. The defense of assumption of risk requires: (1)

that the plaintiff had some actual knowledge of the danger; (2) that he

understood and appreciated the risk therefrom[;] and (3) that he

voluntarily exposed himself to such risk. Stated another way: The

doctrine of the assumption of the risk of danger applies only where the

plaintiff, with a full appreciation of the danger involved and without

restriction from his freedom of choice either by the circumstances or by

coercion, deliberately chooses an obviously perilous course of conduct

so that it can be said as a matter of law he has assumed all risk of injury. 

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Baker v. Harcon,Inc., 303 Ga. App. 749, 754 (b) (694 SE2d 673) (2010) (citation and

punctuation omitted). 

In this case, the undisputed evidence shows that Juniel fully appreciated the

danger involved, yet deliberately chose the obviously perilous course of conduct of

putting himself in the armed robber’s line of fire. As Juniel acknowledged, he

intentionally put himself in harm’s way and “became a human shield by covering the

patron’s body in an attempt to deflect and receive as much of the bullet wounds as

possible.” Because Juniel voluntarily and knowingly took a risk involving imminent

danger of being shot, he is precluded from recovery under the assumption of the risk

doctrine. 

Swope argues that even if Juniel assumed the specific risk of being shot, he is

not precluded from recovery pursuant to the rescue doctrine. However, the rescue

doctrine does not apply in this case. 

The rescue doctrine applies when the defendants’ negligent acts

or omissions have created a condition or situation which involves

imminent and urgent peril to life and property. In such instances, those

negligent acts or omissions are also negligent in relationship to all others

who, in the exercise of ordinary care for their own safety under the

circumstances, attempt to rescue the endangered life or property by

reasonably appropriate means. The doctrine of rescue necessarily

contemplates an assumption of the risk inherent in the peril created by

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the defendants’ negligence. But the rescue doctrine would apply only if

[the plaintiff] were acting simply as a volunteer, or bystander. 

Griner v. Georgia Farm Bureau Mut. Ins. Co., 266 Ga. App. 289, 292 (2) (596 SE2d

758) (2004) (citations and punctuation omitted, emphasis supplied). See also Walker

Hauling Co. v. Johnson, 110 Ga. App. 620, 623 (139 SE2d 496) (1964) (rescue

doctrine applied to volunteer who helped fight a fire). 

Pretermitting the question of whether Juniel exercised ordinary care for his

own safety under the circumstances is the fact that he was not acting simply as a

volunteer or bystander. Rather, the undisputed evidence shows that the only reason

Juniel was on the scene was that he was on duty as a security guard or public safety

officer. Since Juniel acted in his capacity as a security officer, the rescue doctrine

does not apply, and instead the assumption of the risk doctrine controls. Indeed, “[t]he

strength of the assumption of risk doctrine to persons employed in security is shown

in Atlanta Braves v. Leslie, 190 Ga. App. 49 (378 SE2d 133) (1989).” Martin v.

Gaither, 219 Ga. App. 646, 649 (466 SE2d 621) (1995). 

In Atlanta Braves, as in the instant case, the plaintiff was on the defendants’

premises working in his capacity as a security guard when he was shot by an armed

robber. In awarding summary judgment to the defendantsin that case, this court held:

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The possibility of a face-to-face encounter with a criminal is an ordinary

and obvious risk incident to employment as an armed security guard.

Accordingly, as a matter of law, [plaintiff], by accepting employment as

[a]security guard, assumed the risk that he would have such encounters

on the stadium premises. [Plaintiff] was, in effect, hired to provide an

element of the very security that he alleges was negligently lacking. 

Atlanta Braves, 190 GaApp. at 50 (1). 

While Juniel was not armed, the same rationale applies to his employment as

a public security officer at the mall. He acknowledged as much in his deposition,

testifying that he was aware that in his capacity as a security officer he could have a

face-to-face encounter with a criminal while on duty and possibly suffer injury. He

had worked for many years in security, and testified, among other things, that “when

you work as a security officer, for sure there’s a chance that you may encounter some

criminal activity, regardless of where it is.” Indeed, as an example of such encounters,

Juniel noted that approximately a year prior to the shooting in this case, he was on

security duty at the mall when he tried to detain a suspected shoplifter, and had his

hand sliced by the suspect with a pair of scissors. Thus, Juniel was fully aware of the

dangers associated with his security work and assumed the risk of injury that he

suffered. 

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Nevertheless, Swope argues that Juniel’s attempt to protect the store patron

exceeded the scope of his employment duties, which required only that he observe

and report the incident, and he thus became a volunteer as contemplated by the rescue

doctrine. While Swope has not cited any Georgia cases directly on point, we note that

a case from another jurisdiction has rejected the same argument in a similar context;

and we find the analysis in that case persuasive. In Read v. Keyfauver, 308 P.3d 1183

(Ariz. App. 2013), a law enforcement officer was injured when he went beyond his

employment duties at the scene of an automobile accident by extricating the driver

from the vehicle. Id. at 1185-1186. In challenging the grant of summary judgment to

the driver on the officer’s claim of negligence, the officer argued that because his

extraction of the driver exceeded the scope of his employment duties, which only

required him to secure and investigate the accident scene, he became a volunteer and

could recover damages under the rescue doctrine. Id. at 1187-1188. However, the

courtruled that it was not persuaded by the argument that the officer’s conduct turned

him into a volunteer because the critical question was not his conduct at the scene,

but was whether he was “on the scene as a result of his on-duty obligations.” Id. at

1188. Because the officer’s employment compelled his presence at the scene in the

first instance, he was not acting as a volunteer for purposes of the rescue doctrine

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when he removed the driver from her vehicle, and therefore “his negligence claim

against her [was] barred.” Id. 

While the issue was not directly addressed in Griner v. Georgia Farm Bureau,

supra, that case involved a plaintiff who was injured when he exceeded the duties of

the job that brought him to an accident scene, and this court held that the rescue

doctrine did not apply under those circumstances. In that case, a wrecker driver was

called to the scene of a collision by the state patrol to use his tow truck to pull one of

the vehicles, in which the driver was trapped, out of the wreckage. 266 GaApp. at

289-290. But the towing cable snapped, rendering the tow truck “essentially useless.”

Id. at 290. The tow truck driver then went beyond his towing duties by attempting to

help lower the front of the trapped vehicle by sticking a knife in a tire to let the air

out. Id. When he did so, the tire exploded, injuring his hand. Id. The wrecker driver

claimed that the rescue doctrine permitted himto recover for hisinjury. However, this

court rejected the claim, holding that

the rescue doctrine would apply only if [the wrecker driver] were acting

simply as a volunteer, or bystander. Evidence showing that [he] was not

simply a volunteer, or bystander, includes the fact that he was called to

the scene by the Georgia State Patrol, in his capacity as a wrecker

operator, because his name came up on the rotation list. His presence at

the scene, therefore, was the result of a contractual duty.

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266 GaApp. at 292 (2). 

Thus, even though the issue of whether the tow truck driver’s exceeding of his

contractual duties transformed him into a volunteer was not directly addressed, this

court still used a similar analysis to that used by the Arizona Court of Appeals in

Read. That is, in both cases the critical question was not the plaintiff’s conduct at the

scene, but whether he wasthere in the first place because of his on-duty or contractual

obligations. As recounted above, it is undisputed that Juniel was present at the scene

of the mallshooting solely because he was on duty as a security officer. Accordingly,

he was not a volunteer or bystander within the meaning of the rescue doctrine, and

therefore the “trial court correctly granted the defendants’ motions for summary

judgment.” Griner, supra. 

2. Remaining enumerations of error. 

Because of our holding above in Division 1, we need not address Juniel’s

remaining arguments. 

Judgment affirmed. Andrews, P. J., and Ray, J., concur. 

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