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Appendix 20

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Fieure A5. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 30-89 Years—<3 Years Experience.


Table 1. Age—All Facilities

Age Assistant Controllers Controllers Cordinators
Total

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Experience Assistant Controllers Controllers Coordinators
Total

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Appendix oT

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Appendix

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Appendix



Symptoms reported immediately following the
work shift were treated in a similar manner.
Comparison of the results provided by Figure 4
reveals now that not only physical but also
mental symptoms appear to be more highly re-
lated with experience than with age. Further, for
each age and experience grouping, the greatest
postshift increase in incidence of symptoms occurs
in the case of mental symptoms.

For a more definitive comprehension of the
respective roles of experience and age, it is neces-
sary to inspect their interaction relative to the
incidence of reported symptoms. To provide for
such an inspection, all subjects within each of the
three experience groups were further assigned to
one of the three age groups, and for each such
age group or subgroup, the percentage of symp-
tom days was computed. The results are given
in Figure 5 for the physical symptoms reported
and in Figure 6 for the mental symptoms re-
ported. In these, one exception to the foregoing
general explanation should be noted. Within the
group having greater than 10 years of controller
experience, there is no 20 to 29 age subgroup.

Figure 5 shows the clearly evident relationship
between experience and incidence of reported
symptoms that has been revealed in Figures 3 and
4. In addition, Figure 5 shows that (1) within
the group of subjects who have had 3 years or less
of ATC experience, a negative relationship exists
between age and incidence of symptoms reported
prior to and following work (i.e, the 20 to 29
year subgroup reports a higher incidence of
symptoms than do those subjects who are 40
years of age or older); (2) within the group of
subjects who have had 4 to 10 years of ATC
experience, a positive relationship exists between
age and incidence of symptoms reported following
work; and (8) within the group of subjects who
have had more than 10 years of ATC experience,
a somewhat higher incidence of symptoms was
reported prior to and following work for the 40
or older age subgroup.

Essentially the same relationships are shown
in Figure 6. The most significant exception occurs
in the case of the group of subjects having 10
years or more of experience in that the degree
of positive relationship between age and incidence
of symptoms appears to be lower.

C. Specific Age Effects—As might be expected,
certain specific symptoms were found to be more

highly related to age than to experience. This
is illustrated in part by Figures 7 to 9, which,
in effect, reveal the incidence of physical symp-
toms when age is varied and experience is held
constant. Figure 7 shows the relative rates of
incidence for that group of subjects who are from
21 to 29 years of age and who have had 3 years
or less of experience in the air traffic control field.
Figure 9, on the other hand, shows the rates of
incidence for that group of subjects who are 40
to 49 years of age and who, also, have had only
3 years or less of ATC experience. To be noted
in the case of both extreme age groups as well as
the intermediate age group (Figure 8) is the
incidence of “aching or burning eyes.” The rate
of incidence of this particular symptom is nearly
twice as great for the oldest group than for
the youngest group. Since the age groups are
equated in terms of controller experience (<3
years), it may be that the symptom concerned is
primarily a function of age or, more specifically,
of the sensory deficits normally occurring with

aging.

D. Specifie Experience Effects—Certain specific
symptoms were found to be more highly re-
lated to experience. This can be illustrated quite
clearly by varying experience while holding age
constant, which, in effect, is done in Figures 10
to 12. These present the relative rates of mental
symptoms reported by subjects who have had
different amounts of experience (Jess than 3 years
in Figure 10, from 4 to 10 years in Figure 11,
and over 10 years of ATC experience in Figure
12) but who comprise the single age group from
40 to 49 years of age.

To be noted in these figures is the striking
relationship between the increase in the incidence
of stress-related symptoms and the increase in
ATC experience. For example, the symptom
“tense” is reported less than 5% of the days by
the 40 to 49 year old subjects who had 3 years
or less of ATC experience, about 15% of the days
by the 40 to 49 year old subjects who have had
from 4 to 10 years of experience, and nearly 25%
of the days by the 40 to 49 year old subjects
who have had over 10 years of experience as an
ATCS.

Similarly, plottings have been made for all
age and all experience groups and for both
physical and mental symptoms. These are pre-
sented in the Appendix, Figures A1 through A16.



Table 3. Total Experience—All Facilities

Experience Assistant Controllers Controllers Coordinators
Total
[Ce 6} 7})8 | 9/10] 8 | 9 | 10) 11] 12} 10 | 11 | 12] 13
=== 29
20 126
40 70
6 16
14 32
2 16
1 3
Total... -- 22-222 ee eee 5) 1] 70} 4] 3/18] 2] 60] 83/16) 1] 5] 24] 5 292
Il. Results, B. Ewperience and Age—The respective roles of

The symptoms reported by the subjects (pre-
shift cards 3 and 4 and postshift cards 8 and 9)*
during the 90-day period have been categorized
as physical or mental symptoms. This was done
for convenience of reporting rather than for any
real need for meaningful distinction. Most, if not
all, of the symptoms concerned may be regarded
as being related to or induced by stress, and the
only distinction of possible meaningfulness is that
having to do with the nature of causal relation-
ship; e.g., the symptom “aching or burning eyes”
could be directly attributed to certain character-
istics of the work situation, whereas the symptom
“tenseness” must be regarded as a less direct and
more general manifestation of stresses engendered
by many conditions quite apart from those char-
acterizing the work situation.

A. Symptom Type and Incidence.—To indicate
the relative frequency with which each symptom
was reported, the percentage of days that each
symptom was reported was computed. These per-
centages are given in Figures 1 and 2 for the
symptoms termed physical and mental, respec-
tively. As might be expected, the highest rates
of incidence generally occur for those symptoms
most likely to be judged as being stress-induced
or related, and, further, the incidence of these
particular symptoms is generally greater follow-
ing the work shift. Also expected were the high
rates of reports of tiredness and drowsiness both
prior to and following work, but somewhat un-
expected was the incidence of “aching or burning
eyes.” More will be said about this later.

experience and age can be examined by several
different methods. One method provides for a
simple comparison such as that revealed by Fig-
ure 8. Here, the total population of subjects was
assigned to three different age groupings, 20 to 29
years, 30 to 39 years, and 40 years and over. For
each age group, the percentage of symptom days
was computed; ie, the percentage of the total
reporting days for which the subjects comprising
the age group reported one or more symptoms.
Then, the total population of subjects was re-
assigned into three different experience groupings,
8 years or less of ATC experience, 4 to 10 years
of ATC experience, and over 10 years of ATC
experience. For each of these experience groups,
the percentage of symptom days was computed.

As can be seen, the relationship between ex-
perience and the incidence of physical symptoms
(reported immediately prior to work) is of a
higher degree than is the relationship between
age and incidence of physical symptoms; i.e.,
the percentage of reported physical symptoms
increases as air traffic control experience increases,
but a similar increase does not appear in the
groupings of the subjects by age. Those in the
20 to 29 age group reported virtually the same
percentage of symptom days as those in the 30 to
39 age group, whereas those 40 years of age and
over reported a significantly higher percentage of
symptoms.

In the case of mental symptoms, however, the
two relationships concerned do not appear to
differ.


APPENDIX

The two subsequent tables provide a key to the
16 figures appearing in this appendix. The first
table is for physical symptoms, the second for
mental symptoms. Each table contains three col-
umns representing the three degrees of ATC ex-
perience in years (<3, 4 to 10, and >10) and
three rows representing the three age groupings
in years (21 to 29, 30 to 39, and 40 to 49). En-
tries in the body of the tables refer to the figure
numbers in the appendix. For example, in the
table for physical symptoms the entry A7 appears
in the column headed “4-10” and row “30-39”.
This means that Figure A7 contains data for sub-
jects with between 4 and 10 years of experience
who are in the 30 to 39 age range.

The tables may be used to select the appropriate
figures for various comparisons. For example, in
the text, physical symptoms of the three age
groups were compared with experience held con-
stant at the <3-year level. By referring to the
physical-sympton table, it can be seen that Figures

19

Al, A5, and All are those appropriate for this
comparison and in the text Figures 7, 8, and 9
are simply duplicates of Al, A5, and All. As
another example, if a comparison of mental symp-
toms for the various levels of experience were
desired for the 30 to 39 age group, Figures A6,
A8, and A10 would be appropriate.

Puysica, Symproms

Experience Groups

Age Groups <3 yr. 4-10 yr. >10 yr.
21-29 Al AS ----
30-89 AB AT Ag
40-49. AL AI8 ALS

Mentat Symproms
Experience Groups

Age Groups <8 yr. 4-10 yr. >10 yr.
21-29 A2 Ad ----
30-89 AG As Alo
40-49 Al2 Al4 AIG



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Appendix



AM 65-6

BIOMEDICAL SURVEY OF ATC FACILITIES
2. Experience and Age

George T. Hauty, Ph. D.
David K. Trites, Ph. D.
William J. Berkley

Approved by Released by

Sternbeg & Menehben Wd Whe

Srantey R. Mouter, M.D. M. S. Wurre, M.D.
Drrecror, CARI Feperat Arr Surgeon

March 1965

FEDERAL AVIATION AGENCY

Office of Aviation Medicine
Civil Aeromedical Research Institute
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma



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Appendix

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32

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31

Appendix



IV. Discussion.

The attempt to determine the relative impor-
tance of experience and age as these factors relate
to the incidence of symptoms of impaired health
and well-being would seem to have yielded fairly
clear-cut information. Both factors, since they
are covariants, are related positively to the inci-
dence of reported symptoms. The factor seen
to be the most highly and systematically related
to such symptoms, however, is length of experi-
ence in the air traffic control field, which is in
agreement with the commonly heard claims con-

cerning the stress inherent in the work of the air
traffic controller.

The question that must now be raised and that
cannot be answered is whether or not the stressful
nature of the controller’s work occasions health
impairment of an extent or nature that will, at
some point in years of service, tend to compromise
his proficiency and reliability as an integral
component in the air traffic system. To answer
this question or, more importantly, to prevent
such a possibility, periodic biomedical assessments
speciafically designed for the air traffic control
specialist would seem to be indicated.

REFERENCES

1, Haury, G. T., Tarres, D. K., and Berxuey, W. J.
Biomedical Survey of ATC Facilities: I, Incidence
of Self-Reported Symptoms. Report No. AM 65-5,
FAA Offce of Aviation Medicine, Civil Aeromedical
Research Institute, Oklahoma City, Okla., 1965.


PRE ~ SHIFT SYMPTOMS

POST - SHIFT SYMPTOMS

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Appendix

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22,

Figure A3. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 21-29 Years—4-10 Years Experience.


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Appendix 28

Ficure A9. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 30-39 Years—>10 Years Experience.


these revisions, the indexes were then printed on
IBM cards. A reproduction of the data-inventory
deck (DID) has been presented in the first re-
port in this series.

C. Procurement of Subjects Following the co-
ordinative announcement of the survey by the
Director, Bureau of Air Traffic Management
(now called the Air Traffic Service), the chief
of each selected facility was contacted directly
for the purpose of making arangements for a
visit to his facility by the research team. Essen-
tially, these arrangements consisted of assembling
on a given scheduled day the evening watch teams
and any other available assistant and journeymen
controllers for the period of 1500 to 1600 hours
and the day watch teams for the period of 1600
to 1700 hours. The attendance of only journey-
men and assistant controllers actually engaged in
air traffic control was requested, and overtime pay
for their attendance was authorized by the Air
Traffic Service.

Of course, limiting the briefings to the two
sets of watch teams meant that something less
than 100% of the air traffic control specialists
would be in attendance; but it was assumed that
out of those attending, the desired number of
volunteers would be obtained. Another assump-
tion was that no significant bias in the samples
would result: from confining the briefings to only
the day and evening watch teams.

Upon the arrival of the research team at a
facility, the chief and his available staff were
briefed on the nature of the project and the
potential benefits to his facility. Subsequently,
in most instances, the research team was intro-
duced by the facility chief or his assistant to the
assembled personnel. Here, the purposes of the
research were again described with emphasis be-
ing placed upon (1) the potential benefits to the
agency, the facility, and the controller group;
(2) the dependence of the success of the research
upon the cooperation of working assistant and
journeymen controllers; (3) the dedication and
perseverance that a subject must have in order
to participate for the 90 days of the survey; and
(4) the completely confidential. nature of all
personal information collected during the project.

Following this, all the duties to be assumed
by the subjects were given, the use of the research
material was described and illustrated with large
replicas of the DID cards, and questions were

solicited and answered. Finally, the request for
volunteers was made.

Those who volunteered were asked to complete
a short questionnaire indicating name, age, GS

grade, time in grade, controller status (assistant, ©

journeyman, senior, shift supervisor), number of
years in each status level, and total amount of
service with the CAA/FAA. The volunteers were
then informed that the final selection of subjects
would be made from the information. on the
questionnaire and that those selected would be
notified and, on the following day, could obtain
their initial packets of previously mailed research
materials from the office of the chief. They were
also informed that a summary instruction sheet
describing the use of the materials was in the
first packet and that additional materials would
be mailed to each subject at his home address.

In all, 792 air traffic control specialists were
briefed. Of these, 432 (55%) volunteered. Since
the number and the nature of volunteers for the
project could not be predicted in advance and
independent decisions had to be made for each
facility during the day it was visited, only general
considerations for subject selection could be speci-
fied. These were that both assistant and journey-
men controllers would be selected and that for
each type of controller group an attempt would
be made to obtain a variety of age and experience
combinations.

Within this framework, the subjects were se-
lected from among those who volunteered at each
facility. The names of those selected were then
given to the chief of the facility, who, in turn,
notified the personnel concerned on the same or
following day. In most cases, the requirement of
filling out the data-inventory deck for 90 consecu-
tive days was begun by the subjects on the day
of their next work shift. On days off, only one
card had to be completed. This card required
entries pertaining to periodic oral-temperature
readings, sleep, medication, etc.

D. Characteristics of Subjects—A total of 300
subjects was selected. Of these, 292 began the
90-day survey, 273 continued for 30 days, 250
continued for 60 days, and 209 finished. Fre-
quency distributions of the ages, experience at
present facility, and total experience of the 292
subjects are given in Tables 1, 2, and 3,
respectively.


PRE — SHIFT SYMPTOMS

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Ficure 7. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)

13



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Ficure 9. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 40-49 Years—3

15

Years Experience.



BIOMEDICAL SURVEY OF ATC FACILITIES
2. Experience and Age .

I, Introduction.

A biomedical survey of six enroute and six
terminal air traffic control (ATC) facilities se-
lected on the basis of differences between shift-
rotation schedules was conducted to appraise the
possible effects of the different schedules upon
the health and well-being of the controllers. It
was found that while the facilities did differ to
a statistically significant degree in the incidence
of self-reported symptoms of stress, these differ-
ences could not be attributed to any basic differ-
ence between the shift-rotation schedules.t Also
reported was the finding of a positive relation-
ship between years of ATC experience and the
incidence of the aforementioned symptoms; i.e.,
the greater the length of experience, the greater
the number of stress-related symptoms reported.

Because of the practical implications of such
a relationship, further analyses of the data were
conducted for the purpose of examining the inter-
action between experience and age in such a way
that a determination could be made of the relative
importance of these two contributory factors. In
other words, the question to be answered is
whether the incidence of symptoms is primarily
a function of length of experience in work al-
leged to be stressful or primarily a function of
the processes of biological aging.

II. Methods.

A. Selection of Facilities—As previously men-
tioned, the principal basis for selection of the
ATC facilities to be surveyed was that of shift-
rotation schedules that, for this report, need not
be identified again.1 A secondary basis for selec-
tion was that of traffic load, in that only those
enroute facilities having a high traffic volume
and only those terminal facilities having a high
volume of instrument approaches were selected
for consideration. With respect to the latter, the
decision was based on the assumption that, in con-
trast to total traffic volume, volume of instrument

approaches would be a more valid measure of
controller workload since this imposes a more
complex and broader spread of work upon the
operating positions. Additionally, the use of
instrument approach volume as a criterion for
selection was expected to enhance the validity
of comparisons between enroute and terminal
facilities.

The facilities selected were the Atlanta,
Boston, Cleveland, Fort Worth, Indianapolis, and
Kansas City Centers and the Atlanta, Boston,
Buffalo, Burlington, Milwaukee, and Philadel-
phia Towers.

B. Development of the Data-Inventory Deck.—
Because of the additional work imposed upon a
working population by any survey, the attempt
is usually made to achieve the greatest ratio of
data to cost-in-time for the subjects. Therefore,
the decision was made to obtain a fairly com-
plete, daily inventory of psychophysiological in-
dexes relating to general health and well-being,
job-induced stress, behavioral habits such as times
and duration of sleep, and the use of commonly
prescribed medications and their possible side
effects. The indexes were constructed and scaled
in such a manner that the time required for the
subject to complete the inventories would be
minimal. These were then assembled into pre-
shift and postshift inventories, and given a 1-week

trial run at the Oklahoma City RAPCON. Im-.

mediately following this trial run, individual
critiques were held with each trial subject who
had been instructed to complete the preshift and
postshift inventories each day. The purpose was
to evaluate the comprehensibility of terminology,
completeness of instructions, and ease of complet-
ing the inventories, and to obtain whatever criti-
cisms and suggestions that the subjects might
have to offer. As a result of the. interest and
cooperation of these personnel, invaluable criti-
cisms and suggestions were obtained and were
incorporated in the makeup of the indexes. With



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Appendix

perience,

Fieune A7. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 30-39 Years—4-10 Years Ex


Qualified requestors may obtain Aviation Medical Reports from Defense Documentation
Center. The general public may purchase from Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific
and Technical Information, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Springfield, Va. 22151


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Appendix 34

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Ficure 8. Percent of Symptoms (Physical)—Preshift and Postshift 30-39 Years—3 Years Experience.

14