U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

ROY D. CHAPIN, Secretary

]

STANDARDS YEARBOOK

1933

Compiled by

THE BUREAU OF STANDARDS

LYMAN J. BRIGGS, Acting Director

Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous Publication No. 139

UNITED STATES

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON : 1933

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price SI. 00 (cloth)
LETTER OF SUBMITTAL

Department of Commerce,

Bureau of Standards,

Washington, November i, 1932.

Sir: I have the honor to submit herewith for publication the

seventh issue of the Standards Yearbook.

The present volume contains outlines of the standardization activities and accomplishments of not only the Bureau of Standards and

other agencies of the Federal Government and the States and counties but also those of national technical societies and trade associations. There is also presented a picture of the standardization

movement in various fields of industry conducted by certain national and international agencies.

Special attention has been paid to the current standardization

programs of American standardizing agencies, their accomplishments to date, with special reference to the year just past, without

reproducing the information concerning their methods of appointing

standardizing committees, authority bestowed upon these committees, and their functions and procedure, which can be found in

previous editions of the Standards Yearbook. An attempt has been

made in this issue to include in the outlines such methods as are employed by these agencies for making their standards and specifications effective throughout industry and to determine whether or not their requirements are being complied with.

The Standards Yearbook is proving of much value to manufacturers, industrial experts, and engineers, as well as to purchasing

agents, both governmental and general.

Kespectfully,

Lyman J. Briggs,

Acting Director, Bureau of Standards.

Hon. Koy D. Chapin,

Secretary of Commerce.

ii
CONTENTS

Page

I. Establishing and maintaining standards 1 II. International standardizing agencies 3

International Bureau of Weights and Measures 3 International Astronomical Union 4

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics 4 American Geophysical Union (American section, International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics) 5

International Geodetic Activities 8

International Electrotechnical Commission 9 International Technical Consulting Committee on Radio Communication 11 International Scientific Radio Union 12

International Commission on Illumination 12

International Federation of Standardizing Associations 13

International Electrical Congress 13 Imperial Economic Conference 13

International Congress of Scientific and Applied Photography. 16 International Congress on Light 17 International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar

Analysis 18 New International Association for Testing Materials 19

International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts 20

III. National standardizing laboratories 22 Bureau of Standards 22

National Physical Laboratory 22

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 26

Laboratoire D'Essais (Mecaniques, Physiques, Chimiques, et de Machines) 31 Laboratoire Central d' Electricity 34

National Research Council (Canada) 35

Electrotechnical Laboratory 40 Tokyo Industrial Laboratory 42 Munitions Supply Laboratories 43

Office National des Researches Scientifiques et Industrielles

et des Inventions 44 USSR Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization (VIMS) 45

IV. National industrial standardizing bodies 47

Australia 48

Austria 49

Belgium 52 Canada 53

Czechoslovakia 53 Denmark 55 Finland 55 France 56 Germany 57 Great Britain 59

Hungary 60

Italy 61 Japan 61 Netherlands 62 Norway 62 Poland 63 Rumania 63

Sweden 65

Switzerland 66

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia) 67

United States of America 68

m
IV CONTENTS

Page V. Federal standardizing agencies (U. S. A.) 69 Executive departments 69 Department of Agriculture 69 Bureau of Agricultural Economics 69 Bureau of Chemistry and Soils 69 Bureau of Home Economics 71 Bureau of Plant Industry 71 Bureau of Public Roads 71 Food and Drug Administration 72

Forest Service 72 Department of Commerce 73

Aeronautics Branch 73 Bureau of the Census 73 Bureau of Fisheries 73 Bureau of Lighthouses 74 Bureau of Mines 74 Bureau of Standards {see Sec. VI) 75 Coast and Geodetic Survey 76 Department of the Interior 77

Office of the Secretary 77 Bureau of Reclamation 77

Geological Survey 77

Office of Indian Affairs 78 Department of Labor 78 Bureau of Labor Statistics 78

Children's Bureau 79

Women's Bureau 80 Navy Department 80

Office of Naval Operations 80 Bureau of Aeronautics 80 Bureau of Constiuction and Repair 81 Bureau of Engineering 82 Bureau of Medicine and Surgery 82 Bureau of Navigation 82 Bureau of Ordnance 83 Bureau of Supplies and Accounts 83 Bureau of Yards and Docks 83

United States Marine Corps 84

Treasury Department 84

Coast Guard 84

Public Health Service 84

War Department 85 Independent establishments 88

Comptroller General of the United States 88

Federal Coordinating Service 89

Office of the Chief Coordinator 89

Federal Purchasing Board 89

Federal Specifications Board 89

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board 91 Federal Statistics Board 92

Federal Traffic Board —_ 92 Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjust- ments 92

Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Procedure 92 Permanent Conference on Printing 93 Federal Trade Commission 93 Government Printing Office 93

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 93 National Screw Thread Commission 94 Panama Canal 94

Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National

Capital - 94 Smithsonian Institution 94

United States Bureau of Efficiency 95 United States Civil Service Commission 95

United States Employees' Compensation Commission. 95 United States Shipping Board --- 96

Veterans' Administration 96
CONTENTS V

Page VI. Bureau of Standards 97

Relation to governmental agencies 97

Relation to science, commerce, and industry 97

Publications 97 Research and testing 98 Research 98

Testing 102 Commercial standardization 102 Advisory committees 103 Other cooperative activities 108 Some activities and accomplishments 108

Practical application 108 Aeronautics 108 Automotive engineering 110

Building and housing and building construction 111 Cement and concrete 113 Chemical analysis 115 Clay and silicate products 116 Colorimetry and photometry 118 Commercial standards 119 Dental materials and methods 120

Electrical units and measurements 120

Fire resistance 122

Friction and lubrication 123 Gas analysis and service 123

Glass and vitreous enamels 124 Heat and temperature measurements 125 Hydraulics 126

Identification of guns, bullets, and documents 127 Instruments and appliances 127 Leather 129 Lime and gypsum 130 Metals 130 Metrology 134 Paper 135 Photography 136

Physical constants 137

Protective coatings 138 Radio 138 Rubber 139

Safety standards 140

Scales in railroad, industrial, and other services 140

Simplified practice 141

Specifications 142

Spectroscopy, atomic structure, and radium 143 Stone 144 Sugar 144

Textiles, dyes, cleaning, etc 145 Therapeutic accessories 147 Time measuring and recording instruments 147 Waste products from the land 147 Weights and measures 148

VII. County and State purchasing agencies 151 County purchasing agencies 151

State purchasing agencies 155

Alphabetical list of State purchasing agencies 160

VIII. General standardizing agencies (U. S. A.) 164 American Standards Association 164

American Marine Standards Committee 166 American Society for Testing Materials 167

Central Committee on Lumber Standards 170 IX. Standardizing activities of technical societies and trade associations. 172 Standardizing agencies alphabetically arranged 172 X. Bibliography on standardization 231 Index 245

STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1933

L ESTABLISHING AND MAINTAINING STANDARDS

Although the Constitution gives to the Federal Government the same jurisdiction on weights and measures as it does over coinage,

the Congress has left to the States the enactment of laws and their

enforcement as related to weights and measures, except as to food

products and their containers, a field of activity administered by the

United States Department of Agriculture.

The Bureau of Standards maintains for the country the basic

standards relating to weights and measures, thus giving to the State

authorities and trade the opportunity to secure uniformity everywhere. The attainment of this highly desirable uniformity not

only as to the weights and measures themselves, but their tolerances

and technique of use, is greatly enhanced through the proceedings

of the National Conference on Weights and Measures held at the

Bureau of Standards, and participated in by State officials and

manufacturers of equipment.

In formulating their recommendations relating to the construction and operation of weighing, measuring, and testing equipment,

the conference and the Bureau of Standards give due consideration

to suggestions received from both the makers and the users of the

apparatus as well as those of the law makers and the legalized

inspectors.

Track scales owned by the railroads and industries throughout the

country, which form the basis of charges for freight moving in

carload lots and assessed on the weight basis, are tested by the

Bureau of Standards under the direction of Congress. The bureau

also calibrates annually each of the 20 master track scales throughout the United States employed for the purpose of determining the

weights of test cars used by the railroads and industry in testing

and adjusting the commercial track scales. Each State and each of the larger cities has its own complete set of accurate standards of all the usual commercial measurements of

quantities, the standard lengths, weights, and capacity measure,

furnished and certified by the Bureau of Standards.

Not only is national business dependent upon a centralized system

of weights and measures, but international trade also must have

uniformity. For this reason the bureau maintains the closest possible relationship with the similar organizations in foreign countries,

whereby commodities weighed or measured here in yards, feet, or pounds can be checked accurately in any other country in meters

or kilograms, or whatever system is there used.

In recent years this international cooperation has been extended

to standards of interest to other industries. There is now establ
2 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 lished an international temperature scale, and questions relating to heat units are in the process of adjustment. The electrical units are also being revised through international agreement as well as the standard of light on which our illumination practices are based.

International agreement on the X-ray standard of dosage is at hand

as well as a revision of sugar standards. In all of these international agreements, as well as others, the bureau is taking an active

part for the benefit of American business.

Information concerning the numerous international standardizing agencies, and standardizing activities conducted on a national

basis throughout the world, is given in Chapters II, III, and IY.

One of the outstanding characteristics of business during the past

quarter of a century has been the development of trade and technical associations representing the various branches of business and

industry in the United States. Many of these associations are col- lectively interested in problems of standardization and improvement of their products through experimental research. Although

the individual members of such a group may be in keen competition with each other, nevertheless there are many problems of com- mon interest relating to standards and quality, and the whole in- dustry is advanced by concentrated effort on the part of the industry as a whole. In the solution of such common problems, business, through these associations, on their own initiative, has taken

advantage of the opportunity and advantage of cooperation with

the Government bureaus in many instances.

To an ever-increasing extent trade associations, technical societies,

and organized consumer groups are cooperating in not only the es- tablishment, but also the maintenance of standards of quality in

commodities in which they are particularly interested.

Standards of quality have to be set up and maintained for the

commodities of trade, and specifications must be established to define the characteristic properties of these commodities, to avoid con- fusion as between buyer and seller. As the greatest purchasing or- ganization in the country, the Federal Government finds it economical to cooperate with business in matters of quality standards.

The more refined and more highly developed an industry is, the more exacting become the requirements for measurement, and the

continuous control of standards becomes imperative when interchangeable parts are involved. The industries of the country find

it economical to cooperate with the Government in maintaining their

standards of measurement.

Information concerning the standardizing activities of the several

governmental agencies, and of the more important technical societies, trade associations, and consumer groups, is given in Chapters

V, VI, VII, VIII, and IX.
II. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES

INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

(Paris, France)

(From a memorandum received from the director) The bureau has been engaged in the comparison of the lengths of

mural base standards of various countries by means of 24-meter

wires. In the course of the work, a source of error was found in

that the lines of the scales attached to the wires had been read by means of magnifying glasses at the international bureau, but were

sometimes being read by microscopes in national laboratories. If

the lines are slightly irregular at their extremities, this may cause an appreciable constant error. For this reason two wires have been

fitted with special scales in a horizontal plane such that the wires can

be calibrated directly in the primary base apparatus with microscopes.

These wires were first sent to Teddington and later to Poland.

Interferometric measurements have occupied much time at the

bureau recently. These measurements are generally made with five or six different wave lengths of the spectrum of cadmium, mercury,

neon, and krypton. The bureau can now determine a length up to 50 mm very rapidly. By combining two of these lengths it is possible to determine a decimeter length to approximately a hundredth

of a micron. The progress thus realized in methods of interferometric measurements has been used both in the calibration of in- dustrial gages and also in the furtherance of scientific research. At

the present time, the lengths of quartz decimeters are determined

interferometrically to a hundredth of a micron, thus enabling the

bureau to determine with precision the length of this type of refer- ence standard. Several decimeters will be made from the quartz

block which the late Dr. S. W. Stratton presented to the bureau.

The bureau has been attempting for many years to produce a suit- able substitute for platinum-iridium as a material for standard

weights. Tantalum has been tried, but present efforts are being

directed toward developing a process by which standard weights

without cracks or other blemishes can be made from tungsten.

During the past year the installation of equipment for electrical

testing has been completed. The bureau can now intercompare

standards of the ohm and of the volt, and can compare them with

the bureau's standards.

The consulting committee on electricity has chosen the title Consulting Committee on Electricity and Photometry: photometry in

its international aspect is now in the domain of this committee. A

study has been made of the notes published on the establishment of

a photometric standard, and especially that published by the late Dr. George K. Burgess proposing a black-body radiator using

molten platinum.
4 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION

The fourth meeting of the general assembly of the International

Astronomical Union was held at the Harvard University Observatory, Cambridge, Mass., September 2 to 9, 1932.

The following standardization actions were taken at this meeting

:

The values 4,063.597, 4,071.740, and 4,260.479 A were adopted as additional secondary standards of wave length from the iron arc spectrum. Also a group of 10 blue lines in the first spectrum of

krypton was adopted as wave length standards, since it appears that

the scale of these is identical with that of the primary standard to within 1 part in 50,000,000. The values of krypton standards in

angstrom units are as follows: 4,273.9702, 4,282.9688, 4,318.5522,

4,319.5800, 4,362.6425, 4,376.1220, 4,399.9674, 4,453.9179, 4,463.6903,

and 4,502.3546.

Boundaries of the constellations were straightened out from the

North Pole to the South Pole by using in every case circles of right

ascension or declination instead of the somewhat haphazard lines pre- viously employed.

Uniform four-letter abbreviations for the constellation names were

adopted, replacing the three-letter abbreviations previously agreed to, the advantage of the new method being that it suggests at once the

name of the constellation.

For catalogues other than those containing precise positions of

stars, the equinox of 1900 was recommended and, it was further

urged, that when this date becomes too remote, a jump be made at once to 2000.

A resolution was approved looking with favor upon the adoption

of a uniform set of notations covering nearly the whole field of

astronomy with the proviso that such notations be made to conform

with those in use in overlapping sciences—spectroscopy, for example.

Twenty-four countries now adhere to the union to cooperate in the

work of facilitating the relations between astronomers of different

nations where international cooperation is required and useful, and

to promote the study of astronomy in all of its branches.

Prof. Frank Schlesinger, Yale University, New Haven, Conn., is now president of the union, and Prof. F. J. M. Stratton, Cambridge

University, England, is general secretary.

As a rule general assemblies of the union are held at intervals of

three years. The next meeting is scheduled to be held in Paris in

1935.

INTERNATIONAL UNION OF GEODESY AND GEOPHYSICS

Furnished by J. A. Fleming, general secretary of the American Geophysical Union, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW., Washington, D. C. General.—Accounts of various activities pertaining to standards,

standard instruments, and nomenclature by the International Union

of Geodesy and Geophysics in geodetic and geophysical fields are given on pages 20 to 24, 36 to 40, 22 to 25, 54 to 60, and 70 to 71 of

the Standards Yearbooks for 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, and 1932,

respectively.

Publications relating to the transactions, including scientific papers

and reports, of the various assemblies of the union and its associations

may be procured through the general secretary of the union (Brig.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 5

H. St. J. L. Winterbotham, ordnance survey, Southampton, England), or through the secretaries of the union's seven associations,

the names and addresses of whom will be found on page 70 of the

Standards Yearbook for 1932.

The fifth general assembly of the International Union will be held

at Lisbon, Portugal, some time in October, 1933.

Publications.—Since the report in the Standards Yearbook for

1932 the Association of Meteorology has published the transactions

of the fourth general assembly at Stockholm in August, 1930, in one volume of 67 pages, including the report of the central office of the

bureau, the agenda for the meeting, the detailed transactions of the

meeting, and the resolutions adopted (both French and English

texts). Among these resolutions are those bearing on pluviometric

measurements and standardizations, the possibility of publishing data

necessary for the calculation of the entropy of the air, the importance

of defining " turbidity of the air " in a simple quantitative manner,

on the establishment of an absolute pyrheliometer, on the production

of a standard actinometer, on the systematic observations of showers

of mud in regions where they are not infrequent, on international

organization of data to determine relationships between the quantities

of polar ice and seasonal weather, on the interest to meteorology of

atmospherics, and on the desirability, in view of the utility of observations of air waves propagated to great distances in the study of the

conditions in the upper atmosphere, of observations in the north of

Scandinavia of waves proposed at the Kiruna iron mines.

Change in Statutes.—At the general assembly of the International

Eesearch Council, of which the union is a part, at Brussels, July 1, 1931, the title of the council was changed to International Council of

Scientific Unions. New statutes were adopted under which the

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics will operate in the

future. These may be summarized as follows

1. A country can new join the council by signifying its desire to do so.

2. The unions have but to communicate their statutes in order to become

adhering organizations.

3. Each union is now an adhering organization.

4. Each union is represented cn the executive committee of the council by two

members.

5. The president of the council is elected by the general assembly for one

triennial period and is not immediately reeligible.

6. The vice presidents and the two members elected by the general assembly

hold office until the second general assembly and are not then eligible for immediate reelection.

7. The president can invite any scientific man to attend the general assembly.

8. Each adhering country has one vote and each union three votes on administrative questions.

9. The subscription for each country to the International Council cf Scientific Unions is now 100 gold francs and for each union not more than 1.5 per cent

of its annual income.

10. A country is no longer required to adhere to the council before joining a

union. AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION

Furnished by J. A. Fleming, general secretary of the American Geophysical Union, 5241 Broad Branch Road NW., Washington, D. C. The thirteenth annual meeting of the American section of the

International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics, namely, the American Geophysical Union, was held in Washington April 28 and 29,

1932. The complete transactions of the general assembly of the
6 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 union and of the meetings of its seven sections were published in

June, 1932, by the National Research Council in a volume of 401

pages under the title " Transactions of the American Geophysical

Union, Thirteenth Annual Meeting, April 28 and 29, 1932, Washington, D. C." The activities at this meeting pertaining to standards and standard instruments are briefly abstracted below.

General Meeting of the Union.—Among the 10 resolutions unanimously adopted, 7 bear on matters of interest from the viewpoint of

standards. The first resolution stresses the need of continuing

oceanographic work without curtailment, thereby emphasizing the

great value of such work as is conducted by the various bureaus

of the Government, and urges that any disproportionate curtailment

be avoided.

The second resolution points out the great scientific value of observations of gravity at sea in the waters of the West Indies and

adjacent regions by United States Navy expeditions, and that such

determinations can be made only on board a submerged submarine,

and expresses the hope that such aid be continued by placing a submarine at the disposal of properly equipped observers desiring

to undertake such work either in the waters near the United States

or in midocean.

The third resolution points out that the determination of gravity

at sea is a means of discovering geophysical and geological facts

of great value and importance in ocean areas, and expresses the hope

that the necessary apparatus of the multiple-pendulum type may

soon be secured by some organization or institution in this country

so that gravity may be determined with an accuracy approaching

that attainable on land. The fourth resolution urges an increase in

the number of standard time signals broadcast daily by the United

States Navy. The fifth resolution urges that educational institutions provide courses in advanced meteorology. The sixth relates to Geophysical Abstracts compiled by the United States Bureau of

Mines and urges that its compilation and publication be continued

and extended, if possible, in view of the growth of interest in

geophysics in recent years. The seventh resolution expresses appreciation of the oceanographic work of the United States Coast Guard

and the hope that it will be possible for that service to make further

determinations of the interchange of water between the Arctic and

Atlantic Oceans in the region of the Great Bank and Davis Strait,

and incidentally to make meteorological and magnetic observations.

At the general scientific session of the union a symposium on

the application of geophj^sics to ocean basins and margins was led

by Prof. Eichard M. Field. Nine speakers presented papers which

evoked extended discussion emphasizing the remarkable growth in

the geophysical sciences in the last few years, particularly in ocean- ography. Problems in the study of present-day oceans and ocean

basins have a direct bearing upon the solution of geological problems. The program was planned to emphasize the importance of

oceanographical research in the relation of geophysical methods

to marine geological problems and also the development of a rea- sonably sound method of attack.

At the meetings of the seven sections of the union prior to the

general assembly there were presented many communications relat- ing to standards and determinations of standards.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 7

Section of Geodesy.—Eleven papers read at the meeting of the

Section of Geodesy reported progress relating to the determination

of gravity at Washington and in the Bahamas, on the improvement

of gravity apparatus, on the geodetic control for plotting of aerial

photographs and analytical methods in aerial photogrammetry, on

investigation and comparison of invar tapes and precision circles, on geodetic surveys, and on lunar correlations with small changes in

latitude variation.

Section of Seismology.—The meeting of the Section of Seismology was devoted to a symposium on the application of seismology to the

study of ocean basins, and included five papers relating, respectively, to the accuracy of epicenter determinations, applications of interferometric tiltmeters in geoplwsical problems, relation of seismology

and structural geology, and relationship between earthquakes in the

North Atlantic Ocean and submarine cable breaks.

Section of Meteorology.—At the meeting of the Section of Meteorology, the subjects discussed in the 11 papers presented comprised

the program for the Second International Polar Year and the use

of polar year data in the study of atmospheric interchange, a program for the observation of weather changes during the solar eclipse

of August 31, 1932, on the winds in the upper atmosphere and the

winds of the Antarctic, on the determination of atmospheric tur- bidity and atmospheric water vapor, on the exchange of energy

between ocean and atmosphere, and interrelation between air temperatures in California and ocean temperatures in the northeast

Pacific, on weather charts for the northern hemisphere, and on 50

years of North American rainfall.

Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity.—At the meeting

of the Section of Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, 17 progress

reports on magnetic and electric work of organizations in the United

States during 1931-32 were received and summarized. Most of these were of interest in their bearing on standards and their application

in geophysical methods and magnetic surveys. Following the progress reports, 10 papers were presented bearing particularly on the

ionization in the upper atmosphere and measurements of the heights

of ionized regions, on radio transmission phenomena, on the relation

of lightning discharges to changes in the electrical field of thunder

storms, on slow-moving ions in the atmosphere, and on instrumental

developments, including a new portable electrometer and optically

compensated variometers.

Section of Oceanography.—At the meeting of the Section of

Oceanography, standards was a subject of chief interest. Fifteen

papers were presented, dealing with the penetration of light in sea water, radium content of ocean bottom sediments, temperature gradients in ocean waters, and the recommendation of a program of hydrographical observations for quantitative determination of Arctic and

Atlantic Oceans interchanges. Besides these, statements were given

of the progress of oceanographic work in the United States by governmental and private organizations, of the relations of ocean- ography and geology, and of the measurement of surface sea temperatures by bucket.

Section of Volcanology—The three papers presented before the

Section of Volcanology included a preliminary survey of the vol-
STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 canological activity of Guatemala, El Savador, and Nicaragua during the first three months of 1932, experimental work on the volatility of silica with steam, and volcanologic developments in 1931-32.

Section of Hydrology.—In the meetings of the Section of Hydrology the reports and papers dealt to an unusual extent with matters

pertaining to standards, standard methods, and standard instruments.

Nearly one-third of the volume of transactions is devoted to these. The reports submitted by the chairmen of eight of the permanent

committees of the section include snow hydrology, glaciers, evaporation, absorption and transpiration, run-off, underground water,

stream dynamics, and chemistry of natural waters. The 21 papers

presented cover a wide range in hydrology, including investigations

of methods for determining permeability of water-bearing material,

flood-flow phenomena, soil moisture, relation of run-off to size and

character of drainage basins, velocity of flow in natural streams,

fluctuations of ground-water table, hydraulic and sedimentary characteristics of rivers, formulas for predicting annual run-off, a method

of computing evaporation of sea water, and problems of underground water flow in the oil industry.

INTERNATIONAL GEODETIC ACTIVITIES

Furnished by United States Coast and Geodetic Survey An important international project was carried out in the West

Indies during the early part of the calendar year 1932. Gravityat-sea determinations were made at 54 points near Cuba and in the

vicinity of the Bahama Islands, and 12 land stations were established on the islands themselves. This work was done under the

auspices of the International Expedition to the West Indies, of

which Prof. Richard M. Field, of Princeton University, is the

director.

The gravity work at sea was done by the cooperation of the United

States Navy, which furnished a submarine and tender with personnel, and Dr. F. A. Vening Meinesz, of Holland, who furnished the

instruments and made the observations. Dr. Harry Hess, of Princeton, assisted with the observations and computations. A large number of sonic soundings were taken along the route followed by the

submarine. The land determinations were made by an observer of

the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

A new gravity base station was established by the Coast and Geodetic Survey in the new building of the Department of Commerce

during the year. At the request of the Director of the Bureau of

Standards, plans are being made by the Coast and Geodetic Survey

to send an observer to Potsdam, Germany, early in 1933 to obtain an

accurate connection between the world gravity base station there and

the point at which the Bureau of Standards is now determining the

absolute value of gravity. At the same time the new base station

mentioned above will be connected with the Potsdam station.

By cooperative agreement between the Coast and Geodetic Survey

and the Geodetic Survey of Canada, the triangulation net of the

eastern part of Canada has been adjusted in one piece with the net

in the northeastern part of the United States. The triangulation of

western Canada had already been adjusted to the net of the western
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 9

half of the United States. The adjustment of the first-order tri- angulation of the eastern half of the United States has recently been

completed and the whole first-order net of the United States and

Canada is now on a coordinated basis, the North American Datum of

1927. During the years 1900 to 1914, inclusive, there were in the United

States three of the six stations of the International Latitude Service,

namely, Ukiah, Calif., Cincinnati, Ohio, and Gaithersburg, Md. The

International Latitude Service was created to study the movements

of the earth's pole and the consequent variation of latitude. The

three stations named and three others in Europe and Asia were established very nearly on the same parallel of latitude (39° 08' N.) in

order that they might all utilize the same observing list of stars and

that consequently it might be possible both to free the observed lati- tudes from errors in the stellar declinations and also to correct the

declinations themselves. Ukiah and Gaithersburg were maintained

by the International Geodetic Association; Cincinnati happened to be on the parallel of latitude and agreed to cooperate. Observations were discontinued at Gaithersburg in 1914 for reasons of economy,

but astronomers and others interested felt that this left a serious gap,

especially since Cincinnati and Charjui in Turkestan had discontinued their work. Efforts were accordingly made to have the Gaithersburg observatory reopened. Meanwhile, as a result of the war,

the immediate direction of the various latitude observatories had

been transferred from the International Geodetic Association, which

had ceased to exist in its first form, to the governments of the sev- eral countries in which the latitude stations were situated. Thus the

Ukiah station came under the direction of the United States Coast

and Geodetic Survey and finally in 1930 funds were appropriated for

the resumption of work at Gaithersburg. The funds first available were spent in reconditioning the zenith telescope used in the work,

the observatory, and the observer's dwelling. Finally early in 1932 an observer, Earl L. Williams, was appointed and the first observations for the international cooperative latitude work under the new

order were made on April 14, 1932. The observations are reduced

under the immediate direction of Prof. H. Kimura, of Japan, who

is chairman of a joint international committee on the variation of

latitude. The committee is composed of astronomers, geodesists, and

geophysicists.

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

(Central office of the International Electrotechnical Commission, 28 Victoria Street, Westminster, London, S. W. 1, England)

Furnished by Clayton H. Sharp, president. United States National Committee of the International

Electrotechnical Commission A plenary session of the commission was held at Oslo, Sweden,

in 1930 ; the next meeting will be held in 1934 in Czechoslovakia. A

description of the work of the commission is given on page 76 of the

1932 Standards Yearbook. The following resume covers the work

of the United States National Committee of the IEC for the cur- rent year. The reorganization of the United States National Committee,

which was approved b}^ it in July, 1931, was consummated at a re-
10 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 organization meeting held December 1, 1931. The following officers of the committee were elected : C. O. Mailloux,1 honorary president

;

C. H. Sharp, president; A. E. Kennelly, honorary secretary; C. R.

Harte and H. S. Osborne, vice presidents; P. G. Agnew, secretary;

and J. W. McNair, assistant secretary. The membership of the

committee as reorganized consists of: First, members of the Electrical Standards Committee; second, members appointed by the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers ; third, members selected

by the Electrical Standards Committee because of their experi- ence and competency in the international aspects of electrical

standardization.

The new arrangement continues to be very advantageous inasmuch as through this direct affiliation with the ESC the USNC looks

to that authoritative body as a source of advice and instruction in

regard to American participation in international standardization.

Furthermore, its technical work is being executed, as far as possible,

through the medium of existing sectional committees. Because

of the official connection thereby constituted between the USNC and

the American Standards Association, whereby the machinery and

financial support of the ASA are available, the USNC is now able

to operate more efficiently and to represent American opinion with

greater authority at international meetings.

Following is a summary of the work of the advisory committees

for the current year, together with a list of advisory committee

projects in progress under the USNC

:

Nomenclature.—This subject is dealt with by advisory committee

No. 1, which is divided into three sections as follows

:

(a) International electrotechnical vocabulary.—A comprehensive

vocabulary in French and English is under compilation. The work

will be greatly facilitated by the draft report on electrical definitions

issued during September, 1932, by the sectional committee on elec- trical definitions under the sponsorship of the American Instiute of

Electrical Engineers under the procedure of the ASA.

(b) Electrical and magnetic magnitudes and units.—The names

for the cgs units, magnetic flux, Maxwell ; flux density, Gauss ; magnetic field intensity, Oersted ; magnetomotive force, Gilbert ; adopted

at the Oslo meeting in 1930, were confirmed at a meeting of the

Symbols, Units, and Nomenclature Commission of the International

Union of Pure and Applied Physics, held in Paris in July, 1932.

This concurrence by the SUN commission brings these names for the

units into a very strong position.

(c) Letter symbols and signs for physical, mathematical, and en- gineering purposes.—This committee has instituted a revision of

IEC publication 27, letter symbols.

Steam Turbines.—The secretariat for this project which resides

in the USNC has extended further time for comment on the appendix to publication 46, Steam Turbines, part 2, Eules for Acceptance Tests. This appendix when completed will contain informative material on instruments and methods of measurement. The

advisory committee is also cooperating with the International

Standards Association on the velocity measurements of fluids.

1 Deceased, Oct. 4, 1932.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 11

Measuring Instruments.—Standards for two classes each of a. c. watt-hour meters and instrument transformers were completed at the Stockholm meeting and are now in printed form as publications

43 and 44. Oil Switches and Circuit Breakers.—The preliminary IEC recommendations, publication 47, covering definitions and rules for switch

gear have been issued in printed form. These cover definitions and

rules for operating duty; series of operations; standard series ot interrupting operations; standard series of circuit making tests; recovery voltage; making, breaking, and short-time current for determinating the performance of circuit breakers ; power factor ; terms

of rating of circuit breakers.

The following are additional advisory committee projects under

the USNC : Electrical machinery, symbols, hydraulic turbines, Edison screw lamp bases and sockets, aluminum, standard voltages and

high voltage insulators, electric traction equipment, insulating oils,

rules and regulations for overhead lines, radiocommunication, rating

of rivers, shellac, terminal markings, internal-combustion engines.

International Electrotechnical Commission standards which are

available in printed form are

International symbols: Part 1, letter symbols, publication 27, December, 1920. Part 2, graphical symbols for heavy-current systems,

publication 35, 1930. Part 3, graphical symbols for weak-current

systems, publication 42, 1931.

International standard of resistance for copper, publication 28,

March, 1925.

Rules for electrical machinery, publication 34, 1930.

Standard dimensions of bayonet lamp sockets and caps, publication 37, 1927.

Standard voltages, publication 38, 1927.

International rules for traction motors, publication 39, 1927.

Publication on the testing of hydraulic turbines, publication 41, 1928. Recommendations for alternating-current watt-hour meters, publication 43, 1931.

Recommendations for instrument transformers, publication 44,

1931.

Publication on steam turbines: Part 1, specification, publication

45, 1931. Part 2, rules for acceptance tests, publication 46, 1931.

Definitions and rules for switch gear, publication 47, 1932.

INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL CONSULTING COMMITTEE ON RADIO

COMMUNICATION

This committee was organized by the International Radio Conference held in Washington in 1927. It was provided that this committee should be formed, for each meeting, of experts representing

governments or radio operating companies. Its function is to advise

the radio administrations of the world on technical radio problems.

The committee's first meeting was held at The Hague in 1929, and

its second meeting at Copenhagen in 1931. Its conclusions were put

in the form of " opinions," there being 50 opinions resulting from

the two meetings. While the committee and its opinions are purely

151592—33 2
12 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 advisory, the latter have largely been put into effect by the radio

administrations of the various governments, and in particular by the

Federal Radio Commission in the United States. At the conclusion of the Copenhagen meeting, 14 questions were

agreed upon as agenda for the next meeting of the C. C. I. R. These

questions are:

1. Organization regulations of the C. C. I. R.

2. Participation of international organizations in the C. C. I. R.

3. Working of a mobile station accurately on the frequency of land stations.

4. Allocation of bands of frequencies.

5. Study of harmonics.

6. Reduction of electrical interference.

7. Selectivity and frequency stability of radio receivers.

8. High-frequency calling frequencies.

9. Modulated telegraph transmission.

10. Key clicks. 11. Standard frequency transmissions.

12. Measurement of noise.

13. Radiotelephony between small ships and land stations.

14. Telephony with moving trains. As the next meeting of the International Technical Consulting

Committee on Radio Communication will not be held until 1933 or

later, with the International Radio Conference of Madrid intervening, it was decided to have studies of these questions made by the

various nations in time to be considered at the Madrid Radio Conference which opened September 3, 1932. The study of each question was centralized or coordinated by some one government. Among the more important subjects were: No. 1, centralized by Italy; No. 4, centralized by Great Britain; and No. 6, centralized by Denmark.

The United States Government contributed detailed studies on each

of these questions. The results of this work will not be known until

the conclusion of the Madrid Radio Conference.

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RADIO UNION

The last general assembly of the union was held at Copenhagen,

Denmark, in 1931. The report of that meeting, issued in 1932,

reviews the state of progress in radio research in the fields of the

union's several commissions, viz, radio measurements, wave propagation, atmospherics, radio cooperation, and radiophysics.

The union formulated a definite program for radio observations

during the polar year, August, 1932, to August, 1933. This includes

measurements of the height of the ionized layer of the atmosphere,

distance ranges, and propagation across the north polar cap. The

coordination of scientific radio work at laboratories throughout the

world during the polar year was promoted.

A statement of the activities of the union, through national sec- tions in several countries, is included in the 1932 Standards Yearbook, page 83. INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ILLUMINATION

The principal activities of the International Commission on Illu- mination during the past year have been (1) consideration by the

several national committees of the resolutions on technical questions

formulated at the session in Great Britain in 1931, (2) organization
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 13

of work in preparation for the plenary session scheduled to be

held in Berlin in 1934, and (3) a special meeting on lighting problems in aviation held at Zurich, Switzerland, October 3 to 7, 1932.

A detailed report of the technical proceedings of the 1931 session

is in course of publication. The central office of the commission

is at the National Physical Laboratory of Great Britain; the General secretary is J. S. Preston. The secretary of the United States

National Committee is G. H. Stickney, Nela Park, Cleveland, Ohio.

INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF STANDARDIZING ASSOCIATIONS

The following new technical committees have been added to the

list printed in the 1932 Standards Yearbook, page 91

ISA 30. Fluid meters.

31. Tires, rims, and tire valves.

32. Preferred numbers.

The following meetings were held in 1931 : May, in Copenhagen

September, in Basle (Council ISA) ; and October, in Paris.

In 1932 a series of conferences was held in Milan during the end

of May and the beginning of June.

INTERNATIONAL ELECTRICAL CONGRESS

An International Electrical Congress was held in Paris, July 5 to

12, 1932. More than 300 special reports and papers relating to elec- trical and allied subjects were delivered before the several sections

of the congress. At the first International Electrical Congress, held

in 1881, the now familiar terms, volt, ampere, and ohm, were

adopted. The present congress was devoted largely to a review of

progress throughout the world in the electrical fields. The papers

presented represent a valuable contribution to the literature on the

various subjects discussed.

Over 30 nations were represented at the sessions, and more than

1,300 delegates were at hand. The program of the meeting did not

contemplate any official actions. Printed proceedings of the congress are available in several volumes.

Dr. A. E. Kennelly was in charge of the American delegation,

which included also Dr. Harold Pender as secretary ; Dr. H. L. Curtis, of the Bureau of Standards ; Dr. V. Karapetofi ; A. S. Garfield

and H. E. Shreve.

IMPERIAL ECONOMIC CONFERENCE

Sessions of the Imperial Economic Conference were held in Ottawa, Canada, during July and August, 1932, at which the governments of the British Empire were represented. An important ac- tion at the conference was the appointment of a special subcommittee on industrial standardization, composed of members representing

Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa,

Irish Free State, Newfoundland, India, and Southern Rhodesia.

The president of the National Research Council of Canada was

chairman of the subcommittee.

Informal industrial conferences were called to discuss steel, industrial chemicals, lumber, and interchangeable parts of agricultural

machinery, and at which a desire was indicated to secure agree-
14 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 ment on industrial standards to as great extent as possible between

industrial groups in the United Kingdom and the several Dominions.

Emphasis was given to the value of industrial standardization as a means of trade promotion, and it was felt that uniform standards

throughout the Empire were essential and should be promoted.

The extent to which the recommendations of the 1930 Imperial

Conference had been carried out and the final recommendations made

by the subcommittee were stated in the following terms

:

1. Central standardizing bodies have been formed in the United Kingdom,

Australia, and New Zealand. Substantial progress in this direction has also been made in Canada. In the Union of South Africa, in the Irish Free State, and in India the position is as reported in 1930. In Newfoundland no organization for industrial standardization is in existence. In Southern Rhodesia,

while there is no central standardizing body, active standardization efforts are being made under the direction of the various Government departments.

2. In those parts of the Commonwealth in which central standardizing

bodies exist the national governments support them by direct financial

assistance.

3. In regard to the cooperation of Government purchasing agents, great progress has been made in the United Kingdom where the purchasing departments

of the Government and all local authorities are increasingly adopting British standard specifications. Progress has also been made in Canada, Australia,

New Zealand, and South Africa.

4. National standardizing work in the United Kingdom is stimulated on the

initiative of various Government departments, with most beneficial results. In some degree this may also be said to be true in the other parts of the Commonwealth.

5. At the invitation of the Board of Trade of the United Kingdom, the British Standards Institution has taken over the work of compiling an index of industrial specifications in common use throughout the country. No steps have so

far been taken in any other part of the Commonwealth.

6. With reference to the stress laid by the Imperial Conference of 1930 on the

necessity for the further development of systematic and expeditious consultation and cooperation between the central standardizing bodies in the various

parts of the Commonwealth, substantial progress has been made. Regarding

the view of that Conference that there are many occasions when the position

might be clarified and delay avoided by oral explanation, the subcommittee is impressed by the evidence it has received of the utility of the visit undertaken

by the Director of the British Standards Institution to Canada, Australia, and

New Zealand in 1931-32.

7. An increase in the communication of draft specifications between the standardizing bodies in the various parts of the Commonwealth has resulted

in many useful suggestions in the direction of coordination being made and

adopted.

8. The recommendation regarding the separation of codes (or rules) from the

actual specifications themselves is being generally observed.

9. The standardization mark " British Standard " has been registered in the United Kingdom by the British Standards Institution. No corresponding action has as yet been taken in any other part of the Commonwealth, but the matter

is under consideration in Australia.

10. Generally throughout the Commonwealth simplification is being promoted

as part of the ordinary standardizing activities.

11. The use of national standard specifications for the supply of materials,

machinery, and apparatus is on the increase. The Governments in all parts of the Commonwealth have led the way in adopting the standard specifications. In so far as consumers are concerned, it is advisable that the value of employing national specifications should be brought more prominently to their notice. Recommendations.—As a result of its deliberations the subcommittee recommends that the following resolutions be submitted for

adoption by the Imperial Conference:

1. The conference recommends that, with a view to assisting the coordination of the work of national standardization, the following principles, as far

as practicable, be observed:
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 15

(a) That the specifications should be in accordance with the needs of industry and fulfill a generally recognized want.

(6) That the community interest of producer and consumer should be maintained throughout.

(c) That the specifications should be arrived at by general consent.

(d) That periodical review and revision should be undertaken to prevent

crystallization and keep the specifications abreast of progress.

(e) That full information regarding the initiation of any specification and

progress in its preparation should without delay be circulated by the originating body to the corresponding bodies in other parts of the Commonwealth.

2. Having regard to the disadvantages which are apt to occur when a statu- tory provision embodies a standard specification verbatim, whether in whole

or in part, instead of confining itself to a reference to a national standard

specification,, the conference recommends that each Government of the Commonwealth in cooperation with its central standardizing body should bring

under review the position with regard to such statutory provisions, in order

that it may be possible to keep these standards in line with industrial and

scientific progress without the necessity of fresh legislation.

3. With a view to facilitating the general adoption of standard specifications

throughout the Commonwealth, the conference recommends that the Govern- ments concerned take into favorable consideration the provision of free entry

to standard specifications and other documents circulated between the central standardizing bodies.

4. In order to provide the various parts of the Commonwealth with an ac- curate means of exchange of color information and to secure a basic standard

in trade practice, the conference recommends that each central standardizing

body should at an early date consider the issue of a standard schedule of

colors.

5. As an immediate step toward the promotion of intra-Commonwealth trade through the adoption of commercial standard specifications, the conference recommends that, in respect of steel, timber, industrial chemical products, and

replaceable parts of agricultural implements and machinery, immediate steps be taken by the national standardizing bodies in those parts of the Commonwealth affected to secure a greater degree of uniformity in standard specifi- cations and trade practices.

6. With a view to the employment of common standard specifications for

aircraft materials and component parts, and particularly the method of testing therein specified, the conference recommends that the national standardizing

bodies in those parts of the Commonwealth particularly concerned, should

cooperate directly with this object in view.

7. The conference, taking note of the observation contained in the last paragraph of the Report of the Conference on Standardization accepted by the Imperial Conference of 1930, which reads as follows

Apart from day to day consideration of matters of detail, we are impressed with the desirability of readier means of consultation on

questions of policy than are afforded by the past, or by occasional conferences such as the present,

is impressed with the desirability of obviating the difficulties and delays which

inevitably occur under existing condit.ons in conducting consultations between

the central standardizing bodies in the various parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and the misunderstandings which occasionally arise due to the distances between the correspondents and to the subject matter of the communications.

The conference recommends that for the purpose of maintaining closer

liaison in these matters the central standardizing bodies in the different parts

of the Commonwealth should be authorized to call together, periodically or otherwise, representatives in their respective countries of the corresponding

bodies, or persons otherwise designated for the purpose. The conference further suggests that such an arrangement might include a

provision whereby the trade commissioners maintained in different parts of

the Empire by the several Commonwealth Governments should, as occasion

requires, be available to act as liaison officers for this purpose. The confer- ence considers that it should be made clear that such consultations are purely

supplementary to, and not intended in any way to supplant, the method of

direct communication already established between the central standardizing

bodies.
16 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED

PHOTOGRAPHY

The eighth congress met in Dresden, Germany, during August,

1931. At this session the following work concerning standardization was done.

Sensitometric Standardization.—With regard to scientific sensitometry the congress unanimously accepted the following resolutions

:

1. As a unit of photographic light intensity the American proposal 1 is accepted

with the addition of the German committee that the lamp used in connection

with the Davis-Gibson filter should be a straight-filament Wolfram vacuum lamp

of 2,360° K. cclor temperature. The intensity of this lamp so filtered shall be

1 candlepower.

2. As a standard developer for scientific sensitometric purposes, the p-aminophenol developer according to the American proposal (at the 7th Int. Cong.) was accepted.

With regard to the standardization of sensitometry for practical

purposes, the German Sensitometric Committee proposed that:

(1) "A simplified, reproducible method for the numerical establishment of the sensitivity of photographic negative layers, which are used in the daylight photography of normal objects, be internationally decided," and (2), that this method have certain criteria. The

following procedure was recommended in connection with these proposals : National sensitometric committees of Germany, England,

France, United States, and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, shall

within six months test and come to a conclusion regarding the German proposals. These committees will then compare the results of

these tests and form an international committee which shall prepare

a report for the consideration of the ninth congress. Motion-Picture Standardization.—With regard to the standardization of cine film and apparatus, the congress was presented with the

unanimous recommendations of the Cine Standards Committee.

These recommendations are concerned with the perforation pitch,

the width of film sprockets between tooth centers, the over-all width

of sprockets, and with film shrinkage. The Society of Motion Pic- ture Engineers (U. S. A.) was requested to express opinions regarding standard sizes for gate openings for sound and silent film, sizes of

projection lens diameters, and to specify tolerances on their standard

specifications in metric units which should preferably correspond to those published in the German Industrial Standard Specifications.

Definitions of safety film and detailed procedure for testing the

burning time and flash point of such film are given. It is recom- mended that only safety film be used in widths less than 34 mm, and

that all such film be plainly marked. Furthermore, other countries

are encouraged to adopt laws similar to the German " narrow film

act " which prohibits the manufacture, importation, or projection of

easily inflammable narrow film. In order to avoid confusion the name of the congress was changed

to " The International Congress of Scientific and Applied Photography." The next meeting will be held in 1934 at a place yet to be

selected.

1 This proposal includes the use of the Davis-Gibson filter and is discussed in B. S. Misc. Pub. No. 114, Filters for the Reproduction of Sunlight and Daylight and the Deter- mination of Color Temperature, by Raymond Davis ana K. S. Gibson, and also summarized in the report on the seventh congress given in the Standards Yearbook, 1929, p. 41.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 17

INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON LIGHT

The Second International Congress on Light met in Copenhagen,

Denmark, August 15 to 18, 1932, for the presentation of reports

and new data on questions relating to biological and biophysical re- searches made in connection with light and the therapeutic uses of

light. Twenty-six countries were represented by an attendance of some 300 delegates at the meeting. The first congress was held at Paris, in 1929. The third session is scheduled to be held in 1936,

in Germany.

Four principal subjects were on the program of the session: (1)

How can the effect of light baths on tuberculosis be explained?

(2) The basis and organization of helioclimatic researches in rela- tion to public hygiene; (3) the role of pigmentation in the biologic

action of light and the therapeutic effect of light baths; and (4)

the choice of a unit and a method of measuring ultra-violet radiation

used in medicine.

Many special papers were presented in the fields of physics, biology,

therapy, and biochemistry, indicating much diversity of opinions on

important problems in these fields. It is anticipated, however, that

many of these fundamental questions will, through international co- operation, be sufficiently clarified in advance of the next meeting to encourage definite unified action to meet future needs.

The following summarizes the recommendations of the International Committee on Measurement and Standardization:

1. That ultra-violet radiation stimuli be evaluated upon a physical

(radiometric) basis in absolute units. The ultra-violet radiation

from the source is to be separated into three components by means of

a nonselective radiometer (thermopile) and a series of three standard filters. The specifications for these filters are provisional, and

may undergo slight changes with future developments.

The Bureau of Standards is assigned the task of preparing and

standardizing the filters, sets of which will be deposited at several

national research laboratories. It is anticipated that these laboratories will standardize these filters for manufacturers, physicians,

and meteorologists.

2. The committee recommended to physicians the use of simple

methods of measurement to control the constancy of each lamp used,

and indicated that an intercomparison of lamps of different types

is not possible at this time.

3. Because of the complexity of the biological problems involved,

which must be solved before a unit can be fixed, the definite decision

of a unit of measurement for the " ultra-violet used in medicine " could not be made at the present congress. A program of cooperation between the different institutes interested in the work is proposed to furnish a basis of discussion at the next congress.

4. The committee decided to prepare and publish an actinometric

bibliography of the literature of concern to biologists and physicians.

5. The recommendations of the committee will be brought to the

attention of the professional journals in the field of light.

The discussion of the specification of ultra-violet dosage was con- tinued from the 1929 meeting, but because of the newness of the

subject no agreement was reached.
18 STANDARDS YEAEBOOK, 19 3 3 INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR UNIFORM METHODS OF SUGAR

ANALYSIS

The eighth session of the International Commission for Uniform

Methods of Sugar Analysis was held at Amsterdam, September 5 to 8, 1932, after a lapse of 20 years since the seventh congress. The

first meeting of the commission was held in Hamburg in 1897.

The commission is concerned with problems of international significance pertaining to the scientific and technical aspects of the

world's sugar industry, including standards, physical constants, and

analytical methods.

Because of the long interim since the seventh session it was

realized that reorganization of the work was required in advance of

further meetings. The responsibility for this was taken by the

Bureau of Standards, through the chief of its polarimetry section,

and was carried out with notable success. To provide for the proper functioning of the organization it was

necessary to develop a constitution and by-laws to govern the administration of the commission. An instrument, incorporating the

advance suggestions of all interests concerned, was prepared by the

Bureau of Standards and adopted by the commission at its opening

session.

The program of the 1932 session embraced the following technical

subjects, and referees and associate referees were selected for each

topic

1. The 100° S point of the saccharimeter.

2. Values of clerget divisors for the more widely used inversion methods.

3. Conductometric determination of the ash content of raw sugars.

4. The error due to the volume of lead precipitate in testing raw sugar.

5. The determination of reducing sugars and the influence of overheating on

the determination of invert sugar.

6. Refining and keeping qualities of raw cane and beet sucrose.

7. The standardization of quartz control plates.

8. The refractometric estimation of water in sugars and sugar products.

9. Colorimetry in the sugar industry.

10. The testing of molasses.

11. The determination of raffinose.

12. The marc volume estimation for the digestion process.

13. The determination of sulphur dioxide in refined sucrose.

14. Constitution and by-laws for the International Commission for Uniform

Methods of Sugar Analysis.

Approximately 50 delegates were present. They represented most

of the principal sugar-producing sections of the world, and included

many of" the principal organizations from the different countries as well as representatives from the Physikalisch-technische Reichsanstalt, the National Physical Laboratory, the Czechoslovakian Sugar

Institute, the German Sugar Institute, The British Government's

chemical laboratories, and industries using sugar products.

The efforts of the session were directed toward the settlement of

major disagreements in the various subjects. Definite conclusions

and recommendations were adopted in all the subjects on the agenda,

and provision was made for research required to secure improvements in methods now regarded as unsatisfactory.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES 19

An important action was the adoption of the Bureau of Standards

numerical values for the standardization of the saccharimeter and

quartz control plates. The bureau's recommendation indicated an

error of one-tenth of 1 per cent in all instruments on which the

world's sugar supply is bought and sold. The commission elected the following officers to carry forward

the activities of the organization: Frederick J. Bates, Bureau of

Standards, Washington, D. C, president; L. Eynon, London, secre- tary; F. Todt, Berlin, treasurer. The next meeting of the commission is scheduled to be held in

London in 1935.

NEW INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR TESTING MATERIALS

The first meeting of the New International Association for Testing

Materials was held in Zurich September 7 to 11, 1931. This or- ganization succeeds the former International Association for Testing

Materials, which held its last meeting in New York City, in 1912.

The unfavorable world situation prevented the continuation of the

triennial meetings of the latter association for such a long period that

at an International Congress for Testing Materials, held in 1929, it seemed to be the consensus of opinion that the new international asso- ciation should be organized.

The association is divided into four groups(a) is concerned

with methods; (b) nonmetallic inorganic materials; (c) organic

materials ; and (d) with questions of general interest. The meeting at Zurich started and closed with a general session,

the interim sessions being simultaneous meetings of the four groups

at which approximately 150 technical papers were presented and

discussed. These sessions, together with the excursions to points of

industrial interest and the various social events generally accom- panying such international meetings, resulted in a very interesting

and busy week.

As its name indicates, the association will be concerned more with

the properties of and test methods for materials than with the preparation of fundamental standards. Since the International Association for Testing Materials ceased its activities, other organizations have been formed which are directing their efforts to the

preparation of standards.

The new international association will function between meetings

through international technical committees which have been appointed to study the properties of certain materials and methods of

test. These committees will report at the next meeting, which is to be held in London in 1935.

_ M. A. Mesnager, of Paris, who has been president since the asso- ciation was organized, was succeeded in this office at the last session

of the congress by Dr. W. Rosenhain, formerly of the National

Plrysical Laboratory of England. The late Dr. George K. Burgess,

then Director of the Bureau of Standards, was elected chairman of

group D. Dr. M. Ros, professor at the Federal Polytechnic School,

at Zurich, was continued as secretary. The office of the association

will remain at Doctor Ros's address-
20 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF AERIAL LEGAL

EXPERTS

The International Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts was created by a resolution adopted at the first International Conference on Private Air Law at its meetings in Paris on October 27,

1925. The purpose of the committee is to develop a comprehensive

code of private air law accomplishing uniformity on this subject

throughout the world. Each country subscribing to the committee

and appropriating the small sum of money required for its maintenance is privileged to appoint delegates. The following designations have been made by the United States : Col. Clarence M. Young,

Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics, and John C.

Cooper, jr., as members of the committee; George B. Logan, alter- nate member, and John Jay Ide, technical assistant in Europe for

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, as technical

assistant to the American members of the committee.

The various members of the committee are assigned to places on

four commissions which function under the main committee. Each

of the commissions is assigned a group of subjects for consideration

and its work is carried on by correspondence through a reporter

assigned to the work. The secretary general of the committee is Edmond Sudre, 37 Avenue Eapp, Paris.

The commissions designated by the international committee for

the purpose of making studies of the various phases of private air

law, all of which deal with legal duties and responsibilities, and

their assigned topics, are as follows

:

First Commission.—(1) Nationality of aircraft; (2) aeronautical

register; (3) ownership, co-ownership, construction and transfer;

and (4) vested rights, mortgages, privileges, and seizure.

Second Commission.—(1) Category of transportation (commercial transportation, touring, etc.) ; (2) bill of lading; (3) liability

of carrier toward consignors of goods and toward passengers; (4)

jettison of cargo and general average; and (5) renting of aircraft.

Third Commission.—(1) Damage and liability toward third parties (landing, collision, and jettison) ; (2) limits of liability (contractual limitation, abandonment) ; and (3) insurance.

Fourth Commission.—(1) Legal status of commanding officer and

crew; (2) accidents to the crew and insurance; (3) status of passengers; and (4) law governing acts committed on board of aircraft.

When a commission accomplishes a draft of a treaty the draft

is then submitted to a meeting of a plenary session of the international committee. After this committee approves the work, the

French Government is requested to call an international convention on private air law.

The First Convention on Private Air Law was held in Paris,

October 27 to November 6, 1925. Forty-three nations were represented. The Second Convention on Private Air Law was held at Warsaw, October 4 to 12, 1929. Sixty-five delegates representing

thirty-two States were present. This convention adopted the draft

of the convention on liability of carriers toward passengers and

shippers by air. A third international conference is scheduled for

1933, probably to be held in Rome.
INTERNATIONAL STANDAEDIZING AGENCIES 21

At the plenary session of the international committee held at Budapest in 1930, the draft of a second convention dealing with

the reponsibility for damages caused to third parties on the ground was approved.

At the plenary session of July 21 to 23, 1932, the International

Technical Committee of Aerial Legal Experts adopted a draft of

a convention on the precautionary attachments of aircraft. This

draft will be submitted to the Third International Conference on

Private Air Law, which will probably be held during 1933.
III. NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES

(Governmental)

BUREAU OF STANDARDS

(Washington, D. C, U. S. A.) (See Chapter VI)

The primary function of the Bureau of Standards includes the

development, construction, custody, and maintenance of reference

and working standards, and their intercomparison, improvement,

and application in science, engineering, industry, and commerce. Most of the bureau's work is accomplished through voluntary co- operation of the Federal, State, and municipal governments; scientific and professional societies; trade associations; and other organizations concerned with the bureau's research results. The extent of

this cooperation is shown by the fact that approximately 150 scientific, technical, and industrial organizations have committees on which the bureau is represented; 47 advisory committees representing science and industry have been especially appointed to assist in

cooperative research programs; and at the close of the past fiscal year 66 research associates, representing 28 industries and associations, were stationed at the bureau to work on research problems

of general interest to the industries concerned and of public value.

NATIONAL PHYSICAL LABORATORY

(Teddington, England)

Fundamental Standards.—Work on fundamental standards of

measurement in cooperation with the International Bureau of

Weights and Measures and the national laboratories of France, Germany, and the United States of America has shown notable progress.

The length of the meter in terms of the red-light waves of cadmium

has been determined—the result agreeing closely with the classical work of Benoit, Fabry, and Perot. The international ampere has

been redetermined by the silver voltameter method in Berlin jointly

by representatives of the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, the

Bureau of Standards, and the National Physical Laboratory. The

electromotive force of the Weston normal cell as maintained at the

laboratory was found in excellent agreement with the value assigned

to the cell in Washington in 1910.

Progress has been made on the electrical units in absolute measure. Using the reconditioned ampere balance, a series of satisfactory

measurements was made. The absolute ohm determination by the

Campbell alternating current method gave as final result : 1 international ohm=l.G00466 cgs ohms. The units of electrical capacity of

the Bureau of Standards and the National Physical Laboratory were intercompared.

22
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 23

The work of establishing the international temperature scale was

continued in the ranges of the thermocouple and optical pyrometer. The scope of this work in the highest range was extended

in 1930 in order to use a black body at the melting point of platinum

as a primary standard of light, and with promising outlook. Preliminary results on standards of candlepower indicate that the units

of the Bureau of Standards and the National Physical Laboratory

are identical within the accuracy attainable by visual methods.

In 1931 the International Commission on Illumination adopted

the system of colorimetry based upon that developed in the optics

division of the National Physical Laboratory.

Tank for Ship Design Research (William Froude Laboratory).

The new tank for experiments affecting ship design is nearly ready

for operation. Previous work of this type yielded notable results. Among these may be cited the 10 per cent reduction in resistance

to motion of a " good " ship form as a direct result of the work in

the laboratory. The estimated annual coal savings on the ships of

Great Britain and Ireland may be given as over $20,000,000 a year. On some ships the coal consumption was reduced as much as 35

per cent. In 20 ships out of 28, improved performance netted sav- ings ranging from 3 to 30 per cent on coal consumption. Two new

barges of improved design showed 33 per cent added speed with

slightly less power. Experiments were made with various types

of rudder in a research on the maneuvering of ships. Measurements

of wake velocities were made at sea. It was found that increase in

beam and draft of coaster vessels with reduced prismatic coefficient and the substitution of small cruiser stern improved the form by as much as 8 per cent at low speeds. Other projects dealt with the

backing and stopping qualities of propellers, calculation of wave

resistance, study of relation between wave profile and its resistance,

and the cavitational erosion of propellers.

Heat.—Experiments on changes in thermal and electrical con- ductivity of single crystals of bismuth in longitudinal and trans- verse magnetic fields yielded interesting results showing a close analogy between the thermal and electrical conductivity changes.

Work on the specific hea^s of gases is in progress using the carbon

tube vacuum furnace. Heat flow was studied, and a calorimeter

designed for measuring the heat of formation of nitrous oxide by

combustion.

The Food Investigation Board has made a study relating to the

best material for wrapping meat, the thermal diffusivity of meat,

effect of temperature on the spreading quality of butter, thermal

properties of refrigerants, and the heat transfer between metal

pipes and a stream of air, etc. Radiology.—The establishment of the international unit of X-ray

intensity, the Rontgen, has progressed to a point where an agreement

within one-half of 1 per cent was obtained in a recent intercompari- son of the Rontgen by the Bureau of Standards, the Reichsanstalt,

and the National Physical Laboratory. A study is in progress on

the blackening of a photographic film as a measure of X-ray output

and its variation with the wave length of the X radiation. Of

great interest was the fact that a decrease in hardness on heating

a 6 per cent tungsten steel to 900° C. was found to be associated with
24 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 the removal of lattice distortion, and the increase in hardness at 1,250° C. was accompanied by a renewal of the lattice distortion.

A high value of magnetic coercive force was found to be associated

with a high degree of lattice distortion.

Sound.—Studies were made of improved methods of measuring

sound intensity and transmission of sound through partitions, especially light panels. Aural observation was replaced by instrumental

methods as being more rapid and accurate. Other problems con- cerned the reduction of noise in aircraft, sound output of loud speakers, including articulation tests of loud speakers for schools.

Optics.—Laboratory instruments were recalibrated according to the new international colorimetric system, in which all colors are now expressed by positive numbers. Optical systems were studied

and a survey made of the Hilger universal interferometer as used

to examine aberrations of photographic lenses. Equipment for

measuring infra-red wave lengths was set up, and the sources of

error in laboratory tests of solar radiometers were reduced.

Electricity.—The properties of insulating materials were found to limit the accuracy of measurements of self-inductance and effective

resistance. A new and simpler method was devised for measuring

residual inductance of four terminal resistors. In the study of the

magnetic properties of iron alloys it was found that surface layers

richer in iron, if not removed, affect the accuracy of magnetic

measurements

Methods of measuring power, current, and voltage under the wide

ranges of modern practice are being devised.

The use of photo-electric cells in photometry was developed especially to obtain a sensitive cell-filter system closely reproducing the

visibility curve of the human eye. Determinations of transmission

of colored railway-signal lenses were furnished to the British

Standards Institution.

Metrology.—An explanation is being sought for a discrepancy of

2y2 parts in 1,000,000 between the measurements of 24-meter surveying wires made at the international bureau and this laboratory, two

special invar wires being made for this study. After complete comparison the primary standard barometer proves to be satisfactory

and the secondary standard to be within the estimated margin of

error. A study of atomic repulsion in relation to the cohesional

properties of solids has been published. A set of 81 gage blocks of

high accuracy of finish and known stability has been prepared as a

reference set and a similar set to be used as working standards.

Experiments show high stability in steel gages after special heat

treatment. The standard temperature of adjustment for all industrial standards of length has been 62° F. In 1931 the British Standards Institution agreed to adopt the temperature 68° F. (20° C.) as adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures.

Since January 1, 1931, measurements on industrial length standards

have been reported at the new temperature, 68° F., unless otherwise

desired. A 1-kilogram vacuum balance for comparisons of highest

precision was constructed of special improved design and entirely of

nonmagnetic materials. This is operable from outside the chamber.

In the standardization of volumetric glassware a series of experiments was made on the variation in delivered volume with variations
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 25

in draining and delivery times. Determinations were made of the

surface tension of milk.

Engineering.—Current projects include a study of methods of

hardness testing and the behavior of materials under complex stress distribution, the resistance of metals to wear, stress-strain relationship during impact, stress distribution in reinforced concrete col- umns, and the elastic properties of materials for damping vibration.

The making of products by cold pressing sheet metal called for tests to determine the properties of such materials. Deformation by oil pressure gave promising results. A research on the efficiency of

power transmission by gears was completed. Work is in progress on the design and standardization of lifting-gear components and

the causes of failure. It is intended to acquire data to predict the

practical performance of a leather belt when certain simple test results are known. Experiments on single crystals of silver were made in a study of their deformation under controlled stress conditions. A study of the phenomenon of " creep " is in progress in a

research on the mechanical properties of materials at high temperatures. The reliability of electric fusion welding for uniting the

joints of steel-framed buildings and structures is being studied. Valuable records of wind pressures on the Severn Bridge have been

obtained and analyzed. Other investigations include lubrication,

wheel size, and impact, properties of concrete for road construction,

and tests of carriage ventilators.

Aerodynamics.—The mathematics of a case of disturbed unsteady

motion of a fluid was worked out, and information was secured on

the nature of completely developed turbulence and of the effect of a boundary. A determination was made of the relation between heat

transfer and surface friction. The hot-wire method was improved

by using an interrupted spark in place of the steadily heated wire in

which the image is a series of dots which can be examined stroboscopically. The interferometer was used in a study of convection

currents of hot air, the motion being indicated by displacement of

the fringes. Wing-nacelle interference may be deduced from airfoil theory. The effect of the body-wing interference is now being

studied and work is in progress in the duplex tunnel on the development of new types of aircraft,

Safety is under investigation, and a device to represent a steady

spin in a wind tunnel has been completed and is in use. " Buffetting " and the flutter of air propellers are being systematically studied.

A research on Pitot tubes permits calibration of low-speed anemometers to a high degree of accuracy. A compressed-air tunnel has been

built and is being calibrated. Further additions are to be made to the equipment, which will increase the scope and value of the work.

Metallurgy.—X-ray methods were used in a study of the physical

structure of metals and alloys; for example, in seeking light on the

difference in behavior between hot-rolled and cold-rolled cadmium in

creep tests. New progress was made on copper-aluminum, silver- mercury, and gold-copper alloys. The preparation of single crystals

of aluminum was continued and single crystals of iron were produced for research on the flow and fracture of metals under prolonged

stress at high temperatures. Iron was produced with a purity of

99.985 per cent in ingots of about 5 pounds and the process is now a
26 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 routine operation. Research on the surface tension of liquid metals was completed. Useful data on the commercial heat treatment of

spring steel were reported to the industry. Research on iron alloys was continued and the iron-chomium diagram was completed.

The effects of impurities in copper were studied for the British

Nonferrous Metals Research Association.

Conferences.—A conference of engineers in touch with mechanical and general engineering problems to acquaint them with the items

of research in progress, to secure suggestions as to researches needed

to aid in industrial developments, and to obtain advice as to ways in

which assistance and support in carrying out such researches was

held by the laboratory in February, 1932. Representatives of

important technical societies and institutions were present.

Various additions to the research program were proposed. Many

of the investigations suggested will be given attention by those directing such programs and will either be undertaken at the National

Physical Laboratory or at a laboratory doing research under one of

the technical or industrial research bodies.

A laboratory conference on photo-electric cells investigated the

standardization of dimensions and properties of photo-electric cells for industrial and scientific purposes and agreed that the time was

ripe for standardization. A special technical committee on the

subject was appointed.

PHYSIKALISCH-TECHNISCHE REICHSANSTALT

(Berlin-Charlottenburg, Germany)

During the year ended June 30, 1932, about 15 m3 of liquid nitrogen,

1.5 m3 of liquid hydrogen, and about 50 liters of liquid helium were

produced, partly for investigations of the Reichsanstalt and in part

for other physical institutes. The investigations on superconductivity of alloys and compounds

was continued. Of the superconducting alloys investigated, alloy

series Pb-Bi and Pb-Tl are to be mentioned. The measurements of

compounds showed that not only sulphides, carbides, and nitrides be- come in part superconducting, but also the silicides and borides in

part. An investigation of lead showed without question that with

the advent of superconductivity not only the additional resistance

due to impurities but also the resistance due to temperature disappears. Work was carried out on the electrical conductivity of copper-gold

alloys, on a test of the Born-Franck theory of adsorption catalysis

and on the transformation of ortho into para hydrogen at the temperature of solid hydrogen.

From measurements of the magnetic moment of the potassium and

lithium atoms it was concluded that the magnetic nuclear moment of

the lithium atom is in any case smaller than one-tenth of the Bohr

magneton.

Investigations on the physical and chemical properties of rhenium

and its compounds were continued; many minerals and meteorites were analyzed for improving the data concerning the absolute

amounts of the chemical elements in existence; and the metals plat-
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 27

inum, palladium, columbium, tantalum, gallium, and rhenium of

great purity were produced in large amounts for physical purposes.

The effect of various frequencies of radiation upon the form of

the photographic density curve and the magnitude of the latent

image was studied. Investigations were begun on the preparative

separation of isotopes. The effect of supersonant waves upon some

chemical reactions was measured.

Weights and Measures.—Many pieces of measuring equipment

were tested and certified. For the tests of the Jaderin wires the

4-meter standard of invar J4 and the tape-measuring standard of

invar B30 were repeatedly determined. The divergence of the new

values compared with the old is very slight.

Measurement of standard gages of 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 millimeters in terms of light wave lengths was continued. The measure- ment was made with vacuum wave lengths, while the end gages

themselves were in air. The vacuum fraction of the end measures is the difference between the fraction of the end mass in actual air

and the fraction of a vacuum chamber of exactly equal length.

This last fraction was calculated for the end gage length from the

simultaneous observations of the vacuum chambers of 600, 500, and

100 millimeters in length. The determination of the order of interference is carried out with all the cadmium lines, and for the final measurements only the red cadmium or krypton lines are used. The

investigations on the exact determination of the refractive index of

air were continued with chambers of path difference of 1 and 2

meters. Furthermore air of the most varied meteorological composition was compared in white light with air freed of water vapor

and carbon dioxide compressed in a bomb at the same pressure and

the same temperature. The measurements show beyond doubt that

air free of water vapor and carbon dioxide shows, entirely independent of the meteorological conditions, no variations whatsoever.

Further it developed that a. closed volume of air between 17° and

25° C. has the same refractive index. The index is entirely dependent on the density of the air and determinable from the pressure and

temperature according to well-known formulas.

In the field of lengch-measuring devices, in addition to current- type tests, special fabric-testing machines of various kinds for

velvet, plush, and velvet-like textiles were tested with favorable

results. Paper measuring tapes permitting length to be readily

measured, heretofore accepted for textiles, were admitted also for

the cable industry.

Distance measuring machines for service in connection with the

new regulation for taxing power vehicles were tested for accuracy

and reliability. It was established that the distances were correct

to within 2 per cent, independently of the road and weather conditions and of the speed.

Comprehensive tests of leather-measuring machines were made,

chiefly for industrial purposes. There was also admitted for sample

tests a polar planimeter with a large measuring barrel which had,

next to the principal metric divisions, also secondary divisions in

the English square-foot measure.

151592—33 3
28 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 The regulations for the calibration of paper-tape measures as well

as directions for the testing of length and area measuring machines were published.

A large number of liquid measures were admitted for calibration.

These were principally for motor fuels and for milk. New regulations for the testing of measuring installations having flow meters

for gasoline were prepared.

Applications for admitting new kinds of metal containers have

increased.

A set-up for testing metal containers relative to internal pres- sure was built and has proved trustworthy.

Standard weights for German and foreign jurisdictions were

tested, in part with determination of the volume according to the

method of water weighing.

Investigations were undertaken on a new grain tester which differs from the present admissible construction. It possesses a conical

spreader similar to the 20-liter tester. The investigation of national grain testers was continued especially relative to the standard

of the Keichsanstalt anil relative to the variations of the grain. To

attain better agreement of the certifiable testers with one another, the

regulations concerning carrying out and dimensions were made more

exacting.

New directions materially enlarged over those of 1911 were prepared for the testing of trade scales. Many forms of scales, especially with tilting weight arrangement, were finally admitted to

certification test. The pictorial representation and descriptive details

pertaining thereto were correspondingly augmented. There was

turned over to the testing service for its use a new system for test- ing scales in which the weighing is done by beams having a sliding

poise. Furthermore, there were investigated two systems of measuring for the testing of track scales with continuous rails. The standardization in scale construction was further advanced

by the Technical Standards Committee through the issuance of four

DIN sheets. The instructions for checking automatic beam scales were further developed. Type tests for scales for automatic weighing of cargo material of various kinds were carried out. The instructions concerning the testing of hydrometers and medical syringes were revised for chemical measuring apparatus, and

an instruction is in preparation.

The table relating to the dependence of density (degrees of alcohol)

percentage content and temperature of high-percentage alcoholwater mixtures were extended so that the tables increased by 0.2° C.

of temperature. The investigations on the determination of density

and of the refractive index of sea water were continued. An apparatus was made to permit the simultaneous testing of 25 samples of

sea water. Besides the current type tests, preliminary work for the

production of an installation for testing large gas meters was

advanced.

The regulations for calibration were extended. The question of an accurate testing method for experimental gas meters which serve for the determination of the calorific value of fuel gas was further

investigated.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 29

Electricity and Magnetism.—An investigation in the field of absolute units, namely, an absolute current measurement by the aid of

the current balance has been undertaken. The construction of the

balance for which in many respects the model of the Bureau of

Standards served as pattern is being carried out. Since this work

is now nearly completed, measurements will be started immediately

and first the radii of the spools will be determined by magnetic

methods.

The piezo-electrical measuring method was applied for tracing

abrupt changes in velocity of rotating shafts. The apparatus depends

upon the centrifugal action of spring-supported masses. The magnitude of the measured velocity changes was of the order of 1 per cent. The tube voltmeter for measuring piezo-electric charges was so changed that instead of the galvanometer oscillographs a cathode

ray oscillograph can be used for tracing.

For measurement purposes an automatically starting tuning fork

buzzer was built of 50 hertz with a thyratron tube in relaxation

oscillation connection which at the same time serves as a light source. Heat and Pressure.—With the aid of a static method for precise

v^apor-pressure measurements above room temperature which was

specially developed as a vapor pressure thermometer with water

filling, the 100° C. point of the temperature scale could be reproduced

with an accuracy of ±0.001° and used in the calibration of temperature-measuring devices.

A comparison of this with the customary dynamic method (Rudberg apparatus) indicates that the latter shows, in general, two or

three times larger variations, and in addition is not free of systematic

errors of the same magnitude, so that the 100° C. points of thermometers measured by this method may be in error by a few thousandths

of a degree. With the same static method the variation, with pressure, of the saturation temperature of water in the region of 100° C. was redetermined with an accuracy of ±0.001°. As a result it was

found that previously used vapor-pressure tables based on older and

less accurate measurements show differences of a few thousandths of

a degree below 760 mm Hg (for example, 0.005° at 700 mm Hg).

These differences can occasion appreciable errors, particularly in

dynamic boiling-point determinations.

In continuing earlier measurements the vapor-pressure curves of

several gases in the neighborhood of atmospheric pressure were determined with the helium gas thermometer in combination with

platinum resistance thermometers; and from these observations the

normal boiling points (at a pressure of 760 mm Hg) were interpolated. This gave, expressed on the thermodynamic scale, the fol- lowing values:

Standard boiling point of nitrogen —195. 814 Standard boiling point of carbon monoxide —191. 484 Standard boiling point of oxygen —182.963

Standard sublimation point of carbon dioxide —78. 471 The vapor-pressure curve of xenon was observed between 580 and

800 mm Hg. The normal boiling point lies on the thermodynamic

temperature scale at —108.02° C. The triple point was found at — 111.85° C. at a pressure of 606.2 mm Hg. For the measurement
30 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 of the melting point of platinum the Bureau of Standards method

was essentially adopted, in which the metal in a thorium crucible

is melted by inductive heating and the radiation coming from an immersed hollow cavity is measured optically.

According to the method described last year, which is based on the

adsorption of hydrogen on carbon (charcoal), a thermostat was constructed in which one can, with the aid of liquid air and avoiding

high pressure, produce any temperature between 33° and 120° K.

In this thermostat the following fixed points of the temperature scale were determined

:

° k. Melting point of CO 68.56

Melting point of N2 63.09

Crystal transformation point of CO 61. 68 Melting point of 2 54.24

Crystal transformation point, 2 43. 6

These fixed points do not yield the same constancy of temperature.

The transition points are fixed points only with rising temperature,

while with decreasing temperature they lie, in general, somewhat

lower.

A number of platinum resistance thermometers were compared

with the helium gas thermometer, both at a series of fixed points

and at intermediate temperatures. The result of the measurements

shows that the platinum resistance thermometer which meets the

internationally accepted specification

(a X lCfe3,900; Rt/Ro at the, 2- . <0.250)

reproduces the legal temperature scale between 0° and —183°, and is accurately reproducible within 0.01°. The temperatures calculated according to the established legal

scale for such thermometers lie lower than those of the thermodynamic scale throughout the observed temperature and reach the

maximum departure, 0.04° at about —80°.

Platinum resistance thermometers of various purity grades were compared with the helium thermometer in the range of boiling

nitrogen and boiling hydrogen at a large number of points. Comprehensive attempts to present the experimental data in analytical

form led to the conclusion that the relation

Rt/Ro =

a

+D ( 100/T) [ 6 X T

+

cT2 ] +D (230/T) [d + eT- cT2 ] in which D (100/T) and D (230/T) denote the well known Debye

function, is best adapted to reproduce the experimental values up

to this time. The actual departures amount to only a few hundredths of a degree.

Comparative measurements are still being made of strip lamps

intended for the international interchange of verified lamps. In

this way it is intended to extend the results of measurements obtained in the Physikalisch-Technische Eeichsanstalt and already

used in the various national laboratories for the comparison of

scales. In particular, the question of the constancy of the lamps

with time is yet to be cleared up by repeated references to the fixed

temperature points.

The extension of pyrometric measurements outside the range of

visible light has been advanced through the assembling of a photo-
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 31

electric measuring device. Its principle purpose is carrying out of

measurements of temperature radation of various radiators and comparing with black body radiation. As such serves a black body

cavity built in a tungsten resistance furnace and easily operated to about 2,500° C. To prepare for the international unification of viscosity values,

measurements were carried out on oils of the Ecole Superieure du

Petrole in Strassburg as earlier on samples of mineral oil from the

Bureau of Standards. At present, a viscosimeter is being tested at the Keichsanstalt which is then to be sent to the Bureau of Standards and to the National Physical Laboratory for comparative

measurements.

For the open cup flash point test, within Germany, a self-contained

apparatus with specifications was established with the cooperation by

Committee IX of the German Society for Testing Materials.

Optics.—The work on the Warburg unit of light extended on the one hand to perfecting a high frequency heated black body radiator,

and on the other hand to the application for comparison purposes of

the newer photoelectric cell types, radiation thermo elements, and

recording methods.

LABORATOIRE D'ESSAIS

(Mecaniques, Physiques, Chimiques et de Machines)

(Paris, France) (Du Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers) The Laboratoire d'Essais is located in the Conservatoire National

des Arts et Metiers, at Paris, and has a branch at Colombes (Seine)

in the northwest part of the city where is installed the service of

chemical testing. It is under the Under-Secretary on the State of

Technical Education, under the authority of the Minister of National

Education. Its activities are controlled by a Technical Commission

and 23 members comprising representatives of the Academy of

Sciences and of Industry. It is the national testing laboratory for

France, as far as relates to various materials and machines (electrical

machines excepted). It has a personnel of 204, and there are six

technical services, namely, physical testing, verification of measuring

instruments, metals, structural materials, machines, and chemistry.

During the fiscal year April 1, 1931, to March 31, 1932, the laboratory received 4,202 requests for tests, distributed as follows : 596 for

physical tests, 188 for testing measuring instruments, 1,044 for tests of metals, 952 for testing materials of construction, 130 for tests of

machines, 1.292 for chemical tests. Physical Tests.—Apparatus for determining the coefficient of heat

conductivity of materials which conduct heat poorly have been

grouped in a new laboratory room. This important installation comprises six equipments for electrical heating and for cooling by the

circulation of water. The electrical measurements have been carried

out on a central switchboard bearing especially a precision potentiometer to determine the temperature of the faces of the test slabs. Kelative to the study of noises the portable measuring apparatus

called "noise meter 5

' by its author, M. J. F. Cellerier, Director of
32 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 the Laboratory, has been frequently used, notably in determining

the sound intensity of various mufflers for motocycles and for

marine motors of the " outboard " type in the contest of silencers

organized by the French Touring Club and of the Motocycle Club

of France in collaboration with the Technical Commission of the

Automobile Club of France.

The equipment of the laboratory, described last year, for determining the coefficient of transmission of sounds through various materials has been used for a considerable number of materials called

" insulators against noises " which have been supplied by the various

manufacturers apropos of a consultation arranged on the subject by

the Touring Club of France in its campaign against noise. Inter- esting results have been obtained.

A radiographic installation intended for the spectrographic study

of metals and of crystalline materials has been set up. The current

is furnished by a rotary convertor of 15 amperes at 220 volts with a revolving contact transformer of 3 kw, giving 50 milliamperes at a maximum tension of 112,000 volts. Finally, we may again mention the study of a thermoelectric

sounding device permitting the rapid precise measurement of the

temperature of the water of lakes up to a depth of 150 meters. This apparatus is now under construction in the shop of the

, laboratory.

Verification of Measuring Instruments.—This service makes verifications of two different kinds—one class is optional and relates to various thermometers, heavy liquids of all kinds, ebulliscopes, glass

volumetric glassware, etc.; the other class, legal verifications, quite

the most numerous, comprising the verifications required by law

(clinical thermometers, alcoholometers, densimeters, and thermometers accompanying the latter instruments). The laboratory has verified in the year 1,228,447 clinical thermometers, nearly all of French

manufacture.

Tests of Metals.—Studies have been undertaken on the corrosion

of saccharoidal marbles, and of stones from historical structures. The photomicrographs made of thin cut specimens reveal the process

of change of the mineralogical constituents. In evaporating and

filtering upon porous collodion distilled water or the reactive diluents

in which the specimens have been kept, it has been possible to recollect the products of disaggregation and to identify them either in

the form of crystal structure (calcium sulphate, etc.), or by microchemical means.

Particular researches have permitted the determination of the age

of origin of a bar threaded at its extremities and provided with a nut which has been taken from the wreckage of a ship sunk in the

Canadian lakes. This bar appeared to be a tirefond or a nail of the

boat The Griffon, of Marquis de la Salle, which was lost in September, 1679.

We may mention, among others, the study of crystalline powders

by a polarizing microscope which has a special device permitting

the examination by transparency in a fine window or through an

orifice pierced in Dutch gold; on the precision of results obtained

in the usual mechanical tests (requested by the French Standards

Association) ; on the subject of standardizing mechanical tests of
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 33

metals ; the mechanical study of buttresses and of pieces taken from

a bridge which underwent a serious accident, with a view to determining the causes; study of the compression of special shock

absorbers of profiled elements and of tubes filled with cement; the

study of modes of attack suitable to disclose, in the course of micrographic examination, the distribution of sulphur and phosphorus;

examination of tubes corroded or having served for chemical

syntheses, with photographs of the decarburized or oxidized zones. The laboratory has made two equipments with their accessories for

tests of flanging of sheet metal as well as a machine for testing

metallic specimens by repeated impacts.

Tests of Structural Materials.—The service of materials of construction has continued the researches undertaken in preceding years.

It has been able thus to complete two pieces of apparatus constructed

by the efforts of the service of shops of the Laboratoire d'Essais and

having for its purpose to make tests of resistance on paints and

varnishes, on the one hand to a jet of sand and on the other hand

to the action of certain liquids atomized to a state of mist or fog

(see water, dilute acids, etc.).

In the laboratory's collaboration with the service of physical tests in carrying out experiments requested by the Touring Club of France

in the " campaign against noise " apropos of materials described as " insulating against noise," a study was made of various other important properties for construction, such as hygroscopicity, porosity,

inflammability, combustibility, and mechanical resistance of these

materials.

On request of the Service of Architecture of Historical Structures

and on account of the Administration of the Fine Arts, the laboratory undertook an important program of experiments with a view

to studying means of preserving the stones of structures and protecting them from the deterioration caused by the mild but con- tinuous action of various natural and artificial agencies of destruction, some physical, such as heat, cold, humidity, etc.; others

chemical, such as gas and acid fumes of which the atmospheres of

cities and industrial groups contain more or less large proportions.

These experiments, including physical, mechanical, and chemical

studies (the latter effected in collaboration with the Service of

Chemical Tests), have been carried out on a considerable number of

specimens of stones set aside by architects on different structures or monuments. These specimens were given comparative tests on the one hand in the natural state, and on the other hand after preliminary treatment by several processes recommended for protecting

stones—the use of silicification and fluoridation.

Tests of Machines.—This service has made a complete study of

four boilers of different types, for each of which was determined the curve of thermal output as a function of the rate of heat evolution,

the thermal balance, etc. Besides, seven radiators for heating have

been tested, and a complete curve of the coefficient K has been established for each of them.

The laboratory rendered its experimental collaboration to an ex- tended study made of certain lubricants on new types of belting,

textile, rubber, multiple trapezoidal belts. In still another field, a
34 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

series of tests were completed to show the influence of the introduction of lead in friction materials.

Chemical Tests.—A very modern installation of a gas calorimeter

has been set up in the Service of Chemical Tests, with the assistance

of a large gas company, especially with a view to checking the heating

power of the gas of a large city. On request of the Service of Surveillance of Water in the City of Paris, an important study of the

question of back flow of polluted waters of bath tubs, wash bowls,

wash stands fed from the base to the pipes for supplying drinking

water has been conducted. It has examined in this connection a number of devices designed to avoid this serious inconvenience, of

which several have given entire satisfaction. It has entered upon very interesting experiments on the protection of electrical apparatus and especially of lighting apparatus in- tended for industrial localities subject to gas or inflammable vapors.

Certain arrangements tested were shown to be completely efficacious even in the case of arcing and in thunderstorm.

A study equally important was undertaken with the aid of the

Bourget Aerdrome on the variation in the inflammability point of

oils, in terms of atmospheric pressure, in view of the establishment

of correction tables put out by the industry, and which have now

become a source of error. The Service of Chemical Tests has undertaken systematic study

of methods of analysis of structural materials and of combustibles

with a view to substituting for obsolete methods still in general use methods more rational and better meeting the present exigencies of

industry and of commerce.

Standardization.—The laboratory has continued to give its col- laboration to various standardization enterprises. It is thus that

besides studies necessitated by the standardization of industrial zinc,

and of coals, the laboratory has participated in the activities of

the committee on oils of the Union of Syndicates of Electricity, of

the French Association on Standardization (Commission on Lubricating Oils, Commission on Chemical Analysis, etc.) . Congresses.—The laboratory has participated in some 13 congresses on subjects within its field, mostly international.

LABORATOIRE CENTRAL D'ELECTRICITE

(Paris, France) Researches on the Electrical Units.—Conformably to the decisions

of the Advisory Committee on Electricity of the International Committee on Weights and Measures the Laboratoire Central d'Electricite has undertaken the determination of the electromotive force

of the standard cadmium cell using the silver-voltameter method.

This determination was to be finished by the end of 1932.

The laboratory has likewise undertaken the construction of a standard of inductance, the realization of which will probably be obtained

in the course of 1933.

This standard of inductance will be utilized especially for a determination of the ohm in absolute measure as well as for a determination of the electromotive force of the standard cadmium cell in
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 35

semiabsolute volts, a work executed in collaboration with the research

laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris.

Standard cells have been exchanged with various foreign national

laboratories.

Researches on Photometric Standards.—New standards of lumi- nous flux have been constructed. The realization of the standards is based upon a new procedure for measurement, using photo-electric

cells. This study was necessitated by the differences found between

measurements of luminous flux in France and those made in other

countries.

Standardization,—On request of the Ministry of Public Works,

the laboratory has completed the researches necessary for the formulation of a regulation having for its object the standardization of

lamps for automobile headlights in France.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

(Ottawa, Canada) By act of parliament, the National Research Council of Canada

has been given the following responsibilities in the field of standardization : The investigation and determination of standards and methods of measurements, including length, volume, weight, mass, capacity, time, heat, light, electricity, magnetism, and other forms of energy; and the determination of physical constants and the fundamental properties of matter. The standardization and certification of the scientific and technical apparatus

and instruments for the Government service and for use in the industries of Canada ; and the determination of the standards of quality of the materials used in the construction of public works and of the supplies used in the various

branches of the Government service. The investigation and standardization, at the request of any of the industries of Canada, of the materials which are or may be used in, or of the products of, the industries making such a request. During the past year, considerable attention has been given to the

development and extension of standardization activities in Canada.

Early in the spring C. le Maistre, C. B. E., Director of the British

Standards Institution, London, England, crossed Canada in the course of a visit to all the Dominions of the British Commonwealth.

At a conference in which Mr. le Maistre, the National Research

Council, and the Canadian Engineering Standards Association participated, an exchange of views took place, especially with regard to

(a) The possibility of some development of the standards machinery in Canada to accord with that of Great Britain.

(&) The adoption of certain specific common standards for commodities that

are sold freely between the two countries.

(c) The advisability of purchasing by standard specifications rather than by

trade name. On July 15, a meeting of a special committee on standardization,

created by the National Research Council, discussed the Canadian

situation and recommended as follows:

(a) That the work of the Canadian Engineering Standards Association,

which receives financial support from the council, should continue on its present

basis. (&) That the main committee of that association continue to act as an

Associate Committee on Engineering Standards of the council.
36 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

(c) That the council be left entirely free to organize other fields of stand- ardization under committees or associations similar to the Canadian Engineering Standards Association. This report is being presented to the National Research Council for

consideration and action.

During July and August a subcommittee of the Imperial Economic

Conference considered industrial standardization, under the chairmanship of Dr. H. M. Tory, president of the National Research

Council of Canada. The report of this subcommittee, adopted later

by the conference, emphasized the necessity of the judicious development of national standard specifications and the importance of

buying on nationally recognized specifications as safeguarding purchasing and insuring quality and performance. It welcomed the

advance being made in the various parts of the Commonwealth in

the coordination of industrial standardizing activities into central

national bodies, representative of all parties concerned, and it urged

that the central standardizing body in each part of the Commonwealth should be accorded active support by the Government, by

way of financial and technical assistance and by the cooperation of

the Government purchasing departments and otherwise.

It reaffirmed that " The development of standardization in the

various parts of the Empire upon the basis of close cooperation in

establishing uniform standardizing specifications facilitates Empire

trade definitely and effectively.5 ' (A summary of the Imperial Economic Conference and the recom- mendations of the subcommittee of the conference on industrial standardization is given in Chapter II.)

During the year the Associate Committee of Chemists of the National Research Council considered standardization of chemicals and

appointed a subcommittee to carry the investigation further. Under

the direction of the Associate Committee on Asbestos an extensive

series of tests has been carried out in the division of chemistry, National Research Council Laboratories, and in the factories on the

reliability of the testing machines now used by both producers and

buyers of asbestos and on the factors which influence the results. It is expected that this work will shortly lead to satisfactory standardization of the testing.

Work under the auspices of the Associate Committee on Coal

Classification and Analysis which brings a number of interested

organizations and individuals together and which at frequent intervals meets with the similar committee in the United States, has

continued and it is now expected that a tentative classification of

Canadian coals will be available within two years. Considerable

laboratory work is being done in this connection.

The Associate Committee on Electrical Measuring Instruments,

similarly organized, has been considering methods of measuring

power and billing with a view to possible simplification. A study

has been made of tolerances permitted in types of electrical meters. During the summer of 1932 the National Research Council's laboratories moved into new and spacious quarters, construction of which

commenced in 1930. The new building, rectangular in shape, is 418

feet long, 176 feet deep, 4 stories high, and severely classic in style

of architecture. Included in the building are library accommoda-
NATIONAL, STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 37

tion for 400,000 volumes, an assembly hall with a seating capacity

of 300, and two exhibition halls sunk beneath the two interior courts and space for an engineering laboratory of approximately 12,000

square feet and extending through two floors of the building. Similarly designed space is provided for a high-voltage electricity laboratory- At present the laboratory is functioning through four divisions

biology and agriculture, chemistry, physics and engineering, and

research information.

Agriculture.—Until the opening of the new building the division of biology and agriculture was developed in association with the

University of Alberta. The program of research contemplated has

arisen, for the most part, from the agricultural investigations which

the National Research Council has been encouraging or conducting

in recent years through associate committees on such subjects as field crop diseases, principally grain rust ; grain, including the drying of

grain, the development of drought resistant grain ; weed control, etc. Wheat Milling and Baking.—The estimation of the quality of

wheat, both of new varieties produced by plant breeders or introduced

from abroad, and of the crop produced from year to year in various

parts of the country, depends upon experimental milling and baking

tests. The problem of standardizing the test methods is receiving

further study, with the object of mechanizing it as completely as

possible, so that results may be reproducible in different laboratories.

Methods for estimating the quality of wheat with very small samples

are also being further investigated, with a view to facilitating the

work of plant breeders in testing new hybrids promptly.

Plant Growth Under Controlled Conditions.—Apparatus and

methods are being developed for growing plants under conditions as completely controlled as possible. It is planned to investigate the

effect of light, temperature, and humidity as factors influencing the

results obtained in various agricultural experiments ; for example, in

the use of chemicals as weed killers. The objective is to define

standard conditions for such experiments.

Miscellaneous Agricultural Researches.—A study of chemical

substances in the wheat plant which may be connected with resistance

to rust and other diseases has been under way for some years. A new

research has been started on factors producing partial sterility in

cereal crops. Statistical investigations of the relation between cli- matic factors and the growth and yield of cereal crops are also under way.

Asbestos.—In conjunction with the asbestos industry work has

been carried out on the grading of asbestos fiber by the Quebec

standard testing machine, and it is hoped that it will shortly be possible to issue new specifications for the construction and operation of

the machine. Work is also in progress on (a) the possibility of

using apparent density as an aid in grading asbestos, (b) special

grading tests for asbestos cement stock, (c) the use of perforated

plates in grading asbestos. Detergency.—A quantitative laboratory method of measuring detergent action, by means of photometric measurements on standard

soiled cloth, has been developed. The correlation of the data ob-
38 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 tained by this method with results of washing tests in power laundries is now being studied.

Honey.—The refractometric method of determining the moisture

content of honey has been put on a satisfactory basis and appropriate tables worked out and published. The use of viscometric

measurements of honey, by the falling sphere method, has been

studied and found to be satisfactory. Tables for temperature cor- rections have been issued.

Colloids.—A study of the structural viscosity of lyophilic sols has been made and is in course of publication in the Canadian Journal of Kesearch. Studies, also to be published, have been made on

the theory of tanning.

Distillation.—Following the publication of a theoretical paper on

the principles of fractional distillation, laboratory studies on the

subject are being made, one of the liquids which is being subjected

to fractional distillation in a column of new design being naphtha

from Turner Valley, Alberta.

Leather.-—Among other matters which are being studied are : (a)

The electrical determination of the moisture content of leather and

(b) the measurement of the pH of tan liquors.

Miscellaneous Chemical Matters.—Work on most of the subjects

mentioned in the Yearbook for 1932 has been continued. Other

subjects on which work has been undertaken and in some cases completed are: (a) The spontaneous combustion of binder twine, (h)

the plasticity of lime, (e) homespun fabrics, (d) relation of the weave of fabrics to their laundering qualities, and (e) influence of

oils on the weathering of canvass. Aeronautics.—While the laboratories have been in operation

throughout the year, using in certain cases improvised and temporary equipment, permanent equipment has been in process of design,

construction, and installation. The latter includes the wind-tunnel

balances, wind-tunnel automatic control, model testing basin, measuring and recording instruments, and automatic speed-control gear

and apparatus and instruments in connection with the engine testing

laboratory. Further, the laboratory for the testing of aircraft and

allied instruments is being moved to the laboratory annex. The work done during the past year, in addition to calibration

and adjustment of the equipment has included wind-tunnel studies

of aircraft skis, railroad locomotive and motor cars, tests of aircraft

floats in the model testing basin, engine type tests, tests of aircraft

engine fuels, oils, and accessories, and calibration and adjustment of

aircraft and allied instruments.

Oil Burner Testing Facilities.—Equipment has been installed and

is now undergoing trials for the testing of domestic oil burners for

fire hazard.

Radio.—The necessary apparatus to form a radio standardizing

and frequency standard, which can measure and fix frequencies with

a precision bettor than 1 part in 1,000,000 has been set up. A complete investigation of radio atmospherics throughout Canada is con- templated. At the time of the total solar eclipse of August 31, the

laboratories conducted investigations upon the effects of the eclipse on the Kennelly-Heaviside layers which, with the results of other
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 39

investigations that were coordinated under the auspices of the National Research Council's Associate Committee on Radio Research,

indicated distinct losses in ionization in both reflecting layers, E

and F regions, during period of the optical eclipse. All the results obtained indicated no corpuscular eclipse.

Heat.—A hot place apparatus for the testing of fiber-board insulation

has been installed with the primary object of ascertaining the cause

of the inconsistency in results obtained by different investigators on

insulating wall board. It is found that the hot plate is not an ideal

apparatus for testing the thermal conductivity of fiber wall boards

in the commercial or undried state, in view of the fact that moisture can migrate during the test from the hot side of the sample to the

cold side. The conductivity of a board with a fairly high moisture

content was found to decrease very appreciably during a long period

of testing. The work indicates that the conductivity-density rela- tion is essentially linear, but should be represented as a band rather

than a line to allow for the effect of the structure of the board on

the conductivity. A new investigation is about to begin on the test- ing of Canadian made bricks and furnace linings for heat insulation at very high temperatures. An apparatus necessary for the

precise standardization of temperatures by electrical methods is being assembled.

Radiology.—The laboratory undertakes the calibration of radium

preparations in terms of the national standards. Preparation is being made for the calibration of radiology measuring instruments,

and research on their development. Apparatus is being constructed

for handling radon, and a 220,000 volt X-ray equipment is nearly

completed. The laboratory is equipped for X-ray crystallography.

Optics.—Steps have been taken to preserve the international candle. The Bureau of Standards and the National Physical Laboratory have kindly made the council a gift of four groups of lamps

similar to their " primary " standards. Apparatus for the calibration of lamps has been provided. Apparatus is available also for

spectroscopic analysis and the measurement of light transmitted by

transparent and translucent substances at various wave lengths. A

precision optical pyrometer is in the course of construction. Apparatus is also being prepared for standardization work in colorimetry, refractometry, color temperature, and reflectivity measurements.

Electrical Standardization at Direct and Commercial Frequency

Currents.—The council is in a position to carry out standardization

work on voltage, current, frequency, power (except small power, lowpower factor) in the direct current and commercial frequency

ranges. All meters and apparatus used in Canada to measure elec- tricity for the purpose of making a charge must be of a type that has

secured the approval of the National Research Council. The regulations governing watthour and amperehour meters are now completed and await formal approval, as to regulations which have been

drafted for block interval and demand meters. Regulations governing instantaneous graphic demand meters and instrument transformers are in course of preparation.
40 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Gas Meters.—Work is being undertaken to lay down definitions

and units for gas measurement and also regulations for the approval

of types of gas meters used in Canada for the purchase and sale of

gas.Metrology.—Two new laboratory standard 1-meter rules of 43 per

cent nickel-iron alloy were secured to replace the pure nickel and

the 42 per cent nickel-iron rules which had formerly served as reference standards for the international meter. In addition, a

" Fixinvar " rule was acquired and all three were compared with

the international standards at Sevres, France.

Electrostatic Voltmeter.—For the measurement of voltages up to 100,000 an electrostatic voltmeter was designed and constructed which

appears to have several advantages over other existing meters.

Ultrasonics.—A series of experiments has been undertaken with

vibrating rods and disks, in order that the complicated vibrations

which occur in these bodies may be more fully understood. The

importance of this work lies in its relation to radio-frequency

standardizing apparatus, since in such apparatus a mechanically

oscillating bar or disk determines the stability and precision of the

electrical frequency.

Electrical (General).—On account of the frequency limitation of

the ordinary sweep circuit used with the low-voltage cathode-ray

oscillograph tube, a new circuit was developed for use in the analysis

of higher-frequency alternating voltages and currents. This cir- cuit has been employed to generate saw-tooth waves at frequencies

up to 50,000 cycles per second, and can probably be made to work

at higher frequencies if necessary. ELECTROTECHNICAL LABORATORY

(Tokyo, Japan)

The laboratory is attached to the Office of the Ministry of Communications and the director is Dr. K. Takatsu. The work of the

laboratory is carried on in five sections—standards and measuring

instruments, telephone and telegraph, electrotechnics, radio, and materials. During the fiscal year ending in March, 1932, 28 researches

and 10 circulars, besides many private papers, were published by

the laboratory.

Fundamental Standards.—The electrical standards legalized by

the electrical measuring act enacted in 1910 have been maintained

by the laboratory. During the past year, the electromotive force of

Weston standard cells was determined against the silver voltameter^

conformably to the decisions of the advisory committee on elec- tricity. The redetermination of the international ohm by the new

glass tubes was finished. The preparations for determining the absolute ohm by Maxwell's method and Carey Foster's bridge method

have been continued and the preliminary results were obtained.

As the primary standard of frequency, two tuning-fork clocks

driven by alternating current were constructed and maintained with

a precision of 1 part in 106

. The photometric standard has been maintained by a number of

well seasoned incandescent lamps. The black-body standard of light

is now under construction.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 41

Measuring Instruments.—The laboratory is engaged in the legal

verification of electricity meters. In the last fiscal year, eight types

of watt-hour meters were approved and 138,886 meters were tested. In addition, 356,864 meters were tested by four laboratories under

the supervision of the ministry. A new automatic device for testing

watt-hour meters, driven by a constant frequency source, was constructed. In connection with the testing of instrument transformers,

the phaseangle of Schering's high-voltage standard condenser was

determined by the leakage method.

One thousand one hundred and forty-one tests of various measuring apparatus, such as indicating meters, recording meters, testing

sets, resistances, inductances, condensers, etc., were requested.

Telephony and Telegraphy.—Various types of apparatus and

devices used in telephony and telegraphy by the ministry were tested

in the laboratory. Requests for 5,786 tests were received in the last

fiscal year. In addition to these tests much work has been done in

research. Several investigations have been carried out on the improvement of circuits and apparatus of automatic telephone exchange.

Investigations for the purpose of improving printing telegraph apparatus and increasing the articulation efficiency of telephone trans- mitter and receiver have also been continued.

A theoretical study of the transmission characteristics of telephone

circuits was accomplished. A new method capable of dealing with

the case of telephone circuits unbalanced with respect to the earth was proposed, and preparations have been made to carry out some

experiments on the basis of the theory.

Electrotechnics.—In connection with the standardization work of

this section, many tests and investigations have been made in co- operation with the national electrotechnical committee. The important items are rating of electrical machinery and apparatus with

special reference to performance under different ambient temperatures; the rupturing capacity of oil circuit breakers; the current- carrying capacity of cables; the pressure test of cables with d. c. voltage; standard methods for testing lightning arresters, insulating

oil and insulators; and the life testing of electric lamps and the

heating elements of electric heaters.

In the researches on machinery and apparatus, the performance of

synchronous and asynchronous machines with secondary excitation

under capacitive load, inverters, rectiverters, and the relation between

noise characteristics and machine construction are the interesting

items in progress.

The problems of lightning surges appearing in high-tension trans- mission systems and protection against them, inductive interference

and its prevention, and electrolytic corrosion of underground metallic structures and its mitigation have been attacked by extensive field investigations.

Various illuminating engineering problems, such as of natural

lighting gaseous discharge lamps and light distribution, have been

studied.

With the viewpoint of a new field of utilization of electricity, the

researches on electro-osmosis have been continued for several years. The problems of the purification of water, ceramic raw materials and

waste molasses, and the treatment of wood have been investigated.
42 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 The researches on the mechanism of surface corona of dielectrics

and puncture of solid dielectrics in nonuniform fields have been

continued.

Radio.—Continuous observations, which had been conducted since

1925, on the low-frequency field strengths of long-distance stations were completed recently. Polarization measurements and directional

observations were also finished. The results were arranged and published, together with a new theory of low-frequency transmission.

With regard to the investigations of high-frequency propagation, a method of calculating the field strengths of high-frequency waves

has been developed. High-frequency direction finding, using the

rotating Adcock aerial, has been in successful operation. In addition, a new type of high-frequency direction-finding apparatus has

recently been developed which works most satisfactorily. Applications of ultra-high-frequency waves were extensively studied. Wide

transmission tests were carried out during the summer of 1932, the

ultra-high-frequency waves being emitted from the observatory at the summit of Mount Fuji 3.7 km above the sea level. A new method for the absolute measurement of frequency has

been established which gives an accuracy of 0.5 X 10_G

, an interval of one minute being enough for the measurement. Extensive studies on piezo-electric crystals are being carried out ; among them the most

fruitful result obtained in developing a new quartz plate having a

very small temperature coefficient of frequency.

New television apparatus has recently been devised. The pick-up

of the sending object may dispense with any special illumination;

it may be satisfactorily done with natural light. The apparatus is thus suitable for televising outdoor scenery such as sports.

The laboratory assists the activities of the national committee of

the International Scientific Radio Union (URSI) and also contributes to the International Advisory Committee on Radio (CCIR)

in solving the unsolved problems of radio technique.

Materials.—During the last fiscal year 2,433 tests on materials for

telephone and telegraph uses were carried out, among which guttapercha telephone and telegraph cables produced for the first time

by a home manufacturer proved to be quite satisfactory.

The dielectric loss and surface leakage of a number of insulating

materials at high frequencies were studied. A very efficient new

method for the cleaning of used insulating oils was devised.

TOKYO INDUSTRIAL LABORATORY

(Yoyohata, Tokyo, Japan)

The Tokyo Industrial Laboratory, under the control of the Minister

of Commerce and Industry of Japan, is engaged in solving industrial

chemical problems, and deals with the analysis, testing, and examination of specimens, and consultation activities in order to promote the

progress of Japanese industries.

Standardization activities, in cooperation with the Japanese Engineering Standards Committee (JESC), Bureau of Industrial Rationalization, the Association of Chemical Industry, and the Society of

Rubber Chemistry of Japan, have been continued.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 43

As a member of the JESC, the laboratory has been actively engaged

in the preparation of specifications for pigments and petroleum products, and in the development of methods of analysis for iron and

steels. During the past year the following projects in the number

shown have been completed: Methods of analysis for irons and

steels, 5 ; petroleum products, 6 ; and pigments, 9. The laboratory is participating in JESC projects relating to the

unification of terms and nomenclature, and technical matters dealing

with the manufacture of paper. The sizes of writing paper have been

simplified to eliminate many forms and sizes formerly used.

The results of the various investigations conducted by the laboratory are made available for ready application throughout the country

through publication in a pamphlet entitled " Tokyo Kogyo Shikenjo

Hokoku," or in recognized technical journals.

Several important publications relating to research and standardization were published during the year 1931, and to June, 1932.

MUNITIONS SUPPLY LABORATORIES

(Maribyrnong, Melbourne, Australia) The laboratories, established in 1922, are under the direction of the

Munitions Supply Board of the Defense Department, Commonwealth of Australia. The board supervises the provision of war materials, including ordinary necessities such as food, clothing, housing,

transport, and communications, required by the naval, military, and

air forces, and is responsible for the design of new factories and the

control of commercial manufacture of munitions. The activities are carried out under seven main technical sections as follows : General

chemistry, explosives and munitions, timber, metallurgy, physics,

chemical defense, and technical information.

Specifications and designs covering supplies for the military

originate in Britain, and the manufacture of identical equipment or

of component parts must conform thereto, except in approved in- stances, to meet local conditions, to provide for correct assembly and

interchangeability. Because of the special requirements of scientific control of the manufacturing processes involved in the production of

most military equipment, the laboratories function to a considerable

extent in making eliminations for and in giving technical advice to private firms as well as in applying the necessary specification tests. Where mass production and the manufacture of interchangeable

parts are involved, no departure is permissible for dimensions and

limits shown in imperial design drawings. The basic standard of

length is the imperial standard yard, all dimensions being expressed

in terms of that unit. Steps have been taken to maintain uniformity

of standards of measurement with the National Physical Laboratory,

and calibrations of precision instruments, reference gages, workshop gages, and tools are thus maintained on a uniform basis. The Standards Association of Australia has accepted the metrological standards maintained at the Munitions Supply Laboratories

as the reference standards for the control of engineering production

in Australia.

151592—33 4
44 STANDARDS YEAKBOOK, 19 3 3 The engineering testing equipment of the laboratories is cali- brated in terms of the imperial standards of mass, and mechanical

testing equipment throughout the country, under a plan in cooperation with the Standards Association, is maintained on a uniform

basis.

Specialized equipment for carrying out the work of the various

sections is available.

Other departments of the Government, both Federal and State,

avail themselves of the facilities of the laboratories, and the services

of the organization are available to commercial firms and private

individuals for chemical or physical examination of materials and

products, and for investigation where the special equipment of the

laboratories is needed.

OFFICE NATIONAL DES RECHERCHES SCIENTIFIQUES ET

INDUSTRIELLES ET DES INVENTIONS

(Bellevue (Seine et Oise), France) This office is a State institution. It was created under the Ministry

of Public Instruction of France on November 13, 1915, and received

its final status by law on December 29, 1922. M. J. L. Breton is the

present director. Its object is to initiate, coordinate, and encourage

scientific researches of all kinds, including both those which may be

conducted in scientific establishments and also those which may be

undertaken by scientists outside of such organizations, to develop

and coordinate especially those scientific researches which may be

applied to the progress of national industry, to be responsible for

studies requested by public services, and to aid inventors.

Proposals of inventions are examined by the Superior Commission

on Inventions, and the projects retained by it are then studied by

technical committees of the office, which arrange for their production

by the appropriate bureaus or divisions. Aid for research is assured

by the scientific research fund connected with the national office, which makes a grant yearly to the workers of the laboratories.

The office undertakes studies and inquiries requested by the public

services. An important magnetic laboratory has been built suitable

for the great electromagnet of the Academy of Sciences. The office has at its command, jointly with the National Office of Liquid Fuels,

a great testing station for motors and machines.

The activity of the office extends into the most varied fields. Among the studies now in progress are tests of models of dams,

undertaken jointly with the Ministry of Public Works, and studies on the prevention of fire and protection against conflagrations which

comprise the inspection of alarms, fire extinguishers and extinguishing materials, and means of rescue. The Technical Committee on the

Prevention of Fire, created in cooperation with the Ministry of the

Interior, has its headqi arters at the office. Other studies now being

made by the office include the protection of cities against industrial

fumes and their precipitation; various liquid fuels and notably the

utilization of heavy oils in motors; the resistance of materials, particularly metal alloys, against corrosion and their protection by

paint, varnish, and other coating of various kinds.
NATIONAL STANDARDIZING LABORATORIES 45

Kesearches are conducted on high-speed cinematography. Finally,

the electromagnet, and the physical laboratories associated with it- permit experiments on the action of very powerful magnetic fields. A technical committee on refrigeration was created last year. This

committee is providing an important laboratory for scientific re- search at very low temperatures and for studying problems of in- dustrial refrigeration.

The national office publishes a monthly review entitled " Recherches et Inventions," giving an account of its work.

USSR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF METROLOGY AND

STANDARDIZATION (VIMS) 1 (Formerly USSR Main Chamber of Weights and Measures) (Moscow, USSR)

1. In order to insure uniformity, correctness, and mutual con- formity of measures, measuring instruments and methods of meas- urements applied in science, engineering, industry, and commerce,

under the All-Union Standards Committee of USSR State Planning

Commission, shall be the Scientific Research Institute of Metrology

and Standardization (VIMS).

2. The primary functions of the All-Union Scientific Research

Institute of Metrology and Standardization shall include as follows

{a) The development, construction, custody, and maintenance of reference and working standards obligatory in the USSR.

(&) The adoption of technical standards for standard measuring appliances

(secondary standards).

(c) The checking of standard measures and measuring instruments, which

are to serve for further checking of measures and instruments, supplying the former with special brands.

(d) The study and development of methods of physical and chemical measurements.

(e) Scientific and technical assistance in the manufacture of measuring and

controlling instruments to be used in the Union.

(f) To act as an expert organization for the All-Union Standards Committee as to problems of planning the production of measuring and controlling

instruments as well as problems concerning the import of such instruments

from abroad.

(g) To elaborate projects of All-Union dimensional and quality standards

(specifications) in the field of measuring and controlling instruments, as well as to work out, on the recommendation of the All-Union Standards Committee,

draft standards and specifications for items within the activities of the USSR

Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization, and to draw

conclusions on such draft standards and specifications.

(h) To develop scientific methods of control over adherence to the All-Union

standards.

(i) To train and raise the qualification of workers in the field of metrology.

(j) To bring to a conformity the plans of scientific research work in the field of metrology the committees of the federated republics, state departments, and

institutions in USSR are concerned with, and to work out on their basis a com- pound All-Union plan for such work to be submitted to the All-Union Standards

Committee for approval.

(k) To set up a contact and cooperation with the committees of the fed- erated republics by means of mutual and regular information on the progress

of work and of mutual assistance in scientific and engineering activities in the field of metrology and standardization. According to the decree of the USSR Soviet of People's Commissars No. 552 of July 11, 1931, the USSR Main Chamber of Weights and Measures has been reorganized into All- Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization under the USSR

Standards Committee.
46 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

3. The Ail-Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and

Standardization shall be entitled

(a) To organize, with the permission of the All-Union Standards Committee, commissions for scientific research work,, consisting of experts, foreign

specialists included.

(&) To organize, with the permission of the Ail-Union Standards Committee, congresses and conferences for the elaboration of scientific research problems on metrology and standardization.

(o) To organize, with the permission of the USSR Standards Committee,

competitions, lectures, shows, and scientific demonstrations relating to metrology

and standardization.

(d) To publish, through the publishing office of the All-Union Standards

Committee, transactions, scientific papers, reports, etc. (e) To organize, in accordance with the plans approved by the All-Union

Standards Committee, bureaus, laboratories, and auxiliary shops.

(f) To receive from abroad scientific technical books and papers, scientific instruments, appliances, and materials, with the rights and privileges granted

to USSR Scientific Institutions.

4. The All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and

Standardization shall be headed by the director with two substi- tutes approved by the All-Union Standards Committee.

The assignment of functions among the above shall be approved

by the USSR Standards Committee, which approves also the

organization and procedure of work for the institute (VIMS).

5. For the solution of scientific research problems, arising in the

progress of work, under the Director of the All-Union Institute of

Metrology and Standardization shall be an advisory body, the

Scientific and Technical Council consisting of the following members: The director of the institute, his substitutes, individual

workers of the institute and of members, personally appointed by

the All-Union Standards Committee upon representation of the

director of the institute. The latter is entitled to invite to the sit- tings of the Scientific and Technical Council other experts, whom

he may consider necessary with deliberative votes. The Scientific

and Technical Council shall have its sittings not less than once in

three months.

6. The maintenance of the All-Union Scientific Research Institute

of Metrology and Standardization shall be determined by the esti- mate of the All-Union Standards Committee of USSR State

Planning Commission and within the budget of the USSR.

7. The Institute shall be entitled to use the seal of the All-Union

Standards Committee with the name of the institute (VIMS)

engraved.
IV. NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES

The first strong impact of standardization upon national industry- was felt in 1901, when Great Britain established a committee to formulate standards for engineering materials. Not until 15 years

later was another such committee organized, this time in the Netherlands. From then on, in almost yearly succession, some 19 countries

have experienced such an enlightened self-interest in the standardization movement as to prompt them to set up national industrial

standardizing bodies.1 In addition to those countries in which national standardizing bodies are in operation, standardization is being carried on or has been proposed, on a more or less national

basis, in other countries.2 Broadly speaking, the various national bodies study standardization from a technical and commercial point of view in every domain

of industry. They afford an adequate organization and a more

ample development for present standardizing activities, and establish generally recognized standards of various kinds. Industry is represented in its various manifestations at home and abroad. The

most recent foreign innovations are utilized when helpful to domestic uses. In short, the various national bodies, functioning in a role

of centralization, coordination, and liaison, further the standardization movement in every practicable way as a means of advancing

national economy.

The following outlines, based largely on data furnished by the

various countries through the American Standards Association,

and by the foreign offices of the United States Bureau of Foreign

and Domestic Commerce, attempt briefly to set forth the activities and accomplishments of the national industrial standardizing committees and associations in 20 of the countries in which such bodies

exist. For the most part, there has been omitted from these sketches

information relating to historical background and functions which

has already appeared in previous editions of the Standards Yearbook. The work of the American Standards Association is reviewed

in Chapter VIII (p. 164).

The International Federation of Standardizing Associations

(ISA), which acts as a connecting link between most of the national

bodies dealt with in this chapter, is discussed in Chapter II (p. 13).

1 The following 21 countries now possess national industrial standardizing bodies, or- ganized in the years indicated : Great Britain, 1901 (reorganized in 1931) ; Netherlands, 191G ; Germany, 1917 (reorganized in 1926) ; United States of America. 1918 (reorganized in 1928) ; Switzerland, 1918 ; France, 1918 (reorganized in 1928) ; Belgium, 1919 ; Canada, 1919; Austria, 1920; Italy, 1921 (reorganized in 1930); Japan, 1921; Hungary, 1921 ; Australia, 1922 (reorganized in 1929) ; Sweden, 1922 (reorganized in 1930) ; Czechoslovakia, 1922; Norway, 1923 (reorganized in 1931); Poland, 1924; Finland, 1924 ; Russia, 1925 ; Denmark, 1926 ; and Rumania, 1928.

3 In China, the Dutch East Indies, Greece, Haiti, India, Iraq, Latvia, Madagascar, New

Zealand, Philippine Islands, Portugal, South Africa, and certain South American countries. 47
48 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 AUSTRALIA

Standards Association of Australia (SAA), W. R. Hebblewaite,

chief executive officer, Science House, Gloucester and Essex Streets,

Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Promotion of simplification and standardization activities for the

Commonwealth and State Governments of Australia is conducted by

the Standards Association of Australia, which is recognized as the

official authority for the promulgation of Australian national

standards.

The technical work is carried on by divisions on standardization

and simplified practice, and by a special power survey committee.

The standards division directs the activities of 36 sectional committees which, with more than 500 subcommittees and panels, have a personnel of over 4,000.

Standards, specifications, codes, and simplified practice recom- mendations have already been prepared covering various major fields of industry.

During the last fiscal year there were published as Australian

standards 4 specifications, 2 codes, and 3 simplified practice recommendations. In addition, 13 tentative specifications were reviewed

by the electrical sectional committee and approved for issue as standard specifications; also, a considerable number of draft specifications and codes were completed and sent out for comment and

criticism.

The total number of standards in force on June 30, 1932, was 168. There have also been issued six general and power survey reports.

The executive committee of the steel frame structures sectional

committee has completed and issued a first draft of the code for

steel frame structures. The steel structures committee has made

considerable progress in the preparation of the code for structural

steel in building. A third draft has been issued for subcommittee

review.

The section of the boiler code relating to oxyacetylene welding has

been revised by the welding committee as have also the draft regulations for welding (electric arc method).

During the year the SAA boiler code continued to receive favorable attention and to become established as the Australian national

standard in matters affecting boilers and unfired pressure vessel design and control. The boiler and unfired pressure vessels committee

is cooperating actively with the recently formed boiler committee of

the British Standards Institution which was appointed to prepare

British standard boiler rules. Having in view the highest practicable degree of uniformity in

specifications within the Empire, the bore casing committee is col- laborating with a corresponding British committee in the formulation of specifications for collar-joint casing for oil and water bores,

which will serve as a basis for the Australian standard for inserted

joint casing.

The building materials committee carried on work in the preparation of specifications dealing with the following building and con-
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 49

struction subjects: Terra cotta and cement concrete roofing tiles,

recommended practice in the fixing of tiles, color pigments for use with Portland cement, precast reinforced concrete lintels, cast stone,

and cement laundry tubs.

The draft code on concrete and reinforced concrete structures has

been completed and issued in proof form for comment.

Meetings of the subcommittees of the sectional committeee on the

code for cranes and hoists were held regularly throughout the year. The safety rules section of the code has been coordinated, and re- viewed and approved for public criticism, as has also the section

dealing with wire ropes. The various subcommittees of the wiring rules sectional committee have held regular meetings for the purpose of dealing with re- quests for interpretation of the provisions of the wiring rules, for

the settlement of disputes involving the rules, and for the examination of samples of electrical appliances and accessories. The committee has given study to matters affecting wires and cables, synthetic resin molding compounds, and the testing of lead-covered,

cab-tire-sheathed, and flexible wires and cables. During the year the ferrous metals coordinating committee has

been engaged in making a review of a group of specifications to meet the requirements of the boiler code. The specifications dealt

with, relate to carbon steel plates, tees, angles, and other rolled

sections, carbon steel bar for rivets and manufactured rivets, hotworked and cold-finished weldless steel tubes, charcoal iron wrought

iron lapwelded tubes, grey iron castings, and carbon steel castings.

Tentative specifications for leather belting have been revised by

the machine belting committee in order to bring the specified chemical tests into conformity with those of the International Society

of Leather Trade Chemists. The committee has also reviewed the

specifications for rubber conveyor and power transmission belting.

The machine parts committee has been actively engaged in developing specifications for the following items: Marking and coloring of patterns, black cup and countersunk bolt heads, plummer

blocks, rivets, coach screws, grey iron and carbon steel castings,

lathe centers, milling cutters and reamers, indicator cocks and cards3 definition of tiles, and spur and helical gearing.

During the past year the refrigeration committee completed and

issued the final draft of the refrigeration code. This committee

is now investigating a proposal for the standardization of ice block

and ice chest sizes. The various States of the Commonwealth have been requested,

and have signified their willingness, to arrange for the insertion

in all departmental tender forms of a clause to the effect that all materials, unless otherwise specified, shall be in accordance with

Australian standard specifications where such exist or, in their absence, with British standard specifications.

AUSTRIA

Osterreichischer Normenausschuss (ONA), Dr. Jaro Tomaides,

secretary, Vienna III, Lothringerstrasse 12, Austria.
50 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 The status of Austrian standardization as of July 1, 1932, is summarized in the following table

Industrial groups

A. General standards B. Architecture BH. Mining and metallurgy. C. Chemical industry E. Electrical engineering.

F. Fire protection K. Hospital practice L. Agriculture M. Mechanical engineering. N. Provisions T. Transportation

Total

Completed

standards

42

1959

17 408

37 664

Published

for criticism

116

Work under way

201

During the fiscal year 1931-32 the ONA conducted preliminary

work looking toward the formulation of standard size legal documents and envelopes. As a forward step in this movement the National Ministry for Justice recently ordered the introduction, on or before January 1, 1934, of standard forms in the courts of justice

and the State attorney's office. In the field of architecture, specifications were prepared for car- pentry and painting, concrete and reinforced concrete work, and

for glazing. The standards for elevator installation and operation,

in which are incorporated the requirements of the Vienna municipal

government, have recently been published as the so-called Elevator

Book. Work is going forward on the setting up of standard contract forms for technical requirements for building construction. At

present there are also being prepared technical requirements for the

installation of gas, cold and hot water, and central heating

appliances.

Standard specifications have been prepared for softwood roof

timbers, screws and rivet steel, steel construction, and rivet arrangements in structural shapes and beams. Work is also going forward on the revision of standards for superstructures, and safe steel loads, as well as specifications for welded steel structures. In the standardization of building materials revisions have been

made to the standards for dimensions of sawn timber, vitreous

plates, white lime, plaster slabs, plaster and slag slabs, cement and

slag slabs, asbestos cement slabs, and wood paving blocks. The re- vision of standards for natural stone, street paving and roadbeds,

addition materials for mortar, cement, and concrete was completed

within the past year. Standards for asphalted roofing board, glass,

gypsum, slag, and floor tile are now being revised. Committees

were recently organized for the sampling of bituminous road building materials, and asphalt and tar for coating purposes.

In the field of canalization, standards have been formulated and

published for cast-iron drain pipe and fittings, while a standard for concrete drain pipes with coupling sleeves is now being prepared by

a committee.

In the mining and metallurgical field there have been issued over 40 standard sheets for ventilation shafts, chutes, rails, superstructures, mine cars, mine tools, and office forms. Additional standards
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 51

for tools and for switches, conveyor elements, mine timbering, and

mine surveying are now being formulated.

The working group for technical oils and fats has taken up projects

for seven types of automobile oils. The draft standard for vehicle

greases and lubricants was modified as a result of recent developments in the field of oils and fats. In the course of the work of the Gesellschaft fur Warmewirtschaft (GW) (Society for Heating), there have been carried forward by various committees for fuel, several standardization projects^

including the testing of solid lump fuels. With regard to the standardization work of the Electrical Society

in Vienna, carried on under the auspices of the ONA, new editions of

the following standard sheets were prepared and published: Electrical machines, shaft heights, rating plates, and operating voltages

and frequencies of electrical installations.

The following standard sheets were published for criticism by

the working committee for conductors, approved by the managing

committee, and placed before the executive committee of the ONA:

Insulated copper wire for machines and other apparatus; round

copper wire, accurately drawn, for machines and apparatus; round

wire with enamel insulating covering; round wire with silk, cotton, or paper insulating covering ; round insulated copper wire, accurately

drawn, for electric communication apparatus, technical conditions

for supply, limiting values of resistance, and external diameter ; and

reels for supply of bare and insulated wire. Under consideration

are drafts of standard sheets for commercial round copper for brush

flexible leads, and for insulating tubes, porcelain lead-in tubes, and

porcelain spools.

The working committee for overhead conductors has published for

criticism, during the past year, drafts of the following reports:

Hook and bracket insulators for operating voltages up to 500 volts^ inclusive; cap and solid core insulators; overhead conductors; and

straight and bent brackets for insulators.

The fire-protection section is continuing its activities in the

preparation of standards for pressure-tube couplings, threads for

suction hose, and various types of fire-extinguisher pumps.

Standards for hospital equipment and supplies relating to water

and sitting cushions and cushion pumps, hot-water bottles, ice bags>

hard-rubber cocks for drainage tubes, and chairs, have already been

prepared and issued by the ONA. There are now in the course

of preparation standards for basins, night tables, and bed tables. In the mechanical engineering field there have already been prepared more than 120 standards covering nuts, screws, rivets, and

washers. Also, standards for cast-nickel and chrome-nickel steel and

wire rope have been formulated and published.

A committee has been organized to deal with the standardization

of copper tubes and standard shapes for installation purposes.

Under the auspices of the Society for Heating (GW), standardization work has been begun relative to grates for brick ovens and

hearths and for steam-heated hot-water supply apparatus and

radiators for central heating.

In the scope of the provisions section a committee has been set up

for standardization work in dairy matters, with subcommittees en-
52 STAKDAKDS YEARBOOK, 1933

gaged in standardizing milk bottles and milk cans. A draft standard

has already been prepared.

In the transportation industry new standards were published for

flat-tread tires for passenger motor cars and bolted joints for disk

wheels. Work is now going forward in the preparation of standards

covering automotive electrical equipment and materials for rolling

stock.

Cooperation in the work of international standardization has

formed a large part of the work of the ONA. This is especially true of committees on steel, screws, testing sieves, vehicle contraction,

and sprinkler specifications.

For the purpose of identifying products complying with standard

specifications and in order to guarantee to the purchaser that certain

commodities do comply with the specifications, the Austrian national standardizing body has obtained a copyright on an association mark to be placed or used on products. The right to use this

mark on standard products is under control of the national standardizing body, and license will be issued only upon sufficient evidence and proof that the products to be stamped or labeled are in

accordance with certain standards adopted by the body. A license

fee of 10 Austrian shillings per item is charged which must be paid

in advance. Any wilful abuse or illegal use of the mark, such as

its use without approval of the Austrian body or its use on products

that are not in accordance with the standards, will subject any

individual or concern to prosecution under the law.

BELGIUM

Association Beige de Standardisation (ABS), Gustave L. Gerard,

general secretary, Max Eeichert, secretary, 33 rue Ducale, Brussels,

Belgium.

During the year ended June 30, 1932, the association published a report on cast-iron flanged valves of the water and gas types. In

addition, reports on insulated wires and cables, incandescent lamps,

switches, plugs, sockets, cut-outs, and graphical symbols for lowcurrent systems, were issued by the Belgian Electrotechnical Com*

mittee as part of the ABS series. The association has submitted for general comment and criticism

its standardization project on sampling and analysis of coal. The progress report as of July, 1932, indicates the completion

of 50 standards, with work progressing on 26 other projects. The

distribution of standards and projects according to industrial groups

is shown in the table below

Completed Projects un- Total standards der way

A. Civil engineering 9 3 12 B. Mechanical engineering 21 13 34 C. Electrical engineering (Belgian Electrotechnical Committee) 18 2 20 H. Metallurgy 1 1 2 K. Chemical industry 2 2 M. Mining 2 2 P. Paper industry 1 1 Z. Miscellaneous 3 3 Total 50 26 76
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 53

CANADA

Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA), B. Stuart

McKenzie, M. E. I. C, secretary, 79 Sussex Street, Ottawa, Canada,

During the past year the main committee of the association approved two projects, bringing the total of completed standards to

36. These standards, together with proposals under way, are classi- fied by industrial groups in the following table

Completed

standards

Projects under way

A. Civil engineering B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering.

_

D. Automotive work

E. Railway work

G. Ferrous metallurgy M. Mining machinery

Total 36 36 The association's more recently published standards cover standard blade punching for road grading machinery, reinforcing bars,

steel wire for concrete reinforcement, stove bolts, and steel struc- tures for buildings. Subjects on which work is going forward

include building brick, cast-iron pipe, sheet metal gages, and elec- trical machinery.

A committee is being organized by the association for work on

a safety code for passenger and freight elevators. While certain

provinces and some of the leading cities have rules dealing with

elevators, it is believed that uniformity in these rules is desirable

and that they should be as complete as possible. Invitations to participate in the development of the project have been issued to the

various Dominion and provincial government departments as well as to leading technical and insurance organizations and

manufacturers.

Work on Part II of the Canadian Electrical Code, dealing with

approval specifications for electrical apparatus, is now making good

progress. A specification for power-operated radio devices has al- ready been published, while specifications for oil burners, electric

signs, circuit breakers, inclosed switches, electric clocks, portable

display signs, condensers, etc., are under consideration. Part III

of the code is under way.

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

Ceskoslovenska Kormalisacni Spolecnost (CSN), F. Julis, manager, Dum inzenyru, Prague I, Czechoslovakia.

The preparation of national standards is carried on under the

authority of the Czechoslovakian Standards Society (CSN), chiefly

by 190 special committees with more than 2,500 members. Standards are also prepared by other organizations, such as the

Czechoslovakian Electrotechnical Association, the Masaryk Academy

of Work, the Czechoslovakian Ceramic Society, and the Czechoslovakian Association for Testing Materials, and are submitted to the

CSN for final ratification.
54 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Up to the end of 1932 the CSN had published 95 standardization

booklets, containing more than 2,300 standards. In addition, there

had appeared 83 standard leaflets for locomotive construction, 58 for

automobile construction, and 63 for aircraft. The most recent of

the standards relate to rules for printers' work, conversion tables,

shaft couplings, pipe couplings for machinery, files and rasps, drawn

steel sections, copper and brass pipe, bronze and brass alloys for

castings, white metal bearing alloys, marking of casting patterns,

cast-iron scrap, thermal testing of steam boilers, refrigerating chambers, water supply regulations, identification marks for pipe systems,

valves, welded steel structures, concrete structures, rules for joiners'

work, rules for house painting, steel furniture for hospitals, laboratory glassware, and aircraft parts.

An important accomplishment of the CSN has been standardization of the sizes and text of paper blank forms. Such standardized

forms have been successfully introduced by a number of scientific,

industrial, and commercial organizations, as well as by the national,

provincial, district, and municipal governments. They have re- sulted in considerable savings not only in the matter of initial outlay, but also with respect to simplified ordering procedure, improved

administration, and improved operating and accounting system.

The standard paper size A4 (210 by 297 mm) has been adopted up

to the present by 138 trade journals.

Standardization in the metal and machine industries has made

good progress. Through the elimination of several special types,

only 6 screw threads, in 168 sizes, are now in use. The standardization of various machinery elements, such as keys and cotter pins,

has enabled small machinery plants to specialize in the production

of these articles. The number of wrench openings has been reduced

from 50 to 21; appropriate combinations of these wrenches has re- sulted in a swifter assembly of machines. Before standardization

there were 1,119 sizes and shapes of seamless steel pipes; now only

116 are in use. Of 316 types of tempered steel fittings 88 per cent have been eliminated.

Following the example of other countries, the standards society

has undertaken the standardization of carbon steel, the chief product

of the Czechoslovak iron industry. The material has been grouped

according to qualities and mechanical properties, and uniform test methods have been prepared.

Other metallic products for which simplifications have been carried

out are rolled-iron beams, mine and field rails, and locomotives. A

reduction from 70 to 5 railway gages has permitted the systematic

standardization of car wheels and trucks.

An increased use of electric current and a higher degree of safety

of electrical apparatus has been brought about by uniform rules and

standards for electric elements, systems of currents and voltages,

electric machinery and apparatus, wire and cables, electric fixtures

and illumination, high-voltage equipment, house installations, elec- tric equipment in mines, plants, and workshops, and physicians' elec- trical apparatus.

To certain electrical products, including insulators, switches, incandescent lamps, flat irons, vacuum cleaners, electric stoves, refrigerators, and physicians' apparatus, there is now being affixed a qual-
NATIONAL, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 55

ity mark, which guarantees that the product conforms strictly to the

requirements of the standard therefor.

DENMARK

Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS), H. E. Giahn, secretary, In- dustribygningen, Copenhagen, V, Denmark.

Three new technical committees were recently appointed by the

Danish Standards Council to deal with the problems of preferred

numbers, testing of coal and coke, and marking for electrical phases

and polarity, so that at present there are functioning 23 technical

committees, with 36 subcommittees and a membership of 245 persons. During 1931-32 nine proposals were accepted as Danish standards, while 62 new proposals were published for criticism. Of the

latter, 24 relate to testing methods for metals, 14 to textiles for hospitals, 5 to electrical symbols, 3 to technical drawings, and 16 to keys

and keyways.

The complete list of 9& approved standards and 158 standardization projects may be subdivided as follows

Completed

standards

Projects under way Total

A. Civil engineering 6 24 30 B. Mechanical engineering 64 54

9

118 C. Electrical engineering 9 E. Cranes 2 2 G. Ferrous metallurgy 44 44 K. Chemical industry - 1 1 L. Textile industry 6 9 15 N. Agriculture 3 3 P. Paper industry 1 1 Z. Miscellaneous 21 13 34 Total 99 158 257 FINLAND

Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS) 5 A. Wiliberg, secre- tary, Kairaniemigatan 6, Helsingfors, Finland.

The Finnish Standards Committee, through subordinate and affili- ated technical committees, is carrying on activities in the fields of

mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, metallurgy, woodworking, fire fighting, packing, graphics, and the paper trade.

On July 1, 1932, 255 standards had received official approval, while more than 500 projects were under way. The table classifies these

standards and projects according to industrial groups.

Completed

standards

Projects under way

A. General standards B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering.

.

H. Raw materials K. Chemistry N. Agriculture

O. Woodworking

P. Paper..

;Z. Miscellaneous Total

200

2

77

930 255

25 250

10050

52020

20

30 520
56 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Finnish standardization work has heretofore concerned itself with dimensional simplification. Standards for the quality of iron

and steel for various purposes, published during the past year, represent the first attempt in this country to construct quality specifications. Other standards cover the subjects of screw and pipe threads,

standard diameters, reference temperatures, technical drawings, machine tools, screws, nuts, washers, rivets, pins, keys, transmissions,

piping, insulators, safety code for electrical machinery, spark plugs,

harrows, Cambridge and ring rollers, mowing-machine blades, woodworking tools, paper, envelope and card sizes, export packings, and

fire hose and couplings.

FRANCE

Association Franchise de Normalisation (AFNOE), E. Girardeau,

director general, 27 Avenue de Friedland, Paris, France.

The French Standards Association is a private organization

financed largely by industry, which centralizes French standardizing

activities, represents them internationally, and acts as a liaison between industry and the Higher Committee on Standardization

(CSN), a governmental organization which controls French standardization through general instructions transmitted to the AFNOE,

and which has the authority to give final approval to completed

standards.

Among the associations affiliated with the AFNOE in the preparation of standards, and for which the latter body acts as liaison

with the Higher Committee on Standardization, are the Mechanical

Engineering Standardization Committee (CNM), Bureau of Automobile Standardization (BNA), French Electrotechnical Commission (CEF), Union of Electrical Syndicates (USE), Standards Bureau of the Aeronautics Branch, Ministry for National Defense

(AIE), Bureau of Standardization for Watchmaking (BNH), and

Committee on Standardization of Agricultural Machinery (CNA).

The AFNOE also works directly in preparing standards through

its technical subcommittees for cotton and part-wool blankets,

canned-food containers, fluid meters, hand tools, naval constructions,

iron and steel products, sections, rails, nonferrous metals, chemical

analysis, constructions for river navigation, paper, test pressures,

coal, building construction and materials, petroleum products,

sieves, stained paper, and carpets. During 1932 three other subcommittees, on wool blankets, drawn-wire products, and boiler plates,

completed their work.

The following table gives a resume of the status of work as of

July 1,1932:
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 57

A. Metallurgical products

B. Construction materials C. Electrical industry

E. Machine parts Mechanical Engineering Standardization Committee (CNM)

F. Metallurgy and metallic construction Q. Textile industry H. Thermal and hydraulic machines

I. Chemical industry

J. Naval construction K. Mining

L. Cycles and automobiles (Bureau of Automobile

Standardization (BNA)) M. Units, tolerances, methods of measurement

0. Aeronautics (Standards Bureau of the Aeronautics Branch, Ministry for National Defense (AIR))...

P. Building construction

Q. Paper

R. Containers and packing materials

S. Hand tools T. River navigation X. Preferred numbers

Agricultural machinery

Watchmaking.

Textile machinery

Total.- _.

Completed

standards

52

20

12 198

8

3

6

117

4

375

Projects un- der way

323

21

3

11

1 31

129

1 180

12

8

5

134

1

1 338

Revisions

The association recently undertook the publication of the " Courrier de la Normalisation," a periodical devoted to standardization.

While it does not minimize the great value of dimensional standardization as an aid to mass production and interchangeability of

parts, the AFNOR is emphasizing, at the present time, the importance of quality specifications for materials.

At the request of several industries, a subcommittee of the association is studying the advisability of adopting a standard mark of

quality to be affixed to specification-made goods. Similar plans are being successfully carried out in numerous other countries.

GERMANY

Deutscher Normenausschuss (DNA), Dr. Eng..W. Hellmich, managing director, Berlin NW 7, Dorotheenstrasse, Germany.

The preparation of German standards is conducted under the

supervision of the Deutscher Normenaussehuss (DNA) (German

Standards Committee) by organizations or special industry committees and by the Government. All standards approved and published by this body bear the symbol "DIN" to indicate their

acceptance.

The standards are divided into two classes, " Dinormen " and

" Fachnormen." The " Dinormen " include standards covering more than one industry, or the industrial field as a whole. " Fach- normen " are standards for subjects within particular branches of

industry.

More than 3,700 standards have been completed up to the present

time, while over 1,000 projects have been published for criticism;

further proposals are in preparation. In addition, 1,200 standards

have been prepared by the Merchant Marine Standards Committee

(HNA).
58 STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 During the past year the DNA published revised editions of three

German handbooks relating to standards and specifications for

ferrous and nonferrous metals, electrical machinery, transformers,

and apparatus, and electrical installation materials. These publications represent part of a series of 18 handbooks designed to facili- tate the use of the German national standards (DIN standards) by

industry.

A standard system of paper sizes, originally developed and adopted

in Germany, has also been adopted as a national standard in 12

other countries.

In the period from July 1, 1931, to June 30, 1932, there were published 395 new and 150 revised standards. In addition, tentative

standards relating to 256 projects were published for criticism.

In the field of architecture revisions were made to the legal and

technical regulations for soil drainage, while progress was made in

the work on fireproof building materials and mortise locks, as well

as in the work of the committee on surveying.

In the mining field work has been conducted in the standardization of colliery trucks and molds for coal briquettes.

Standards for wiring symbols and diagrams and lightning ar- resters were revised during the past year, while in other industries

standardization work was carried on in the construction of textile

machinery, worsted yarn spindles, surgical instruments for hospital use and printed forms.

Of the standardization sheets and standard rules completed and

published within the past year, several relate to the following

projects : German abridgement of the universal decimal classification,

egg classification, construction and operation of electrical wiring

systems on trading vessels, automobile construction, guiding principles

for metal coach construction, cast-iron fittings, and surface marks.

At the present time committees are carrying forward standardization work on the subjects of building lime, gypsum, refractories,

alluvial stone, vitreous pipe, installation of centrifugal pumps in

coal mines, adding machines, tools for telegraph construction,

rubber goods for hospitals, dental instruments, and lubricants and

lubricating apparatus.

The gas division of the DNA is conducting work of special interest,

namety, formulating standards for gas cocks, cookers, hearths, gas

meter screw couplings, and test methods for gas meters, water heaters,

and gas ovens ; it is also developing standard methods for the manufacture and supply of gas reservoirs for high and low pressures. The following tables summarize the present status of work. In

Table 2 the symbol appearing after each item indicates the organization responsible for preparing standards in that particular

industrial group.
NATIONAL, INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 59

Table 1. Dinormen "

Classification

Number of standards

Total Completed

Classification

Bottles Building industry.

Burial practice Chemical apparatus made from

acid-resisting earthenware, cast- iron and steel castings Construction materials Dispatching means

Fittings (valves, pressure gauges) Foundry practice Furniture Gas masks

Gas-welding industry General fundamental standards and technical fundamental

standards Heating

Hoisting machinery

Housekeeping

Library practice Load and acceptance testing Machine-shop jigs and fixtures

4 454

1

13 106

1 1018

515

331

4

4

401

1

2994

1872

64

11

Machine tools Mechanical engineering

Office and drafting equipment. _. Photography

Piano construction Pipes and tubes

Railroads Sewing machines

Shoe manufacture Steam boilers Steel cylinders for the storage and

transport of gases Tools Transmission Typewriters

Underground construction Water turbines Weighing machines Welding practice Total

50 34 358 306

3 1 9 5

5 2 250 130

55 33 6 6 84

8

3 10 301 234

24 24

31 29 4

5 5 3 3 5 5

2, 304 1, 837

Table 2.—" Fachnormen "

Classification

Agriculture (LAND)

Air travel (L) Automotive industry (Kr)

Bicycle building (FAFA)

Chemical apparatus (DENOG).

Committee on Economic Manufacture (AWF)

Electrical engineering (VDE)

Fire fighting (FEN)

Goggle-optics (TABO)

Hospital practice (FANOK)

Locomotive construction (LON)

Material testing (DVM)

Meat-cutting machines (VDF)..

Number of standards

Total Completed

108 39

57 50

219 204

4199 38

90

1 1 410 391 44 19 2 2 139 73 520 455

61 26

10 10

Classification

Mining (BERG)

Motion-picture industry (KIN)

.

National Committee on Specifi- cations (RAL)

Printing trade (NAGRA)

Railway cars (WAN)

Shipbuilding (HNA)

Street-railway practice (VDV)...

Surveying practice (VERM)

Textile industry (TEX)

Woodworking machinery (VDH)

X-ray practice (RONT)

Total GREAT BRITAIN

British Standards Institution, C. le Maistre, C. B. E., director and

secretary, 28, Victoria Street, London, SW. 1, England.

As a direct result of the ever-widening activities of the British

Engineering Standards Association, and in answer to the strong desire for a centralized national standardizing body in each of the

countries composing the British Empire, the former association was,

in November, 1931, reorganized and renamed the British Standards

Institution. This independent body, free from governmental control

but possessing the fullest governmental support, is in close touch

with industrial requirements and modern technical knowledge.

151592—33 5
60 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 The institution cooperates with standardizing bodies in the va- rious parts of the British Commonwealth of Nations in accordance

with the desire of the last Imperial Conference for the closest co- ordination of all standard specifications issued within the Empire,

and the preparation of joint commercial specifications based on

standardization and simplified practice prepared by agreement be- tween any two or more of the countries in the British Commonwealth of Nations. It is in direct touch with the standardizing

bodies in foreign countries and participates directly or indirectly in the work of international standardization as and when industry so

desires. It is interesting to note that more than 400 specifications, ex- clusive of some 165 for aircraft materials and component parts issued

in cooperation with the Air Ministry, have been released by the

institution to date. These specifications are based on what is best in present practice, providing a generally suitable standard of performance, quality, or dimension, and an equitable basis for tendering.

Wherever possible, the specifications deal only with performances.

That the economic value of the work done by the institution is widely recognized is well attested by the increasing amount of

standardization it is being asked to undertake. Among the specifications issued during the past year of interest to mechanical engineers

alone are those relating to steel tub wheels and axles, lathe centers,

leather belting, boiler rivets, and valve fittings for cylinders. In

the public works section several specifications relating to road con- struction have been published. Developments in the comparatively

recently established chemical division are considered an outstanding

feature of the reorganized institution.

The institution recently registered a trade-mark which may be

used by firms desiring to indicate that products manufactured by

them comply with the requirements of British specifications for

such products as paints and varnishes, road-making materials, elec- tricity-measuring instruments, electric switches, cement, electrical insulators and insulating materials and other electrical supplies.

HUNGARY

Magyar Ipari Szabvanyosito Bizottsag (MISz), Ed. Gellert, sec- retary, Eealtanoda utca 13-15, Budapest IV, Hungary.

The main body and the executive committee of the Hungarian

Engineering Standards Committee are at the present time undergoing reorganization. The work of the MISz is carried out mainly by

the sectional committee method. Thirteen sectional committees are now at work, each committee being composed of representatives of

industrial and engineering corporations, societies and companies,

government agencies, and technical schools. A department including

four sectional committees has been organized for establishing standard specifications and methods of test for textile materials. Standards on subjects of electrical engineering are prepared by the Hungarian Electrotechnical Commission.

Up to July, 1932, the Hungarian Engineering Standards Committee had adopted 15 standards, while work was going forward on 83 projects.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 61

ITALY

Ente Nazionale per l'Unificazione nell' Industria (UNI), I. Locatelh, general secretary, Foro Bonaparte, 16, Milano, Italy.

Up to the present, 158 standardization proposals have been pre- pared by the technical committees of the UNI and submitted, after

coordination by the central technical commission, for ratification

by the board of directors as Italian standards. These standards

relate to such subjects as rules for technical drawings, various types

of threads, standard diameters, tolerances and fits, bolts and screws,

splines, rivets, and automotive details. Many of them have been

made mandatory for Government departments and administrations.

The program of work includes numerous other important projects, on nonmechanical as well as mechanical matters, many of which

are now in course of development.

JAPAN

Japanese Engineering Standards Committee (JESC), Y. Goto,

general secretary, care of Bureau of Industrial Rationalization,

Department of Commerce and Industry, Tokyo, Japan.

Japanese standards are prepared by 38 technical subcommittees,

which may be grouped under the four main classes of metals,

nonmetallic materials, electrical machinery and instruments, and

mechanical equipment and supplies.

The progress report of July 1, 1932, lists 155 standards which

have received the committee's approval, together with 41 projects

still under way. The following table summarizes these results by

industrial groups.

Completed

standards

Projects under waj Total

A. Civil engineering and building trades B. Mechanical engineering C. Electrical engineering E. Transportation

F. Naval architecture and marine engineering G. Ferrous metallurgy H. Nonferrous metallurgy K. Chemical industry

O. Wood industry

P. Pulp and paper industry

Z. Miscellaneous

Total 155 196 Among the draft proposals under consideration by the committee

is a standard method for sampling and analyzing coal, prepared

and approved by the Japanese Committee for Standardizing the

Analysis of Materials. The proposed standard, which may also be

applied to coke and lignite, contains requirements on sampling,

preparation of the analytical sample, and technical and elementary

analysis for determination of heating value, in addition to a form

for the recording of results. Approved Japanese standards cover such subjects as brick, cement,

tile, stone, slate, radiators, metallic and nonmetallic pipe and tubing,

pipe and screw threads, files, drills, pulleys, belting, bolts, screws,

nuts, washers, keys and keyways, pipe flanges and fittings, valves,
62 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 gages, reamers, scales, wires, lamp sockets, transformers, oils, insulators, electric motors, brushes, chain cables, rope, bollards, ventilators, stanchions, other ship appurtenances, structural steel, nonferrous metals, metallic castings, forgings and shapes, paints, chemical

analysis of nonferrous metals, chemical analysis of impurities in

iron and steel, timber and lumber, charcoal, paper sizes, preferred

numbers, and technical drawings.

NETHERLANDS

Hoofdcommissie voor de Normalisatie in Nederland (HCNN),

J. A. Teyinck, secretary and director of the Centraal Normalisatie

Bureau, Koningskade 23, The Hague, Holland.

An administrative council and technical council, formed as a result

of a recent reorganization within the Hoofdcommissie, are now in

active operation. The administrative council is charged with the

general direction of the Hoofdcommissie and the Central Standardization Office, and with the responsibility for the funds. The technical council supervises the working of the technical standardization

committees.

For the carrying on of standardizing activities there are now in

operation three joint committees, 46 standardization committees, and

58 subcommittees, with a total of about 670 members. These committees are working on such subjects as high-current installations,

technical drawings, symbols for low-current connection diagrams,

pipe lines and sanitary installations, limits and fits, transmission belts,

chains and hoisting appurtenances, electrical wire and cable, building regulations, sewers and sewer details, fittings for shipbuilding,

incandescent lamps, screws and appurtenances, working voltages,

small electrical machines and transformers, beverage bottles, paper

sizes and test methods, wood, brick, molded blocks, natural stone,

cementing materials, asphalt, linseed oil, paints, iron and steel test methods, fire protection apparatus, traffic signals, steel containers for

compressed gases, industrial narrow-gage railways, water piping,

textiles and furniture for hospitals, rivets, aeronautic equipment and

supplies, and household textiles. The Standardization Council in the Dutch East Indies is cooperating with the Hoofdcommissie by collecting and transmitting to that

body criticisms and comments on proposed Dutch standards.

During 1931, 25 new standards were approved, while 39 projects were published for criticism. According to the latest available

report, there are now 390 approved and 150 tentative Dutch standards. About 300 projects are under way.

NORWAY

Norges Standard] serings-Forbund (NSF), Kaare Heiberg, di- rector, Konges gate 15, Oslo, Norway.

Standards of this organization are prepared by 55 technical subcommittees, with a present personnel of 285. After the customary

publication for general comment and criticism, standardization proposals are submitted for final ratification to a main committee, or board of representatives, which consists of 35 persons representing

the various technical societies, trade associations, and governmental

departments interested in the Norges Standardiserings-Forbund.
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 63

During the first half of 1932, 17 new proposals were approved,

bringing the total of Norwegian standards to 265. These may be

classified as follows

Number of standards Number of standards

Drafting-room practice 2456

149

14

8

Paper sizes . 8 House building . . Shipbuilding . .. 6 Mechanical engineering.. . . Packings for agricultural products . . Total.. Packings for fish products

265

During the fiscal year 1931-32, work progressed on standards for

doors and windows, kitchen equipment, steel constructions, paving

stone, brick, Portland cement, building contracts, carriage bolts,

eye bolts, eye nuts, core screws, milling-cutter profiles for dressing

lumber, taper shanks and drills, pulleys, diameter of shafts and

number of revolutions, shaft ends, flange couplings, bushings,

flanges, flange tightenings, manometers and vacuum meters, scientific and engineering symbols and abbreviations, bollards, rail stan- chions, blocks and sheaves, cargo-boom fittings, shackles, thimbles,

packing for fruits and vegetables, and portfolios for letters and

documents.

Items which will be taken up in the near future are textiles and

accessories for hospitals, containers for liquid and other compressed

gases, and gas masks.

POLAND

Polski Komitet Normalizacyjny (PKN), A. Kogiriski, director,

Ministerstwo Przemyslu i Handlu, Elektoralna, 2, Yiarszawa, Poland.

Organized in 1924 by the Minister of Commerce and Industry, the

Polish Standards Committee prepares specifications for goods pur-

. chased by Government establishments and assists in establishing

manufacturing standards for the industries of Poland.

Technical work is handled by 22 subcommittees, whose operations cover the subjects of ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, building

construction, technics of the workshops, machine parts, machinery,

automobiles, steam boilers, chemical technology, aviation, textiles,

leather, ameliorations, classifications of coal sizes, wheels and farm

wagons, sanitation equipment, fire fighting, piping, oil industry,

hospital equipment, and general matters. There have been completed and promulgated, with French translations, 498 Polish standards. Technical committees are at work on

333 proposed standards, which may be classified as in the following

table

Proposed

standards Proposed

standards

Aircraft 20

25

20

14

9 2C0

Mining 31725 Automobiles... ... Nonferrous metallurgy Chemical industry MiscellaneousCivil engineering and building trades.. Ferrous metallurgy- . ... Total 333 Mechanical engineering.. . . RUMANIA

Comisiune Komaneste de Normalizare, P. P. Dulfu, secretary,

Strada Clemenceau 6, Bucuresti III, Kumania.
64 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Commercial and industrial standardization work in Kumania is carried on by the Rumanian Commission of Normalization, which was organized in 1928 by the Rumanian Institute of Scientific Management, for the simplification of economic activity and the conse- quent lowering of production costs by the study, application, and

development of standardization in Rumania; the coordination of

private organizations interested in standardization; and the representation of the Rumanian standardization movement in its relations

at home arid abroad.

The work of the commission is chiefly of an advisory nature. Standards prepared by various subordinate or affiliated organizations

are submitted to it for approval as Rumanian standards. Suitable

foreign standards may be adapted to domestic needs.

While no report is available on the number of standards adopted

to date, it is known that work has been completed or is going forward

on paper sizes, transmission belts, drill tubing, a Rumanian technical

dictionary, mechanical parts, forms of purchase specifications, and

subjects relating to electrical engineering.

Oficiul de Rationalizare si Normalizare (ORN), Ing. Mihai

Vasiliu, director, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Strada Petre

Poni, 2 Bucuresti II, Rumania.

The office for Rationalization and Standardization (ORN), while

working in cooperation with the Rumanian Commission of Normalization, is principally concerned with matters affecting the Rumanian governmental departments. It is engaged in the preparation of specifications for and conditions of supply of materials purchased by the State administrations, and in the formulation

of laboratory methods for testing such materials. Standards of

the Rumanian Commission of Normalization are adopted where

applicable.

According to the latest available progress report, 287 specifications

have been approved and published by the ORN, while 74 specifications are in course of being approved. The ORN has also established a number of test methods, in addition to those mentioned in

the text of the specifications.

A summary of the work accomplished is presented in the following

tables

:

Specifications

Approved In course of approval Total

A. Ferrous products _ - . - 9 8 17 B. Nonferrous products . - C. Building materials.. ...... ... . . 49 13 62 D. Wood industry... . . . 5 2 7 E. Chemical industry 49 10 59 F. Electrical engineering 9 1 10 G. Pharmaceutical substances and medical apparatus 26 4 30 H. Fuels 13 1 14

I. Textiles and clothing . 25

8

11 36 K. Leather goods and footwear . 5 13 L. Paper and office supplies, calculating machines, typewriters, etc. M. Rubber goods . . . . . - 9

2 93 18

5 N. Motor vehicles ... ... . 10 7 17 0. Domestic animals 2 2 P. Photographic apparatus and supplies. .. ....... 47 47 Q. Foodstuffs. 24 24 Total 287 74 361
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 65

Test methods

Approved In course of approval Total

Building materials... 6

2

3

7

1

o 8

2

3

7

1 Leather goods Chemical substances . . Total 19 2 21 SWEDEN

Sveriges Standardiseringskommission (SIS), Amos Kruse, managing director, Malmtorgsgatan 10, Stockholm 16, Sweden.

Since the Swedish Standards Commission commenced its activities in 1922 it has established 449 Swedish standards. Of these, the

major part, or 343, are industrial machinery standards, including a number of machine elements, such as screws of all kinds, nuts, rivets, cotter pins, ball bearings, tubes and pipes, various tolerance determinations for diameter gage, etc., which have been established

upon the basis of suggestions made by the Swedish Industrial

Machinery Association. This latter organization maintains its own

standardization bureau (SMS), which is working exclusively on

matters of standardization and is preparing suggestions regarding

standardization in this special field. Upon the suggestion of the Swedish Electro-Industrial Association, there have been approved and published 37 Swedish electro- technical standards, as well as a number of provisional standards

for electrical machinery and transformers, together with suggested

rules for the manufacture of lightning arresters. In the field of agriculture the commission has up to the present

established 25 standards. Certain suggestions for carpentry and

building fittings have been approved as provisional standards.

After several years of investigation a uniform terminology for

industrial cost estimates has been prepared as a provisional standard. Some 30 proposals for the standardization of bicycle parts

have been published for criticism. Work is going forward on the

standardization of glass milk bottles and convex boiler ends.

In the table below there is given a resume of the status of work

in the various industrial groups.

Approved Projects Total standards under way

19 19 343 149 492

37 13 50

23 5 28

1 1

1 3 4 62 62

25 13 38

7 1 8

1 1 4 7 11 9 1 10 449 275 724

A. Civil engineering and building industry B. Mechanical engineering C. Elect/ical engineering E. Transportation

F. Ship building G. Ferrous metallurgy M. Mining

N. Agriculture . O. Wood industry

P. Pulp and paper industry R. Glass and pottery

Z. Miscellaneous

Total..
66 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 SWITZERLAND

Schweizerische Normalien-Vereingung (SNV), Normalienbureau

cles Verein Schweizerische Maschinen-Industrieller (VSM-NB),

H. Zollinger, secretary, Lavaterstrasse 11, Zurich 2, Switzerland.

Industrial standardization in Switzerland is carried on by two or- ganizations, the Schweizerische Normalien-Vereingung (Swiss

Standards Association) (SNV), and the Normalienbureau des

Verein Schweizerische Maschinen-Industrieller (Standards Bureau

of the Association of Swiss Machine Manufacturers) (VSM-NB).

The Swiss Standards Association, representing the cooperative

activities of about 30 national organizations, is engaged in the standardization of such subjects as paper sizes, letterheads, envelopes,

addressing of letters for window envelopes, promotion pamphlets

for travel and transportation, hose couplings for fire-fighting equipment, and electrical materials, including wire and cable, lamp sockets, and fuses. The VSM Standards Bureau acts as its central

office. The VSM Standards Bureau is concerned with questions of standardization of interest to the members of the VSM. It contributes

to the creation of national standards, and carries on preliminary

work for international standards.

The Standards Bureau is composed of a standardization committee with executive powers, various technical committees, and an

office. The standardization committee assumes jointly with the di- rectorship of the VSM full responsibility for the organization, administration, and technical work of the Standards Bureau. It decides on the acceptance of proposals for standardization and on

the final ratification of elaborated projects as VSM standards.

Technical committees, at present 26 in number, handle the actual

preparation of standards. They cover the subjects of drawings, di- mensions of semimanufactured metallic products, screws and accessories, keys, shaft heights and ends, couplings, ball bearings, adjusting rings, handling elements, pipe systems, pipe unions, pipe fittings,

manometers and thermometers, fittings and mountings, tools, machine tools, abrasive wheels, thread tolerances, ferrous and nonferrous raw materials, limits and fits, copper wire and cables, and pre- ferred numbers.

The office coordinates the work of the technical committees, handles the editing, publication, and sale of standard sheets, and dis- tributes propaganda concerning the standardization movement. In

addition, it acts as a liaison with other national or foreign organizations.

Standardization proposals, after being elaborated by the technical committees, are published for general comment and criticism

in the Swiss Technical Review (STZ). If no objections are raised,

the proposals may be ratified as standards and subsequently published. In certain instances where the technical committee con- cerned has had insufficient data at its disposal, a project may be

published as a " provisional standard " until it can be tried out in practice.

Although its budget was curtailed during 1931, the Standards Bureau, through a reorganization, was able to carry on a considerably
NATIONAL INDUSTRIAL STANDARDIZING BODIES 67

greater amount of work. Work progressed on 308 subjects in 1931,

as compared with 185 subjects in 1930. Ninety-two standard sheets were published, as against a previous average of 30 sheets a year. There is given in the following table a summary of standards

completed and under way, according to the latest available progress

report. The classification used was adapted in 1918 from that used

in the Swiss Exporters' Register.

Industrial group

General fundamental standards Raw materials Semimanufactured products Elements of construction General machine elements Handling elements Pipe systems

Fittings and mountings

Electrical engineering Machine tools Tools

Elevators Gas and water supply Combustion installations Measuring tools Registering and measuring instruments

Total

Completed

standards

14

19317

7

110

1118

7

1 30

1 79

75 590

Standards under way Revisions

64 Standards are regularly issued in the German language. Where

there is a sufficient industrial demand, French translations are also

prepared.

In the interests of international standardization, the Standards

Bureau is now publishing on the reverse of its standard sheets in- dications of agreement with similar foreign standards.

UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (RUSSIA)

All-Union Standards Committee, Council for Labor and Defense,

A. K. Gastev, president, Razin Street, 12, Moscow, U. S. S. R.

_ Standardization is given a place of marked importance in the

U. S. S. R. plan for national economy. As evidence of this fact,

it is noted that the Soviet Government has clothed the All-Union

Standards Committee with the powers of a supreme supervising

and methodological center, whose activities are to be concentrated on the development of leading standards covering the fundamental

technical and production problems of national economy.

Perhaps the chief interest in standardization at the present time

lies in the direction of machine construction, and particularly machine parts, units, and accessories. Second in importance to such

standardization, and closely coordinated with it, is that which pertains to various classes of ferrous and nonferrous materials. Intensive standardization of fuels and ores is being carried out to the end that concentration plants and equipment may be set up

in the respective industries.

Not only are individual products being standardized, but whole

installations and buildings are coming within the scope of the movement. For instance, in the metal industry blast furnaces and openhearth plants are being designed on standard lines to fit the needs
68 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 of the machine building and construction industries which use these

products. In addition to the standardization of parts and acces- sories of industrial and residential buildings, a start has been made

in the direction of design of entirely standardized structures. The number of approved standards has increased rapidly each

year from 42 in January, 1927, and 2,888 in July, 1931, to 4,118 in

July, 1932. The distribution of such completed standards according to industrial groups is shown in the following statement

:

Completed

standards Completed

standards

Agriculture 278

337

75 376

176

43 102

369

263

144

1, 198

Power generation 2

42

57

131 119

2665486

Building ... Printing . ... . Building materials.. ._. ... Pulp and paper industry . Chemical industry.. ... . Silicates and ceramics . Clothing ... . . Textiles Coal and metal mining Transportation

Electrical engineering . Woodworking .. . Foodstuffs ... ... Miscellaneous ... . ... Leather and furs ... . . Machine construction Total... 4, 118 Metal working (except machine construction) The U. S. S. R. Scientific Research Institute of Metrology and

Standardization (VIMS), a recent reorganization of the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures, is now in charge of the metrological

work of the All-Union Standards Committee. The institute numbers among its duties the development, construction, custody, and

maintenance of mandatory primary and secondary standards; the

checking of measuring instruments used for reference purposes ; the

study and development of methods of physical and chemical meas- urements ; the training of workers in the field of metrology ; and the

rationalization of plans for scientific research on this subject.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

American Standards Association (ASA), P. G. Agnew, secre- tary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. (See Chap.

VIII, p. 164.)
V. FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.)

The Federal Government through the medium of its various

agencies continues each year to develop and improve standardized

methods to be employed in its business and research activities. The

Government assists industry in standardizing and simplifying its products. It aids in the protection of its citizens by preparing

regulations governing the production and sale of foods and drugs.

Continued research provides the means for developing standards for

the protection of health and the prevention of disease. Information

concerning earlier activities and accomplishments along these lines can be found in previous editions of the Standards Yearbook.

Executive Departments

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BUREAU OF AGRICUTURAL ECONOMICS

New standards for farm products formulated include those for

cottonseed, cabbage for sauerkraut, sweet corn for canning, tablbe

grapes, raspberries, peanuts, yearling beef, canned applesauce, grapefruit, and mushrooms. Several of the current standards and check

list of standards were revised during the year. One of the outstanding developments in the application of standards has been the inauguration of the Federal grading service on

canned fruits and vegetables. Within a few months after this service was put into effect samples of hundreds of thousands of cases of

canned fruits and vegetables were graded at the request of commercial concerns and Government departments.

The beef grading and stamping work to denote quality has in- creased greatly.

The first exports in commercial quantities of soybeans from this

country occurred during this year. Some authorities state that the

uniform standards of quality applied by Federal licensed inspectors was a factor in attracting European buyers to the United States supply.

Several series of grading schools have extended knowledge and

use of the bureau's standards to teach the grading of such varied

products as wool, tobacco, and turkeys.

BUREAU OF CHEMISTRY AND SOILS

Chemical Engineering Division This division conducts investigations relating to the determination

of causes of dust explosions in manufacturing establishments and

in the development of methods of control and prevention. The

69
70 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 work is conducted in cooperation with Government, State, and other

interested organizations.

This division cooperates with the National Fire Protection Association in the work of the dust explosion hazards committee, which

functions as a sectional committee of the American Standards Association. The committee has developed the following safety codes

for dust explosion prevention : Flour and feed mills, sugar and cocoa pulverizing systems, terminal grain elevators, pulverized fuel installations, starch factories, spice-grinding plants, coal pneumatic cleaning plants, wood-flour manufacturing establishments, and inert gas

for explosion and fire prevention.

These codes have been adopted by the National Fire Protection

Association, and are being promulgated by a number of State

and municipal authorities as the basis of regulatory measures and

are also used by the fire insurance organizations. They have also

been approved by the American Standards Association and published as a Department of Labor Bulletin entitled, " Safety Codes

for the Prevention of Dust Explosions."

Food Research Division The Bureau of Chemistry and Soils and the Food and Drug Administration are jointly represented on the American Chemical

Society's committee on analytical reagents. Critical studies are made of many of the methods of test which are to be prescribed in

the specifications. Specifications for 7 chemical reagents were published, and specifications for 10 additional chemical reagents were

completed for publication. Reagent chemicals purchased under

specifications for the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils and the Food

and Drug Administration are given rigid examination before ac- ceptance. Improved and more rapid methods of testing are being

developed.

This division is represented on two committees of the Federal

Specifications Board.

Industrial Farm Products Division This division participates, by representation on the paper committee of the Joint Committee on Printing in the preparation of

specifications and schedules for papers for public printing and binding. This division is represented on three committees of the Federal Specifications Board. It cooperates with the American Society

for Testing Materials, the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, the American Leather Chemists Association, and the Tanners'

Council of America.

Protein and Nutrition Division The health committee of the League of Nations adopted standards

for vitamins A, B, C, and D. The quantity of a comparatively

stable substance for each of the vitamins which would contain one

unit of the vitamin was defined. The British Medical Research

Council was authorized by the League of Nations to prepare three

of the standards for vitamins A, B, and D. These standards have
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 71

been prepared and will be sent to a central institution in each country to be distributed to laboratories engaged in vitamin research.

The allotment for the United States has been sent to this division,

pending arrangements for distribution.

A member of this division served on the vitamin committee of the

United States Pharmacopceia, which was organized to formulate

standards of vitamin content and methods of assay for cod liver oil. BUREAU OF HOME ECONOMICS

The bureau is represented on the council of the American Standards Association and has aided in formulating specifications for

household refrigerators now adopted. Similar work has been undertaken on sheets and blankets.

Representatives of this bureau also serve as members of the committee on standardization of consumers' goods of the American

Home Economics Association. This bureau is represented on committees of the National Electric Light Association and the American

Gas Association.

BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY

The division of seed investigation through participation in the

work of the Association of Official Seed Analysts of North America

has assisted in the formulation of rules for the testing of seeds,

which rules are followed by both the official seed-testing laboratories

of the United States and Canada and by the seed-merchandising

interests. In cooperation with the International Seed Testing Association

this division has assisted the international commerce in seeds in

formulating rules governing the testing of seeds passing in international trade and has adopted a form of certificate to accompany such

sales. Through the activities of the above organizations the work of all seed testing laboratories has been placed on a more practical basis

to the end that the plant-producing value of seeds is more accurately

and uniformly indicated.

BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS

The bureau has continued the work of standardization of tests, specifications, and methods of road construction in connection with

the administration of Federal-aid road construction.

A large part of the standardization activity of the bureau has

been in cooperation with technical committees of various national

organizations interested in the development of specifications for

highway materials.

Cooperation with the American Association of State Highway

Officials.—The bureau is represented on the committee on materials

in developing standard specifications and standard methods of test- ing road materials, and on the committee on bridges and structures

in formulating specifications for movable bridges.

Cooperation with the American Concrete Institute is secured by

representation on the committees on specifications for aggregates
72 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 and concrete pavement. This bureau is represented on three committees of the Federal Specifications Board.

Cooperation with the American Standards Association is maintained by representation on several sectional committees.

Cooperation with the asphalt industry and State highway department in preparation of specifications for liquid asphaltic products has progressed to the point where specifications involving a

simplified scheme of analysis are being prepared for the consideration of the Federal Specifications Board. A cooperative project is being carried on with the Bureau of Standards to determine the

visibility of different colors when used on highway signs in order to produce a manual of standard signs.

The bureau continues to cooperate with the American Society

for Testing Materials on specifications for many materials used in

the construction of Federal-aid highways.

FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

This administration prepared and adopted definitions and standards for the following commodities : Farina, macaroni, tomato puree,

tomato paste, heavy tomato paste, root beer, root beer flavor, birch

beer, birch beer flavor, cream soda water, and cream soda water

flavor. Revised definitions and standards were adopted for milk

bread, tomato juice, mayonnaise, ginger ale, and sarsaparilla. Proposed definitions were issued for dried apricots, dried peaches, dried

prunes, and apple butter, and heavy tomato puree.

Drugs.— (See Standards Yearbook 1932, p. 146.)

Tea Act.—Objective tea standards, prepared and submitted by the

Board of Tea Experts, have been fixed and established for the year

beginning May 1, 1932.

FOREST SERVICE

The Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wis., of the Forest

Service, is represented on the following activities

:

American Standards Association.—The ladder code committee

revised the " Safety Code for the Construction, Care, and Use of

Ladders."

American Wood-Preserver's Association.—The association adopted

the revised specifications prepared by the committee for nonpressure

poles, nonincised method.

Building Code Committee, U. S. Department of Commerce.—This

committee prepared a revision of the report entitled " Recommended

Minimum Requirements for Small Building Construction."

National Fire Protection Association.—Committee on fireproofing

processes. The principal objective of this committee will be to guide

the development of fireproofing processes along constructive and

proper lines, and eventually establish performance standards.

Other standardizing agencies served by the laboratory staff members include: American Association of Civil Engineers, American

Mining Congress, American Railway Engineering Association,

American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Pulp and Paper Association, American Society of
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 73

Mechanical Engineers, American Society for Testing Materials, the

Federal Specifications Board, and Technical Association of the Pulp

and Paper Industry.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

AERONAUTICS BRANCH

Standards developed by the Aeronautics Branch are found in the

construction and maintenance of the Federal airways system, with

the essential aids to safe air navigation.

Uniformity in these aids, and in the methods of their operation,

enables pilots to utilize them in any part of the United States after

having learned the fundamental principles involved. Uniform

practices have been established for broadcasting of weather information from radio communications stations, for directional signals from

radio range beacons, and for the transmissions of the marker beacons

at key intermediate landing fields. Weather data are dispatched

over teletypewriter circuits in accordance with a standard formula.

Standards of competence and experience are represented by the

licensing requirements for airmen. Other standards have been established through approval and licensing of aircraft and approval of

engines and accessories ; regulations for interstate air passenger lines

;

and requirements to be met by aircraft repair stations and flying

schools requesting approval. Airway maps published hj the Aeronautics Branch are compiled according to a standard scale, and with

uniformity in significance of tints, type sizes, symbols, and method

of presentation.

BUREAU OF THE CENSUS

Division of Vital Statistics The bureau is continuing its efforts to further the use among the

States of the new standard certificates of birth and death. These

forms, in whole or in part, are in general use by the majority of

States. It is from these certificates filed with the States that this

bureau secures its transcripts for the tabulation of vital satistics, the

necessity of a standard outline is difficult to overestimate.

The bureau has issued a Pocket Reference of Information on

Occupations, which has been distributed among health officials, physicians, undertakers, and local registrars.

The work of preparing the new manual of Joint Causes of Death,

which is based upon the Manual of the International List of Causes

of Death is approaching completion.

The bureau cooperated with the National Conference on Nomenclature of Disease, and the New York Academy of Medicine in the

compilation of a Standard Classified Nomenclature of Disease.

BUREAU OF FISHERIES

Net Preservation.—Efforts have been continued toward developing

standard chemical preservatives, which could be used for preserving

certain types of fishing nets in various waters. It has been possible

to recommend certain standard formulae or treatments from time

to time for light nets and heavy nets in both fresh and salt water. Progress has been made toward working out a standard method for

the measurement of the meshes of fishing nets used in the Great
74 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Lakes. This is especially required for gill nets upon the Great Lakes

where the regulations of six States and one Canadian Province differ widely.

Nutrition.—The nutrition laboratory studies, the basic food value

of marine products, and the effect of the various methods of manufacture on the nutritive value of such products. The work has been

of much value in aiding animal husbandmen in standardizing various

farm animal rations. Studies on the primary fishery products have

been of aid to research workers in human nutrition in evaluating the

nutritional standards of this class of foods.

Production Methods.—An important research activity consists in

experiments designed to improve methods of manufacture and to evolve new methods or standards of production for the manufacture

of fish meal, fish oil, and related marine products in order to decrease

losses now encountered and to standardize methods of production and

to produce a uniformly standard product of high quality.

Standardized Methods of Food Preservation as Applied to Marine

Products.—Work in this field consists in applying the various recognized or standard practices of food preservation, such as refrigeration, canning, drying, salting, and smoking, to marine products.

These studies are designed to improve methods of handling, manufacture, transportation, and storage.

BUREAU OF LIGHTHOUSES

An additional degree of standardization in various phases of lighthouse work has been accomplished. In perfecting the system of radio

beacons, it has been found desirable, with few exceptions, to operate

such signals upon a uniform time schedule, and to adopt a standard

arrangement whereby three stations form a group for synchronization

purposes.

In the maintenance of the buoyage system, in which standardization is already far advanced, there is an increasing use of metal buoys

in place of wooden spar buoys, as such buoys render more satisfactory

service. Metal buoys not only provide better visibility, but may more

readily be given the shape characteristics which constitute the standard lighthouse practice. For the latter reason, top marks are being

applied to wooden buoys. An arrangement has been proposed of

various flashing characteristics, to differentiate between the lights on

buoys marking channels, obstructions, wrecks, and fairways, and some

tests along these lines are being made.

BUREAU OF MINES

Many of the investigations carried on by this bureau extend over

several years and include the following: Methods for sampling, analysis, and testing of coal; plasticity of coal; gas, coke, and byproduct-making properties of American coals ; methods for determining the burning characteristics of fuels in domestic heaters ; standards

for permissible electrical mine equipment; mining-commuity health

and safety work ; mine-safety standards.

Below are given outlines of developments made in other projects

:

Grindability of Coal.—Studies are being initiated on methods for

determining the ease with which various coals can be ground to a

size suitable for burning as pulverized coal.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 75

Coating of Wires with Cellulose Acetate.—The conditions under

which the coating of wires with cellulose acetate, by the aid of

acetone, is accomplished, have been so standardized as to almost

completely remove the hazard of explosion.

Permissibility of Explosives.—The bureau has developed and

standardized tests to determine the relative safety of explosives for

use in mining coal. Ignitibility.—To further reduce the likelihood of starting forest

fires, in the necessary operation of blasting within forest areas, the

bureau has developed and standardized an ignitibility test to assist in the selection of explosives for use by the Forest Service.

Flame Temperatures.—Through the study of the characteristics

of combustible mixtures, a method has been developed for the computation of the flame temperature of a complex gas mixture from

the data obtained in the chemical analysis of the mixture.

Lubricants and Liquid Fuels.—The bureau continued its participation in the preparation of specifications by the committee on

lubricants and liquid fuels of the Federal Specifications Board.

Gases.—Standardizing methods for measuring natural gas has con- tinued in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards and the American Gas Association. The Bureau of Mines has developed a method

of determining the potential capacity of gas wells without blowing

gas to the air. Compressibility of Coal-in-Place.—The joint investigations by this

bureau and the Bureau of Standards to determine specifications for

mine ventilating stoppings is now completed and published.

Explosibility of Coal Dust.—Investigations are continuing at the

experimental mine on the relative explosibility of coal dust from

coals from different parts of the United States and its relative ease of ignition by flame and electric sparks when fire damp is or is not

present.

Roof Conditions in Coal Mines.—Testing of various devices is being carried on to determine specifications for a standard rooftesting device.

Inflammability of Dusts.—Testing is being conducted on the rela- tive inflammability of mineral dusts of different kinds and sizes of

particles.

Accident Statistics.—The bureau is associated with other organizations in an endeavor to establish and have generally adopted a uniform method for the preparation of statistics of industrial acci- dents. A tentative report entitled "American Standard for Methods of Recording and Compiling Accident Statistics: Part 1, Accident Rates," has been prepared.

Electrical Qualities of Slate.—The bureau cooperated with the

American Society for Testing Materials in compiling a method of

test for determining the electrical insulating qualities of slate. It has reached the stage of a tentative standard, D273-27T.

Roofing Slate.—The bureau cooperated with a committee of the

Federal Specifications Board in preparing a specification for roofing

slate. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

For standardization activities of the Bureau of Standards, see

p. 97, of Section VI.

151592—33 6
76 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1933

COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY

Progress has been made in standardizing apparatus and technique

in connection with the various activities of the survey. A feature

has been the standardization of elements of instruments, in order to reduce cost, unnecessary duplication, and permit interchangeability

of parts.

Attention was given to the newly developed strong motion seismographs for measuring the acceleration, amplitude, and period of

earthquakes in their central region. In the field of radio acoustic

ranging, tests were made on hydrographic surveys to determine the

best conditions for receiving and recording under water bomb signals for the measurement of distance, as it is not yet definitely

known what course through the water is followed by the sounds

which actuate the recording apparatus. Experiments are being made

to determine if tuning to some particular frequency will supply the

necessary data.

Progress was made in correcting echo sounding readings by the

application of certain rules for slope corrections, determined from

theoretical consideration substantiated by an analysis of records for

several years. Similar investigations regarding the velocity of

sound resulted in standardization and simplification of methods used

in determining positions when surveying at sea with the radio

acoustic ranging method.

Of the many methods available for reducing aerial photographs

to a map, the survey has standardized on the radial plotting method

as the most suitable for the scale, detail, and accuracy required. The

method is applicable particularly to multilens photographs, and

requires a minimum of equipment.

Representatives of the survey are cooperating with the Federal

Board of Surveys and Maps, and the Federal Specifications Board.

Two theodolites developed in recent years are now used as standard by the survey. One has a 9-inch circle and the other is a smaller

theodolite with a 6%-inch circle. Portable steel towers, now standardized, replace the wooden towers formerly used to elevate the instruments to clear the lines of

sight between stations.

The standard gravity base station for all future gravity determinations in the United States was moved into the new Commerce

Building. The standard value of gravity at the present base station

is 980.113 cm/sec.2

, based on the world gravity base station system at Potsdam, Germany.

The first field test was made during the year of an improved gravity apparatus designed in the survey and constructed in its shops.

Field gravity determinations of standard accuracy can be made with

it three times as rapidly as with the former equipment.

With respect to its surveying work, the least square adjustment of

the first-order triangulation net of the United States, begun several

years ago, has been completed. This adjustment involved the use of

approximately 30,000 miles of arcs of triangulation, forming many

closed loops. The geographic positions of the stations and the

lengths and azimuths of the triangle sides resulting from this adjustment are now standard and will not be changed in the future,

except for the new disturbances caused by earth movements.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 77

The adjustment of the first-order leveling net, some 65,000 miles,

of the United States and Canada, was completed in 1929, and furnished the most probable elevations for bench marks at the junctions

of the lines. Since that time much progress has been made toward

fitting in the sections of the net between junction points. Elevations

resulting from this adjustment will be held as standard.

DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

Purchasing Division.—The following commodities have been

standardized by this division: Sound-on-film equipment; pianos,

upright; clothing, civilian type, including boys' and men's leather coats ; furniture, steel, household ; clocks ; beds, general service ; and

stainless steel table knives.

The following existing standardized specifications have been re- vised: Automotive equipment (passenger and truck), cooking

ranges, circulating heaters, school desks and chairs combined, composition blackboard, various items of men's, women's, and children's

wearing apparel other than that mentioned above, and textiles. BUREAU OF RECLAMATION

This bureau is represented on one committee of the Federal Specifications Board.

The following standardization work has been approved and is now being used by the Bureau of Reclamation: Permanent five- room cottage; 5 feet by 3 feet 6 inches cast-iron gate, heads to 15

feet; 7 by 6 feet cast-iron gate, heads to 15 feet; reversing switch

cabinet, angle post mounting; 6 feet 6 inches by 6 feet 6 inches

cast-iron shear gate, heads to 15 feet; 12 to 14 feet radial gate,

heads 7 to 8 feet; 20-inch diameter cast-iron manhole and steel cover ; friction testing machine ; copper expansion strip ; 16:1

geared gate hoist, d. c. motor operated; 8 : 1 geared gate hoist

(4 sheets) ; 60 : 1 worm gear gate hoist (3 sheets) ; hollow drill for

rubber; roller testing apparatus; and collapsible steel gate.

Special designs for Hoover Dam, power plant and appurtenant

works, Boulder Canyon project, on the Colorado River, are in preparation. (See Standards Yearbook, 1932, p. 157.)

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

The survey, in cooperation with other Federal map-making

agencies, is continuing the standardization of map symbols and

practices through the Federal Board of Surveys and Maps, of which

it is a member.

It is also continuing the standardization of the methods, instruments, and equipment used in the collection and interpretation of

data relative to the water resources of the country.

The standardization of field equipment, wear-resisting materials,

and interchangeability of parts is being continued.

The survey is sponsor for a sectional committee of the American

Standards Association which is endeavoring to standardize bases

for computing and units for expressing water-power resources for

statistical use.
78 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS

The standardization of specifications of Indian Service construction includes approximately 56 branches or types of work entering

into the construction of Indian Service buildings, of which approximately 20 have been standardized. It is expected that within the

next year the balance of the work will be standardized.

In preparing specifications for the various branches of work, the

specification writers have endeavored to so form them that they may

be used on all types of construction. The technical requirements of

various materials have been carefully studied, and specifications of

other Government departments doing construction work have been

carefully considered.

The mechanical division has endeavored to standardize, in so far

as possible, every phase of its work covering the following items and

groups

:

Electrical. Heating and central heating plants.

Plumbing.

Vacuum cleaning systems built into buildings.

Cold-storage equipment.

Dumb waiters.

Electric passenger elevators. Free-standing steel water storage tank and tower. Equipment (valves, stokers, etc.). Standard forms (electrical contracts and data sheets).

The following equipment has been standardized by the medical

branch

:

Ambulance basinet and stand. Bed, obstetric or delivery.

Bed, and certain other furniture, for physicians' and nurses' quarters.

Cabinet, instrument, medium size. Carriage, dressing, ward.

Carriage, tray. Centrifuge, electric, 2-arm.

Chair, wheel, invalid. Costumer.

Desk, nurses, chart. Diathermy.

Gowns, surgeons', operating.

Lamp, mercury vapor. Lamp, deep therapy.

Lamp, infra-red. Light, emergency, operating.

Scale, prescription, torsion. Screen, bed. Sphygmomanometer, mercurial. Tank, developing, X-ray.

Table, bedside (locker).

Table, dining, hospital.

Table, recreation, folding.

Table, instrument and dressing.

Table, operating.

Table, treatment and examining.

Wheel stretcher. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR

BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

The Department of Labor is represented on the Standards Council, the safety code, and the mining standardization correlating
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 79

committees of the American Standards Association by the Bureau

of Labor Statistics. Practically all of the American Standards Association codes which

deal with safety of workers are published by this bureau. The code

of lighting—factories, mills, and other work places—and safety codes

for the prevention of dust explosions, were published during the past

year. The bureau seeks to promote the standardization of methods of

collection and tabulation of statistics in collaboration with the vari- ous State bureaus of labor statistics. CHILDREN'S BUREAU

This bureau has carried on the following activities relating to standardization

1. Collection and compilation of uniform child welfare statistics,

including

(a) Keports on employment certificates issued to working chil- dren, compiled and published annually.

(h) Reports of juvenile court cases, compiled and published

annually.

(c) Monthly reports showing volume and type of service ren- dered in 22 fields of social and health work.

(d) Collection and monthly publication of statistics of family

relief and relief to the transient and homeless.

2. Committee work directed toward the development of standards

in various fields

(a) Development of forms, instructions, and special handbooks

in connection with the registration of social statistics. (b) Development of legislative and administrative standards for

the protection of minors from industrial hazards.

(c) Publication and distribution of child labor and vocational

guidance standards of the White House Conference on Child Health

and Protection.

3. Special studies relating especially to the development of standards include the following

(a) Examination of the value of salmon oil in the treatment of

infantile rickets, a special investigation undertaken in connection

with other studies of rickets in New Haven, and carried on in col- laboration with the Bureau of Chemistry and Soils of the Department of Agriculture.

(h) Study of institutional treatment of delinquent boys in five States with a view to developing more adequate methods of treat- ment of delinquency.

(c) Cooperation with the Department of Justice in developing

standards of treatment of the Federal juvenile offender, and the as- sumption of responsibility for his care by his home community.

4. Preparation and distribution of bulletins.—In addition to bulletins on maternal, infant, and child care and child management, and

bulletins presenting the results of statistical compilations and special studies, the bureau issued a folder entitled " Emergency Food

Relief and Child Health," and a leaflet entitled "How to Spend

Your Food Money."
80 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 WOMEN'S BUREAU

This bureau recommended certain minimum standards for places

employing women, and continues to call attention to such standards

and to present them to the public and interested groups in various

ways. (See Standards Yearbooks for 1931 and 1932.)

Handbooks for the protection of women workers showing lighting standards and practices, and industrial injuries to women in

1928 and 1929 compared with injuries to men were published and

circulated.

The bureau has prepared and issued a bulletin entitled " Standards of Placement Agencies for Household Employers," in which

are included standards applicable to all sections of the country for

adult workers, for workers 21 years of age or under, and for college

students. These standards were collected and analyzed by the

bureau in cooperation with the Federal Board for Vocational

Education.

NAVY DEPARTMENT

OFFICE OF NAVAL OPERATIONS

This office is the agency in the Navy Department which handles

correspondence with respect to the standardization of specifications, as well as matters received from the division of simplified practice

of the Bureau of Standards.

The Navy Department specifications board is composed of representatives from various branches of the Navy Department and has the

following functions: (a) To standardize as far as practicable the

technical requirements and form of department specifications; (b)

to unify as far as practicable the specifications for material used in

common by two or more bureaus; (c) to expedite action on all matters relating to the issue of department specifications.

In order to insure coordination between this board and the Federal

Specifications Board, the chairman is also the Navy Department representative on the Federal Specifications Board.

BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS

During the World War, when military airplanes were being procured in large quantities, little attention was paid to standardization

in view of the fact that the aeronautical industry was in its infancy.

Each service, however, soon recognized the need for standardization

and joint action, and shortly after the war representatives of both

the Army Air Corps and the Bureau of Aeronautics met for the purpose of standardizing on materials. The results of these meetings

soon became manifest, and specifications and standard drawings were

prepared and used concurrently by both services. Standardization

is gradually broadening to cover equipment, processes, and design

requirements in addition to the class of items originally considered

and to-day proves of immeasurable value not only to the military

air forces of the Government, but to the aeronautical industries as

well. Each standard is considered not only with a view toward its military value, but with consideration for its adaptability to com-
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 81

mercial aeronautics as well. As a result of this policy, this ArmyNavy standardization is rapidly increasing in value to the Government and to commercial aeronautics.

A preliminary conference is held annually at which representatives

of the Army Air Corps and the Bureau of Aeronautics discuss and

agree on subjects for standardization. Work of preparing new

standards and revising existing ones is undertaken immediately

after the conference and the data thus prepared is forwarded to manufacturers for comment. A general conference, known as the

Main Army-Navy Standards Conference, is held as soon as practicable after the preliminary conference, at which representatives

of the industry are invited.

The Bureau of Aeronautics cooperates closely with the following

organizations in the research and development of aircraft materials

American Standards Association, American Society of Mechanical

Engineers, American Society for Testing Materials, Society of Automotive Engineers, and National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The bureau is represented on several committees of the Federal

Specifications Board.

BUREAU OF CONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR

This bureau maintains contact with and is represented on the

following organizations assisting in the formulation of industrial

standards : Federal Specifications Board, American Standards Association, American Society for Testing Materials, Committee on Commodities of the Federal Purchasing Board, American Marine Standards Committee, the Flag Standardization Committee of the Bureau

of Standards, the Cooperative Committee on Special Steels for Ship

Construction, and the Army and Navy Munitions Board. It en- deavors to use nationally adopted standards whenever it is possible

to do so. The bureau cooperates actively with the following organizations in

its specification work: Division of simplified practice, Bureau of

Standards, National Screw Thread Commission, National Lumber

Manufacturers' Association, Hemp Brokers' Association, Fine Arts

Commission, American Society for Steel Treating, American Paint

and Varnish Manufacturers' Association, and American Welding

Society.

Research, standardization, and specification work for the past

year include among others, the following materials on which considerable progress has been made : Welding electrodes, nonshatterable glass, aluminum foil insulation, refrigerators (for shipboard

use), wire screen cloth (corrosion resisting steel), and welding of

corrosion resisting steel. Research work which promises to aid materially in future standardization include: High tensile steel for hull construction; satis- factory chemical range for high tensile manganese rivet steels; cadmium versus zinc coating exposure tests; pipe corrosion tests (laboratory); mercerized cotton bunting; corrosion resisting steel for wash basins, ewers, etc. ; rivet exposure tests in sea water ; gasoline hose ; and shipbottom paints.
82 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 The bureau has authorized 144 new tests, and completion of 110,

including work of a strictly research nature, as well as tests of

various manufacturers' materials for use in the naval service.

Nine new Navy specifications were submitted for printing, 70

Navy specifications were revised, and 161 Federal specifications were

passed upon by this bureau.

BUREAU OF ENGINEERING

The bureau maintains its relations with other Federal departments and industry in connection with standardization through the

following organizations: Federal Specifications Board, American

Standards Association, American Society for Testing Materials,

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Marine Standards Committee, National Screw Thread Commission, American Institute of Electrical Engineers, American National Committee of the

International Electrotechnical Commission, Federal Purchasing

Board, National Kesearch Council, Society of Automotive Engineers, National Industrial Conference Board's Advisory Committee on the Fuel Oil Situation, National Electric Light Association,

and Army-Navy Munitions Board.

The bureau has investigated, in laboratories under its control, a very considerable number of different types of apparatus, materials,

and processes with a view to selecting the best available in the commercial field for standardization, methods of employment, and for

the preparation of adequate specifications. In some cases investigation has just been inaugurated. Some of the investigations relate to motors and controllers, alternating current; phenolic insulation,

molded and laminated; circuit breakers; switches for dead-front

panels ; electrical-measuring instruments for shipboard use ; electrical

equipment for metal arc welding; incandescent-electric lamps for

shipboard use; electrical-insulating material (solid and liquid) ; dry

batteries ; and portable lead-acid batteries.

BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY

During the past year 10 proposed revisions of Federal specifications were reviewed. Approximately 60 Federal specifications, or

specifications complying with all the technical requirements of the

Federal specifications, are being used by the Naval Medical Supply

Depot at Brooklyn, N. Y. (See Standards Yearbook, 1932, p. 165.)

BUREAU OF NAVIGATION

The Hydrographic Office cooperates with the hydrographic services of all foreign nations and maintains complete exchange of all publications in accordance with general practice. In 1921, the In- ternational Hydrographic Bureau was established for the purpose

of standardizing the practices of the hydrographic offices of the vari- ous nations. The United States is a member of the bureau and also

is a member of the governing board of three. Through the above coordinating agencies, and membership on the

Board of Survey and Maps, and the United States Graphic Board,

effort is constantly directed toward standardization of forms, symbols, characters, and methods of surveying, chart construction for
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.) 83

navigation and aviation charts, and the publication of nautical

books. (See Standards Yearbook, 1932, p. 166, regarding Naval

Observatory.)

BUREAU OF ORDNANCE

The bureau takes an active part in the work of the Navy Department specifications board, and is represented on several committees

of the Federal Specifications Board. The bureau also has membership in the National Screw Thread Commission and the American

Standards Association.

The bureau has adopted the system of fits and dimensions of screw

threads as outlined in the report of the National Screw Thread Commission. In some cases, as in the case of projectiles, where parts on hand are assembled with new parts, a special study of the dimensions, tolerances, and gages of the old threads was necessary before

threads in accordance with the new system could be adopted.

Threads dimensioned in accordance with the report of the National

Screw Thread Commission have a decided advantage over the old

system, as an allowance may be made in the gages for wear, which,

together with check gages, insure the proper fit of the threads.

BUREAU OF SUPPLIES AND ACCOUNTS

This bureau issued during the past year under its own cognizance

approximately 129 new and revised specifications covering 30 commodities, and 99 commodities under the cognizance of other bureaus.

Of these 129 specifications, 37 are new specifications and 92 are re- visions of earlier specifications.

BUREAU OF YARDS AND DOCKS

Members of this bureau represent the Navy Department on 24

committees of the Federal Specification Board.

The bureau is also represented on a committee of the Federal Purchasing Board, and has membership on committees of the Navy

Department specification board, American Standards Association,

and American Society for Testing Materials.

The bureau is conducting the following research investigations:

(a) Service tests on copper-bearing steel sheet piles, electro- plated reinforcing bars, concrete piles exposed to the action of sea water, and steel furniture.

(b) Service tests on putties.

(c) Service tests on nonclimable chain link 2-inch diamond mesh

No. 6 galvanized copper-bearing wire fencing.

(d) Service tests on coatings used for the preservation of steel girders.

(e) Service tests on transparent waterproofing materials.

(/) Service tests on " duocrete " piles.

(g) Service tests of floor covering (bituminous carpet), and protective coatings on piles used in the construction of a pier.

(h) Service tests on paints to determine suitability for use on

surfaces exposed to extreme moisture conditions.

(i) Service tests on 16-inch cast-iron pipe dredge line to ascertain

the progress of abrasive deterioration.
84 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS

The Marine Corps is employing Federal specifications in all purchases where such specifications apply. The Quartermaster's Department, Marine Corps, is represented on eight committees of the

Federal Specifications Board. One officer of the Marine Corps is detailed to full-time duty with that board, and considerable time is devoted to the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue by the Office of the

Quartermaster.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT

COAST GUARD

Standardization by this service is being further developed in

connection with plans for construction, the use of materials covered

by Federal specifications, and by insistence that commodities not

covered by Federal specifications be standard commercial articles

readily obtainable in the open market. This service is encouraging

investigations whereby fittings may be simplified.

The more general use of Federal specifications is being encouraged

in the solicitation of proposals in lieu of detailed specifications cov- ering particular items used heretofore.

The standards promulgated by the American Marine Standards

Committee are being used by the various construction and repairing

agencies of the Coast Guard with which committee this service is cooperating.

PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE

This service has continued its membership on, and cooperation

with, the association and organizations outlined in Standards Yearbook for 1932, together with such continuing activities as are mentioned herein.

The Public Health Service program for the standardization of

milk-control methods has been continued. The Public Health Service

milk ordinance now carries the approval of the Bureau of Dairy

Industry of the Department of Agriculture.

A Public Health Service advisory milk committee was appointed

to review all future proposed modifications of the Public Health

Service milk ordinance and code, and make recommendations to the Surgeon General relative thereto. The committee is comprised

of representatives of the milk control bureaus of State health departments, industry, Department of Agriculture, and the Public

Health Service.

The Public Health Service issued suggested specifications for the

design and operation of high temperature-short time milk

pasteurizers.

A plan for a morbity reporting area has been approved by the

Annual Conference of State and Territorial Health Officers in order

to standardize and stimulate the reporting of communicable diseases.

This service has been engaged in studies in cooperation with the

health section of the League of Nations and the International Office

of Public Hygiene in Paris in standardizing practices for international usage in the fumigation of ships for the destruction of

rats on board, both within the vessel's structure and in cargo, with

particular reference to the use of hydrocyanic acid gas as a fumigant.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ( U. S. A.) 85

This service is cooperating with the Permanent Committee of the

International Office of Public Hygiene in Paris in the standarization of the quarantine management of aircraft arriving from foreign ports, to form the basis of a proposed International Sanitary

Convention for Aerial Navigation.

WAR DEPARTMENT

Military Standardization.—Information relative to standardization

of military items can be found in Standards Yearbooks 1930, 1931,

and 1932. The procedure for effecting this standardization has been

improved and clarified and accelerated progress has resulted. Nonmilitary Standardization.—In nonmilitary standardization, the

War Department cooperates with the Federal Specifications Board,

the National Screw Thread Commission, the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards, and the American Standards

Association.

The following branches of the Army have members representing

the War Department on the indicated number of committees of the

Federal Specifications Board: Quartermaster Corps, 50; Medical

Corps, 9; Ordnance Department, 9; Chemical Warfare Service, 2; Air Corps, 4; Signal Corps, 7; and Corps of Engineers, 7. Federal specifications now serve as purchase specifications and the

War Department is gradually reducing its own commercial specifications and substituting directly the Federal specifications.

American Standards Association.—The War Department is a member body of the American Standards Association, and is officially

represented on the association's standards council and on 42 sectional

committees.

Status of War Department Standardization and Results Accomplished During 1932—Quartermaster Corps.—As a result of the

adoption of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue by the Quartermaster Corps, there was put into operation a uniform storage system,

which standardized nomenclature, arrangement of stock, and methods

of inventory and accounting.

The Quartermaster Corps Standard Stock List was published,

listing all items which are considered standard. Under the general

policy governing this publication, only those items were selected for

standard stock that were manufactured exclusively for the Army or of which the Army consumed the greater proportion of production^

The number of items carried in stock by the Quartermaster Corps

has been reduced from approximately 70,000 to approximately 6,000.

Progress has been made in the adaptation to Army uses of commercial articles produced in large quantities in lieu of items heretofore produced or manufactured specially for the Army.

Sixteen new Army specifications and eight revisions were pre- pared and approved. Two hundred and twenty-three specifications were canceled due to promulgation of Federal specifications.

Metal meat platters and metal water pitchers are being studied

with a view to their being adopted as standard, in lieu of like china

items. Studies are now being made looking toward the adoption

of standard commercial china and cooking utensils for permanent

kitchens.
86 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Numerous canvas items issued to the Army call for duck which

has been found to no longer conform to commercial standards. Many

of these items have been studied and recommendations have been

made for the adoption of duck having approximately the same qualities and which conforms to simplified practice recommendations.

Tests have also been directed on articles manufactured from twill,, having an original cost of only a fraction of that of duck.

The Quartermaster Corps has succeeded, through coordination, in arriving at a recommendation reducing the number of lanterns to three types.

The list of hand tools used in the Quartermaster Corps is being

studied with a view to having the fewest possible number of tools required.

Ordnance Department.—Seventeen new Army specifications have

been written and nine revised.

This department, in collaboration with representatives of other

Government departments and the leading gage manufacturers, has

done considerable research work on the development of a series of

combination ring and snap gage blanks for use on small component

parts.

This department has participated in the standardization of commercial and adjustable snap gages covering the complete range of

sizes, as well as plain and thread plug and ring gage blanks up to 12 inches in diameter.

Systematic tables of tolerances and wear allowances for gages, based on the amount of component tolerance, have been formulated

to insure uniformity and simplification of design.

Metallographic and metallurgical research into the possibility of

producing satisfactory steels for ordnance construction without the use of manganese, and an analysis of the carbon segregation in

centrifugal castings was continued.

Welding research has included the investigation of the use of flash welding for the manufacturers of projectiles ; tipping of high-speed

tools; electrode research to improve the quality of welds; X-ray

inspection of welds as a means of establishing standard welding

technique.

Physical testing research has included a study of the effect of the

size of tensile and impact bars on the results obtained, together with an attempt at standardizing impact machines to obtain comparable

results. Cold-working research embraced an analysis of the effect of re- duction of area, as measured by physical tests and as accomplished

by hammering or pressing the ingot, on the resultant cold-work ef- fect expected in the gun forging with a view to standardizing the

forging practice.

Two important developments in the field of pyrotechnics of in- terest to the aircraft industry have been made. Parachute landing

flare, M-3, has been replaced by the M-8 aircraft parachute flare, which is hermetically sealed until brought into use, thus insuring a greatly increased life of the flare in storage or when carried on an

airplane. The method of carrying on the ship has been improved

with corresponding improvement in launching. An improved type

of signaling equipment has been developed, and is now in use by the
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 87

Army Air Corps and other Government agencies. This consists of

a pistol type of projector, capable of being loaded and fired with one

hand.

The following are outstanding research projects in which considerable progress has been made: Development of improved propellants for various weapons; study of purified wood pulps for use in the manufacture of smokeless powders ; study of the process

for purification of nitrocellulose ; improvements in process for purification of tetryl; study of hygroscopicity of explosives; development of slow-burning fuze powders; and development of methods

and apparatus for the testing of primers.

Corps of Engineers.—Standardization activities of this corps cover

certain commodities entering into the construction of highway, ponton, and foot bridges; locks, dams, revetments, floating plants,

and fortification works. They also include the design and development of fixed and mobile antiaircraft 60-inch searchlights, equipment for lumbering, mapping, railroad and road building, as well

as other items used for military purposes.

This corps prepared and had nine Army specifications approved.

In addition to the above, the Office of the Chief of Engineers

acted upon 42 specifications prepared by other War Department

branches, and 215 specifications prepared by the Federal Specifications Board; also on 8 reports of the general conferences on simplification of commodities from the Department of Commerce, one American Institute of Electrical Engineering standard for trans- formers, one American Society of Mechanical Engineers standard

for shaft couplings, and five tentative specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials.

Signal Corps.—This corps, in accordance with War Department

policy, has attempted to standardize all equipment used in Army

communication systems. In designing this equipment great care

is exercised in an endeavor to follow the recommendations of the

various standardizing agencies, especially those of the American

Standards Association, and to have the resultant specifications comply with the standards of American industry.

This corps prepared 46 new, and revised 64 old War Department

specifications for equipment. The following equipment projects were completed and the equipment standardized: Eadio sets, types

SCR-183, SCR-189, SCR-190, SCR-192; telegraph set, type TG-5;

carrier, type RL-24; crank, type GC-4; wire pike, type MC-123;

and headset, type HS-18.

Air Corps.—Sixty-two Air Corps specifications, covering various

materials and equipment were revised and five new specifications were prepared and approved.

Materials and equipment applicable to military aircraft are pre- sented for standardization at annual conferences attended by Army,

Navy, and manufacturers' representatives. There were 120 subjects

discussed at the last annual conference, of which 97 were approved.

The publication of data pertaining to these standard subjects in- cluded the preparation and issuance of 63 specifications and 57

drawings.

This corps assisted in the standardization of specifications pre- pared by other branches of the Army and those prepared by the Feci-
88 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 eral Specifications Board. This corps adopted 264 specifications

prepared by other branches of the Army and 142 Federal

specifications.

Among major projects of special interest is a specification for

wood-pulp wadding which is to be used as a substitute for jute packing felt, and specifications covering a complete range of sizes of

streamline wheels which have passed the experimental tests and ar now undergoing service test in tactical units on items of standard

equipment.

Medical Department.—Standardizing activities were largely con

fined to revision of the Medical Department supply catalogue whic was completed. Seven specifications covering 39 items were completed and approved during the year. Chemical Warfare Service.—Thirteen important items reached a

stage of development where tentative specifications were written an

"* either service tests authorized and are under way or authority ha

been granted for limited procurement. Eight specifications wer

completed and two revised specifications were prepared and cleare

for procurement.

Coast Artillery Corps.—A portable signal conductor mine system

has been standardized for purchase and use only in event o emergency.

This corps has been particularly active in the refinement of speci

fications for single conductor mine cable, and in the developmen

and test of improved firing devices for submarine mines.

Bureau of Insular Affairs.—(See Standards Yearbook, 1930.)

INDEPENDENT ESTABLISHMENTS

COMPTROLLER GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

The General Accounting Office has continued work in the stand

ardization of accounting forms and procedure for the Governmen

service. The following forms and procedure have been prescribed

Schedule of Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund Cred

its.—Standard form 1070 is used in connection with the accounts o disbursing officers of the Government for showing in convenien

form retirement deductions made on pay rolls and vouchers, retire

ment collections received from persons reentering the Governmen

service or for the purchase of service credit, and deposits of sam

to the credit of the retirement fund.

Mileage Voucher.—Standard forms 1071 and 1071A are for u

of the six services embraced in joint service pay act of June 10, 1922

in securing payment for travel on official business at the mileage rat fixed by law.

Per Diem, etc., Pay Rolls.—The standard forms of the 1072

1073, and 1074 series are for use in making payments on account o

services of Government employees working on a per hour, da

week, month, or piece-work basis. Loose Cash Receipt and Special Per Diem, etc., Payment Sub

voucher.—Standard forms 1075 and 1076 are intended for use i connection with standard forms 1072, 1073, and 1074.

Special Salary Payment.—The use of standard form 1018 by dis

bursing officers in Washington in making payments to employees on monthly or annual salary basis before the pay roll covering th
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 89

period has been stated, certified, and approved, was extended to disbursing officers in the field services of the Government.

Extension of Uniform Accounting System.—The use of standard

bookkeeping forms and procedure for appropriation and disbursing

office accounting has been extended in the following Government

activities: State Department; Departments of Agriculture, Justice,

Treasury, Interior, and Commerce; Columbia Institution for the

Deaf; George Washington Bicentennial Commission; Civil Service

Commission; and Veterans' Administration.

Surveys of accounting systems and procedure have been made during the year for the purpose of establishing uniform accounting sys- tems in the government of the District of Columbia and Federal

governmental agencies.

FEDERAL COORDINATING SERVICE

Office of Chief Coordinator This office, with the assistance of the Bureau of Standards, con- tinued its efforts to secure standardization of telephone service and

to promote operating economy through the consolidation of private

branch exchange telephone switchboards in Federal buildings outside the District of Columbia housing two or more Government

activities. Field telephone traffic surveys were conducted and rec- ommendations for consolidation made in a number of localities.

Federal Purchasing Board This board has continued its policy and efforts toward standardizing and coordinating the procurement policies in connection with

the purchase of articles common to two or more departments or

establishments. This has been especially true with respect to medical and hospital supplies, and other commodities are being studied.

The subject of standard and uniform legislation regarding the

debarment of unsatisfactory bidders for Government business is now

being studied, and it is hoped that this may be in final form for

presentation to Congress at the next session.

This board, through its chairman, has taken an active part in

establishing the standard nomenclature and practices of the Federal

Standard Stock Catalogue in the various executive departments and

independent establishments.

Federal Specifications Board During the past year this board has promulgated 55 new Federal

specifications, 250 revisions, and 7 suspensions and cancellations,

making a total of 780 specifications. The new specifications and some

of the revised specifications issued are as follows : New specifications

F. S. symbol

C-G-191. Gelatin. C-G-451. Glue, animal (for) woodworking.

G-M-lll. Mats, lantern slide. H-B-56. Brooms, fiber. N-C-191. Cereals (breakfast foods).

N-N-591. Noodles. T-T-901. Twine, hemp.

F. S. symbol

V-T-276. Thread, cotton. V-T-301. Thread, silk. Y-O-451. Olives. Z-A-616. Apple butter. Z-B-421. Blackberries, canned. Z-B-491. Blueberries (huckleberries), canned. Z-B-661. Grape juice.
90 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

F. S. symbol

Z-L-501. Loganberries, canned. Z-P-^91. Plums, canned. Z-P-631. Preserves, fruit. Z-R-91. Raspberries, canned. AA-C-121. Cases, transfer, steel. EB-B-671. Bread, and rolls. EE-C-71. Candy.

EE-G-391. Ginger ale. EE-M-821. Mustard, prepared.

EE-Y-131. Yeast. GG-W-111. Watches, stop. PP-H-91. Hash, corned-beef, canned. PP-S-311. Shrimp, canned. RR-R-191. Receptacles, waste-paper,

metal, office and lobby.

SS-A-676. Asphalt, emulsion, quickbreaking type (for)

road work.

721. Stone, architectural, cast. Concrete units, masonry,

hollow. UU-P-416. Paper, photographic, black

line. UU-P-417. Paper, photographic, blot- ting, white. UU-P-418. Paper, photographic, negative. WW-C-623. Couplings, hose, garden

and water. WW-C-636. Couplings, hose, steam.

ss-sSS-C-621.

F. S. symbol

WW-P-448. Pipe fittings, brass or bronze (threaded), 125- pound.

WW-P-461. Pipe fittings, bronze

(threaded), 250-pound.

WW-T-806. Tubing, electrical, metallic. CCC-C-406. Cloth, awning.

CCC-C-451. Cloth, handkerchief, cot- ton. DDD-B-421. Blankets, cotton, and

cotton-warp and woolfilling. DDD-H-71. Handkerchiefs, cotton. DDD-L-391. Linen, table (doilies, napkins, and tablecloths). DDD-R-751. Rugs, American-oriental

(washed).

GGG-A-926. Axes. GGG-K-486. Knives, putty, and scraping.

JJJ-C-21. Cabbage, canned. JJJ-C-76. Carrots, canned. JJJ-C-91. Catsup, tomato. JJJ-M-851. Mushrooms, canned. JJJ-P-391. Pickles and relishes. .TJJ-P-611. Potatoes, sweet, canned. JJJ-S-581. Soups, canned. JJJ-S-661. Squash, canned. Revised specifications

F. S. symbol

C-B-801. Butter. C-C—271. Cheese, American (cheddar

or American-cheddar).

C-C-671. Cream, fresh. C-E-271. Eggs.

C-F-201. Felt, hair. C-M-341. Milk, dry, malted. C-M-371. Milk, evaporated.

C-M-381. Milk, fresh. N-B-121. Barley, pearl.

N-C-501. Corn, canned. N-C-521. Corn meal (white or yellow)

.

N-C-541. Cornstarch. N-F-451. Flour, buckwheat.

N-F—461. Flour, graham (whole-wheat

meal)

.

N-F-481.-JFlour, wheat. N-H-521. Hominy grits. N-M-51. Macaroni, spaghetti, and vermicelli. N-O-41. Oatmeal and rolled (or

flaked) oats. N-R-351. Rice. N-T-101. Tapioca.

O-F-355. Fire extinguishers, chemical,

hand (soda-and-acid-type).

O-M-571. Mono-methyl-p araminophenol sulphate.

R-T-101. Tar, cold application (for

roads).

F. S. symbol

R-T-121. Tar, refined, construction

(for roads).

R-T-131. Tar, refined, hot application

(for roads).

R-T-141. Tar, repair work (for roads).

T-R-571. Rope, cotton. U-A-451. Alloy, dental, amalgam.

W-B-101. Batteries and cells, dry.

W-F-801. Fuses, cartridge, inclosed, renewable. W-L-101. 1933 supplement, lamps, electric, incandescent, large,

tungsten-filament.

W-L-lll. 1933 supplement, lamps, electric, incandescent, miniature, tungsten-filament.

Z-A-611. Apples, canned. Z-A-613. Apples, evaporated (or dried )

.

Z-A-621. Applesauce, canned. Z-A-631. Apricots, canned. Z-A-636. Apricots, evaporated (or dried )

.

Z-C-301. Cherries, canned. Z-C-851. Currants, dried. Z-J-71. Jams, fruit. Z-J-191. Jellies, fruit. Z-O-351. Oil, olive (edible grade). Z-P-191. Peaches, canned. Z-P-193. Peaches, evaporated (or

dried).
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES <U. S. A.) 91

F. S. symbol Z-P-201. Pears, canned. Z-P-351. Pineapple, canned. Z-P-671. Prunes, canned. Z-P-681. Prunes, evaporated (or

dried).

Z-R-71. Raisins. Z-V-401. Vinegar.

AA-C-31. Cabinets, stationery, storage, and clothing (steel). AA-D-191. Desks, steel. AA-S-81. Safes, insulated. AA-T-101. Tables, and typewriter

stands, wood.

DD-G-451. Glass, flat for glazing purposes. BE-C-651. Crackers, soda. EE-L-101. Lard substitutes (including

shortening, vegetable).

FF-B-571. Bolts, nuts, studs, and tap

rivets (and material for same.)

FF-S-111. Screws, wood.

FF-T-311. Thumb tacks. GG-I-531. Instruments, drawing (first grade, in sets). GG-M-191. Measuring devices, liquid

(retail type).

GG-T-321. Thermometers, industrial. GG-T-711. T squares. HH-C-571. Cork, granulated, insulating.

HH-G-71. Gaskets, asbestos - copper, corrugated.

HH-G-76, Gaskets, asbestos, metallic- cloth. HH-M-51. Magnesia, asbestos, plaster.

HH-M-71. Magnesia, block, pipe cov- ering (molded).

HH-M-351. Millboard, asbestos. HH-P-31. Packing, asbestos, metallic

cloth,, sheet. HH-P-41. Packing, asbestos, rope and

wick. HH-P-61. Packing, diaphragm.

HH-P-91. Packing, fiber, hard, sheet.

F. S. symbol

HH-P-106. Packing, iiax. HH-P-151. Packing, rubber, cloth

insertion. HH-P-156. Packing and gaskets ; rubber, molded, sheet, and

strip. HH-P-171. Packing, spiral, gland, low

pressure. HH-P-181. Packing, tucks. JJ-N-191. Netting, mosquito (un- bleached bobbinet).

OO-L-131. Laundry appliances.

PP-B-81. Bacon, smoked.

PP-B-201. Beef, corned, canned. PP-B-211. Beef, dried, sliced, canned. PP-B-221. Beef, fresh. PP-C-251. Chickens,, dressed (broilers, fryers, and roasters).

PP-C-401. Clams, fresh. PP-C-651. Crab meat, canned. PP-C-656, Crab meat, fresh. PP-F-371. Fish, flaked, canned. PP-F-381. Fish, fresh. PP-F-401. Fish, salted or smoked.

PP-F-611. Fowl, dressed (fricassee).

PP-H-71. Hams, sweet-pickle cured,

smoked.

PP-H-201. Hearts, beef. PP-K-351. Kidneys,, beef. PP-L-101. Lard. PP-L-351. Liver. PP-M-791. Mutton. PP-O-956. Oysters, fresh. PP-S-31. Salmon, canned. PP-S-51. Sardines, canned. PP-S-71. Sausage, bologna-style.

PP-S-81. Sausage, frankfurter-style.

PP-S-91. Sausage, pork.

PP-S-101. Sausage, Vienna - style, canned. PP-T-571. Tongue, beef, canned. PP-T-791. Turkeys, dressed. QQ-C-501. Copper, bars, plates, rods, shapes, sheets, and

strips. Two hundred and twenty-three proposed specifications and revisions were circulated to Federal departments for comment and

criticism.

Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board The compilation of the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue has

proceeded satisfactorily and all of the classes of Section II, part 6, except six, have been issued. Several hundred Federal specifications

have also been printed and issued. The catalogue has been adopted

and is in full effect in the Quartermaster Corps, United States Army,

and Supply Corps, United States Navy. The General Schedule of

Supplies for 1933 contains the nomenclature and stock numbers of

the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue, making it a practical refer- ence book which all activities can utilize intelligently. Other departments and establishments of the Government are gradually

151592—33 7
92 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 adopting the catalogue nomenclature, stock numbers, etc., and the

methods of storage described in the catalogue. (See Standards

Yearbook 1932, p. 183.)

Federal Statistics Board Standardizing activities of the board are related chiefly to the

following subjects:

(a) Technical statistical methods as related to (1) improved

methods in the collection, publication, and utilization of statistics; (2) promotion of standardized practice in nomenclature, base period

for index numbers, grouping of years in period averages, number

of significant forms shown in tables, and the like; (3) promotion

of comparability between American and foreign statistics. (b) Clerical and mechanical methods as related to (1) promotion

of economy in the clerical operation of tabulating statistics, and

the comparison of relative advantages of machine and hand processes; (2) furthering of efficiency and economy in the publication

of statistical documents in such matters as methods of reproduction,

style of page and type, and the like. This board has been active in forming policies and making an

extensive survey of the statistical work of Government agencies. At

the present time the statistical work of one organization is being

carefully analyzed for the purpose of standardizing clerical and

mechanical methods.

Federal Traffic Board This board succeeded in obtaining special concessions from air- plane companies throughout the United States providing for trans- portation of Federal employees at rates under their usual commercial charges.

The office of this board has routed during the year a total of 31,931

carloads of Government freight.

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments

The Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments has

been working on a proposed revision of the standard contract forms

;

also upon a proposed uniform contract law.

Interdepartmental Board on Simplified Office Procedure This board has continued its work of standardizing the use of

office supplies, material, and equipment, and the classifying, simplifying, and standardizing of routine administrative functions com- mon in two or more departments or establishments.

Envelopes.—The board was represented on the special interdepartmental committee which considered specifications of envelopes

to be included in the Post Office Department schedule of envelopes.

Standard Forms.—A revision of Standard Form No. 44, Government Motor Fuels Tax Exemption Certificate, has been adopted.

Correspondence Manual.—The proposed correspondence manual

to be used as a guide in preparing correspondence in the Government

departments and establishments is now ready for submission to them

for their comments.
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.) 93

Telephone Listing.—The board prepared instructions regarding

the procedure to be followed in listing all Government activities in

commercial telephone directories in the field as well as in Washington, D. C.

Publications.—The board approved a recommendation to change

the size of proclamations and Executive orders to the standard

letter size. Permanent Conference on Printing This organization continued to carry forward its task of investigating and proposing uniform standards, businesslike methods, and

proper economies in the printing and binding and distribution of

Government publications.

The paper specifications committee of the Joint Committee on

Printing exercised its function of determining standards and preparing specifications for paper for public printing and binding.

FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION

The Federal Trade Commission contributes to the standardization of certain trade practices, particularly as a result of its tradepractice conferences. It receives trade-practice rules adopted by

different industries covering practices commonly prevalent. It approves certain of the rules which condemn practices violative of

the law and encourages their observance. (See Standards Yearbook

1932 report.)

Standardization may be described as a by-product of the commission's work rather than as a regular function, as most of the commission's work pertains to individual cases involving various unfair

methods of competition.

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

The Government Printing Office continued its research in con- nection with printing and binding materials in cooperation with

the organizations listed in Standards Yearbook for 1932. It also

continued its membership on and cooperation with the standardizing and specification-making agencies, also covered in the above

document.

NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

Standard Nomenclature for Aeronautics.—This committee is proceeding with the revision of its standard nomenclature for aeronautics. A special conference has been organized for this purpose,

including in its membership representatives of the Army Air Corps,

the Bureau of Aeronautics of the Navy, the Aeronautics Branch of

the Department of Commerce, the Bureau of Standards, and this

committee.

The nomenclature adopted by this committee is for the purpose

of securing greater uniformity and accuracy in the use of terms re- lating to aeronautics.

Standard Atmosphere for Tests of Aircraft Engines.—This committee adopted a table of standard atmosphere for tests of aircraft

engines, which included values for standard humidity. The table

adopted had been prepared by the Bureau of Standards as a result
94 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 of information obtained in an investigation conducted by that bureau on the effect of humidity on engine performance, and was recom- mended to the National Advisory Committee by its committee on power plants for aircraft.

This standard table has since been officially adopted by the War

and Navy Departments, on recommendation of the National Advisory Committee, and will be included in the airworthiness requirements of the regulations of the Department of Commerce for air- craft engines.

NATIONAL SCREW THREAD COMMISSION

Standards are under consideration for threads for gas-cylinder

valves, and an 8-pitch thread series ranging from 1 to 6 inches in

diameter for use primarily on pipe-flange bolts. Changes in the

following items covered in the 1928 report of the commission have

been tentatively adopted or are being seriously considered for adoption: (a) The addition of certain sizes to the American national

coarse, fine, and 12-pitch thread series, (b) Revisions of the class

4, close fit; small hose-coupling threads; bolt-head and nut dimensions; the measuring pressure for wire measurements of thread

gages ; and dimensions of pipe-thread gages. PANAMA CANAL

The Panama Canal is represented on a number of committees

and executive committee of the Federal Specifications Board, and

the American Standards Association.

The Panama Canal uses Navy specifications to quite an extent for

materials not covered by Federal specifications. Use is also made

of specifications of other departments of the Government. When

no Federal or Navy specifications exist meeting the necessary re- quirements, the Panama Canal drafts its own specifications, unless some other suitable existing specification is found.

PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND PUBLIC PARKS OF THE NATIONAL CAPITAL

This establishment is represented on the following organizations

:

Interdepartmental Board of Contracts and Adjustments, Interdepartmental Board of Simplified Office Procedure, Federal Purchasing Board, Interdepartmental Committee on Fire Prevention and

Protection (Fire Hazards Group), Federal Specifications Board

and committees, and General Supply Committee.

The design section of this establishment has continued standardizing those portions of specifications for construction projects which

are applicable to practically all the construction jobs handled by

this office. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

Satisfactory comparison of silver disk pyrheliometers was made

hj a representative of this institution at the Meteorological Observatory at Potsdam, Germany. These comparisons connected the

scales of measurement prevailing in Europe and the United States. There was constructed at the Smithsonian shop a new standard

water flow pyrheliometer much improved over the former type, and

there was made at Mount Wilson highly satisfactory comparisons

with the silver disk pyrheliometer used in Germany. The results
FEDERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES (U. S. A.)

are believed to fix the standard scale to within one-tenth of 1 per

cent, and are available to standardize instruments sent out from the

Smithsonian Institution. Over 60 silver disk instruments carrying

the Smithsonian scale have been prepared for observatories and

energetic workers in this line in all continents of the world.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF EFFICIENCY

The Bureau of Efficiency cooperated with the Bureau of Standards

in further research to establish standard conditions, methods, and

equipment for testing paper, especially paper used in the manufacture of Government securities and currency.

UNITED STATES CIVIL SERVICE COMMISSION

A study having as its objectives increased uniformity of examination announcements and standardization of requirements for like

positions throughout the service is being made.

Another project leading toward improved personnel practices,

in which the commission is engaged, is a survey of all professional

and scientific employees and the preparation of charts showing comparisons of progress made by individuals in each of the major

professional fields. These charts will also furnish data upon which to base comparisons of relative possibility of advancement in the various departments and bureaus. Study of the data will indicate where promotion

and transfer lines should be developed.

The Council of Personnel Administration undertook as one of its first projects a study of present Federal personnel methods and the

duties and responsibilities of personnel officers, with the object of

developing and introducing comparable systems of personnel

administration throughout the departments.

The results of the study indicate that there are marked differences

among the departments in (1) the personnel activities themselves,

(2) the precedures followed in accomplishing similar purposes, and

(3) the responsibilities of individuals conducting these activities. On the basis of its survey, the council has developed a plan of

organization which definitely places the final responsibility for

personnel and business policies, in each department, on one permanent employee who is directly responsible to the secretary of that

department.

UNITED STATES EMPLOYEES COMPENSATION COMMISSION

The commission has conducted a program to interest the maritime shipping industry in adopting a uniform safety code for steve- doring operations to supplant the several port and district codes al- ready adopted. In furtherance of this program the commission

published a comparison of the different port rules as a basis for

studies in the preparation of a uniform code, and the American

Steamship Owners Association undertook to sponsor this project on behalf of that section of the industry. The commission has con- tinued its efforts to secure the adoption of a standard uniform code

and to reconcile the conflicting views of interested groups in the

different ports and sections concerning the form and scope of the
96 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 proposed uniform code. While this has been difficult in some re- spects, due to the variety of problems and interests involved, nevertheless, evident progress has been made.

UNITED STATES SHIPPING BOARD

This board is charged by the merchant marine act with promoting an efficient American merchant marine. The board has con- tinued to support and to take part in the studies and experiments

to select and develop improvements that may be recommended as standards. Much of this work has been done in cooperation with

the American Marine Standards Committee.

The work under this board during the year relating to standardization has been cooperation with other marine interests in determining, from operating experience and special tests, arrangements and

things that are worthy to be recommended as standards. The work

has included taking part in preparation for international confer- ences on marine matters and in support of the safety convention,

the development of practices under that convention, as well as under

the load line convention, that will secure their benefits to our shipping in the largest measure.

VETERANS* ADMINISTRATION

The research subdivision of the Medical and Hospital Service has

been standardizing the diagnostic and therapeutic methods pertaining to certain diseases, such as malignancy, diabetes mellitus, etc. A study of cancer was conducted for the purpose of standardizing

various diagnostic and therapeutic measures in order to establish

ideal policies of treatment of ex-service men with malignant disease.

As a result of the study it was decided that the cancer clinic at Hines, 111., be enlarged and that a standardized method of administering X ray and radium be used at that cancer clinic. Steps have been taken to standardize the clinical laboratory work

of the hospitals and regional offices of this administration so that

the procedures and the interpretation of laboratory findings would

be uniform.

Studies on hospital costs and ratios of personnel to patients were

recently completed. These studies were conducted with the idea

of standardizing the cost of hospital administration.

The Medical and Hospital Service has just recently promulgated

a standard list of drugs, pharmaceutical reagents, and biological

supplies.
VI. BUREAU OF STANDARDS

An outline of the origin and functions of the bureau is given in

the 1927 Standards Yearbook. Circular No. 1 and the 1932 annual

report of the director should be consulted for a more comprehensive

survey of the bureau's work.

RELATION TO GOVERNMENTAL AGENCIES

The relation of the bureau to the various governmental, Federal,

State, and municipal agencies is outlined briefly in the 1927 Standards Yearbook.

RELATION TO SCIENCE, COMMERCE, AND INDUSTRY

PUBLICATIONS

The results of the bureau's work are made available in printed

publications. Approximately 2,500 pamphlets have been issued to

date. Releases to the daily press give briefly the more important

features of the bureau's activities from a popular point of view.

More detailed abstracts are prepared for the use of scientific and

technical journals. The results of original investigations in science

and technology are reported in full in the Bureau of Standards

Journal of Research, which is issued once a month, and is obtainable on a subscription basis. Compiled technical or administrative matter is issued as a circular; for example, the standard petroleum oil tables, properties of zinc and its alloys, test procedure, recommended

specifications, and the like. Codes and reference texts, such as the

codes of electrical practice, and lightning protection, and the manual

for weights and measures officials, which must be carried about by

the user, are issued in a series of pocket-size handbooks.

The program for the simplification of commercial practice leads to

definite proposals known as Simplified Practice Kecommendations,

while agreements on the desirable minimum quality of products are published as Commercial Standards. Pamphlets on house construction, plumbing codes, zoning regulations, etc., are placed in a special

building and housing series. Charts, conference reports, and material

not suitable for other series appear as miscellaneous publications.

The bureau's Technical News Bulletin is a monthly periodical con- taining progress reports of work in the laboratories, brief data on

completed investigations, which will later be reported in full in the

Journal of Research, notices of important conferences, and lists of

all new publications by members of the staff in the bureau's series

and in technical journals.

The Commercial Standards Monthly reviews progress in the field of commercial standardization, both at the bureau and elsewhere.

97
98 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 1933

Special articles by leaders in commercial standardization are a valuable feature, and brief references are also given to some of the

bureau's technical work.

Mimeographed letter circulars on specialized subjects are also prepared to answer inquiries by mail. In addition to the Government

publications, papers on subjects within the respective specialties are printed in outside journals, 150 such articles having appeared during

the year. The printed publications of the bureau are sold by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington,

D. C. Subscriptions may be placed in advance for the Journal of

Research, the Technical News Bulletin, and the Commercial Standards Monthly. The bureau issues a descriptive list (Circular No. 24

and supplement) of its published material. Announcement leaflets giving titles of all new publications in the bureau's series are sent on request to interested individuals.

RESEARCH AND TESTING

RESEARCH

Eesearch on problems arising in connection with standards is by

act of Congress a primary function of the bureau. Such work in- cludes the devising of methods and apparatus for the precise

measurement of standards, the frequent intercomparison of standards to determine their permanency, and the evaluation of standards

by absolute methods.

Research Associates.—Much of the bureau's research is directed to the application of science in commerce and industry. The research

associate 1 plan permits industrial associations or groups to place

qualified men at the bureau for intensive study of selected problems

approved by the Director of the Bureau of Standards. Such men

utilize the bureau's laboratory facilities and equipment and have the same status as any bureau employee except that their salaries are paid by the supporting group or association.

The work of a research associate on problems of concern to an

entire industry is one of peculiar trust. Research results are immediately available to the industry concerned and are frequently

printed in bureau publications. Devices or processes developed during research may not be patented for the benefit of the individual

or the group, but are for the free use of the industry, the Government, and the public. Correspondence relating to the work of the

research associate is conducted through official channels except on

purely personal matters. A list of the research associates and projects under investigation

arranged according to sustaining organizations is given in the fol- lowing table

:

1 For further details, see B. S. Circular No. 296.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS

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102 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Current work of research associates relating to standards of quality, performance, or practice is described under activities and

accomplishments.

Coordination with Other Research Laboratories.—With the aid

of the National Eesearch Council, the American Society for Testing

Materials Committee E-9 on correlation of research, the various re- search laboratories, and many national organizations, every effort is made to coordinate all bureau research work with that done by other

bodies to provide the maximum national benefit and to avoid duplication of effort. Eesearch within the Government service is coordinated by the

Chief Coordinator of the Bureau of the Budget.

TESTING

Through the testing of standards sent to the bureau by science and

industry, research on standards finds its direct application and fruition. The common acceptance of, and conformity to, uniform standards of measurement are essential to the fullest development of the commerce and industry of the nation. The testing service of the

bureau provides the means of establishing this uniformity. The

bureau acts as a testing agency for the various departments of the

Government and in this capacity conducts a great variety of tests to determine whether the item submitted conforms with specifications.

Branch testing laboratories are maintained at Northampton, Pa.;

Columbus, Ohio ; Denver, Colo. ; and San Francisco, Calif. Tests of

this character are made for the public only in instances where private

laboratories are not suitably equipped.

Commercial Testing Laboratories.—Because of the large amount

of official testing conducted by the bureau it is impracticable to make

tests for private individuals if other laboratories can do the work.

In Miscellaneous Publication No. 90, entitled "Directory of Commercial Testing and College Research Laboratories," and its supplement, information is given concerning commercial testing laboratories with their branch laboratories or offices. COMMERCIAL STANDARDIZATION

The work of the four divisions of the bureau's commercial standardization group includes the simplification of commodity sizes and

dimensions as carried on by the division of simplified practice; the

promotion of standard building and plumbing codes, zoning ordi- nances, etc., by the division of building and housing ; promulgation of

nationally recognized specifications, and the compilation of lists of

willing-to-certify manufacturers of products made in accordance

therewith by the division of specifications; and cooperation with in- dustry in establishing as a basis for marketing, definite grades and

qualities as commercial standards, by the division of trade standards.

Assistance in the correlation of the specifications produced by the

Federal Specifications Board with those produced by commercial

agencies is rendered by this group, which has liaison duties with

other branches of the Department of Commerce and with other

departments on matters in this field.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 103

In formulating the plans and policies for the guidance of the

activities of the division of simplified practice, the bureau is aided

by a planning committee which meets quarterly at the Department of

Commerce. The membership of this committee is as follows

E. W. McCullough, manager, department of manufacture, Chamber of Commerce

of the United States, Washington, D. C. Rear Admiral T. T. Craven, Chief Coordinator, Bureau of the Budget, Washington, D. C. G. A. Renard, secretary, National Association of Purchasing Agents, 11 Park

Place, New York, N. Y. A. W. Shaw, formerly chairman, conservation division of War Industries Board,

8 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. A. A. Stevenson (chairman), 201 Kent Road, Ardmore, Pa.

L. P. Alford, The Ronald Press Co., 15 East Twenty-sixth Street, New York,

N. Y. H. R. Young, secretary, Retailers' National Council, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. A description of the procedures followed by the divisions of ihe

commercial standardization group in their cooperative work with

producers, distributors, and consumers will be found on pages 180 to 183 of the Standards Yearbook for 1931. ADVISORY COMMITTEES

Where a group interested in the formulation of standards for a given industry, or in the investigation of specific subjects, is not otherwise organized for the purpose, the bureau encourages the formation

of an advisory committee. These committees function in the same manner as an informal industrial committee, except that the secretarial work is usually conducted by the bureau. A list of these

committees follows:
STANDAKDS YEAKBOOK, 193 3

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108 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 OTHER COOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES Many national organizations assist the bureau in research, standardization, and simplification projects and, in turn, the bureau cooperates officially with numerous national organizations engaged in

similar efforts, frequently designating members of the staff to serve on committees.

SOME ACTIVITIES AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

Except for necessary administrative functions, all activities of the

bureau are directed toward some phase of standardization, from

the pursuit of data to serve as the groundwork or foundation for

fundamental standards and master specifications to the final check of

delivered material for conformity to specification requirements.

Representative activities and accomplishments are listed alphabetically under titles selected in a practical way for the convenience

of the reader without any attempt at systematic classification. AERONAUTICS

Control Surfaces of Airplanes.—A wind tunnel study of the yawing moments of rudders at large angles of attack was completed with

the cooperation of the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of

Commerce and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

A bulletin describing the work on ailerons has been published.

Reduction of Noise in Airplanes.—In cooperation with the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce, measurements have

been made of the reduction in engine noise effected by various mufflers, some submitted by commercial firms or inventors, the others

designed by members of the staff. Torsional Strength of Tubing.—Tubular shafts are commonly used

in aircraft to transmit the torques necessary to change the angles of

ailerons and other control surfaces in airplanes. The thickness of

these tubes must be reduced to a minimum consistent with safety

against buckling failure in order to save as much weight as possible.

The present investigation aims to give reliable information upon

this subject to the designer. A large number of chrome-molybdenum

steel tubes have been tested, and curves have been calculated giving a

direct relation between the torque at which buckling begins and the

diameter over thickness ratio for this type of tubing. It is planned

to extend the work to tubes of aluminum alloy which, together with

high strength steel tubes, are widely used in airplane construction.

Flat Plates under Normal Pressure.—The bottoms of seaplane

floats and of flying boat hulls are usually covered with thin sheet

metal supported by a framework inside the hull or float. When

the seaplane lands on rough water, the sheet, together with its supporting structure, must transmit impact loads which are frequently

sufficient to cause " washboarding " or wrinkling of the sheet. This

washboarding makes it harder for the plane to " take off " and is highly undesirable for other reasons. This investigation will give

the designer data which would prevent " washboarding " under the
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 109

most severe service conditions. It was found that if much thinner

duralumin plates were used, the resistance to " washboarding " would

be increased. The saving in weight makes possible an increase in the

cruising radius or armament of the seaplane.

Strength of Riveted Joints for Aircraft.—Thin sheet metal is rapidly replacing wood for the structural members in aircraft. Although

welding is widely used for fabricating the joints, there are advantages in riveting some members. To provide fundamental engineering data which would allow designers to obtain the greatest strength

with the least weight, an investigation is now being made on the

dimensions and method of driving the rivets in thin sheet metal.

The specimens will include aluminum and duralumin (aluminum

alloy).

As in some places bolts are used instead of rivets, the program

will include bolts having different types of threads and other special

features for which advantages are claimed by the manufacturers.

At present there are probably more laboratory data on the strength

of welded joints than on the strength of riveted and bolted joints.

This investigation will supply much needed information on the

strength of the latter types.

Crash-Resistant Tanks.—In cooperation with the Aeronautics

Branch of the Department of Commerce, many tests have been made

on aircraft fuel tanks designed to be more resistant to failure in

accidents. A promising development seems to be a metal tank lined

with a flexible material. Some specimens of this construction have

made a satisfactory showing in laboratory tests. Aircraft Instruments.—Four electric resistance thermometers for

airship use, one bimetallic strip strut thermometer, an experimental

accelerometer, one stern weighing-off device for the airship Akron,

and two suspended head commutator-condenser air-speed indicators were constructed for the Bureau of Aeronautics. In addition, apparatus was developed for testing aircraft oxygen control instruments.

The temperature coefficients of the two elastic moduli of most diaphragm and spring materials were measured and a monograph completed on aircraft speed instruments for the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics.

Altitude Testing of Aircraft Engines.—A report is in preparation on the distribution of fuel heat in a 12-cylinder, V-type, water-cooled

aircraft engine, supercharged and unsupercharged, for a variety of

operating conditions and at various altitudes. The effect of the temperature of the cooling medium on engine performance at altitude,

and the effect of engine compression ratio on the variation of horsepower with exhaust pressure are the next problems to be investigated.

Type Testing of Commercial Airplane Engines.—At the Arlington engine laboratory, 27 type tests and 4 calibration tests, involving

18 engine types submitted by 11 manufacturers, were undertaken

during the past fiscal year for the Aeronautics Branch of the Department of Commerce. Of the 9 engines which successfully passed the

50-hour endurance test, only 4 had not suffered at least one previous

failure. Valves were the most common source of major failure, but

pistons, crankshafts, and cylinder heads caused two failures each.

The revised aircraft engine requirements (effective January 1, 1933)
110 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

call for a 50-hour preliminary test by the manufacturer and increase

the severity, but not the duration of the present type test. Radio-Shielded Ignition Equipment.—As a basis for preparing

Army-Navy specifications on shielded ignition harnesses, tests were

conducted jointly at the Naval Aircraft Factory and at this bureau on commercial types of shielded harnesses applicable to radial air- craft engines. The five types tested were found equally satisfactory

from the standpoint of radio-interference shielding, but they differed with respect to accessibility, strength, shielding efficiency, and

waterproofing. Altitude tests of a Curtiss D-12 engine, with and

without a radio-shielded ignition system, showed no significant effect of the shielding on the altitude performance of the engine.

AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING

Vapor Lock Investigation.—Measurements on practically all 1931

models of American automobiles showed that excessive fuel line

temperatures occurred in many of them. This may cause boiling

of the gasoline and hence engine stoppage due to vapor lock. Modifications in fuel system design have been made in many 1932 cars, resulting in lower fuel temperatures. Vapor lock road tests on

these and older models are under way.

Antiknock Characteristics of Fuels.—The equipment and procedure for rating motor fuels, developed by the cooperative fuel- research steering committee, has been proposed to the American

Society for Testing Materials as a tentative standard. After comprehensive road and laboratory tests, participated in by representatives of the bureau and some 15 automotive and petroleum laboratories, slight changes have been made in the standard test conditions

to attain improved correlation between laboratory ratings and knock

in automobiles. To insure purity of the primary reference fuels,

heptane and octane, samples of each batch are tested by this bureau.

Suitable test conditions for determining the detonation characteristics of aviation fuels are being studied.

Gumming Characteristics of Gasolines.—A satisfactory test method for determining the gum content of gasolines has been developed. Much information has been obtained on the tendency for the

gum content of gasolines to increase during storage, and information

is being obtained on the permissible gum content for satisfactory

engine operation.

Testing Motor Fuels and Fuel Dopes.—The bureau has continued

to make engine tests of fuel dopes and special motor fuels for the

public as well as for Government agencies in accordance with a

revised test method adopted in 1931. No fuel dope has been found

to improve power or economy unless it decreased the tendency of the

fuel to detonate. . _ Measurement of Spark Character.—In studying the relative ettec- tiveness of ignition sparks, it is important to know their electrical

characteristics. Owing to the low inductance and capacitance of the

ignition circuit, usual methods of measuring voltage and current with the cathode-ray oscillogranh were not found applicable to the

spark discharge. It has, therefore, been necessary to develop special

methods for this purpose.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 111

Phenomena of Combustion.—The effect of inert gases (argon,

helium, and nitrogen) on the rate of flame propagation in the ex- plosive reaction between carbon monoxide and oxygen was investigated. The gases in each case were saturated with water vapor.

Photgraphic records reveal the progress of the reactions which were

carried out at constant pressure in soap film containers. A similar

study is to be made in the presence of smaller quantities of water

vapor.

Combustion in an Engine Cylinder.—Various cylinder heads

equipped with windows of quartz and fluorite have been used in obtaining visual and photographic observations of flame movement and

measurements of the cyclic variations in pressure and in infra-red

radiation during the explosion period in an engine. Technical

reports are in preparation. Preliminary work has been done on the use of ultra-violet absorption spectra to detect molecular changes in

the explosive charge ahead of the flame.

Effect of Air Humidity on Engine Performance.—As a result of

the bureau's work on the variation of engine power with humidity,

the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics has adopted

standard dry-air pressures as a basis for correcting sea-level and

altitude tests of aircraft engines, and a similar revision of the Society of Automotive Engineers' power-correction formula has been

proposed. Recent tests at compression ratios from 4:1 to 10 :

1

show no significant change in specific fuel consumption with increasing humidity.

Automobile Brakes and Brake Testing,—With the assistance of

the American Automobile Association, the bureau is collecting statistical data on brake performance from different sections of the

country as a basis for revising the safety code for brakes and brake

testing adopted in 1927 as an American tentative standard.

Automobile Headlighting.—A motion-picture camera, mounted on an automobile, was so equipped as to show graphically the effect of

curves, grades, and road irregularities on the field of view under

night-driving conditions. These pictures effectively illustrate some

important facts about safe headlighting determined at the bureau,

but not generally understood.

Motor-Vehicle Specifications.—Further assistance has been given

various Government agencies in the preparation of improved purchase specifications for special types of automotive equipment, such

as ambulances and mail-truck chassis. Many vehicles and accessories are now procured on the basis of performance tests by the

bureau.

BUILDING AND HOUSING AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Building Codes.—Nearly 300 cities reported that they were using

the recommended minimum requirements of the Department of

Commerce building code committee. The bureau has assisted numerous local and State code committees and building officials. Substantial progress was made in several fields, such as in requirements for

building exits and precautions to be followed during erection of

buildings. Revised rules were prepared for small dwellings to afford home owners the maximum use of latest developments consist- ent with safety.
112 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Plumbing Codes.—The bureau has continued its study of the performance of plumbing systems with particular reference to possible

reductions in required pipe sizes. Cooperation with Other Agencies on Building and Housing Problems.—The President's Conference on Home Building and Home

Ownership which was held in Washington in December, 1931,

afforded an unusual opportunity for advancement of projects by

the bureau in cooperation with representatives of leading groups

from all sections of the country. The committees especially con- cerned included those on fundamental equipment (heating, plumbing, lighting, refrigeration, etc.); utilities for houses; subdivision

layout; business and housing; industrial decentralization and housing; blighted areas and slums; reconditioning, remodeling, and

modernizing; construction, city planning, and zoning; finance,

home ownership, and leasing; home information centers; relationship of income and the home; legislation and administration; and

technological developments. These subjects were taken up with

special reference to low-cost housing for families of small income,

through reduced costs and improved methods and quality in construction materials and equipment.

Joint studies, made with committees of the National Conference on Construction, aim to help stabilize construction activity and en- able the industry better to serve the public.

City Planning and Zoning.—The bureau has continued to issue its periodic reports on city planning and zoning developments in all parts of the country, and is also pursuing its study of local subdivision regulations.

Home Financing.—Extended investigations of the home financing

situation were made for the President's conference, and for the congressional committees which considered the Federal home loan bank

bill.Reinforcing Bars for Concrete.—There is no general agreement on the method which should be used to determine the cross-sectional area of deformed bars when samples are tested for yield point and

ultimate strength. An investigation was made using the four methods

which have been widely used in this country. The results showed

definitely that if the area is computed from the length and weight

of the bar more consistent results are obtained at less cost than if any of the other methods are used. The publication of this paper

will, undoubtedly, lead to the general use of this method and benefit

the manufacturers and users of deformed reinforcing bars.

Steel Columns Encased in Brickwork.—At the request of the

municipal architect, District of Columbia, 6-inch rolled steel columns,

22% feet long, were tested in compression, some encased in brick

walls and some bare.

The columns encased in brickwork did not buckle sidewise as did the bare columns, but were much stronger, behaving like very

short bare columns. The results of these tests are now being applied

in the design of some district buildings and will effect a saving in

the cost. Formed Sheet Steel Floor.—In cooperation with the American

Institute of Steel Construction an investigation has been made of the

strength and other properties of a floor made from two sheets of
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 113

steel which are bent and then fastened together by electric spot welds

to form a panel having longitudinal cells. The tests showed that

these panels were light and strong. Their use will, in all probability,

have a profound effect upon methods of construction and upon building costs. This floor may be expected to stimulate the development

of radically new materials and methods of fabrication for small

houses as well as apartment houses and office buildings.

Properties of Floor Coverings.—The Asphalt and Mastic Tile

Association has established a research associateship at the bureau

to study the properties of various asphalt floor tiles in order to set up standard specification requirements for the guidance of manufacturers. The work is well under way and satisfactory progress

is being made in measuring wear resistance, hardness, and other

important properties.

Soundproof Partitions.—During the past year 13 panels of various

constructions, submitted by different manufacturers, were measured

for sound transmission. In addition, considerable attention was

given to the development of improved methods and instruments for

this work. The public demand for soundproof walls and floors in

apartment and 2-family houses is steadily increasing.

Absorption Coefficients of Acoustic Materials.—During the past

year sound-absorption measurements have been made on 97 different

samples of material submitted by manufacturers.

It is worthy of note that this work represents the development of a new business in the country, and that fully three-quarters of this

development has taken place in the last three years. In this the

bureau has played an increasingly important part. The materials

are used in the interior finish of auditoriums to produce good acoustic qualities.

CEMENT AND CONCRETE

Temperature Studies of Cements During Setting.—Studies have

been made on three samples of Portland cement clinker to which 50

different retarders had been added in varying percentages. Studies

have been made also of the temperature rise in the setting of concrete made into 6 by 12 inch cylinders. The strengths of these cylinders are being compared with the strengths of those made and

stored under normal conditions.

Tests of Arlington Memorial Bridge.—The effect of shrinkage and

time yield on the crown deflection of the arch during the period

from the 18th day to the 24th month after the construction of the

two inner arch barrel strips was equivalent to a temperature drop

of 27° F. Similarly, the effect of these factors after the superstructure was completed and during the period from the 15th to the 27th

month was equivalent to a temperature drop of 7° F. Reaction of Calcium Chloride on Cement.—An investigation has

recently been undertaken of the effect of calcium chloride upon the

physical properties of cement, and a detailed physicochemical study

of the reactions between the calcium chloride and the separate cement

constituents is in progress. Constitution and Hardening of Portland Cement.—The Portland

Cement Association fellowship has continued to devote its full time
114 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 to a study of the basic chemical problems of the cement industry to the end of improving the general usefulness and durability of concrete structures. One paper has been published on the compounds

formed by soda in a part of the chemical system of Portland cement.

Work is under way on the influence of composition on the qualities

of the resulting cements, especial attention being given to a study of

the heat liberated during hardening and the volume changes of

specimens stored under various conditions of exposure.

Masonry Cements.—Studies are now largely completed of 40

brands of masonry cements now on the market. Workability, waterretaining capacity, volume change in the wet and dry condition,

compressive strength, transverse strength and modulus of elasticity, rate of water absorption, and resistance to freezing and thawing have

been determined. Compressive strengths from 10 to 3,000 pounds

per square inch have been obtained at the end of seven days. The

resistance to freezing and thawing varied from failure in two cycles

to no signs of failure in 30 cycles.

Volume Changes of Mortars During and Subsequent to Setting.

Length measurements have been made on a number of mortar speci- mens made at 21° C, the temperature being uniformly increased for

10 hours, at which time it was 60° C. The specimens were all found

to increase in length during this time, the increase ranging from

0.008 to 0.015 per cent. Similar specimens maintained at 21° C.

showed an increase in length from 0.010 to 0.017 per cent. Measurements made at the end of one year showed that there had been practically no change in length. These studies are of particular interest

in the construction of large dams.

Cast Stone.—Based upon the results of tests completed during the

year, Federal specification SS-S-721 for architectural cast stone has

been issued. A minimum compressive strength of 5,000 pounds per

square inch and several absorption requirements have been incorporated in the specification.

Waterproofing Compounds.—A report on tests of integral and

surface waterproofing compounds for concrete, by C. H. Jumper, has

been published in the Bureau of Standards Journal of Research, vol. 7 (RP394), p. 1147, 1931.

Cement Reference Laboratory.—The Cement Reference Laboratory, a cooperative project of the Bureau of Standards and the

American Society for Testing Materials, devoted the greater part

of its activities to field work, inspecting 175 cement laboratories,

thus completing a second tour involving 268 inspections. The effec- tiveness of the work is becoming evident in the continued improvement observed in apparatus and methods. That the work is con- sidered valuable is indicated by the increased use of the service by

laboratories and other interested parties. The Bureau of Public

Roads now requires periodic reference laboratory inspection at all laboratories which make acceptance tests of cement for Federal-aid

projects. During the year, in addition to 65 inspections for State

highway departments, 16 inspections were made for commercial

laboratories which desired to comply with this ruling of Public

Roads.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 115

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

Hydrocarbons from Petroleum.—With the cooperation and financial support of the American Petroleum Institute, this investigation has been continued during the year, and the following new hydrocarbons have been isolated from petroleum: 2-methylhexane,

/?-xylene, o-xylene, ?/z-xylene, ethylbenzene, 2-methylheptane, and

n-decane.

Insoluble Matter in Shellac.—The bureau has developed a new

method for determining the insoluble matter in shellac. This

method uses butanol or ethylene glycol-monoethyl ether (cellosolve). It appears to be accurate and easy of execution.

Volume Change at an Electrode During Electrolysis.—An elec- trode pycnometer suitable for determining volume changes at the

electrode during electrochemical reactions has been developed and

applied to certain electrodes where this quantity is required in the

determination of transference numbers by the moving boundary

method.

Platinum Metals.—An accurate method for the analytical separation of rhodium and iridium, together with suitable methods for the

determination of the two metals was completed. A beginning has

been made on a complete procedure for the analysis of materials con- taining all of the platinum metals. Spectrographically pure iridium

and rhodium were prepared for use in the bureau's work on primary

standards of light.

Decomposition of Cyanide Plating Baths.—The factors that affect the decomposition of cyanide solutions were studied, and methods of

reducing the decomposition have been suggested.

Methods of Analyses.—New or improved methods have been

developed for the determination of tin in ferrous materials, cobalt in

irons and steels, silicon in ferrous materials, and molybdenum in

ores and metallurgical materials.

Analytical Methods.—Improvements in hydrogen ion, contact

potential, and indicator methods which the bureau has published

have an important bearing in studies of the effect of acidity on the

permanence of farm waste products such as wall boards, paper, and

other fibrous materials.

Analytical Reagent Chemicals.—The critical study of methods for

the determination of various impurities in reagent chemicals has been

continued in cooperation with the American Chemical Society. This

resulted in the publication of IT new specifications during the year. These specifications, of which 121 now exist, are recognized by all American producers of reagents.

Distribution and Preparation of Standard Samples.—Five thousand two hundred and fifteen samples of 96 standards were dis- tributed, having a sales value of $11,696. Samples were furnished

free of charge to Government departments, States, and State universities and colleges. New standards prepared during the year are

Chromium-nickel (18-8) steel; nitriding (chromium-molybdenumaluminum) steel; low carbon-high sulphur steel; silica brick; and

dead burnt magnesite.
116 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 CLAY AND SILICATE PRODUCTS

Factors Affecting the Crazing of Earthenware.—The data indicate

that the ingredients of earthenware bodies most susceptible to moisture expansion are fused feldspar, crystalline feldspar, and clay.

The water absorption of some experimental bodies was reduced by

progressively higher heating, and the content of fused feldspar in- creased; of this series, bodies heated to cone 6 to 8, and having a water absorption of about 10 per cent, showed the greatest moisture

expansion.

Special Low-Fire Whiteware Bodies.—Ceramic bodies comparable

in transverse breaking strength to earthenware, nearly white in

color and varying in absorption from 1 to 5 per cent, were made by

the dry press process of commercially available materials and matured below 1,000° C. The bodies will resist mechanical abrasion to a very satisfactory degree. Glazed specimens resisted crazing satis- factorily in laboratory tests. The final report is scheduled to appear

in an early issue of the Bureau of Standards Journal of Kesearch.

Ceramic Materials of Low Thermal Expansion.—Some silicates of

several elements in Group II of the periodic system were investigated, and cordierite, zinc orthosilicate, celsian, and beryl were found to have surprisingly low thermal expansions. A body approaching the first in composition is being developed commercially.

Study of Refractories.—The transverse strength and modulus of

elasticity in flexure obtained at 1,250° C. of IT different brands of

fire-clay brick was increased from 100 to 400 per cent by first re- heating the brick for five hours at 1,400° C. The plastic deflection

under load, on the other hand, decreased from 50 to 100 per cent under these conditions.

Samples of five kaolins, representing some of the important world

sources, were fired at eight different temperatures ranging from 1,100°

C. to approximately 1,650° C. The chemical analyses and pyrometric

cone equivalents were obtained on the raw materials, the thermal

expansion, porosity, and specific gravity on the fired materials, and

the petrographic analyses on both the raw and fired. X-ray diffraction patterns were made of Georgia, North Carolina, and Mexican (dickite) kaolins, mullite, and cristobalite.

Thermal Dilatation of Fire-Clay and Special Refractories from 20°

to 1,800° C.—Linear expansion measurements were obtained of 18

different materials which had received from one to four heat treat- ments at temperatures ranging up to 1,800° C. Observations were made to 1,800° C. if the refractoriness of the material permitted.

Among the materials were Pennsylvania flint fire clay ; New Jersey

siliceous clay; Georgia kaolin; English china clay; Tennessee, Kentucky, and English ball clays; Missouri and New Jersey fire-clay

bricks; Indian, Turkish, Cuban, and African chrome ores; high

alumina brick; Austrian magnesite; and an insulating brick. All

of the materials were tested to 1,000° C. in both an oxidizing and a reducing atmosphere. No noticeable differences in expansion were

noted except in the case of the chrome ores, which showed an ex- ceptionally high expansion between 700° and 1,000° C. under

reducing conditions.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 117

Problems Relating to Saggers.—It was established that the life of

the saggers, if estimated by their resistance to thermal shock, could

be predicted when such properties as modulus of elasticity, trans- verse strength, and thermal expansion of the clays used are known.

The modulus of elasticity in flexure determined at 100° C. intervals

between room temperature and 700° C. gave the following information: (1) Specimens containing 80 per cent alumina showed no

change; (2) all other materials showed a gradually increasing

modulus of elasticity with increase of temperature, however, those

containing a high percentage of silica (cristobalite) showed a decrease at 100° C. when compared with the values obtained at room

temperature; and (3) the percentage increase in modulus of elastic- ity at the several temperatures was not the same for the various

sagger bodies.

Survey of the Properties of Common Brick.—The compressive and

transverse strengths, water absorptions, size, weight, color, and

tendency to effloresce were determined on 683 grades of bricks from

228 plants in 36 different States. Brick Masonry Materials.—Investigations of the physical properties of mortars and bricks and of the durability of the bond of

mortar to brick have been continued.

Reinforced Brick Masonry.—Eesults of shear tests of beams indi- cate that resistance to failure by diagonal tension depends largely on the arrangement of the bricks and the tensile and shearing bond

strengths of mortar to bricks.

Resistance of Certain Materials to the Abrasive Action of Plastic

Clay.—Tests were continued on dies made from the 19 metals and

alloys using the " standard " abrasive mixture of 60 clay and 40 glass

sand. In the equation CYn =X, in which C is a constant, X the

extrusion pressure, and Y the abrasion loss, it has been found that n

is a constant, the value of which is 0.645 for the standard abrasive. Tests were also made using a plastic porcelain composition as the

abrasive material in comparison with the "standard." The value

of m was found to be 1.16 as constant for that particular abrasive

material.

Abrasion tests of dies made from sillimanite porcelain gave a high

abrasive resistance at first, the resistance decreasing with depth. The

wear resistance or service Z when plotted against wear depth W is expressed by the equation (Z—A) (W+B) =2T, in which A, B, and

K are constants. Extrusion Machine Investigation.—The study of the auger extrusion machine for molding hollow tile has given data indicating how

type of auger tip, length of collective spacer, and length and taper

of both die and cores affect its performance. A variation in any one

of these factors has its individual effect, but may differ when coupled

with a change in one or more other factors. Design of the auger

and taper of the die influence both rate of extrusion and power con- sumption. Length of collective spacer affects power consumption at

all times and the rate of extrusion within certain limits, while length

of die, within practicable limits, influences only the power requirements.

Columbus Laboratory.—In determining the nature of the glassy

bond formed in fired ceramic materials, using five eutectic glasses
118 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 as a basis for blends, a total of about 80 glasses was made up. Data

were then obtained on the properties of tensile strength, elasticity,

fusing temperatures, etc. The next step is to observe the effect which

additions of impurities, such as iron, mica, etc., will have on such

glasses. A number of these glasses containing mica have been made

up and some data collected. Five and ten per cent additions of mica

are found to be readily absorbed.

One of the major investigations has been a comparative study of

the properties of English and American china clays with a view to making substitutions easy for the manufacturer. The study of the

English clays has been completed and the final report is in process

of preparation. Representative china clays from the heavy producing areas in the United States have been obtained and a large

amount of data collected during the year. This has included

strength, shrinkage, porosity, base exchange, and other determinations on the clays in unfired and fired state. The future program

calls for a study of the properties of these clays when combined

with other potter's materials in bodies, as was the case with the

English clays. This work is well under way, nearly all of the clays

having been made up into bodies composed of 50 per cent clay and

50 per cent potter's flint. The work on the properties of 27 Ohio clays used in heavy clay

manufacture has been completed, and a final report is being prepared. A portion of the data is being turned over to the Ohio

geological survey for publication in one of its clay surveys. In cooperation with the special boiler refractories committee of the

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the fundamental study

of the multiple component system (Si02 , CaO, A12 3 , FeO, and

Fe2 3 ) involved in the interaction of the clay refractories with the

slags has been carried forward and about 60 new points were determined during the year. In addition, considerable work was done

in determining the effects of certain coal ashes on brands of fire brick in accordance with the test worked out and reported the previ- ous year. Continued work along this line seems to confirm previous

findings.

COLORI METRY AND PHOTOMETRY

Calibration of Lovibond Glasses.—These are color standards—the

complete set numbering upward of 400 different colors—originally

designed for grading the color of beers, but now extensively used by

such agencies as the vegetable oil industry as a basis for the fulfil- ment of contract. Their extended use in this country constrained

the bureau to undertake an extensive investigation of their colorimetric accuracy individually and in combination. It has further led

to steps being taken to bring about international standardization of

these glasses. The statistical investigation of the uniformity of the

red glasses, begun in 1928, has been continued; a new fundamental

standardization of the red, yellow, and blue series has been undertaken and some progress made.

Standard Glass Filters.—These are intended for checking spectrophotometric transmission as determined by various instruments and

different laboratories. Filters of five different kinds of glasses have
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 119

been selected and extensive measurements of the spectral transmission of four kinds have been made. In accordance with a plan

agreed upon by representatives of the national laboratories of Great

Britain, Germany, and the United States, one set of these glasses,

measured with great care, is to be sent in turn to the National

Physical Laboratory of Great Britain and to the Reichsanstalt of

Germany to serve in an international comparison of measurements

of spectral transmission.

Color Grading of Illuminants.—The color of illuminants is ex- pressed by their " color temperature " ; that is, by the temperature

of a closed cavity which most nearly matches the illuminant in question. Preliminary work has been done toward using the radiation

from freezing iridium and other metals as standards of color temperature. The radiation from iridium has proved a reliable means

of comparing the candlepower of lamps differing markedly in color,

and has shown the consistency of the existing light standards of

the bureau.

Waidner-Burgess Standard of Light.—This standard, reported last year, has been again set up at the bureau and is also being given a thorough test in three foreign countries. The results obtained at

this bureau agreed with those previously reported to approximately

0.1 per cent. The international adoption of this standard may be

expected at the next International Conference on Weights and Measures in 1933. Radiation at Temperature of Molten Iridium.—The brightness of

a

" black body " immersed in freezing iridium was determined in

terms of the existing light standards of the bureau. The value 1,243

candles per square centimeter, so obtained, agrees very well with the

value derived from the Waidner-Burgess standard and the freezing

points of platinum and iridium.

Maintenance of the International Candle.—International measure- ments on 10 carbon-filament lamps supplied by the bureau have

shown that the units of luminous intensity as maintained in France,

Great Britain, and the United States are in close agreement, but the

international candle, when computed from the Hefner unit as maintained in Germany, is smaller by more than 1 per cent than the

unit maintained in the other laboratories. This difference is in the

basic unit ; still larger discrepancies arise in measurements on lamps

of commercial types because of difference in color of the light. The

national laboratories of the four countries mentioned have agreed to bring their standards of light into accord through the use of the

factors for visibility of light established by measurements at the

bureau some years ago and since accepted by the International Commission on Illumination. Colored filters to serve this purpose are being circulated for final measurement at the four laboratories.

COMMERCIAL STANDARDS

Progress During the Year.—Fourteen preliminary conferences and

nine general conferences with the industries concerned were held

in order to pave the way for the establishment of standards of

quality for binders' board, wool and part-wool blankets, oil storage

tanks, sulphonated oils, fiber insulating board, hosiery lengths,
120 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 men's shirts (exclusive of work shirts), surgeons' rubber gloves,

apple wraps, cast stone, and pure dye rayon fabrics.

Cooperation with the respective industries, on their request, re- sulted in the acceptance and promulgation of 10 commercial standards for the following commodities: Fourdrinier wire cloth; plywood (hardwood and eastern red cedar) ; bag, case, and strap

leather ; steel bone plates and screws ; hospital rubber sheeting ; wool

and part-wool blankets; diamond core drill fittings (second edition)

;

surgeons' latex gloves, surgeons' rubber gloves; and clinical thermometers (second edition).

Eleven commercial standards were issued in printed form.

Surveys of adherence are made periodically. The table shows

results of such surveys during the fiscal year. Adherence to commercial standards

Item

Blouses, shirts and junior shirts, and waists

(button-on); boys', CS14-31.

Feldspar, OS23-30 Gage blanks; plug and ring, plain and thread, CS8-30. Hardware, builders (nontemplate), CS22-30...-

Joints, ground glass, interchangeable, CS21-30.

Linings, aromatic red cedar closet, CS26-30

Mirrors, plate glass, CS27-30.__ .. Mopsticks, CS2-30

Nipples, pipe, brass, CS10-29

Oils, fuel, domestic, and industrial, CS12-29... Pajamas, men's, CS 15-29. Patterns, dross, CS13-30

Patterns, foundry, wood, CS19-30 Plumbing fixtures, porcelain (all-clay), staple, CS4-29. Plumbing fixtures, vitreous china, staple, CS20-30.

Shafts, golf, hickory, CS18-29.. .. Thermometers, clinical, CS1-28

Unions, malleable iron or steel, screwed, stand- ard weight, CS7-29. Wall paper, CS16-29 .

Period covered by survey

6 months ending Dec. 31, 1931.

6 months ending Sept. 30, 1931. Year ending July 31 1931

6 months ending Dec. 31, 1931.

6 months ending June 30, 1931. —_do

6 months ending Sept. 30, 1931. .—do

Year ending July 31, 1931 6 months ending June 30, 1931.. 6 months ending Dec. 31, 1931.

6 months ending Sept. 30, 1931. Year ending Apr. 30, 1931 Year ending June 30, 1931 .do. Year ending Dec. 31, 1930. Year ending June 30, 1931. ....do

.do.

Number

of manufacturers reporting

20 70

12 51

15 72.9

26 73

6 76

9 83. 77 73

10 92

19 99.7

43 76

19 66

13 100 393 65

6 95.8

19 85. &

9 53.9

26 79

14 70

28 59.8 DENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS

Improvement in Dental Materials.—Specifications are now available for alloys, investments, wax, and impression compound. The

improvements in some of these materials, noted recently, are as much as 50 per cent. These improved supplies are available at no

extra cost; in fact, in some instances, prices have been reduced.

The savings to the public through the use of safe dental materials

exceed by many times the cost of the research.

ELECTRICAL UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Maintenance of International Electrical Units.—For the fourth

consecutive year comparisons of electrical units were made by takingstandard cells and resistance coils to the principal European standardizing laboratories. By using the new type of resistance standards

developed at the bureau a considerably higher precision has been
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 121

obtained in comparisons of the ohm than was previously possible.

The results obtained show that the ohms of Great Britain and of

Germany now differ by less than 2 parts in 100,000, while the ohm

of the United States is between the two. However, the unit used

in France is larger than that of the United States by 7 parts in

100,000.

Known discrepancies in the values for the second basic unit, the

volt, led to a special joint test of the national standards by means

of the silver voltameters. This work was done at the German

national laboratory, the Physikalisch-Technische Eeichsanstalt, by

representatives of the Eeichsanstalt, the British National Physical

Laboratory, and the bureau. It showed that the German value for

standard cells was in error. Correction of that error has brought

the units of the three laboratories into agreement within 3 parts in

100,000, the volt of the bureau having the lowest value of the three. The French unit is smaller still by 3 parts in 100,000.

New Basis for Electrical Units.—The plan to replace the present

international electrical units (which are represented by arbitrary

standards) by others only slightly different, but concordant with

mechanical units, requires most precise determinations of the new

units. Such determinations have been in progress at several national

laboratories for a number of years. The bureau is establishing a value for the ohm by two methods, both of which involve the construction of inductance coils having dimensions which are very

accurately measured; it is establishing the ampere by weighing the

forces between coils carrying electric current. The work of the last year has been largely a study of the many small corrections necessary

in order to assure the highest attainable accuracy in the final results. Corrections made during the past year to results previously obtained with the Eosa-Dorsey-Miller current balance indicate that the

international ampere equals 0.99996 absolute ampere. Measurements

have also been made with a new combination of fixed and moving

coils, but computations have not yet been completed. The value for

the ohm reported last year must be corrected because the steel lengthstandards used to measure the inductance coil had shrunk slightly

since calibration. The corrected value (derived from a coil on porcelain) is 1 international ohm equals 1.000463 absolute ohms. An in- dependent determination with a coil wound on quartz has given

1.000458, but corrections for variations in pitch of the windings are yet to be made.

Measurement of High Voltages and Large Currents.—A number

of mechanical improvements have been made in the high-voltage

electrometer to increase its accuracy beyond the present limit of 0.1 per cent. The standard voltage transformers have been rechecked at several temperatures and show less than 0.01 per cent change for

The standard current transformer has been rebuilt and is available up to 10,000 amperes at 60 cycles. Motor-generator equipment

limits measurements at 25 cycles to 8,000 amperes.

Development of Electrical Instruments.—The bureau has designed some electrical instruments for special needs. These include

a composite-coil ammeter for accurate alternating-current measurements, a potentiometer for measuring temperature differences up to
122 STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 5° C. and giving a perceptible indication on its lowest range for

0.0001°, and a potentiometer for comparing the electromotive forces

of standard cells with an accuracy of a few parts in 10,000,000.

Convenient procedures for the design of self-inductance standards were developed.

Magnetic Testing and Research.—The results of two investigations, one on testing with high magnetizing forces and one on testing

at very low inductions with alternating currents, were utilized in a revision of the specifications of the American Society for Testing

Materials for standard methods of magnetic testing. The results

of an investigation, recently completed, on the effect of mechanical

strain on magnetic properties, will aid materially in the interpretation of the results of magnetic tests made for the purpose of determining the fitness of steel products for specific purposes. In an

investigation of the characteristics of heat-treated steel wire, conclusive evidence as to aging effects was obtained by thermomagnetic

analysis.

Dry Batteries.—Periodic " qualification " tests of dry batteries

from principal manufacturers have been made, using the bureau's

automatic testing equipment. The results served Government purchasing officers, and also as a basis for Federal Specification W-B-101,

recently completed. Tests for industrial flashlight batteries have

been developed.

Storage Batteries.—Specifications for storage-battery electrolyte are in preparation. The resistance of wood and porous-rubber

separators was compared by improved methods, and the resistivity

of sulphuric acid determined for service conditions at low temperatures. Corrosion of plates and detrimental effect of antimony were found closely related. New alloys were tried in battery construction,

and nonspill devices for airplane batteries and pressures within cells were studied. FIRE RESISTANCE

Federal Fire Council.—A report was submitted on the fire hazard

survey of the portion of the Capitol group of buildings requested by

a Senate resolution, and on water-meter installations in lines serving

Government buildings in the District of Columbia, the latter with

particular relation to restriction of water flow for fire extinguishment. The inspection of Federal civil prisons, conducted under the

auspices of this group by the National Fire Protection Association, was completed, reports being submitted on eight institutions. A

form for use in inspecting properties for fire hazard and one for

reporting of fires were developed and distributed to Government

departments and establishments.

Fire Tests of Welded Steel Floors.—This new construction, a fur- nace for the testing of which was constructed last year, consists of

a steel floor plate welded to beams spaced 2 feet apart. To determine the resistance against fire from above, six fire tests were con- ducted by burning out discarded furniture and records in amounts

from 10 to 40 pounds per square foot of floor area, the floor plate

being unprotected or protected with cement or gypsum mastic and

aerated or dense cement concrete. Five fire endurance tests and one

fire and hose stream test were conducted with fire exposure on the
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 123

protected construction from a gas-fired furnace below the floor. It was found that a fire above the floor has less effect on the construction than one of equivalent severity applied from below. The floors showed ability to support working load in both series of tests even

after large deflections had occurred.

Fire Protection of Records.—Papers or reports were published on

fire exposure conditions for safes and vaults as affected by the construction, occupancy, and height of buildings, and on general methods

of record classification, determination of useful life, protection of

those having value, and destruction of those no longer useful. Kevision of Federal specifications for insulated safes was completed and

three safes were tested to determine conformity with specification

requirements. A survey made of the property of bureaus of the

Department of Commerce showed that, for a total value of buildings

and contents of near $225,000,000, over 80 per cent consists of records

and similar uninventoried values.

FRICTION AND LUBRICATION

Journal Bearing Performance.—An investigation has been made

of the performance characteristics of journal bearings in the region

of thin film lubrication. Measurements of friction were made with

high-tin Babbitt metal and high-lead bronze bearings operated over wide ranges of speed and load with several mineral oils. A general

correlation of the results was found to be possible, which throws new

light on the problem of journal bearing design and performance.

Thin Film Lubrication.—Using self-aligning steel rolls sliding on

a rotating flat plate, friction measurements have been made over a speed range from 0.005 to 500 revolutions per minute at various pres- sures up to 15,000 pounds per square inch and with oils of widely

different viscosities. These results indicate for the first time a satis- factory method of approach in investigating the oiliness characteristics of oils. Other oils, metal combinations, and machines are now

being investigated.

GAS ANALYSIS AND SERVICE

Cooperative Orifice Meter Tests.—The survey of the present status of measuring pulsating gas flows was completed and a report presented. As a result of this report the American Gas Association at

its annual meeting allotted funds for some laboratory tests on this

problem to be conducted at the Bureau of Standards. This work

has been postponed to accommodate other cooperative work on the

general problem, deemed to be of more immediate importance.

A joint committee on orifice coefficients was formed by the American Gas Association and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers during the year. Three of its members, including the bureau

member, are collaborating in collating the data in the hands of the

two committees ; certain additional tests are being carried on to aid

in correlating these data.

Gas Analysis.—The bureau's work on methods of gas analysis

included: The rapid separation of gases by fractional distillation;

151592—33 9
124 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 further improvements of gas analysis apparatus for general laboratory use ; the separation of " illuminants " from each other ; determination of the extent to which the oxidation of nitrogen, mercury,

and iridium affect analyses by combustion ; the removal of vapors of

reagents from gases under analysis ; and a study of the interference

by sulphur dioxide in analyses made by the use of iodine pentoxide.

Assistance was given to nine manufacturers of laboratory apparatus who undertook commercial production of apparatus for gas

analysis of types previously developed by the bureau.

Elimination of Hazards in the Use of Gas.—The bureau has co- operated in the formulation of standards for gas with the American

Standards Association, the American Gas Association, the National

Fire Protection Association, the District of Columbia, and the President's Conference on Building and Housing, and has conducted

laboratory work in cooperation with the Washington Gas Light Co.

for the purpose of eliminating hazard from carbon monoxide poisoning in certain situations.

Design of Gas Appliances in Relation to Service Conditions.—An

extensive experimental investigation was made of the factors which

determine the best design for an appliance to use natural gas. The

study included the effect of variable conditions of service and adjustment in relation to design, which is essential to consideration of

standards of service rendered by a public utility supplying fuel gas. Standards for Gas Service.—Standards of service, voluntarily

maintained by 370 of the largest gas companies, were compared and

tabulated. A completely revised set of rules was prepared for recom- mendation to State regulatory bodies and, with modifications, to municipalities. Two States and two municipalities were assisted

in the formulation of standards of service, and conferences on the same subject held in Washington with official representatives of six States. GLASS AND VITREOUS ENAMELS

Production of Optical Glass—Thirty-two pots of optical glass,

embracing five different kinds, were melted. From a part of these

melts 36,787 blanks for optical elements, weighing 3,627 pounds, were made for the Navy Department. It has now been demonstrated that

the time required for melting borosilicate crown glass can be reduced

about 45 per cent, or from 24 to 13 hours.

Composition and Physical Properties of Glass.—It has been shown,

in the bureau's studies of the soda-lime-silica glasses, that the rela- tions between their refractivities (N—l) and specific volumes (V)

for certain wave lengths (A ) in the visible spectrum can be expressed

by N— l =x —yV+z (per cent CaO) in which x, y, and s have the

following values for the indicated wave lengths

:

Spectral line Wave

lengths AX V

0. 8814

.8970

.9345 .9632

2

C 6, 563 5,893

4, 861

4, 358

0. 8570

.8660

.8878

.9045

0. 001181 .001157 .001099

. 001055 D

FG
BUEEAU OF STANDARDS 125

Similar tentative relations have been developed for glasses con- taining potash and magnesia.

The tensile strength of six glasses (annealed) was determined,

using rods 1.5 mm in diameter. Borosilicate, medium flint, barium

flint, and dense flint glasses have approximately the same maximum

tensile strength, namely, 11 kg/mm2

, and the strength of light barium crown and light crown (ordinary plate) glass is approximately

15 kg/mm2. The thermal expansion of a number of soda-lime-silica glasses

has been determined from room temperature to the initial softening

point, and equations have been derived from which it is possible to compute the expansion of any glass in the range of compositions

studied. One of the equations is as follows: 14 +2.5# +2.37(7-

0.02 (B + C) 2

, in which E is the total expansion up to the softening

point and B and C are the percentages of soda and lime, respectively.

Thermal Expansivity and Elasticity of Typical First Coat Vitre- ous Enamels.—The thermal expansivity of enamels at higher temperatures is important. Its chief effect is seen in the contraction

during cooling, after the manufactured article has been fired in a furnace at red heat. The values for expansivity, as determined at temperatures up to 100° C, agreed in general with those calculated

from the accepted factors, which are based upon 100° C. The determined values increased with temperature, however, and at 400° C.

exceeded the calculated values by one-fifth. Experiments showed

that substituting sodium oxide for boric oxide, and feldspar for

flint, is a less effective means of increasing the expansivity than is indicated by the accepted factors. Young's modulus of elasticity was affected but little by variations

in composition within commercial limits, and the average value was

about 8,200 kg/mm2

. HEAT AND TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS

Thermal Properties of Water and Steam.—This work has been

continued with the cooperation and support of the American Society

of Mechanical Engineers' special research committee on thermal

properties of steam. A calorimeter designed for measurements at high temperatures and pressures was completed and used in meas- urements of heat capacity, latent heat of vaporization, and vapor

pressure. The vapor pressure measurements covered the range from

100° to 370° C, and in this range it appears that the relation between

temperature and vapor pressure is now reliably known within a few parts in 10,000 of the pressure.

Specific Heats at Low Temperatures.—Measurements of the

specific heats of certain nitrogen compounds at low temperatures

may be used to determine the possibility of synthesizing these compounds. Measurements of this kind have been made on a number

of compounds for the Fixed Nitrogen Laboratory in connection with

its program for the synthesis of such compounds for use as fertilizers. Similar measurements on rubber compounds have been made to develop information on the processes occurring in the vulcanization

of rubber.
126 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Thermal Conductivity of Metals.—Measurements were made on

the thermal conductivity of 21 metallic alloys over the temperature

range 100° to 500° C. Work is being continued to correlate changes

in conductivity with structural changes in the metal, particularly

in the case of nonferrous alloys.

Heat Transfer by Convection.-—Work on this project has been

supported by the McMillan fellowship of the Johns-Manville Corporation. Measurement by optical means of temperature distribution

in air adjacent to heated surfaces, both plane and cylindrical, has

made possible accurate calculations of heat transfers. This method

is the only one thus far devised for measuring heat transfer between

fluids and solids over definite small portions of the solid surface,

and promises important practical applications.

Intercomparison of Temperature Scales.—An international comparison of temperature scales in the range 660° to 1,063° C. has

been completed. As a result of this work the temperature scales of

Germany, England, and the United States have been brought to agreement within 0.1° C. throughout this range.

Standardization of Thermocouple Materials.—An extensive study

has been made of all the principal metals which are used for thermocouples. New reference tables have been developed for platinum to platinum—10 per cent rhodium, platinum to platinum—13 per cent rhodium and chromel-alumel thermocouples. The work is being ex- tended to include copper-constantan and iron—constantan thermocouples.

Extension of the Temperature Scale to —259° C.—The increased

industrial application of low temperatures has stimulated research

in this field. In response to urgent requests, the bureau has undertaken the extension of the scale of temperatures from —190° to —259° C.j and a temporary scale was established.

Freezing Point of Iridium.—A series of temperature measurements

of the freezing point of iridium, which is of importance from the

standpoint both of photometry and color temperature measurements,

has been completed. The value for this temperature, based upon the

freezing point of either gold or platinum, is 2,450° C. (4,442° F.).

Electrical Properties at Liquid Helium Temperatures.—It was

found that certain metals called superconductors, which were known

to lose their resistance at these low temperatures to the flow of direct

current, also became superconductors for alternating currents of

ordinary and radio frequencies.

HYDRAULICS

National Hydraulic Laboratory.—The hydraulic laboratory building was turned over to the bureau by the contractor on March 12,

1932. Since that time the members of the staff have been engaged

with the design and installation of equipment.

Five centrifugal pumps having a total capacity of 58,000 gallons

per minute, seven sluice gates, two cranes, one hoist, one 20-ton and

two 9-ton scales for weighing water, a constant level tank, a volumetric tank, the piping for the pumps, the switchboard, trans- formers, and various pieces of instrumental equipment have been
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 127

purchased and are being installed. As soon as this equipment is in

place it will be possible to start experimental work.

Plans are being prepared for the first research problem, a study of

the flow of water around pipe bends, which is to be undertaken

for the Bureau of Reclamation. A quantity of pipe and tubing of

various sizes has already been purchased for this investigation.

Changes in design standards for piping systems may grow out of

this work.

Plumbing Investigations.—The permanent experimental equipment of the 100-foot tower, erected for an investigation of requirements for plumbing drains for tall buildings, was completed in July.

Experiments to determine the capacities of sloping drains were begun

in August, 1931, and measurements of flow in new cast-iron soil pipe

from 2 to 5 inches in diameter with slopes varying from ^ to 2

inch fall per foot have been made. Similar measurements have been

made on old cast-iron soil pipe, 12 years in service. A paper cover- ing this phase of the investigation is in preparation.

A study of surging flow in sloping drains, produced by the intermittent discharge of plumbing fixtures, distributed from the second

to the tenth stories of the tower, has been made to obtain an estimate

of the relation of capacities under these conditions to the capacities

of the same drains with steady flow. These studies have been practically completed on 4, 5, and 6 inch drains with slopes of %, *4, and

Y2 inch fall per foot. The results of these studies will be given in a second paper.

IDENTIFICATION OF GUNS, BULLETS, AND DOCUMENTS

Assistance to the Federal Government.—Forty-three different cases were handled during the year. The bureau's laboratory tests on

bullets, handwriting, typewriting, and other forms of physical evidence submitted by Government agents, have saved large expenditures by narrowing investigations to definite fields. Cases are taken

only when the Government is a party at interest, and court testimony

is given only when necessary. Standards of practice have been entirely lacking in this field, and consequently the testimony of so- called experts has often been conflicting. The bureau is gradually

developing practicable standards for identification work.

INSTRUMENTS AND APPLIANCES

Calibration of Testing Machines.—The bureau now has 10 proving

rings with capacities up to 300,000 pounds. These have been used

for periodic calibration of the testing machines of the Bureau of

Standards and of other Government laboratories. They have also

been used by members of the staff to calibrate machines used in

special research work at the University of Wisconsin, Illinois Steel

Co., Bethlehem Steel Co., Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the

Battelle Memorial Institute.

Forty-two proving rings, commercially manufactured, have been

calibrated and certified for industrial and other laboratories from

July, 1931, to July, 1932. The continually increasing use of proving rings shows that the development of this device by the bureau has
128 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 materially furthered the standardization of testing machines. Because it had been suggested that thermal lag might cause appreciable

error in the use of these rings, apparatus was designed and built to determine the possible magnitude of this effect. It was found

that even with the largest (300,000 pound) rings all thermal effects had become negligible in less than 50 seconds, which was about the

minimum time necessary to take a reading during calibration. The

thermal time lag in some other elastic calibrating devices was found

to be four or five times as great.

Instruments for Measuring the Tilt of Earth's Strata.—In response

to the desires of those interested in developing some instrumental means of predicting imminent earthquakes, two types of tiltmeter,

based on optical interference, have been designed, constructed, and

are being subjected to test in different localities. These instruments

are theoretically capable of revealing tilts as small as one-tenth

second of angle, and the laboratory tests corroborate this. If

these instruments prove practicable, they should find application

in other fields where small tilts of earth's strata under load are of

importance.

Accelerometers for the Study of Earthquakes.—The development

of accelerometers, for obtaining within the destructive area of major

earthquakes data of value to the structural engineer, has been continued. Twelve sets of accelerometers, each indicating three components, were constructed and are being installed by the Coast and

Geodetic Survey, and additional instruments of the same type have

been ordered.

Development of Seismometers.—The results of work done at the

bureau over a period of years on galvanometers and electrical re- cording of phenomena of various kinds have been applied very suc- cessfully in the development of improved seismometers and other

instruments for studying the effects of earthquakes.

Gages for Precise Dimensional Measurements.—Two screw micrometer gages, having electrical contact indicating devices, were

designed and built for use in obtaining precise dimensional measure- ments of test specimens used in a photoelastic study of rubber.

These gages are generally applicable to the measurement of easily

compressible materials.

Device for Turning Spherical Surfaces.—An attachment for turn- ing spherical surfaces of large radius on an ordinary lathe has been

designed and constructed. It can be readily adjusted to produce a surface with any desired radius of curvature greater than 20 inches.

Although particularly designed for the production of lens-grinding

tools, it promises to have other applications, as it performs work

not possible with any other machine tool available on the American

market.

Impact Resistance of Screw Threads.—The results of the few tests heretofore published indicated that the impact resistance of bolts was

markedly different for different shapes of thread. However, no comprehensive investigation of this subject had been made. An investigation covering the three commercial thread forms—American national coarse, American national fine, and Dardelet threads, each in

four different sizes and five different materials—has just been completed. Through the cordial cooperation of the United States Army
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 129

the specimens were tested in the large Charpy type impact machine

at Watertown Arsenal. No other impact machine of adequate ca- pacity was available in this country.

The results showed that for all materials the resistance of bolts

having American national fine threads and Dardelet threads was

considerably greater than that of bolts having American national

coarse threads. American national coarse threads are used in most

engineering machines and structures at the present time.

Elevator Safety Interlocking Devices.—The recent inclusion in the

American Standard Safety Code for Elevators of performance

standards and performance tests of elevator safety interlocks, previously developed, has resulted in an extension of their application.

Type tests of additional devices have been made for the information

of the Government departments, certain State governments, and

other inspectional and regulatory bodies.

LEATHER

Effect of Humidity on Leather.—A study of the influence of atmospheric moisture on the properties of chrome and vegetable-tanned

calf leathers was completed. It was found that the moisture content, strength, stretch, and area of these leathers increased as the

moisture present in the atmosphere increased. The results emphasized the necessity of establishing standard testing conditions for

leather, of controlling humidity in establishments making leather

goods where accuracy of dimensions is required, and of studying

the treatment of leather to minimize these changes. Chrome leather

showed greater changes than vegetable-tanned leather. Acid in Leather.—Evidence was obtained showing that the life of leather in the presence of sulphuric acid is influenced by the

particular tanning material used. Tests on leather tanned with

mangrove-bark extract showed it to be more resistant to deterioration,

by sulphuric acid than leather tanned with chestnut-wood extract,

and less resistant than leather tanned with quebracho-wood extract. Quebracho leather subjected to high temperature and humidity conditions deteriorated much more rapidly than when stored under or- dinary room conditions. Studies were initiated of the effect of

temperature on the deterioration of chestnut leather treated with

sulphuric acid, the effect of oxalic acid on the deterioration of both

chestnut and quebracho leathers, and the effect of sulphuric acid on

leather tanned with sumac. All leather for this work is prepared

in the bureau's experimental tannery. The results of this work

are leading to the establishment of means for evaluating leather and

producing leather of improved quality. This is a direct service to the industry, to the various Government agencies using leather, and

to the public.

Substitute for Sole Leather.—A substitute soling material made

from domestic raw products (heavy cotton duck and a synthetic

resin) was developed. Laboratory tests indicated satisfactory wearing quality, and service tests are in progress on 100 pairs of soles at Fort Benning, Ga., to determine suitability of the material for

military use.
130 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 LIME AND GYPSUM

Particle Size Distribution of Lime.—The method of determining

particle size by automatically weighing the material as it settles out

of suspension has been found to be accurate for 10 micron particles,

but there is a deviation with smaller particles which increases as the

size of the particle decreases. The average particle size of the commercial hydrated limes studied is close to 5 microns.

Volume Changes of Gypsum Fiber Concrete.—The investigation

of the volume changes of gypsum fiber concrete, made from five different calcined gypsums, was completed. This study included

measurements of the expansion which occurred during setting and

subsequently due to changes in moisture content, together with thermal expansion. The effects of the amounts of mixing water and of

wood chips on the magnitude of these changes were investigated.

Heat of Solution of Calcium Sulphate and Its Hydrates.—Methods

have been devised for preparing calcium sulphate and its hydrates

of high degree of purity, and the heats of solution of these purified

compounds in 2.00 N hydrochloric acid have been determined at 30° C. in especially designed twin calorimeters.

Ammonium Acetate Solution as a Solvent for Gypsum Products.

Kapid methods have been devised for determining the purity of

gypsum plaster and the sand content of set gypsum plaster using a

solution of ammonium acetate as a solvent.

Keene's Cement.—An investigation was made of the chemical and

physical properties of nine samples of commercial Keene's cement.

From the data obtained a proposed Federal specification for Keene's

cement has been drawn up.

Sand-Lime Brick.—An autoclave, wherein mixtures may be filtered at elevated temperatures and pressures, has been devised and the

solubility of silica in varying concentrations of lime water at elevated

temperatures is being investigated.

METALS

Foundry Problems.—Success in foundry casting operations is dependent in large measure on the running properties of the molten

metal in filling the sand mold. As a result of an investigation cover- ing the past two years, a report has been issued describing a practical

method which can be used by the foundry worker for determining the

behavior of the metal under conditions identical with those of casting.

Permeability is an important characteristic determining the use- fulness of a molding sand since it is closely associated with the ability to carry off steam and other gases incidental to casting. A study

showing the influence of grain characteristics, grain size, sharpness,

etc., on the permeability of the sand is nearing completion.

In order to make available for practical use the large amount of

information on the properties of commercial and special foundry

sands obtained in cooperative work with committees of technical

societies, as well as in tests carried out at the bureau, an information

circular on this subject is being prepared.

The results of the recently completed study of the shrinkage of

metals in cooling from the liquid state to room temperature, carried
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 131

out in cooperation with the American Foundrymen's Association,

form the subject matter of several publications.

High-strength Cast Iron.—A comparatively simple means for the

benefication of cast iron is one of the most important needs of this

foundry industry. Some very promising results have been obtained

in the preliminary work which has been done on the effect of controlled superheating prior to casting as a means of modifying the

structure and improving the mechanical properties.

" Gases " in Metals.—This reaction—the carbon-oxygen reaction

in molten iron—which is the basis of all steel-making processes, has

been studied extensively. The experimental determination of the

carbon-oxygen equilibrium in liquid steel at three different temperatures has been completed and the determination of the hydrogenoxygen equilibrium is in progress. Oxygen has been determined on several steels and irons, and these

are now available as oxygen standards for analysts. Similarly,

nitrogen has been determined in four of the bureau's standard

sample steels, so that these steels will serve as nitrogen standards.

An extensive resume of the literature was prepared as part of a symposium on the subject.

Nonferrous Ingot Metals.—A report was issued during the year

showing the properties of red brass (Cu 85, Pb 5, Zn 5) poured at different temperatures and in test bars of various shapes. The

effect of remelting and of impurities, such as sulphur, has also been

studied. The results will serve in establishing a " base fine " for the

Nonferrous Ingot Metals Institute in classifying the numerous

commercial variations of this alloy.

Rail Steel.—Previous studies show marked differences in the

quality of rail steels by high-temperature tensile tests, which seem

to have a direct bearing on the susceptibility of the rails to develop

transverse fissures in service. To determine whether or not this

apparent difference in quality or " secondary brittleness " is an

inherent property of the steels or a function of the rate of loading,

Charpy impact tests, impact-tensile tests, and torsion tests on the same steels have been made. No indications that " secondary brittle- ness " is not a property of the steel itself have been found.

Bridge Wire.—The study of the properties of heat-treated carbon

steel wire which proved unsatisfactory in service for use as sus- pension bridge cables has been continued. Numerous tensile, torsion, fatigue, and " long-time " tensile tests on galvanized and un- galvanized wires, supplemented by microexamination, have shown

that the presence of a galvanized coating, the rate of loading, and

the imperfections in the surface of the wire affect the resistance to fracture of a heat-treated carbon steel bridge wire to a different

degree from their effect on a cold drawn steel wire of similar

composition.

Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Metals.—The

study in cooperation with a joint research committee of the American

Society for Testing Materials and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers of the embrittlement of " 18 and 8 " stainless steels by

carbide precipitation at certain tempering temperatures has been

completed. As part of the study of the deterioration and " creep

" of Cr-Ni-Fe alloys at elevated temperatures, the influence of stress
132 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 upon the structural changes in these alloys when maintained at ele- vated temperatures for periods up to 1,000 hours has been determined.

The fundamental aspects of the mechanism of " creep " of metals at elevated temperatures and the influence of grain size are being

studied by means of single-crystal test specimens of several pure

metals.

As part of a symposium on the general subject a critical review of

the available information on the high-temperature properties of the

rare and precious metals was prepared.

The general investigation has been extended to indicate the effect of low temperatures and the mechanical properties of a number of

copper alloys and of stainless steel have been determined at —80°

and -190° C.

Machinability of Metals.—Speed and quantity of metal removed

are of great importance in all present-day shop machining methods.

A study has been made of the influence of lathe-cutting conditions on the properties and structure of the machined surfaces of carbon

and alloy steels to determine whether or not quality may be sacrificed

for speed. The magnitude and depth of the work-hardening and

other changes of the metal at the machined surface were determined.

It is now a well-established fact that steels of the same apparent

composition may differ decidedly in properties, and this is of considerable practical importance in tool steels. Work is under way to define more precisely the cause of the so-called body or timbre of

tool steels. Endurance of Metals.—In the study of the metallurgical factors

which may affect the endurance of steels, it has been shown by tests by the rotating-beam and axial-loading methods that a hot- dipped

galvanized coating lowers the endurance limit in some cases by as much as 40 per cent. Electroplated zinc coatings did not have this

effect. Methods have been developed to determine the endurance of

wire to pulsating tensile stresses. This permits the testing of wires

under actual service conditions and promised to be very useful for

aircraft members.

The simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue upon the endurance of metal structures is much greater than either alone and fre- quently leads to disastrous results. Work has been continued in the

preparation of a concise summarizing report of the extensive experimental work on this subject carried out at the Naval Experiment

Station.

High-Frequency Fatigue Testing.—A series of high-frequency

fatigue tests made on light aluminum alloys, in cooperation with the

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, has been completed

and a report on the work is being prepared.

Corrosion of Metals.—The character of the surface film formed on

a metal under atmospheric exposure is generally believed to be in- timately associated with the degree of corrosion-resistance shown.

The American Society for Testing Materials has under way an ex- tensive series of exposure tests of commercial nonferrous metals in

different parts of the country. Advantage has been taken of these

tests to initiate a study of the films formed on different metals under

various climatic conditions. Methods for removing the films intact

have been developed and some work on the character of the corrosion

film on copper has been completed.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 133

Cooperation has been continued in the extensive series of exposure

tests of galvanized materials, sponsored by the American Society for

Testing Materials. The tests have shown that, contrary to popular

conception, marine atmospheres are not nearly so severe as inland

industrial atmospheres.

Methods in current commercial use for determining the relative

corrodibility of stainless steels have been studied. Other laboratories

have cooperated in the work under the sponsorship of the American

Society for Testing Materials, and the combined results will show

the usefulness and dependability of such tests. The marked differences in corrosion of iron due to degree of aeration and pH of the water in closed water systems, previously noted,

have been found to be less prononunced as the corrosion period is lengthened. Initial corrosion is greatly affected by these factors,

however. The character of the rust scale, which may serve to protect

the underlying metal, can be varied from loose flocculent to dense

adherent scale by varying these factors. The second report on this

study is in preparation.

Prevention of Embrittlement of Sheet Duralumin by Atmospheric

Corrosion.—The five-year program of exposure tests in cooperation

with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, the Army

Air Corps, and the Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department, has

been completed. The degree to which heat-treated high-strength

aluminum alloy sheet may become embrittled under different climatic

conditions has been definitely established, together with the degree of

inhibition of the attack which may be obtained by proper heat treat- ment. The relative merits of most of the common coating materials,

together with the proper means of application, are well established.

A new series of tests to cover materials developed since the first series

of exposure tests, has been started. The method of anodic-oxidation for the treatment of duralumin as a means of increasing its corrosion resistance has been studied. A

rapid test for determining the quality of the " anodic " film is now

available. The cause of the deterioration of the electrolytic bath

used in the process and the accompanying inferior character of the

surface films produced is under study.

Test for Galvanized Coatings.—In specifying the quality of the

zinc coating of a great many galvanized steel products, especially

wire, a half-century-old simple test consisting of immersion in a copper sulphate solution, is relied upon in spite of widespread adverse criticism. A study has been made of the limitations of this

method and the reasons for the misleading results often obtained.

The report which is nearing completion will show a suitable modification whereby dependable results can be obtained.

Wear Resistance of Metals.—By means of tests carried out in

oxygen-free atmospheres the fundamental and practical importance

of surface oxide films in determining the rate of wear has been

clearly demonstrated. Under certain conditions in the absence of

oxygen the metal-to-metal wear of steel was found to be excessive.

Bearing Alloys.—The cooperative study with the War Department

of bearing alloys containing little or no tin has been concluded. The

copper-lead mixtures received special attention during the year, and

an " alloy " was developed which is decidedly superior to others in
134 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 commercial use in many respects. A report on the properties of the

common tin-base and lead-base " Babbitts " at different temperatures

has been published.

Additional studies have been made on the effect of impurities in

bearing bronzes on their properties and performance.

Copper Roofing.—A report was issued on seam corrosion in materials of this kind as a summary of the work carried out in cooperation with the Copper and Brass Research Association. The degree of

heating incidental to soldering is an important factor in determining

the degree and extent of seam corrosion.

Spring Materials.—The American Society of Mechanical Engineers

has assisted in the compilation of data by an extensive and critical review of work which has been done on the subject of materials for

springs. The digest of the results now in preparation, which in- cludes many unpublished data furnished by manufacturers, will constitute a convenient and important reference book on the subject.

Spark Testing of Steels.—A rapid, nondestructive test for establishing the identity of steels is an exceedingly useful works test. A

survey has been made of the spark-testing method and the complete

report now in preparation shows in concise graphical form the

applicability and limitations of this testing method.

METROLOGY

Comparison of Line Standards of Length.—A recomparison of the

bureau's secondary standards of length was completed during the

year. Because of alterations in progress in the building, it was impossible to control the temperature in a satisfactory manner. Therefore, the results are not of as high precision as has been obtained in some of the previous comparisons. However, sufficient accuracy was

obtained to meet immediate needs. The results may be summarized

as follows

:

1. The secondary and working standard meter bars have not

changed in length by more than 0.2 micron since the last previous

comparison.

2. The invar meter bars, measured in 1924 and again in 1929, have

shortened several microns during the past eight years. This result was unexpected, as invar bars usually lengthen with time.

3. Data were obtained on the stability of a

" Fix-invar " meter

bar. This investigation will be continued, and the coefficient of thermal expansion of the bar determined.

4. Measurements are nearing completion on a series of four-decimeter bars used in the length measurement laboratory and on a

series of decimeter bars of stainless steel ruled in the bureau's interferometry section. No significant changes have occurred in any

of these standards.

5. Platinum-iridium meter bar No. 21 is now at the International

Bureau of Weights and Measures for recomparison with the international standard.

Composition, Heat Treatment, and Mechanical Treatment of Low

Expansion Alloy.—The bureau has cooperated with the United States

Coast and Geodetic Survey and with a manufacturer in an effort to obtain a material that will be more suitable than present-day invar
BUEEAU OF STANDARDS 135

for geodetic tapes. Some progress has been made and it appears

probable that a satisfactory material and heat treatment may be

developed.

Precision Circles.—The bureau has cooperated with the United

States Coast and Geodetic Survey in the design, construction, stabili- zation, graduation, and calibration of precision circles such as are used in the Parkhurst (C. & G. S.) theodolite. Patters of an improved design have been made, and bronze castings have been prepared, which, after being machined, heat treated, and graduated,

will be studied over a period of time to determine their dimensional

stability. Another pattern will be finished especially for casting

silver circles in order to make a similar study of the stability of this

material which is now being considered for use by the Coast Survey.

Precision Dividing Engine.—The precision dividing engine designed and built at the bureau received a preliminary test and gave

excellent performance. A diffraction grating was ruled which was

exceptionally free of scattered light. Some " ghosts " were found,

but these may be eliminated. The production of suitable gratings

is the next problem to be solved in the advancement of research in

atomic physics. This machine gives promise of being a valuable

contribution in this field. The data secured in the construction of the machine have a very

important bearing on the design and construction of all similar

equipment.

Use of Light Waves for the Production of End Standards.—To

compare the accuracy of end standard calibration, 16 decimeter end

standards of fused quartz, as nearly perfect as possible, are being

constructed and measured and will finally be submitted to the principal national laboratories for their calibration. It is hoped to reduce all errors of plane parallelism of the ends and of the length

to less than one-millionth of an inch before the final calibrations are made.

PAPER

Preservation of Records.—Studies of the manufacture of record

papers from the commonly used materials resulted in development

of further information as to the permanence qualities inherent in

different grades of fibers and the optimum manufacturing details

for conservation of their initial quality. Tests of commercial papers,

made during the four years of this research, show that these studies are promoting paper-making standards which are improving the

stability of the various grades of record papers and decreasing their

cost through more efficient use of raw materials.

With the completion of surveys of libraries relative to storage of

records, experimental laboratory tests were made to determine the

effects on record papers of air polluted with acid from the combustion of fuels, and of sunlight—apparently the most potent external

deteriorating agents. The results definitely confirmed observations

in libraries and analytical studies of duplicate books from libraries

in different localities. Resultant recommendations as to purification

of air and protection of records from sunlight are being applied in

libraries. They were followed in full in the plans for the National

Archives Building.
136 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Based on the results of this research as a whole, a classification of

record papers, relative to the life requirements of the various classes of records, has been formulated. Application of this by Government

departments and many outside organizations has improved the

quality of their permanent record papers, while effecting economy

through better selection of the other classes of papers.

The cost of this research has been shared about equally by the

Carnegie Foundation of New York, the Brown Co., and the Government.

Government Papers.—Cooperative research on paper currency

with the Bureau of Efficiency and Bureau of Engraving and Printing was continued. Additional grades of rag and wood fibers proposed for use in currency paper were studied by means of papermaking experiments and trial printings. Information of this kind

makes economies possible and provides data on substitute materials

which are available in case of emergency. Further study was made

of use of protective coatings for improving the wear quality of

paper currency.

The cooperative research with the Bureau of Engraving and

Printing on materials and processes used in manufacture of postage

stamps was continued.

Printing Quality of Lithographic Papers.—Since misregister is responsible for very great waste in the lithographic-printing industry, and constitutes the most serious printing difficulty in which

paper is a factor, extensive studies are being made to develop information relative to the causes of register troubles. The work has

included not only extensive laboratory analyses and tests of lithographic papers but printing plant studies of the factors affecting

the closeness of register and the response of a series of specially pre- pared papers of known history to those factors. It is hoped by these means to establish standards for paper properties that will minimize

misregister.

Seventeen different factors affecting register have already been detected, and the influence of each is being studied in its relation to

difficulties encountered in commercial practice. Important information relative to the effects of moisture variables has been obtained and improved procedure in handling and conditioning papers

in the printing plant has been developed. The work is being done

in cooperation with the Lithographic Technical Foundation.

PHOTOGRAPHY

Photographic Sensitometry.—In connection with the international

standardization of sensitometric methods a study is being made of

several developing agents and of the effects of variations in the composition of the developing solutions.

The Eighth International Congress of Photography (August,

1931) formally adopted as an international standard filter for use in

the sensitometry of negative materials, one of the Davis-Gibson light

filters which were developed in this laboratory. The International

Commission on Illumination also has adopted (1931) three of these

filters as standard, for use in colorimetry.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 137

Photographic Emulsions.—In investigations directed to the understanding and improvement of photographic emulsions, it has been

found that gelatin forms a nonionized compound with the silver, in

appreciable quantity, under emulsion conditions; that sensitivity of

emulsions, free of dyes, is little affected by large changes in silver

ion concentrations ; that the desensitizing action of soluble bromides

increases with the acidity of the emulsion; and that bathing with

ammonia leaves the emulsion with an excess of silver over halogen.

PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Absolute Determination of Gravity at Washington.—This work,

which has been under way for several years, is nearing completion,

and will probably be finished during the next year. Its purpose is to determine with all the precision possible the value of gravity at the Washington base station of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Absolute Viscosity of Water.—In cooperation with the Chemical

Foundation, work on the determination of the absolute viscosity of

water has been commenced. The viscosity of water is a primary

working standard for all practical viscosity measurements and its accurate determination is of great importance. A new system of

preparing satisfactory capillaries has been devised and several new

methods of measurement have been developed.

Refractive Index of Distilled Water.—Water is one of the refractometric standards, but extant data thereon are relatively very dis- cordant. Using apparatus and technique developed for refractometric measurements of high precision, the refractive properties of

water have been determined for several wave lengths of the visible

spectrum at 5° intervals in the temperature range 0° to 60° C. The

results are referred to a standard of dry air at standard pressure and

at the temperature of the water. These data are considered as accurate within ±0.000003 in index.

Thermal Properties of Oils.—Experimental work on this project,

previously supported by the American Petroleum Institute, was

concluded. It was found possible to infer a reliable value for the

specific heat of any petroleum oil in terms of easily measured properties, such as density and viscosity or volatility. New tables of

specific heats of petroleum oils were prepared.

Isotopes of Hydrogen.—The bureau, in cooperation with the staff of Columbia University, has discovered an isotope of hydrogen, a new kind of hydrogen twice as dense as the ordinary gas. The new

substance fills a previous gap in the series of primitive elements, and

its discovery may throw important light on the ultimate constitution

of matter. Pressure-Volume-Temperature Data for Gases.—A twin-bomb

method was developed for the accurate measurement of P-V-T data

for gases. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion of Benzoic Acid.—With the aid

of a novel type of gas-filled pycnometer, this coefficient was determined between 15° and 30° C.

Crystallography of Organic Compounds.—The optical properties

of crystalline organic compounds have been determined, photomicrographic technic at low temperatures has been developed, detailed
138 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 study of formates has been made, and a chemical microscopical study

of special materials completed.

Phase-Equilibrium Diagram for the System Si02-ZnO-AL03

.

The complete phase-equilibrium diagram for this system has been

determined. This is the important system in zinc retorts. Ultra-Sonic Waves.—An investigation of the speed of travel of

ultra-sonic waves in various organic liquids has been completed and

published. This worfi: supplements other investigations at the bu- reau on the mechanical and electrical properties of electrical insulating materials.

PROTECTIVE COATINGS

Soil Corrosion Studies.—The investigation of the relation of soils to underground corrosion begun in 1922 has now reached a stage

where some definite conclusions can be drawn, although the last of

the specimens originally buried will not be removed until 1934.

Soils containing considerable quanities of soluble salts or acids are nearly always corrosive, as are heavy clays which shrink badly on drying.

Two fairly satisfactory methods for identifying corrosive soils in the field have been developed.

The ferrous pipe materials commonly used have been found to behave similarly under similar soil conditions, but the corrosion

products of cast materials differ somewhat from those of wrought

materials.

Protective Coatings for Pipe Lines.—With the active cooperation

of the American Gas Association and the American Petroleum Institute, tests of many types of pipe coatings of commercial importance are in progress. These tests include both laboratory meas- urements and field experiments with practical coatings in parts of

the country where pipe lines deteriorate rapidly. Testing methods

have been devised which make it possible to determine where coatings

are economic, and the experiments in progress have already shown

what types of coatings give enough protection to be worth their

cost. Poor application and lack of care in handling have been found to account for many coating failures. In certain regions soil stress results in the distortion and failure of unreinforced bituminous

coatings.

Protective Value of Electroplated Coatings.—In cooperation with

the American Electroplaters' Society and the American Society for

Testing Materials, over 8,000 steel specimens have been plated under

definite conditions. These are now exposed in six localities, and are inspected at regular intervals to determine their resistance to atmospheric exposure.

Chromium Plating.—At the request of the Bureau of Engraving

and Printing, a consistent theory of chromium plating was developed for the first time. It clarifies the subject and should lead to improvements in existing methods.

RADIO

Primary Frequency Standards.—The accuracy of this standard was increased to 1 part in 10,000,000, as the result of extremely pre-
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 139

cise studies of the functioning of the various elements of the standard. An auxiliary unit was constructed to guard against stoppage

of the four original oscillators, and special equipment was installed

to protect against failure of the power supply.

Secondary Frequency Standards.—Piezo oscillators of extremely

constant frequency were designed and constructed. They are of wide

application as standards and as control units for radio transmitters.

Standard Frequency Disseminations.—The standard frequency

service was markedly improved. Regular transmissions were provided on a frequency of 5,000 kilocycles per second for four hours

every Tuesday. The accuracy was better than 1 cycle per second

(1 part in 5,000,000). Some of the transmissions were controlled

by wire-line transmission of a frequency from the national primary

standard.

Measurement of Radio Field Intensity.—Methods and apparatus were developed for the automatic recording of the field intensities of

distant radio stations. These methods were applied to a study of

the effects produced by the synchronization of two pairs of broadcasting stations. A research on the accuracy of measurement of field intensity and on short-distance absorption of radio waves was completed.

Measurement of Height of Ionized Layer.—The ionized layer in

the atmosphere, more than TO miles above the ground, has been determined to be the major determinating factor in the long-distance

transmission of radio waves. The measurement of height of this

layer is of primary importance in interpreting transmission conditions and increasing our knowledge of radio wave propagation. Such

measurements were made on one day each week. Improved equipment was designed for such work. This included an automatic re- corder, which will allow continuous measurement of the height in

the future.

RUBBER

Chemical Nature of Rubber.—The bureau's research has established the crystallinity of rubber hydrocarbon. The refractive indices and melting point (10° G.) of crystalline rubber have been determined. Accurate chemical analyses have also been made. This

is the first time that any such values have been obtained.

Insulating Properties of Rubber.—To determine the properties of

pure rubber, about 10 kilograms of rubber hydrocarbon have been

prepared by digestion of latex at high temperatures, while a smaller

sample has been purified by treatment with the enzyme trypsin at room temperature. Specimens of these materials have been prepared

to check determinations already made of dielectric constant, power

factor, and compressibility of rubber compounds.

Rubber Balloons.—A study of sounding, pilot, and ceiling balloons

used by the Weather Bureau resulted in improved life and quality

of the ballons purchased and provided data for calculating the performance of the balloons in the upper atmosphere.

Information on Rubber.—Publications on reclaimed rubber and

rubber latex were prepared and issued to meet requests from the

industry and the public for general information on these subjects.

151592—33 10
140 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 SAFETY STANDARDS

Electrical Codes.—A 1932 edition of the Electrical Code, combining accident-prevention and fire-prevention features, was issued.

Work on revision and interpretation of the National Electrical Code

has been almost continuous. A revision of the Code for Protection

Against Lightning has been completed. Definitions of electrical

terms have been standardized through the activities of a national

committee on electrical definitions which arose from the work on

codes.

Safety Codes.—Members of the bureau's staff have participated in the work of the National Safety Code Correlating Committee and in

the work of various committees of national scope which have prepared safety codes. Formulation of codes for walkway surfaces;

cranes, derricks and hoists; and for accident reports and statistics,

has been under way. Revision of codes dealing with school lighting

;

mechanical refrigeration ; brakes and brake testing ; elevators, dumbwaiters, and escalators has received attention and two of these re- visions have been completed. An elevator inspectors' handbook is practically completed. A new edition of Safety for the Household was issued. Assistance was given State officials in preparing regulations.

Safety Code for Industrial Workers in Foundries.—The bureau

cooperated during the year in the preparation of a safety code for

the protection of industrial workers in foundries, a project sponsored

by the American Foundrymen's Association and the National

Founders Association, and approved by the American Standards

Association.

SCALES IN RAILROAD, INDUSTRIAL, AND OTHER SERVICES

Master Scale Calibrations.—Each of the 19 master track scales which afford various railways, State departments, and industrial

organizations means for periodically verifying the weight value of

their railroad track scale testing standards, was calibrated. Two of

these scales received supplementary calibration following completion

of extensive modifications recommended by the bureau on the occa- sion of the regular annual calibration. The grade of weighing ac- curacy exhibited by each master scale on final calibration was within

the tolerance applied (approximately 0.01 per cent). A new master

scale installation was completed on the Norfolk & Western Eailway

and was placed in service following formal calibration.

Tests of Railroad Track Scales.—A total of 959 railroad track

scales was tested during the fiscal year 1932. Of these, 768 scales, or 80 per cent, were correct within the allowable tolerance of 0.20

per cent. For the entire group of scales the average indicated weighing error was 0.17 per cent. As a general index to the probable grade

of accuracy obtainable in weighing railroad freight cars throughout

the United States, the above data represent a somewhat higher standard of performance than has heretofore been displayed. Of the

railroad-owned scales, 81.4 per cent were correct within tolerance, the

average error for the lot being 0.15 per cent. Of the privately owned

scales, 77.6 per cent were correct, and the average weighing error was

0.20 per cent.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 141

Track Scales in Grain Weighing Service.—Pursuant to recom- mendation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (Docket 9009)

the standard of accuracy according to which railroad track scales in

grain-weighing service are graded as satisfactory or unsatisfactory

allows a mean maximum indicated weighing error equivalent to 0.10 per cent. In the past year 72 track scales subject to this special toler- ance were tested. Sixty-four per cent were accurate within the re- quired tolerance, and the average error for the group was 0.13 per

cent. Test Car Calibrations.—Sixty calibrations of track-scale test* weight cars were made on the master scale at Clearing. These were made on 27 different cars owned by 15 different organizations of

whom 13 were railroads. In addition, 41 track-scale-test cars were

verified in the field. Demands for this form of calibration service are such that the field equipment is customarily routed so as to provide this service at certain railway centers each year. The ac- curacy of the results obtained is by no means comparable to that

obtainable on a master scale. Tests of Mine Scales.—The mine-scale-testing equipment was operated in the coal mining regions of Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, and

West Virginia. A total of 145 tests was made. Fifty-four scales,

37.2 per cent of the total number tested, were within the tolerance

of 8 pounds per ton of applied load; 91 scales, 62.8 per cent, were

not within the tolerance. Study of the test data and inspection

findings has indicated that the principal factors responsible for

weighing inaccuracies in these scales were faulty installation practices and lack of adequate maintenance and repair measures.

Paints for Test Weights.—An investigation begun two years ago

and having for its purpose the study of weight constancy in paints

used on 50-pound test weights was brought to completion. A sum- mary of the results of this study, made on some 200 test weights,

with 10 varieties of coating, and subjected to eight distinct kinds of

service or exposure conditions, shows that paints of light body

vehicle, such as varnish (pigmented or unpigmented), form the more satisfactory surface protection.

SIMPLIFIED PRACTICE

General Conferences; Recommendations Approved by Industry;

Printed Recommendations.—Twelve new simplified-practice recom- mendations were developed by general conferences, increasing the

total to 161, exclusive of one regional recommendation and one

limitation of variety recommendation. Both the latter and 135 of

the 161 simplified-practice recommendations have been approved

and accepted by the industries affected. Seventeen recommendations

are in process of acceptance. To date, recommendations covering

127 commodities have been issued in printed form.

Revision and Reaffirmation Conferences.—Twenty-nine existing

simplified-practice recommendations were reviewed by their respective standing committees. Of these, 13 were revised and 16 were

reaffirmed without change. During the previous year, 32 of the 38

recommendations reviewed were reaffirmed.
142 STANDAEDS YEABBOOK, 193 3 Preliminary Conferences and Variety Surveys.—Sixteen preliminary conferences were held to discuss the simplification of 10 differ- ent commodities. Surveys of existing diversification of product have

been conducted by simplified-practice committees appointed by 5 of

these industries, and plans were started for similar activity by the

other 5 groups.

Identification of Simplified Practice Recommendations in Trade

Literature.—The general increase in consumer demand for products

carrying labels or other marks identifying such products as conforming to nationally recognized standards and specifications has been

reflected in the correspondence received by the bureau. Organized

consumers, such as purchasing agents, architects, engineers, contractors, and merchants, have been seeking the adequate identification of

simplified lines in trade literature. The bureau's work in transmitting these requests to the producing element of the various industries

accepting simplified-practice recommendations, has resulted in approximately 300 manufacturers inserting items in trade literature to identify the simplified commodities. This action to facilitate the se- lection and purchase of simplified lines is indicative of a trend to- ward greater adherence to the various simplified-practice recom- mendations by the manufacturers, distributors, consumers, and other

interested parties.

State-wide Simplification Programs.—Three years ago, the California State Chamber of Commerce organized and sponsored a simplified-practice committee, the purpose of which is to disseminate

information concerning currently active simplified-practice recommendations, and to extend the application of simplified practice to commodities produced and used in that State. The chamber, in a

recent report, estimated that, as a result of their work in applying

simplified practice, California industry and commerce will benefit to the extent of $10,000,000 a year. The bureau has extended its cooperative services to the California State Chamber of Commerce since

the inception of this state-wide simplification program.

It is significant that, as a result of the California program, plans

for organizing similar state-wide simplification programs are now

being considered in several States. SPECIFICATIONS

National Directory of Commodity Specifications.—In April, 1932,

there was issued the second revised edition of the National Directory

of Commodity Specifications, the first edition of which was issued

in August, 1925. The new edition contains 548 pages as compared

with 379 pages in the earlier edition. In it are briefly summarized as

to technical characteristics, scope, and special applications, all nationally recognized standards and methods of test for commodities regularly produced in this country. It covers all of the

commodity specifications adopted by national technical and trade

associations, and those agencies which speak with the authority

of the Federal Government as a whole.

Encyclopedia of Specifications.—Manuscript for the third volume

of the encyclopedia series, entitled " Standards and Specifications

for Metals and Metal Products," was prepared for publication and
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 143

sent to the Government Printing Office in June, 1932. This is a companion volume to " Standards and Specifications in the WoodUsing Industries " and " Standards and Specifications for Nonmetallic Minerals and Their Products " issued in October, 1927, and

April, 1930. It is estimated that the book will occupy 1,056 pages,

as compared with 359 and 689 pages in the earlier volumes of the

series. Facilitating the Use of Specifications.—During the year, lists of

sources of supply of commodities guaranteed to comply with the

requirements of 349 Federal specifications and 32 commercial standards were compiled and distributed to 8,500 agencies making their

purchases out of tax moneys—Federal, State, county, and municipal.

These lists represent 17,960 requests from 7,878 firms, as compared

with 13,956 requests from 5,789 firms in 1931.

Federal Specifications for Rubber, Textiles, Paper, and Leather.

During the year, the committees on rubber and leather products and

packing materials, whose chairmen are members of the bureau,

have prepared 35 specifications, and the bureau has assisted in

the preparation of 45 specifications for textiles, 10 for paper, 40

for rubber goods and packing materials, and 3 for leather. This

work involves a certain amount of experimentation and a large

amount of testing.

SPECTROSCOPY, ATOMIC STRUCTURE, AND RADIUM

Spectrochemical Analysis.—This method, the most rapid and ac- curate yet developed for determining small magnitudes of impurities, has been used for a variety of industrial materials where

deleterious effects of small amounts are of importance. For

example, of the " proof gold " tested for the United States Mint,

one sample showed total base metal impurities having the low

magnitude of 23 parts in 1,000,000. To improve spectroscopic data

for purposes of such chemical identification, entirely new spectroscopic measurements have been made for several elements.

Concentration of the New Isotope of Hydrogen in Water.—By

fractional electrolysis, the concentration of the hydrogen isotope of mass 2 in water has been raised from one part in 30,000 to 2 parts in

1,000. The water containing the higher concentration of this isotope

has a density greater than that of ordinary water by 16 parts in

100,000.

Grading High Voltage X-Ray Emission.—By means of a new

voltmeter operating up to 250,000 volts, it is found possible to relate

the energy output of an X-ray tube to the effective voltage applied

to the tube. By this new method, all X-ray generator outputs may

be expressed in terms of a single standard, thus bringing to the medical profession a much needed control in the application of X rays. This work was carried out in cooperation with the Radiological

Eesearch Institute.

X-Ray Investigations.—An investigation of the X rays generated

in very thin metal foils has clarified the fundamental laws of X-ray

emission. Two new instruments, an electrostatic voltmeter and a sensitive manometer, were designed, and an investigation describing

volume color changes and surface chemical changes due to the bombardment of metal with cathode rays was published.
144 STANDAKDS YEAEBOOK, 19 3 3 Radium Tests.—Fifteen hundred radium preparations were tested,

having a radium content of over 17 grams and a market value of

about $1,200,000.

STONE

Building Stone.—Seventy-five samples of stone were tested for

Government departments and thirty-seven samples for the public.

The work on some of these materials involved lengthy investigations,

such as: The cause of decay in the interior marble of a post-office

building; determination of the physical characteristics of 14 samples of stone from Montana for the United States Engineer Office in

connection with the flood control act of May 15, 1928 ; study of stone preservative treatments at the instigation of Public Buildings and

Public Parks and the National Park Service; and the study of a

peculiar type of discoloration on limestone which was causing considerable trouble.

An investigation of the commercial granites of this country has

been started. This is concerned with the physical properties, weathering characteristics, and other practical considerations. Sixty samples have been collected from Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,

Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Texas.

Plastic (Caulking) Cements.—The procedure developed at this

bureau is now being used for testing practically all materials of this

type used in Government construction. Some of the large manufacturers of these products have installed testing equipment and are using the bureau's procedure to control their processes. In the past

year 345 samples have been tested for Government departments.

Slate.—The investigation of slate has been completed and the

results of this study appeared in the September, 1932, issue of the

Journal of Research. This paper contains the results of strength,

elasticity, toughness, hardness, absorption, porosity, and weathering

tests on the important commercial slates of this country. The out- standing result of this study was the discovery of the nature of a weathering process which is largely instrumental in bringing about

the decay of this material. Laboratory procedures have been

developed by means of which the weathering qualities of a slate in

question can be determined.

SUGAR

Crystalline Gluconic Delta Lactone.—A new method was developed for the separation and purification of the delta lactone of

gluconic acid, a substance heretofore unavailable for use in the arts. It is potentially a weak acid, which will undoubtedly prove of value

for many purposes, as in dyeing, tanning, baking powders, etc. Crystalline gluconic delta lactone may be prepared by the new process

in quantity at a fairly reasonable cost. Crystalline Xylonic Lactone.—A quantity of crystalline xylonic

lactone was prepared by a simplified method from the product obtained by the electrolytic oxidation of xylose. Previously xylonic

lactone had been prepared only in small quantity by a very expensive

method.
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 145

Oxidation of the Sugars.—As fundamental contributions, it was shown that the first step in the oxidation of a sugar with bromine

water is not the sugar acid, as formerly believed, but the delta lac- tone ; it was found that the beta form of glucone is oxidized about

forty times as fast as the alpha form; and that the oxidation of a sugar solution proceeds rapidly until the beta form of the sugar

in solution is used up and then more slowly as the alpha form

continues to be oxidized.

New Compounds of Mannose.—A full series of well-defined

crystalline halogen acetyl derivatives of mannose has been prepared

and their properties determined. These data are of a permanent

value for general application. They have been used at the bureau

to study the possible relationship of optical rotation and atomic

dimension, and, in addition, for pointing out the possibility that the

principle of optical superposition by van't HofF is not an approximation (as is generally adopted) but an accurate rule. Properties of Levulose.—The investigation of the fundamental

properties of levulose and the selective reduction method of analysis

have been completed. The data acquired have been applied to the

analyses of crude materials which contain levulose. Particular

attention has been given to the juices of the Jerusalem artichoke and

the products derived from it during the course of manufacture of

levulose. The methods have also been applied to honey and fruits. In most fruits levulose has been found to be the predominating

sugar. Commercial Production of Levulose.—The extracting and precipitating end of the plant was operated in two major periods, studying methods of juice extraction and of operating the conversion process. The methods of extracting the juice from fresh artichokes by

pressing, and from dried chips by diffusion, have been compared.

The major plant improvement this year has been the design and

construction of a battery of a size to operate continuously with the

rest of the plant.

Color in the Sugar Industry.—In the past year methods have been

developed for measuring the color of sugar products upon a spectrophotometry basis that are comparatively inexpensive, simple of operation, and that yield satisfactory results. This has been accomplished by the development of a simplified spectrophotometer consisting of a Duboscq type of colorimeter illuminated by means of a mercury arc. Suitable filters used at the eyepiece to isolate chosen

spectral lines and standards to be used in the calibration of the in- strument have been perfected.

TEXTILES, DYES, CLEANING, ETC. Durability of Carpets.—The carpet-wear-testing machine, previously devised, was applied to the evaluation of rugs and carpets of

known relative serviceability in order to correlate laboratory accele- rated tests with use. Manufacturers took an active interest in this

work and furnished the materials. The Federal Specifications

Board's technical committee on floor coverings cooperated by con- ducting practical service tests on some 32 specimens representative of

the important grades. Although the practical tests have not been
146 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 completed, the machine tests are in excellent agreement with the ser- viceability of the specimens so far as it is known. The machine was

also applied to systematic studies of rug constructions as to height

of pile, density of pile, and grade of wool in the pile. The results should make it possible for the manufacturers to produce the most

serviceable rug for a given price.

Manila Rope.—A method for the evaluation of the color of manila

rope fiber was developed at the request of the Cordage Institute and

the cordage committee of the Federal Specifications Board for in- clusion in Federal specifications, and for use in the control of production of rope for commercial use. Cotton Textiles for Aeronautics.—The work on aeronautical textiles was carried out at the request of the Bureau of Aeronautics,

Navy Department, and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. It resulted in the weaving in the bureau's cotton mill of

gas-cell fabric and outer cover cloth for airships, each of which has

a resistance 10 times that of the fabrics now used. Sufficient material was produced for large-scale tests. These tests are now in progress

at the plant of the Goodyear Zeppelin Corporation.

A systematic study of the mercerization of cotton for aeronautical

uses was completed. Ordinary commercial mercerization has as its object improvement in the luster and appearance of cotton. Little

attention is given to effect on strength and weight. This study

demonstrated that the optimum conditions of mercerization for

increasing the strength of yarns are different from those of ordinary

commercial mercerization. An increase of 50 per cent was found

possible. Yarns mercerized under these conditions should have

advantages for numerous uses where high strength is required.

Dry Cleaning Solvents.—At the request of the National Association of Dyers and Cleaners and of several machine manufacturers

a study was made of the use of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, and Stoddard solvent as dry-cleaning solvents. The possible

effect on clothing fabrics and on equipment, and the cleaning effi- ciency were studied. Work on the toxicity of the solvents was started

in cooperation with the Public Health Service, Treasury Department. The need for this work arose from the possibility of finding

safer or more efficient dry-cleaning solvents, because of the commercial availability of noninflammable liquids, and from the rapid

increase in the production of dry-cleaning equipment and the use of

these liquids in large and small cleaning plants and in the home.

Serviceability of Bed Sheets.—The Cotton Textile Institute and

Associates for Government Service have been conducting practical

service tests of some 24 brands of sheets in New York State public

institutions with the object of finding out what types of sheets give

the most service. Physical tests of the original sheets and of sheets

taken from service after 35 and 65 launderings were made by the

bureau for this study. The results should have considerable value to private as well as to public purchasers.

Wool Processing.—In cooperation with the American Association

of Textile Chemists and Colorists and the Textile Foundation, the

electrophoresis cell was found to be a new and valuable tool in the

study of wool processing. With it the isoelectric point of wool, a
BUREAU OP STANDARDS 147

fundamental characteristic of practical importance in scouring, car- bonizing, dyeing, and finishing, was determined accurately. The

application of the cell to several wool-processing problems is well

under way.

Substitute for Shellac in Army Hats.—A domestic synthetic resin was applied as a stiffener for felt hats used by the Army. Service

tests demonstrated that this resin may be used with success as a

substitute for shellac. THERAPEUTIC ACCESSORIES

Ultra-Violet Window Glass; Sources of Ultra-Violet Radiation

for Health Purposes.—The bureau has cooperated with the Council

of Physical Therapy of the American Medical Association in obtaining data and preparing specifications relative to the minimum

transparency to ultra-violet solar radiation permissible in window

glass. Likewise, various artificial sources of ultra-violet radiation were investigated, and the radiometric and physiologic data correlated, in order to establish a minimum permissible intensity.

Development of a Standard Ultra-Violet Dosage Intensity

Meter.—The use of sources of ultra-violet radiation for health purposes has created a demand for a reliable method of measuring and

standardizing the dosage intensity of ultra-violet rays. Various

methods of measuring the ultra-violet output of sources of radiation were investigated and a balanced thermocouple and filter radiometer was developed which, judged by the simultaneous radiometric and

physiological (erythemal) tests, satisfies the requirements of a standard laboratory ultra-violet dosage intensity meter. TIME MEASURING AND RECORDING INSTRUMENTS

Study of Watch Rates.—In cooperation with a manufacturer of

high-grade watches an investigation has been carried out to determine the extent to which the time-keeping quality of watches can

be improved by the use of an elinvar hairspring and uncut monometallic balance wheel, in place of the usual steel hairspring and

bimetallic balance wheel. The results obtained so far are very

encouraging and appear to indicate that a material improvement in

uniformity of rate may be secured by this means.

Horological Institute of America.—The bureau has continued to cooperate with the Horological Institute of America by participating in its committee work and by testing the watches submitted by

individuals seeking to obtain certificates of the institute. During

the year certificates have been issued to 56 junior watchmakers and

32 certified watchmakers.

Testing of Timepieces.—The bureau's circular on testing of timepieces was brought up to date and published during the year. WASTE PRODUCTS FROM THE LAND

Insulating Board from Cornstalks.—The processes and board forming machine devised and tested semicommercially in cooperation

with Iowa State College at Ames, Iowa, are now in industrial use.
148 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Boards from mixtures of cornstalks and straw are being made and

tested in the bureau's semicommercial plant.

Pressed Boards from Cornstalks.—Processes have been developed

whereby the pressure required in the manufacture of pressed board

has been lowered from the usual 500 to 70 pounds per square inch.

Cornstalk bookbinders board so made and having over three times

the standard strength was satisfactorily bound in book covers. An

electrical resistance method for measuring dryness was developed.

Mixed cornstalk-straw pressed boards are being made and tested. A machine is being built to add to the bureau's insulating board

machine to make pressed boards continuously in semicommercial

operations.

Paper from Cereal Straw.—In attempts to use the 50,000,000 tons of straw grown and wasted on American farms annually, strong

light colored kraft pulp and paper in over 40 per cent yields have

been made from wheat, oat, and rye straw. The economics of the

processes and commercial applications will be investigated.

Xylose from Cotton Seed Hull Bran and Cornstalks.—Studies in

medical laboratories of the effect of xylose on the human system and

of its industrial utilization are being continued. A simplified process with cornstalks gave about 15 per cent yields of xylose and also

36 per cent of high-grade alpha cellulose whose usefulness in the

rayon industry will be studied.

Textile Sizing from Sweetpotato Starch.—Sweetpotato starch can

be produced economically in the South in competition with imported

materials. Textile sizing made from sweetpotato starch, and the

physical properties of the sized yarns, are under test by the bureau's

staff in cooperative studies in the semicommercial textile mill of the

Alabama Polytechnic Institute and local textile factories.

Adsorption-Desorption Studies.—The adsorption and desorption

of water by cellulose products are being studied to determine the

fundamental laws governing such phenomena; to develop standard

tests for the absolute moisture content of paper, textiles, etc; and to solve many practical problems arising out of the interaction of water

with such materials. Preliminary experiments indicate that the re- sults may be vitiated by such factors as the decomposition of the

cellulose, and methods are being devised to obviate such possibilities

in future studies.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

Certification of Master Gages.—The retest and certification of the

American Petroleum Institute's grand master and regional master

cable tool-joint gages were completed during the year, after lead

errors in some of the ring gages had been corrected by the

manufacturer.

In addition to the usual number of screw-thread gages, precision

gage blocks, penetration needles, polariscope tubes, etc., several

helicoidal transmission gears were submitted for determination of

helix angle. Several of the current models of automobiles employ

constant mesh helicoidal transmission gears, and in order to obtain

quiet operation and minimum wear of the gears it is necessary that

the helix angle of mating gears be held to very close limits. Commercial apparatus for measuring helix angle of such gears appar-
BUREAU OF STANDARDS 149

ently is not sufficiently accurate for the purpose. Hence the bureau

is called upon to assist industry in these important and difficult measurements.

Cooperation with the National Physical Laboratory and the

Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt.—The appointment by the

American Petroleum Institute of the National Physical Laboratory

of England, and the Physikalisch-Technische Eeichsanstalt of Germany as official testing agencies for A.P.I, gages made in Europe,

has led to the exchange of information with regard to methods of

testing A.P.I, gages, and correspondence with regard to interpretation of A.P.I, specifications. The Physikalische-Technische Reichsanstalt has adopted several of the inspection methods developed

at the bureau. Steps have been taken by the American Petroleum

Institute to clarify specifications and standardize methods of meas- urement where necessary so that measurements will be on the same

basis in all laboratories.

Screw Thread Survey.—The American national standards for screw threads, as established by the National Screw Thread Commission, have been in use for something over 10 years, and in order

to determine what changes, if any, are necessary or advisable in

these standards an extensive cooperative survey of the screw-thread

industry has been carried out. Nearly 8,000 representative samples

of bolts, nuts, and threaded studs collected from 128 representative

manufacturers and users of screw threads were measured at the bu- reau and the detailed measurements tabulated and analyzed. The

results of the survey will be published by the sectional committee

composed of representatives of the several cooperating agencies.

Thermal Expansion.—Forty-one series of determinations were made on structural alloys and materials used in the arts. Nine

firms have been given assistance in installing proper equipment for

measuring thermal expansion. A satisfactory automatic, auto- graphic expansion equipment has been designed and built which will

be of service in many industrial laboratories desiring detailed records

of the thermal expansion of materials used in their products.

Capacities of Horizontal Cylindrical Tanks.—During the year

many tables have been prepared, by request, giving the capacity in

gallons for each inch in height of liquid in horizontal cylindrical

tanks of various diameters and lengths, such as are used for the stor- age of oil, gasoline, and other liquids. It is expected that these tables

will be supplemented and published in order that they may become more generally available.

Extension of Petroleum Oil Tables.—Following the publication some years ago of Circular No. 154 and its supplement, there have

been many requests for an extension of the tables contained therein

to cover oils heavier than 10° A.P.I. The necessary oil samples have

now been obtained and this work will be undertaken in the near

future.

Preparation of Ethyl Alcohol Tables.—At the request of the

Treasury Department certain tables of the Ganger's Manual have been

recalculated on the basis of the results obtained some years ago in an

extensive investigation carried out at this bureau on the density and

thermal expansion of ethyl alcohol and its mixtures with water.
150 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Cooperation with the States.—Formal State conferences on weights

and measures were attended in Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan,

New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania (two), and informal

conferences were held with State officers in Connecticut, Indiana, and

Wisconsin. Information was furnished to one State and to several

cities on the establishment of weights and measures departments,

and advice was given to numerous existing officials on a variety of

questions of administration. The preparation of a digest of weights

and measures court decisions was continued.
VII. COUNTY AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

In the Standards Yearbook for 1927 there was given a certain

amount of information relating to the purchasing methods of municipal and State governments. In later issues of the Yearbook additional information concerning the purchasing methods of these

agencies has been included, together with brief references to the

methods utilized by the purchasing agents of a few typical counties. In the present chapter there is presented some up-to-date in- formation concerning several hundred counties throughout the whole

country, and a summary of the standardizing and purchasing methods used by the State purchasing agencies and the State highway

commissioners.

COUNTY PURCHASING AGENCIES

While the majority of States and over 200 cities of the United

States employ purchasing methods which favorably compare with

the best modern practices of private business, the governments of the

3,072 counties of the country, aside from notable exceptions, adhere

to procurement methods which are many years old. Although each county is free within certain limits to determine

how it shall conduct its own business transactions, county government is regulated by State law in practically all States, and county

purchasing offices are for the most part established under general

permissive statutes. We find, for example, that the general law

of New York is supplemented by special laws which prescribe a

definite purchasing organization for each of certain counties. A

county in Oklahoma reports that the last State legislature there

placed the purchasing power upon each officer and holds him fully

responsible for his expenditures. In certain counties of Minnnesota,

Indiana, and other States centralized purchasing has been established bit by bit in the form of special laws.

If we add to such purchasing variations already named those which

inherently flow from county governments widely divergent in character and needs, it is at once clear why there are such marked

differences displayed in the procurement methods even in adjoining counties of the same State. In order to secure as much data as possible upon county purchasing, and to bring up to date its earlier published material on the subject, the Bureau of Standards recently requested the treasurers of

the more than 3,000 counties to furnish the names and titles of the

officials responsible for making purchases in their respective counties.

Examination of the 1,700 replies received from as many different

counties of the United States conclusively indicates the marked pre- dominance of a decentralized system of purchasing in county

government.

151
152 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 When the treasurers indicated that there was more or less centralization in purchasing, a questionnaire relative to county procurement methods was addressed to the individual holding the office of, or equivalent to that of, purchasing agent. Replies were received

from 422 counties, representing every State in the Union but Delaware, Nevada, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.

The survey shows that frequently the list of county purchasers

is as long as the list of county officials, and more often than not the

official buys without written specifications, adequate test, or care- ful planning. In many counties the official board, functioning as a

unit, at times independently but generally in conjunction with the

county engineer and school superintendent, is reported as procuring the necessary supplies and equipment for the county. Often the

board authorizes the heads of departments and institutions to make

ordinary purchases for their respective units. More frequently,

however, the board assigns to one of its own members, or other county

official, such as the county clerk, the county auditor, or the county

recorder, the task of buying on a part-time basis in connection with

his regular work.

Delegation of authority by the board, especially in populous counties where the material wants are extensive, occasionally takes the

form of a purchasing committee or a regularly organized purchasing bureau. Purchases in the counties of a few States are made

by or under the authority of the county judge; while in other counties purchasing is done by the various county officials under the au- thority of the county court, which usually consists of three judges.

Subdivisions corresponding to counties in other States are called

parishes in Louisiana, the bu}dng for which is generally done by or under the authority of the police juries.

Centralized purchasing, generally defined as the delegation to a

single office of the authority to purchase supplies, materials, and

equipment needed for use by all the several branches of government,

occurs in very few counties of the United States, probably not more

than 100, largely in California, North Carolina, and New York.

Many examples of centralized county purchasing are to be found

in California, where the State has passed laws permitting its counties to adopt the county-manager plan of government and to establish centralized purchasing. Questionnaires returned from this State

show that at least 13 of its 57 counties have centralized purchasing

departments, all but 2 of which purchase for every office of the

county.

Practically all counties employing a centralized purchasing system

appear to maintain a complete and efficient organization for buying,

often comparable to that found in representative industries. The

purchasing agent buys all supplies (schools and other institutions

excepted in some counties, but not all), generally according to specification and after consultation with the using departments. Further,

county laboratories are maintained or commercial or university lab- oratories made use of for testing purposes. The survey shows that

pronounced savings are often effected through the adoption of such

centralized purchasing.

The county-manager plan of operation mentioned in connection

with California has also been adopted in Albemarle, Arlington, and
COUNTY AND STATE PUKCHASING AGENCIES 153

Washington Counties, Va. A modification of this plan, possessing

many of its essential features, has been in use in Alamance, Cleveland, Davidson, Guilford, and Robeson Counties, N. C. ; and in Augusta, Fairfax, and Pittsylvania Counties, Va. Proposed changes

in county governments, usually involving the introduction of the

county-manager plan, have been given consideration in Alabama,

Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Carolina.

In California, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire,

New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Virginia, and Wyoming the State constitutions permit the

counties to adopt such a form of government as the county-manager

plan, whereas in other States enabling acts by the legislatures would

be required.

If the definition of centralized purchasing already given is modified so as to read " the delegation to a single office of the authority

to purchase supplies, materials, and equipment needed for use by all the several branches of government, except highways, schools, hospitals, and eleemosynary institutions," the counties reporting such a system, plus those having fully centralized purchasing, will be found

in practically every State of the Union, and will exceed 300. Purchasing in the county actually begins when the using agency

notifies the buying agency of its needs. While such notification may

and probably often does take the form of a mere verbal request, the

orthodox way is through the written requisition. After the requisition has been approved, naturally the next thing is to let the public

know what material or service is required. This is done in various

ways—most commonly through the direct request for quotations.

While all purchases involving an expenditure of several hundred dollars must generally be submitted to bid, purchases of a lesser value

are often handled directly by the board or other authorized county

official. The ultimate responsibility for approving invoices for payment in counties is usually a function of the county board.

Obviously, in order to make an intelligent bid, the bidder should

be fully informed as to what he will be expected to furnish. Such

details are generally predicated upon certain standards established

by Federal, State, and local governments, and by various societies

and associations. Of course, all commodities used by a government

can not be standardized, but many can be and are, with a resultant

reduction in cost and an improved delivery service for the purchaser.

It is a significant fact that approximately 75 per cent of the 422

counties replying to the questionnaire reported the use of specifications. In more than 34 per cent of the counties either the county

engineer, highway commissioner, or superintendent of road construction, as his title may be, drafts the specifications, chiefly for roads,

bridges, sea walls, and other similar construction work. The specifications are generally subject to the approval of the county administrative body. In many counties purchases for the highway department are procured under State highway department specifications.

Purchasing agents prepare specifications for general supplies and

equipment in 23 per cent of the counties reporting. The county

board, or officials designated by it, drafts the required specifications
154 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 in 17 per cent of the reporting counties. In a number of counties

specifications are drafted by the various department heads and in

others by technical officers consulting the using department. Frequently the combined efforts of the county engineer, county chemist,

attorney, purchasing agent, and user are employed. In some counties various qualified experts are used in drawing specifications for

particular lines. More than 22 per cent of the reporting counties

consult the using departments of the government concerning their

specification needs.

Approximately 46 per cent of the 422 counties furnishing data

purchase on standard specifications of national technical societies and

trade associations, 32 per cent on specifications prepared by their own

government, 17 per cent on Federal Government specifications, and

16 per cent on trade brands. It should, of course, be borne in mind

that certain counties indicated the use of two, three, or even all of

the methods referred to, depending upon the nature of the com- modity procured.

Comparatively few counties of the United States reported the

maintenance by their own government of laboratories for testing, or

the employment of commercial, university, or other laboratories for

such purposes. Of the 149 counties, representing 34 States, reporting

the use of laboratories for testing commodities purchased by the

county, 4 use their own county laboratory ; 83 use university or college

laboratories; 46, their State laboratory; and 10, other laboratories.

One, Kiverside County, Calif., uses commercial, State, and local laboratories. 'Eleven use commercial and university laboratories; 10,

State and university laboratories; 7, State and commercial laboratories ; 7, university and other laboratories ; 2, commercial, university,

and other laboratories; and 1, Federal, State, commercial, and

university laboratories.

Although deliveries to counties are usually examined by more or

less rule-of-thumb methods, leaving much to be desired, there are many exceptions. It was found that 126 reporting counties employ

inspectors of one kind or another, many of whom are reported to be

highly trained. Of course, the purchases made by some counties are not large enough to justify the employment of skilled inspectors.

In such cases the various receiving agencies examine and pass upon

incoming supplies.

Only 20 counties reported the use of performance tests, and most

of these were counties with a centralized purchasing system. An

occasional county with a decentralized system reported the use of

trained inspectors and tests. At least 14 of the counties of California resort to inspection and tests in their purchasing.

While the list of progressive county organizations making use of

centralized purchasing as a means of effective service to the resi- dents and taxpayers of the county is not a long one, it is quite impressive so far as savings made over decentralized methods is concerned. Keported savings from 53 counties of 22 States range anywhere from 5 to 50 per cent, with the average for the group at about

22 per cent. Quite a number of counties reported a saving of 25

per cent or greater on the purchase of their school supplies through

centralized buying.
COUNTY AND STATE PUKCHASING AGENCIES 155

Naturally, there are limits to the feasability and efficiency of a completely centralized purchasing system in sparsely settled counties. For them it might well be an expensive luxury, except in the

purchase of the more commonly used materials. The solution to

their problem may lie in county consolidation, already considered

by 64 counties of 20 States, or in cooperative purchasing, whereby

two or more adjacent counties would pool their needs and purchase on joint contracts.STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

In an endeavor to augment and bring up to date its earlier published material on State purchasing, the Bureau of Standards re- cently sent questionnaires to the procurement agencies (State and

State highway) of the 48 States, and the District of Columbia. An

abstract of the data gained from the returns—43 out of 49 State

questionnaires (includes the District of Columbia) and 47 out of

48 State highway questionnaires—together with pertinent information from other sources, is presented in the following pages.

Perhaps the most definite fact brought out by the bureau's survey

is the wide prevalence of centralized State purchasing. This system,

given its initial trial in State government in 1897, when Iowa centralized its purchases for penal and charitable institutions, languished until 1910, the year Oklahoma became the first State to

centralize the buying for all branches of its government. Since then

the centralized purchasing movement has increased apace, and to- day questionnaire returns show that at least 31 States, and the

District of Columbia, are using such a system with varying degrees

of inclusiveness.

Centralized State purchasing bodies have a variety of names,

but they may be grouped for the most part under three general types

of administration. The first type contains those States which buy

through a separate purchasing department or bureau, such as Arkansas, Idaho, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Wisconsin, and the District of Columbia. The second type

purchases through an appointive board, and includes Alabama, Arizona, Florida, Kentucky, Michigan, North Dakota, Oregon, Texas,

Utah, and Wyoming. The third type includes at least eight other

States—California, Maryland, Minnesota, Ohio, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, and Washington—which procure supplies through

a subdivision of the State finance department.

In contrast to those States that employ a centralized purchasingsystem, there are as many as six States in which the several departments of the government make their own purchases—Connecticut,

Delaware, Louisiana, Mississippi, Nevada, and New Mexico. Although centralized purchasing is employed for penal, correctional,

charitable, or other individual governmental divisions of Indiana,

Iowa, Georgia, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Khode Island, and West

Virginia, no centralized purchasing agency is reported for all divisions of any of these States. Needless to say, no State purchasing agency buys everything re- quired by the entire State government, for emergencies arise which

151592—33 11
156 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 permit no delay in securing supplies, materials, or equipment. In some States perishable foodstuffs and fuel are purchased directly by

the superintendents, business managers, or stewards of the several

State institutions; in others, books for the State educational in- stitutions are purchased independently. Technical apparatus and

equipment are exempted from central purchase in several States. Aside from independent emergency procurement by department

officials of State governments, however, there are 16 States—Arkansas, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, New

York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin—which report

that their central purchasing body buys for all divisions of the

government, including State highway and State educational institutions. Four States—Arizona, Maine, Michigan, and Wyoming

report that their respective central purchasing agencies buy for all divisions of the State government, except State highways and State

educational institutions.

Obviously, the principal function of these purchasing bodies is to carry through to completion all entrusted procurement negotiations.

To do this efficiently and economically requires systematization and

the elimination of all obsolete purchasing machinery. Many States

have gone a long way in this direction through centralized procurement, the use of specifications, laboratories, skilled inspectors, and

performance tests. The extent to which such methods are employed

is shown in the following table

:

State purchasing methods, 1932

[Not including highways]

(X=Yes)

State

Specifications drafted byPurchase on specifica- tions of— Employ laboratories

Use

inspection

and

tests

Percentage

of

savings

affectj

ed

through

centralization

Purchasing

agent

Heads

of

departments

Using

departments

consulted

Own

government

Federal

Government

National

technical

societies

and

trade

associations

Trade

brands

Own

College State

highway

Commercial

X X X X X X X X 0) Arizona X X X X X No. (

2) C1) Arkansas X X X No. No. X X X X (

2) California X X X X X X X X No. (

2) 26 Colorado 3 No. No. No. X No. X (

2)

(

2 Connecticut X X X X X ) Delaware X No. No.

District of Columbia- X X X X X X No. (<) Florida X X X No. X (4

) 10-15 Georgia 3 X No. X X X X

Idaho— X X X X (

2) Illinois X X X X No. X X X 22-27 X X X X X No. X (

2) Iowa X X X No. X X X X

X X X X

1 Savings considerable, but percentage not available.

2 Make performance tests. • 3 1930 data given, latest available for Colorado, Georgia, and Utah; 1929 data, latest available for Kansas and Oklahoma; 1927 data, latest available for Mississippi. No data for Virginia.

4 Employ trained inspectors.
COUNTY AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES 157

State purchasing methods, 1932—Continued

[Not including highways]

(X = Yes)

Specifications drafted byPurchase on specifica- tions of— Employ laboratories

co

CO i

affect- nation

State

Purchasing

agent

Heads

of

departments

Using

departments

consulted

Own

government

Federal

Government

National

technical

societies

and

trade

associations

Trade

brands

a

1O

College State

highway

Commercial

Use

inspection

and

t<

Percentage

of

savings

ed

through

centrali;

Kentucky No. X X X X No. X X 25-30 Louisiana X X X No. Maine No. X 10-20 Maryland X X X X X No. X X X 10 Massachusetts X X X X X No. X X (<)

(

2)

(

2)

5.9 Michigan X X X X No. X X X 10 Minnesota X

------ X X X 40

Mississippi 3 No. No. X X X X X (

4)

(

2) No. Montana X X X X X No. "x" X

Nebraska X X X X X No. 8-15 Nevada i> New Hampshire X No. No. x X (5)

(

4)

(i) New Jersey X X X No. No. -A. X X 40 New Mexico X X X

New York X X X X X No. X (

2) X

20-30 North Carolina X X X X X X X X X

North Dakota X No. X No. X X

Ohio X X X X No. X (

2 ) .. . 15-20 Oklahoma 3 No. No. No. No.

Oregon X X X X X X X 20 Pennsylvania X X X X No. X No. X (

2) X

(0 Rhode Island X X X X No. X X 15 South Carolina. X

South Dakota X X No. X No. X m

Tennessee X X No. X X No. No. X

Texas- X X No. X

Utah 3 X X X X No. X (

2)

(

2 Vermont X X No. X No. No. ) 0) Washington... X X X X X X X X

West Virginia X No. X

Wisconsin X X X X X X 25-50 Wyoming X X No. X X No. No. 25-30

Total, yes (X).

Total, no

23 5 31 28 26 14619 18 30

9 12 116 35

3 3 4 10 15 1

i Savings considerable, but percentage not available,

a Make performance tests.

» 1930 data given, latest available for Colorado, Georgia, and Utah; 1929 data, latest available for Kansas

and Oklahoma; 1927 data, latest available for Mississippi. No data for Virginia.

< Employ trained inspectors.

* No specifications used. Examination of the preceding table shows that at least 42 of the

48 States, together with the District of Columbia, use specifications.

In addition to those States which name the purchasing agent or the

heads of various departments as chiefly instrumental in drafting

specifications, several report that their specifications are formulated by the State purchasing bureau, the State standards committee, or the State specifications division. Not a few States utilize
158 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 the combined services of their State engineer and other technical

authorities in drafting specifications.

In the formulation, adoption, and modification of specifications

the purchasing agencies of 31 States report that they seek the

advice and cooperation of the State departments or agencies con- cerned in order to ascertain their precise requirements. Only

Kentucky, New Hampshire, and North Dakota report that their

using departments are not consulted.

It is interesting to note that many States which purchase ac- cording to their own government specifications report the use of

Federal Government specifications or specifications of national

technical associations as the basis for their own specifications. Some

of the most frequently mentioned specifications relied upon are those of the Federal Specifications Board, the American Society for

Testing Materials, Society of Automotive Engineers, and the

United States Navy.

Although deliveries to certain State purchasing agencies receive

very casual inspection and frequently no test at all, 39 States report

the use of laboratories for testing deliveries, and 35 the use of

inspectors and various tests. In some cases the receiving agents

of the different using departments alone examine and pass upon

incoming supplies.

Eighteen States report a savings effected by centralized purchasing ranging from 6 to 50 per cent. Seven other States, unable to quote exact savings, declare they are considerable. The average

saving is about 21 per cent. With the exception of three States, the

savings in every instance amounted to 10 per cent or better. Eleven

States reported a saving of 20 per cent or better; and two, a 40

per cent saving.

Turning now to State highway purchasing, it is observed that during the past 30 years the business of building roads and furnishing

highway service has changed from a matter of community effort to one of county, State, and Federal activity. It has grown to such

gigantic stature that the total disbursements by and for State highway departments for 1931 were reported as" in excess of $1,000,-

000,000. Expenditures for maintenance alone amounted to nearlv

$161,000,000, to say nothing of more than $21,000,000 spent for

equipment and machinery.

The problem of constructing and maintaining the nation-wide

system of highways has been entrusted by the several States to their highway departments and commissions. In at least 25 States

supplies, materials, and equipment for State highways are bought

through the State highway departments and commissions; and in

12 States through State purchasing agents. The following tabulation of State highway purchasing methods shows which States buy

on specification, which employ laboratories, and which make in- spection and test of purchases.
COUNTY AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES 159

State highway purchasing methods, 1932

(X=Yes)

State

Purchase on specifications of—

Own gov- ernment

Federal Govern- ment

National

technical

societies and trade

associa

tions

Trade

brands

Employ laboratories

Own College Commercial

Alabama.

.

Arizona ... ArkansasCalifornia. Colorado. . Connecticut. Delaware. .. Florida Georgia Idaho..

Illinois Indiana... Iowa

Kansas Kentucky.

Louisiana Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts . Michigan

Minnesota.

Mississippi Missouri. „

MontanaNebraska.. Nevada New Hampshire . New Jersey New Mexico New York

North Carolina

.

North Dakota.. Ohio Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania.. Rhode Island.. South Carolina. South Dakota. . Tennessee

Texas. ... Utah Vermont

.

Virginia- Washington... West Virginia- Wisconsin Wyoming

Total yes (X)

.

Total no

X

No.

X

X

No.

No. No.X

X

No.X

No.X

X

X

No. X

X

X

No.X

No.X

X

X

X

No. X

No . X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No.X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No.X

X

X

No.

No.

X

No.X

No.

No.

No. X

No.

No.X

No.

No.

No.

No.X

X

No.

No.X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No.X

No.X

X

X

No.X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No. X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No.

No.X

X

No.X

X

X

No.X

No.X

No. X

No. X

X

X

No.X

X

X

No.

No.X

X

No.

No. No.X

X

No.X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

No.X

X

X

No. X

No.

No.X

X

No.X

No.X

X

X

X

X

X

36

1 Make performance tests.

s Employ trained inspectors. 1930 data given, latest available.
160 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 From the foregoing table it is seen that all of the 48 State highway

departments use specifications. Almost without exception they are drawn by the State engineer and/or assistants, or by each division

with the approval of the chief engineer. In Connecticut, for ex- ample? highway specifications are formulated by the deputy highway

commissioners, designing engineers, and testing engineers. Specifications for Maryland highways are made by the engineering departments ; for Massachusetts, by the department of public works, under

the direction of the chief engineer ; and for Texas, by the engineers,

chemists, or purchasing officer. It is a significant fact that of the 48 State highway departments

which employ laboratories in connection with their purchase routine,

45 of them have their own laboratories. Many of these are completely equipped for making all necessary chemical and physical tests of materials purchased. Others, not so fully equipped, utilize the

services of commercial or university laboratories. In several cases the State highway department maintains a laboratory in cooperation

with the State college or university, the various testing appliances

being used by both organizations.

The amount of inspection and testing necessary for road materials

has naturally increased steadily with the growing emphasis placed

upon highway construction. The increase in one State alone

Maine—is well illustrated by a comparison of the number of tests made of Portland cement. It it reported that whereas in 1914 only

7 samples were tested, in 1931 more than 300 samples were tested. And Maine is by no means the only State in which the highway department inspects and tests its purchases. Forty-six other States

do likewise.

Finally, with respect to highways, it seems pertinent to give re- newed attention to the fact that modern conditions are apparently

demanding a reallocation of governmental functions so as to provide larger administrative units. To this end, certain States have

been taking over, reconstructing, and maintaining all roads within

their confines. And in several States, notably, Iowa, Kansas, and

Michigan, the State governments have been authorized to assist in

constructing and maintaining the roads in cities, counties, and townships which are designated as connecting links in the State road

systems.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES

111 the following brief items there are set forth the names of the

State purchasing agencies, including State highway departments,

together with the titles and addresses of the chief officers concerned

with the preparation of specifications and the purchase of materials,

supplies, and equipment.

Alabama:

State Board of Administration, purchasing agent, Montgomery.

State Highway Department, highway director, Montgomery.

Arizona:

Board of Directors of State Institutions, State purchasing agent, Phoenix.

State Highway Department, purchasing agent, Phoenix.

Arkansas:

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Little Rock.

State Purchasing Department, State purchasing agent, Little Rock.
COUNTY AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES 161

California:

State Department of Finance, Bureau of Purchases, State purchasing agent, Sacramento.

State Highway Department, State highway engineer, Sacramento.

Colorado:

State Educational Institutions, Associated Purchasing Agents of, chairman,

Boulder.

State Highway Department, State highway engineer, Denver.

Connecticut:

State Board of Finance and Control, commissioner, Hartford.

State Highway Department, purchasing officer, Hartford. Delaware:

General Assembly, secretary of state, Dover.

State Highway Department, chief engineer, Dover.

District of Columbia, purchasing office, purchasing officer, Washington, D. C. Florida: Board of Commissioners of State Institutions, purchasing department, manager,

Tallahassee.

State Road Department, chief engineer, Tallahassee.

Georgia.

State Department of Public Printing, State purchasing agent, Atlanta.

State Highway Department, State highway engineer, Atlanta. Idaho:

State Bureau of Supplies, State purchasing agent, Boise.

State Department of Public Works, commissioner of public werks, Boise.

Illinois: State Department of Public Works and Buildings, Division of Highways, chief highway engineer, Springfield. State Division of Purchases and Supplies, State purchasing agent, Springfield. Indiana:

State Highway Commission, purchasing agent, Indianapolis.

State Joint Purchasing Committee, secretary, Indianapolis. Iowa:Board of Control of State Institutions, purchasing agent, Des Moines.

State Highway Commission, chief engineer, Ames.

Kansas:

State Board of Administration, State business manager, Topeka.

State Highway Commission, purchasing agent, Topeka.

Kentucky:

State Highway Commission, chairman of commission, Frankfort.

State Purchasing Commission, State purchasing agent, Frankfort.

Louisiana:

State Board of Commissioners of the Port of New Orleans, general manager, New Orleans.

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Baton Rouge.

Maine:Bureau of Purchases, State purchasing agent, Augusta.

State Highway Commission, chief engineer, Augusta.

Maryland:

State Central Purchasing Bureau, State purchasing agent, Baltimore.

State Roads Commission, purchasing agent, Baltimore.

Massachusetts:

State Department of Public Works, chief engineer, Boston.

State Purchasing Bureau, State purchasing agent, Boston. Michigan:

State Administrative Board, buyer, Lansing.

State Highway Department, chief engineer, Lansing.

Minnesota:

Commission of Administration and Finance, commissioner of purchases,

St. Paul.

State Department of Highways, commissioner of highways, St. Paul.

State Department of Public Institutions, purchasing agent, St. Paul.

Mississippi: State Board of Public Contracts, secretary of state, Jackson.

State Highway Department, chairman, Jackson.
162 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Missouri:

State Highway Commission, chief engineer, Jefferson City. State Purchasing Agencies, State auditor, Jeffersoa City. Montana:

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Helena.

State Purchasing Department, State purchasing agent, Helena.

Nebraska:

State Board of Control, secretary, Lincoln.

State Department of Public Works, Bureau of Roads and Bridges, State

engineer, Lincoln. Nevada

:

State Board of Capitol Commissioners, chairman, Carson City. State Department of Highways, State highway engineer, Carson City.

New Hampshire:

State Highway Department, commissioner of highways, Concord.

State Purchasing Department, State purchasing agent, Concord. New Jersey: State Highway Commission, purchasing clerk, Trenton.

State Purchasing Department, State purchase commissioner, Trenton. New Mexico:

State Highway Department, purchasing director, Santa Fe.

State Officials, State auditor, Santa Fe. New York:

Department of Public Works, Division of Highways, commissioner of high- ways, Albany.

State Division of Standards and Purchase, superintendent of standards and

purchase, Albany.

North Carolina: Division of Purchase and Contract, director, Raleigh.

State Highway Commission, purchasing agent, Raleigh.

North Dakota:

Board of Administration, Purchasing Department, State purchasing agent,

Bismarck.

State Highway Commission, chief engineer, Bismarck.

Ohio:

State Department of Finance, purchasing agent, Columbus.

State Department of Highways, purchasing agent, Columbus.

Oklahoma:

State Board of Public Affairs, chairman, Oklahoma City. State Highway Commission, purchasing agent, Oklahoma City.

Oregon:

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Salem.

State Purchasing Board, State purchasing agent, Salem.

Pennsylvania:

Department of Highways, director of standards and purchases, Harrisburg.

Department of Property and Supplies, Bureau of Standards and Purchases,

director of standards and purchases, Harrisburg.

Rhode Island:

State Board of Public Roads, chief engineer, Providence.

State Public Welfare Commission, Purchasing Department, purchasing agent,

Howard.

South Carolina:

State Highway Department, State highway engineer, Columbia.

State Joint Committee on Printing, secretary, Columbia.

South Dakota:

State Department of Finance, Division of Purchasing and Printing, director of purchasing and printing, Pierre.

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Pierre. Tennessee:

State Department of Highways and Public Works, State highway engineer, Nashville.

State Department of Purchasing, State purchasing agent, Nashville. Texas:

State Board of Control, Division of Purchasing, secretary, Austin.

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Austin.
COUNTY AND STATE PURCHASING AGENCIES 163

Utah:

State Board of Supplies and Purchase, purchasing agent, Salt Lake City.

State Road Commission, chief engineer, Salt Lake City. Vermont:

State Department of Purchasing, purchasing agent, Montpeller.

Department of Highways, chief engineer, Montpelier.

Virginia:

State Department of Highways, purchasing agent, Richmond.

State Purchasing Commission, purchasing agent, Richmond.

Washington:

Department of Business Control, Division of Purchasing, supervisor of purchasing, Olympia.

Department of Highways, director of highways, Olympia. West Virginia:

State Board of Control, purchasing department, purchasing agent, Charleston.

State Road Commission, purchasing agent, Charleston. Wisconsin:

State Bureau of Purchases, director of purchases, Madison.

State Highway Commission, State highway engineer, Madison.

Wyoming:

State Board of Supplies, chairman, Cheyenne.

State Highway Department, State highivay engineer, Cheyenne.
VIII. GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES IN THE

UNITED STATES

Among the many technical societies and trade associations in the

United States which conduct standardization and simplification work

along with their other activities, there are four organizations which

make standardization or work closely related thereto, the major

feature of their activities, namely, the American Standards Association, the American Marine Standards Committee, the American

Society for Testing Materials, and the Central Committee on Lumber Standards. These four agencies are actively engaged in the

formulation of standards, specifications, codes, and methods of tests, and they cooperate with many technical trade associations and governmental bodies.

Outlines of the standardization activities of these organizations

are given in the present chapter, with special reference to their ac- complishments during the past year. Additional information concerning the functions and procedures

of their committees engaged in the preparation of standards and

specifications are to be found in previous editions of the Standards

Yearbook.

AMERICAN STANDARDS ASSOCIATION

The American Standards Association (ASA) is the recognized

medium through which American industry functions in setting up

for itself nationally acceptable standards. In essence it is a federation of 39 national technical societies, trade associations, and Federal Government departments, and it brings together all those

directly concerned with a project, and organizes a technical committee composed of official delegates of all important bodies directly

interested, to formulate the standard ; and finally, when such a committee has prepared or selected the standard and given it substantially unanimous approval, and the American Standards Association

is definitely assured that the standard represents a real national

concensus, to make it an "American standard."

At present more than 2,700 officially accredited representatives

from every branch of industry—approximately 474 national associations, governmental departments, and trade or industrial groups,

and about 100 companies—are participating actively in the association's work.

The association's offices are at 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. Dr. P. G. Agnew is the secretary. The actual setting

up of standards is done by technical committees representing the

producing, distributing, and consuming groups concerned with the

projects. It is a basic requirement of ASA procedure that no

standards shall be approved unless all important interests have been

represented in developing them, thus avoiding the domination of any

164
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES 165

one interest, except when the consent of other groups has been

granted.

Nationally acceptable standards have been prepared under the

auspices of the ASA in practically every major field of industrial

activity, or are now under way. In addition to providing a suitable

medium for the establishment of nationally acceptable standards, the

ASA serves as a clearing house for information on standardization

work both in the United States and abroad. It also acts as the

authoritative channel in international cooperation in standardization

' activities. Since the latter part of 1929 the ASA has been a member of

the International Federation of Standardizing Associations (ISA),

the organization through which cooperation in the development of

international industrial standards is secured. The ISA has its headquarters at Basel, Switzerland, and its membership includes 18

national standardizing bodies. (See p. 13.)

Every year the ASA handles a large number of requests for technical information on standardization. In answering these requests

the office not only makes available the material in its files, but also

collects information from numerous trade and technical organizations in the United States and abroad.

The monthly publication of the American Standards Association,

formerly known as the ASA Bulletin and now called Industrial

Standardization, goes to all sustaining members as a part of the

service rendered in connection with membership. The publication is also available to individuals on a subscription basis. Up to September 1, 1932, 211 standardization projects had been

approved by the American Standards Association. There are 149

additional uncompleted projects which have an official status before

the ASA.

The following is a list of the standards approved by the American

Standards Association from September 1, 1931, to September 1,. 1932:

Civil engineering.—Safety code for floor and wall openings, railings and toe boards; steel reinforcing bars. Mechanical engineering.—Safety code for the protection of industrial workers in foundries ; 800-pound hydraulic cast-iron pipe flanges and flanged fittings

;

code for testing domestic refrigerators using ice; plain and thread plug and

ring gage blanks.

Electrical engineering.—Definitions and general standards for wires and

cables; weatherproof (weather resisting) wires and cables; heat resisting wires

and cables ; standard vacuum-tube base and socket dimensions ; manufacturing

standards applying to broadcast receivers ; rolled threads for screw shells of

electric sockets and lamp bases; standard for electric railway control apparatus; recommended practice in the temperature operation of transformers. Mining.—Methods of screen testing of ores (hand method) ; drainage of coal mines ; safety rules of installing and using electrical equipment in metal mines.

Miscellaneous.—Letter symbols for mechanics, structural engineering and

testing materials ; safety code for the installation of pulverizing systems for sugar and cocoa ; safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in starch

factories ; safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in terminal grain ele- vators; safety code for the prevention of dust explosions in wood flour manufacturing establishments; safety code for the prevention of dust ignition in spice-grinding plants ; safety code for the use of inert gas for fire and explosion

prevention ; approval requirements for gas ranges.
166 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 New projects given an official status by or proposed to the American Standards Association from September 1, 1931, to September 1, 1932, include

:

Mechanical engineering.—Classification and designation of surface qualities; inch-millimeter conversion for industrial use ; shaft couplings ; integrally forged

flange type for hydroelectric units; foundry patterns of wood; work in compressed air. Electrical engineering.—Shellac, synthetic resins, and other similar insulating

materials. Miscellaneous.—Carbon residue of petroleum products (Conradson carbon

residue) ; testing gas oils (gravity, distillation, sulphur, carbon residue, pour

point, viscosity, water) ; expressible oil and moisture in paraffin waxes; defi- nitions of terms relating to petroleum ; dilution of crank-case oils ; precipitating

number of lubricating oils; accoustical measurements and terminology; emer- gency lighting code; tests for nonshatterable glass; standards for motion

pictures.

AMERICAN MARINE STANDARDS COMMITTEE

The American Marine Standards Committee (AMSC) is primarily

a membership which fluctuates with changes in marine interests and

personnel. As of July 1, 1932, it stood at 374 member bodies, widely

distributed geographically. Office facilities, printing, and services are contributed by the Department of Commerce and the United

States Shipping Board Merchant Fleet Corporation as a measure

of cooperation with the organization. The administrative office is maintained in the Department of Commerce Building, Washington,

D. C. A. V. Bouillon is the secretary.

The standardization work of this organization is carried on by

technical committees on hull, engineering (machinery), ship operation, and port facilities. The chairmen of these committees are ex

officio advisory members of the executive board. Coordination with

the work of other standardizing bodies is effected and duplication

of effort is avoided by interlocking contracts with technical societies

and national associations whose fields embrace activities in any way

related to ship or port construction and operation. There are standing special committees to decide questions which may arise among

the users as to interpretation of the standards and to review and

submit recommendations on proposals for international marine

standards.

The results of the committee's technical work, generally designated

as American Marine Standards, are published by the Department of

Commerce and are distributed to the members of the AMSC and

others directly interested. The publications are sold at nominal

prices by the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing

Office. Up to July 1, 1932, 78 of these publications had been issued

and 7 were in press or in preparation for printing. Four additional

publications are listed for early compilation. A printed index to the

group of publications numbered 1 to 75, inclusive, had also been

issued. In the 89 publications printed or prepared for printing are included 96 hull standards, 36 engineering (machinery) standards,

27 ship operation standards, 7 port facilities standards, and 1 special

standard. There are in course of development, or listed for early

action, proposed standards for hinged water-tight doors and fittings;

water-tight deck scuttles; hatch beam sockets; pipe flanges and

flanged pipe fittings; marine plumbing fixtures; welding symbols,

terms and definitions used in shipbuilding; and other items.
GENEKAL, STANDARDIZING AGENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES 167

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS

The work of the American Society for Testing Materials

(ASTM), a national technical society, involves the promotion of

the knowledge of materials of engineering and the standardization

of specifications and methods of testing. This is carried out through

the activities of 55 technical committees having a combined membership of about 2,400, appointed to study the properties of engineering materials and to develop standards covering them. The

work is done in two ways. The promotion of knowledge of engineering materials is effected through investigations into the properties of materials by committees and members of the society, and by

joint researches with other groups, the results of which are presented at meetings as reports and papers which are discussed and

published in annual proceedings. The standardization of specifications and methods of testing is carried on through the committees

mentioned above.

The committees function under definite regulations, governing

the personnel and methods of procedure. Each committee is made

up of three main classes of membership—producers, consumers, and

general interests. This latter class comprises independent authorities who have expert knowledge of the materials to be studied, but

who are not concerned directly with either their production or use. Under the rules, the " producer " group may not predominate in any

committee. By this procedure the producers and consumers of

material are brought together on an equal footing, and the results of the work are thus satisfactory to both.

Membership in the society is held by individuals, companies,

firms, corporations, industrial and trade associations, testing laboratories, Federal, State, and municipal departments, universities and

technical schools, and technical societies and libraries. The total

membership is about 4,200. Society headquarters are at 1315 Spruce

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. C. L. Warwick is the secretary-treasurer.

Reports of the progress in the many activities sponsored by the

society are made at each annual meeting in June. Each committee

submits a report for the year at that time.

Contributions in the form of technical papers and discussions by

leading investigators in scientific and technologic fields, including

many important contributions from industrial researches, are presented before the society at the annual and other meetings. The fol- lowing outstanding topics have been discusser at recent ASTM

meetings : Nonmetallic protective coatings, discussion of tests of petroleum products, service tests of automotive products and correlation with laboratory tests, the manufacture of rubber products and

the properties of rubber as an engineering material, textile materials, and steel castings.

In accordance with the policy of the society to expand its re- search and standardization activities, new standing committees on

analysis of industrial waters and on spectrographic analysis have

been organized. These have been given the designations, D-19 and

E-2, respectively. Other committees are in process of organization.

The development of standards covering the following engineering materials and tests may be cited as among the current activities
168 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 of the society which are of outstanding importance: Steel castings,

bolting flanges, and pipe for temperatures above 750° F. ; seamless

alloy-steel tubes and seamless carbon-steel tubes and pipe for gasoline cracking plants; wrought-iron rivets; heat treatment of gray

cast iron ; malleable iron castings for pipe fittings, valves, and valve

parts; wrought alloys of aluminum and of magnesium; methods of

crib and timber fire tests; refractory insulation; analysis of basic

refractories; test methods of concrete permeability and for absorption; method of measuring unit weight and normal consistency of

admixtures; test methods for durability of concrete; freezing-andthawing tests of concrete; viscosity of electrical insulating oils; flash point of cut-back asphalts, etc.; antiknock rating of gasoline;

fuel oils; Diesel fuels; Stoddard solvent; agglutinating properties

of coal; friability of coal; woolen yarns, cloths, and felt; Holland

cloth; automotive webbing; shoe tapes; asbestos roving; tests for

sizing content in cotton tapes ; cloth fraying test ; membraneous cap

sheets (waterproofing material) ; accelerated weathering tests for

roofing; test for bituminous joint compounds; and weathering, thermal, and fatigue tests for building stone. In the following table are shown the number of standards and

tentative standards adopted in the year 1932 and the total number

adopted to date, the standards being classified in accordance with

the five main heads under which the society's standardization

activities are conducted:

Accepted in 1932 Total adopted to date

Standards

Tentative

revisions of standards Tentative

standards Standards Tentativestandards A. Ferrous metals 19 10369

36 B. Nonferrous metals 2 5 20 C. Cement, lime, gypsum, concrete, and

clay products. 1 4 62 31 D. Miscellaneous materials.. 1 3 18 197 126 E. Miscellaneous subjects 1 10 8 Total 1 6 47 441 224 The society adopted the following standards and tentative standards in 1932

:

A. Ferrous metals.—Tentative specifications for lap-welded and seamless steel and lap-welded iron boiler tubes; electric-fusion-welded steel pipe; structural medium steel ; structural rivet steel ; cast-iron culvert pipe ; ferrotungsten

;

low-carbon ferromolybdenum ; molybdenum salts and compounds ; gray-iron

castings; zinc-coated (galvanized) iron or steel telephone and telegraph line wire ; zinc-coated iron or steel tie wires ; zinc-coated iron or steel farm-field and railroad right-of-way wire fencing; zinc-coated iron or steel chain-link fence fabric galvanized after weaving ; zinc-coated iron or steel barb wire

;

zinc-coated iron or steel wire strand (cable) ; malleable iron castings.

Tentative method of test for magnetic properties of iron and steel ; methods

of chemical analysis of ferrotungsten and ferromolybdenum.

Recommended practice for safeguarding against embrittlement of hot-galvanized structural steel products and procedure for detecting embrittlement.

B. Nonferrous metals.—Standard specifications for round and grooved hard- drawn copper trolley wire ; bronze trolley wire.
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES 169

Tentative specifications for hard-drawn copper transmission cable ; copper water tube; aluminum-copper-magnesium-manganese alloy bars, rods and

shapes; magnesium-base alloy sheet; magnesium-base alloy wrought shapes

(other than sheet) ; copper-base alloys in ingot form for sand castings; fire- refined copper other than lake ; sand castings of the alloy—copper, 80 per cent

;

tin, 10 per cent ; lead, 10 per cent. C. Lime, concrete, and clay products.—Standard methods of testing cement. Tentative specifications for clay sewer pipe; for masonry cement, including

tests. Tentative method of test for particle size of ground refractory materials;

gypsum and gypsum products. D. Miscellaneous materials.—Standard methods of test for distillation of natural gasoline; testing rubber products; methods of chemical analysis of rubber products.

Standard definitions of terms relating to materials for roads and

pavements.

Tentative specifications for ethylene glycol mono butyl ether ; ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether; acetate ester of ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether (90 to 91 per cent grade) ; acetate ester of ethylene glycol mono ethyl ether (95 to 96 per cent grade) ; insulated wire and cable; performance rubber compound;

tolerances and test methods for tubular sleeving and braids ; friction tape

for general use for electrical purposes. Tentative method of test for comparative hiding power of paints; methods

of chemical analysis of calcium chloride; sampling coke for analysis; testing

laminated tubes used in electrical insulation; test for grading natural mica

according to size, commercial quality and thickness ; sampling coal by ball-mill method ; ductility of bituminous materials ; residue of specified penetration

;

testing sheet and tape insulating materials for dielectric strength; varnished

cloths and varnished cloth tapes used in electrical insulation ; laminated round

rods used in electrical insulation ; flexible varnished tubing ; pasted mica used

in electrical insulation. Tentative standard viscosity-temperature chart for liquid petroleum products. A tentative standard involving volume and specific gravity correction

tables for creosote, creosote coal-tar solution (up to 50 per cent tar) and

coal tar (coke-oven tars). B. Miscellaneous subjects.—Tentative methods of Rockwell hardness testing of metallic materials. Cooperation with American Standards Association and Other

National Organizations.—As one of the five technical societies which

united in the founding of the American Standards Association, the

American Society for Testing Materials has been especially active in

the work of the American Standards Association, to which it has

submitted many of its standards for approval.

It is sponsor or joint sponsor for 16 ASA sectional committees and

is represented on 25 other sectional committees. Fifty-eight ASTM

standards have thus far been given ASA approval and consideration

is being given to the approval of 17 others.

In addition to this cooperative work, it is the general policy of the

society to cooperate with other organizations, either in standardization work or in research activities, wherever a common interest exists. The society has joined in a number of joint committees or councils,

among which may be mentioned the following: Division of Engineering and Industrial Research of the National Research Council,

American Bureau of Welding, Joint Committee on Investigation of

the Effect of Phosphorus and Sulphur in Steel, Joint Committee on

Standard Specifications for Concrete and Reinforced Concrete, and

Conference Committee with ASME Boiler Code Committee.

Certain branches of the Government cooperate with the various

standing committees of the society with which their work is closely

allied. The Bureau of Mines, Bureau of Public Roads, Bureau of
170 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Standards, Forest Products Laboratory, and others have done a great

deal of work of valuable assistance in the development of many

society standards.

Marking of ASTM Apparatus.—In a number of instances where

committees of the society have developed specifications for testing

apparatus, requirements have been included that the apparatus be

marked in a manner identifying it with the society's standard. In

such cases it is also required that the name or trade-mark of the

manufacturers of such apparatus be marked thereon as a means of

identifying the origin of the apparatus and placing the name of the

manufacturer back of the statement implied by the appearance of

the "ASTM " mark that the apparatus conforms to the society's

standards.

Certification Clause in Standards.—In some few cases, the standards of the society include a so-called certification clause which

states that " upon request of the buyer, the manufacturer shall be

prepared to certify that his product conforms to the requirements of

these specifications."

Means of Encouraging and Facilitating the Use of Standards.

For ease of reference the standards of the society are published in

both separate form and collectively in a book of ASTM standards,

issued triennially, with supplements in intervening years, and a book

of ASTM tentative standards, issued annually. The bound publications are furnished with complete subject indexes, and the standards are listed under the headings of the materials covered and also

by serial designation. In addition, the society issues an annual index

to ASTM standards and tentative standards, which is a compilation,

under appropriate key words of titles of all ASTM standards and

tentative standards, together with the page and volume reference

of the society publication in which they appear.

Special pamphlets containing the standards applying to a specific

field are given widespread distribution. During the past year

pamphlets on petroleum products and lubricants, refractories, elec- trical insulating materials, and textile materials have been published,

and a book containing selected ASTM standards for engineering

students has been adopted by many technical schools as one of the

required textbooks. An idea of the distribution of ASTM standards can be gained from the fact that 8,000 copies of the 1930 book of

ASTM standards were printed. In addition, it is not unusual for

the society to distribute annually upwards of 50,000 reprints of the

separate standards.

Many of the specifications of the society have been incorporated

in general codes, such as the boiler code of the American Society of

Mechanical Engineers, the building codes recommended by the National Board of Fire Underwriters, the United States Department

of Commerce, many of the municipalities of the country, and in

those prepared by various building officials' conferences.

CENTRAL COMMITTEE ON LUMBER STANDARDS

In cooperation with the United States Departments of Agriculture and Commerce, the Central Committee on Lumber Standards

makes recommendations for the simplification of sizes, grades, no-
GENERAL STANDARDIZING AGENCIES IN THE UNITED STATES 171

menclature, and trade practices in the lumber industry. The committee's findings are recognized as "American lumber standards " and published by the division of simplified practice of the Bureau

of Standards.

The committee consists of 11 representatives of lumber manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers. Its headquarters are

at 1337 Connecticut Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. Arthur T.

Upson is the secretary. Associated with the central committee are

the Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards and the Hardwood

Consulting Committee, both acting in an advisory capacity.

Thus far there have been published, in Simplified Practice Kecommendation No. 16, lumber size and use classifications; nomenclature

of commercial softwoods ; definitions of defects and blemishes ; lumber abbreviations ; basis for measurement of lumber sizes ; seasoning

standards ; basic grade names and qualities ; rough and finished sizes

;

lengths; provisions covering description, measurement, tally, shipping, and inspection of yard, factory, and shop lumber; basic provisions for selection and inspection of softwood dimension and timbers where working stresses are required ; standard designs and sizes of moldings; uniform patterns for worked lumber; standards for

red cedar shingles; and provisions for certification of quality and

manufacture through grade marking and car tally cards.

The central committee has also approved recommended American

standards for nomenclature for domestic hardwoods and basic grading provisions for hardwood factory lumber, formulated largely by

the National Hardwood Inspection Kules Committee. The new

rules for hardwood factory lumber issued by the National Hardwood Lumber Association are based on these basic grading

provisions.

The principal accomplishments of the past year were the formulation of minor revisions, mostly in the basic provisions on structural

timbers, to be recommended to the next General Lumber Conference

at the Department of Commerce, when held ; and of greater importance the 1931 revision of the " 7,000 series " of American standard

moldings in accordance with practical manufacture and good architecture, and their publication and distribution to the trade. Pending their inclusion in Simplified Practice Recommendation No. 16, to take the place of those molding patterns there shown, copy of

the new Standard Wood Molding Book is available from the central

committee.

151592—33 12
IX. STANDARDIZING ACTIVITIES OF TECHNICAL

SOCIETIES AND TRADE ASSOCIATIONS

In this chapter are given brief summaries of the standardization

activities of national technical societies, trade associations, and similar organizations making simplification and standardization work

one of the important features of services to their members.

There are reproduced herein outlines relating to standardizing

activities of 301 organizations with particular reference to work

performed within the past year. There has been a reduction during the past year in the number of

organizations reporting on their standardization work. The re- duction is attributable to a minor extent to the fact that in several

instances associations ceased to function, but to a greater extent to temporary suspension by many associations of certain of their activities, including simplification and standardization, because of exist- ing industrial conditions. Moreover, a few associations have consolidated with other organizations.

Information concerning organization, procedure, and past activities of the work in standardization of many associations and societies

given in this chapter may be found in previous editions of the Standards Yearbook.

STANDARDIZING AGENCIES ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED

Abrasive Paper and Cloth Manufacturers Exchange, R. P. Carlton, chairman

of standardization committee, care of Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing

Co., 797 Forest Street, St. Paul, Minn.

The standardization committee of this organization has been actively engaged

during the past year in standardizing

machine methods for analysis of grades

in abrasive mineral. The committee is also devoting considerable time to studies of waste in the industry. Amateur Athletic Union of the United

States, Daniel J. Ferris, secretary, 233 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization has adopted standard contest rules for the various sports under

its jurisdiction, including boxing,

wrestling, swimming, basket ball, running, handball, walking, jumping, pole

vaulting, hammer throwing, javelin,

discus, volley ball, indoor baseball, ice hockey, etc. The union has also adopt- ed specifications covering construction and measurements of implements and

apparatus used in various athletic

sports. American Association for Hygiene

and Baths, Arthur M. Crane, secretary,

P. O. Box 307, Gary, Ind. This or- ganization prepared swimming-pool

standards which have been credited with being the forerunner of State and

municipal regulations. It has also formulated suggested shower-bath

standards which have been practically

accepted as standard practice.

American Association of Medical Milk

Commissions (Inc.), Harris Moak, secretary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. During the past year this organization

revised and issued its methods and

standards for the production of certi- fied milk. Any dairyman whose milk meets the standards is permitted to use the association's seal on milk bottles bearing the term " certified milk." Continued use of these seals is based on weekly examination and inspection

of sample milk by local medical milk

commissions.

American Association of Nurserymen,

Charles Sizemore, secretary, Louisi- ana, Mo. The standardization committee of this organization completed

a revision of the horticultural stand- ards covering rules and definitions for grading deciduous and evergreen trees 172
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 173

and shrubs, vines, herbaceous perennials, and fruit trees. American Association of State Highway Officials, W. G. Markham, secretary, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. This association has is- sued standard specifications for highway bridges and incidental structures which cover construction and design of concrete, masonry, and steel highway

bridges, including specifications for

structural, rivet, and eyebar steel, steel forgings and castings, wrought

iron, iron castings, etc. It has also prepared tentative standard specifica- tions for concrete pavements. The

association is at the present time co- operating with the Bureau of Stand- ards on tests in connection with the preparation of a revised standard for highway signs, which will combine

tentative standards heretofore issued

for rural roads and municipal streets. It is officially represented on three ASA sectional committees on projects

relating to civil engineering.

American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, A. Newton Graves,

secretary, care of Franklin Process

Co., Providence, R. I. Under the

direction of the research committee of

this association 18 subcommittees

have been formulated to carry work

on various projects leading to stand- ardization of materials. The association has adopted standard methods

for determining the fastness of dyestuffs on the fiber; fastness tests for dyed or printed cotton ; standards for comparison as to shade or color and

staining of white cotton; fastness to fulling of dyed cotton against white

cotton, silk and wool; fastness to chlorine, and stoving; fastness tests for dyed or printed rayon; fastness

tests for dyed or printed silk; tentative standards for comparison with

respect to alteration in color ; methods

of test for fastness to fulling; de- gumming and stoving of dyed silk; dyed wool; washing or laundering of dyed woolen material; fulling, scouring, and mill washing; dry and wet

heat; and laboratory test for fast- ness to fulling. In addition, the asso- ciation has also adopted standard

tests relating to fastness to acids and

alkalies and to selection of standards, carbonizing, sea water, and

crocking. The association maintains two research associates at the Bureau of Standards and another at the Lowell Textile Institute carrying on

research on action of light on silk; tests of waterproofed fabrics; fastness to light of dyed fabrics; deter- mination of iso-electric point of wool

;

fastness to fulling of dyed wool; car- bonization of wool; etc. American Automobile Association,

Ernest N. Smith, executive vice president, Pennsylvania Avenue at Seventeenth Street, NW., Washington, D. C. Through its national committee on highway widening and planning this association is engaged in formulating

standards for the elimination of bottle necks and points of congestion on

streets and highways. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards it prepared and distributed pamphlets

on brake testing and headlight test- ing, and charts for the standardization of headlight adjustments. It has

adopted a code for the promotion of

safe driving and the removal of ir- responsible drivers from the high- ways. It also promulgated the model

AAA safety-responsibility bill for adoption by all States in lieu of compulsory automobile liability insurance. This association served as joint sponsor for the sectional committee on safety code for automobile brakes and brake testing, functioning under

the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association. It is of- ficially represented on the ASA sec- tional committee for a code of streettraffic signs, signals, and markings.

This association adopts the specifica- tions for automobiles participating in championship races. Out of the stress and strain of these races have come many refinements and improvements

to the automobile. Tests of auto- motive and allied products under

standard rules have become one of the major functions of the contest board which offers a medium for the industry to have its wares certified to the car-owning public.

American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages, Junior Owens, secretary, 726 Bond Building, Washington, D. O. This association's Educational Bulletin No. 4 contains completed standards

for bottle boxes, water supply lines for carbonators (pump inlets), carbonatorfiller carbonated water connections,

sirup line connections, straight pipe

threads, tapered pipe threads, conveyor

chains, crown finish for beverage bottles, and bottle-washing compound.

Included also are recommended practices dealing with rubber hose and

block tin tubing, compression couplings,

carbonated water and sirup valves, gas volume tests, and beverage bottles, the latter prepared in cooperation with
174 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards. The asso- ciation has inaugurated a certification plan, through which it publishes, with

certain of its standards, lists of manufacturers guaranteeing compliance

with the requirements of the standards. American Bureau of Shipping, J. W.

Cantillion, secretary, Stevenson Taylor

Memorial Building, 24 Old Slip, New

York, N. Y. This bureau cooperates

with the American Marine Standards

Committee in the development of standards for materials, fittings, equipment, and Structural methods.

It issues periodically a publication

known as Rules for Building and

Classing Steel Vessels in which are in- cluded the general requirements for the hull structure, machinery, and

deck equipment for vessels. American Bureau of Welding, William Spraragen, secretary division of engineering. National Research Council, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. The work of the bureau

is carried on by several committees en- gaged in various projects. The committee on standard tests for welds has

issued new specifications for various

types and tests of welds. The committee on welding wire specifications completed new specifications for welding

wire, while studies on welded rail joints and structural steel have been

completed by committees handling

these projects. At the request of the Bureau of Standards, the American

Bureau of Welding formulated proce- dural specifications for use in connection with the preparation of aircraft

joints to be tested. The bureau coop- erated with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the preparation of the code for unfired pressure

vessels. One of the most important re- ports of recent years published by this bureau is that of the structural steel welding committee covering results of

tests of several thousand specimens.

American Ceramic Society, Ross C. Purdy, secretary; Arthur S. Watts,

chairman of standards committee, 2525 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio. This association has adopted stand- ards relating to various clays, ceramic

whiting, limestone, lime, enamel, glass,

sand, and other ceramic materials, as well as standard tests and testing ap- paratus for many ceramic products.

It cooperated in the establishment of the commercial standard relating to grades of feldspar and in the formulation of the simplified practice recom- mendation for malleable foundry re- fractories. The society is continuing

its work on the development of stand- ard definitions for all white wares, in- cluding china, porcelain, earthenware,

and numerous related wares. American Chemical Society, Charles

L. Parsons, secretary, Mills Building,

Washington, D. C. Through the work

of several of its committees, the so- ciety has published Unit Weights for the Purchase of Reagents, a set of sug- gested standard weights for the packaging of 164 laboratory chemicals, and

a report setting forth recommendations

for items of certain types of apparatus

to be kept in stock by dealers and in laboratory storerooms for ordinary

laboratory work. The society has in operation a plan whereby dealers are induced to stock reagent chemicals in metric unit weights and in the stand- ard packages recommended by it. The

names of those dealers who comply

with these requirements are published

in the society's journals twice a year. The committee on analytical reagents,

which has published more than 100

standards for chemical reagents, is continuing its work along this line. American College of Surgeons, 40 East Erie Street, Chicago, 111. Franklin H. Martin, director general; Malcolm T. MacEachern, M. D., associate

director and director of hospital activities; Bowman C. Crowell, M. D., associate director and director of clin- ical research. This organization in 1930 issued a manual containing complete information regarding a standard

classification and nomenclature for

surgical dressings and proposed stand- ard specifications for sponges, abdominal packs, sterile gauze dressings, and

pads. It also prepared and adopted

minimum standards for the organization of clinics for the diagnosis and

treatment of cancer, and for industrial medicine and traumatic surgery. It initiated and cooperated in the prep- aration of the commercial standard

for steel bone plates under the pro- cedure of the Bureau of Standards. American Concrete Institute, Harvey

Whipple, secretary, 641 New Center

Building, Detroit, Mich. This insti- tute has adopted about 40 standards,

tentative and proposed specifications,

and recommended practices covering

uses and applications of concrete and

reinforced concrete. Included among

these standards are the following,

which were adopted during the last year and published by the institute: Tentative specifications for cast stone

;

proposed specifications for concrete pavement in municipalities ; and tentative specifications for concrete burial

vaults. Reports have been prepared
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 175

by committees of the institute dealing

with proposed specifications for the design of reinforced concrete chim- neys and the construction of foundations for later publication. The in- stitute has organized a new committee

to consider a report on recommended

practice in architectural monolithic concrete building construction. The

standard code committee is preparing a report for presentation at the in- stitute's next annual convention rec- ommending a change in the institute's building regulations for concrete as adopted by many cities throughout the

country. The institute is officially rep- resented on three sectional committees

functioning under American Standards

Association procedure.

American Concrete Pipe Association, M. W. Loving, secretary, 33 West

Grand Avenue, Chicago, 111. Specifi- cations of the American Society for Testing Materials for plain or unrein- forced concrete pipe and for rein- forced concrete pipe have been adopted

by this association. It cooperated in the preparation of the American stand- ard for drain tile. As a member of the Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee, it cooperated in the preparation

of the specifications for reinforced concrete culvert pipe.

American Dental Association, Dr. Harry B. Pinney, secretary, 212 East

Superior Street, Chicago, 111. The

standardization work of this associa- tion is conducted through its research

fellowship maintained at the Bureau

of Standards. It has formulated

standards for dental amalgam alloys, inlay casting investment, inlay cast- ing waxes, impression compounds, in- lay casting golds, and dental mercury. During the past year it de- veloped specifications for wrought gold

alloys used in prothesis and orthodontia. Manufacturers of dental materials are advertising the fact that

their products comply with the re- quirements of the specifications, and

are issuing certificates guaranteeing

such compliance. In addition to the

certificate, satisfactory evidence of physical tests must be submitted to show that the manufacturer has tested

his material and that its properties meet the specifications' requirements.

A list of products so certified is published from time to time. The bu- reau of chemistry maintained by this association examines new proprietary

products with the view to preparing

chemical specifications. The council on dental therapeutics of the association was organized as a permanently

functioning body to advise the dental

profession and the public concerning

dental proprietary and nonofficial remedies and materials with regard to

their composition and therapeutic usefulness. It lists materials as " ac- cepted nonofficial dental remedies

when the articles are found to comply with the following rules : The composition of the article must be published; tests for determining its composition must be furnished ; it must

not be advertised to the public (ex- cept that disinfectants, dentifrices,

and medicinal foods may be advertised within certain limits) ; there must be no false or misleading statements as

to its origin, preparation, or thera- peutic value; its name must not be

misleading ; and it must not be useless. American Dental Trade Association,

George A. Lilly, managing director, 839 Seventeenth Street NW„ Washington, D. C. This association undertook

a simplification and standardization

program which resulted in the elimination of unnecessary varieties and types

of dental hypodermic needles, plaster

and investment containers, dental grinding wheels, color of dental rubbers, mouth mirrors, and brush wheels.

Practically all of this work has been

conducted in cooperation with the di- vision of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards, under whose auspices there have already been estab- lished simplified practice recommendations covering several of the above- mentioned items. American Drug Manufacturers Association, Carson P. Frailey, executive

vice president and secretary, Albee

Building, Washington, D. C. The

work of standardizing drugs is carried on by this association through the activities of several committees organized

for this purpose. Many members of these committees serve as associate members on various revision committees engaged in the revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary. The committee on analytical assay methods submitted

a preliminary report on the assay of ephedrine inhalants which contained

in detail two tentative analytical pro- cedures for adoption. The committee on chemical tests and standards de- voted much of its time during the past year to a study of proposed tests for various chemicals. The committee on

synthetic organic chemicals conducted

investigations in an attempt to work

out a more satisfactory method of analysis for organic mercurials. The

committee on vitamin assay of cod-
176 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

liver oil submitted methods for vita- mins A and D which were presented at the League of Nations Permanent

Commission on Biological Standardization for consideration for adoption as

international standards. American Dry Milk Institute (Inc.), Roud McCann, director, 221 North La

Salle Street, Chicago, 111. This insti- tute has issued a booklet which sets forth standard methods of analysis

used in establishing grades of dry skim

milk. At the present time the institute

is conducting studies which have for

their purpose the improvement of grading methods. Studies are also under way on bacteriological methods

for dry skim milk, the relationship of

solubility index to moisture content during storage, and the development

of rancid or tallowy odors of fat in dry

skim milk during storage. American Electric Railway Association. (Name changed to American

Transit Association, see p. 188.) American Electro-Platers' Society, H.

A. Gilbertson, secretary-treasurer, 434 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. This society is cooperating with the American Society for Testing Materials and the Bureau of Standards in a study of the protective value of plated coatings on steel. Several thousand samples were plated at the Bureau of Standards by the society's research associate and are now ex- posed in six different test fields maintained by the ASTM where they are being inspected at regular intervals.

It is believed that these tests will lead

to conclusions upon which standards

and specifications for plated coatings can be based. Studies of laboratory

accelerated tests are also being made

with similar samples. A subcommittee of the society's research committee is now engaged in the preparation

of specifications for materials such as

salts and anodes that are used in elec- troplating.

American Face Brick Association,

George S. Eaton, secretary-treasurer, 205 West Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. During the past year this association adopted a set of grading rules for face

brick. The association's committee

which was responsible for the development of these grading rules is at the present time working on a change in the provisions regarding chippage. In cooperation with the Common Brick

Manufacturers Association of America,

it assisted in the establishment of the

simplified practice recommendation re- lating to sizes of face and common

brick.

American Foundrymen's Association

(Inc.), R. E. Kennedy, technical secre- tary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago,

111. The association cooperates with

the American Society for Testing Materials in developing specifications for cast products. It has sponsored the

Joint Committee on Pattern Equipment, which formulated standards for pattern and core-box color markings

and for pattern plate lugs and vibrators, as well as the Joint Committee

on Foundry Refractories, which pre- pared standards for shapes and sizes of malleable furnace refractories. The

association has adopted standard

methods for testing and grading foun- dry sands, worked out by its committee on foundry sands. The foundry

safety and sanitation code developed

in cooperation with the National

Founders Association has been ap- proved as standard under the proce- dure of the ASA. The organization

is joint sponsor with the American

Ceramic Society for the Joint Committee on Standardization Tests for Foundry Refractories and with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for a joint committee to consider standardization of foundry equip- ment. It is joint sponsor for 3 ASA

sectional committees and is repre- sented on 11 others. American Gage Design Committee, H. W. Bearce, secretary, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. During the past year the full committee

held two meetings and the technical subcommittee held several additional meetings, and also completed much

preliminary work through correspondence. An extension of the gage design

standards for plain and thread plug

and ring gage blanks covering the size range of 4% to 12; inches has been

tentatively approved, and work on a complete series of adjustable snap

gages covering the size range to 12

inches is well advanced. Consideration has also been given to certain other types of gages, including the ord- nance type combination ring and snap

gage, length snap gages, pipe thread

gages, and flush-pin gages. The work

of the committee is being continued. American Gas Association (Inc.), Alexander Forward, managing director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N« Y. This organization conducts many research activities relating to problems affecting the production, dis- tribution, sale, and utilization of gas

at its own laboratories, those of Rutgers University, and the department

of engineering research of the Uni-
TECHNICAL AND TEADE ORGANIZATIONS 177

versity of Michigan, and the laboratories of commercial organizations

specializing in various industrial processes that require the use of heat. Research associates are maintained at

the Bureau of Standards carrying on

research work in connection with gas combustion and pipe corrosion and

protective coatings. Appliances which

meet the construction and performance

requirements of the American Gas Association and which are approved by

the association's laboratory are re- quired to display the laboratory seal

of approval. Approval requirements

are now in effect for central house

heating gas appliances, house piping

and appliance installation, flexible gas

tubing, gas ranges, gas water heaters, space heaters, hot plates and laundry

stoves, clothes dryers, incinerators,

and gas-heated ironers, Work is now

nearing completion on requirements or

listing requirements for hotel and res- taurant ranges, garage heaters, industrial gas boilers, gas refrigerators, in- stallation of conversion burners, draft hoods, gas cocks, and gas, pressure, and temperature control accessories. A very extensive research program in the utilization of mixed gases extending over a period of more than five and

one-half years was recently completed

at the association's laboratory. An in- vestigation dealing with the construction, repair, and testing of pipe joints

which has been under way at the

laboratory since 1929 is also nearing

completion. The association is carry- ing on fundamental research in the standardization of orifice meters for large-volume high-pressure gas trans- mission lines and is developing basic formulas for calculating the capacity

under varying conditions of long-dis- tance high-pressure lines. It has co- operated with the Bureau of Standards

in the formulation of the commercial

standard relating to standard weight

malleable iron or steel screwed unions. The association is sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on gas appliances.

American Gear Manufacturers Association, J. C. McQuiston, secretary, First National Bank Building, Wilkinsburg, Pa. The general standardization committee of this association has arranged a standardization pro- gram which has been published in printed form. This program is re- vised at certain intervals and serves as an up-to-date guide for the various

subcommittees and also as a ready

cross-reference index for each member

company to show what has been accomplished, the dates of adoptions and

revisions. The various subcommittees

are constantly at work on projects

dealing with the following subjects

Bevel and spiral bevel gears ; differential and transmission ; railway, mill, and mine gears; herringbone gears; keyways ; metallurgical ; nomenclature ; nonmetallic gears ; spur gears

;

sprockets and chains; tooth forms;

and worm gears. It is serving as sponsor or joint sponsor for two sec- tional committees of the American

Standards Association on standardization of gears and on transmission

chains and sprockets.

American Home Economics Association, Alice L. Edwards, executive secretary, Mills Building, Washington, D. G. This association cooperated with units

of industry in the formulation and ac- ceptance of commercial standards for dress patterns, men's pajamas, wall

paper, plate-glass mirrors, and wool

and part wool blankets. It is a member body of the American Standards

Association, and is represented on ASA sectional committees now working on the standardization of plumbing equipment, standards and specifi- cations for refrigerators, specifica- tions and standards for bed sheets and

sheeting, and approval and installa- tion requirements for domestic gas- burning appliances. The association

is cooperating in a research study on

the changes in solubility and absorption spectra of silk fibroin caused by

tin weighting. It publishes suggestions for club programs, including the discussion of methods of household

purchasing, labeling of commodities

with information concerning their properties, use of standard specifications, etc. Thirty-two of the affiliated State home economics associations have committees on standardization

and are active in promoting the association's standardization program. The division of textiles and clothing

has taken up work on the simplifica- tion of clothing terminology. At the 1931 annual meeting of the association

resolutions were adopted by which

members pledged themselves to coop- erate with the retailers in their own

communities to further the purchase

and sale 1 of consumers' goods labeled according to standards set up through

the American Standards Association, the Bureau of Standards, or the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of the United States Department of Agriculture, or labeled in some other way

with accurate measurements as to quality and performance. The associa-
178 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

tion also indorsed the efforts being

made by its committee on standardization of consumers' goods to secure

labels on commodities sold on the retail market by which the quality speci- fications for a commodity will appear on the label. This committee has published three of a series of leaflets as

follows : No. 1, When You Buy Sheets

;

No. 2, When you Buy Blankets; and

No. 3, When You Buy a Refrigerator.

These have been prepared for the pur- pose of indicating to the purchaser,

manufacturer, and retailer specific in- formation considered essential for the wise selection of these commodities

and to suggest the type of information

desired in the selection of others. American Hospital Association, John

M. Smith, chairman, committee on

simplification and standardization, care of Hahnemann Hospital, 230

North Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association cooperated in, and in several cases requested the establish- ment of, commercial standards for clin- ical thermometers, rubber sheeting,

steel bone plates and screws, surgeons' latex gloves, and surgeons' rubber

gloves. These were established under

the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. Through its committee the as- sociation sponsored the movement for the formulation of simplified practice

recommendations relating to hospital

beds, chinaware, plumbing fixtures, hospital and institutional cotton textiles, and surgical dressings, conducted

also under the auspices of the Bureau

of Standards. At the present time the committee is carrying on work look- ing toward the standardization of ma t- tresses for beds and cribs, pillows,

chrome stainless or rustless steel for surgical instruments, and cribs and

hassinets. American Institute of Architects, Structural Service Department, F. Leo. Smith, technical secretary, 1741 New

York Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. Standardizing activities of the insti- tute are conducted principally through

cooperation with other national groups and organizations engaged in stan- dardization work. The structural

service committee, with an advisory

council and representatives in the 67

chapters of the institute, makes possible the obtaining of group opinions

reflecting the viewpoint of the archi- tectural profession. Standard docu- ments and forms for the purpose of establishing uniform practice in the building industry have been adopted

by the institute. The standard contract documents include a standard

form of agreement between contractor

and owner for construction of build- ings; general conditions of the contract for the construction of buildings

;

standard form of bond ; standard form

of subcontract and standard form of acceptance of subcontractor's proposal.

Other standard documents are: Stan- dard form of agreement between owner and architect (percentage basis) ; form of agreement between owner and architect (fee plus cost system) ; a form of agreement between owner and contractor (cost plus fee basis) ; standard form of competition pro- gram; a standard method of calcula- tion and form of statement of cubic contents of buildings; standard symbols for wiring plans; and a standard

filing system. The standard filing sys- tem, adopted by the institute in 1920,

with subsequent revisions, provides for the premarking and filing of trade and

technical literature relating to build- ing materials and equipment. The in- stitute is joint sponsor for six sectional committees of the American Standards

Association. It is also represented on 25 other ASA sectional committees, 10 committees of the American

Society for Testing Materials, and 6

committees of the National Fire Protection Association. It cooperates

with the several divisions of the Commercial Standardization Group of the Bureau of Standards in the establish- ment of commercial standards and

simplified practice recommendations

covering building materials; also in the development of building codes and

in the promotion of certification and

labeling activities among the architec- tural profession. It also cooperates

with the National Committee on Wood

Utilization in promoting the efficient use of wood in building construction. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Frederic J. LeMaistre, executive secretary, Bellevue Court Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Three committees of this institute are actively car- rying forward work on the following

projects leading to the formulation of standards: Evaporator test codes; system of symbols and nomenclature;

and specifications for pressure and

va*cuum gages. The first and third mentioned activities are being con- ducted in cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

American Institute of Electrical Engineers, H. H. Henline, acting national

secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The revised stand- ards of the institute are being published in the form of individual sections. Thirty-eight sections, each deal- ing with standards for a specific sub-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 179

ject, have been completed. Of these 38

standards, 19 have been approved as American Standards under American

Standards Association procedure. The

institute is a member body of the American Standards Association and

is represented on the electrical stand- ards committee. It is sponsor or joint sponsor for a number of sectional committees, among which may be mentioned : Industrial electrical control apparatus; insulators for electric- power lines ; electric-arc-welding apparatus ; electric resistance welding

apparatus; electrical measuring in- struments ; hard-drawn aluminum con- ductors ; mercury-arc rectifiers, railway motors ; railway control apparatus

;

storage batteries ; electrical definitions ; radio, scientific, and engineering symbols and abbreviations ; code on protection against lightning; symbols for

electrical equipment of buildings ; and

mine locomotive control apparatus.

One of the technical committees of

the institute is now at work on the development of a series of test codes covering the principal types of electri- cal apparatus. The first of these, the

test code for transformers, has been

issued in preliminary form. It is the purpose of these codes to provide in convenient reference form the more

generally applicable and accepted

methods of conducting and reporting

tests applying to the fulfillment of the performance guarantees specified in AIEE standards. American Institute of Homoeopathy,

Garth W. Boericke, M. D., chairman

of pharmacopoeia committee, care of Hahnemann Medical College of Philadelphia, 235 North Fifteenth Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This institute has

prepared and issued the third revision of the Homoepathic Pharmacopoeia

of the United States in which are

listed and described the strengths of

tinctures, dilutions, medications, and

triturations for all drugs recognized as standard in the use of preparations of homoeopathic remedies. American Institute of Mining and

Metallurgical Engineers, A. B. Parsons,

secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. A final report deal- ing with dangers from oil and gas

wells to coal-mining operations, and

draft of a model law for use of the

legislature of any State concerned have been adopted by the institute. A

committee of the metals division of the institute cooperated with the

division of simplified practice in the establishment of the simplified-practice recommendation for malleable foundry practices. A proposed safety

code for coal-mine ventilation is now

being considered by the institute's coal division. It is serving as sponsor

for the following three projects under

ASA procedure : Rock dusting of coal mines, methods for screen testing of

ores, and specifications for clean bituminous coal. American Institute of Refrigeration,

J. F. Nickerson, general secretary, 435

North Waller Avenue, Chicago, 111. Practically all standardization work

of this institute is conducted in coop- eration with the American Standards

Association through representation on

sectional committees dealing with the formulation of standards for cast-iron flanged ammonia and screwed fittings, refrigerating piping, pressure and vacuum gages, and household refrig- erators. American Institute of Steel Construction (Inc.), Charles F. Abbott, executive director, 200 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. ; Lee H. Miller, chief

engineer, 1050 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. The standards of this institute, which are included in its Stand- ard Handbook of Steel Construction,

have already been accepted by more

than 330 cities and 17 State bodies. Members of the institute who adhere

to its code of standard practice are

permitted to use the institute's symbol

as a label for their commodities.

American Institute of Weights and

Measures, W. R. Ingalls, president, 33 Rector Street, New York, N. Y. This

institute concerns itself generally with

the subject of weights and measures,

including their standards and their use

in the arts and commerce.

American Leather Belting Association, J. L. Nelson, secretary, 41 Park

Row, New York, N. Y. During the

past year this association established

specifications setting forth standard

thickness for the purchase of first quality leather belting. These specifi- cations are intended to serve as a

protection to consumers of leather

belting in that it substitutes the thick- ness in %4-ineh units for the earlier terminology of "ounces per square

foot " thereby making it comparatively

easy to check each piece of belting to determine if the thickness is as

ordered. American Marine Standards Committee. (See Ch. VIII, p. 166.) American Medical Association, Committee on Foods, Raymond Hertwig,

secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This committee is co- operating with the food industry for the development of a system by which

the industry may regulate and con-
180 STANDAEDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

trol its own advertising in the interest of public welfare. The plan of operation of the committee, among other

things, includes the " acceptance " of truthfully and correctly advertised wholesome foods which fulfill nutri- tional requirements; the formulation

of general rules and regulations pro- posed for governing food labels and

advertising; the promulgation of general committee decisions portraying the requirements and policies of the committee on specific advertising claims

and nutritional values of specific foods and offered for the guidance of food manufacturers and advertisingagencies ; and the publication of an

authoritative text on foods of the American market, including information on its " accepted " and " rejected " foods, and intended for the special use

of physicians, dietitians, hospitals, the food industry, and the public. The

committee grants to manufacturers of foods the privilege to display its " seal of acceptance " on all products which

have been found to comply with its rules, regulations, and requirements.

American Medical Association, Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, W. A. Puckner, secretary, 535 North Dear- born Street, Chicago, 111. New and

Nonofficial Remedies is a book in which are listed and described such

medicinal preparations as stand ac- cepted by this council on January 1 of the year of publication. The de- scriptions of accepted articles are based in part on investigations made

by, or under the direction of, the

council, and in part on evidence or information supplied by the manufacturer. The publication of this book

annually indicates the efforts which

the council is making toward the

standardization of medicinal products.

The council on pharmacy and chemistry grants the privilege of the display

of its " seal of acceptance " to show

that the accepted products comply with

the requirements of its rules, regulations, and standards. American Medical Association, Council on Physical Therapy, H. A. Carter,

secretary, 535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. One of the outstanding

accomplishments of this council dur- ing the past year has been the publication of the Handbook of Physical

Therapy in which is set forth valuable information relating to present stand- ard forms and procedures of physical

therapy as well as the types of ap- paratus to be used in connection there- with. In cooperation with the ASA

sectional committee on definitions of

electrical terms, this council has compiled and published standard defini- tions and terms used in physical

therapy.

American Mining Congress, J. F. Callbreath, secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Through its national standardization division, composed of two branches, coal and metal,

and consisting of 37 metal and 75 coal producing companies and 74 manufacturers of mining equipment and machinery, the American Mining Congress has prepared and adopted the fol- lowing standards which have also been approved by the American Stand- ards Association : Coal-mine ventila- tion ; underground transportation in metal mines; safety rules for install- ing and using electrical equipment in coal mines and metal mines ; coal-mine

drainage ; wire rope for mines ; ladders and stairs for mines; miscellaneous

outside coal handling equipment ; fire- fighting equipment in metal mines;

transportation safety code for coal mines ; mechanical loading in metal

mines ; and underground transportation in coal mines. Committees of the standardization division are now en- gaged in the following projects: Mechanical loading of coal, mine timbering, metal mine cost accounting, drill- ing machines and drill steel, locomotives for coal mines, coal-mine cars, and coal-mine tracks. The American

Mining Congress is sponsor or joint sponsor for 15 sectional committees

functioning under the rules of pro- cedure of the American Standards Association. American Oil Burner Association

(Inc.), Harry F. Tapp, executive sec- retary, 342 Madison Avenue, New

York, N. Y. A model ordinance gov- erning the construction and installa- tion of oil-burning equipment for use

by municipal authorities having juris- diction over such installations has

been adopted and recommended by this association. It cooperated with the Bureau of Standards and the industry

in the establishment of the commercial

standard for domestic and industrial

fuel oils. The association is contin- uing its technical research program

with the American Society of Heating

and Ventilating Engineers in making

tests of different types of oil burners

under various conditions. It maintains and operates the Oil Heating

Institute. American Oil Chemists' Society, J. C. P. Helm, secretary, 705 Tchoupitoulas

Street, New Orleans, La. This organi- zation has adopted official methods of chemical analysis for coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed and cottonseed
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 181

cake, meal, meats, hulls, and oils. It has also adopted official methods for commercial fats and oils, peanut oil (crude), refined oils, soap stock, and

soya bean oil (crude).

American Optometric Association

(Inc.), Edwin H. Silver, associate di- rector, department of research, 1410 G

Street NW., Washington, D. O. A national advisory commisison on vision

for motor drivers, appointed by this association at the instance of the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety, has prepared standards of

visual acuity for motor-vehicle operators. In cooperation with the National

Research Council, this organization is continuing its investigation concerning limits of safety vision at Iowa

State College.

American Paint and Varnish Manufacturers Association (Inc.), National

Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association

(Inc.), and National Association of Paint Distributors (Inc.), George V. Horgan, general manager, 2201 New

York Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. At the last annual convention of these organizations (which represent the

paint and varnish industry) official in- dorsement was given for putting into

effect the simplification and standardization program developed by a joint

committee representing these associa- tions and the industry. It is expected

that this program will effect material

savings in the industry through the

elimination of waste in overhead ex- penses, resulting from the reduction of the number of tints and colors marketed in various lines of products and

the number of sizes of containers used. The marketing changes effected by

these organizations received the ap- proval of the division of simplified

practice of the Bureau of Standards. American Paper and Pulp Association, Charles W. Boyce, executive secretary, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N.

Y. In cooperation with the National

Paper Trade Association, the committee on simplification and standardization of this association submitted a re- port at the joint annual meeting of both organizations in 1932 in which it recommended standard sizes of sample

books issued by mills and paper merchants, and also a standard filing sys- tem. This association cooperated in the establishment of the simplified

practice recommendation relating to sizes and grades of paper conducted

under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. American Petroleum Institute, W.

R. Boyd, jr., executive vice president, 250 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y.

This institute has adopted 21 stand- ards of the American Society for Testing Materials relating to methods

of test for petroleum products. It co- operated with the Bureau of Stand- ards in the establishment of commercial standards for diamond core-drill

fittings, domestic and industrial fuel

oils, and steel and wrought-iron pipe

nipples. As an aid to international interchangeability in pipe threads,

cable tool joint threads, rotary tool joint threads, sucker-rod threads, and

limit gages therefor, the institute has

completed arrangements with the Gov- ernment laboratories of America, England, and Germany by which each of these national standardizing institu- tions is made an official testing and

certifying agency for thread gages made in accordance with the specifica- tions of the American Petroleum Institute. In promoting the use of its standards and specifications throughout the industry the institute grants

to manufacturers the right to place its

official monogram on certain standardized equipment, certifying that the material so marked complies with all of

the conditions and standards con- tained in the official publications relat- ing thereto. The institute reserves the

right to revoke the use of its mono- gram for any reason satisfactory to the board of directors. The institute maintains a group of research associates at the Bureau of Standards deal- ing with composition and properties of petroleum and with protective coatings

for pipe lines. It is also conducting

cooperative fuel research with the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce and the Society of Automotive

Engineers.

American Pharmaceutical Association, E. F. Kelly, secretary, 10 West Chase

Street, Baltimore, Md. Committees of

this association are functioning on

such subjects as the revision of the National Formulary, a publication sup- plemental to the United States Pharmacopoeia ; tolerances for prescriptions

and for prescription containers ; physiological testing of drugs ; cooperation

with foreign associations in bringing

about international uniformity in pharmaceutical nomenclature ; preparation of unofficial standards for drugs

and chemical products; publication of a recipe book, containing standard for- mulas and recipes not found in the Pharmacopoeia or the National Formulary ; uniform state legislation in ref- erence to narcotic drugs; cooperation

with other scientific bodies on the

question of horticultural nomenclature ; extension of the use of the met-
182 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

ric system in pharmacy; and investi- gation of the light-protecting properties of various colored glass containers, with a view to preparing specifi- cations for colored glass containers for the protection of medicaments. In

1930 a conference of pharmaceutical

law-enforcement officials was formed

to bring about greater uniformity in the pharmaceutical legislation of the

several States and in the enforcement

of these laws. The association has re- cently cooperated in organizing the In- ter-Society Color Council to develop

uniform definitions and standards for

colors. American Public Health Association,

Kendall Emerson, M. D., acting executive secretary, 450 Seventh Avenue,

New York, N. Y. Standardization

work of this association is carried on

by about 50 committees functioning

under the supervision of the committee on research and standards. It is the duty of this committee to conduct

research and to develop standards in the technical branches of public health

service and training, and the coordi- nation of such research and standardization. Standards relating to mini- mum qualifications for those appointed

to positions in public-health nursing,

essential features in the design of sanitary drinking fountains, and standard

classified nomenclature of disease,

have been approved by this committee. In cooperation with the American

Water Works Association, this organization formulated and adopted stand- ard methods of water and sewage an- alyses which were revised and ap- proved by the committee on research and standards, and published as the seventh edition. At the present time

the committee is concerned with the standardization of laboratory reagents, of standard methods of preparation of certain vaccines, and of ventilation re- quirements for indoor living quarters.

American Railway Association, H. J. Forster, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. The activities of this association are conducted under nine

divisions, five of which are concerned

with matters which have led to the adoption of standards, specifications,

and recommended practices, namely:

Operating (dealing with problems of operation) ; engineering (dealing with

the location, construction, and mainte- nance of railroads) ; mechanical (conducting work in the construction and

maintenance of rolling stock) ; pur- chases and stores (which deals with

the purchasing, storing, distribution,

and selling of materials and supplies) ; and freight claim (dealing with the

formulation of standard recommended

practices to govern freight losses and

claims). The other divisions are as

follows: Transportation (formulates

rules and practices upon questions af- fecting the uniform and efficient use of equipment in interchange between carriers) ; traffic (acts as the liaison be- tween the other divisions of the asso- ciation and the territorial organizations of railroad officials having to do

with rates, fares, or classifications for rating) ; motor transport (acts as a

clearing house for transportation

thought and development of motor

transportation by railways) ; car service (functions through the utilization of district managers located at strate- gic points throughout the country; as- ment and through education in the

sists the carriers in increasing the effi- ciency of the transportation service generally in the interchange of equipheavier loading of equipment). (See

sketches of the Freight Claim, Mechanical, Operating, and Purchases

and Stores Divisions ; the American

Railway Engineering Association,

which functions as the engineering

division of the American Railway Association ; also the Signal and Tele- graph and Telephone Sections and the Freight Container Bureau.) The as- sociation has organized three committees which do not function under the above-noted divisions, namely, the committee on automatic train control, which is engaged on the standardization of automatic train-control de- vices; the joint committee on grade

crossing protection, doing similar work

for the automatic highway grade-crossing signals ; and the joint committee

on cooperation of the freight container

bureau, which assists shippers in the preparation of their containers and

methods of handling.

American Railway Association, Electrical Section, E. H. Fritch. secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago,

111. Several committees of this sec- tion are actively carrying on work

in preparing reports relating to the development of standards and specifi- cations for the following items

:

Transmission lines and catenary construction; insulating tape; porcelain

insulators ; track and third-rail bonds; design of indoor and outdoor

substations; and high-voltage cables. These reports are to be considered

for approval at the next annual meeting of this section. American Railway Association, Freight

Claim Division, Lewis Pilcher, secre- tary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. This division publishes
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 183

a book of Freight Claim Rules or manual of practices (revised annually) in which are carried the rules and

standards prescribed for the investi- gation and interline apportionment of claims paid to claimants, lists of

freight claim and prevention officers of carriers, uniform blanks, recom- mended practices in loss and damage

prevention work, and other handy in- formation for use of railroad freight

claim offices. There are also published and distributed semiannually,

in printed form, interpretations of freight claim rules as handed down

by the appropriate committee of the

division. American Railway Association, Freight Container Bureau, A. H. Greenly, chair- man, joint committee of cooperation on the Freight Container Bureau ; Edward Dahill, chief engineer, 30 Vesey

Street, New York, N. Y. In all of its work leading to the formation and

adoption of recommended methods or

practices for packing, boxing, and

crating, engineers of this bureau co- operated with the officials of the in- dustrial associations of the manufacturers of these commodities to which

attention is being given, and with the container and accessory manufacturers and their associations. It is the

practice of the bureau to submit all recommendations to a special committee appointed by the industry to pass on the recommendations before they

are approved for printing and distri- bution. In several cases the bureau

has carried on work leading to the preparation of recommended contain- ers and packing methods at the direct request of a trade association, which

has approved and adopted the recom- mendations as standard for its members. The bureau's engineers make

shipping and laboratory tests and

spend much time at the shipper's

plants, at freight stations, and in consignees' receiving rooms, gathering in- formation as to what are the causes

for loss and damage to assist in de- termining how these causes may be

eliminated. A considerable portion of the time of those engineers who are working on fresh fruits and vegetables

is spent in the producing territories for the purpose of acquainting the

shippers with the recommended con- tainers and standard practices for loading and bracing. The bureau co- operates very closely with national and local trade and traffic associations and with various Federal and State

agencies. Forty recommended stand- ards relating to various types of con- tainers for packing and shipping of

various commodities have been for- mulated and covered by illustrated pamphlets which have had a wide dis- tribution. In addition, approximately

100 container specifications and 30

loading methods for fresh fruits and

vegetables have been developed and

prepared by the bureau for tariffs ef- fective in heavy perishable producing

territories. The standards developed

and recommended by this bureau are

not compulsory by nature. In some

instances, however, the recommendations have been accepted and adopted

by tariff-issuing agencies of carriers throughout the country, in which case they have become standard in particular instances or in specified tariffs. The bureau has pending and in vari- ous stages of completion the follow- ing recommended standards : Crates and loading methods for airplanes and

airplane parts; crates and method of packing enameled iron and vitreous china sanitary ware, and steel office furniture ; construction of crates and

inside blocking for porcelain-finished

commercial refrigerators ; construction

of crates and inside blocking for set- up show cases (all glass type) ; packing of glassware and crockery in fiber boxes; methods of loading and brac- ing vitrified clay sewer pipe. The bureau's program for the coming year

deals with the following projects : Continuation of studies, field work, and

laboratory tests on an increasing number and variety of containers used

in the fresh fruit and vegetable trade

;

the development of loading and brac- ing methods for carload shipments of fresh fruits and vegetables ; educational field work in the fruit and veg- etable producing territories; development of standard methods of crating

and boxing electric refrigerators ; de- velopment of standard methods of skidding and crating machinery ; skids, cradles, and crates for motor boats; the giving of illustrated lectures and

demonstrations before colleges, trade

associations, groups of shippers, and

railroad employees.

American Railway Association, Mechanical Division, V. R. Hawthorne,

secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. Through the activities of its different committees and the in- vestigations and research carried out under their direction, this division has

adopted standards and recommended

practices for cars and locomotives as

follows : Material specifications, 19 standard specifications and 59 recom- mended practice specifications ; gages and testing devices, 49 standards and

10 recommended practices; car de-
184 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

signs, recommended practice designs, 4 types of general service cars; car

parts and fundamentals of car designs, 43 standards and 20 recom- mended practices; trucks and truck

details for cars, 39 standards and 13 recommended practices; brakes and

brake equipment, 40 standards and 13 recommended practices ; locomotive

parts, 7 standards and 28 recommended practices ; electric lighting for cars and locomotives, 1 standard and 6 rec- ommended practices ; and miscellane- ous standards and recommended practices, 12 standards and 15 recommended practices. All of the division's standards are incorporated in a manual which is revised and supplemented

annually. In addition, the division has

adopted the following rules : Standard

rules for maintenance of air-brake and air-signal equipment on locomotives and cars ; rules for fuel economy

on locomotives ; rules and instructions for inspection and testing of locomotive boilers and rules and instructions for inspection of steam locomotives

and tenders; rules governing the condition of, and repairs to, freight and

passenger cars for the interchange of

traffic ; rules governing the loading of lumber, logs, stone, etc., and loading

and carrying structural materials,

plates, rails, girders, etc. ; specifica- tions for safety appliances on cars and

locomotives ; specifications for tank

cars. At the 1932 meeting of the di- vision various committees submitted

for approval by the division reports on the following subjects: Revisions

of and additions to the loading rules; revisions of and additions to the inter- change rules ; adoption of recom- mended practice for globe and angle

valves for 300-pound pressure for loco- motives ; specifications and designs for

steel-sheathed, steel-framed box car

of 40 and 50 ton capacity for adoption

as standard and a number of items for adoption or revision of miscellaneous

standards for cars and locomotives. This division maintains at Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., an air-brake

laboratory, draft gear testing laboratory, laboratory for testing tank-car

devices, laboratory for testing auto- matic hose connectors, brake-shoe test- ing machine, and an air-hose testing

machine.

American Railway Association, Operating Division, J. O. Caviston, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This division publishes and keeps

under constant revision the Standard

Code of the American Railway Association relating to train, block signal,

and interlocking rules, and also the

standard definitions for the various terms used in railway operation. In

connection with the phase of railway

work in which it is engaged, this divi- sion has formulated specifications for lanterns for use on crossing gates and

by highway crossing watchmen and

gatemen; track torpedoes; 5-minute

red fusees; and standard drawings

relating to approach warning and stop

signs, and painting for highway gate arms. American Railway Association, Purchases and Stores Division, W. J. Farrell, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New

York, N. Y. Standards prepared by

committees of this division relate to the following subjects : Purchasing and

Stores Department Manual—recom- mended rules and practices, reclamation practices, scrap classification, material classification, and methods of unit piling materials. It has also adopted recommendations in connection with the standardization of pipe

fittings and valves, padlocks, manhole

and handhole gaskets, and railway

electrification materials ; standard

types of buildings for storing stock and equipment, paint and oils, explosives, oxygen, and acetylene; garages and lumber sheds; also standard list of stationery items. American Railway Association, Signal

Section, R. H. C. Balliet, secretary, 30 Yesey Street, New York, N. Y. This

section, by recommendation, harmonizes and coordinates the principles

and practices of American railroads,

and revises and keeps up to date the drawings and specifications contained

in its Manual of Recommended Practices, with respect to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation

of railway signaling devices. During

the past year it approved the adoption and, in some cases, revisions of the following specifications and recom- mended practices: Installation, maintenance, and operation of nickel, iron, alkaline, and lead acid type storage

batteries; maintaining and testing in- terlocking plants ; centralized traffic control system ; automatic block signal

system ; interlocking system ; installa- tion of electric interlocking ; power in- terlocking machine; electropneumatic

switch operating mechanism; air- cooled reactor for line and track cir- cuits impedance bond ; alternating current generator ; direct current gen- erator ; direct current automatic block

signaling circuits; tractive armature

direct current neutral relay for series line approach lighting; varnish treat- ment of electrical windings; impreg-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 185

nating compound treatment of electri- cal windings ; galvanized E. B. B. steel bonding wires ; 40 per cent conductivity copper-covered steel bonding wires

;

telegraph and telephone and other communication wires and cables cross- ing the tracks of steam and electrified railroads ; rubber insulating tape

;

aerial braided cable ; armored submarine cable ; lead-covered cable ; mineral matter rubber compound insulated sig- nal wire; and parkway cable. This

section has also prepared a set of con- clusions and findings recommending

the use of automatic interlockings and

block signals, car retarders, electric lighting of signal and switch lamps,

grade or tonnage signals, manuallyoperated interlockings, etc. These are being considered as economy moves for reducing operating expenses. American Railway Association, Tele- graph and Telephone Section, W. A. Fairbanks, secretary, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. This section functions as a part of the operating di vision of the American Railway Association. In its loose-leaf manual for use by supervisory engineering and

field forces are included 236 recom- mended specifications and practices for the advancement of efficiency of the

telegraph and telephone departments

of the railroad service and the stand- ardization of the plant, equipment, and

practices. Numerous standing committees are actively engaged in formulating new practices or in revising

existing ones. The following important subjects are now being considered by committees of this section : Communication transmission, radio and

wire carrier systems, electrical protection, message traffic, economics, in- ductive interference, inside and out- side plant, protection against elec- trolysis, accident and fire prevention,

first aid, and education and training

of employees.

American Railway Association, Transportation Division, G. W. Covert, secre- tary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. The duty of this division is to formulate rules covering, and re- port upon questions affecting, the uni- form and efficient use and interchange

of equipment. Its activities include the formulation, revision, and inter- pretation of the following rules : Code

of car-service rules, code of per diem

rules, code of switching reclaim rules, embargo regulations, national car-de- murrage rules, uniform code of storage

rules, national track-storage rules, reg- ulations for the handling of railroad business mail, mileage allowances and

rules governing the handling, also the

payment of mileage, and the equalization of mileage on cars of private ownership, methods for loading carload

freight, rules governing loading, stowing, and handling of carload and less- than-carload freight, rules governing

the application, inspection, recording,

and care of car seals, assignment of permanent reporting marks for use on cars of railroad and private ownership, supervision of checks to establish terminal-switching reclaim allowances. American Railway Engineering Association, E. H. Fritch, secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. At its annual meeting held during the past year this association approved

revisions of and, in some cases, sup- plements to material appearing in its Manual of Recommended Practice re- lating to the following subjects:

Specifications for concrete fence posts

;

roadbed drainage ; protection of road- bed and bridges from washouts and

floods ; specifications for stone ballast

;

plans for switches, frogs, crossings,

slip switches, etc. ; plans and specifi- cations for track tools; Portland cement concrete, plain and reinforced

;

highway crossing signs and signals; rules for maintenance of bridges

steel structure; revision of standard

methods of water analysis and inter- pretation of results; specifications for

salt to be used in regeneration of

zeolite water softening plants ; re- vision of standard method for the determination of the specific gravity

of creosote fractions; and specifica- tions covering the several types of

river bank protection and levees in common use. A committee of this association is cooperating with other committees and organizations con- cerned in the standardization and

simplification of store stock and the

disposition of materials reaching

obsolescence. Several other committees are engaged in standardizing

valves and packing for water service pumps, parts, and accessories for rail- way maintenance motor cars. American Refractories Institute, Stu- art M. Phelps, director of research and tests, Mellon Institute, Pittsburgh, Pa. This organization has formulated

and adopted specifications for clay fire brick for malleable furnaces with re- movable bungs and for annealing

ovens, and also specifications for fire clay brick for marine boiler service. At the present time it is cooperating

with various national bodies in stand- ardizing specifications and tests for

refractories. American Road Builders' Association, Charles M. Upham, secretary, Na-
186 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 tional Press Building, Washington,

D. C. During the past year a joint

committee composed of representatives

of this association and the American

Association of State Highway Officials prepared a report on the standardization of blades for truck scrapers. Several other technical reports prepared

by committees within the past year

deal with the following subjects : Concrete pavements; equipment for spreading and finishing bituminous

pavement surfaces; practical develop- ments in the design and construction

of reinforced concrete pavements,

bases, and brick pavements ; standardization of weighing devices for con- crete aggregate, and steel side forms

for concrete pavements; standard

methods of promoting county bond is- sues; and equipment for construction and maintenance of low-cost road surfaces. American Society of Bakery Engineers,

Victor E. Marx, secretary; W. W.

Reece, chairman, standardization committee, 1541 Birchwood Avenue, Chicago, 111. The standardization committee of this society, working in cooperation with manufacturers of air-condi- tioning equipment, formulated certain standards relating to humidifier practice in baking plants which were ap- proved at the 1932 annual meeting of the society. The committee is now de- voting considerable time in working

out with air-conditioning-equipment

manufacturers the standards which it has recommended and is also cooperating with the baking industry for the purpose of acquainting the users with

this equipment and practices.

American Society of Civil Engineers,

George T. Seabury, secretary, 33 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. Standardization work of the society

is conducted through the appointment

of committees to deal with certain

projects and through representation on committees of other organizations.

Research committees have been or- ganized to carry on work relating to stresses in railroad track, irrigation

hydraulics, concrete and reinforced concrete arches, steel columns, cement,

earths and foundations, dams, and

meteorological data. Special committees are also maintained by nine of

the technical divisions of the society,

studying the fields of city planning,

construction, engineering economics

and finance, irrigation, power, sani- tary engineering, structural engineering, surveying and mapping, and

waterways. The society is officially represented on the Joint Committee

on Concrete and Reinforced Concrete.

In cooperation with the American

Public Health Association, it has

adopted standard definitions of terms

used in sewerage and sewage-disposal

practice. The society is joint sponsor

for two ASA sectional committees on manhole frames and covers and on

scientific and engineering symbols and

abbreviations. American Society of Heating and

Ventilating Engineers, A. V. Hutchinson, secretary, 51 Madison Avenue,

New York, N. Y. Ten years' work by

this society in the field of standardization has resulted in the formulation

and adoption of the following standard

test codes: Testing and rating steamunit ventilators; testing and rating concealed gravity-type radiation; test- ing steam-heating boilers burning oil fuel ; rating steam-heating solid-fuel hand-fired boilers ; testing and rating

steam-unit heaters; heating and ventilating garages ; steam-heating solid- fuel boilers (3) ; standard and short form heat balance codes for testing

low-pressure steam-heating solid-fuel boilers (1 and 2); testing radiators; heat transmission through walls ; disk and propeller fans, centrifugal fans and blowers ; and code of minimum re- quirements for the ventilation of buildings. During the past year the so- ciety adopted standard codes on ventilation requirements which were pre- pared by its committee on ventilation standards. In addition to its own

codes, the society has cooperated with

other organizations in the development of standard ordinance for chim- ney construction ; identification of piping systems, and standard code regulating the installation of gravity

warm-air furnaces in residences. These

codes have also been adopted by the

society. Through its committee on re- search the society carries out its re- search program at its own laboratory

located at the Bureau of Mines Experiment Station, Pittsburgh, Pa., and

at 10 universities in different parts of the country. The research work of the society has been particularly effec- tive in establishing standards for cal- culating heat losses of buildings; de- termining accurate piping systems for steam and hot-water heating; estab- lishment of the effective temperature

scale showing the relation of temperature, humidity, and air motion to sen- sations of warmth ; development of the

so-called comfort charts for summer

and winter conditions ; heat and moisture data for human beings at work

and at rest. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Calvin W. Rice, secretary, 29
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATION 187

West Thirty-ninth Street, New York,

N. Y. The society has 16 professional

divisions each of which has a section of the society's Transactions in which

are published for reference purposes worthwhile technical papers with dis- cussions. The technical-committee activities of the society have grown very

rapidly during the past 13 years, until now approximately 1,865 engineers and

others are serving on the 436 committees for which the society is sponsor

or joint sponsor. In this work 222

organizations cooperate. Under the main research committee 27 special

committees are engaged in cooperative

research. At the present time some

35 research workers are engaged on

a variety of projects. Seven research

fellows at the Bureau of Standards

are working on the experimental pro- gram of the research committees. A

section of the society's Transactions,

to be known as Research Papers, which

will include reports and papers re- sulting from the experimental pro- grams of the research committees, is being published. The dimensional

standardization and safety activities of the society are carried forward

under the procedure of the American

Standards Association. The society

is sponsor or joint sponsor for 30 sec- tional committees on standards and 5

sectional committees preparing safety

codes. One of these committees deals with standardization activities re- cently inaugurated, namely, classifica- tion and designation of surface qualities. One of the society's most notable

technical committee accomplishments

is the development of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers' Boil- er Construction Code, consisting of

eight sections and interpretations,

which has been officially adopted by

19 States and 16 cities in this country.

The preparation of the society's stand- ard tests of power plant and heat apparatus is in the hands of a group

of 20 committees guided by the main

committee on power-test codes. The

society has published in pamphlet

form 43 dimensional standards, 2

safety codes, 5 research reports, 6

bibliographies, and 20 power-test

codes. The society's standardization

committee plans to make a canvass of the extent of the adoption of a given

standard on the second, third, and

fourth anniversaries of its approval

by the American Standards Association. In its mechanical catalogue special notations are employed to indi- cate those firms supplying equipment

in conformity with standards approved

by the American Standards Association. American Society of Municipal Engineers, C. W. S. Sammelman, executive

director, 4359 Lindell Boulevard, St. Louis, Mo. Standardization activities of this organization are conducted by

specifications committees dealing with

the following subjects: Sewers; sub- grade and foundations ; sidewalks and

curbs; bituminous, brick, cement and

concrete, and stone-block pavement

;

street-railway pavement and track con- struction ; and municipal-contract form. To date the society has ap- proved and adopted more than 20 standard specifications relating to the above-mentioned subjects. These speci- fications are kept in harmony with

those issued by the American Society

for Testing Materials. It is officially represented on nine sectional committees functioning under the procedure

of the American Standards Association. American Society of Refrigerating Engineers, David L. Fiske, executive sec- retary, 37 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. This society has

formulated and adopted standard test codes for refrigerators, corrosion pre- vention, refrigerating systems, and

steam-driven ice plants, and specifica- tions for synchronous motors for di- rect-connected refrigerating compressors. It publishes a biennial bound

Refrigerating Data Book in which are

included all codes and standards of the

field. It is serving as sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on safety code for mechanical refrigeration, and

joint sponsor for the sectional committee on standards and specifications for

refrigerators. A committee of the so- ciety is continuing its studies in con- nection with the so-called standard ton

relating to standard measurement for commercial-size refrigerating-machine

performance.

American Society of Safety Engineers,

engineering division of the National

Safety Council. (See National Safety

Council, p. 217.) American Society of Sanitary Engineering, Thomas M. Dugan, president, 1308 Freemont Street, McKeesport,

Pa. ; James R. Walker, secretary, City

Hall, Waterbury, Conn. This society

is cosponsor with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for the American Standards Association sec- tional committee on the standardization of plumbing equipment. It is officially represented on other ASA

151592—33 13
188 STANDABDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 sectional committees dealing with

standarization of hose couplings and

industrial safety standards. Through

its research committee it is carrying on studies along a number of lines in the field of mechanical sanitation. These studies, when brought to a conclusion, will be developed into a tentative standard, and as such referred to the sanitary standards committee or

to the American Standards Association for further consideration. American Society for Steel Treating,

W. H. Eisenman, secretary, 7016

Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio. Several committees of this society are now engaged in developing recom- mended practices on the following subjects : Forging carbon and alloy steels

;

gas carburizing; hardness testing of metals; heat treatment of carbonsteel gears ; heat treatment of springs

;

heat-resisting alloys; heat treatment

of tool steels; definitions of heat- treatment terms; machinability of

steels ; melting of steel ; nitriding

;

pickling of iron and steel; plastic

deformation in pure iron ; quenching

media, practice and equipment; and

testing and inspecting of threaded

sections. American Society for Testing Materials. (See Ch. VIII, p. 167.) American Standards Association. ( See

Ch. VIII, p. 164.) American Transit Association, G. C. Hecker, general secretary, 292 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

association was formerly known as the American Electric Railway Association. During the past year 34

committees of the several divisions of

this association were engaged in re- search, and have submitted reports for consideration by the association, of which 23 are concerned with the for- mulation or revision of standards and

specifications. Special joint work with

other national organizations was con- ducted on the subjects of trolley-wire

design and specifications and on the matter of clearances for overhead

working conductors in heavy traction

service. Through a heavy electric traction committee, standards for rail bonds were prepared. Committees of the power division submitted stand- ards for : Wood poles, two classes of underground cable, and trolley bus

overhead construction. In the pur- chases and stores division, schedules of standard packaging for rail- way controller and motor parts and

for railway bonds and bond terminals

and certain selected overhead-line material were prepared (in cooperation

with the division of simplified practice

of the Bureau of Standards). In the

rolling-stock division, the standardization of motor-coach design and construction has been studied; further progress has been made on the stand- ardization of various maintenance

practices connected with motor-coach

operation ; lighting practice for street

cars, motor coaches, shops, office, and

yard was further developed and stand- ardized and recommended practice in the lighting of trolley buses was pre- pared; the standards for journal

boxes, journal bearings, brake shoes,

and limits of wear were revised to bring them in accord with modern

practice; the study of roller bearings

for cars and new types of current-col- lecting devices for cars and trolley buses continued ; revised regulations

for the wiring of trolley buses and of storage sheds for trolley buses were

submitted; and there was also con- tinued the joint work with the steamrailroad groups on the preparation of designs for large-size drive axles. In

the way and structure division, fur- ther revision and standardization was

carried on for the following items : Tie

rods, rail sections and associated

splice bars, wheel and rail contours

;

welding rods ; branding of rails ; track and pavement construction ; and foun- dations for special track work. During the past year the 1932 supplement

to the Engineering Manual of the as- sociation was issued to bring the 1929

edition of this manual up to date. The

association is a member of the Ameri- can Standards Association and

through it takes active part in the consideration of all standards and

specifications affecting the electric-rail- way industry. It is represented on the

electrical standards committee of that

body. It has submitted to the American Standards Association a number

of standards which have been ap- proved by that body, and it is sponsor

or joint sponsor for 13 projects.

American Veterinary Medical Association, Dr. H. Preston Hoskins, secre- tary-editor, 1230 West Washington

Boulevard, Chicago, 111. An important

function of this association in stand- ardization matters is the work of the committee on veterinary biological

products. This committee is endeavoring to bring about a standard classification, including nomenclature, of all biological products that are now in use

for the purpose of preventing or cur- ing diseases of animals. It is planned

to classify these products on the basis of acceptability to the association. American Vitrified China Association, E. K. Koos, secretary, care of D. E.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 189

McNicol Pottery Co., Clarksburg, W.

Va. This association cooperated with

other units of industry in the estab- lishment of a limited number of stand- ard sizes and varieties of hospital

plumbing fixtures, hotel, cafeteria, res- taurant, hospital, and dining-car chi- naware. American Warehousemen's Association, Cold Storage Division. Name

changed to Association of Refrigerated

Warehouses. (See p. 194.) American Water Works Association, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New

York, N. Y. Malcolm Pirnie, chair- man; A. V. Ruggles, secretary, committee on water-works practice. In

the Manual of Water Works Practice prepared and issued by this association are included the following stand- ards and specifications : Cast-iron pipe

and special castings; hydrants and

valves; cold-water meters, disk type;

displacement, current, compound and

fire-service meters; chemicals used in water purification ; pressure water fil- ters ; sanitary drinking fountains ; mechanical analysis of sand and gravel;

and agreement for engineering construction. Its committee on water- works practice is at the present time

revising the specifications for steel standpipes and elevated tanks. The

specification for cement mortar lining for cast-iron pipe prepared by ASA sec- tional committee on specifications for

cast-iron pipe and special castings, of which this association is one of the

sponsors, is now before the other sponsor bodies for consideration and ap- proval as an American Tentative Standard. In addition to the above- mentioned committee, this association

is also joint sponsor for the ASA sec- tional committee on screw threads for

fire-hose couplings.

American Welding Society, M. M.

Kelly, secretary, 33 West Thirty-ninth

Street, New York, N. Y. Several committees of the society are cooperating

with the boiler code committee of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in the promulgation of proper

rules and regulations governing the use of welding of unfired pressure

vessels and boiler drums. A second

edition of the code relating to fusion welding and gas cutting in building

construction which was issued by the

society several years ago was published in 1930. The committee on

building codes has under preparation

several sections on welded piping and

tankage. A committee is cooperating

with the ASA pressure piping committee in the preparation of a welding

code for pressure piping. The society

has appointed a committee to prepare

a code or set of specifications covering

the fundamentals of design for conversion of machine-tool electrical equipment and other mechanical parts now

made from conventional castings to welded steel. The committee on welding in marine construction has pre- pared a code for fusion welding and

gas cutting in marine construction part B, covering rules for the con- struction of fusion welded marine

boilers and pressure vessels. The

committee, and its subcommittees on marine boilers and hull construction,

have under preparation rules for the

repair of marine boilers and pressure

vessels; rules for the construction of fusion-welded hulls and hull parts;

rules for the repair of hulls by fusion welding, and rules for fusion-welded

marine piping installations. The so- ciety is officially represented on six sectional committees of the American

Standards Association. American Wood Preservers' Association, Horace L. Dawson, secretary, 1427

I Street NW., Washington, D. C. List- ed in its Manual of Recommended

Practice are 44 standards and specifi- cations dealing with preservative treatments of wood which have been

formulated and adopted by this association. In 1932 this association adopted a revised standard covering

preservative treatment of pole butts by the nonpressure process (incising

method) and a glossary of terms used

in wood preservation. The association has also set up tentative revisions of

its standards dealing with the follow- ing subjects: Distillation of creosote

oil, method for the determination of the amount of material insoluble in benzol, specifications for creosote oil for ties and structural timber, specifi- cations for creosote-coal-tar solution

for ties and structural timber, specifi- cation for water-gas-tar distillate for use with zinc chloride, specification for water-gas-tar solution for use with

zinc chloride, volume and specific gravity factors for creosote oil, creosote- coal-tar solution, and coal tar. American Zinc Institute, Julian D.

Conover, secretary, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. This in- stitute is joint sponsor with the American Society for Testing Materials, for the sectional committee on zinc and

zinc ores, functioning under American

Standards Association procedure. During the past year the institute has con- tinued its campaign to enlarge the use

of galvanized sheets by the adoption of a " seal of quality " to be stenciled on

sheets of specified weights of zinc
190 STANDAKDS YEAKBOOK, 193 3

coating. All licensed manufacturers

whose heavy-coated galvanized roofing sheets comply with the standard thick- ness of zinc coating or weight recom- mended by the institute are permitted

to use the seal on such products. In

addition to the seal, there appears also on every sheet either the brand and

trade-mark or the name of the manufacturer, thus giving double assurance

of quality. Sheets bearing the quality

label are rigidly tested and inspected

to insure exceptional quality. Anthracite Institute, Gen. Brice P. Disque, executive director, 19 Rector

Street, New York, N. Y. ; Edward W.

Parker, secretary, 225 South Fifteenth

Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The insti- tute has recently revised its standard

anthracite specifications covering

screen-grading limits for broken, egg,

stove, nut, pea, buck, rice, and barley

sizes of anthracite coal, with maximum

permissible impurities in each grade.

It maintains a laboratory for the ap- proval of coal-using equipment and

from time to time issues a list of ap- proved devices including space heaters, vacuum cleaners, blower systems, do- mestic stokers, and thermostatic equip- ment. Arkansas Soft Pine Bureau, L. J. Arnold, secretary, Little Rock, Ark. This

association took an active part in the formulation and promulgation of American lumber standards conducted

under the auspices of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and

published by the United States De- partment of Commerce. The stand- ard specifications for grades of Ar- kansas soft-pine lumber issued by this association conform to the American

lumber standards. The bureau now

has in effect a plan whereby all lumber shipped by its member mills is trade-marked with the registered symbol of the bureau. All stock of the member mills is also grade marked in accordance with American lumber

standards sizes and grades for soft- wood lumber. Aromatic Red Cedar Closet Lining

Association, H. B. Weiss, chairman,

care of George C. Brown & Co., Memphis, Tenn. This organization initi- ated the movement for the establish- ment of standard dimensions, quality,

and red-heart content for aromatic

red-cedar closet lining set forth in the commercial standard published by the Department of Commerce. The asso- ciation recommends to its members the use of a label guaranteeing that red- cedar closet lining supplied by them

conforms to the standard grading

rules given in the above-mentioned

commercial standard.

Asbestos Bureau (Inc.), J. W. Clise,

jr., secretary, 234 Securities Building,

Seattle, Wash. A standard code has

been adopted by this bureau for the purpose of covering the better stand- ard practices of workmanship and materials in the asbestos insulating field and designed to be used in connection

with nonconducting covering specifications. This organization operates a

certification plan based largely on the one being advocated by the Bureau of Standards, by which it certifies to the

building owner that the insulation in- stalled in his building is in accordance

with the specifications called for in the contract. All certificates issued by

this bureau are accompanied by a bond

from a national surety company. At

the present time the bureau is de- veloping a series of standard specifi- cations to be used as guides by architects in determining what thickness,

type, or quality of insulation they wish

to use on a particular job.

Ash Handle Association, G. B. Durell,

president, 1910 Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This organization spon- sored the movement for the establish- ment of standard grades of ash handles

which resulted in the adoption by the industry of Simplified Practice Recommendation R76. Manufacturers of ash handles are encouraged to impress

the symbol of the grade in the wood

of the handle in accordance with the grades specified in the recommendation.

Asphalt Institute, J. E. Pennybacker,

managing director, 801 Second Avenue, New York, N. Y. This organization has formally adopted seven con- struction specifications for various

types of asphalt pavement wearing

courses and foundations and seven

specifications for liquid asphaltic

products as follows : Asphalt macadam

surface course ; asphaltic concrete sur- face course (coarse-graded aggregate

type) ; asphaltic concrete surface course (fine-graded aggregate type) ; sheet asphalt binder and surface

courses ; asphaltic concrete binder and

surface courses; asphalt macadam

base; asphaltic concrete base; asphaltic road materials Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. The institute cooperates with

various governmental and technical organizations in developing methods

of tests and specifications for asphaltic

products for highway, roofing, and

waterproofing purposes. Asphalt Shingle and Roofing Institute,

J. S. Bryant, manager, 2 West Fortyfifth Street, New York, N. Y. The in-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 191

stitute has adopted granular-metric

specifications for red, green, and blue- black slate; methods of test for other raw materials as well as finished-roof- ing products, including a formula rel- ative to the saturation point of felt used in manufacturing shingles. Its entire membership adopted a resolu- tion whereby it unanimously signified

its willingness to certify to purchasers

that commodities supplied by them on

contracts based on Federal specifica- tions have been tested and found to comply with the requirements of these

specifications. The institute maintains

one research associate at the Bureau

of Standards conducting research on

durability of felt fibers. Associated Cooperage Industries of America, Louis F. Horn, secretary, 411

Olive Street, St. Louis, Mo. Working

in cooperation with industry and the Bureau of Standards, this organization initiated the movement for the es- tablishment of the simplified-practice

recommendation covering standard di- mensions of butter tubs. It also de- veloped a classification of tight barrels and kegs, which includes standards of

capacities, dimensions, grades of material, specifications, lists of purposes

for which each barrel is suitable, and

linings to be used on barrels accord- ing to the commodities to be packed

therein. During the past year it also adopted revised grade rules and speci- fications for tight-barrel staves and

heading, and for slack-barrel staves, heading, and hoops. The association cooperates with the Bureau of Explosives in the revision of specifications for slack and tight barrels and kegs

for the transportation of dangerous

articles by rail ; also with the Freight

Container Bureau of the American

Railway Association and with the sev- eral classification committees in the formulation of standard specifications for slack barrels for fruits, potatoes

and other vegetables. Associated Factory Mutual Fire In- surance Companies, Inspection Depart- ment, C. W. Mowry, manager, 184 High

Street, Boston, Mass. The inspection

department of this association of 26 mutual fire-insurance companies serv- ing large industrial plants in the United States and Canada, tests and

approves fire-protective and electrical equipment. Manufacturers of ap- proved appliances are listed in the pamphlet, Approved Fire Protective and Electrical Equipment, and are per- mitted to use the symbol F. M. on de- vices which have received approval.

The inspection department also formulates standard specifications for some

of the appliances, writes standard in- stallation rules, and publishes pamphlets giving information on safe- guards for special hazards and sug- gestions of building construction features. This association is a member

of the fire-protection group of the American Standards Association and is active in the affairs of the 15 sectional committees of that organization deal- ing with safety codes and materials

and equipment for fire fighting.

Through committee representation, the

association also cooperates in the

standardization activities of the National Fire Protection Association, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society for Test- ing Materials, and other similar or- ganizations. Associated General Contractors of America (Inc.), Edward J. Harding,

managing director, Munsey Building,

Washington, D. C. This association adopted the American Institute of

Architects' form for the construction

of buildings and has participated in the development of standard contracts

for engineering and municipal con- struction and in the development of standard questionnaires for bidders

and for credit transactions. It devel- oped and approved a number of standards, including equipment ownership

expense schedule, cost plus a fee contract form, and various estimating

forms. Through its Mixer Manufacturers Bureau the association contin- ues to maintain its size and capacity

standards for concrete mixers and

pavers. The Contractors Pump Manufacturers Bureau of the association has adopted standards for high-pres- sure road pumps and for diaphragm

pumps and centrifugal pumps used on

construction work. Brass rating plates are issued by the association for at- tachment to machines conforming to the association standards. It maintains representation on seven ASA

sectional committees.

Associated Knit Underwear Manufacturers of America, Roy A. Cheney, sec- retary, Union Station Building, Utica, N. Y. This association has adopted a standard method of testing the breaking strength of knitted fabrics and

washing instructions for knit rayon underwear and knit wool and woolcotton underwear. A committee of the

association is cooperating with the Federal Specifications Board in de- veloping knit underwear specifications for Government purchases. The asso- ciation is also cooperating with the Bureau of Aeronautics of the United

States Navy Department in developing
192 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

suitable specifications for underwear

to be used by aviators for winter fly- ing and for high altitudes. The chief project of the association has been the development of standard sizes, measurements, and methods of measuring

for the various types of knit under- wear. It cooperated with the Bureau

of Standards in the establishment of a commercial standard for regain of mercerized cotton yarns, and for boys'

blouses, waists, shirts, and junior

shirts. It has adopted five sizes of boxes as standard for packing all types

of men's and boys' knit underwear.

The association has also adopted a standard mark for use by manufacturers, under license from the association, on garments made to measure- ments certified to conform to tables appearing in Commercial Standard

CS33-32. A committee composed of

jobbers, retailers, and manufacturers

has the right to revoke the license upon

proof that the use of the standard

mark has been knowingly and wilfully abused.

Associated Manufacturers of Water

Purifying Equipment, Arthur M. Crane,

secretary, P. O. Box 307, Gary, Ind. This association formulated and

adopted standard specifications for pressure water filters in which are embodied the best practice for rates and features of construction for pressure filters. These specifications,

which have been incorporated in full in the Manual of Water Works Practice of the American Water Works

Association, include standard capacities of vertical and horizontal filters, required thickness of shell for various

sizes, and working pressures for steel and cast-iron filters. Associated Tile Manufacturers, H. L. Gaardsmoe, secretary, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization prepared and issued publi- cations relating to basic specifications for tile work and standard shapes of glazed tiles and trimmers. It spon- sored the movement for the establish- ment of standard sizes of clay tiles for

floors and walls, which resulted in the formulation of the simplified-prac*

tice recommendation under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. During the past year the association adopted 56 wall-tile trimmers as standards for the tile industry. These

include various types of cap and base,

complementary angles, corners, and

stops, and are designed to care for every normal trimmer requirement. In order to assure purchasers of uni- form quality ^.nd grade of tiles, this organization has adopted standard

grade names and a color scheme for grade marking and grade sealing of packages of various types of tiles manufactured to comply with the simplified-practice recommendation cov- ering clay tiles for floors and walls. Association of American Feed Control

Officials, L. E. Bopst, secretary-treasurer, College Park, Md. This associa- tion has adopted standard definitions of feeding stuffs for the following

products : Alfalfa, animal, apple, barley, brewers' and distillers', buck- wheat, corn, cottonseed, linseed and

flax, marine, milk, oat, peanut, rice, rye, velvet bean, wheat, and mineral

feed. It has also adopted tentative

definitions for milk and marine prod- ucts and fish oils. The association has now under discussion for adoption

definitions relating to oat flour and

elevator cleanings. It has adopted

uniform types of labels for all classes of feeds. Manufacturers or jobbers are required to place labels on all packages of feeds, and the registration

of brands and guaranties must be filed with each State-control agency. A

guaranty and label for a brand having

been registered may not be subse- quently so modified as to permit the lowering of the quality of the feed, unless it can be clearly shown that the

modification sought to be made is consistent with the interest of the feeder. The control organization may cancel the registration of any feed when it has been found that the brand name

is misleading in any respect, or the

feed contains an injurious ingredient, or packages are incorrectly labeled with regard to ingredients, or there is evidence of misbranding or adulteration, or when labels on packages contain any statement, design, or device

which tends to deceive the purchaser.

Association of American Soap and

Glycerine Producers (Inc.), Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East Seventeenth

Street, New York, N. Y. The stand- ardization activities of this organization are conducted by its glycerine group under the direction of the Glycerine Producers' Association, one of the parts of the Association of Ameri- can Soap and Glycerine Producers

(Inc.). (See p. 199.) Association of American Steel Manufacturers Technical Committees, J. O. Leech, secretary, 616 Investment Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standards issued by this association include specifica- tions for structural and boiler steel, concrete reinforcement bars, commercial and special forging quality bar

steels, steel tie plates, tubes and pipe

of both plain carbon and 4-6 per cent
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 193

chromium steel for gasoline-cracking

stills. It has also issued standard

practices covering allowable variations

in size and weight of hot-rolled bars, gage weight, gage thickness, size, and

flatness of sheets and light plates.

This association cooperates with the American Society for Testing Materials, American Standards Association, and other organizations in the establishment of standards for steel practice. Association of American Wood Pulp

Importers, Orvar Hylin, president, 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, N. Y.

Official rules relating to the weighing,

sampling, and testing of wood pulp for moisture have been formally approved

and adopted by this association. Association of Edison Illuminating

Companies, Preston S. Millar, secretary, Eightieth Street and East End

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This asso- ciation sponsors the quality improvement program for the purpose of bringing about improvements in the operating characteristics of domestic

electrical equipment sold to the public.

The work is under the direction of the association's appliance committee,

which has employed the Electrical Testing Laboratories to serve as its technical agent. In accordance with

this program the qualities of perform- ance of all brands, makes, and models

of electrical equipment within each

class are determined, and the findings are reported to electric-service companies sponsoring the work for private use in their purchases and promotional activities. Findings are also reported to individual manufacturers,

in the case of their own products, and

adverse indications are privately dis- cussed with each of them. In connection with this work the committee has

developed safety requirements for cus- tomers' electrical equipment, including

test requirements for electrical insulation. It has also developed quality

specifications for many kinds of domestic electrical equipment, including flat- irons, ranges, toasters, and water heaters. The association, ever since 1896,

has engaged in organized testing of incandescent electric lamps, the result of which is to set very high standards

for the quality of such products as are purchased by its member companies

for their own use or for sale to the

public. In cooperation with the Il- luminating Engineering Society, this association prepared specifications for

residence-lighting luminaires.

Association of Electragists, International, Laurence W. Davis, general manager, 420 Lexington Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This organization has de- veloped the electragist standards for wiring installations, covering types of wiring required under given conditions,

specifications for materials and ap- paratus and their installation, and

general requirements for services,

grounding, etc. A new section of these standards prepared in 1931 and re- vised in 1932 covers engineering de- sign of residence wiring adequacy, with

recommended form of architects' speci- fications for same. The association is joint sponsor for the ASA sectional committee on symbols for electrical equipment of buildings. Association of Governmental Officials in Industry of the United States and

Canada, E. B. Patton, president, Bureau of Statistics and Information,

Department of Labor, 80 Centre Street, New York, N. Y. This organization does not of itself develop standards

for industry. It does, however, co- operate with the American Standards

Association in the selection of members

to serve on sectional committees for the drafting of safety codes. At the present time this association is offi- cially represented on ASA sectional committees engaged in the development of 21 safety code projects. It maintains a standing committee whose

duty it is to report annually concern- ing the methods of preparing safety codes in the various States of the Union and in the several Provinces of Canada.

Association of Iron and Steel Electrical Engineers, John F. Kelly, managing

director, Empire Building, Pittsburgh, Pa. Standards, specifications, and

codes formulated and adopted by this association include electric overhead

traveling cranes, heavy-duty steel mill service ; guide forms, steel-mill auxil- iary control, a. c. motors for main

roll drives; commutating-pole mill- type motors ; engine stops ; 40-inch blooming-mill drives ; and rules for the

safe operation of traveling cranes. The association has prepared reports

covering standard practices in connection with the type of lubrication and

method of application to all types of equipment and apparatus used in the

iron and steel industry; standardized

operation and maintenance of electric overhead traveling cranes; standardized method for the organization and

operation of an electrical engineering

and maintenance department ; uniform

methods of measuring fuel efficiencies, both for heating furnaces and boilers

;

a preliminary report on the standardization of control apparatus for open- hearth furnaces ; and a report showing
194 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 the location, horsepower, and electrical characteristics of every motor 300

horsepower and over installed on main

roll drives in the iron and steel industry in the United States and Canada.

It has also prepared reports, charts,

data, indicating the electrical develop- ments in the iron and steel industry

for 25 years. The association has also prepared preliminary reports relating

to the application of antifriction bearings, mill-type motors, cranes, and roll necks; standardized full magnetic di- rect current controllers for use in steel mills; safety regulations necessary when working on high-tension lines; and the life of wire rope used on ladle cranes in the iron and steel industry.

The association is continuing its work

in the formulation of standard speci- fications for ordering reduction gear

sets, gears, and pinions. Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists, W. W. Skinner, secretary, Box 290, Pennsylvania Avenue Station, Washington, D. C. This association cooperates with the American

Public Health Association in the prep- aration of standard methods of milk

analysis, and with the committee on

revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia on methods of testing drugs

and medicinal products. It has issued a publication entitled " Official and

Tentative Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists " in which appear the stand- ard methods of analysis for agricul- tural products and other materials

used in the agricultural industry

which have been formulated and

adopted by this association. The

standards and tentative methods of physical and chemical analysis cover a wide range of agricultural products.

Association of Official Seed Analysts

of North America, F. S. Holmes, secretary, College Park, Md. This asso- ciation has adopted rules covering

standard methods of sampling, purity

analysis, and germination tests which

are published by the United States Department of Agriculture as Department Circular 406 entitled " Rules for Seed Testing." The research committee continued its reference work dur- ing the past year with particular at- tention to germination testing with a view to having the association's laboratories adhere more closely to soil tests as an ultimate guide in evaluating

germination tests. Association of Pyroxylin Coated Fabric Manufacturers, now Institute of Leather Cloth and Lacquered Fabrics

Manufacturers. (See p. 202.)

Association of Railway Electrical Engineers, J. A. Andreucetti, secretary,

Chicago & Northwestern Terminal Station, Chicago, 111. Standards covering

the electrical equipment of rolling

stock, railway yards, and power plants, of steam railways have been published

by this association in its Manual of Recommended Practice. The association is officially represented on five ASA sectional committees dealing with

electrical projects. Association of Refrigerated Warehouses, W. M. O'Keefe, executive secre- tary, 222 West Adams Street, Chicago,

111. This organization, formerly

known as the cold-storage division,

American Warehousemen's Association, took an active part in the estab- lishment of the simplified practice rec- ommendation for warehouse forms

promulgated by the Department of Commerce.

Better Bedding Alliance of America,

S. J. Mills, secretary, 608 South Dear- born Street, Chicago, 111. During the past year this organization cooperated

with the Bureau of Standards in an

effort to revise the simplified practice

recommendation relating to sizes of

beds, springs, and mattresses. The

alliance secured the approval of the

pillow manufacturers and the feather and down industry to adopt certain standards and specifications of practice relative to pillows and other

feather and down products. This or- ganization has inaugurated a labeling

program whereby manufacturers who

have definitely pledged themselves in writing to observe the bedding laws of the States in which they manufacture

or sell and to maintain a high stand- ard of fairness in business, are per- mitted to use the emblem recommended by the alliance as a distinguishing

mark of both the quality of the product and the integrity of the manufacturer. Any proved violation of the

pledges warrants revoking of the right

to use the emblem.

Binders Board Manufacturers Association, C. L. Lloyd, secretary, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. Under the auspices of the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards this association initiated the movement for simplification of

sizes for binders board which resulted

in the establishment of 10 standard

sizes set forth in the simplified practice recommendation published by the Department of Commerce. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards it developed minimum standard specifi- cations for binders board which have
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 195

been promulgated by the association to the trade. Building Officials' Conference of America, John W. Oehmann, secretary, 1253 Lawrence Street NE., Washington, D.

C. This organization cooperates with

the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce in the formulation of standard

building codes for adoption by municipalities and States. Through official committee representation it also co- operates with other bodies, under the procedure of the American Standards

Association, in work relating to build- ing construction and materials. Bureau of Explosives, Col. B. W.

Dunn, chief inspector, 30 Vesey Street, New York, N. Y. One of the chief functions of this bureau is to revise and keep up to date for submission and

approval of the Interstate Commerce

Commission rules and regulations for the transportation of explosives and

other dangerous articles and also speci- fications for shipping containers. The

bureau's test and specification department cooperates with associations and

industries in the investigation and

formulation of new types of shipping

containers. A chemical laboratory is maintained by the bureau for making

studies of explosives, other dangerous

articles, and containers, and a force of

traveling inspectors for the purpose of insuring compliance with the require- ments of the regulations and specifica- tions of the Interstate Commerce Commission relating to the transportation

of explosives and other dangerous articles. California Fruit Growers Exchange,

F. O. Wallschlaeger, assistant secre- tary, P. O. Box 530, Station C, Los Angeles, Calif. During the past year this organization revised its specifications for the various grades of fruit and

also its rules and regulations govern- ing fruit packed and sold under its trade-marks. The exchange has adopted certain rules which must be complied with in order to permit the use

of its trade-marks on oranges, lemons, and grapefruit.

California Redwood Association, C. H.

Griggen, general manager; J. W.

Williams, secretary, 405 Montgomery

Street, San Francisco, Calif. Stand- ards and specifications for eastern and

western California redwood grades

complying with American lumber

standards have been issued by this association. It is continuing its co- operation with manufacturers of other west coast woods on a program for the

standardization of patterns and sizes of moldings. This association has established a department of inspection

and grades through which the association supervises the grades of all red- wood lumber manufactured by its member mills. Shipments which have

been inspected are covered by inspection service bearing the official seal and signature of the association. Canners League of California, Preston McKinney, vice president, 215 Market

Street, San Francisco, Calif. Stand- ard grade definitions, including re- quirements on sugar strength of sirup, for 5 grades of canned apricots, pears, peaches, sliced peaches, muscat grapes,

cherries, plums, 1 grade of canned

prunes, and 2 grades of fruits for salad have been adopted by the league. The

principal standardization activity car- ried on by this organization during the

past year has been in connection with

the revision of the standards provided

for in the McNary-Mapes amendment

to the Federal food and drugs act. The wording now required on the

labels of substandard canned fruits is " Below U. S. Standard—Good Food—

Not High Grade." Special wording is provided for certain exceptions. The

wording for substandard canned peas and canned tomatoes remains the same, namely, "Below U. S. Stand- ard—Low Quality—Not Illegal." Canning Machinery and Supplies Association, S. G. Gorsline, secretary, 549 West Randolph Street, Chicago, 111. This organization cooperates, for the

benefit of its members, with several or- ganizations in standardization work.

It cooperates with the Glass Container

Association of America and the National Canners' Association in the

standardization and simplification of glass containers and with box-board

manufacturers in the standardization

of canned food containers. The asso- ciation is officially represented on the ASA sectional committee on tolerances and gages for metal fits. Cast Iron Pipe Research Association,

Thomas F. Wolfe, research engineer, 122 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

111. A committee of this association

is continuing its work in cooperation

with the American Gas Association for the purpose of developing information

on mechanical joints for cast-iron pipe

to be used in conveying gas. Another

committee is also cooperating with the American Standards Association in the preparation of a new specification for bell and spigot cast-iron pipe for water and gas. The standardization

and development committee of this association devotes its entire time to standardization and development of

materials and methods. This associa-
196 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 tion maintains a research associate at the Bureau of Standards conducting

work on corrosion of cast iron. Cast Stone Institute, O. G. Walker,

assistant secretary, 33 West Grand

Avenue, Chicago, 111. The standardization activities of this institute dur- ing the past year were confined largely to cooperation with industry and

the Bureau of Standards in the formulation of a commercial standard for

colors and finishes for cast stone, which it is expected will be accepted

by the industry and architects. Central Committee on Lumber Standards. (See Ch. VIII, p. 170.)

Certified Milk Producers Association

of America (Inc.), Harris Moak, secre- tary, 360 Park Place, Brooklyn, N. Y. Standardized methods for the production and distribution of " certified milk " as formulated by the American

Association of Medical Milk Commissions have been adopted by this or- ganization.

Chamber of Commerce of the United

States of America, A. B. Gunnarson,

manager of department of manufacture ; Philip P. Gott, manager of trade

association department ; A. B. Barber,

manager of transportation and communication department, Washington,

D. C. One of the main activities of

this organization in the field of stand- ardization is the cooperative and educational service it renders through its large membership and its numerous

contacts with business in encouraging

the elimination of waste in industry

and business. The national chamber

also acts as a means for bringing to- gether various groups of industries in an attempt to solve their standardization problems, either alone or through

the procedure of the various sections of the United States Department of Commerce created for the specific pur- pose of aiding this type of work. The

chamber, through its department of manufacture, is officially represented on the planning committee which acts

in an advisory capacity to the division

of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards. It is cooperating with

other organizations, through the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety, in the standardization of

traffic laws and regulations and street

traffic signs, signals, and markings.

The trade association department of the chamber has recently been making

a study of trade promotional activities of associations. Included are the activities of some associations with refer- ence to inspecting, certifying, labeling, and guaranteeing the products of

their members to be in accordance

with standard specifications.

Clay Products Association, George C. D. Lenth, secretary, 111 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Through

its committee on research this association cooperated with several organizations in the formulation of American

standard specifications for drain tile! conducted under American Standards

Association procedure. It has adopted the specifications for clay sewer

pipe formulated by the American Society for Testing Materials. Coal Mining Institute of America, G. W. Grove, secretary, 4800 Forbes

Street, Pittsburgh, Pa. In cooperation

with other interested organizations

and under the procedure of the American Standards Association, this insti- tute has assisted in the formulation of the following American Standards or American Tentative Standards relating

to coal mining: Drainage of coal mines; miscellaneous outside coal- handling equipment; wire rope for mines ; construction and maintenance

of ladders and stairs for mines; rock

dusting of coal mines ; and use of ex- plosives in bituminous coal mines. Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains, H. J. Conn, chairman,

Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. This organization cooper- ated with the Medical Department of the United States Army in the prep- aration of specifications for biological stains to be adopted by the Federal

Specifications Board. The commission

has for one of its objects improvement

in the quality and reliability of the

biological stains on the market. Manufacturers are urged to submit a sample of each batch of any stain to the commission for testing before it is put on the market. Any batch thus tested and found satisfactory may be sold by stain dealers under the commission

certification issued in the form of la- bels and attached to bottles containing

stains. Up to the present time over

50 stains have been put on a certifica- tion basis by the commission.

Common Brick Manufacturers Association of America, Ralph P. Stoddard,

secretary-manager, Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland, Ohio. In cooperation with the American Face Brick

Association and other units of industry, this association cooperated in the establishment of standard sizes of face and common building brick, which

have been published and promulgated

in the form of a simplified practice

recommendation by the Bureau of Standards. The association is offi-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 197

cially represented on two sectional committees functioning under American Standards Association procedure.

It is continuing its efforts in endeavoring to get its members to produce

standard sizes of brick and is publishing a list of its members who have

subscribed to the certification plan of the Bureau of Standards or who have

had their brick tested and graded ac- cording to the association program. Members whose products have been

tested and graded in accordance with

the above standards are permitted to use the association emblem on their products and in their advertising

matter. Compressed Air Society, C. H. Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New

York, N. Y. This society has issued

the fourth edition of a pamphlet entitled " Trade Standards " in which are

included the standards relating to the

installation, operation, care, and tests of air compressors. The society is officially represented on three ASA sec- tional committees.

Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association, F. R. Fetherston, secretary, 110 West Fortieth Street, New York,

N. Y. Tentative regulations and speci- fications for the installation and operation of liquefied petroleum gas storage

containers and appurtenant apparatus

have been prepared by this association.

It has been working for some time in an attempt to develop standard dimensions for valves for use with the va- rious compressed gases. In this connection, it has cooperated closely with

the National Screw Thread Commission which has a subcommittee inter- ested in the same project. Another

committee of this association has al- ready completed work on standards for safety devices for use on cylinders con- taining compressed gases. The asso- ciation is officially represented on six ASA sectional committees through

which it takes an active part in the

standardization work of other organizations. Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, M. A. Beeman, secretary ; R. W. Johnson, engineer, 333 North Michigan

Boulevard, Chicago, 111. Standards of

this organization which are published

in its handbook Reinforced Concrete

include specifications for reinforced

concrete, placing of reinforcing steel, intermediate grade new billet steel bars, code of standard practice for the

reinforcing steel industry, standard

building code for reinforced concrete, recommendations on standard methods of design, and also recommendations as to standard units of design. In addition, this institute has adopted

standard weights for reinforcing bars which correspond to the sizes set forth in the simplified practice recom- mendation covering this commodity,

which has recently been approved as an American standard by the American

Standards Association. It served as

joint sponsor with the Bureau of Stand- ards in the establishment of the American standard for steel spiral rods

for concrete reinforcement. It is also serving as indorsing sponsor for the

sectional committee on sizes of forms

for concrete ribbed floor construction,

functioning under ASA procedure.

The institute is now recommending

standardization on American-made

quality products throughout the country and has published data dealing

with this subject for the use of specifiers. It has aided in standardizing

the marking of American reinforcing bars so that they can be identified and the tariff commissioner of the United States has required that for- eign bars be marked to indicate the country of origin, acting upon petition of the institute. Consolidated Freight Classification Committee, R. C. Fyfe, chairman, 404 Chicago Union Station, Chicago, 111. Consolidated Freight Classification No.

7, with subsequent supplements, is is- sued by this organization. It contains

the official, the southern, and the west- ern classifications of freight. For articles requiring shipment in containers,

detail specifications for the containers are included in the rules. Copies of

this publication are on file in every

railroad and agency office in the United

States. Contracting Plasterers International

Association, Edward McDonnell, secre- tary, 4755 Commonwealth Avenue, Detroit, Mich. This association has

adopted standard specifications for lathing and plastering which include recommended practices for various

types of lath, plastering, and stucco, with requirements for materials or the

citing of standard specifications for materials. Copper and Brass Research Association, H. Foster Bain, managing direc- tor ; William A. Willis, manager, 25

Broadway, New York, N. Y. Although

this organization has not promulgated

any standards of its own, it does, however, cooperate with various national

organizations interested in the preparation of standards and specifications.

The association is officially represented on three ASA sectional committees
198 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 and also on several technical committees of the Federal Specifications

Board.

Cordage Institute, J. S. McDaniel,

secretary, 60 East Forty-second Street, New York, N. Y. A committee of this association cooperated with the Bureau

of Standards in the revision of the

simplified practice recommendation for hard fiber twines (ply and yarn goods)

which was promulgated during the

past year. The association maintains

a research associate at the Bureau of Standards working on measurements of manila rope with a view to revising the Federal specification for manila

rope. Cotton-Textile Institute (Inc.) , George

A. Sloan, president, 320 Broadway,

New York, N. Y. In the development

of standards and specifications, this institute cooperates with large cloth and yarn manufacturers, consumer or- ganizations, Federal Government de- partments, commercial firms, and trade

associations. It has taken an active part in the establishment and adoption

of, and is represented on, the stand- ing committees on commercial stand- ards for cotton fabric, tents, tarpaulins, and covers ; cotton cloth for rub- ber and pyroxylin coating ; and simplified practice recommendation for full disk buffing wheels. Cover Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 95 State

Street, Springfield, Mass. This association has adopted standard ream

weights for the various sizes and sub- stances for cover paper which are published in a publication entitled " Trade

Customs." Crown Manufacturers Association of America, Louis B. Montfort, executive

secretary, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. This association cooper- ated with the Glass Container Association, the American Bottlers of Car- bonated Beverages, and other units of the industry in the standardization of carbonated beverage bottles as set forth in the simplified practice recom- mendation established under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. Dairy and Ice Cream Machinery and

Supplies Association (Inc.), Roberts

Everett, executive vice president, 225

West Thirty-fourth Street, New York,

N. Y. Practically all of the work of

this association in simplification and

standardization has been done in coop- eration with the International Association of Ice Cream Manufacturers with

respect to ice-cream cups and cup

caps, ice-cream cans and 2-gallon ice- cream molds for pint and quart machine-filled ice-cream cartons. It has

also collaborated with the International Association of Milk Dealers on a

simplification of cottage-cheese and

sour-cream glass containers. Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers

Association, C. H. Rohrbaeh, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. In

cooperation with the standing committee of the industry, this association re- vised the commercial standard for diamond core-drill fittings which was

established under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. This association has adopted an emblem to be at- tached to drill fittings or on packages

or cartons containing the products to insure users that they are made in conformity with the requirements giv- en in the commercial standards relat- ing to these items. These emblems

are supplied only to manufacturers

whose plants are equipped with the

necessary gages for producing the standard diamond core-drill fittings. Diesel Engine Manufacturers' Association, H. B. Taylor, president, Lincoln-Liberty Building, Broad Street and South Penn Square, Philadelphia, Pa. This organization has prepared

and issued a booklet in which are set forth standards dealing with principles of business, practices, selection,

and installation of stationary Diesel

engines, and definitions.

Drill and Reamer Society, now a di- vision of the Metal Cutting Tool Institute. (See p. 205.) Eastern Supply Association, Frank S. Hanley, secretary, 261 Broadway, New

York, N. Y. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards this association has assisted in the establishment of commercial standards for genuine

wrought-iron and steel pipe nipples,

and simplified practice recommendations relating to range boilers and

plumbing fixtures. Electric Steel Founders' Research

Group, R. A. Bull, director, 541 Di- versey Parkway, Chicago, 111. Standardization activities of this organization consist in the formulation of its own group inspection standards and in cooperating with national organizations in the development of standardization projects. Products of member

companies are required to conform to standards of quality, mutually agreed on and self-imposed. This group, through delegated representatives, has

taken part in joint activities sponsored

or participated in by the Bureau of Standards in respect to simplification

and standardization, regarding pattern

construction, foundry refractories, etc. Electrochemical Society (Inc.), Dr.

Colin G. Fink, secretary, Columbia
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 199

University, New York, N. Y. The so- ciety is continuing its cooperative

work with the American Society for Testing Materials and other organizations in determining the resistance to corrosion of various metals and alloys,

and also in developing specifications for the electrodeposition of copper, chromium, nickel, zinc, and other

metals. Employing Bookbinders of America,

A. E. Ommen, counsel, 28 West Forty- fourth Street, New York, N. Y. The

standardization committee of this or- ganization, which has recently been

merged with the research committee,

cooperated with manufacturers of py- roxylin coated fabrics for the book- binding trade in standardizing the

basic gray goods, coating and strength,

and has also established classifications of the relative qualities of goods pro- duced by the various manufacturers.

It is hoped that through the efforts Of this association every piece of goods

manufactured and delivered to the in- dustry will eventually be marked with

a guaranty of the individual member

of the association behind its production. Food Service Equipment Association

(Inc.), H. B. Blanke, executive secre- tary; M. P. Duke, chairman of stand- ardization and simplification committee, 10 South La Salle Street, Chicago,

111. In accordance with a resolution adopted at its 1931 annual convention

this association, through its standardization and simplification committee, is actively cooperating with the division

of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards in bringing about a stand- ardization! of sizes and varieties of kitchen and restaurant equipment and

utensils. The primary work of the committee consists in the formulation

of standard specifications and simplified practice recommendations cover- ing gages, weights, measures, and di- mensions for metal sheets, tubing,

pipe, sinks, table bases, shelves, racks, table bins and tops, lunch and cafeteria counters, steam tables, etc. Glass Container Association of America, Victor L. Hall, secretary stand- ardization committee, 19 West Fortyfourth Street, New York, N. Y. This

association cooperated with various in- dustries in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations relating

to sizes and types of glass containers used in the packing of food products,

which are being promulgated by the Department of Commerce. Through

the work of its standardization committee this association published a book in which are included over 50

blue prints relating to standard types

of glass container finishes. Glycerine Producers' Association, Roscoe C. Edlund, manager, 45 East Sev- enteenth Street, New York, N. Y. This organization is a part of the Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers. This association permits those members who produce

radiator glycerine and follow uniformly the association's formula developed

by its research committee and labora- tory to sell the product under the grade name " G. P. A. Radiator Glycerine," which is the association's des- ignation for a new grade of glycerine

specially developed and manufactured

for antifreeze use in automobiles and

marketed in containers bearing the

association's seal as part of a uniform

design. The association's research

laboratory tests samples of G. P. A.

radiator glycerine manufactured by

its members to verify compliance by

the manufacturers with the association's formula, and in order to assure

the public that all products labeled

" G. P. A." meet the association's specifications. Grain and Feed Dealers National Association, Charles Quinn, secretary, Toledo, Ohio. A handbook of official standards for wheat, shelled corn,

oats, and rye, being a tabulated and

abridged description of the official grain standards of the United States as established and promulgated by the

Secretary of Agriculture, has been is- sued by this association. In its effort

to insure adherence by its members to the standards which this association has officially adopted, it has incorpo- rated in its by-laws a clause whereby

any member found guilty by the United States Department of Agricul- ture of a violation of section 5 of the grain standard act is automatically

expelled from the association and notice of his expulsion is published in the association's official organ. Gray Iron Institute, Arthur J. Tuscany, manager, 4300 Euclid Avenue,

Cleveland, Ohio. This institute has

completed a very important activity in connection with specifications for gray

cast iron. After a considerable amount

of research and investigational work

in setting up different test bars and as a result of data secured by its technical department in cooperation with the American Society for Testing Materials, it revised the specifications for gray cast iron by including additional

test bars and establishing seven classes of material according to minimum tensile strengths. The institute has de- veloped plans for furnishing certified
200 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 gray cast iron. In accordance with

these plans a test bar from each heat

of its member companies' plants will be examined and the results carefully re- corded. Members whose products

comply with certain specifications ap- proved by the institute will be fur- nished certificates showing compliance

with these specifications. Upon request

of the buyer, the manufacturer shall be prepared to certify that his product

conforms to the requirements and tests

set forth in the specifications.

Grinding Wheel Manufacturers Association of the United States and Canada,

Frank R. Henry, secretary, Dayton,

Ohio. This organization cooperated

with industry under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards in the es- tablishment of the simplified practice

recommendations covering standard

sizes of grinding wheels and abrasive

wheel sizes. It served as joint sponsor for the ASA sectional committee

on safety code for the use, care, and

protection of abrasive wheels. Gummed Industries Association, D. A. Crocker, secretary, 370 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. The standing

committee of the industry for simplified practice recommendation for No.

1 kraft sealing tape initiated and

adopted by this organization under the! auspices of the Bureau of Standards,

is at the present time conducting in- vestigations in the hope of adopting

additional standards relating to the adhesive qualities of sealing tape. This investigation is being carried on

principally by consumers in cooperation with manufacturers. The asso- ciation has made arrangements with

a commercial testing laboratory whereby acceptors of the simplified practice

recommendation for No. 1 kraft paper

sealing tape may have available satis- factory means of testing tape which

they manufacture, distribute, or con- sume. Gypsum Association, H. J. Schweim,

secretary-chief engineer, 211 West

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. The work

of this association in standardizing

the various kinds of gypsum plasters,

boards, and block is carried on in co- operation with the committee on gyp- sum functioning under the procedure

of the American Society for Testing

Materials. This committee has already

issued 11 standard specifications cover- ing gypsum products in addition to a standard method of testing gypsum

and gypsum products and standard

definitions of terms relating to the gypsum industry. The committee is at the present time engaged in developing

a standard method of determining the sand content of set plaster. This asso- ciation has also adopted standard

specifications for gypsum plastering

covering the mixing and application of gypsum plaster to the various bases or backgrounds commonly used in build- ing construction. The technical problems committee of the association has

prepared a set of regulations covering

gypsum products and constructions for use as a suggested section in the compilation or revision of building codes. Hack Saw Manufacturers Association

of America (Inc.), W. P. Jeffery,

managing director, 1 Wall Street, New

York, N. Y. This association initiated the movement for simplification of hack saw blades which resulted in the establishment of the simplified practice recommendation relating to stand- ard sizes of tungsten blades and highspeed blades. These sizes have been

unanimously accepted by the industry.

Hardwood Interior Trim Manufacturers Association, L. A. Rhodes, assistant

secretary, . 63 South Third Street, Memphis, Tenn. The rules and regulations for hardwood interior trim and

molding adopted by this association are in accordance with the American

lumber standards with respect to sizes and molding patterns. The associa- tion maintains an inspection service which is available to members for the

settlement of disputes arising as re- gards quality, quantity, species, or workmanship of lumber sold. Hardwood Manufacturers Institute, J. H. Townshend, executive vice president, Bank of Commerce Building,

Memphis, Tenn. This organization in- augurated a " car-card plan " by which

licensed lumber manufacturers issue car cards guaranteeing the contents

of the car to be in compliance with the

inspection rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. Heating and Piping Contractors National Association, Joseph C. Fitts, sec- retary, 50 Union Square, East, New

York, N. Y. The committee on stand- ards of this association prepared and

issued the second edition of a publication entitled " Engineering Standards." The association is conducting a national campaign for certified heating

based on the engineering standards to replace the purely local programs

formerly in use. In connection with

this campaign it has adopted a national insignia, including a certified heating supplementary certificate to be

sent with each bid, the plate to be at- tached to each boiler, and the certifi- cate to be issued on completion of the
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 201

work to the house owner, certifying that the heating system was installed in accordance with the certified heat- ing standards adopted by the association. The committee on welding pre- pared a standard manual on pipe welding which has been published by the

association and in which are included,

among other material, standards and

specifications covering welding of steel and wrought iron pipe which have been

adopted by the association. This or- ganization has also adopted specifica- tions for welding neck flanges for standard pipe and for extra heavy

pipe. It cooperated with the Bureau

of Standards in the establishment of commercial standards for wroughtiron pipe nipples and standard-weight

malleable iron or steel screwed unions

;

also, in the elimination of sizes of steam-type radiators and of surplus

pipe sizes. The association served as

joint sponsor for the sectional committee on pipe flanges and fittings, functioning under American Standards

Association procedure.

Hickory Handle Association, Guy E. Basye, secretary, care of W. E. Bruner & Sons, Heber Springs, Ark. In co- operation with representatives of the

industry, this association cooperated in the establishment of the simplifiedpractice recommendation relating to standard definitions for various quality grades of hickory handles. Hollow Metal Manufacturers Association, Charles F. Burt, executive director, 237 Terminal Tower Building,

Cleveland, Ohio. This association co- operated with the Bureau of Standards

and several units of industry in the establishment of commercial stand- ards for various types of builders' hardware (template and nontemplate)

and simplified-practice recommendations relating to kalamein and hollow- metal doors. In cooperation with the American Institute of Architects and

builders' hardware manufacturers, this association standardized butt hinges,

cylinder locks, and letter-box plates for hollow-metal doors. Hydraulic Society, C. H. Rohrbach,

secretary, 90 West Street, New York,

N. Y. During the past year this so- ciety issued the sixth edition of its publication relating to standards in which are included definitions, terms, and practices for recommended use by

the members of the pump industry.

The society cooperates with the United

States Department of Commerce,

Chamber of Commerce of the United

States of America, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Mining Congress, National Fire Protection

Association, trade associations, and all other technical and commercial organi- zations with which the pump industry

has problems in common. It is offi- cially represented on four ASA sec- tional committees.

Illuminating Engineering Society, D. W. Atwater, general secretary, 29 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. The following standards have been pre- pared under the sponsorship of this society : Code of street lighting, auto- motive lighting specifications, testing

specifications for lighting equipment,

and specifications for residential lighting equipment. It is also serving as sponsor or joint sponsor for sectional committees, functioning under American Standards Association procedure,

dealing with code of lighting factories,

mills, and other work places; stand- ards of school lighting ; and illuminat- ing engineering nomenclature and photometric standards.

Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers Association changed to National

Association of Insecticide and Disin- fectant Manufacturers (Inc.). (See

p. 207.)

Institute of American Meat Packers,

W. W. Woods, president, 506 South

Wabash Avenue, Chicago, 111. The

committee on standardization of this institute has been active during the

past year in formulating new stand- ards and in revising existing ones. In

cooperation with a committee repre- senting the National Canners' Association and the National Meat Canners' Association this committee made

a survey of weights of sliced dried beef packed in glass jars with the

result that it has made recommendations for certain standard weights and

packs. This same committee also formulated standards for the packing

of vinegar-pickled tidbits, pork-feet

cutlets, and pork-feet slices in glass

jars ; and for the packing of glass jars

of vinegar-pickled products in outside

containers. The committee has also prepared new and revised twine speci- fications for tying boned hams, picnics

and shoulders ; roping boned loins for

boiling; and tying paper-wrapped

smoked meats. It also prepared

standards for 17-pound sausage in oil cans, and the packing of sliced bacon.

Institute of Boiler and Radiator Manufacturers, F. W. Herendeen, secretary, Geneva, N. Y. Through the efforts of

its members this institute has formulated a standard heating boiler test- ing code for solid-fuel-burning low- pressure steam boilers. It maintains
202 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

official representation on the ASME

boiler code committee and on the ASA

sectional committee on pipe threads.

Institute of Leather Cloth and Lacquered Fabrics Manufacturers, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization, formerly known as the as- sociation of Pyroxylin Coated Fabric

Manufacturers, cooperated with the

cotton textile manufacturers in the preparation of standard specifications for cotton goods used in the manufacture of pyroxylin-coated fabrics.

Institute of Makers of Explosives, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This insti- tute established standard recommended sizes of cartridges and strengths of high explosives. It is officially repre- sented on the ASA sectional committee on recommended practice for the use

of explosives in bituminous coal mines.

Institute of Manufacturers of Vitreous China Plumbing Fixtures, George E. Hoffman, chairman manufacturers' ad- visory committee, care of Crane Co., Chicago, 111. The institute cooperated

in the preparation of a commercial

standard for colors for sanitary ware, which establishes six definite colors for plumbing fixtures. The institute is co- operating with the Federal Specifica- tions Board in the revision of Federal

specification for plumbing fixtures. It also cooperated with the American Society of Sanitary Engineering in making studies of the prevention of cross connections between potable water

supply and drainage systems, where

vitreous-china plumbing fixtures are in- volved. The institute assisted in the establishment of the commercial stand- ard relating to colors for sanitary ware. The institute has a liaison contact with the subcommittee on plumbing of the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce.

Institute of Paint and Varnish Research, Henry A. Gardner, director of laboratory, 2201 New York Avenue

NW., Washington, D. C. During the past 20 years this institute has issued over 500 publications in connection

with its research work. They include

several volumes, among which is a textbook of methods for the physical

and chemical examination of paint

products. The methods given in this book have become more or less stand- ard in the industry. The institute co- operates with the Bureau of Standards on research problems and with the Federal Specifications Board in pre- paring specifications for paints and

varnish.

Institute of Radio Engineers, Harold

P. Westman, secretary, 33 West

Thirty-ninth Street, New York, N. Y. One of the functions of the standards

committee of this institute is to re- view, approve, or revise the various

standard definitions and technical re- ports which are prepared by the in- stitute's technical committees dealing

with the following subjects : Fundamental units and measurements, radio

receivers, radio transmitters and antennas, vacuum tubes, electroacoustic

devices, and electrovisual devices. During the past year there was pre- pared a preliminary report relating to a set of standard definitions on electro- visual devices, tests of high-frequency

receivers, thermoelements at high fre- quencies, field strength measurements,

and electromagnetic units and measurements. The sections dealing with

tests of broadcast radio receivers,

methods of testing vacuum tubes, and

tests of transmitters and antennas ap- pearing in the 1931 report have been

revised and considerably enlarged.

The preliminary report also contains

definitions on general radio terms, wave propagation, transmission, reception, antennas, direction finding, vac- uum tubes, electroacoustic devices, electrovisual devices, circuit elements,

devices and instruments, standard

graphical symbols, abbreviations, and

safety standards for radio transmitting equipment. Following the ap- proval of the report by the standards

committee it is expected that a new

set of standards will be published by

the institute in 1933. Insulated Power Cable Engineers Association, R. J. Wiseman, secretary, care of the Okonite Co., Passaic, N. J. This association acts as an advisory

committee to the power cable division

of the National Electrical Manufacturers' Association. During the past year

it prepared or revised specifications

covering the following items: Specifi- cations for varnished-cambric-insulated

cables (second edition) ; specifications for impregnated-paper-insulated lead- covered cables (fourth edition) ; recom- mended walls of insulation and lead sheaths for impregnated-paper lead- covered cables (revised) ; specifica- tions for metallic coverings for power

cables; specifications for construction

of rope core or annular core cables (second edition) ; minimum-size con- ductors for impregnated-paper and var- nished-cambric cables for various vol- tages ; ratio of a. c. to d. c. resistance

of large multiple-conductor cables ; and

installation and proof test of rubberinsulated cables.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 203

International Acetylene Association, H.

F. Reinhard, secretary, 30 East Forty- second Street, New York, N. Y. Stand- ards relating to hose connections on

gas regulators and blowpipes or torches and specifications of the Interstate Commerce Commission for the con- struction of cylinders used in the

transportation of acetylene gas have

been adopted by this association. It is continuing its cooperation with the Compressed Gas Manufacturers' Association in the preparation of standards

for threading of valves used in cylin- ders for storing compressed gases.

International Apple Association, R. G.

Phillips, secretary, 1108 Mercantile

Building, Rochester, N. Y. This asso- ciation has been instrumental in pro- moting Federal and State legislation for the standardization of fruit and

vegetable containers. It cooperated

with Members of Congress in the pas- sage of the standard barrel law and

the standard basket and hamper acts. It also assisted in the passage of the New York State apple grading law

which is being used as a model for the drafting of legislation by other

States in the so-called barrel apple ter- ritory. International Association of Electrical Inspectors, Victor H. Tousley, secre- tary, 612 North Michigan Avenue,

Chicago, 111. One of the primary ob- jects of this organization is the de- velopment of standards whereby fires and accidents due from electrical causes may be reduced to a minimum.

It has prepared standard forms for inspections of electrical work by municipalities. Working in cooperation

with a joint committee, this associa- tion formulated and adopted standards

for residence wiring. During the past year committees of this association completed standards which have to do

with the method of investigating and

reporting electrical fires and acci- dents. International Association of Electrotypers, Neal Gross, field secretary, 949 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This association has prepared stand- ards for printing plates. These stand- ards cover thicknesses and tolerances

for unmounted and curved electro- types, bevel of edges of patent base

plates, thickness of shell, and stand- ard formula of electrotype-backing

metal.

International Association of Ice Cream

Manufacturers, Robert C. Hibben, ex- ecutive secretary, Telegraph Building,

Harrisburg, Pa. The simplified-practice committee of this association working in cooperation with various

units of the industry completed a simplification program on the following

items: Ice-cream cans, machine-filled ice-cream cartons, 2-gallon ice-cream molds, and ice-cream cups and cup

caps. This association cooperated

with the International Association of Milk Dealers in the formulation of standards for sanitary pipe fittings. The simplified-practice committee is now working on a simplification of bulk single service shipping containers

refrigerated with solid carbon dioxide.

International Association of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions, Charles E. Baldwin, secretary, United

States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D. C. This organization served as joint sponsor on projects re- sulting in American standards and

tentative standards under American

Standards Association procedure for the following : Safety code for the use, care, and protection of abrasive wheels; safety code for mechanical

power-transmission apparatus; safety code for rubber mills and calendars

;

and safety code for woodworking

plants. It is also acting as joint spon- sor on work still in progress on the standardization of methods of record- ing and compiling accident statistics. The association is officially represented on 17 other ASA sectional committees on work which has resulted in American standards and tentative standards

and on 5 committees in which work is

still under way.

International Association of Milk

Dealers, R. E. Little, executive secre- tary, 228 North La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. This association initiated the movement for the establishment

of simplified sizes and dimensions for milk bottles and bottle caps which re- sulted in the adoption and acceptance

by industry of the simplified-practice

recommendation relating to these

items. Under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards, it cooperated with

bottle manufacturers in the standardization of glass containers for sour cream and cottage cheese. The asso- ciation has adopted standard dimensions for sanitary pipe fittings, stand- ard sizes and dimensions of thermometer spuds for use in coil vats and

glass-lined tanks, standard diameters

and taper for milk can necks and

standard dimensions relating to paper

seal sanitary fittings. International Association of Municipal Electricians, M. G. Lloyd, chairman,

standardization committee, Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C. This

association has formulated and adopted standard specifications for under- 151592—33 14
204 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 ground and aerial cables for fire alarms, police telegraph, traffic sig- nals, and street-lighting service. At

the present time it has under consid- eration the development of a standard

for weatherproof copper-covered steel wire and a model ordinance for elec- trical inspection. International City Managers' Association, Clarence E. Ridley, executive di- rector, 923 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. The research work of this association is largely concerned with

the establishment of standards of ad- ministration for the various municipal

departments. Uniform budgetary ac- counting systems, and work programs

have been formulated. Demonstration

installations of the operation of these proposals and standards have been

made in six cities, namely : Brunswick,

Ga. ; Winona, Minn. ; Kenosha, Wis.

;

Troy, N. Y. ; Lexington, Ky. ; and Cincinnati, Ohio. Manuals describing

these installations and the use of these standards have been published and dis- tributed to city officials and other in- terested groups throughout the country

and are now being employed to stand- ardize the work generally. This work

is being done under the name of the Committee on Uniform Street and

Sanitation Records. The research

staff of this association, jointly with

the American Road Builders' Association, is engaged in a joint-committee

project representing twelve national

associations for the purpose of stand- ardizing street-maintenance records and devising street-maintenance standards. The association is also working

on a standardization program in the

field of police records which is aimed

to improve and standardize police ad- ministration throughout the country.

The association is represented on the National Committee on Municipal Reporting which last year prepared a re- port, Public Reporting (Municipal Administration Service), in which were

set forth certain specifications for the preparation of annual municipal re- ports. Kraft Institute, Hugh Wright, manager of bag division, 122 East Fortysecond Street, New York, N. Y. The

standard sizes of paper grocers' bags

established by industry and promulgated as a simplified-practice recom- mendation by the Bureau of Standards

have been adopted by this institute. In addition, it has adopted standard

basis weights for the various sizes of

grocers' bags, and standards for odd

bags, covering dimensions, basis weights, and packing, and width of

roll from which the bag is made. The

institute has two symbols which the manufacturer may use to label his product, one symbol meaning standard

size and the other meaning standard

size and standard weight.

Laundryowners National Association

of the United States and Canada, Lloyd

A. Peck, general manager, Joliet, 111. This association has prepared and is- sued specifications which include rec- ommended standard procedure for washroom and finishing practice. As

a result of a campaign to standardize

accounting methods within the industry, this association was instrumental

in bringing about the establishment of over 1,000 uniform-cost-accounting

systems by its members. The engineering department is assisting association members in solving production

and power problems with a view to- ward standardization and the reduction of costs. The American Institute of Laundering, controlled and oper- ated by the Laundryowners National

Association, maintains research labor- atories for developing and perfecting

better laundering methods, for the

analysis of the cause of damage to damaged articles, and for studying

at manufacturers' requests, the laun- dering qualities of textiles before they

are put on the market. The asso- ciation served as joint sponsor for the

sectional committee on safety code for laundry machinery and operations,

functioning under the rules of proced- ure of the American Standards Association. Lead Industries Association, F. E. Wormser, secretary, 420 Lexington

Avenue, New York, N. Y. This association has approved a new standard

of lead pipe sizes which is being

adopted by the principal manufacturers as an aid to consumers. In

addition to eliminating numerous

variations in pipe sizes now found

among lead pipe manufacturers, the

present standard sizes of lead pipe in the A, AA, and AAA classifications ( or

" Strong," 44 Extra strong," and

"Double extra strong") will with- stand safely constant cold-water pres- sures of 50, 75, and 100 pounds per square inch, respectively. Prior to the adoption of this standard there was no

uniformity with respect to the pres- sures the various classes of lead pipe could withstand.

Lithographers National Association

(Inc.), Maurice Saunders, secretary, 104 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards, this organization assisted in the establishment of the simplified practice

recommendation for paper in which
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 205

are set forth a list of standard stock

sizes of paper for general printing and

publishing, book publishers' paper, and

forms and letterheads. Malleable Iron Research Institute, Robert E. Belt, secretary, Union Trust

Building, Cleveland, Ohio. This or- ganization took an active part in the establishment of the simplified-practice

recommendation for malleable foundry

refractories, and the commercial stand- ard relating to foundry patterns of wood. The institute has adopted a procedure of certifying the product of such of its members which regularly

and consistently meets the institute's prescribed quality specifications as to tensile strength, yield point, and elon- gation. Certificates are issued cover- ing a quarter year period and state that the company has daily submitted

test bars representative of its product

and that the product meets the re- quirements of the institute for quality.

These certificates also permit the manufacturers to use the institute's trade-mark and to advertise their products as having been certified by

the institute. Manganese Track Society, W. Homer

Hartz, chairman, standardization committee, care of Morden Frog & Cross- ing Works, Chicago, 111. The stand- ardization committee of this society is continuing its cooperation with the track committee of the American Rail- way Engineering Association in the production of AREA track-work plans,

which include standard designs, constructions, and dimensions; also an

appendix giving requirements for materials for switches, frogs, guard rails, crossings, turnouts, and crossovers. Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry,

John J. Harman, general secretary, 103 Park Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

society cooperated with the Bureau of Standards in the formulation of the

simplified-practice recommendations

dealing with sizes of wrought-iron and

wrought-steel pipe, valves and fittings. It is joint sponsor with the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers and

the Heating and Piping Contractors National Association for the ASA

sectional committee on pipe, flanges,

and fittings. Maple Flooring Manufacturers Association, E. C. Singler, secretary, 332 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago, 111. This association has established stand- ards of grades and sizes of northern

hard maple, beech, and birch flooring.

One of the most recent activities of

this association has been the formulation of a standard specification for

laying and finishing MFMA northern

hard-maple flooring. The association maintains supervision over the products of its members through regular

grade inspection at the mills, and

where complaints on such products

arise, reinspection service is extended. The right and license to use the MFMA trade-mark is given only to members of the association. They are authorized to issue car cards (fur- nished by the association) used in cer- tifying as to the contents of the car. Mayonnaise Manufacturers Association, Frank Honicker, executive manager, 1500 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association sponsored

the movement for a simplification of

glass containers for mayonnaise and

kindred products which resulted in the establishment of a simplified-practice

recommendation which provides five standard stock sizes of glass containers based on liquid capacity. Mellon Institute of Industrial Research, E. R. Weidlein, director. University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa. Some of the research and experimental

work carried on at the institute, in collaboration with industrial associations, has resulted in the development

of specifications and standards for these organizations. It has cooperated

actively with the American Society for Testing Materials and with the Magnesia Association of America, solved problems in testing of containers for the Paperboard Industries Association,

made studies pertaining to the devis- ing of washroom formulas and stand- ardization of washroom practice for the Laundryowners National Association, aided various societies in their

textile testing and standardization programs, and worked out specifica- tions for cleaners' naphtha for the Mundatechnical Society of America,

which were later adopted by industry

and published as a commercial stand- ard by the Bureau of Standards, Metal Cutting Tool Institute, Harry

C. Hungerford, secretary, 410 Asylum

Street, Hartford, Conn. This institute, which has recently been organized, is a consolidation of the former Tap and

Die Institute, the Milling Cutter Society, and the Drill and Reamer Society. In revising its standard listing for taps this organization has incor- porated the screw thread designations

recommended by the National Screw

Thread Commission, which supersede

the old system of marking. The stand- ards committee of the tap and die di- vision has established and adopted a new standard for commercial ground

thread taps. During the past year it
206 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 has been working with the ASA sec- tional committee on the standardization of small tools and machine-tool

elements, and is now cooperating with

the American Railway Tool Foremen's

Association on a revised standard for shank and square dimensions covering

regular and spindle staybolt taps. The

committee is also engaged in making

a complete revision of standard listing for physical dimensions and tolerances covering all styles of taps and dies. Milling-cutter manufacturers have co- operated with a sectional committee of the American Standards Association in developing an American standard for milling cutters. The standards committee of the milling-cutter division has completed work on a revised list- ing for milling cutters for manufacturers' catalogues which has resulted in a

substantial reduction of sizes and

styles formerly listed as standard. The division has established tables covering standard tolerances for all general dimensions for milling cutters. The drill and reamer division has es- tablished a standard listing covering

general dimensions and tolerances for

all regular sizes and styles of twist

drills. It is now working on a general

revision of the standard listing cover- ing sizes and dimensions and toler- ances for reamers to which have been

added such new tools as expansion

chucking, spiral fluted locomotive, and

helical taper pin reamers. In connection with the standardization of reamers, the division is cooperating with an ASA sectional committee for the purpose of establishing an American

standard for all rotating tool shanks. Milk and Ice Cream Can Institute, D. S. Hunter and F. W. Donahoe,

Commissioners, Keith Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Since March, 1930, when

this institute was organized, it has

made semiannual surveys covering the

actual shipments of each type and size of milk cans and of ice cream cans. This has led to the elimination of sev- eral types and sizes for which there was practically no demand. In addition, there has been a steady and

gradual standardization of gages of

the steel used in the various parts of milk cans so that, at the present time, there is a reasonable uniformity of weights in the cans of 20-quart ca- pacity up to and including those of 46-quart capacity.

Millers' National Federation, Herman

Steen, secretary, 2719 Board of Trade,

Chicago, 111. This organization coop- erated with the United States De- partment of Agriculture in the estab- lishment of Federal definitions and

standards for flour, grain, and byproducts. The federation is contin- uing its work relative to the stand- ardization of various sizes of pack- ages for flour. Milling Cutter Society, now a division

of the Metal Cutting Tool Institute. (See p. 205.) Millwork Institute of California, L. G.

Sterett, secretary, 522 Patterson Building, Fulton and Tulare Streets, Fresno, Calif. The standards for mill- work, compiled by this organization, are set forth in its publication entitled "Accredited Standards for Architectural Woodwork," which include in- terior finish, jambs, jamb and trim

assemblies, cabinet work, panelings, cabinets and built-in fixtures, stair work, doors, windows and sash, blinds and shutters, screens, exterior finish and frames, glass, and glazing. In

the license agreement between the in- stitute and a member, the institute agrees to issue a license of " Manufacturer of architectural woodwork " to the member, in which it is stated that all products furnished by the member when stamped, labeled, or branded with the official certificate mark of the institute must be manufactured in accordance with the ac- credited standards of architectural woodwork. They are then guaranteed

by the Millwork Institute of Cali- fornia. Mirror Manufacturers Association,

North Storms, secretary, 2217 Tribune

Tower, Chicago, Ul. This association

is extending the use of the commercial

standard covering various grades and

quality requirements for plate-glass

mirrors which was established several years ago under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. Many of the mirror manufacturers who are members of the association are permitted

to use its label which bears the asso- ciation insignia and in which is incor- porated a written guarantee that the mirror to which the label is attached meets the requirements of the commercial standard.

National Association of Building

Owners and Managers, Lewis B. Ermeling, executive secretary, 134 South La

Salle Street, Chicago, 111. Much of the standardization work of this organization relating to building construction and operation is carried on in cooper- ation with the American Standards Association, National Safety Council, and

the Bureau of Standards. Through

its own efforts it has established standard forms of statement for rental income and expense, standard method

of accounting for building manage-
TECHNICAL AND TKADE ORGANIZATIONS 207

inent, standard method of floor measurement, and forms concerning leases, records, etc. National Association of Dyers and

Cleaners of the United States and Canada, Walter H. Franks, managing di- rector, Silver Spring, Md. This asso- ciation cooperated with other units of the industry in the establishment of quality standards for Stoddard solvent, published as a commercial standard by

the Bureau of Standards, which is co- operating in making a study of the

characteristics of dry-cleaning solvents with a view to further standardizing

and improving materials and methods

of testing materials. The association has laboratories of its own where re- search work is carried on in the fun- damental problems of the dyeing and

cleaning industry and where instruction is given to members in the stand- ard practices developed at the laboratories. Three textbooks on garment

cleaning have been published, in which

are given standard recommended practices in cleaning of various materials,

standard tests for identifying fabrics,

and standard formulae for soaps and

cleaning compounds, etc. National Association of Farm Equip- ment Manufacturers, H. J. Sameit, sec- retary, 608 South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This association initiated the movement for the establishment of

simplified sizes and varieties of plows

and tillage implements. It also co- operated with manufacturers of plow,

machine, and carriage bolts, which re- sulted in the simplified-practice recom- mendations on plow bolts promulgated

by the United States Department of Commerce. The executive committee

of this association has recently re- quested the general committee on simplification and standardization to un- dertake a survey looking toward a

further reduction of sizes and varieties of farm tools and implements.

National Association of Finishers of Textile Fabrics, George L. Sawyer, sec- retary, 40 Worth Street, New York,

N. Y. This organization was formerly

known as the National Association of Finishers of Cotton Fabrics. Stand- ards adopted by this association in- clude power-laundry washing methods

with respect to white goods; methods

for testing cotton fabrics to determine

their fastness to light and power

washing; and a standard method for the return by finishers to the convert- er of all stretched as well as damaged

goods, and remnants of finished merchandise over 1 yard in length. The

association has made arrangements

with a commercial testing laboratory

to conduct tests of all member goods

to determine the degree of fastness to

light and washing. Licensed finish- ers whose goods receive an "A" or

" B " rating for fastness to light and

washing are granted the use of the

association's " Nafal " label, showing

that the particular dyeing from which

the sample was taken has passed the requirements and tests of the association's standard for fast colors. National Association of Furniture Manufacturers (Inc.), A. P. Haake,

managing director, 666 Lake Shore

Drive, Chicago, 111. This association cooperated with the Mirror Manufacturers Association and the Bureau of Standards in the establishment of the commercial standard for plate-glass mirrors. Several divisions of the as- sociation are continuing their work on

the simplification and standardization

of beds, springs, and mattresses and

on the quality of materials used in the manufacture of upholstered furniture. National Association of Hosiery and

Underwear Manufacturers, Earl Constantine, managing director, 468 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

organization has formulated and

adopted standards for a method of measuring the size or foot of hosiery,

hosiery boxes, percentage of oil on rayon yarn, standard hosiery lengths,

stainless lubricating oil for knitting

machines, and a commercial standard

for regain of mercerized cotton yarn.

It has also prepared a specification for standard aviator's hose which has

been recommended to the Navy Department. It initiated and cooper- ated in the establishment of the commercial standard for hosiery lengths

promulgated under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. This association maintains two research associates

at the Bureau of Standards for the purpose of making studies of methods

of manufacturing hosiery and knit

goods. This association is cooperating with the Bureau of Standards in the development of standard lengths

for various parts of men's and women's

hosiery, a standard method for evalu- ating the color of raw silk, and a specification for the wearing quality of

hosiery. National Association of Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers (Inc.), Harry W. Cole, secretary, P. O. Box

428, Holbrook, Mass. This association,

organized in 1914 and formerly known

as the Insecticide and Disinfectant Manufacturers' Association, is composed of manufacturers and distribu- tors of disinfectants, household insecti-
208 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

cides, liquid soaps, and other products

used in the promotion of sanitation. The majority of the disinfectant members of this association standardize

their products by bacteriological means, employing for this purpose the methods of testing antiseptics and dis- infectants which are set forth in the United States Department of Agricul- ture Circular No. 198. During the past year this association adopted official minimum standards for general house- hold liquid spray insecticides, as rec- ommended by the insecticide committee, and an official method for testing

such insecticides. At the present time

it has under consideration the estab- lishment of a laboratory for the pur- pose of testing products made by its members, as well as those produced by

nonmembers with the idea of affixing a seal of approval to those products

which are shown by test to possess the required standard of merit. National Association of Mutual Casualty Companies, J. M. Eaton, secretary, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,

111. As a member body of the American Standards Association, this or- ganization carried on standardization

work which resulted in the formulation of 14 American standard and ten- tative standard safety codes. National Association of Paint Distributors, George V. Horgan, general manager, 2201 New York Avenue NW.,

Washington, D. C. (For simplifica- tion and standardization activities of

this association see sketch on p. 181.) National Association Practical Refrigerating Engineers, Edward H. Fox,

secretary, 435 North Waller Avenue,

Chicago, 111. Two standing committees—the committee on standards and

the committee on engine room rec- ords—cooperate with committees of other organizations in carrying for- ward work in the standardization of refrigeration equipment. The asso- ciation is officially represented on the ASA sectional committee in the formulation of the American standard code

for mechanical refrigeration and in the preparation of standard specifica- tions for cast iron flanged ammonia

fittings, and a standard code for pres- sure piping. National Association of Purchasing

Agents, G. A. Renard, secretary-treasurer, 11 Park Place, New York, N. Y. Several committees of this association are actively carrying forward work in the standardization and simplification of various lines of commodities of in- terest to members of the purchasing

profession. In cooperation with committees of other organizations, this association adopted the national stand- ard catalogue size; standard coal contract form ; standard forms of contract

for erected and nonerected conveyor equipment; commercial forms and

paper sizes ; standards covering vari- ous grades and quality of brass pipe

nipples; and domestic and industrial

fuel oils. The coal committee of this or- ganization is continuing its work in the development of the survey on use clas- sification of coal for stationary steam

generation. The paper shipping con- tainer buyers' group has completed its project for developing an outline for scope of specifications to be used in ordering paper shipping containers made of corrugated fiber board. The

group is now concerning itself with

the establishment of standard nomenclature to be used for shipping containers. Work in the development of standard methods of testing cotton goods is still in the hands of the cot- ton fabrics committee while the prep- aration of standards covering certain chemicals is being handled by another group in the association in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards. During the past year the committee

on uniform markings on valves and fit- tings held a joint meeting with manufacturers for the purpose of developing a code for uniform markings on

valves and fittings based on a survey

of present markings which were shown

to be incomplete and inadequate. The

iron and steel committee has formulated a standard code for marking steel in bars which has been adopted by

both the Federal Standard Stock Catalogue Board and the United States Navy Department. The committee

also is cooperating with the Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel in reviewing

existing classifications of iron and

steel scrap. On request of the American Foundrymen's Association, it co- operated in the development of a

schedule of recommendations for buyers of castings, which were approved

at the association's annual convention

in Detroit in June, 1932. In cooperation with committees of several national electrical organizations, the

electrical contract committee of this association is still actively engaged

in developing standard electrical contract forms for the purchase of elec- trical machinery. Additional committees or groups of this association are still carrying forward work on the following projects: Simplification of

steel filing equipment, with reference

to color and size; simplification of laboratory glassware ; and standardization of grades and colors of fine
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 209

office and record papers. The executive committee of this organization, by

formal action, unanimously approved

the certification and labeling programs now being developed by the Bureau of Standards. The association participates in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards, the National Committee on Wood Utilization, and the planning committee of the division of simplified practice of the Bureau of Standards.

National Association of Real Estate Boards, Herbert U. Nelson, executive

secretary, 59 East Van Buren Street, Chicago, 111. Several recent activities conducted by this association have

been the development of standard

forms for use in connection with trans- actions in real estate business. These

forms have been developed by specially appointed committees composed

of experienced individuals in the re-i spective branches of the business and

have been indorsed by the board of directors of this association. National Association of Waste Material Dealers, Charles M. Haskins, sec- retary, Times Building, New York. N.

Y. This organization has established standard classifications for waste materials including metals, scrap rubber and packing, rag stock, paper, cotton and woolen rags, which are published

in its Blue Book issued once in every

five years. During the past year the

association adopted a revised standard

classification for old metals. National Association of Wool Manufacturers, Walter Humphreys, secre- tary, 80 Federal Street, Boston, Mass. Standard definitions for clean wool,

shrinkage, content, and condition of wool have been adopted by this association. It cooperated with industry

in the establishment of the commercial

standard for sulphonated oil, standard

sizes for paper cones and tubes, and

the simplified-practice recommendation relating to blanket sizes conduct- ed under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards.

National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, Alfred Reeves, vice presi- dent and general manager, 366 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization cooperated with the National Conference on Street and Highway Safety in the preparation and

promulgation of State and city traffic ordinances. A group of research associates are maintained by the American

Petroleum Institute, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the chamber

carrying on a cooperative fuel research

to develop the properties of gasolines

and the design of engines that will

combine to give the best automobile

performance.

National Board of Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Inspectors, C. O. Myers, secre- tary-treasurer, Brunson Building, 145 North High Street, Columbus, Ohio. This board is composed of the various

chief inspectors throughout the United

States which have adopted the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

codes for the construction of boilers and other pressure vessels. The pur- pose of the national board is to secure standardization in the enforcement of said codes and to advise with the ASME code committee regarding the

revision and interpretation of rules governing the construction, installation, and operation of steam boilers and other pressure vessels. Unless

otherwise exempted, no steam boiler or other pressure vessel built after July 1, 1921, can be used within the

jurisdiction of any member of this board, unless it has been distinctly

stamped with the ASME symbol and

the facsmile approved by the board

after having been thoroughly inspected

during construction and upon completion by an inspector who has qualified in accordance with the requirements of the board.

National Board of Fire Underwriters,

W. E. Mallalieu, general manager, 85 John Street, New York, N. Y. This or- ganization with a membership of 225

stock fire-insurance companies issues

reports, standard regulations and good

practice requirements, and suggested

codes or ordinances dealing with fire- protection equipment and the neces- sary safeguarding of haza-rds. Its standard regulations are usually

passed by and recommended to it by

the National Fire Protection Association. These standards which cover about 70 subjects are usually revised from time to time. During the past year the board issued standards deal- ing with the following subjects : Sal- vage, a pamphlet for fire departments

giving standard methods of performing salvage work at fires; liquefied

petroleum gases; installation of oil burners in stoves and ranges originally

designed for solid fuels and for the

storage and use of oil fuels in connection therewith ; discharging flammable

liquids from tank cars and installation of petroleum pipe lines ; recommended

good practice for standard household

furniture storage warehouse construction; and a revision of suggested specifications for gasoline automobile fire apparatus. The board is joint sponsor

for two sectional committees, functioning under ASA procedure.
210 STANDAKDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 National Bureau of Casualty and

Surety Underwriters, Albert W. Whitney, associate general manager, 1 Park

Avenue, New York, N. Y. The major

activities of this bureau are of two

general types, one pertaining to rates and rating methods and the other per- taining to the prevention of accidents

in private, public, and industrial life. Its major interest in standardization

is in its accident prevention work;

this interest arose originally out of the necessity for having standards of safety as a basis for " schedule rat- ing." Its standardization activities at present center about the safety codes prepared and in preparation by the American Standards Association. It

is represented in the membership of some 40 ASA sectional code committees and is joint sponsor with other organizations for the following five projects: Safety code for amusement

parks, safety code for conveyors and

conveying machinery, safety code for machine tools, safety code for mechanical powr er-transmission apparatus,

and safety code for woodworking

plants. National Canners Association, Prank

E. Gorrell, secretary, 1739 H Street NW., Washington, D. C. In carrying out its simplification program a committee of this association cooperated

with the Bureau of Standards in for- mulating a list of 27 sizes of cans for

fruits and vegetables. A similar pro- gram for simplification of cans for canned fish products is now being giv- en consideration by the association. For the purpose of developing improvements in the methods, materials,

and products used in the canning in- dustry this association maintains re- search laboratories in San Francisco,

Seattle, and Washington.

National Coal Association, C. B. Huntress, executive secretary, Fif- teenth and H Streets NW., Washington, D. C. All of the standardization

work of this association is conducted

under the auspices of the American

Standards Association, of which it is a member body. It is officially repre- sented on 10 ASA sectional committees

on problems concerning the formulation of standard equipment and practices relating to the mining of bitumi- nous coal. National Committee on Municipal

Standards, Donald C. Stone, director, 923 East Sixtieth Street, Chicago, 111. The purpose of this committee is to encourage and generally advise in the establishment of standards in the con- duct of municipal government. It has

brought about the establishment of the

Committee on Uniform Street and Sanitation Records which is engaged in standardizing the work units employed

for measuring work done by public

works departments throughout the

country, in standardizing cost accounting work, in assisting cities to establish unit cost standards, and in improving generally public works administrative methods. This committee has also organized the National Committee on

Street Maintenance Economics, whose

function is to set up standards in the

field of street maintenance economics

by which cities may know if their

street maintenance work is being per- formed economically, when it is more

economical to reconstruct than to maintain the streets, and other criteria of

efficient operation. The National Committee cn Municipal Standards advised

with various national organizations of municipal officials and research agencies in the establishment of standard

methods or model procedures.

National Committee on Wood Utilization, Axel H. Oxholm, director, United

States Department of Commerce

Building, Washington, D. C. This or- ganization is composed of 200 timber

owners, manufacturers, distributors,

and consumers of forest products and

experts in various branches of wood

utilization. These members represent

nearly 100 trade associations and professional and official organizations

which cooperate with the committee

in its program. The committee, dur- ing the past year, compiled and published booklets and pamphlets, de- signed to carry forward its slogan,

" When you use wood, use it intelli^ gently." Special studies were made

concerning the efficient use of wood in the construction industry; application

and economies of various types of house insulating materials; construction, design, care, and use of furni- ture; seasoning, handling, and manufacture of small-dimension lumber,

with special attention to the stand- ardization of sizes of small-dimension stock; economies in the use of treated wood, and the use of grademarked lumber, which is stamped at the mill with a symbol designating its grade and quality. Studies have been

made by the committee relating to laminated wood arches and beams,

steel joints, and similar effective means of securing the best service from wood when used for construction

purposes. The committee is cooperating with various States in a nation- wide survey of wood waste for the purpose of ascertaining the quantity,

character, and kind of nonutilized
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 211

wood available for by-products industries, which are encouraged to utilize this waste rather than to cut stand- ing timber. Virginia, North Carolina,

New York, and Maryland have been

completely surveyed. The committee

cooperates closely with a number of governmental agencies. It is repre- sented on the ASA sectional committee for the preparation of specifications for wood poles. National Conference on Street and

Highway Safety, A. W. Koehler, secretary, 1615 H Street, NW., Washington, D. C. This conference was

organized in 1924 by Hon. Herbert

Hoover, then Secretary of Commerce,

to reduce the heavy toll of accidents

in otir streets and highways. Its work has developed progressively

through extended committee studies and general conferences held in 1924, 1926, and 1930. In this work the

conference and its committees have

had the constant cooperation of public officials, associations, and indi- viduals from all parts of the country

concerned in the problems of motor

traffic. The third national confer- ence held in May, 1930, was attended by delegates from nearly every State

in the Union, including official repre- sentatives appointed by the governors

of 42 States. It reviewed the rec- ommendations of both the previous

conferences and of the committees

which during the intervening three years had developed reports and as a

result presented findings and recommendations, among which were the following : A uniform vehicle code

for State enactment comprising a uni- form motor vehicle registration act, a uniform motor vehicle antitheft act, a uniform motor vehicle operators'

and chauffeurs' license act, and a uniform act regulating traffic on highways ; a model municipal traffic ordinance; manual on street traffic signs, signals, and markings ; traffic accident statistics ; measures for the

relief of traffic congestion; protection

of railway grade crossings and highway intersections ; and maintenance of the motor vehicle. In the above uni- form act regulating traffic on highways are included requirements on

the equipment to be supplied automobiles and trucks, such as number and

illumination efficiency of lamps, provision and efficiency of horns, mirrors,

windshield wipers, brakes, mufflers,

etc., limitations on width and height

of vehicles. A joint committee of representatives of the American Association of State Highway Officials and the national conference is now

preparing a recommended revision and consolidation of the rural sign

manual of the former organization

and the street sign and signal manual

of the latter. National Conference on Weights and

Measures, F. S. Holbrook, secretary, Bureau of Standards, Washington,

D. C. One of the principal activities of this conference is the development

of codes of specifications, tolerances,

and regulations for commercial weighing and measuring devices, conducted

in cooperation with the Bureau of Standards. The conference has

adopted 26 codes, one of which is

still in tentative form awaiting final action. The conference codes are recommended by the Bureau of Standards for adoption by the States, and these, as well as the reports of the proceedings of each meeting of the conference are published in the miscellaneous series of the bureau. The

conference has also adopted a model

State law on weights and measures, and from time to time indorses stand- ard methods of test for commercial

apparatus. Manufacturers of weighing and measuring devices and repre- sentatives of industries affected by the

actions of the conference participate

in the conference meetings, and contribute to the discussions leading up

to the adoption of the conference

codes. National Cottonseed Products Association (Inc.), Earl S. Haines, executive

vice president, 1913 Sterick Building,

Memphis, Tenn. This association has

formulated and adopted standard defi- nitions of grade and quality of cot- tonseed, which are practically the same as those contained in Service and

Regulatory Announcements No. 133, promulgated by the United States Sec- retary of Agriculture. The association also has formulated and adopted

standard definitions of grade and quality cottonseed, peanut and coconut oils (crude and refined) ; cottonseed and

peanut cake and meal, cracked cake

and screenings, whole pressed cotton- seed and peanuts, cottonseed hulls and

linters, soap stock and acidulated soap

stock. It has also adopted standard

methods of chemical analyses of cot- tonseed, cottonseed hulls, cottonseed cake and meal, and crude and refined

oils, including coconut and soybean. In matters of trading rules it cooperates with the American Feed Manufacturers' Association and the New York

Produce Exchange and other commodity exchanges. The trading rules pro- vide arbitration facilities for the use

of the members in settling differences
212 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 between them on definitions, terms of contract, and interpretations of these. In order to make its rules, definitions, and analyses effective the association

will expel any member from the organization who has been found guilty of misbranding or adulteration. National Crushed Stone Association, A. T. Goldbeck, director, bureau of en- gineering, 1735 Fourteenth Street NW.,

Washington, D. C. This association cooperated with committees of the American Society for Testing Materials, the American Concrete Institute,

and the American Railway Engineering Association in the standardization

of methods of tests and specifications for aggregates for different construction purposes. It has also cooperated

with other mineral aggregates asso- ciations in reviewing Federal specifica- tions relating to these items. Through

its research advisory committee, this association collaborated in the stand- ardization of wire diameters for use in commercial screens. At the present

time it is continuing its activities in connection with the preparation of a standard set of sizes for aggregates for various purposes.

National District Heating Association, D. L. Gaskill, secretary, 603 Broadway,

Greenville, Ohio. This association took an active part during the past year in the work of the ASA sectional committees on code for pressure piping and on standardization of dimensions and material of wrought-iron and

wrought-steel pipe and tubing, on which committees it is officially represented. Also, within the past year, the

association published a new edition of

its handbook, which provides an authoritative and complete manual of practice for the use of those actively

engaged in district heating work.

National Education Association, J. W.

Crabtree, secretary, 1201 Sixteenth

Street, NW., Washington, D. C. This

association has cooperated with other

organizations, under the procedure of the American Standards Association,

in the establishment of the American

building exits code and the code for the lighting of school buildings. A

book entitled " School House Planning," prepared and published by this organization, gives recommendations

on the determination of schedule of rooms, choice of general plan, stand- ard illumination requirements, planning and construction requirements to provide safety against fire, general re- quirements of a construction specification, planning gymnasiums, etc. National Electric Light Association,

Bernard F. Weadock, executive director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Included among the active standardizing committees of this asso- ciation are the following: Accident

prevention, electrical apparatus, hydraulic power, meter, foreign systems

coordination, overhead systems, prime

movers, underground systems, and

wiring. Its committee on codes and

standards has formulated certain principles and practices in the standardization field which have been issued in pamphlet form. During recent years

the association's electrical apparatus

committee prepared and issued a re- port which is intended to serve as an

aid in the preparation of purchase

specifications covering metal-clad switch gear. Two former publications deal with specifications, namely,

guides for specifications covering elec- trical apparatus and equipment and

guides for specifications covering power station matters and control equip- ments. The association jointly with

the National Electrical Manufacturers Association has recently published

a table of preferred voltage ratings

and a recommended practice for ter- minal lugs used with electrical apparatus. This association is joint sponsor for the ASA sectional committee

on code for electricity meters. As a member of the electrical standards

committee under the ASA procedure it also exercises sponsorship on a number of electrical standardization projects. The association is represented on some 50 sectional committees under

other sponsorships. National Electrical Manufacturers Association, A. W. Berresford, managing

director ; C. M. Cogan and A. B. Smith,

secretaries, codes and standards committee, 570 Lexington Avenue, New

York, N. Y. The committee concerned

with standardization activities is the codes and standards committee, which

cooperates with the individual sections

in the formulation of standards for the manufacture of electrical apparatus, materials, and devices. Approximately 200 different standardization

projects are involved. The association is joint sponsor or sole sponsor

for six sectional committees function- ing under the rules of procedure of the American Standards Association, as

follows: Electric welding apparatus;

industrial control apparatus ; frame di- mensions of electric motors; specifi- cations for rolled threads for screw

shells of electric sockets and lamp

bases; specifications for trolley, stor- age battery, and combination type lo- comotives for coal mines ; and terminal

markings for electrical apparatus.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 213

The association is represented on the

Electrical Standards Committee of the American Standards Association,

which has taken over the sponsorship

of several sectional committees, for- merly held jointly. The association has

issued, and keeps under constant revision, the following publications cover- ing standards for the manufacture,

performance, and test of electrical apparatus and supplies. One publication, Apparatus Standards, includes the following standards : Electric tools, electric welding, electrical measuring

instruments, and storage batteries. Another, Supply Standards, includes the following: Air circuit breakers,

attachment plugs, fuses, knife and in- closed switches, lamp receptacles and

sockets, metal molding, nonmetallic

flexible conduit, outlet boxes, overhead

trolley line materials, signalling ap- paratus, and snap switches. Other

standards published separately cover- ing particular branches of the industry are: Industrial control standards,

laminated phenolic products standards, motor and generator standards, panel

board and distribution board standards, switch gear standards, trans- former standards, and vulcanized fiber standards. In addition, instruction books on the proper installation and

care of apparatus and informative

pamphlets are published by this association. The association encourages

the members to build their apparatus

to association standards, but conducts no activities concerned with the compliance of such apparatus with specifications. National Engineering Inspection Association, J. D. Stoddard, president, 554 Bagley Avenue, Detroit, Mich.; B. H. Witherspoon, secretary, Stevenson and

Locust Streets, Pittsburgh, Pa. At its last annual meeting held in April, 1932,

this association revised its first edition

of Tentative Methods of Procedure for Inspection of Materials and adopted as

" standard " those covering the inspection of the following : Structural steel for buildings and bridges ( including

mill, shop, and field inspection) ;:• tie and girder rails and accessories; steel plate pipe ; hot rolled or drawn steel and iron pipe ; boiler and fire-box steel

;

cast-iron pipe and specials and cement. Tentative methods were retained for the inspection of concrete and timber

piles, poles, and ties. Several committees are still at work on the preparation of methods of inspection of a number of other construction materials, including reinforcing steel, at

mill and warehouses. In the work on

reinforcing steel inspection, the committee is cooperating with the Concrete

Reinforcing Steel Institute. Through

association and cooperation with Federal, State, and municipal officers and

architects, engineers and contractors

associations and societies, this association is actively promoting the use and

adoption of specifications for inspection services. National Fire Protection Association,

Franklin H. Wentworth, managing di- rector; Robert S. Moulton, technical

secretary, 60 Batterymarch Street, Boston, Mass. The more important

standardization projects brought to tentative or final conclusion by this association during the past year deal with the fire and explosion hazards

and methods of protection of the fol- lowing: Blower systems; flour and

feed mills ; trolley busses ; first aid fire appliances ; oil burning equipments

;

flammable liquids ordinance; peddling

gasoline from tank trucks ; salvaging

operations ; forest fire fighting equip- ment; garages; city gas; compressed

and liquefied gases; compressed gas

(other than acetylene) for house lighting and heating; gasoline vapor gas machines, lamps, and systems ; marine

fire hazards ; protection against light- ning ; protection of records ; and water

charges. The association is sponsor

or joint sponsor for seven sectional committees functioning under American Standards Association procedure,

and is officially represented on 18 additional ASA committees.

National Founders Association, J. M.

Taylor, secretary, 29 South LaSalle

Street, Chicago, 111. This association

is joint sponsor, with the American

Foundrymen's Association, for the

safety code for the protection of in- dustrial workers in foundries, ap- proved by the American Standards

Association as American standard

B8-1932. It has issued a booklet entitled " Minimum Standards of Foundry Apprenticeship," which sets forth

the requirements for thorough apprenticeship training and the steps neces- sary to develop a 4-year foundry

schedule. National Hardwood Lumber Association, L. S. Beale, secretary, 2408 Buckingham Building, Chicago, 111. The

rules of the National Hardwood Lumber Association are considered stand- ard in both' the domestic and foreign trade for the measurement and inspec- tion of hardwood lumber, cypress, ve- neers, and thin lumber. A copy of these rules may be had on application

to the association offices in Chicago.

The association maintains licensed and

bonded inspectors in the principal con-
214 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 33

sliming and producing districts of the United States and Canada who are au- thorized to issue certificates of inspection on hardwood lumber and cypress, the correctness of the grades and meas- urement shown on the certificate being

guaranteed by the financial resources

of the association. National Hay Association (Inc.), Fred

K. Sale, secretary-treasurer, 600 Board

of Trade, Indianapolis, Ind. Standard

definitions of grades for baled hay and

straw, formulated by this association,

have been adopted by numerous hay

exchanges and associations throughout

the country. This association will ex- amine any inspector being employed

by an organization using the associa- tion rules of grading upon request of the employing organization. The asso- ciation will license the approval of any

inspector who has been found to qualify under its rules. National Lightning Rod Manufacturers Association, E. R. Stotts, general manager, care of Dodd & Struthers, Des Moines, Iowa. In the code for the

protection against lightning published

by the Bureau of Standards are in- cluded standards and specifications of lightning rods formulated by this as- sociation. A constant effort is being

made by this association in simplifying styles, sizes, and methods of in- stalling lightning rods with the result that the different kinds and styles of lightning rods formerly in use have

been reduced to a minimum.

National Lime Association, Norman

G. Hough, president and general manager, 927 Fifteenth Street NW., Washington, D. 0. This organization has

adopted specifications for the lime treatment of earth roads ; it has is- sued proposed specifications for lime

stucco and lime plastering, and has

promulgated standard formulas for whitewash and cold-water paints. It has issued recommended practices in the use of lime in concrete and in lime

and lime-cement mortar. It is cooper- ating with the Building Code Committee of the United States Department of Commerce, the National Board of Fire Underwriters, and the larger cities of the country in a revision of building

codes, and is also cooperating with the Association of Official Agricultural

Chemists in the formulation of stand- ard definitions for the several terms

used in connection with the use of lime in agriculture. The association

is a member of the American Concrete Institute, and is cooperating

with that organization in research and investigations relative to the use

of lime in concrete. It maintains

membership in the American Society

of Municipal Engineers and the American Society for Testing Materials and is active in the work of these organizations in developing standards

and tests involving the various uses

of lime. National Luggage and Leather Goods

Manufacturers Association, John B. Mc- Ewan, executive secretary, 30 North

La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. The

committee on simplification of this association sponsored the movement

for the simplification of trunk sizes which resulted in the formulation and

adoption by the industry of the simplified-practice recommendation relat- ing to box sizes of wardrobe, dress,

steamer, and hand trunks. The committee has also recommended to the industry the establishment of a limited list of standard sizes and dimensions for ladies' suitcases. National Lumber Manufacturers Association, Wilson Compton, secretary- manager, 1337 Connecticut Avenue,

Washington, D. C. This association takes a leading part in the activities of the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards and the Consulting Committee on Lumber Standards, and is rep- resented on the Hardwood Consulting

Committee which cooperated with the Central Committee on Lumber Stand- ards in the formulation of the American standard basic provisions for hard- wood factory lumber. It maintains

representation on 14 ASA sectional committees. In cooperation with other branches of the lumber industry, architects, and millwork manufacturers,

this association has developed stand- ard designs for wood moldings, known

as the 7,000 series of American stand- ard moldings, revised 1931. The asso- ciation licenses the use of its " tree mark " on lumber in conjunction with

the grade-mark, trade-mark, or species

mark of licensed mills that conform to American lumber standards, the lumber being guaranteed by the National

Lumber Manufacturers Association to the first unloading buyer to conform

to such specifications as may be indi- cated thereon. It cooperated with

other units of industry in the estab- lishment and acceptance by industry

of commercial standards for grades for hickory golf shafts, aromatic red-cedar

closet lining, red-cedar shingles, and

plywood, under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. The association is now engaged in developing plans for standardized prefabricated houses,

standards for the proper specification
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 215

and use of lumber and timber in build- ings and general construction, and

standard wood structural design data. National Metal Exchange (Inc.), J. J. Murphy, secretary, 27 William Street, New York, N. Y. Standard contract forms for trading in tin, copper, and

silver have been adopted by this exchange. During the past year it also adopted the new contract for copper known as the American stand- ard contract, which provides for

deliveries from licensed and designated warehouses in the United

States. National Municipal League, Russell

Forbes, secretary, 309 East Thirty- fourth Street, New York, N. Y. This

organization was responsible for the

initiation of the National Committee

on Municipal Standards and the National Committee on Municipal

Reporting. The former acts as an

advisory body in the work of install- ing standard accounting and report- ing forms in various cities for measuring the results of street sanitation. The latter committee has

published a report entitled " Public Reporting" in which are included

specifications for the guidance of department heads in a city in prepar- ing periodic or annual reports. The

league formulates, publishes, and

distributes model laws, including

bond law, budget law, city charter,

county manager law, election administration system, registration system,

and State constitution. These are intended to serve as standards and

to stimulate uniformity in State, county, and city legislation. One of the committees of the league is con- tinuing its work in devising a model

administrative code to accompany the model city charter as the basis for

legislation to inaugurate the citymanager plan of government. During

the past year a committee was ap- pointed to prepare a model law on

special assessments for recommended

adoption by State legislatures for application to local governments.

National Paint, Oil, and Varnish Association (Inc.), George V. Horgan, general manager, 2201 New York Avenue

NW., Washington, D. C. (For stand- ardization and simplification activities of this association, see sketch on

p. 181.) National Paving Brick Asociation, G.

F. Schlesinger, chief engineer and managing director, National Press Building, Washington, D. C. This association continued its cooperation with the American Road Builders' Association

and the American Society of Municipal

Engineers in the preparation and adoption of standard specifications for vit- rified-brick pavements. It initiated the movement which resulted in the

simplified-practice recommendation for paving brick and has made a regular

annual survey at the request of the United States Department of Commerce of the paving-brick industry

with a view to further simplification of varieties. The association is rep- resented on the committee on brick and

on the committees on paving materials

of the American Society for Testing

Materials. It is also represented on

the committee on design, the subcommittee on road types, and the project

committee on fillers for brick and block pavements of the Highway Research

Board of the National Research

Council. National Petroleum Association, Fayette B. Dow, general counsel, Munsey

Building, Washington, D. a This

association conducts a department of standards and tests, with groups in

all of the petroleum refining centers

in which members of the association are located. The chief function of

this department is to secure more uni- form testing methods and results among the member companies.

Through this department the associa- tion cooperates in the preparation of standard methods of tests and specifi- cations for petroleum products with

the American Petroleum Institute, the American Society for Testing Materials, the Society of Automotive Engineers, and the Federal Specifications

Board.

National Raw Silk Exchange (Inc.), A. H. Korndorfer, secretary, 58 Water

Street, New York, N. Y. This organi- zation has adopted standards and

specifications for various grades of raw silk deliverable against contracts on the exchange. The specifications

provide for quality and auxiliary tests for grading of raw silk and also a standard classification for white and

yellow silk. National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secre- tary; Stanton Walker, director of en- gineering, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. Standardization activities of this association have consisted principally of cooperation with national or- ganizations in the development of standard specifications for ready-mixed

concrete. During the past year this association cooperated with a committee of the American Society for Test- ing Materials in the preparation of a
216 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 preliminary draft relating to a pro- posed tentative specification covering

materials, quality, testing, acceptance,

etc., of ready-mixed concrete. Much of the information on which this specifi- cation is based was developed by this association. At the present time the

association is collecting data relating

to factors affecting the production, use, and quality of ready-mixed concrete. National Recreation Association,

Howard S. Braucher, secretary, 315 Fourth Avenue, New York, N. Y. Committees of this association are en- deavoring to establish standards and

specifications for playground apparatus and equipment for use in playgrounds throughout the country. In

cooperation with local recreation ex- ecutives this association has prepared

a preliminary draft relating to a practical set of standards by which cities might measure their own community

recreation service. National Research Council, W. H.

Howell, chairman, 2101 Constitution

Avenue NW., Washington, D. C. The

following activities of the council, in- cluding certain general activities as

well as work of several of its technical

divisions, have to do with standardization. At the request of the International Research Council and under the

auspices of the National Academy of

Sciences, the National Research Council has prepared the International Critical Tables of Numerical Data, Physics,

Chemistry, and Technology in seven

volumes. The National Research

Council has also published a list of industrial research laboratories, about

1,600 of which have been reported, in which much developmental work lead- ing toward the standardization of in- dustrial processes is being carried on, a list of the scientific societies of the United States and Canada, and other

directories and compendia of general

scientific information. The National

Research Council cooperates with the Bureau of Standards by administer- ing the funds contributed by certain

industrial corporations for special in- vestigations to be conducted by the

bureau, including investigations of in- sulating materials, deterioration of paper, gumming of petroleum, acoustics, etc. The committee on the physics of the earth is encouraging

investigations on gravity and deflec- tion from the vertical, the figure of the earth, variation in latitude, field methods for detecting unhomogeneities in the earth's crust, and other

similar problems. Cooperating with

the division of engineering and in- dustrial research of the council are

12 national engineering organizations

which are intrinsically interested in standardization. Among direct agencies of this division the American

Bureau of Welding is conducting in- vestigations on welding wire specifications, the welding of pressure vessels, structural-steel welding, the welding of rail joints, and standard tests for welds, and has issued manuals on

the training of welding operators. The

Highway Research Board is concerned

with standards for the character and

use of road materials, with the struc- tural design of roads, and with the compilation of a safety code for auto- mobile brakes and brake testing.

Other committees of this division have

contributed to the standardization of processes and specifications in electri- cal insulation, industrial lighting, and

heat transmission, in the latter case through the issuance of test codes for thermal insulation at different ranges, and in the standardization of nomenclature and definitions of terms and

units. The division of chemistry and

chemical technology of the council acts as the American section of the Inter- national Union of Chemistry and participates in the activities of the Union

relating to the work of its committees on the terminology of inorganic, or- ganic, and biological chemistry, on

chemical elements, on physicochemicai symbols, on physicochemical stan- dards, and on tables of constants. This division, in cooperation with the American Chemical Society, has published a list of ring systems used in organic chemistry. Committees of the

division of geology and geography

have encouraged the keeping of sys- tematic drilling records and specimens

of core materials from wells, and have

studied methods for the improvement

of gravity measurement, for the measurement of geological time by

atomic disintegration, for the record- ing of field data of earthquakes, and

for shore line and mean sea-level de- terminations. This division is repre- sented in the Advisory Committee of the Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government. Committees of the division of medical sciences have

developed methods of classifying blood

for purposes of transfusion, have formulated standard methods for the ag- glutination test in the diagnosis of infectious abortion. The division is also directing research upon the pro- duction of new standard narcotic drugs for use in place of the present

habit-forming derivatives of opium

and related compounds. Committees

of the division of biology and agricul-
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 217

ture are engaged in the standardization of the nomenclature of unicellular organisms and of names and species definitions of medicinal plants.

The Commission on Standardization of Biological Stains, now an independent

body, was developed from earlier work

of this division of the council. National Retail Dry Goods Association, Channing E. Sweitzer, managing

director, 225 West Thirty-fourth

Street, New York, N. Y. Several di- visions of this association are actively

carrying forward work in the field of standardization. Through its store managers' division, this association has simplified and standardized the

sizes of supplies used for wrapping and

packing merchandise, including paper

bags, folding boxes, set-up boxes, and

corrugated boxes. Simplification of other supplies and the development of construction and performance specifi- cations for wrapping and packing supplies are now being carried on. Organization, layout, and operation methods

for workrooms in department stores

also have been standardized in a manual issued by this division. The merchandise managers' division is working with manufacturers and retail buyers to secure the adoption of standard terms and definitions as to what constitutes "first quality, perfect, imperfect, irregulars, substandards, and sec- onds " merchandise. This division is at the present time cooperating with the

International Association of Garment

Manufacturers in establishing stand- ard size folds for men's shirts in order

to enable stores to adopt standard size shirt cases and drawers in store fix- tures. The association, through this di- vision, initiated the movement for the

labeling of wool blankets which resulted

in the establishment of the commercial

standard prepared and published under

the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. As a result of meetings between

committees of the association and manufacturers, a set of standard sizes was adopted for women's and misses' ready-to-wear garments. The association maintains and operates the Better Fabrics Testing Bureau as a service laboratory for its member stores. This

laboratory offers a commercial testing

service to retail merchants and manufacturers. It specializes in the testing

of textile products, leathers, and furs. In addition to serving members of this association, this bureau undertakes

specific tasks in establishing specifica- tions for textile merchandise—both in manufacturing specifications and size standards for utility types of ready- to-wear goods. During the past year

progress was made in establishing size

standards for men's, women's, and

children's rayon knit underwear, and

also a standard for classification of pure dye rayon fabrics. A distinctive project carried on at present in the laboratory is the study of rendering

certain kinds of merchandise repellent

to moisture and wet soil. A plan of

testing merchandise for certification and labelling has been followed on a

limited scale for two years. This service to manufacturers is still in an ex- perimental state as it is not known

as yet how successfully a plan of this kind can be practiced in the textile in- dustry. A program has been carried on in cooperation with the largest pro- ducer of rayon yarns for more than a

year, with results satisfactory to all involved from the yarn producer to the ultimate consumer, who has the privilege of returning merchandise for full refund because of defects—if it bears

a tested quality label sponsored by the bureau.

National Retail Hardware Association, H. P. Sheets, managing director,

Meyer-Kiser Bank Building, Indianapolis, Ind. This organization coop- erated with various industries in establishment of simplified practice

recommendations relating to loaded paper shot shells, builders' hardware,

files, rasps, paint and varnish brushes,

garden hose, forged tools, cut tacks and cut nails, conducted under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards.

National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, Adolph Pfund, secretary- manager, 326 West Madison Street, Chicago, 111. In order that lumber

may be properly certified by retailers when sold to consumers, this association is carrying on an active campaign

in encouraging its member companies

to adhere to the standards for lumber

set forth in Simplified Practice Rec- ommendation R16 to use tally car cards by which car contents are de- scribed in terms of American lumber

standards. It is also continuing its efforts to recommend to all lumber

manufacturing associations the inclu- sion of a moisture content requirement

in lumber grading rules. National Safety Council, W. H. Cameron, managing director, 20 North

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. Practically all of the standardization work

of this council is carried on under the procedure of the American Standards

Association. It is sponsor or joint sponsor for 16 safety codes, 10 of which have been approved and published. It is also represented on the

sectional committees for 36 other

safety codes functioning under ASA

procedure. The publication and regu-
218 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 larized revision of the pamphlets in the Safe Practices Pamphlet series comprise some of the most important

activities of the council pertaining to work of an engineering and stand- ardization character. Each year new

pamphlets are added to this series, which now includes 98 pamphlets

pertaining to all industries, and 52 pamphlets pertaining to specific in- dustries. During the past year the

council published pamphlets relating

to the following subjects: Use and

care of hoisting chains; safe operation of pulverized-coal systems ; in- dustrial power departments; safe

practices in handling compressed

gases; safe practices in heat treat- ing; cement rock quarrying and

crushing; safe practices in handling

bunker coal; testing, care, and use of linemen's rubber protective equipment ; and safe practices in delivery

of ice. Four research committees

functioning under the supervision of the American Society of Safety Engineers, engineering section of the National Safety Council, are making

studies of low voltage electrical hazards, static electricity, woodworking

circular saws, and gasoline blow

torches. It is cooperating with the National Fire Protection Association

in the work on gasoline blow torches. National Sand and Gravel Association, V. P. Ahearn, executive secretary

;

Stanton Walker, director, engineering

and research division, Munsey Building, Washington, D. C. The principal

standardization activities of this asso- ciation consist in cooperating with

national organizations, such as the American Concrete Institute, American Railway Engineering Association,

and the American Society for Testing

Materials, in the development of stand- ard specifications and test methods for sand and gravel. In cooperation with

the National Crushed Stone Association and the National Slag Association, it has formulated recommended

standard sizes of aggregates and speci- fications covering different uses of aggregates. At the present time, the

association is collaborating with manufacturers of wire screen in standardizing and simplifying sizes of wire

used in the manufacture of wire

screens for aggregate production. The

association operates a research and

testing laboratory for the purpose of developing standard practices in the use of aggregates and to make investi- gations of products of member plants. National Scale Men's Association, C. L. Richard, secretary, Bureau of

Standards, Clearing Station, Chicago,

111. This organization is composed of a technical group of men actively en- gaged in the design, production, in- stallation, maintenance, testing, and

operation of weighing machines. During the past year this association adopted standard codes relating to rules for the maintenance and trans- portation of track scale test weight

cars and a definition of a standard

test of a railway track scale. National School Supply Association,

J. W. McClinton, executive secretary, 176 West Adams Street, Chicago, 111. This association initiated the move- ment which resulted in the establish- ment of a simplified list of standard

colors for school furniture conducted

under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. It has inaugurated a certification and labeling program whereby all janitor supplies used in schools

will be properly labeled as conforming to certain standards promulgated

and adopted by the association. The

manufacturers or distributors of janitor supplies may submit samples

of their regular janitor supply products to the association for certification purposes. These samples are tested in the laboratory of the association. When the samples tested conform to the different standards established,

quality labels are issued and the companies are privileged to use the cer- tification seals. The association also makes use of labels to identify school furniture complying in color with the standards established by the industry

under the auspices of the United

States Department of Commerce.

National Singletree Institute, John W.

Gregg, secretary, care of Gregg Manufacturing Co., St. Paul, Minn. Working in cooperation with the Bureau

of Standards and other units of the industry this organization formulated

and established standard sizes for

singletrees, doubletrees, and neck

yokes which have been promulgated

in the form of simplified practice

recommendation by the Department of Commerce. The efforts of this insti- tute are now directed toward a fur- ther reduction in size of the items now

listed in the recommendation.

National Slag Association, H. J. Love, manager, 1449 Leader Building, Cleveland, Ohio. Specifications covering

standard definitions of slag, classifi- cation requirements on unit weight of

slag for various types of highway construction, and requirements on screen grading of granulated slag for brick cushion and for slag base have been
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 219

formulated and adopted by this asso*

ciation. Through the work of a joint technical committee composed of rep- resentatives of the National Crushed

Stone Association, the National Sand

and Gravel Association, and this association, it is attempting a standardization of sizes for mineral aggregates.

The association maintains a research

laboratory where tests are being made

relative to the determination of the

properties of concrete made with 32

different aggregates. National Soybean Oil Manufacturers

Association, Whitney H. Eastman,

president, box 603, Milwaukee, Wis.

Specifications for the purity and quality of crude domestic raw soybean oil have been adopted by this association. The methods of analysis conform to those of the American Society for Testing Materials' specifications for soybean oil. This association has also adopted standard trading rules and a code of ethics. National Tent and Awning Manufacturers Association, Joseph E. Dilg,

president, 116 South Fourth Street,

St. Louis, Mo. In cooperation with

the Waterproofers Association of the United States and the Cotton-Textile

Institute, this association adopted

standards of practice covering the

basis and method of marking cotton

fabric, tents, tarpaulins, and canvas,

either waterproofed or untreated. These standards, which have been set forth in Commercial Standard CS28-

32 published and promulgated by the Bureau of Standards, provide that the above-mentioned articles shall be marked with the actual untreated gray goods weight only on the basis

of the square yard. At the present

time the association is sponsoring the movement for a simplication and

standardization of patterns used in tent and awning fabrics. National Wall Paper Wholesalers' Association, Justin P. Allman, president, 1522 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pa. The standardization committee of

this association cooperated with the Wallpaper Association of the United

States in the establishment of the commercial standard for wall paper

covering quality requirements, fade- proof characteristics, etc. National Warm Air Heating Association, Allen W. Williams, managing di- rector, 3440 A. I. U. Building, Columbus, Ohio. In cooperation with a committee composed of blower manufacturers, this association's code committee is actively engaged in the preparation of a set of rules governing the

installation of mechanical heating in

residences. The association has issued

the eighth edition of its standard code

for regulating the installation of gravity warm-air furnaces in residences. Any heating contractor who has

pledged himself to install warm-air

heating systems in accordance with the last-mentioned code is permitted to use the association's emblem signifying that the installation is in accord- ance with the requirements of the standard code. National Wholesale Druggists' Association (Inc.), E. L. Newcomb, secre- tary, 51 Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. This organization sponsored the move- ment for the packaging of razor

blades and flash-light batteries which

resulted in the establishment of simplified practice recommendations covering

these items promulgated by the De- partment of Commerce. It also co- operated with the Bureau of Stand- ards in the formulation of the commercial standard for clinical thermometers. The statistical division of this association is continuing the issuance

of bulletins relating to standards cov- ering distribution, cost analysis, and

balance-sheet account classification. National Wholesale Grocers' Association of the United States, M. L. Toulme,

secretary, 99 Hudson Street, New

York, N. Y. This organization takes an active part in the establishment of

simplified practice recommendations

promulgated by the Bureau of Stand- ards in connection with sizes of con- tainers for canned foods, and cooperates with the Food and Drug Administration of the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture in the enforcement

of the several Federal laws enacted by

Congress relating to standards for canned foods. National Wiping Cloth Standardization Association, Charles M. Haskins,

secretary, Times Building, New York,

N. Y. This association functions as a division of the National Association

of Waste Material Dealers. It coop- erates with various elements in industry for the purpose of making avail- able to consumers wiping cloths which

are guaranteed to comply in quality

with certain standard specifications. In order to bring this about the asso- ciation is promoting a guarantee plan

which provides that every member of the association may continue to sell his wiping cloths under any classifica- tion or designation that he may see fit to use. At the same time certain standard classifications have been set up under which cloths are sold with a guarantee to the consumer that they

are packed in accordance with the 151592—33 15
220 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3

association's standard specifications

relating to quality. These cloths are known as NAWMD Certified Wipers,

and each member desiring to handle

wiping cloths under the guarantee will be furnished by the association with a

certificate, bearing a permit number

and a standard tag, which may be

placed in or attached to bales or pack- ages shipped.

New England Council, Dudley Harmon, executive vice president, Ray

M. Hudson, industrial executive; Ralph H. Underwood, agricultural executive; Statler Building, Boston, Mass. In the interest of national

prosperity the council has for its primary objects, among other things

the development of industry through

standardization and research, and of agricultural prosperity through the farm marketing program inaugurated

about six years ago. This program

calls for the grading of produce in accordance with official State grades

established and promulgated by the commissioner of agriculture of each

State. Goods packed in accordance

with these grades may be identified by means of the New England quality

farm products label, which is identical for the various States with the exception of the State name. The

commissioner of agriculture establishes grades at the request of the growers of his State, calling them

into meetings to aid him in determining what the requirements of any

particular grade should be. To protect the reputation of the label, each

State department of agriculture maintains an inspection service with

trained field men whose duties are to examine graded and labeled products

in the ordinary channels of trade to see that they meet the requirements.

The market for graded and labeled goods is promoted by instructing the housewives in the meaning of the

label and showing them in what way

it is to their advantage to use labeled

goods. The use of grades is not compulsory on the producer, but anyone

desiring to use the New England label must grade his products properly, the

right to use this label being taken

away if his product falls below the requirements of the grade.

New York Produce Exchange, W. C. Rossman, secretary, 2 Broadway, New

York, N. Y. Committees have been

appointed by the exchange to regulate the inspection, quality, and standards

of the various commodities handled by

its members. In the case of cotton- seed products samples are submitted

to the bureau of chemistry of the exchange for analysis, are tested in ac- cordance with official methods adopted

jointly by the National Cottonseed

Products Association and the American Oil Chemists' Society, and graded

accordingly. The bureau of chemistry

of the exchange employs the methods

adopted by the American Oil Chemists' Society, or those methods adopted

by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists for testing animal and

vegetable oils, waxes, and fats. In

testing flours, the methods followed are those of the American Association

of Cereal Chemists.

Northeastern Retail Lumbermen's Association, Paul S. Collier, secretary, 604 Case Building, Rochester, N. Y. This

organization cooperated in the lumber

standardization movement which re- sulted in the formulation of the American lumber standards conducted un- der the auspices of the Central Committee on Lumber Standards and pro- mulgated by the United States De- partment of Commerce. It cooperated

with the Bureau of Standards and the industry in the establishment of the commercial standard for fiber insulat- ing board. This association has set up in the city of Boston an agency for inspecting lumber which has previously

been on the yard, or has been ^manufactured while on the dealer's yard.

This agency, known as the Northeastern Lumber Service (Inc.), is working

in close cooperation with the associations of lumber manufacturers to the end that all lumber sold shall conform

as closely as possible with established grading rules. Northern Hemlock and Hardwood

Manufacturers Association, O. T. Swan,

secretary-manager, Oshkosh, Wis.

This association has formulated

standard grading rules for hemlock

and tamarack lumber which are in accordance with American lumber

standard grading rules for yard lumber. The organization also formulates and issues rules governing the grading and inspection of white cedar shingles. For hardwood lumber the asso- ciation has adopted the grading rules

of the National Hardwood Lumber Association. It maintains a system of branding and grade marking by which

the licensed member firms may use the

association's brand in addition to the

indication of grade on hemlock lumber shipped in accordance with the as- sociation grades. In addition, the li- censed member firms are permitted to use association car certificates by

which the manufacturer certifies the

original tally and inspection of a particular car of hardwood or softwood
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 221

lumber and an attached coupon guar- antees an impartial association in- spection in case of a claim on grade

or tally by the consumer.

Northern White Cedar Association, N.

E. Boucher, secretary, 703 Lumber Exchange, Minneapolis, Minn. During

the past year the activities of this as- sociation and those of the Western Red Cedar Association were consoli- dated. Through the work of its committees this association has, in the course of the past year, issued official manufacturing specifications govern- ing the manufacture of northern white

cedar poles (16 feet and longer) and

specifications for preservative treat- ment of western red cedar and north- ern white cedar poles.

Oak Flooring Manufacturers' Association of the United States, W. L. Claffey, secretary, 604 Dermon Building, Memphis, Tenn. Standard oak-flooring

grading rules have been established by

this association for the entire oak-floor- ing industry. Through representation on committees working under the auspices of the American Standards Association, this association assisted in the preparation of the American standard

safety code for woodworking plants.

Paperboard Industries Association, G. R. Browder, general manager, 60S South Dearborn Street, Chicago, 111. This association has cooperated with

the United States Department of Commerce and other organizations in the development of standard sizes for boxes for canned foods, coffee, and ice cream, and also in connection with

paper-board boxes used by department

stores. The association has published

a booklet known as the Paperboard In- dustries Association Booklet of Standards, containing the standard-gage

lists for box board, adopted by manufacturers of box board, containers, and

folding boxes, which includes stand- ard mill specifications covering the purchase of box board. It has also published an illustrated container handbook, which includes standard

nomenclature used to describe corru- gated and solid fibre containers and

component parts. Pine Institute of America (Inc.), C. F. Speh, secretary, Barnett National

Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla. Standardization of woods operations

and crude-turpentine-gum processing,

undertaken in connection with studies being made by various Federal Gov- ernment agencies and the industry,

constitute important activities of this association. The institute has adopted

the standard grades for rosin provided

by the Federal naval stores act and

the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials. The in- stitute is cooperating with barrel-stave manufacturers in an effort to stand- ardize the rosin barrel by a further

tightening of the specifications as adopted by the Naval Stores Boards

of Trade. Plumbago Crucible Association, C. H.

Rohrbach, secretary, 90 West Street, New York, N. Y. The members of

this industry have agreed to use stand- ard sizes of brass melting pots in con- nection with the standard form of spout used in tilting furnace crucibles adopted by this association. It served as joint sponsor with the American

Foundrymen's Association for the sec- tional committee on outside dimensions of crucibles for melting furnaces

in nonferrous foundries functioning

under ASA procedure. Portland Cement Association, Edward

J. Mehren, president; William M,

Kinney, vice president and general manager, 33 West Grand Avenue,

Chicago, 111. Specifications for Port- land cement, concrete and concrete aggregates, construction of buildings,

highways, and other structures have

been formulated by this organization

in cooperation with various technical

societies and trade associations. It collaborated with the Cast Stone Institute in the preparation of an architect's specification for cast stone and

with the American Concrete Institute

in the formulation of specifications for cast stone and concrete burial vaults.

It also assisted the American Society

for Testing Materials in the development of specifications for concrete masonry units. The association coop- erated in the establishment of the simplified-practice recommendation for concrete building units conducted

under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. It conducts a research

laboratory engaged in studying concrete and concrete materials and maintains three research associates at the Bureau of Standards investigating the

constitution and hardening of Port- land cement. Membership in the Port- land Cement Association is contingent on the members' product conforming to the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials. It is offi- cially represented on seven ASA sec- tional committees.

Pulverized Fuel Equipment Association, F. H. Daniels, president, 9 Neponset Street, Worcester, Mass. In co- operation with the National Fire Protection Association and the National

Board of Fire Underwriters, this or- ganization is vitally interested in
222 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 bringing about standardization of the

rules for the installation and operation

of pulverized fuel equipment. The

association is officially represented on

the sectional committee on safety codes for the prevention of dust ex- plosions functioning under the rules of procedure of the ASA.

Pyroxylin Plastics Manufacturers' Association, John E. Walker, secretary, 1001 Fifteenth Street, Washington,

D. C. This association has adopted

standards for pyroxylin sheets, rods,

and tubes covering standard sizes, di- mensions, and tolerances. These

standards were prepared by the trade, customs committee of the association. Radio Manufacturers Association

(Inc.), Bond Geddes, executive secre- tary, 307 North Michigan Avenue,

Chicago, 111. ; Virgil M. Graham, chair- man, standards section, 100 Carlson

Road, Rochester, N. Y. Practically all of the work relating to standardization

is carried on under the auspices of the standards section composed of sev- eral standards committees dealing with

various subjects pertaining to the radio

field. At the present time the committees are actively engaged on a number of subjects, including cooperative

work with the Society of Automotive

Engineers, on problems of automotive

radio, a new system of vacuum tube

numbering, and a number of items on component parts. During the past year the association adopted new and

revised standards for the following

subjects for inclusion in its publication

entitled " RMA Standards and Engineering Information " : General stand- ard definitions and nomenclature, types

of receivers, receiver controls, receiver

characteristics, power ratings, antenna

installation, screws, dial lamps, tube

sockets, inductors, transformers, on-off switches, vacuum-tube-base dimensions,

terminal cap dimensions, base connections, and items relating to television. One of the most useful standards adopted and published by this association within the past year is the one cover- ing color coding of small resistors. A

new section has been added to the association's publication of standards

known as Proposed Standardization. In this section will appear material

which has been proposed for standardization, but which has not been ap- proved by the standards committees.

The association is officially represented on the ASA sectional committee on

radio. Rag Content Paper Manufacturers, E. H. Naylor, 95 State Street, Springfield, Mass. Through the efforts of the members of this organization, there has

been established a minimum standard

with respect to the percentage of rag

content in papers. The standard pro- vides that papers having less than 25

per cent rag content shall not be watermarked, labeled, advertised, or

sold as rag content papers.

Rail Steel Bar Association, H. P. Bigler, secretary, 228 North La Salle

Street, Chicago, 111. For approximately two years the member mills of this association have followed a certification plan by which deformed rail steel reinforcing bars are marked with

a permanently rolled symbol. This

symbol is evidence of manufacture by

a member of the association and desig- nates the material as rail steel rolled

in accordance with the general stan- dards of the industry and meeting the requirements of the association for

quality. The symbol further indicates a willingness to certify to this quality.

As now operating, certification is made

on a basis of the requirements of any

one of the following standards, all of which are in substantial agreement:

American Society for Testing Materials specification A16-14 for rail steel concrete reinforcement bars; No. 350a

(QQ-B-71) of the Federal Specifica- tions Board, specifications for rail steel concrete reinforcement bars of the Association of American Steel Manufacturers, and specification G31-1930 of the Canadian Engineering Standards

Association on the same subject. Policing of quality is performed by general tests by the association's committee on metallurgy and by routine tests by the individual mill's inspection de- partments, as well as by routine inspection customarily required by the con- sumer. The committee on metallurgy

conducts tests on the product of each

member mill to determine the general average of quality for the industry and

the variations of each mill from this average. The association has engaged

in or has been sponsor for several co- operative research projects with other

technical groups. These include the American Concrete Institute concrete column investigation, and an extensive study of the use of rail steel for highway construction by the National Research Council. Plans are now being

completed for the establishment of an

investigation of the reinforcing value

of high elastic limit steel by the National Research Council. Railway Fire Protection Association, R. R. Hackett, secretary, care of Balti- more & Ohio Railroad, Baltimore, Md.

This association cooperated with sev- eral organizations in the formulation

of standards on lacquers and finishes,
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 223

highway coaches and trucks, fire hose,

and fire-fighting equipment in metal

mines. It also cooperated with the National Fire Protection Association

in the establishment of rules and regulations dealing with automatic sprinklers, gases, protection of openings in walls and partitions, storage of tanks, dust explosion in grain elevators, and

other subjects. The association has

revised its handbook of recommended

standards and suggestions to include recommendations regarding the construction and fire-hazard prevention of grain elevators and storehouses, and

the safe storage of records. Committees of the association are continuing

their studies in developing standards

and recommendations for fuel oils, in- cinerators, freight-car heaters and re- frigerator cars, bridges and trestles, air compressors, fire-alarm signaling

systems, gas systems for welding and

cutting, natural gas and gasoline pipe

lines on railroad property, etc. Red Cedar Shingle Bureau, Arthur

Bevan, secretary-manager, Stuart

Building, Seattle, Wash. In cooperation with the Bureau of Standards

and various units of the industry, this organization established the commercial standard relating to quality stand- ard for western red cedar shingles.

This bureau has also adopted new

grading and packing rules which rep- resent a considerable reduction in the number of grades heretofore in use. The bureau issues a label for the use

of mills licensed by it, which certifies that the shingles to which the label

is attached are in accordance with the commercial standard. Only those

mills which sign contracts to restrict their output to products which meet

the new standards and which agree to have their product inspected are al- lowed to use the label. The product

of member mills is subjected to inspec- tion by inspectors under the direct control of the bureau and failure to comply with the standard means with- drawal of the label until required im- provements are made.

Refrigerating Machinery Association,

Fred Nolde, secretary, 23 South

Fifty-second Street, Philadelphia, Pa. This association is cooperating with

the joint commercial refrigeration

committee and commercial refrigerator manufacturers in standardizing

construction details for commercial re- frigeration installation; and with the

joint research committee on welded

pressure vessels in the revision of the ASHE code for unfired pressure vessels. It is also cooperating with the committee on heat transmission for

the development of an insulation test code. The standard specifications for ammonia valves, flanges, and fittings, formulated and adopted by this association, have been submitted to the American Standards Association for further consideration. Rubber Manufacturers Association,

(Inc.), A. L. Viles, general manager,

250 West Fifty-seventh Street, New

York, N. Y. During the past year the

tire manufacturers division of this association cooperated with the Tire

and Rim Association in the development of standard combination of tire tube sizes. The mechanical rubber

goods specification committee prepared

and adopted standard specifications for wrapped and braided water hose. This committee is now engaged in the preparation of standard specifications for transmission belts. Through sev- eral other committees, the association cooperated with the industry in the establishment of commercial standards

for cotton cloth for rubber and py- roxylin coating, rubber sheeting, sur- geons' rubber gloves, and surgeons'

latex gloves. The association is con- tinuing its work relative to the de- velopment of model specifications for various types of conveyors and eleva- tor belting for the purpose of elimi- nating the existing diversity in cus- tomers' specifications.

Sand-Lime Brick Association, Ellen Knight, secretary, 321 North Hamilton

Street, Saginaw, Mich. This associa- tion adoped the ASTM specification for sand-lime brick. It cooperated

with the Federal Specifications Board

in the formulation of the Federal

specification for common sand-lime

brick. It is officially represented on the simplified-practice committee

which is carrying on work in the

standardization of masonry openings.

Scientific Apparatus Makers of America, J. M. Roberts, secretary, 100 North

La Salle Street, Chicago, 111. During

the past year this organization has

been actively cooperating with the American Chemical Society, the Bureau of Standards, and the American

Society for Testing Materials in stand- ardizing laboratory apparatus.

Shovel and Crane Manufacturers Association, G. H. Olson, secretary, care

of Link-Belt Co., 300 West Pershing

Road, Chicago, 111. This association developed a set of standards applying

to crawler tread mounted excavating

machines (shovels, draglines, cranes, and the several combinations thereof),

which became effective on October 1, 1932. Included in these standards is a guarantee clause which states that
224 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 members of this association shall at- tach to their machines, in a conspicu- ous place inside the cab, a guarantee

plate reading : " This machine with its rating is guaranteed by the manufacturer to conform to the standards

adopted by the Shovel and Grane Manufacturers Association and in effect at the time of manufacture. These stand- dards are a matter of record and are on file with the ASMB." This associa- tion is now cooperating with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in developing standards cover- ing standard-gage track cranes, and a

safety code covering this class of equipment.

Silk Association of America (Inc.), Ramsay Peugnet, secretary, 468 Fourth

Avenue, New York, N. Y. Standards

for the examination of finished broad

silks, and a revised form of contract

to cover transactions in the purchase

and sale of raw goods were adopted by

this association during the past year. Raw-silk rules are in the process of revision by a committee of buyers and

sellers. A uniform system of count

for spun rayon yarn has been recom- mended to the trade as a result of

steps taken by spun rayon manufacturers to standardize their yarn count. This has been done under the auspices

of the association. The Joint Committee on Raw Silk Classification is continuing its study of standards of evenness and neatness of raw silk, and

has selected a group of proposed

standards which modify present standards, and also increase the accuracy

of estimating. The methods of stand- ardization which were proposed in the progress report issued by the Raw Silk Classification Committee last year are now being studied in laboratories throughout the trade to determine

their accuracy and their relation to present standards. This committee is also considering further modifications which will bring the proposed classi- fication nearer in harmony with the Japanese classification. Society of Automotive Engineers

(Inc.), John A. C. Warner, secretary

and general manager, 29 West Thirtyninth Street, New York, N. Y. Approved standards of the society are published in its handbook, which is revised and published in February of each year. Standards adopted semi- annually each year are published in a supplement to the handbook and in- corporated in the next edition. In the present edition there are more than

600 specifications. During the past

year, 37 new and revised specifications were adopted. Among the new specifications adopted are airplane-engine carburetor mountings ; probability curves of physical properties of heat- treated steels; mountings for oil fil- ters on gasoline engines; piston rings

and grooves for gasoline engines of 2

to 8 inch diameter cylinders; alumi- num and zinc alloy specifications for

die castings ; and a trial classification of lubricants for automobile free- wheeling units. Progress is being

ii'ade in formulating other standards,

including a method of rating motor

trucks, toward the promulgation of uniform technical requirements in the

regulation of motor vehicles by the

States, and developing approved specifications for insulated and for high- tension ignition cable. New or re- vised specifications are being devel- oped in practically all automotive

fields. These projects include engine

valve-seat rings ; aircraft steels ; car- bon and alloy steels and their physical

property charts; outboard motor

standards; aluminum, brass, and cop- per alloys; spline fittings; automobile

body parts ; screw threads ; and screws,

bolts and nuts. For automotive type

Diesel engines, standardization of en- gine nomenclature and parts, such as

fuel nozzle connections, connecting-rod

bolts, and shaft couplings, is in progress. A limited amount of advertis- ing in the society's handbook is re- stricted to the suppliers of automotive parts or materials conforming to the society's specifications. The 1931 handbook, which is supplemented by

the 1932 edition of specifications

adopted during 1931, also listed nearly 800 companies that certified that their products conform with SAE

specifications. The classification of

lubricating oils by SAE viscosity numbers instead of the old systems, such

as light, medium, and heavy oils, lists nearly 150 oil companies as marketing

their products under the SAE numbers. . The numbers have also been

adopted by many of the automobile

vehicle manufacturers in their in- structions to vehicle purchasers. Together with the American Petroleum

Institute and the National Automobile Chamber of Commerce, the soci- ety maintains research associates at the Bureau of Standards investigating the mutual adaptation of fuels and

motor vehicle engines. The society

acts in an advisory capacity on the co- operative committee on motor-truck impact tests. Under the auspices of

this committee, the United States Bureau of Public Roads has been con- ducting the impact tests. The Bureau of Standards has assisted on
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 225

instrumentation problems. During

the past year the Bureau of Stand- ards has undertaken a research pro- gram on extreme pressure lubricants under the auspices of the society with

funds provided by interested companies in the automotive and petro- leum industries. The society is sponsor or joint sponsor for 11 sectional committees working under American

Standards Association procedure, deal- ing with the following projects : Aeronautic safety code; antifriction bearings ; classification and designation of surface qualities ; bolt, nut, and rivet proportions ; motor-vehicle lighting

specifications ; machine pins ; plain and

lock washers ; screw threads ; small

tools and machine tool elements

;

transmission chains and sprockets;

and wire and sheet-metal gaging

systems.

Society for Electrical Development

(Inc.), K. A. Mclntyre, managing di- rector ; J. Smieton, jr., secretary-treasurer, 4201 Lexington Avenue, New York, N. Y. This society has formulated

and offers the " Franklin specifica- tions " as uniform standards for de- termining outlet spacing, lamp size, and mounting height for general lighting installations in commercial, industrial, and public building interiors. During the past year a joint industry conference composed of representatives

of eight national electrical associations, including the society, developed

and adopted "Adequacy Wiring Stand- ards for Residence Buildings." The

society is continuing its Red Seal Plan

for identifying a house that is properly

and adequately wired in accordance

with the approved ''Red Seal Mini- mum Specifications." The plan in- volves wiring specifications, and in- spection, and an award. Inspection is provided locally by a representative of a duly authorized operating organization who checks the specifications

against the job. If the wiring instal- lation conforms to the specifications, an award is made consisting of a mini- ature red seal, permanently affixed to some part of the main service panel,

and a certificate signed by officers of the operating organization is issued to the house.

Society of Industrial Engineers, George

C. Dent, executive secretary, 205 West

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. This

organization is officially represented on two sectional committees of the American Standards Association on safety code for conveyors and conveying machinery and on tables of preferred

numbers. Within its own organization

it is engaged in the development of

production standards, plant mainte- nance standards, and standardization

of management terminology.

Society of Motion Picture Engineers, M. C. Batsel, chairman of standards

committee, 33 West Forty-second

Street, New York, N. Y. The stand- ards committee of this society is now

revising the dimensional standards

and recommended practices for motion-picture apparatus developed pre- viously by the society under the rules

of procedure of the American Stand- ards Association. One of the projects now before the committee includes a

revision of the standard layout of 35-mm sound film to make it conform

to the recently adopted revision of projector and camera aperture di- mensions. The standards committee

is also working on the standardization of 16 mm sound film and equip- ment.

Society of Terminal Engineers, Charles H. Newman, secretary, 114 Liberty

Street, New York, N. Y. In cooperation with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, this organization has appointed a committee for the purpose of making studies relative to the establishment of a standard deal- ing with height of loading platforms

at freight terminals and warehouses.

The society is continuing its research on the properties and life of wire rope

in collaboration with the ASMB. It

is officially represented on three ASA

sectional committees on safety codes

for elevators and escalators ; conveyors and conveying machinery; and

cranes, derricks, and hoists. Southern Cypress Manufacturers Association, T. M. True, secretary, Barnett National Bank Building, Jacksonville, Fla. This association has

adopted standard grades and classifica- tions of cypress lumber. During the

past year it also formulated and

adopted standard grades and classifica- tions of tidewater red cypress struc- tural material which are in conformity

with American lumber standards grading rules promulgated by the Department of Commerce. The association permits its members to stamp their product with the association trade- mark provided the lumber conforms to the grading rules of the association. Southern Pine Association, H. C. Berckes, secretary-manager, New Orleans, La. This association has adopt- ed and publishes grading rules for southern pine lumber (both long-leaf

and short-leaf) under three classifi- cations: The Gulf coast classification of pitch pine sawn timber and resawn

lumber for use in export ; car material
226 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

specifications for southern yellow pine, for use of railroads and car builders

;

standard specifications for grades of yard lumber and long-leaf and short- leaf southern yellow pine structural

timbers, joist, and plank. The car material grading rules for 1932 and the standard specifications for yard stock and structural timbers,

joist, and plank conform to American

lumber standards. The most recent

revision of the standard yard and the timber rules is March, 1932, published

and effective September 1, 1932. The

grading rules are enforced at the mills by regular monthly inspections made

by inspectors of the association at the

mills of the subscriber companies. In

addition, a corps of official inspectors

is maintained in the consuming terri- tory for investigating complaints of buyers who may believe they have not

received the grades which they purchased. Subscribers of the association may place the official grade mark

on all the lumber they produce; nonsubscribers who are manufacturers of

either or both species of southern yellow pine may have their lumber offi- cially grade marked if they will sub- mit it to the inspection of the association. Southern Supply and Machinery Distributors' Association, Alvin M. Smith,

secretary-treasurer, care of SmithCourtney Co., Richmond, Va. Al- though this organization has not initi- ated any standards or specifications,

it has cooperated with manufacturers

in working out their standardization programs. This association cooperated

with the Bureau of Standards and

the industry in the preparation of simplified practice recommendations relat- ing to standard sizes of hacksaw

blades ; standard sizes of wrought-iron

and wrought-steel pipe, valves, and fit- tings; and standard packing of carriage, machine, and lag bolts. Sporting Arms and Ammunition

Manufacturers Institute, C. Stewart Comeaux, secretary, 103 Park Avenue,

New York, N. Y. The committee on

simplified practice of this institute co- operated with the Bureau of Standards

and the industry in the establishment of the simplified practice recommendation

which brought about a reduction in the number of loads of paper shot shells from more than 4,000 to less than 350 during the past eight years. Subcommittees appointed by the institute are engaged in work on the following projects : Standardization of chamber di- mensions and of cartridge sizes used

therein, standard barrels for pressure

gages, and proofing methods of small

arms to be recommended as standard

American practice.

Steel Founders' Society of America

(Inc.), Granville P. Rogers, managing

director, 420 Lexington Avenue, New

York, N. Y. This association published a booklet containing the stand- ard trade customs adopted by the

society to be used by buyers and pro- ducers of steel castings. In addition,

it adopted standard sales contract and order acceptance and quotation

sheet for the purpose of simplifying transactions between steel foundries

and their customers. The society co- operates with the American Society

for Testing Materials and the American Foundrymen's Association in the formulation of steel castings specifi- cations. It conducted tests to assist in the revision of the national safety

code pertaining to use and care of abrasive wheels and is represented on

the sectional committee of American

Standards Association which recently revised the standard safety code for the protection of workers in foundries.

Steel Joist Institute, Frank Burton,

consulting engineer, 1732 Dime Bank

Building, Detroit, Mich. This organi- zation sponsored the movement for the establishment of standard sizes of open web steel joists which resulted

in the formulation of the simplified

practice recommendation promulgated

by the United States Department of Commerce.

Structural Clay Tile Association,

Joseph J. Cermak, secretary, 205 West

Wacker Drive, Chicago, 111. This asso- ciation has issued a publication entitled " Specifications for Structural Clay Building Tile," recommended for standard 'approved building code and

engineering practice. The association has set up a quality label service by

which the manufacturer certifies that the material to which the label is at- tached is in conformity with the specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials and the standards

of the Structural Clay Tile Association. Tanners' Council of America, J. L. Nelson, secretary, 41 Park Row, New

York, N. Y. Working in cooperation

with the Bureau of Standards and the

industry, the bag, case, and strap

leather group of this council estab- lished the commercial standard relat- ing to standard thicknesses of bag,

case, and strap leather which has

been adopted by both the council and

the industry. The council has also adopted standard grades and specifi- cations for upholstery leather.
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 227

Tap and Die Institute, now a division

of the Metal Cutting Tool Institute. (See p. 205.) Telephone Group. This group which

functions under the auspices of the American Standards Association consists of representatives of the Bell Telephone System and the United

States Independent Telephone Association. The secretary of the group

is H. L. Huber, of the American Tele- phone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,

New York, N. Y. This group took an

active part in the formulation of the following standards approved by the ASA: Specifications for soft annealed

copper wire, specifications for tinned or

soft annealed copper wire for rubber

insulation, specifications for hard- drawn copper wire, fiber stresses of wood poles, manufacturing standards

applying to broadcast receivers, stand- ard vacuum tube base and socket di- mensions, and the National Electrical Code. Through representatives on va- rious ASA sectional committees it is assisting in the preparation of 18 additional standards. The group cooperates with numerous committees of the

telegraph and telephone section of the American Railway Association in the formulation of recommendations and

specifications dealing with various

phases of railway communication. It

is sponsor or joint sponsor for two sec- tional committees of the American

Standards Association, as follows: Manhole frames and covers, and speci- fications for wood poles. Textile Converters' Association, Samuel M. Fisher, secretary, 291 Broadway, New York, N. Y. This association has adopted a standard method to be employed by the finishers of cotton

fabrics for the return by finishers

to the converter of all stretched as well

as damaged goods and remnants of

finished merchandise over one yard in

length. It has also adopted standard

definitions of fair trade practices in the sale and purchase of cotton gray

goods for the converting trade. In

addition, during the past year, the

association formulated and adopted

uniform sales note clauses for inclu- sion in contracts covering gray goods

and several standard " good trade

practices for the guidance of converters

in the corset and brassiere trade. Tire and Rim Association (Inc.), C. E. Bonnett, general manager, 1401 Guarantee Title Building, Cleveland,

Ohio. This association formulates and

maintains standards on tires, rims, and

wheels for automotive vehicles. It works in close conjunction with the Rubber Manufacturers Association and

the Society of Automotive Engineers,

and changes in, or additions to, the standards are reviewed by these organizations before they are published as

final. The association publishes a yearbook which is revised and brought

up to date annually and which contains a complete list of its standards cover- ing equipment for passenger cars, trucks and busses (both pneumatic and

solid), motor cycles and airplanes.

During the past year this association published a supplement to the year- book in which are included experimental standards on low-pressure balloon

tires and rims. The association incor- porates in its membership insignia three trade-marks which are used to indicate rims manufactured in accord- ance with the standards of the association and approved by their inspectors. One brand identifies rims not

transversely split, a second appears on

all rims into which wire wheels are

laced, all disk wheels with nonde- mountable rims, and all rims with two

or more transverse splits. The third

is used on all transversely split rims

approved by the association. Tissue Paper Manufacturers Association, Herbert Thwaite, general manager, 270 Madison Avenue, New York,

N. Y. Members of this association are

using the official label and seal on car- tons of toilet rolls, guaranteeing the package to be in accordance with the

simplified-practice recommendation for

this item established by this industry

under the auspices of the Bureau of Standards. The label is also a guar- anty that the paper contained in the carton is made entirely of new pulp. Underwriters' Laboratories, Dana

Pierce, president, 207 East Ohio Street, Chicago, 111. This organization is es- tablished and maintained by the National Board of Fire Underwriters

to conduct tests on appliances, devices, machines, and materials for

their merits respecting life, fire, and

collision hazards, and theft and acci- dent prevention. Reports on these

tests are issued to insurance organizations, city, State, and Government

offices. It formulates standards cov- ering the materials, design, strength,

and operating features of appliances

and devices and uses these standards

as bases for the inspection of appli- ances and the preparation of lists of devices complying with the laboratories' standards. Two methods of supervision are used for listed devices. In

one, examinations and tests of the ap- pliances are made one or more times

yearly and features found not complying with the laboratories' require-
228 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 ments are corrected by the manufacturer or the product Is removed from

the list. As long as listing continues

the manufacturer is permitted to ap- ply a marker indicating that it is listed under reexamination service. In the other method of supervision, devices and materials are inspected by

Underwriters' Laboratories' inspectors

at the factories, and goods complying

with laboratories' standards are la- beled by stamps, transfers, or labels, so that they may be recognized whereever found. This method of identi- fication has been used since 1906. Standards issued or revised during

the past year include: Attachment

plugs and receptacles, flexible steel conduit, industrial control equipment,

Edison base lamp holders, transformers, rubber-covered wires and cables, cotton rubber-lined fire hose, soda acid

fire extinguishers, bandit-resisting in- closures, minimum burglary resistance

of safes and cabinets, central office burglar alarm systems, manually oper- ated gas systems for protection

against robbery, hold-up alarm sys- tems, oil burners, range burners, and

inside tanks for oil burners. This or- ganization is acting as sponsor under

American Standards Association pro- cedure for the preparation of speci- fications and standards for electrical and other devices and materials with

relation to fire and casualty hazards. United Roofing Contractors Association of North America, E. M. Pope, sec- retary, 58 West Washington Street, Chicago, 111. Standards and specifi- cations covering roofing materials

have been developed by this association. It has issued specifications cov- ering the weights of materials, con- struction and installation requirements, and also a standard practice of providing in the construction of insu- lating roofs a mopped felt seal course

of tarred or asphalted felt at inter- vals of not more than 30 feet in each

direction. This association permits

manufacturers to use its trade-mark

label on materials inspected and found

to comply with its specifications.

United States Golf Association, Herbert Jacques, chairman of the imple- ments and ball committee, P. O. Box

30, Lowell, Mass. Although this asso- ciation does not carry on standardization work as such, its implements and

ball committee does concern itself with weight and size specifications of

golf balls and also as to the form and

make of golf clubs. United States Hemp Brokers Association, H. E. Higginbotham, secretary, 90

Wall Street, New York, N. Y. This

association maintains a committee of three independent brokers who ex- amine samples of manila rope manufactured in accordance with the Federal specification covering this commodity. A certificate of grading is issued by the association to purchasers whose samples have been sub- mitted for inspection stating whether

in the opinion of the committee the samples comply with the specification

requirements as to fiber contents and

contain the necessary percentage of grades called for in the specification,

with information in cases of noncompliance as to the cause of failure. United States Pharmacopceial Convention, Walter A. Bastedo, president, 33 East Sixty-eighth Street, New York,

N. Y. ; E. Fullerton Cook, chairman,

Committee on Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America, Forty-third Street and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa. This

organization prepares and publishes the Pharmacopoeia of the United

States, the object of this publication

being to provide standards of purity

and strength for the drugs and medicines of therapeutic usefulness or parmaceutic necessity sufficiently used

in medical practice to receive recognition by the medical profession. The

Pharmacopoeia is revised every 10

years, the last revision taking effect on January 1, 1926. In 1930 a new

Committee on Revision was appointed

and work has been proceeding since then in preparation for the eleventh

revision of the Pharmacopoeia.

United States Shellac Importers Association (Inc.), L. W. Babbage, secre- tary, 17 State Street, New York, N. Y. Establishment of official methods of analysis for the determination of rosin, wax, moisture, and arsenic in shellac have been approved and adopted by

both this association and the American

Bleached Shellac Manufacturers Association. During the past year it re- vised its set of standard rules and

regulations for the sampling of shellac. This association has put into effect a

plan for the sampling of all shipments

of shellac imported into the United

States. It provides for a standardization bureau under which functions an examination committee whose duty

it is to examine samples of the various

grades of shellac and to pass upon their quality in accordance with the official rules and regulations of the association. Copies of certificates are issued by the committee to both buyer and

seller and a copy is also filed with the
TECHNICAL AND TRADE ORGANIZATIONS 229

association. This organization maintains a research bureau at Polytechnic

Institute of Brooklyn.

Wall Paper Association of the United

States, A. Louise Fillebrown, executive

secretary, 10 East Fortieth Street, New York, N. Y. This association co- operated with the Bureau of Standards

in the establishment of the commercial

standard relating to grades and quality

of wall paper. It has copyrighted a

self-identifying trade-mark guaranteeing wall paper manufactured by its members to be in accordance with the requirements set forth in the commercial standard relating to this commodity. Waste Paper Institute, Charles M.

Haskins, secretary, Times Building,

New York, N. Y. This organization

is affiliated with the National Association of Waste Material Dealers. During the past year the institute coop- erated with the Paperboard Industries Association in the formulation of standard specifications for waste pa- per covering grades, descriptions, and

minimum and maximum weights per

bale. West Coast Lumbermen's Association,

W. B. Greeley, secretary, 364 Stuart

Building, Seattle, Wash. This associ- ation cooperated in the lumber stand- ardization movement which resulted in the formulation of American lumber

standards published by the United

States Department of Commerce. It has issued publications relating to standard grading and dressing rules for Douglas fir, sitka spruce, west

coast hemlock, and western red cedar lumber; standard grades for archi- tectural woodwork, standard wood

moldings (7,000 series revised in 1931)

published by the National Lumber

Manufacturers Association ; specifying

grade-marked lumber ; shippers certifi- cate of car contents; etc. The asso- ciation maintains a grading and inspec- tion department which makes periodic checks and supervises the grades manufactured by its members. It maintains lumber inspectors in the consuming territory who reinspect lumber

upon complaint and, upon request, issue

certificates of inspection indicating

quality and quantity of lumber

shipped. They also grade mark, in- spect, and reinspect lumber for non- members of the association. The su- pervisory service is available to members only who may grade mark their lumber in accordance with association

rules. The association licenses wholesale and retail distributing yards lo- cated in southern California authorizing the use of its registered association grade mark.

Western Pine Association, David T. Mason, manager, S. V. Fullaway, jr., secretary, Yeon Building, Portland,

Oreg. Standard grading rules for pon- derosa pine, sugar pine, Idaho white

pine, larch, white fir, Douglas fir, En- gelman spruce, incense cedar, and west- ern red cedar lumber have been

adopted by this association which has

succeeded the former Western Pine

Manufacturers Association and the

California White and Sugar Pine Manufacturers Association. These rules conform generally to American lumber

standards grading rules formulated by

the Central Committee on Lumber

Standards. It has also adopted stand- ard grading rules for larch and Douglar fir railroad-car material, and

standard specifications and working

stresses for structural grades of larch and Douglas fir joists, planks, posts, and timbers. The association is encour- aging the grade and trade marking

of lumber to conform to association standards, and the use of car cards

certifying the grade of lumber in car

shipments. It maintains a lumber-inspection system for the purpose of checking the grades of lumber pro- duced by its various member mills, and in addition offers its inspection

facilities for the reinspection of ship- ments in dispute. Western Red Cedar Association, con- solidated with Northern White Cedar

Association. (See p. 221.) Wire Cloth Manufacturers' Association, A. M. Ferry, secretary, Chandler

Building, Washington, D. C. This or- ganization cooperated with the Bureau

of Standards in the establishment of the commercial standard for Fourdrinier wire cloth which includes the standard meshes adopted, dimensions

of wire and details of weave, packing,

storage, care of wire cloth, etc. Wire Screen Cloth Manufacturers' Institute, George E. Watson, secretary, 74 Trinity Place, New York, N. Y. In

cooperation with the Bureau of Standards and other units of the industry,

this organization sponsored the move- ment for a simplification of stock varieties of wire insect screen cloth which

resulted in the formulation of the simplified practice recommendation relat- ing to this commodity. The institute has adopted a label to be placed on all screen cloth made by its members indi- cating that the roll in question is guaranteed to comply with the re- quirements set forth in Simplified Practice Recommendation R122-31.
230 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 World Calendar Association (Inc.), Elizabeth Achelis, president, 485 Madison Avenue, New York, N. Y. This

association was organized for the pur- pose of advocating a revision of the

present 12-month calendar in order to meet modern requirements. Under

the plan being advanced by this association, the year will be divided into four equal quarters, each consisting of three months, the first of which will have 31 days and the remaining two

months 30 days each. Each month

has 26 week days. The odd three hundred and sixty-fifth day of the year, Year-day, is considered as an extra Saturday between December 30 and

January 1. The three hundred and

sixty-sixth day in Leap Years, LeapDay, is considered as another extra Saturday between June 30 and July 1. January 1, New Year's Day, always

falls on Sunday, and the working week

begins the following day.

Writing Paper Manufacturers Association, E. H. Naylor, secretary, 95 State

Street, Springfield, Mass. This organization has adopted the standard

stock sizes of bonds, ledgers, and writ- ing paper given in the simplified practice recommendation issued by the Bureau of Standards. These are now

set forth in a pamphlet issued by this association entitled " trade customs."
X. BIBLIOGRAPHY ON STANDARDIZATION 1 Supplementary to the lists printed in the Standards Yearbook, 1928,

1929, 1930, and 1931, and to Bureau of Standards Miscellaneous

Publication No. 136

[Compiled by Anne L. Baden, division of bibliography, Library of Congress, under the

direction of Florence S. Hellman, acting chief bibliographer. The call numbers accom- panying the entries are those of the Library of Congress.]

The following bibliography comprises references to the general litera- ture. Care has been taken to omit citations to the more specialized

literature on standardization of specific commodities.

Agnew, Paul G.

Association and company standardization movements. Fundamental principles essential to success of these activities. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Nov., 1931, v. 8 : 143-144. HD62.U3, v. 8. Recommends standardization of household implements ; speech to American

home economics association. New York Times, June 28, 1931, pt. 2, p. 2, col. 4. Agnew, Paul G., and J. W. McNair

Certification and labeling activities in 60 commodity fields. American stand- ards association. Bulletin, Jan., 1932, v. 3 : 1-24. Akerman, Gustav: Om den industriella rationaliseringen och dess verkningar, sarskilt betraffande

arbetarsysselsattningen. Stockholm,, P. A. Norstedt & soner, 1931. 180 p. Albrecht, G.

Rationalisierung. (In Worterbuch der Volkswirtschaften. 4 Aufl. Jena,

Fischer, 1932, v. 2, p. 1193-1201.)

Alenius, N. R.

Den tekniska rationaliseringen och raentabiliteten. Tekniska foereningens i Finland foerhandlingar, Feb. 1931, v. 51 : 31-37.

Deals with the profits of industrial rationalization. Alexander, J. Don. Reducing costs of operation. Standardized method of operation eliminates unnecessary costs. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Nov., 1931, v. 8:156-157. HD62.U3, v. 8. American society for testing materials

Index to American society for testing materials standards and tentative standards, 1931. Philadelphia, American society for testing materials,

1931. 103 p. This combined index, which covers all standards of the association in effect in September, 1931, and tells in which publication they may be found, makes it easy to determine whether a specification exists on any particular subject. Index to proceedings, volumes 26-30 (1926-1930). Philadelphia, American

society for testing materials, 1932. 251 p. TA401.A5.

" Standardization " : p. 144-145. 1931 supplement to book of American society for testing materials standards.

Philadelphia, American society for testing materials, 1931. 144 p. This supplement brings up to date the 1930 book of standards published by the

association. It contains 32 standards, 17 of which are new and 15 replacements of

former ones. Proceedings, 1931. Philadelphia, American society for testing materials?

1931. 2 v. TA401.A5. 1931. The first volume contains new and revised tentative standards and tentative

revisions of present standards for testing various materials.

1 71 entries have been omitted by the editors of the yearbook, owing to limitation of

the size of the volume. 231
232 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 American society for testing materials—Continued.

Selected A. S. T. M. standards for students in chemistry, chemical engineering and metallurgy. 1931. Philadelphia, Pa., American society for testing

materials, 1931. 184 p. TA401.A655.

Includes bibliographies. Deals with standard tests and specifications for metallic and nonmetallic materials. Selected A. S. T. M. standards for students in engineering. 1931. Philadelphia, Pa., American society for testing materials, c 1931. 172 p. TA401.A656.

Deals with standards and specifications for metallic and nonmetallic materials, ferrous metals, and nonferrous metals. Tentative standards, 1931 edition. Philadelphia, American society for testing

materials, 1931. 1008 p. TA401.A65 1931.

It contains 180 specifications of various materials. American standards association, Bulletin. Beginning with July, 1932 issue, the

title of the Bulletin will be changed to Industrial standardization. Androuin, M. L'etat actuel de la normalisation industrielle. Arts et metiers,

Apr., 1931, no. 127 : 114-117. Also in Societe des ingenieurs civils de France. Bulletin, May, 1931 v. 84:682-697. TA2.S4, v. 84. Deals with the rapid progress of standardization in all civilized countries, with

special reference to France. Angus-Butterworth, L. M. Rationalisation. Iron and steel industry, June,

1931, v. 4 : 305-308, 316. Treats of tbe origin of rationalization, definitions, changes due to war, regulation

of production, standardization, etc. Aronson, Jacob P. Legal aspects of standardization. Legal issues involved in buying and selling under statutory standards reviewed. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Dec, 1931, v. 8 : 184-185. HD62.U3, v. 8. Association frangaise de normalisation. A propos d'une recente publication,

Courrier de normalisation, de l'Association frangaise de normalisation:

organisation de la normalisation nationale et internationale. Revue

generate de l'electricite, Jan. 30, 1932, v. 31 : 137-138. TK2.R35, v. 31. The Austrian Kuratorium fur Wirtschaftlichkeit. International management

institute. Bulletin, June, 1932, v. 6 : 87-88. T58.A2I852, v. 6. Deals with its activities in the Austrian rationalization movement since its establishment in 1928. Barley, L. J. The riddle of rationalisation. London, George Allen & Unwin,

ltd., 1932. 148 p. Base control on standards—theme of Taylor society meeting. Factory and in- dustrial management, Jan., 1932, v. 83 : 4-5. TA1.E59, v. 83. Argues that planning and control must be based on standards. Bassett, H. N. The value of specifications in control of supplies. Society of chemical industry. Journal (Chem. & ind.), Sept. 18, 1931, v. 50:772-774. TP1.S6, v. 50. Beekenkamp, C. Bedrijfsorganisatie van antirevolutionnair standpunt be- schouwd. Kampen. Kok, 1932. 184 p. Beer, H. W. Says standardization destroys effect of anti-trust laws. New

York Times, Mar. 20, 1932, pt. 2, p. 19, col. 6. Bombay (Presidency) . Labour office. The social aspects of rationalisation. Its Labour gazette, Jan., 1932, v. 11 : 483-491. HD8682.B6, v. 11. Brady, Robert A. The meaning of rationalization: An analysis of the litera- ture. Quarterly journal of economics, May, 1932, v. 46 : 526-540. HB1.Q3,

v. 46. Footnote references are given. Bremner, D. A. British engineering standards and foreign markets. Engineer

(London), June 3, 1932, v. 153 : 61&-620. TA1.E5, v. 153.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 233

Briefs, Goetz. Arbeitslosigkeit und Rationalisierung. Wege zur Arbeit, Apr.

22, 1932, v. 1 : 14-16. "British standard." Electrical review (London), Jan. 22, 1932, v. 110:114. TK1.E44, v. 110. Deals with British specifications. Brunner, J., and others. The economic significance of specifications for materials. (In American society for testing materials. Proceedings, 1931. Philadelphia, 1931, pt. 2, p. 955-995.) TA401.A5. 1931. Same Western

society of engineers. Journal, Oct., 1931, v. 36 : 280-301. TA1.W52, v. 36. Budnevich, Dan G.

Soviet industries now standardized. Save hundreds of millions by adopting American methods. Journal of commerce, July 1, 1931, p. 5. Standardization aids Russia's program of industrialism. Steel, Sept. 3, 1931,

v. 89 : 33-34. TS300.I745, v. 89. Burgess, George K. Past year an active one for Bureau of Standards. Annual

report of Bureau of Standards describes many notable achievements in science and technology. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial stand- ards monthly, Nov., 1931, v. 8 : 157-158. HD62.U3, v. 8. Butler, Harold B.

Unemployment problems in the United States. Geneva, 1931. 112 p. ([In- ternational labor office, Geneva.] Studies and reports, series o, Employment and unemployment, no. 17.) HD4813.I4. Ser. c, no. 17.

" Rationalisation in industry " ; p. 42-44 ; " Rationalisation in agriculture " ; p

44-49 ; " Rationalisation and aggregate earnings " ; p. 64-66. California State Chamber of Commerce. Simplification program. State group

of California has cooperated with Bureau of standards in promoting value

of simplification to industry. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial

standards monthly, Feb., 1932, v. 8 : 227-228. HD62.U3, v. 8. Canadian Engineering Standards Association. Year book, 1930. Ottawa

[1930]. 52 p. TA368.C28.

Contents include discussion of the history and activities of the Canadian engi- neering standards association, world developments in standardization, etc. Carlson, Gudron. Norway's standardization report for 1931 issued by Nor- way's standardization association. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, May, 1932, v. 8 : 342. HD62.U3, v. 8. Centralized purchasing at Chicago. Standardization board to be established

for setting up standards and preparing specifications to be used by city

departments. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly,

Feb., 1932, v. 8 : 244-245. HD62.U3, v. 8. Chapman, Cloyd M. A review of activities of the American standards association during the year 1931. Important new standards, new standardization

projects, and other accomplishments surveyed. American standards association, Bulletin, Jan., 1932, v. 3 : 25-28. Clark, Myron H. The development and application of standards to production

management. Taylor society. Bulletin, Dec, 1931, v. 16: 218-223. T58.A2T3, v. 16. Discussion, p. 223-230. Also in American standards association. Bulletin, May, 1932, v. 3 : 141-146. Abstract in Iron age, Dec. 10, 1931, v. 128 : 1496. T1.17, v. 128. Comite de normalisation de la mecanique. Les travaux. Session de janvier,

1931. Societe d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale. Bulletin, Apr.,

1931, v. 130 : 211-212. T2.S6, v. 130. Report of session and proposed standards. Comite de normalisation de la mecanique : mise & l'enquete publique de projets

de normalisation. Revue generate de l'electricite, Oct. 3, 1931, v. 30: 529;

Oct. 17:618; Nov. 7:737-738; Jan. 7, 1932, v. 31:31-33; Feb. 27 : 265; Mar. 26:401-402; Apr. 23:545-546; May 28 : 730; June 18 : 825-826. TK2.R35, v. 30-31.
234 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Dansk standardiseringsraad. Beretning, 1930-31. Copenhagen, Nielsen and

Lydiche, 1931. 47 p. Dawson, W. H. The outlook in Germany : The progress of rationalization. Times (London). Imperial and foreign trade and engineering supplement,

Aug. 1, 1931, v. 28 : 443. HF11.T5, v. 28. Definition de la rationalisation. Revue industrielle, Oct., 1931, v. 61 : 539-540. T2.R4, v. 61. " Deutscher Normenausschusses. Mitteilungen." Published in each issue of the magazine Maschinenbau.

Dickinson, H. C. Method of drafting federal specifications explained. National

petroleum news, v. 23, Apr. 29, 1931 : 45. HD9560.1.N3, v. 23. Dubravskaya, R.

:

The industrial standardization program of Soviet Russia for the year 1932. American standards association. Bulletin, Jan., 1932, v. 3 : 32-33. Condensed translation by I. Gutmann of an article in Vestnik standartizatziyi, June, 1931, p. 6-8. Dubreuil, Henri. Nouveaux standards; les sources de la productivite et de la

joie. Paris, B. Grasset [

c 1931]. 344 p. (Les " Ecritis ", sous la direction de Jean Guehenno. [2. ser., 8.] HD8072.D87.

Standardization : p. 77, 125. Economies for industry in simplification. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, June, 1932, v. 8 : 373. HD62.U3, v. 8. Ehrenzweig, Paul. Wie ist eine Losung der Rationalisierungskrisen moglich?

Arbeit und Wirtschaft (Wien), Sept. 1, 1931, v. 9 : pp. 671-676.

Eliasberg, Wladimir. Von der Vernunft bis zur Rationalisierung. Studien zum

Rationalismus und zur Berufserziehung ; zur Sozialpsychologie, Padagogik

und Psychotherapie der Rationalisierung. Leipzig, Barth, 1932. 96 p. (Schriften zur Psychologie der Berufseignung und Wirtschaftslebens. 42.) Ely, Edwin W.

:

Applying simplified practice to machinery. Investigation carried on by

Bureau of standards in cooperation with industry. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Apr., 1932, v. 8 : 305. HD62.U3, v. 8. " Engineering standardization." Published in each issue of the magazine

Mechanical engineering. TJ1.A72.

Englis, Karel. Deflacni a racionalisac'ni teorie krise. Obzor narodohospodarsky.

Jan., 1932, v. 37: 1-24.

Discusses rationalization and the economic crisis. Les eludes du Bureau international du traval sur les effets de la rationalisa- tion dans l'industrie. Genie civil, Jan. 2, 1932, v. 100 : 18-19. TA2.G3.

v. 100. Federation internationale de normalisation. Inactivities. Genie civil, Mar. 12, 1932, v. 100 : 272-273. TA2.G3, v. 100. Forbes, Russell. Expert on governmental purchasing discusses buying on

specifications. American standards association. Bulletin, v. 2, Dec, 1931

:

11-15.

Fiirth, Henriette. Um die Rationalisierung. Gewerkschafts-Zeitung, Oct. 31- Nov. 28, 1931, v. 41 : 692-693 ; 710-712 ; 729-730 ; 744-745 ; 761-762.

Gaillard, John. The value of national standardization to American industry.

American standards help to effect savings in manufacturing. Industrial standardization, Sept., 1932, v. 3 : 243-246. Paper presented before the American society of mechanical engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio, May 12, 1932. General survey of the Austrian rationalization organizations at the end of

1931. International management institute. Bulletin, June, 1932, v. 6: 88-89. T58.A2I852, v. 6. Gives a list of the organizations.
BIBLIOGRAPHY 235

Geschelin. J. Standards for maintenance practice would stabilize a big parts market. Automotive industries, Jan. 30, 1932, v. 66 : 150-153. TL1.A6,

v. 66. Excerpts in Society of Automobile engineers. Journal, Apr., 1932, v. 30, sup.

31-32. Discussion, May, 1932 : 28-30. TL1.S5, v. 30. Glabn, H. E. Tbe Danish standards council. Brief outline of the standardization work, as carried out in Denmark, given by Secretary of Dansk

standardiseringsraad. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, Jan., 1932, v. 8 : 202. HD62.U3, v. 8. Gramenz, K. Stand der internationalen Normungsarbeiten. Vereines deutscber

Ingenieure, Berlin. Zeitscbrift, Oct. 24, 1931, v. 75 : 1331-1336. TA3.V5,

v. 75. A review of international coordination of standards on various kinds of machinery, automobile parts, etc. Gratama, B. M. Tbe development of international standardisation. Engineering (London), July 1, 1932, v. 134:25-27. TA1.E55, v. 134. Gregory, T. Tbe case against rationalisation. Fortnightly review, Oct., 1931.

v. 136:445-457. AP4.F7, v. 136. Argues that so far as Great Britain is concerned, there is no reason to believe that rationalisation, in the sense of large-scale operation, is destined completely to solve the industrial problems.

Gutmann. I. Short courses in standardization for Soviet Russia. American

standards association. Bulletin, June, 1932, v. 3 : 187-188. Haan, H. von. Europaeische Aspekte der Rationalisierungsbewegung.

[Geneva?] 1931. 37 p. Haines, George H. Advantages and disadvantages of standardization. State purchasing agents review the many advantages that result from standardization as against the disadvantages. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Aug., 1932, v. 9 : 43-44. HD62.U3, v. 9. Hansson, Sigfrid. Arbetarna och rationaliseringen. Stockholm, Tidens forlag. 1930. 55 p. A study of the problem of rationalization in Sweden with particular reference to the attitude of the trade union movement to this problem. Maintains that the atti- tude of the Swedish trade unions is definitely favorable. Heiberg, Kaare. Norwegian standardization committee has developed 226 standards since it was created in 1923. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Mar., 1932, v. 8 : 277. HD62.U3, v. 8. Heineman, Dannie. Rationalisation, mechanisation and unemployment. The

crisis—its cause and cure. Statist. May 7. 1932, v. 119 : 728-733. HG11.S8,

v. 119. Hellmund. R. E. Standardizing sizes and ratings. Electrical engineering, Jan., 1932, v. 51 : 14-19. TK1.A613, v. 51. Argues that marked economies may be secured by standardizing industrial prod- ucts to eliminate all unnecessary sizes and ratings. Based upon a system of pre- ferred numbers, selection of desirable sizes may be made with reasonable accuracy through the use of algebra and geometry supplemented by judgment and common

sense. Hellmund, R. E., and J. I. Hommel. Standardization by preferred numbers.

American machinist, Nov. 5, 1931, v. 75 : 697-700. TJ1.A5, v. 75. Deals with preferred numbers recommended by the American standards association. Himmer, J. G. Grunclfragen der Rationalisierung vom organisch-universalist- ischen Standpunkte. Standisches Leben. 1931, no. 3 : 317-354.

Discusses the technical and commercial phases of rationalization. Hische. —. Der Mensch und die Rationalisierung. Bericht fiber die vom

Reichskuratorium Mr Wirtschaftlichkeit am 27. und 28. Febr., 1931 veranst. Arbeit und Beruf, Aug. 10, 1931, v. 10 : 231-233. HD8443.A75, v. 10. Holl6s, Joszef, and Istvan Hollos. A racionalizalas. Budapest, Selbstverlag,

1931. 168 p. 151592—33 16
236 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3 Hubbard, Henry D.

:

The romance of measurement. Scientific monthly, V. 33, p. 356. Oct., 1931, Q. 1. S817, v. 33. Describes the importance of measurement in all our undertakings and the constant

necessity for developing new measurements. Testing of materials. To determine value of a material for a given purpose,

its properties must be measured. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial

standards monthly, Jan. 1932, v. 8 : 199-201. HD62.U3, v. 8. With reference to specifications or standards of quality. Hudson, Ray M.

:

Government interest in the advancement of standardization. (In World

power conference. 2d, Berlin, 1930. . . . Transactions. Berlin, 1931. v. 18, p. 255-275.) TJ5.W6 1930, v. 18. Historical sketch of the standardization movement in the United States. Simplified practice, 1921-1931. Industry's need for simplification as important in 1931 as in 1921. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

monthly, Dec., 1931, v. 8 : 165. HD62.U3, v. 8. Huntress, Arthur. The organization of standardization work in the IngersollRand company ; study of successful standardization programs results in elimination of unnecessary variations in products and plant procedure.

American standards association. Bulletin, v. 2, Oct. 1931 : 23-25. Imperial economic conference, Ottawa, Canada, fosters standardization as a means of economic cooperation. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial

standards monthly, Sept., 1932, v. 9 : 71. HD62.U3, v. 9. See also Industrial standardization, Sept., 1932, v. 3 : 241-242. Industrial standardization. Published before July, 1932, as the Bulletin of the American standards association. Industry has developed 154 simplified-practice recommendations to date. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Feb., 1932, v. 8 : 254. HD62.U3, v. 8. Instituto de organisacao racional do trabalho. Idort. Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1932. Comments on the bulletin are given in the International management institute. Bulletin, May, 1932, v. 6 : 74 under title " Rationalization in Brazil." T58.A21852,

v. 6. Institutul romanesc de organizare stiintifica a muncii. Rationalizarea sub

diferite aspecte. Conferintele saptamanii rationalizarii 10-17 Noemvrie,

1929. Bucarest, Biblioteca rationalizarii, 1930. 168 p. Contains a series of lectures given under the auspices of the Rumanian Institute

of scientific management dealing with the following questions : Rationalization and social policy by Mr. Raducanu ; Trusts and rationalization, by Mr. Michel Manoilesco ; Capital and rationalization by Mr. Tasca ; Labor and rationalization, by

Mr. S. Cunescu. International labor office, Geneva. The social aspects of rationalisation. In- troductory studies. Geneva, International labour office; London, P. S. King and son, 1931. vii, 381 p. (Studies and reports, series B, Economic

conditions, no. 18.) HD4813.I4, ser. B, no. 18. Distributed in the United States by the World Peace Foundation. International management congress. Program of the International management congress to be held in Amsterdam, Holland, July 18-23, 1932. American machinist, Mar. 10, 1932, v. 76 : 352g. TJ1.A5, v. 76. Includes reference to papers to be read on rationalization and standardization. International management institute: Bulletin. Geneva, 1931-32. T58.A2I852.

Published in English, French, and German. Contains much material on the subject of standardization in its many aspects. Rationalization in practice. Its Bulletin, June, 1931-Feb., 1932, v. 5 : 111-113

;

130-134; 154-157; 173-175; 194-195; 212-213; 233-234; v. 6:8-10; 31-34. T58.T2I852, v. 5-6. Rationalization's defense. Mechanical engineering, Nov., 1931, v. 53 : 845-846. TJ1.A72, v. 53. Deals with a

" resolution on rationalization " adopted by the conference of the

institute at Geneva, July 4, 1931, concerning the benefits of rationalization in its various aspects.
BIBLIOGBAPHY 237

Ives, L. T. Simplified production control avoids delays. Iron age, Aug. 13, 1931, v. 128 : 419-422. T1.I7, v. 128. Javits, Benjamin A. Business and the public interest; trade associations, the

antitrust laws and industrial planning. New York, The Macmillan co., 1932. HD31.J3.

Standardization : p. 82, 92, 111-113. Johnston, G. A. Social economic planning. International labour review, Jan., 1932, v. 25 : 58-78. HD4811.I65, v. 25. Includes discussion of international standardization. Jones, Thomas R. Engineering and shop standardization as a means of reducing overhead. Advantages resulting from different types of company

standardization; suggestions for the organization of standardization work.

American standards association. Bulletin, v. 2. Dec, 1931 : 33-37. Discussion : p. 37-39. Jouve, G. La rationalisation allemande. Revue politique et parlementaire,

Apr. 10, 1931, v. 147 : 78-89. H3.R4, v. 147. Kallos, Arthur. A racionalizalizalas hatarai. Kozgazdasagi szemle, Aus.-Sept.,

1931, v. 76:581-591. Karabasz, V. S. Industrial standards. Maintenance of standards in industry

just as important for successful management as their establishment. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Dec, 1931,

v. 8 : 163-164. HD62.U3, v. 8. Kienzle, Otto. The importance of standardization in periods of depression.

A discussion of types of standardization which should be promoted by

industrial management during the present period. Industrial standardization, Sept., 1932, v. 3 : 237-240.

Translated by John Gaillard from an article in Werkstattstechnik, Berlin Germany.

Kisselyov, V. Controlling figures on standardization for 1931 [Printed in Russian]. Yestnik standartizatziyi, Jan., 1931, no. 1 : 1—i. A review of the standardization program for 1931 in connection with the 5-year

plan. Klein, Julius. 120 industries are saving $250,000,000 yearly by simplification of sizes and other standardization. New York Times, May 25, 1931, p.

2, col. 4. Krahmer, C. E. Specify for quality. Architectural record, Aug., 1932, v. 72, sup. : 22. NA1.A6, v. 72, sup.

Deals with specifications for various materials. Landauer, Edmond. Scientific management from the Paris Congress (1929)

to the Amsterdam Congress (1932). By Edmond Landauer, General sec- setary of the International committee on scientific management. [ Geneva,

1932.] 6 p. Mimeographed. Published in German in Sparwirtschaft, July,

1932, v. 10 : 247-250.

Deals with the benefits of rationalization. Lanzillo, Agostino. La razionalizzazione e il suo " niito." Rivista bancaria

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Proceedings, 1930-31, v. 25 : 344-365. TL1.I6, v. 25. Also in Mechanical

world, Mar. 27-Apr. 17, 1931, v. 89 : 300-301 ; 326-328 ; 366-368. TJ1.M55,

v. 89. Explains the terms rationalization, simplification, and standardization, and

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The British standardisation movement and its public significance. (In

World power conference. 2d, Berlin, 1930. . . . Transactions. Berlin,

1931. v. 18, p. 231-241.) TJ5.W6, 1930, v. 18.
238 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 193 3 Le Maistre, C.—Continued.

The effects of standardization in British industry. The value of standardization as a remedy for some of the present industrial difficulties discussed

by director of the British standards institution. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards monthly, Mar. 1932, v. 8 : 273-274. HD62.U3, v. 8. Empire industrial standards. Canadian engineer, v. 62, May 17, 1932 : 42. TA1.C2, v. 62. Imperial standardisation in industry. Chemical age (London), June 18, 1932, v. 26 : 564. TP1.C33, v. 26. Deals with observations on his Empire tour. Levy, Hermann. Rationalisierung und Arbeitslosigkeit auf dem Hintergrunde

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:

Benefit of the Bureau of Standards' work to the public. U. S. Bureau of

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Rationalization : p. 238-239, 264. Martino, Robert A.

:

Fostering standardization. Cooperation of the Bureau of standards and the American standards association. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial

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various states. U. S. Bureau of standards. Commercial standards

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240 STANDARDS YEARBOOK, 19 3 3

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INDEX

Page

Abbreviations, scientific and engineering 186 Abdominal packs, specifications for 174

Abrasive cloth and paper 172

Abrasive wheels 200, 203, 226

Absorption of concrete 168

Accelerometers for study of earth- quakes 128

Accident prevention 185, 210, 212

Accident statistics 75 Accounting systems 89, 204

Acetylene gas cylinders 203

Acid in leather 129

Acoustical materials and measure- ments 113, 166 Adding machines 58

Adjusting rings 66

Adsorption-desorption studies 148

Aeronautics 62, 108, 225

Aggregates 212, 218, 219, 221

Agriculture 69 Air circuit breakers 213

Air compressors 197, 223

Air furnaces in residences, installa- tion of 186

Air humidity, effect of, on engine

'performance 111 Air navigation 73

Aircraft construction 53

Aircraft engines 93, 108, 109

Aircraft steels 224 Alarm systems, burglar 228

Alcohol, ethyl, preparation of ta- bles of properties of 149

Alloy steels 224

Alloys, dental amalgam 175

nonferrous 53, 168, 169, 224 white metal 53 wrought gold 175

Altitude testing of aircraft engines- 109 Aluminum alloys 224 American Institute of Laundering— 204 American lumber standards 171 American Marine Standards Committee 166 American Society for Testing Materials 167 Amusement parks, safety code for 210

Analyses, water and sewage 182

Analytical reagent chemicals 115 Animal oils 220

Antennas, radio 202

Antiseptics 208

Appliances, fire 213

gas 177

Apricots, canned 195

Arches, laminated wood 210

Architecture 178

Arlington Memorial Bridge, tests of_ 113

Asbestos 190

Asbestos roving . 168 Ash handles . 190

A. S. M. B. boiler code 187

Asphaltic products 50, 62, 168, 190

Astronomical Union, International— 4 Atomic structure 143 Attachment plugs 213, 228 Automatic block signal system 184 Automatic sprinklers 223

Automobile brakes 111 Automobile construction 52,

53, 58, 111, 167, 201

Page

Automobiles 61, 63 Automotive engineering 110 Automotive radio 222

Aviation 63

Aviator's hose 207

Axles, steel 60

Bacon, sliced, packing of. Bag leather Bags, grocers'

ice paper

Baking.

201 226

204

51 217

186

Ball bearings 65, 66

Balloons, rubber 139

Balls, golf 228

volley 172 Bar steels 192

Barrels 191, 203, 221

Bars, iron and steel 53, 165, 169, 188, 192, 193, 197, 199, 222 Base plates 203

Base, slag 218

Baseball, indoor 172

Basins, hospital 51 Basket ball 172

Baskets, apple 203

Batteries, flashlight, packaging of 219

storage 122, 179, 184, 213 Beams, laminated wood 210

rolled iron 54 Bearing alloys 133

Bearings, antifriction 194, 225 Bed sheets, serviceability of 146 Beds 178, 194, 207 Beds and cribs, mattresses for 178 Beech flooring 205

Beef, dried 201

Bell Telephone System 227

Belting 49, 60, 61, 62, 64, 179, 223

Benzoic acid, thermal expansion of- 137

Better Fabrics Testing Bureau 217

Beverage bottles 173, 198

Bibliography on standardization 231

Bins, table 199

Biological products 96, 188, 196

Birch flooring 205 Bituminous road building materials- 50,168 Bituminous pavements 187

Blades, hacksaw 200, 226 mowing machine 56

razor, packaging of 219

Blades for truck scrapers 186

Blankets 56, 177, 209, 217

Blanks, thread plug and ring gage— 176

Blinds 206

Block, gypsum 200

Block pavements 215

Block signal, railway 184

Blocks, paving, wood 50

Blouses, boys' 192 Blow torches, gasoline 218 Blower systems 190, 213

Blowers, centrifugal 186 Blowpipes 203

Board, binders 194

insulating, fiber 220

roofing, asphalted 50

Boards, gypsum 200

Boiler Code, A. S. M. E 187

Boiler drums, welding of 189 245
246 INDEX

Page

Boiler plates 56

Boilers, gas, industrial 177

range 198 steam 53, 63, 201, 209

Bollards 62,63

Bolts 49, 53, 61, 63, 207, 224, 226 Bone plates, steel 174, 178

Bonds, rail 188

sizes of 230 Bookbinding 199

Bottle-washing compound 173

Bottles, beverage 62, 173, 198

hot water 51 milk * 52, 65, 203 Boxboard 195, 221 Boxes (containers) 207,217,221

outlet 213

set-up 217

Boxing, athletic sport 172 Braided water hose 223 Brake testing 173, 216

Brakes, automobile, safety code for_ 216

Brass alloys 224 Brass melting pots 221

Breakers, air circuit 213

Brick 53, 61, 62, 63, 117, 176, 185, 196

Brick masonry materials 117

Brick pavements 187, 215

Brick, sand-lime 223

Brickwork, steel columns encased in_ 112

Bridge wire 131

Bridges, highway, specifications for_ 173, 223

Briquettes, coal 58 Broad silks 224

Broadcast receivers 227

Broadcasting 73 Brush wheels 175

Brushes, electric motor 62

paint 217

Buffing wheels 198

Builders' hardware 201, 217

Building and housing 111

Building codes 111, 195, 197, 214

Building construction and materials- 56,

58, 63, 111, 206

Building regulations 62 Building stone 144, 168

Building units, concrete 221

Buildings, school, lighting of, code

for 212

ventilation of 186

Bullets, identification of 127 Buoys 74 Bureau of Standards 97 Burglar alarm systems 228

Burial vaults, concrete 174, 221

Burners, oil 180. 209, 228

range 228

Bushings 63

Busses, trolley, fire protection for 213 Butt hinges 201 Butter tubs, standard dimensions of_ 191

Cabinets 206, 228

Cables 49, 52, 54,

62, 66, 165, 168, 169, 185, 188, 202, 204

Cafeteria chinaware 189

Cafeteria counters 199 Calcium chloride 169 Calcium sulphate, heat of solution

of 130

Calendar, world 230

Calendars, safety code for 203

Calking cements, plaster 144 Canadian Electrical Code 53 Cancer 96

Candle, international, maintenance

of 119 Cans 198, 203, 206, 210, 219, 221 Canvas 219 Cap sheets, membraneous 168

Caps, cup, ice cream 198, 203

milk bottle, sizes and dimensions

for 203

Pag©

Carbon steels 49, 224

Carburetor mountings 224

Carpentry 50

Carpets 56, 145 Car cards 205, 217, 229 Car retarders 185 Car seals 185

Car service rules, code of 185

Cars, mine and refrigerator. _ 50,183,223

Cartons, ice cream 198, 203

Cartridges 202

Case leather 226

Cast iron, corrosion of 196

gray 199

heat treatment of 168

high strength 131

Cast iron pipe and fittings 50, 189,

195, 208, 213

Cast stone 49, 114, 174, 196, 221

Castings, iron and steel 49, 62, 167, 168, 189, 208, 224, 226

Cedar lumber 229 Cement 60, 61

63, 169, 186, 113, 213 Cement and concrete pavement 187 Cement Reference Laboratory 114 Cement rock quarrying 218

Central Committee on Lumber Stand- ards 170

Centrifugal pumps 191 Ceramic materials 116, 174

Cereal straws, paper from 148

Certified milk 172, 196

Chains 62, 218, 225

hospital 51 Charcoal 62

Cheese, cottage, containers for 198, 203

Cherries, canned 195 Chimney construction 186 Chinaware 189

Chlorine, fastness to 173 Chromium, electrodeposition of 199 Chromium plating 138 Chutes 50

Circles, precision 135

Circuit breakers 53

Circular saws, woodworking 218

City planning and zoning 112

Classifications of freight 197

Clay, plastic, abrasive action of 117

Clays and clay products 118,

174, 185, 196, 226

Classification and designation of sur- face qualities 187

Classification of lubricating oils 224

Cleaners, vacuum 190

Cleaning compounds 207

Clinical laboratory 96

Clinical thermometers 178, 219

Clocks, electric 53

Closet lining, red cedar 190, 214

Cloth, abrasive 172

cotton, for rubber and pyroxylin

coating 198,223

Holland 168

screen, wire, insect 229

testing of . 168

wire, Fourdrinier 229

Clothes dryers 177

Clothing terminology 177

Cloths, wiping 219 woolen 168

Clubs, golf 228

Coaches, highway 223 Coal—1— 56, 74, 168, 190

bituminous, mining of 179, 210

Coal dust, explosibility of 75 Coal mines, bituminous, use of explosives in 196, 202

drainage of 165, 196

rock dusting of 196

locomotives for 180, 212

Coal, sampling and analysis of 52, 61 Coal sizes 63

Coal systems, pulverized 218

Coating, zinc 189 Cocoanut oils 180, ^11
INDEX 247

Page

Codes, building 195, 214

car service rules 185

electricity meters 212

evaporator test 178

fire protection equipment 209

power-test 187

protection against lightning 179

refrigerators 187

safety, standard 208

street-traffic signs, signals, and

markings 173

the lighting of school buildings— 212

unfired pressure vessels 174

vehicle 211

Coffee boxes 2^1 Coke 55, 61, 169

Cold-water paints 214

Colorimetry 118

Colors for sanitary ware ^OJ Columbus laboratory of the Bureau

of Standards 117 Combustion in engine cylinder 111

Combustion, phenomenon of 111 Commercial forms 208 Commercial screens 212 Commercial standardization work of the Bureau of Standards 102 Commercial standards 119 Committee on Uniform Street and

Sanitation Records 210 Communication, railway 227 Compounds, cleaning 207

Compressors, air 197, 223

refrigerating _ }°J Concrete 50, 113, 174

Concrete aggregates 2^1

Concrete arches 186

Concrete building units 221

Concrete, cement, Portland 185

Concrete mixers 191

Concrete pavements 186

Concrete, ready-mixed , 215

reinforced 174,197

building code for 197

reinforcing bars for 112 Concrete ribbed floor 197

Concrete structures 49

test methods for 168 Condensers 53 Conductors, hard-drawn aluminum— 179

working, overhead _ 188

Conduit, flexible, nonmetallic 213

flexible steel 228 Conradson carbon residue 166

Constants, tables of 216

Construction, overhead, trolley bus— 188

track and pavement 188

Containers, canned food 56, 195, 198, 199, 203, 205, 219, 221

Containers for compressed gases 63

Containers, fiberboard 208

shipping 183, 195, 197, 203

solid-fiber 221

steel, for compressed gases 62

storage, for liquefied petroleum

gas 197

Controls, receiver 222

Control apparatus, electric railway- 165

Convection, heat transfer by 126 Conveyors and conveying machinery,

safety code for 210, 225

Conversion tables 53, 166

Cookers, gas 58

Cooperative fuel research 181 Copper alloys 224

Copper, electrodeposition of 199 Copper research 197 Copper roofing 134 Core materials 216

Core screws 63 Corn oil 180

Cornstalks, insulating board from— 147

Corrosion of cast iron 196

Corrosion of metals 132, 199

Cotter pins 54, 65 Cotton cloth for rubber and py- roxylin coating 198

Page

Cotton fabrics 227

fastness of light to 207

Cotton goods 202, 227

Cotton textiles, hospital and insti- tutional . 178

Cotton textiles for aeronautics 146

Cotton waste 209

Cottonseed products 180, 211, 220

Council on Dental Therapeutics 175

Counters, cafeteria 199 County purchasing agencies 151

Couplings 53, 56, 58, 63, 66, 166, 224

Cover paper 198

Covers, cotton fabric . 198 manhole 227 Cranes 49, 193, 223, 224, 225

Creosote oil 189

Cribs and beds, mattresses for 178

Crossings 185, 205, 211

Crystallography of organic com- pounds 137

Cups, ice cream 198, 203 Currency paper 136

Currents, electrical 54

Cushions, hospital 51 Cut nails 217

Cut-outs, electrical 52 Cut tacks 217

Cutlets, pork feet 201

Cutters, milling 49, 206

Cyanide plating baths 115

Cylinder locks 201

Cylinders, acetylene gas 203

compressed gas 197

Cypress lumber 213, 225 D

Dams 186 Dansk Standardiseringsraad (DS) 55 Decimal classification 58 Deck equipment for vessels 174

Definitions, electrical 179 Dental instruments and materials 58, 120, 175

Derricks 225

Dial lamps 222

Diameters, standard 56, 61 Diaphragm pumps 191

Die castings 224

Dielectric strength, testing for 169

Diesel engines 198

Diesel fuels 168

Dining-car chinaware 189

Discus 172

Disease, nomenclature of 73

Disinfectants 207

District heating 212

Dividing engine, precision 135 Domestic and industrial fuel oils_ 180, 181 Doors 63, 166, 201, 206

Doubletrees, sizes for 218

Douglas fir 229 Down (feathers) 194

Draglines . 223 Drain tile 175, 196 Drainage of coal mines 165

Drawings, technical 55, 56, 61, 62, 66 Dress trunks 214

Dressings, surgical . 174, 178

Dried beef 201

Drill fittings, diamond-core 181, 198

Drills 61, 63

twist 206 Drinking fountains 182, 189 Drugs 72, 96, 175, 181, 194, 216, 228 Drums, boiler, welding of 189

Dry-cleaning solvents 146, 207 Dry skim milk 176 Duralumin, prevention of ombrittle- ment of 133 Dust explosions, safety code for the prevention of 165, 222

Dusts, inflammability of 75 Dyed fabrics, fastness to light of 173 Dyes 145

Dyestuffs, fastness of 173
248 INDEX

E

Page

Earthenware, crazing of 116

Earthquakes, accelerometers for study

of 128 Earth roads, lime treatment of 214

Earth's strata, measuring tilt of 128 Egg classification 58

Electric lamps, incandescent 193

Electric motors 62 frame dimensions of 212

Electric railway control apparatus 165

Electric tools 213

Electric welding 213

Electric welding apparatus 212

Electrical cable 62

Electrical codes 140

Electrical Congress, International 13

Electrical control apparatus, industrial 179

Electrical definitions 179

Electrical equipment in metal mines- 165

Electrical instruments, developmentof_ 121

Electrical insulation 193, 216

Electrical machinery and apparatus- 51,

53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62. 65, 208, 212

Electrical materials 66

Electrical measuring instruments- 179, 213

Electrical units and measurements— 120

Electricity meters, code for 212

Electroacoustic devices 202

Electrolysis, volume change at an

electrode during 115

Electroplated coatings 138

Electroplating 176

Electrotechnical Commission, Inter- national 9 Electrotypes 203

Electrovisual devices 202

Elevator belting 223

Elevators 50, 53, 129, 225

Emulsions, photographic 137 Enamel 174 Enamels, vitreous 124

Encyclopedia of specifications 142 Engine performance, effect of air hu- midity on 111 Engine stops 193 Engine valve-seat rings 224

Engines, aircraft 93

Diesel 198 motor vehicle 224

Envelopes 50, 56. 66, 92

Escalators, safety code for 225 Ether 169 Evaporator test code 178 Excavating machines 223

Explosibility of coal dust 75

Explosives 75. 195, 202

Extinguishers, fire, soda acid 22S

Extrusion machines for clay 117

Fabrics 199, 202, 207. 217, 219, 227 Face brick 176, 196 Factory lighting, code of 201 Fans 186

Fatigue testing, high frequency 132 Fats — 220

Feathers 194

Federal-aid road construction 71 Federal standardizing agencies 69 Feed stuffs — 192

Felt 168

Felt fibers, durability of 191 Fence posts, concrete 185

Fencing, wire 168 Ferromolybdenum 168 Ferrotungsten 168

Ferrous materials 63, 67

Fiber insulating board 220

Fiber twines, hard 198

Fiber board containers 20S

Field intensity measurements, radio_ 139

Files 53,61,217

Filing equipment, steel 208

Film, motion picture 225 sound 225

Page

Filters, glass, standard us

water, pressure 189, 192

Fir, Douglas and white ' 229

Fire-alarm signaling system 223

Fire apparatus 209

Fire appliances 213

Firebox steel 213

Fire clay, thermal dilatation of 116

Fire extinguishers, soda acid 228

Fire extinguishing pumps 51

Fire-fighting equipment in metal mines 223

Fire hazards, marine 213

Fire hose 56, 223, 228

Fire prevention 185

Fire protection apparatus 62, 191, 209

Fire resistance 122

Fire safety 212

Fire tests of timber 168

Fish oils 192

Fishing nets 73

Fittings, cast-iron 50, 58,

60, 61, 62, 63, 66, 165, 184, 198, 201, 203, 224 Flammable liquids 213

Flanges 63, 223

bolting, for temperatures above

750° F 168

integrally forged, for hydroelectric

units 166

neck, pipe, welding of 201

pipe 61,201

Flashlight batteries, packaging of 219

Flatirons, electric 193

Floor and wall openings, safety code

for 165

Floor, coverings for 113 formed sheet steel 112

ribbed, concrete 197

Floor tile 50

Flooring 205, 221

Flour 206

Flour mills, fire protection of 213

Folding boxes 217,221 Food preservation 74 Foreign standardizing bodies 47 Forged tools 217

Forgings 62 Forms, commercial— 50, 58, 194, 208, 209

Formulas, washroom 205

Foundries, safety code for 140 Foundry equipment 176 Foundry patterns of wood 166, 205 Foundry problems 130 Foundry refractories 198, 205 Foundry sands, grading 176

Fountains, drinking 182, 189 Frames, manhole 227

Freight-car heaters 223

Freight, classifications of 197 Frequency standards, radio 138

Friction and lubrication 123 Frogs 185, 205

Fruit containers 203

Fruits, canned 195

Fuel dopes 110

Fuel equipment, pulverized, installa- tion and operation of 221

Fuel oils, domestic and industrial 168,

180, 181, 208, 223

Fuel research, cooperative 181

Fuels 51, 67. 110, 168, 209

Furnaces, warm air 67, 186, 193, 219

Furniture 53, 62, 207, 218

Fusees, red, five-minute 184 Fuses 66,213

Gages 53, 64, 128, 148, 149, 178, 181 Gaging systems, sheet metal 225

Galvanized coatings, test for 133 Garage heaters 177 Garages 184,213 Garden hose 217 Gas 176
INDEX 249

Page Gas analysis and service 123 Gas appliances 50, 124, 177 Gas boilers, industrial 177 Gas carburizing 188

Gas, city 213 Gas cocks 58

Gas, elimination of hazards in use of_ 124

Gas-heated ironers 177 Gas machines, gasoline vapor 213 Gas masks 63 Gas meters 58 Gas oils, testing of 166 Gas ranges 165, 177 Gas refrigerators 177 Gas regulators 203 Gas tubing, flexible 177 Gas water heaters 177

Gases, compressed 203, 213, 218

Gases, liquefied 213

Gases in metals 131

Gases, petroleum, liquefied 209

Gases, P-V-T data for 137

Gaskets 184

Gasoline 110, 168, 169, 209

Gasoline blow torcbes 218

Gasoline vapor gas machines 213

Gearing, spur and helical 49 Gears 177, 188, 194

Geodetic activities, international 8 Girder rails 213

Glass 50, 174, 266

Glass containers 195, 198, 199, 205

Glass, nonshatterable, tests for 166

Glass, optical 124

Glassware, laboratory 53, 208

Glazing 50, 206

Gloves, surgeons' 178, 223

Glycerine 192, 199 Gold alloys, wrought 175

Golds, inlay casting 175

Golf balls and clubs 228

Golf shafts, hickory 214 Grain 206

Grain scales 141 Grain standards 199 Granulated slag 218

Grapes, muscat, canned 195 Gravel 189, 218

Gravity, absolute determination of- 137

Gravity measurement 216

Greases, vehicle 51 Grey goods 199

Grinding wheels 200 Ground thread taps 205 Guard rails 205 Gypsum 50, 58, 130, 169 Gypsum products 130, 200

Hacksaw blades 200, 226 Hampers, apple 203 Hand trunks 214 Handball 172 Handbook of Physical Therapy 180

Handles, ash 190

hickory 201 Hardware, builders' 201, 217 Hardwood lumber 213, 214, 200, 220 Hardwood molding 200 Harrows 56 Hay, baled 214

Headlight adjustment 173

Headlight testing 173

Hearths, brick 51

gas 58 Heat and temperature measurement- 125 Heat transmission 216

Heaters, freight-car 223

water, gas, garage and electric— 58, 177, 190, 193 Heating appliances 50

Heating, district 212 Heating systems 186, 200, 219

Helium, liquid, electrical properties

of — 126 Hemlock lumber 220,229,

Hickory golf shafts 214

Page

Hickory handles 201 Highway bridges, specifications for. Highway coaches Highway crossing signs and signals- Highway trucks Hinges, butt . Hockey, ice Hoisting appurtenances

Hoisting chains

173 223

185 223

201

172

62 218

Hoists 49, 225

Holders, lamp, base 228 Home economics 177 Home financing 112 Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia of the United States 179 Hoops 191

Horological Institute of America 147

Horticultural nomenclature and

standards 172, 187

Hose, aviator's 56, 138, 207, 217, 223, 228

Hosiery boxes 207

Hosiery lengths 207

Hospital and institutional cotton

textiles 178

Hospital equipment 51, 63, 178, 189

Hospital plumbing fixtures Hot plates Hot-water appliances . Hot-water heating Hot-water supply apparatus

Hotel cbinaware

Hotel and restaurant ranges House painting Household refrigerators

Hulls, cottonseed

fusion welded . Humidifier practice in baking plants. Hydrants

Hydraulic pumps

Hydraulics.

189

177

50

186

51 189

177

53 179

211 189

186 189

201 126 Hydrogen, isotopes of 137, 143

I Ice chest sizes 49

Ice cream boxes 221

Ice cream cans 198, 203, 206

Ice cream cartons 198, 203

Ice cream cups 198, 203

Ice cream molds 198, 203

187 229

127

75 224 110

119

Ice plants, steam-driven. Idaho white pine

Identification problems

Ignitibility Ignition cable Ignition equipment, radio shielded Illuminants, color grading of Illumination, International Commission on Impedance bond

Implements, tillage 12 184

207

Incinerators 177, 223

Indicator cocks and cards 49

Inductors 222

Inflammability of dusts 75

Inlay casting golds 175

Inlay casting waxes 175

Insecticides, household 207

Institute of Scrap Iron and Steel 208

Instruments, aircraft 109 Instruments and appliances 127

Instruments, dental 58

electrical measuring-- 60, 61, 68, 179, 213

surgical 58

Insulating board from cornstalks 147

Insulating board, fiber 220

Insulating materials 166, 216

Insulating properties of rubber 139

Insulating tape 182, 185

Insulators 18, 51, 54, 56, 60, 62, 179

Interlocking plants, testing of 184

Interlocking rules, railway 184

International Commission on Illumi- nation 12

International Commission for Uni- form Methods of Sugar Analysis 18
250 INDEX

International Congress on Light

International Congress of Scientific and Applied Photography

International Electrical Congress

International electrical units, maintenance of International Electrotechnical Commission

International Federation of Standardizing Associations International geodetic activities International Scientific Radio Union.

International Standardizing agencies , International temperature scales Inter-Society Color Council

Ionized layer, height of Iridium, freezing point of radiation from molten

Iron, cast, gray magnetic properties of Ironers, gas-heated

Irons, electric Irrigation hydraulics

Isotopes of hydrogen

Janitor supplies Jar containers Javelin

Joiners' work

Joint Committee on Foundry Refractories Joint Committee on Pattern Equip- ment

Joint Committee on Raw Silk Classification Joint Concrete Culvert Pipe Committee

Joists, steel wood

Page

17

1613 120

9

13

812

3 126

182

139 126

119

199 168

177

54 186

137

218

201

172

53 176

176 224

175 226

229

Keene's cement 130 Kegs 191 Keys 54, 55, 56, 61, 66 Keyways 55, 61 Kitchen equipment 63, 199 Knife switches 213

Labeling 52, 54, 57, 60, 170, 217 Laboratory apparatus 223

Laboratory glassware 208 Lactone 144 Ladders for mines 180, 196 Lag bolts, standard packing of 226 Lamp sockets 62, 213 Lamps, dial 222

incandescent 52, 54, 62, 193, 213

signal and switch 185

Lanterns, railway 184 Larch 229 Lath 197 Lathe attachment for turning spherical surfaces 128

Lathe, centers 49, 60 Lathing 197 Laundering methods 204 Laundry stoves 177 Laundry tubs, cement 49 Laws, traffic, standardization of 196 Lead pipe, sizes of 204 League of Nations 70

Leather products 60, 63, 129, 179, 226

Ledgers, sizes of 230

Letter box plates 201

Letterheads 66

Levulose 145

Light waves, use of, for production

of end standards 135

Lighting, automotive 201, 224

Lighting, codes 166, 201

Lighting, electric, for cars and loco- motives 184

Page

Lighting equipment 201

Lighting installations 225

Lighting, school 201, 212

Lightning arresters, rods, and codes

58, 65, 179, 214

Lignite 61

Liquefied gases 213

Liquid soaps 208

Liquids, flammable 213 Lime 50, 58, 130, 174, 214 Limestone 174

Lines, pipe, petroleum [ 209

Lining, closet, red cedar 190

Lintels, concrete 49

Lithographic papers 136 Loaded paper shot shells 217 Loading platforms 225

Locks 58, 201 Locomotives 53, 180, 183, 212 Lovibond glasses, calibration of 118

Lowell Textile Institute 173

Lubricants 51, 58, 75, 224

Lubricating apparatus 58

Lubricating oils 123, 207, 224

Lugs, terminal 212 Lumber 62, 171, 190, 195, 210

213, 214, 220, 225, 229

Luminaries, residence-lighting 193 M

Machine bolts, standard packing

of 207, 226 Machine tool elements 206, 225 Machine tools 56, 66

Machinery, electrical 51, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 65, 208

laundry, safety code for 204

textile 58

Machines, adding 58

excavating 223

gas, gasoline vapor 213

weighing 218

Magnetic testing 122 Manhole frames and covers 186, 227 Manila rope 198, 228 Mannose, new compounds of 145 Manometers . 63, 66 Maple flooring 205 Mapping 186 Marine fire hazards 213 Marine products 192

Markings, code of 173

Markings, street traffic 196, 211 Masonry opening sizes. Masonry units, concrete. 223

221

Mattresses 178, 194, 207 Measurement, gravity 216 Measuring devices 211 Measuring instruments, electrical 213

Meats, smoked 201

Mechanical power-transmission apparatus, safety code for. 203, 210

Mechanical refrigeration 208

Mechanical sanitation 188

Medicinal plants 216

Medicines 228

Melting pots, brass 221

Mercury-arc rectifiers 179

Mercury, dental 175 Metal molding 213 Metal waste- _ 209

Metals, ferrous and nonferrous 56, 58,

61, 62, 63, 126, 130, 188, 199, 215 Meters 56, 58, 177, 189, 212 Metrology 134

Mica, grading of 169 Mileage voucher 88 Milk analysis 194 Milk bottles, sizes and dimensions

for 203

Milk cans 206 Milk products 172, 176, 192, 196

Mill lighting, code of 201

Milling cutter profiles for dressing lumber 63

Milling cutters 49, 206
INDEX 251

Mills, flour, fire protection for. Mine cars Mine scales Mine timbering

Mine tools

.

Page

213

50 141 180

50 Mineral aggregates 219

Mines, coal 75

metal, electrical equipment in 165

wire rope for 196 Mining of bituminous coal 179, 210

Mirrors, mouth 175

plate glass 206,207

Misregister, investigation of 136

Mixers, concrete 191 Molding patterns 195, 200

Moldings, metal 213 wood 171, 214, 229

Molds, ice cream 198, 203 Molybdenum salts and compounds— 168

Mortars, volume changes of 114

Motion-picture apparatus 166, 225 Motor traffic 211 Motor trucks 224

Motor-vehicle specifications 111, 224

Motor-vehicle lighting 225 Motors 62, 179, 187, 193, 212

Mountings, carburetor 224

Nails, cut Naphtha, cleaners Narcotic drugs

National Directory of Commodity

Specifications National Formulary

National (governmental) standardizing laboratories National Hydraulic Laboratory

National industrial standardizing

bodies National Screw Thread CommissionNaval construction Neck yokes, sizes for Needles, dental hypodermic

New and nonofficial remedies

Nickel, electrodeposition of Nipples, pipe 181, 198, 201, Nitriding

Noise, reduction of, in airplanes

Nomenclature, horticultural pharmaceutical Nonferrous metals 62, 63, 67, Nonmetallic flexible conduit Nonmetallic materials Northeastern Lumber Service (Inc.)- Nutrition Nuts 51, 56, 61, 65,

Oak flooring Oil burners 53, 180, 209

Oil-burning equipments

Oil Heating Institute

Oils. 51, 62, 166. 16S. 180, 181. 189, 207. 208, 209, 211, 219, 220, 224. Ores 67, 165

Orifice meters 123 Outboard motor standards

Outlet boxes Ovens, brick gas Overhead construction, trolley bus Overhead systems

217

205

216

142

181

22 126

47

9456

218

175 180

199 208

188

108

181 181

131 213

61 220

74 224

221 228

213

180

37, 192, 223, 189 177 224 213

51

58 188

212

Packing, fruit and vegetable 63 Padlocks 184

Pads, sterile gauze _ 174

Paint brushes 217

Paints 50. 60, 62, 169, 181, 202, 214 Paper 56, 135, 198, 205, 209, 216, 222

abrasive 172

Page

Paper bags 217 Paper shot shells 226

Paper sizes 56 r 58, 62, 64. 66, 181, 204, 208, 230

Paper, toilet 227 waste 209, 229

Paraffin waxes 166

Parks, amusement, safety code for 210

Partitions, soundproofed 113

Paste, wood 210

Patterns, foundry, wood 166, 205 marking of 49, 53 molding , 200 Pavements 186, 187, 188, 215

Pavers 191 Paving blocks, wood 50 Paving brick 215 Paving materials 63, 169 Peaches 195 Peanut oils 181,211

Pears, canned 195

Peas, canned 195

Permeability of concrete 168

Petroleum, gumming of 216

hydrocarbons from 115

Petroleum oil tables, extension of 149 Petroleum pipe lines 209

Petroleum products 56, 166, 167, 215

Pharmaceuticals 96, 181

Pharmacopoeia of the U.S.A 228

Phase-equilibrium diagrams 138 Photography 136

Photometric standards 201 Photometry 118

Physical constants 137

Physical Therapy, Handbook of 180 Pigments 49-

Piles, concrete 213

timber 213

Pillows 178. 194

Pin reamers 206

Pine lumber 226, 229

Pinions 194

Pins 56^225

Pipe flanges 61, 165, 166, 201

Pipe, metallic and nonmetallic 50r 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 65, 168, l69y 175, 184, 189, 192, 195, 196. 201.

203, 204, 205, 209, 212, 213, 223, 226. Pipe nipples 181, 198, 201, 208

Pipe systems 53, 66, 186

Piping, pressure, standard code for 208

refrigerating 179

Piston rings 224

Planks 226,279

Plants, medicinal 216

power, electrical equipment of 194 woodworking, safety code for 203,

210, 221

Plastering 197, 214

Plasters, gypsum 200

Plates, base 203

bone, steel 174, 178

flat, strength of 108

letter box 201

light 193

printing 203

rating 51

tie, steel 192

vitreous 50

Platforms, loading 225- Platinum metals 115 Playground apparatus 216

Plows 207

Plugs, electrical 52, 213, 228 Plumbing codes 112. Plumbing equipment, standardization of 1ST

Plumbing fixtures 166, 189, 198, 202- Plumbing investigations 127 Plummer blocks 49

Plums, canned 195 Plywood 214

Pole butts, preservative treatment of_ 189

Pole vaulting 172

Poles, concrete 21

3

wood 188, 213, 221, 22T 151592—33- 17
252 INDEX

Page

Porcelain insulators 182 Pork feet cutlets 201

Portfolios for letters and documents- 63 Portland cement concrete 185

Posts, wood 229

fence, concrete 185

Pots, melting, brass 221 Power cables 202 Power plants, electrical equipment of_ 194

Power-test codes 187

Pressure piping, standard code for_ 208

Pressure and vacuum gages 178, 179 Pressure vessels 174, 189, 209, 216, 223

Pressure water filters 189

Pressures, test 56 Prime movers 212

Printing plates 203

Produce, grading of 220

Protection of industrial workers in foundries, safety code for 165

Protective coatings 138, 167

Protective equipment, rubber, line- men's 218

Prunes, canned 195

Publications of the Bureau of Standards 97

Pulleys 61. 63

Pulp, wood 193

Pulverized coal systems 218

Pulverized fuel equipment, installa- tion and operation of 221

Pulverizing systems for sugar and

cocoa, installation of . 165 Pumps 51, 58, 185, 191, 201 Purchasing agencies, county 151 Purchasing agencies, State 155, 160

Pyroxylin coated fabrics 199, 202

Pyroxylin rods, sheets, and tubes 222 Q

Quarrying, cement rockIt 218

Racks 199

Radiator glycerine 199

Radiators 51, 61, 186, 201 Radio apparatus and equipment 53, 165, 179, 138, 202, 222 Radium tests 144

Rags, woolen 209

Rail bonds 188

Rail contours 188

Rail joints, welded 174,216

Rail sections 188

Rail stanchions 63

Rail steel 131, 222

Rail steel reinforcing bars 222

Railing, safety code for 165

Railroad track scales 140

Rails 50, 54, 56, 205, 213 Railway communication 227 Railway electrification materials 184

Railway-grade crossings 211 Railway motors 179 Railway signaling devices 184 Railway track scales 218 Railway yards, electrical equipment

of 194

Railways, narrow-gage 62

steam, electrical equipment of 194 Range boilers 198 Range burners 228

Ranges, gas and electric 165, 177, 193

hotel and restaurant 177 Rasps 53, 217

Rating plates 51 Raw silk 215,224

Rayon 217, 224 Razor blades, packaging of 219

Reagents, pharmaceutical 96

Real estate forms 209 Reamers 49,62,206

Receiver controls 222

Receivers, radio broadcast— 165, 202, 227

Receptacles, lamp 213

Page

Records, preservation of 135

Rectifiers, mercury-arc 179 Redwood lumber 195

Records, fire protection of 123

Refractories 58, 116, 118, 168,

169, 185, 198

Refractory insulation 168

Refrigerating systems and equip- ment 53, 179. 187

Refrigeration 49, 208, 223

Refrigerator cars 223

Refrigerators 54, 165, 177, 179, 187

Regulators, gas 203

Reinforced concrete 174, 197

Reinforced concrete pipe 175

Reinforcing bars, rail steel 165, 197, 222

Reinforcing steel 197, 213

Research associates at the Bureau of Standards 98

Research, brass and copper 197

Reservoirs, gas 58

Residence wiring 203

Resins, synthetic 166

Restaurant equipment 177, 189, 199 Rims 227 Ring gage blanks 176

Rings, piston 224

valve-seat, engine 224

Rivet steel 50

Riveted joints, strength of 109

Rivets 49, 51, 56, 60, 61, 62, 65, 168 Road grading machinery, blade punching for 53 Road materials 169, 216 Road pumps, high pressure 191 Roadbed drainage 185 Roadbeds 50

Roads, earth, lime treatment of 214

Rockwell hardness testing 169

Rods, ferrous and nonferrous 169,

188, 197, 214, 222

Rollers, Cambridge and ring 56

Rolling stock, electrical equipment

of 194

Roofing materials 49, 75, 168, 228

Rope, manila 146, 198, 228

wire 49, 51, 194, 196, 225

Rosin 221 Rubber goods for hospitals 58 Rubber products 139, 167, 169, 178, 209, 223

Rules, building and classing steel vessels 174

car-service, code of 185

seed testing 194

S

Safes, burglary resistance of 228

Safety standards 140,208

Saggers, problems relating to 117 Sand 174, 176, 189, 218

Sand-lime brick 130, 223

Sanitary engineering 186

Sanitary ware, colors for 202

Sanitation equipment 63

Sanitation, mechanical 188

Saws, circular, woodworking 218

Scales, railroad and industrial 62, 140, 218

School furniture 218

School lighting 201

School supplies ~*-7OA %kl

Scrap, iron 53, 184, /US

rubber 209

steel 208

Screens, wire and cloth --—- 206, 212, 218, 229 Screw couplings, gas meter 58 Screw threads ^..--.^

Screws 49, 50, "

51, 56, 61, 62, 65, 66, 222, 224

Scuttles, deck, water-tight 166

Sealing tape, paper 2U0
INDEX • 253

Sections, drawn steel

rail Seed investigation Seed testing, rules for Seismometers, development of. Sensitometry, photographic

Service meters

Set-up boxes Sewer pipe, clay Sewers

Shackles

Page

53 1S8

71 194 128

136

189 217 196

62, 187

63

Shaft couplings 53, 166, 224

Shaft diameters 63

Shaft ends 63, 66

Shaft heights 51, 66

Shafts, golf, hickory 214

ventilation 50

Shanks, taper 63

Shapes, metallic 49, 62, 169 Sheaves 63

Sheet asphalt course 190

Sheet, magnesium alloy 169

Sheeting, rubber 178,223

Sheets 177

pyroxylin 222

Shellac 115, 147. 166, 228

Shells, shot, paner 217, 226

Shelves 2 199

Shingles 171, 191, 214, 220, 223

Shipbuilding, fittings for 62

Shipbuilding standards 166

Shipping containers 195. 203

Shirts 192 Shoe tapes 168

Shovels 223 Shower bath standards 172

Shutters 206

Sidewalks 187

Sieves 56

Signaling apparatus 213

Signaling circuits 184

Signaling systems, fire alarm 223

Signals, code of 173

street traffic 62, 196, 211

Signs, electric 53

Signs and signals, highway crossing- 185

Signs, street traffic 196. 211

Silks 215. 224

Simplified practice 141

Singletrees, sizes for 218

Sinks 199

Sirup, sugar strength of 195

Slabs, plaster, slag, and cement 50

Slag 50. 218

Slate 61. 75, 144, 191

Slices, pork feet 201 Smoked meats 201

Soaps 181, 192. 207, 208, 211

Sockets, electrical 52, 62. 66, 213

tube 165, 222 Soda acid fire extinguishers 228 Softwood lumber 220

Soil corrosion 138

Soil drainage 58

Solvents, dry-cleaning 168, 207 Sound equipment 225 Sound film 225

Soundproofed partitions 113 Soybean oil 181, 211, 219 Space heaters 177 Spark character, measurement of 110 Spark plugs 56 Spark testing of steels 134

Specific heats at low tempreatures 125

Specifications 89. 142

Spectrochemical analysis ' 143

Spectrographic analysis 167

Spherical surfaces/ device for turn- ing 128

Spindles, yarn, worsted 58

Spiral rods, steel 197

Splice bars 188

Splines 61. 224

Sponges, specifications for 174

Spools, porcelain . 51 Spring materials 134

Springs 188. 194, 207

Page

Sprinklers, automatic 223

Sprockets, transmission 225

Spruce 229

Stained paper 56

Stains, biological 196

Stairs and ladders for mines 180, 196

Stairwork 206 Stamp paper 136

Stanchions 62 Standard Code of the American Rail- way Association 184 Standard Handbook of Steel Construction 179 Standard safety codes 208 Standard samples 115

Standardization, bibliography on 231

Standardization of plumbing equip- ment 187

Standardization of traffic laws and

regulations 196

Standardizing agencies, international 3

Standardizing Associations, International Federation of 13

Standardizing laboratories, national governmental — 22

Standpipes, steel 189

State purchasing agencies 155. 160

States, cooperation with on weight and measures matters 150

Staves, barrel 191

Staybolt taps, spindle 206 Steam boilers 201, 209

Steam-driven ice plants 187 Steam heating 186 Steam railways, electrical equipment

of 194 Steam tables 199- Steam, thermal properties of 125 Steam unit ventilators, testing and

rating of 186

Steamer trunks 214

Steel_ 51, 53, 62. 168, 188, 192, 193, 213. 224

Sterile gauze dressings 174

Stoddard solvent 168, 207

Stone 61. 144

alluvial 58

Stone ballast, specifications for 185

Stone block pavement 187

Stone, building 168

cast 49. 114. 196, 221

natural 50, 62 paving 63

Storage batteries 179. 184, 213

Storage containers, liquefied petro- leum gas 197

Stoves, electric 54 laundry 177

Strap leather 226

Straw, baled 214

Street lighting, code of 201

Street maintenance standards 204

Street sanitation 215

Street traffic signs, markings, and

signals 173, 196, 211

Structural timber 226

Structures, concrete 49, 53 welded steel 50, 53

Stucco 197, 214

Sugar 144

Suitcases 214

Sulphonated oil 209

Surface qualities, classification and

designation of 166. 187

Surgeons' gloves 178. 223

Surgical dressings 174. 178

Surgical instruments 58 Surveying 58, 186

Sweetpotato starch 148 Swimming 172 Swimming pool standards 172

Swiss Technical Review 66

Switches 51,

52, 53. 54. 60, 185. 205, 213. 222

Symbols and abbreviations 52,

55, 58, 62, 63, 165. 166

Synchronous motors 187
254 INDEX

Table tops 199

Tables, hospital 51 steam 199

Tacks, cut 217 Tamarack lumber 220 Tank car devices, testing of 184 Tanks 109, 149, 189, 223 Tapes 168, 169, 182, 185, 200 Taps 205, 206

Tarpaulins 198, 219

Technical societies 172

Telegraph 185 Telephone 185

Television 222 Tents 198,219

Terminal lugs 212

Test bars 199

Test code, insulation 223

Testing and rating steam unit venti- lators 186

Testing, brake 216

Testing at the Bureau of Standards- 102

Testing machines, calibration of 127

Testing radiators 186

Testing steam heating boilers burning oil fuel . 186

Testing tank car devices 184

Tests of welds . 174

Textiles 55, 60, 62, 63, 145, 167

Textile machinery 58 Therapeutic accessories 147 Thermal expansion measurements 149 Thermocouple materials 126 Thermometers 66, 178, 219 Thimbles 63 Thread gages 181 Threads, screw 54, 61, 66, 224

Tidbits, vinegar pickled 201

Tie plates, steel 192

Tie rails 213

Tie rods 188

Ties, concrete 213

timber 213

Tile 49, 50, 61, 175, 192, 196, 226

Tillage implements 207 Timber 50, 62, 171, 226, 229

Timbering, mine 51, 180 Time measuring and recording in- strument 147

Timepieces, testing of 147

Tire tube sizes 223

Tires, balloon 227

railway car 52

Toasters, electric 193

Toilet paper 227 Toe boards, safety code for 165

Tomatoes, canned 195

Tools 50, 56, 66, 185, 213, 217, 225

Torches 203, 218

Torpedoes, track 184 Track construction 188 Track cranes 224 Track scale, railway 218 Trade associations 172 Trade standards 207

Traffic control system 184

Traffic laws, standardization of 196

Traffic, motor 211

Traffic signs, markings and signals- 62, 196, 211 Transformers 58, 62, 65, 165, 222, 228 Transmission belts 62, 64, 223 Transmission chains 225

Transmission, heat 216 Transmission lines 182

Transmitters, radio 202

Transportation 185

Trestles 223 Trimmers, wall tile 192

Trolley busses, fire protection for 213

Trolley-wire design 188

Trucks, colliery 58 motor j 224 Trunks 214 Tube sockets 222 Tubes 49, 51, 64, 65, 168, 169, 192, 222 vacuum 202

Page

Tubing, metallic and nonmetallic 61,

64, 108, 169, 212

Tubs, butter, standard dimensions of_ 191

Tubs, laundry, cement 49 Turnouts 205 Twine 198, 201 Twist drills 206 U

Ultra sonic waves 138

Ultra-violet dosage intensity meter 147

Ultra-violet radiation 147 Underwear, knit 191, 217

Unions, screwed, iron or steel 201

pipe 66

Unit weights for the purchase of re- agents 174 United States Pharmacopoeia 181

Units, concrete 221

Upholstery leather 226 Use of explosives in bituminous coal mines 196, 202 V

Vacuum and pressure gages 179 Vacuum cleaners 54, 190 Vacuum meters 63 Vacuum tube numbering 222 Vacuum tubes 165, 202

Valves 52,

53, 61, 184, 185, 189, 205, 223, 226

Vapor-lock investigation 110 Varnish 60, 181, 202 Varnish brushes 217

Vaults, burial, concrete 174, 221

Vegetable containers 203

Vegetable oils 220

Vehicle code 211

Vehicles, motor 224

Veneers 213

Ventilation of buildings 186

Ventilation, coal mine 180

Ventilation shafts 50

Ventilators 62 steam unit, testing and rating of- 186

Vessels, deck equipment for 174

pressure 174, 189, 209, 216

Veterinary biological products 188 Vinegar pickled tidbits 201 Vitamin research 71 Vitreous enamels 124

Vitrified brick pavements 215

Volley ball 172

Voltages, electrical 54,62,121

W

Wagons, farm . 63 Waidner-Burgess standard of light— 119

Waists, boys' 192 Wall paper 219, 229 Wardrobe trunks 214 Warehouse forms 194 Wares 174,202

Warm-air furnaces 219 Warm-air heating systems 219 Washers 51, 56, 61, 225 Washroom formulas 205 Waste . 209 Waste paper 229 Waste products from the land 147 Watch rate, study of 147

Water, absolute viscosity of 137 Water and sewage analysis 182 Water filters, pressure 189, 192 Water heaters, electric 193 Water, industrial, analysis of 167

refractive index of 137 Water softening plants 185 Water supply 53 Water, thermal properties of 125 Waterways 186

Waterproofing compounds 114 Waxes 133,166,220 Wear resistance of metals 133
INDEX 255

Page

Webbing, automotive 168 Weighing devices 211 Weighing machines 218 Weights and measures 148, 179 Welded steel floors, fire tests of— 122 Wheel contours 188 Wheels 60, 63, 227

Wheels, abrasive 66,200,203,226

brush 175

buffing 198

grinding 200

dental 175 Whiteware bodies, special low-fire__ 116 Whitewash 214 Windows 63, 206 Wiping cloths 219 Wire cloth, Fourdrinier 229 Wire rope 49, 180, 194, 196, 225 Wire screen 218

Wires, rubber covered 49, 51,

52. 53, 54, 62, 66, 165, 168, 169,

185, 216, 228

Wiring, electrical 49,58

Wiring installations 193

residence 203 underground 212 Wood, preservative treatments of— 189

Page

Woodworking plants, safety code

for 203, 210, 221 Wool blankets, labeling of 217 Wool processing 146 Woolen rags 209 World calendar 230

Wrestling 172 Wrought gold alloys 175

X-ray emission, grading of high volt- age 143

X-ray investigations 143

Xylose, from cottonseed hull bran and cornstalks 148

Yards, railway, electrical equip- ment of 194 Yarns 168, 192, 207, 217, 224 Z

Zinc 189, 199


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