### 2 

# Problem Formulation for the Environmental Fate
, Ecological Risk, Endangered Species, and Drinking

Water Exposure Assessments in Support of the Registration Review of Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil

Esters

CAS Registry Number s : 1689

- 84

- 5, 1689

- 99

- 2, 3861

- 41

- 4

PC Code s : 035 3 01

, 035302 , 128920

DP Barcode: 406427

Prepared by: N.E. Federoff, Wildlife Biologist Elyssa Gelman n, Fate Scientist U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Fate and Effects Division
Environmental Risk Branch I I 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW
Mail Code 7507P Washington, DC 20460 Reviewed by: Kristina Garber, Senior Biologist R. David Jones, Ph.D., Senior Agronomist Brian Anderson, Branch Chief



### January 22 , 2013

### 3 

## T ABLE OF 

## C ONTENTS



### 1. INTRODUCTION

................................ ................................ ................................ .................. 4

2. CONCLUSIONS FROM PREVIOUS ASSESSMENTS

................................ ....................... 4

2.1. Ecological Risk Assessments

................................ ................................ ........................... 4

2.2. Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

................................ ................................ ........... 5

2.3. Clean Water Act Programs

................................ ................................ ............................... 5

3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT

................................ ................................ . 5

3.1. Transformation Products

................................ ................................ ................................ .. 8

4. RECEPTORS

................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ 13

4.1. Effects to Terrestrial Species

................................ ................................ .......................... 14

4.2. Effects to Aquatic Species

................................ ................................ .............................. 16

4.3. Ecological Incidents

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 17

5. EXPOSURE PATHWAYS OF CONCERN

................................ ................................ ........ 19

6. ANALYSIS PLAN

................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 20

6.1. Stressors of Concern

................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 20

6.2. Measures of Exposure

................................ ................................ ................................ .... 20

6.3. Measures of Effect

................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 22

6.4. Endangered Species Assessments

................................ ................................ .................. 22

6.5. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

................................ ................................ ....... 22

7. PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF DATA GAPS

................................ ..................... 22

7.1. Environmental Fate

................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 23

7.2. Eco logical Effects

................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 27

8. REFERENCES

................................ ................................ ................................ ..................... 30 Appendix A. Submitted Environmental Fate & Ecological Effects Studies

............................... 31 Appendix B. Ecological Effe cts Data

................................ ................................ .......................... 51 Appendix C. ECOSAR Toxicity Estimates

................................ ................................ ................. 58 Appendix D. SIP and STIR Results

................................ ................................ ............................. 60

### 4 1. I NTRODUCTION

This problem formulation provides a plan for analyzing data relevant to bromoxynil and bromoxynil esters and for conducting environmental fate and ecological risk, endangered species, and drinking water assessments for all current , active registrations . Additionally, this problem formulation is intended to identify data gaps, uncertainties, and potential assumptions used to address those uncertainties, relative to characterizing the ecological risk ass ociated with the registered u ses of bromoxynil and its esters.

Bromoxynil is a selective contact foliage

- applied herbicide used to control a variety of grasses

and broadleaf weeds. Bromoxynil inhibits photosynthetic electron transport and also uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, thereby stopping energy production and negatively affecting plant respiration. End use products are formulated with bromo xynil esters, which quickly break down to bromoxynil following application.

Bromoxynil was first registered in the United States in 1965 for use as an herbicide to control grassy and broadleaf weeds on wheat and barley. Bromoxynil a gricultural crop use s ites now include: vegetable, fruit, and seed crops ( e.g ., flax, spearmint, peppermint, garlic/onions , sweet

corn, pop corn ); food and feed crops ( e.g. , alfalfa, fallow land, cotton, grasses ); and grain crops ( e.g ., fiel d corn , flax, barley, oats, rye

, trit icale, wheat, sorghum, proso millet ). Non

- agricultural

uses include: fencerows, commercial and industrial lawns, conservation reserve program land, drainage ditch banks, ornamental herbaceous plants, ornamental (non

- residential) lawns, golf course turf, g rass seed production

, sod farms , railroad and roadside rights of way, vacant lot s, and outdoor industrial areas . Bromoxynil and its esters are formulated as wettable powder, emulsifiable concentrate, and soluble concentrate. Applications may be made by ai r, chemigation, and ground boom. The maximum single application rates range from 0.0 9 lb

ai/acre to 1.8 lb ai/acre with multiple applications allowed , up to 2.5 lb ai/acre per year for some

crops . There are no residential uses for this herbicide (USEPA, 2012)

.

2. CONCLUSIONS FROM PREVIOUS ASSESSMENT S

2.1. Ecological Risk Assessments

I n December of 1998 , the Agency issued a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) for

b romoxynil ( USEPA, 1998 )

. In November of 2004, the Agency released an analysis of risks to endangered and threatened salmon and steelhead from exposure to bromoxynil (USEPA, 2004a).

The assessment concluded that b romoxynil may affect salmon and steelhead food in high

- use areas and may adversely modify their critical habitat. Most recently, an assessment was conducted for a Section 3 New Use registration on grass grown for seed and sorghum in 2010 (USEPA, 2010 b ). In the 2010 assessment, data for bromoxynil octanoate w ere used to assess acute exposure and data for bromoxynil were used to assess chronic exposure. The major ecological risk conclusions from the se assessments are summarized in Table 1

.

### 5 Table 1 . Summary of Taxa at Risk Identified for Bromoxynil in Previous Assessment s

Type of

Risk Birds Mammals Terr estrial

Inverts Terr estrial

Plants Fish Aquatic

Inverts Aquatic

Plants

Acute Yes * Yes * No Yes Yes * Yes Yes *

Chronic Yes Yes NA NA No Yes NA

* R isk to federally listed threatened or endangered species only NA = Not Applicable



### 2.2. D rinking Water Exposure Assessments

The most recent drinking water assessment for bromoxynil was completed in 2010 for a new use

on g rass g rown for s eed and s orghum (USEPA, 2010 a ). The assessment was for a mixture of bromoxynil oct anoate and bromoxynil heptanoate but all calculations were performed using bromoxynil fate data due to rapid degradation of both ester s to the phenol. The assessment also updated drinking water values from a 1997 assessment of bromoxynil use on cotton (USEPA, 1997). Maximum exposure estimates of bromoxynil were 11.5 μg/L (1

- in

- 10

- year peak) and 0.19 μg/L (1

- in

- 10

- year annual mean) from sorghum use for surface water and 3.26 n g/L from cotton use for ground water.

The drinking water assessment for the RED relied on monitoring data from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Water Quality Program (NAQWA), "Pesticides in Groun d Water Database" (USEPA, 1992), and PRZM

- EXAM S modeling f or the use of bromoxynil on cotton, the use scenario most vulnerable for movement of bromoxynil to surface water (USEPA, 1998). NAQWA ground water data are available for 1993

- 1994 and included one detection ( concentration not specified) of bromoxynil from 2,245 samples. Maximum modeled exposure estimates of bromoxynil in surface water were 12.3 μg/L (1

- in

- 10

- year peak) and 0.24 μg/L (1

- in

- 10

- year annual mean). Based on fate properties and monitori ng data, ground water exposure

was assumed to be negligible . The analysis resulted in no chronic or acute risk of concern to
humans when using monitoring data or modeling data for the acute exposure and when using monitoring data for the chronic and cance r exposure.

2.3. Clean Water Act Programs

Bromoxynil and its esters are not identified as a cause of impairment for any water bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act. No Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) criteria have been develope d for bromoxynil or its esters. Aquatic benchmarks have been established for bromoxynil and its esters and are available at http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/aquatic_life_benchmark.htm . Any data submitted or otherwise located as part of the registration review process may be used to update aquatic life benchmarks if applicable.

3. E NVIRONMENTAL FATE AND TRANSPORT

Brom oxynil, also referred to as bromoxynil phenol, and two bromoxyn il esters, bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil heptanoate , are all registered with the Agency as active ingredients.

Details on these three structures can be found in Table 2 below. A third ester, bromoxynil butyrate (PC 035303), was previously registered with the Agency but currently has no active

### 6 registrations and is therefore not addres sed in this document. Fate data are available with which to assess bromoxynil and bromoxynil octanoate. The heptanoate ester was registered based on bridging of bromoxynil octanoate fate data and therefore no fate data are available for the heptanoate es ter

. Chemical properties for the heptanoate ester, including solubility, vapor pressure, and K OW 

### , are assumed to be similar to the octanoate ester (MRID 41324901). Chemical properties and environmental fate data for bromoxynil are summarized in Table 3 and data for bromoxynil octanoate are summarized in Table 4

.

Bromoxynil octanoate readily hydrolyze s to bromoxynil ( t 1⁄2 

### = 11.5

- 28 d at pH 7)

. Bromoxynil octanoate is slightly mobile (Koc = 1,003 L/kg OC 

### ) and non

- persistent. It dissipates in the environment by abiotic hydrolysis, photolytic degradation, and microbially mediated metabolism in both the aerobic and anaerobic environments. Bromoxynil octanoate rapidly degrades to bromoxynil in aerobic terres trial and aquatic environments (t 1/2 

### =2 and 0.6 d , respectively). Bromoxynil octanoate residues dissipated with half

- lives of 1 to 14 days in a terrestrial field dissipation study and residues were not detected below 15 cm soil depth.

There is no evide nce that bromoxynil degrades by abiotic hydrolysis at any measured pH (MRID 41892901). Residues of bromoxynil appear to be moderately mobile with three out of four soil

water partitioning coefficients (K d 

### ) less than three and apparent correlation with the soil organic

carbon content (K OC 

### s between 100 and 240). Bromoxynil rapidly degrades in aerobic terrestrial environments ( t 1/2 

### =1.3

- 2.1 d)

. Surface water and ground wa t er contamination may occur from bromoxynil, the common degradate of the ester formatio ns

.

Table 2 . Registered Active Ingredients Addressed in this Problem Formulation

Common

Name Chemical Name PC Code &

CAS No. Formula &

MW Structure

Bromoxynil 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile 035301

1689

- 84

- 5 C 7 H 3 Br 2 NO

276.91 g/mol

Bromoxynil

octanoate 2,6

- dibromo

- 4

- cyanophenyl

octanoate 035302

1689

- 99

- 2 C 15 H 17 Br 2 NO 2

403.11 g/mol

Bromoxynil heptanoate 2,6

- dibromo

- 4

- cyanophenyl heptanoate 128920

56634

- 95

- 8 C 14 H 15 Br 2 NO 2

389.08 g/mol



### Table 3 . Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Parameters of Bromoxynil

Parameter Value 1 Source

Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters

Vapor pressure (20°C) 2.5 x 10 - 6 torr, volatilization not a major source of dissipation MRID 42130101

Aqueous solubility (25 ° C) 211 mg/L , high solubility MRID 42087401

### 7 Parameter Value 1 Source

Henry’s Law Constant (20°C) 4.32 x 10 - 9 atm

- m 3 /mol

, u nlikely to

volatilize from water or wet surfaces (Calculated)

Log octanol

- to

- water partition coefficient (log K OW ) 1.04

, l ow hydrophobicity MRID 42333601

Log Dissociation constant (pKa) 3.86 MRID 42066401

Persistence

Hydrolysis half

- life (23

- 25 ° C) stable at pH 5, 7, and 9 MRIDs 00130424 and

41892901

Soil photolysis half

- life (25 ° C) No substantial degradation via photolysis on

soil observed MRID 41920402

Aerobic soil metabolism half

- life (21°C) 2.1 d , sandy loam

1 .3 d , loam MRID 00142958

Anaerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (20 ° C) 4.5 d (calculated using degradate data from the anaerobic aquatic metabolism study on bromoxynil octanoate) USEPA, 1997 (data from MRID

41892902/ 42234303 )

Mobility

Soil

- water distribution coefficient (K d ) 1.40 L/kg, loamy sand 1.60 L/kg, clay loam 2.90 L/kg, loam 12.54 L/kg, sandy loam Binding correlated with organic carbon

content MRID 00110429

Organic carbon

- normalized distribution coefficients (K OC ) 107.7 L/kg OC , loamy sand 193.3 L/kg OC , loam 228.6 L/kg OC , clay loam 238.9 L/kg OC , sandy loam Moderately mobile MRID 00110429

Un

- aged soil column leaching sandy loam & loam: 0.1

- 0.7% in leachate, majority in top 8 & 12 cm in soil columns

loamy sand & clay loam: 2.0

- 6.4% in leachate, distributed throughout columns MRID 00139590

Aged soil column leaching sandy loam & loam: 0.1

- 0.3% in leachate, majority in top 12 & 6 cm of soil columns

loamy sand & clay loam: 3.8

- 13.0% in leachate, distributed throughout columns MRID 00139590

1 Half

- lives were calculated using the single

- first order equation and nonlinear regression, unles s otherwise specified.



### Table 4 . Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate Parameters of Bromoxynil Octanoate 1

Parameter Value 2 Source

Selected Physical/Chemical Parameters

Vapor pressure (20°C) 1.39 x 10 - 6 torr

, v olatilization not a major route of dissipation MRID 41240104

Aqueous solubility (25 ° C) 3 mg/L , high solubility Hepta n oate: 1.87 mg/L MRID 41240103

MRID 42296401

### 8 Parameter Value 2 Source

Henry’s Law Constant (20°C) 2

. 4 6 x 10 - 7 atm

- m 3 /mol

, u nlikely to

volatilize from water or wet surfaces (Calculated)

Log octanol

- to

- water partition coefficient (log K OW ) 5.06 , high hydrophobicity MRID 00150216

Log Dissociation constant (pKa) 4.28 MRID 44906003

Persistence

Hydrolysis half

- life (23

- 25 ° C) pH 5: 34.1

- 43 d pH 7: 11.5

- 28 d pH 9: 1.5

- 1.7 d MRIDs 00130424 and

41892901

Aqueous photolysis half

- life (25 ° C) 4.6 d, pH 5 , corrected for dark control MRID 41920401/ 42234301

Soil photolysis half

- life (25 ° C) 55 d, sandy loam , corrected for dark control MRID 41920402

Aerobic soil metabolism half

- life (21°C) 2 d, sandy loam MRID 41897701/ 42234302

Aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (25 ° C) 0.6 d in total system, sandy loam sediment MRID 42364901

Anaerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life (20 ° C) 3.7 d in total system, sandy loam sediment MRID 41892902/ 42234303

Mobility

Soil

- water distribution coefficient (K d ) 7.0 L/kg, sandy loam MRID 00116557/ 00114338

Organic carbon

- normalized distribution coefficients (K OC ) 1,003 L/kg OC , sandy loam Slightly mobile MRID 00116557/ 0114338

Un

- aged soil column leaching sandy loam & loam: 2.7

- 18.2% in leachate

sand: 52.4

- 58.9% in leachate MRID 42271101

Aged soil column leaching sandy loam & loam: 3.6

- 26.8% in leachate

sand: 56.0

- 58.5% in leachate MRID 42271101/ 43775001

Field Dissipation

Terrestrial field dissipation half

- life; leaching depth 14 d (0

- 6” depth; CA Sorrento silt loam);

leached to 6”

1 d (0

- 6” depth; NC Norfolk sandy loam);

leached to 6” MRID 41653701/ 43071001

Fish Bioconcentration

Fish bioconcentration factors (steady

state); depuration rate 63 (edible), 400 (inedible), 230 (whole);

85

- 97% depuration in 14 days; 79% as degradate bromoxynil in fish tissue MRID 42277301a/

42277301b

1 In previous assessments, the chemical properties and environmental fate parameters for bromoxynil heptanoate were assumed to be the same as those for bromoxynil octanoate.

2 Half

- lives were calculated using the single

- first order equation and nonlinear regression, unless otherwise specified.



### 3.1. Transformation Products

Eight ma jor degradates of bromoxynil octanoate, including bromoxynil, were identified in the

environmental fate studies. Table 5 summarizes the transformation products of bromoxynil

### 9 octanoate and their maximum amounts formed. Bromoxynil is a major degradate in hydrolysis, soil photolysis, aerobic soil metabolism, and aerobic an d anaerobic aquatic metabolism

— all pathways studied with the exception of aqueous photolysis.

Two major degradates of bromoxynil were identified in aerobic soil metabolism pathways and

are summarized in Table 6

.

No degradates of concern were identified in the RED , as the degradates were not considered at that time. However, the degradates are now being considered for the registration review risk

assessment. As discussed in Section 6.1

, several aerobic soil and aquatic metabolites w ill be included in the ecological risk assessment unless data are submitted to allow EFED to exclude the degradates from the analysis.

### 10 Table 5 . Bromoxynil Octanoate and Its Major Environmental Degradates

Code Name/ Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.
(MRID) Maximum %AR (day) Final %AR (study length) 1

PARENT
Bromoxynil octanoate 2,6

- dibromo

- 4

- cyanophenyl octanoate

CAS No.: 1689

- 99

- 2

Formula: C 15 H 17 Br 2 NO 2

MW: 403.11 g/mol

MAJOR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS
Bromoxynil * 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile

CAS No.: 1689

- 84

- 5

Formula: C 7 H 3 Br 2 NO

MW: 276.91 g/mol Hydrolysis pH 5

41892901 35% (30 d) 35% (30 d) Hydrolysis pH 7 77% (30 d) 77% (30 d) Hydrolysis pH 9 76% (30 d) 76% (30 d) Soil photolysis 41920402 88.4% (21 d) 85.5% (30 d)

Aerobic Soil

Metabolism : Sandy Loam 41897701/

42234302 48.0 9% (4 d) 6.77% (90 d)

Aerobic Aquatic

Metabolism 42364901 78.77% (2 d) 4.56% (30 d)

Anaerobic

Aquatic

Metabolism 41892902/

42234303 48.48% (7 d) n.d. (182 d)

4

- hydroxybenzonitrile * CAS No.: 767

- 00

- 0

Formula: C 7 H 5 NO

MW: 119.12 g/mol Aerobic Aquatic

Metabolism 42364901 25.60% (14 d) 3.77 (30 d)

Anaerobic

Aquatic

Metabolism 41892902/

42234303 46.32% (21 d) 0.14% (182 d)

4

- cyano
- 2

- bromophenyl octanoate Formula:

C 15 H 18 BrNO 2

MW: 324.21 g/mol Aqueous Photolysis 41920401 14.9% (3 d) <0.1% (30 d)

3

- bromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile * CAS No.: 2315

- 86

- 8

Formula: C 7 H 4 BrNO

MW: 198.02 g/mol Aerobic Aquatic

Metabolism 42364901 12.10% (7 d) n.d. (30 d)

Anaerobic

Aquatic

Metabolism 41892902/

42234303 3.65% (28 d) n.d. (182 d)

### 11 Code Name/ Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.
(MRID) Maximum %AR (day) Final %AR (study length) 1

3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzoic acid * , 2 CAS No.: 3337

- 62

- 0

Formula: C 7 H 4 Br 2 O 3

MW: 295.91 g/mol Aerobic Aquatic

Metabolism 42364901 12.10% (30 d) 12.10% (30 d)

3,5

- d ibromo

- dihydroxy

cyclohexadienylnitrile Formula: C 7 H 3 Br 2 NO 2

MW: 292.91 g/mol Hydrolysis pH 5

41892901 10.4% (21 d) 7.0% (30 d)

Hydrolysis pH 7 10.7% (21 d) 6.3% (30 d)

Hydrolysis pH 9 7.9% (1.25 d) 2.4% (5 d)

Phenol CAS No.: 108

- 95

- 2

Formula: C 6 H 5 OH

MW: 94.11 g/mol Aqueous Photolysis 41920401 57.6% (30 d) 57.6% (30 d)

Phenyl carbamate CAS No.: 622

- 46

- 8

Formula: C 7 H 7 NO 2

MW: 137.14 g/mol Aqueous Photolysis 41920401 29.7% (21 d) 3.6% (30 d)

* Potential degradate of concern

1 n.d. = not detected

2 Degradate of bromoxynil

### 12 Table 6 . Bromoxynil and Its Major Environmental Degradates

Code Name/ Synonym Chemical Name Chemical Structure Study Type Ref.
(MRID) Maximum

%AR (day) Final %AR (study length)

PARENT
Bromoxynil 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile

CAS No.: 1689

- 84

- 5

Formula: C 7 H 3 Br 2 NO

MW: 276.91 g/mol

MAJOR TRANSFORMATION PRODUCTS

3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzamide * CAS No.: 3037

- 56

- 7

Formula: C 7 H 5 Br 2 NO 2

MW: 294 .93 g/mol Aerobic Soil

Metabolism : Sandy Loam

00142958 20.9% (3 hr) 1.4% (28 d)

Aerobic Soil

Metabolism:

Loam 21.6% (3 hr) 1.0% (28 d)

3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzoic acid * CAS No.: 3337

- 62

- 0

Formula: C 7 H 4 Br 2 O 3

MW: 295.91 g/mol Aerobic Soil

Metabolism : Sandy Loam 00142958 34.8% (1 d) 0.4% (28 d)

Aerobic Soil

Metabolism:

Loam 16.1% (1 d) 0.3% (28 d)

* Potential degradate of concern

### 13 4. RECEPTORS

Consistent with the process described in the Agency’s Overview Document (USEPA

, 2004 b ),

the risk assessment for b romoxynil will rely on a surrogate species approach. Normally the most
sensitive endpoint for each taxon is used for RQ calculations

. For the acute risk assessment here, a single “most sensitive endpoint” will be selected from the combined databases of bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, and bromoxynil heptanoate

. Only bromoxynil toxicity will be used to

assess chronic risk because the esters are expected to break down quickly to bromoxyn il in the

environment. Table 7 summarize s this approach. Assessment endpoints include direct toxic effects on the survival, reproduction , and growth of terrestrial and aquatic life, as well as indirect effects, such as reduction in prey base and/or modification of habitat. The evaluated taxa include freshwater fish, freshwater aquatic invertebrates, birds, small mammals, terrestrial invertebrates, alg ae, and terrestrial plants.

Table 7

. Relevant Toxicity Data for Assessment of Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Esters

Chemical Form Terrestrial Animals Terrestrial

Plants Aquatic Organisms

Acute Chronic Acute Chronic Bromoxynil X X X X X

Octanoate ester X

-- X X

-- H eptanoate ester X

-- X X

--



### Acute (short

- term) and chronic (long

- term) toxicity information is characterized based on registrant

- submitted studies and a comprehensive review of the open literature on b romoxynil

. Other sources of information, including use of the acute probit dose response relationship to establish the probability of an individual effect and reviews of the Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS), are conducted to further refine the charact erization of potential ecological effects associated with exposure to b romoxynil . A summary of the available ecotoxicity and incident information for b romoxynil is provided below.

Table 8 provides a summary of the most sensitive ecotoxicity endpoints submitted to the Agency

. A detailed summary of available toxicity data is provided in App endix B. Ecological

Effects Data

.

Table 8

. Measures of Ecological Effects for Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Esters

Assessment Endpoint Selected Surrogate Species and Measure of Ecological

Effect Source

Birds Acute Bobwhite q uail oral LD 50 = 148 mg ai/kg

- bw octanoate MRID 00 248229

Bobwhite q uail subacute dietary LC 50 = 1150 ppm octanoate MRID 00 248229

Chronic Mallard d uck NOAEC/LOAEC = 102 ppm/340 ppm

o ct a noate MRID 4 2004102

Mammals Acute Rat LD 50 = 81 /93 mg ai/kg bw M/F bromoxynil

Rat LD 50 = 400/ 238 mg ai/kg bw M/F o ct a noate MRID 00124758

MRID 00 124112

Chronic Rat NOAEL/L OAEL = 1.5 / 5.0 mg/kg/day bromoxynil MRID 00064815

Freshwater Acute Bluegill sunfish 96

- hr LC 50 = 0.0 29 ppm ai 94.8% h eptanoate MRID 43059601

### 14 Assessment Endpoint Selected Surrogate Species and Measure of Ecological

Effect Source

fish Chronic Fathead minnow NOAEC = 0.018 pp m ; LOAEC = 0.0 39

pp m 97.2% o cta noate MRID 41928301

Freshwater

invertebrates Acute Daphnia acute 48

- hr EC 50 = 0.031 ppm ai 94.8% heptanoate

Daphnia acute 48

- hr EC 50 = 0.0 1 1 ppm ai 36.6% octanoate MRID 43059602

MRID 00247924

Chronic Daphnia NOAEC = 0.0025 ppm ai; LOAEC = 0.0059 ppm

ai 97.2% o ct a noate

Daphnia NOAEC = 0.0026 ppm ai; LOAEC = 0.0053 ppm ai

60% octanoate MRID 41928302

MRID 40111001

Estuarine/

marine fish Acute Sheepshead minnow LC 50 = 0.170 ppm ai 97.2% octanoate MRID 42250601

Chronic No data

Estuarine/

marine

invertebrates Acute Mysid LC 50 = 0.065 ppm ai 94.9% octanoate Oyster 96

- hr EC 50 = 0.155 ppm ai 92.4% octanoate MRID 43487601

MRID 42244501

Chronic No data

Terrestrial plants Survival and growth Seedling e merg e nce : EC 25 = 0.014 lbs ai/A dicot lettuce (shoot weight) and >0.45 lbs ai/A for all monocots tested (shoot length) 94.8% h eptanoate

Vegetative v igor: EC 25 = 0.01 1 lbs ai/A cabbage (shoot weight) and 0.19 lbs ai/A ryegrass ( r oot wei gh t ) 94.8%

h eptanoate

Seedling e mergence : EC 25 = 0. 12 lbs ai/A dicot tomato (shoot length ) and <0.60 lbs ai/A for all monocots tested ( emergence & shoot length) 33.58% o ctanoate

Vegetative v igor: EC 25 = 0.01 7 lbs ai/A dicots cabbage &

tomato ( plant dry weight) and 0.37 lbs ai/A monocot onion ( plant dry wei gh t ) 33.58% o ctanoate MRID 43059603

MRID 43633701

Insects Acute

contact Acute contact LD 50 = 14.5 μ g/bee o ctanoate MRID 00018842

Aquatic plants Non

vascular Freshwater d iatom EC 50 = 0.051 ppm ai 97.2% octanoate MRID 41606001

Vascular Lemna gibba EC 50 = 0.219 ppm ai 94.8% heptanoate MRID 43059604

LD 50 = Lethal dose to 50% of the test population; NOAEC = No observed adverse effect concentration; NOAEL =

No observed adverse effect level; LC 50 = Lethal concentration to 50% of the test population; EC 50 = Effect concentration to 50% of the test population; IC 50 = concentration resulting in a 50% inhibition in the test population response ( e.g. , growth)



### 4.1. Effects t o Terrestrial Species

Available terrestrial toxicity data are summarized below. Toxicity reference values are further

characterized in Table 8 and Appendix B. Ecological Effects Data

.

### 15 Avian Bromoxynil , heptanoate, and octanoate are moderately toxic to practically non

- toxic to avian species on an acute oral basis and slightly toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis.

B romoxynil octanoate can impair the reproduction of birds at dieta ry concentrations greater than 102 ppm. Effects included number of eggs laid and set, number of viable embryos, number of

live 3

- week embryos, and lesions of old yolk peritonitis or regressing ovary

. Avian reproduction

studies with b romoxynil and bromoxy nil heptanoate have not been submitted.

Mammals

Bromox ynil, heptanoate, and octanoate are moderately toxic to small mammals on an acute oral

basis. A rat acute oral LD 50 

### study with bromoxynil resulted in an LD 50 

### of 93 mg/kg for female rats and 81 mg/kg for male rats and a study with octanoate resulted in an LD 50 

### of 238 mg/kg for

female rats and 400 mg/kg for male rats. A study with heptanoate resulted in an LD 50 

### of 292 mg/kg for female rats and 362 mg/kg for male rats (MRID 41324902).

A three

- generation Wistar rat reproduction study with technical grade bromoxynil reported a NOAEL of 1.5 mg/kg/day (30 ppm in food) and a LOAEL of 5 mg/kg/day (100 ppm in food) based on decreased body weight in F1 and F2 parents. The NOAEL for toxicity in offspring was 5 mg/kg/day and the LOAEL was 15 mg/kg/day (300 ppm in food) also based on decreased body weight, particularly in the F2 generation. No reproductive toxicity was observed at any dose

level.

A two

- generation rat reproduction study (MRID 411 49301 ) with technical grade bromoxynil reported a NO A EL of 4 mg/kg/day (50 ppm in food) and a LO A EL of 21 mg/kg/day (250 ppm in food) based on decreased body weight gain in F0 and F1 females before mating, during gestation and lactation and at study termi nation. In addition, possibly increased liver weights

were observed in both male and female adults. The NOAEL and LOAEL for toxicity in offspring were the same as for toxicity in the parents, based on decreased body weight gain during lactation and delay ed eye opening. No reproductive toxicity was observed in this study at any dose level.

Beneficial Insects A honeybee acute contact study with bromoxynil octanoate showed an LD 50 

### of 14.5 μ g ai/bee.

There is sufficient information to characterize bromoxynil octanoate as practically non toxic to

bees. No additional data are available for bromoxynil or bromoxynil heptanoate.

Terrestrial Plants
The most sensitive EC 25 

### values for non

- target terrestrial plants are 0.014 lbs ai/A for seedling

emergence and 0.011 lbs ai/A for vegetative vigor. Both values are for bromoxynil heptanoate effects on shoot weight. Data have also been submitted for bromoxynil octanoate, but not for bromoxynil. Toxicity data for terrestrial plants is typically requested for end use products and bromoxynil is not used in any currently registered end use products. It is expected that the bromoxynil esters would degrade to bromoxynil over the course of the submitted terrestrial plant

studies.

### 16 4.2. Effects t o Aquatic Species

Avail able aquatic tox icity data are summarized below. T oxicity reference values are further

characterized in Table 8 and Appendix B. Ecological Effects Data

Fish : Acute Exposure
The results of the 96

- h our acute toxicity studies indicate that bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are very highly toxic, and bromoxynil is moderately toxic t o freshwater fish. Bromoxynil octanoate is highly toxic to estuarine/marine fish on an acute basis. No
estuarine/marine fish toxicity data are available for bromoxynil or bromoxynil heptanoate.

Fish: Chronic Exposure The most sensitive chronic freshwater fish study that fulfills the guideline requirement for bromoxynil octanoate demonstrates a LOAEC of 18 ppb and a NOAEC of 39 ppb based on decreased larval growth, survival and embryo hatching success

. No chronic freshwater fish data for bromoxynil or bromoxynil heptanoate have been submitted. No c hronic data for

estuarine/marine fish have been submitted for any of the three active ingredients

.

The highest 60

- day estimated environmental concentration (EEC) for bromoxynil, the value used to assess chronic exposure to fish, calculated in previous assessments is 1.50 ppb, or 0.00150 ppm (sorghum use, USEPA, 2010b). The most sensitive 96

- hr bromoxynil LC 50 

### for rainbow trout is 2.1 ppm (Acc. # 260441). Therefore, the NOAEC for rainbow trout would have to be 3 orders of magnitude lower than the acute toxicity value to trigger a risk c oncern, based on a level of concern (LOC) of 1 for chronic risk. Table 9 shows ACRs (acute

- to

- chronic ratio s) calculated for aquatic invertebrates for bromoxynil octanoate and dichlobenil, another herbicide in the sam e chemical class . Data are not sufficient to calculate ACRs for fish, but based on the ACRs for aquatic invertebrates it is un likely that ACR s for fish would be ≥1,000. In addition, bromo xynil is considerably less toxic than the heptanoate and octanoate on an acute basis, and the available chronic data on the octanoate does not suggest that LOCs will be exceeded. Thus, we do not anticipate a chronic risk concern from fish exposed to bromo xynil.

Aquatic Invertebrates : Acute Exposure Bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are very highly toxic

, and bromoxynil is slightly toxic to

freshwater aquatic invertebrates. Bromoxynil octanoate is highly toxic to oysters and very highly toxic to estuarine/marine shrimp on an acute basis. No acute data for estuarine/marine invertebrates have been submitted for bromoxynil or bromoxynil heptanoate.

Aquatic Invertebrates: Chronic Exposure

Both chronic aquatic invertebrate studies are supplemental, but taken together they satisfy the guideline requirement for a life

- cycle aquatic invertebrate study for bromoxynil octanoate . The results indicate that aquatic invertebrate reproductive impairment may occur at bromoxynil octanoate levels greater than 2. 5 ppb. No c hronic data for estuarine/marine invertebrates have

been submitted for any of the three active ingredients

.

Using data from bromoxynil octanoate and dichlobenil, another nitrile herbicide, an ACR can be

calculated to estimate the chronic toxic ity of bromoxynil to aquatic invertebrates. These

### 17 calculations, summarized in Table 9 , use the most sensitive 48

- hr bromoxynil EC 50 

### for bromoxynil, which is 15.91 mg/L (MRID 00138087 ).

Table 9 . Acute to Chronic Ratio Calculations for Bromoxynil Toxic ity to Freshwater Invertebrates

Test Substance Daphni a magna 48

- hr EC 50 ( ppm ) Daphnia magna 21

- d NOAEC ( ppm ) ACR = 48h EC 50 /2 1

- d NOAEC Bromoxynil

Calculated NOAEC (15.91 ppm / ACR) Bromoxynil

octanoate 0.011 0.0025 4.4 3.62

Dichlobenil 6.2 1 0.56 2 11.1 1.43

1 MRID 40775001

. Burgess, D. (1987) Acute Flow

- Through Toxicity of Dichlobenil to Daphnia magna: Project ID. 36180. Unpublished study prepared by Analytical Bio

- Chemical Laboratories, Inc. 24 p.

2 MRID 40775002, 42224201

. Forbis, A. (1988) Chronic T oxicity of Dichlobenil to Daphnia magna Under Flow

Through Test Conditions: Project ID 36181. Unpublished study prepared by Analytical Bio

- Chemical Laboratories, Inc. 30 p.



### The most conservative bromoxynil NOAEC for Daphnia magna is 1.43 ppm, calculated using the ACR from dichlobenil. The highest 21

- day bromoxynil EEC , the value used to assess chronic exposure to aquatic invertebrates, calculated in previous assessments is 3.26 ppb, or 0.00326 ppm (sorghum use, USEPA, 2010b)

. Therefore, the NOAEC would have to be 3 orders of magnitude lower than the estimated value to trigger a risk concern, based on a n LOC of 1 for chronic risk. Thus, we do not anticipate a chronic risk concern from aquatic invertebrate exposure to bromoxynil.

Aquatic Plants No aquatic plant studies with bromoxynil have been submitted. Bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are highly to very highly toxic to a lgae and diatoms. Bromoxynil heptanoate is highly toxic to the vascular aquatic plant Lemna gibba

. No data have been su bmitted with bromoxynil octanoate for vascular aquatic plants.

4.3. Ecological Incidents

The Ecological Incident Information System (EIIS) was searched and m ultiple plant incidents involving b romoxynil

, b romoxynil octanoate , and bromoxynil heptanoate were repo rted. No incidents were reported in the EIIS for wildlife. No incidents were reported in t he Avian Monitoring System (AIMS) database, which is administered by the American Bird Conservancy

and contains publicly available data on reported avian incidents involving pesticides. S ee Table

10 below for a list of incidents reported in the EIIS

.

The number of documented incidents in EIIS is believed to be a very small fraction of total incidents caused by pesticides for a variety o f reasons. Incident reports for non

- target organisms typically provide information only on mortality events and plant damage. Sub

- lethal effects in organisms such as abnormal behavior, reduced growth and/or impaired reproduction are rarely reported, exce pt for phytotoxic effects in terrestrial plants. An absence of reports does not necessarily equate to an absence of incidents given the nature of the incident reporting.

In addition to the incidents recorded in EIIS, registrants have reported minor brom oxynil,

b romoxynil octanoate , and bromoxynil heptanoate incidents to the Agency in aggregate reports.

### 18 Registrants reported 42 mi nor plant incidents between 2000 and 20 1 2. Unless additional information on these aggregated incidents becomes available, they will be assumed to be representative of registered uses of bromoxynil and its esters in the risk assessment.

Table 10

. Incidents Reported i n EIIS for Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Esters

Incident # Date County State Certainty
Code 1 Legality
Code 2 Formul. Appl.

Method Total Magnitude
Agricultural Area

I012366

- 026 5/19/1998 Wexford MI 2 UN N/R Broadcast 82 acres

I008805

- 003 5/11/1999 Wabash IL 2 MA EC Broadcast 50% of 1/2

I012089

- 004 8/7/2001 Merced CA 2 RU EC Broadcast 33 acres Alfalfa

I013103

- 031 6/21/2002 Sherman NE 2 RU WP Broadcast 70 acres

Barley

I014123

- 022 5/29/2003 Morton NE 2 RU EC Broadcast 90 acres

I014123

- 016 5/29/2003 Stutsman ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 300 acres

I014123

- 017 5/29/2003 Morton NE 2 RU EC Broadcast 90 acres

I014216

- 033 6/2/2003 Wells ND 2 RU EC Unknown 180 acres

I014216

- 024 6/2/2003 La Moure ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 90 acres

I014216

- 010 6/2/2003 La Moure ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 90 acres

I014216

- 031 6/2/2003 Sheridan ND 2 RU EC Unknown 510 acres

I014216

- 028 6/2/2003 Sheridan ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 1300 acres

I014216

- 034 6/5/2003 Sheridan ND 2 RU EC Unknown 70% of 230 acres

I014216

- 030 6/12/2003 Sheridan ND 2 RU EC Unknown 130 acres

I014216

- 029 6/13/2003 Wells ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 420 acres

I014216

- 027 6/18/2003 Emmons ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 240 acres

I014216

- 025 6/18/2003 Emmons ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 360 acres

I015291

- 004 6/4/2004 Sheridan ND 2 RU EC Unknown 400 acres

I015291

- 006 6/11/2004 Stutsman ND 2 RU N/R Unknown 240 acres

I016328

- 032 5/21/2005 Cassia ID 2 RU EC Broadcast 149 acres

I016407

- 056 6/16/2005 Grant ND 2 M N/R Broadcast 32 acres

Corn

I010390

- 002 5/17/2000 Montgomery IL 3 RU EC Broadcast 11.3 acres

I010563

- 052 7/1/2000 Holt MO 2 RU EC Broadcast Unknown

I011723

- 083 5/21/2001 Macon IL 3 MA EC Broadcast Unknown

I011723

- 084 6/2/2001 ST Joseph IN 2 RU EC Broadcast Unknown

I011723

- 085 6/13/2001 Greeley KS 2 RU EC Broadcast ALL

I011723

- 086 6/14/2001 Decatur IN 2 RU N/R Broadcast ALL

I011723

- 087 6/21/2001 Miami IN 2 RU N/R Broadcast ALL

Corn, field

I017865

- 033 7/15/2006 Ogle IL 2 RU EC Broadcast 50 acres

I017865

- 032 7/15/2006 Ogle IL 2 RU EC Broadcast 62 acres

I012994

- 001 5/22/2002 Sussex VA 2 MA EC Broadcast 45 acres out of 85

I013430

- 025 6/21/2002 La Moure ND 2 MA EC Broadcast 90 acres out of

130

I013103

- 030 6/24/2002 Union IN 2 RU EC Broadcast 36 acres

I014216

- 026 6/12/2003 Emmons ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 160 acres

I014216

- 015 6/12/2003 Jackson MN 2 MA EC Broadcast 25 acres

### 19 Incident # Date County State Certainty
Code 1 Legality
Code 2 Formul. Appl.

Method Total Magnitude

I016595

- 038 7/14/2005 Scott IA 2 RU EC Broadcast 20 acres

I016662

- 027 8/26/2005 Washington IA 2 RU EC Broadcast 160 acres

Cotton

I014216

- 053 6/9/2003 Craighead AR 2 RU EC Band 400 acres

Lentils

I023302

- 022 8/2/2011 Hill MT 2 RU EC Broadcast 1500 acres

I023302

- 036 7/18/2011 Sheridan MT 1 RU EC Broadcast 64.8 acres

N/R

I012366

- 049 9/26/2001 CA 3 MA N/R Unknown 33 acres

I0211411017 6/29/2009 McCone MT 2 U EC Unknown N/R

Oat

I014216

- 032 6/2/2003 La Moure ND 2 RU EC Unknown 90 acres

I014216

- 011 6/2/2003 La Moure ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 90 acres

Onion

I014404

- 025 5/20/1991 Franklin WA 2 M Spray Spray N/R

I013563

- 003 5/3/1999 Fresno CA 2 MA Spray Unknown Unknown

Wheat

I001664

- 001 4/11/1994 Umatilla OR 2 MA EC Spray Unknown

I014216

- 043 6/6/2003 Pondera MT 2 RU EC Broadcast 500 acres

Wheat, spring

I014404

- 025 6/14/2006 GrandForksND 2 RU N/R Broadcast 60 acres

I013103

- 029 6/14/2002 Sheridan ND 2 RU N/R Broadcast 320 acres

I013430

- 022 7/8/2002 Foster ND 2 RU EC Unknown 165 acres

I013430

- 024 7/24/2002 Wells ND 3 RU EC Broadcast 360 of 670 acres

I013430

- 023 7/30/2002 Ward ND 3 RU EC Broadcast 200 acres

I014216

- 019 6/11/2003 Bowman ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 300 acres

I015291

- 021 6/3/2004 Hettinger ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 120 acres

I015291

- 022 6/3/2004 Hettinger ND 2 RU EC Unknown 120 acres

I016407

- 040 6/4/2005 Codington SD 2 RU EC Broadcast 69 acres

I023302

- 026 8/18/2011 Towner ND 2 RU EC Broadcast 125 of 245 acres

I023302

- 027 8/22/2011 Otter Tail MN 2 MI EC Broadcast 60 acres

Wheat, winter

I014216

- 042 6/6/2003 Pondera MT 2 RU EC Broadcast 400 acres

1 Certainty Code: 0=Unrelated, 1=Unlikely, 2=Possible, 3=Probable, 4=Highly Probable. N/R=Not Reported

2 Legality Code: RU=Registered Use, M=Misuse, MA=Misuse (Accidental), MI=Misuse (Intentional), U=Unknown



### 5. EXPOSURE PATHWAYS OF CONCERN

The environmental fate properties of bromoxynil and bromoxynil esters indicate that direct spray, spray drift, and runoff represent potential transport mechanisms of these chemicals to aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Drinking water and inhalation expos ure pathways were screened using the SIP (Screening Imbibition Program) and STIR (Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk) screening methods (see Appendix D. SIP and STIR Results for details)

. Potential

e xposure pathways of concern were found for bromoxynil for drinking water but not for

inhalation

. Neither drinking water nor inhalation was found to be a pathway of concern for

### 20 bromoxynil octanoate. SIP and STIR are described in detail at: http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/terrestrial/index.htm

.

6. ANALYSIS PLAN

6.1. Stressors of Concern

Ecological Risk Assessment

The stressors of ecologica l concern are bromoxynil oc tanoate, bromoxynil heptanoate

, bromoxynil and some bromoxynil degradates . Bromoxynil is not used as an active ingredient in any registered products, but is a de gradate of concern of the two esters

. Bromoxynil and its

esters ha ve many degradates identified in terrestrial and aquatic studies (see Table 5 and Table 6 for details). No toxicity data are available for these degradates, howev er ECOSAR analyses indicate that they are all likely to have toxicity to aquatic organisms within one order of magnitude of their parent compound (see Appendix C. ECOSAR Toxicity Estimates )

. Therefore, the ecological risk assessment will incorporate a total residues of concern approach in which degradates are included in half

- life calculations and assumed to have the same toxicity as their parent compo und unless data are submitted that suggest degradates are not of concern

. This approach will primarily affect the chronic exposure analysis, which will evaluate exposure to bromoxynil and its degradates only, and not the bromoxynil esters, which are expec ted to brea k

down to bromoxynil rapidly in the environment. The identified degradates that will be included in this approach include:

• Aerobic soil metabolites 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzamide, and

• Aerobic aquatic metabolites 3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzoic acid

, 3

- bromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile, and 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile

.

The ecological residues of concern may be re

- evaluated pending the receipt and review of additional environmental fate and toxicity da ta for bromoxynil, bromoxynil esters, and their degradates. If aquatic toxicity data are provided demonstrating lower toxicity for any of the degradates identified above , the TTR approach may be adjusted to exclude these compounds.

Drinking Water Asses sment

The surface and ground water drinking water assessments conducted to support future human health risk assessments of bromoxynil and bromoxynil esters will incorporate model estimates of bromoxynil , the residue of concern . The drinking water residue s of concern may be reevaluated pending the receipt and review of additional environmental fate and toxicity data for bromoxynil, bromoxynil esters, and their degradates.

6.2. Measures of Exposure

EFED will use standard available models to evaluate potential exposures to aquatic and terrestrial organisms and to humans via drinking water as described at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/sc ience/models_db.htm

.

### 21 EFED will use application scenarios that result in maximum exposure scenarios for a given use for the risk assessment. Any absence of information on the labels that specifies the maximum single application rate, the application int erval, the annual maximum rate allowed (lbs a.i./year), or application method will result in conservative assumptions as illustrated in the following examples:

• A maximum single application rate is specified with a re

- application interval of 7 days

without specifying a maximum annual rate may result in an assumption of 52 applications with 7

- day intervals;

• A label that does not preclude aerial applications will likely result in an assumption of aerial pesticide applications;

• A label that does not specify an application interval may result in assumptions of short application intervals s uch as 1

- or 3

- day intervals.

For the acute exposure analysis, each active ingredient (bromoxynil heptanoate and bromoxynil octanoate) will be modeled based on their maximum application rates. For aquatic environments, t hese acute exposure analyses will be conducted for both runoff and spray drift scenarios. Runoff analyses will be modeled in PRZM and EXAM S

. If bridging of fate data f or bromoxynil heptanoate to bromoxynil octanoate is determined to be an acceptable strategy, the model inputs for these esters will be identical and they will be modeled together

. Standard spray drift assumptions will be applied for the spray drift analys es.

Acceptability of the bridging strategy for the two esters will be determined based on hydrolysis and aerobic soil metabolism data. No fate data have yet been submitted for bromoxynil heptanoate. While the two esters are similar in structure, bromo xynil heptanoate may be more persistent than the octanoate form, as esters with side chains with odd numbers of carbon are often less metabolically active than compounds with even numbers of carbon of similar chain lengths. Therefore, the assumptions that bromoxynil heptanoate is behaving similarly to bromoxynil octanoate may not be conservative. Access to data on the rate of degradation of bromoxynil heptanoate would be beneficial in ensuring a more accurate depiction of how the compound breaks down. Du e to toxicity of the esters to animals, understanding the behavior of the esters is important and assuming the two esters behave the same may or may not be

reasonable.

For the chronic aquatic exposure analysis, only br omoxynil will be modeled because the esters are expected to break down quickly to bromoxynil in the environment. Alternatively, if appropriate tools are available, a formation

- decline model may be used to determine more precise concentrations of bromoxynil esters, bromoxynil, and other degra dates of concern over

time.

Screening level calculations have suggested that the drinking water exposure pathway may be significant for bromoxynil. This pathway may be further considered at the time of the risk

assessment

. Available monitoring data wi ll be used to qualitatively characterize exposure and compare with modeling results. The Agency is aw are of monitoring conducted by f ederal and state agencies and this information will be considered in the assessment to the extent that data on

b romoxynil are available.

### 22 6.3. Measures of Effect

Toxicity data presented in Section 4 of this problem formulation will be used to calculate risk quotients , unless more sensitive reliable data are available at the time the risk assessment is

conducted. A dditional information submitted by the registrant or found in the open literature prior to conduct of the risk assessment will be considered. The open literature studies are

iden tified using EPA’s ECOTOXicology database ( ECOTOX) ( USEPA, 2007 ), which employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity data for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and

wildlife. The evaluation of both sources of data can also provide insi ght into the direct and

indirect effects of pesticides on biotic communities from loss of species that are sensitive to the

chemical s and from changes in structure and functional characteristic s of the affected

communities.

T he available acute aquatic tox icity data indicate that bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are orders of magnitude more toxic than bromoxynil to aquatic organisms and therefore the most sensitive toxicity data for the esters will be used in the risk assessment

. However, due to rapid

b reakdown of the esters in the aquatic environment, bromoxynil will be the primary chronic exposure concern and therefore chronic toxicity data for bromoxynil will be used in the risk

assessment.

Available terrestrial toxicity data indicates that bromoxynil and its esters have similar toxicity to avian species. Therefore, the most sensitive acute endpoint available will be used in the risk

assessment for terrestrial animals and molecular weight corrections will be made to application rates if the bromoxynil form assessed differs from the form tested. As in aquatic environments, bromoxynil esters rapidly break down to bromoxynil in terrestrial environments. Therefore, bromoxynil toxicity data will be used for the asses sment of chronic risk.

6.4. Endangered Species Assessments

Consistent with the Agency’s responsibility under the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the Agency will evaluate risks to federally listed threatened and/or endangered (listed) species from registered uses of pesticides in registration review . These assessments will be conducted in accordance with standard EPA procedures and good scientific judgment. The process for evaluating potential ris ks to listed species is further described at http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/litstatus/riskasses.htm

.

6.5. Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program

Bromoxynil was not included in the first group of 67 chemicals issued an order to conduct Tier 1

EDSP testing. For additional information the EDSP program, visi t http://www.epa.gov/endo/

.

7. P RELIMINARY I D ENTIFICATION OF DATA GAPS

T he Agency needs addit ional environmental fate and ecological effects studies prior to conducting the planned assessment. Data gaps, uncertainties and potential paths forward for the

assessment of bromoxynil are described below. Table 11

, Table 12

, Table 13

, and Table 14

### 23 identify studies by MRID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study

cla ssifications and whether or not further data are needed in order to support risk assessment.

7.1. Environmental Fate

Environmental fate data needs for bromoxynil, bromoxynil octanoate, and bromoxynil heptanoate are summarized in Table 11

, Table 12 , and Table 13 , respectively

.

Table 11 . Submitted Environmen tal Fate Data for Bromoxynil (PC 035301)

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

835.2120 Hydrolysis 00130424 Acceptable No

--
41892901 Acceptable

835.2240 Aqueous photolysis (None) (Not applicable) Yes An aqueous photolysis study is required. In the absence of data, the Agency will assume that the compound is stable to photolysis in
aqueous systems. The soil photolysis study demonstrated that bromoxynil does absorb visible light and therefore is susceptible to photolysis

. 835.2410 Soil photolysis 40131001 Supplemental No MRID 40131001 lacked accounting

of mass balance as well as characterization of the artificial light

used. However, additional data will not change the outcome of the risk

assessment. MRID 41920402 provides evidence that bromoxynil on soil does not undergo substantial degradation via photolysis.

835.4100 Aerobic soil

metabolism 00142958/

00139589 Acceptable Yes Studies on 2 additional soils are required . In the absence of additional data, the Agency will use the upper
90% confidence bound on the 2 acceptable values to determine the

half

- life for modeling. 00114342 Invalid

00139587 Invalid

00139588 Invalid

835.4200 Anaerobic soil

metabolism 00137773 Invalid No Additional data will not change the

outcome of the risk assessment.

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) Yes An aerobic aquatic metabolism study is required. In the absence of data, the Agency will multiply the aerobic

soil metabolism half

- life used for modeling by 2 to determine the aerobic aquatic metabolism half

- life for modeling.

835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic

met abolism 41892902/

42234303 Acceptable No

--

### 24 OCSPP
Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study
Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

835.1230

835.1240 Adsorption/ desorption and leaching 00110429 Supplemental No

-- 00139590 Supplemental

00139590 Supplemental

835.1410 Volatility

– laboratory (None) (Not applicable) No Volatilization is not expected to be a major route of dissipation.

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation (None) (Not applicable) No

--

Analytical method

in soil (None) (Not applicable)

835.6200 Aquatic field dissipation (None) (Not applicable) Yes A chemistry method and successful independent validation are needed to support aquatic toxicity studies. Analytical method

in water (None) (Not applicable)

850.1730 Fish

bioconcentration (None) (Not applicable) No T he K OW indicates that bromoxynil will not appreciably bioconcentrate in aquatic animals.



### Table 12 . Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Bromoxynil Octanoate (PC 035302)

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

835.2120 Hydrolysis 00130424 Acceptable No

-- 41892901 Acceptable

00147767 Invalid

00117992 Invalid

00112871 Invalid

835.2240 Aqueous photolysis 41920401/

42234301 Acceptable No

--

00145571 Invalid

00110421 Invalid

835.2410 Soil photolysis 41920402 Acceptable No

-- 835.4100 Aerobic soil

metabolism 41897701/

42234302 Acceptable Yes Studies on 3 additional soils are required. In the absence of data, the Agency will multiply the value from

MRID 41897701 by 3 to determine

the half

- life for modeling.

835.4200 Anaerobic soil

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) No Additional data will not change t he

outcome of the risk assessment.

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic

metabolism 42364901 Acceptable No

--

835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic

metabolism 41892902/

42234303 Acceptable No

--

### 25 OCSPP
Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study
Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

41411001 Invalid

835.1230

835.1240 Adsorption/ desorption and leaching 00116557/

00114338 Supplemental No

--

42271101/

43775001 Leaching: Acceptable

Koc: Supplemental

835.1410 Volatility

– laboratory (None) (Not applicable) No Volatilization is not expected to be a major route of dissipation.

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation 41653701/

43071001 Acceptable No Independent laboratory validation (ILV) is not needed to support the submitted field studies because they were submitted prior to 1996 , the year the requirement for ILVs was

introduced

. Analytical method

in soil (None) (Not applicable)

835.6200 Aquatic field dissipation (None) (Not applicable) Yes A chemistry method and successful independent validation are needed to support aquatic toxicity studies. Analytical method

in water (None) (Not applicable)

850.1730 Fish

bioconcentration 42277301a/

42277301b Acceptable No

--



### Table 13 . Submitted Environmental Fate Data for Bromoxynil Heptanoate (PC 128920)

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study

Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

835.2120 Hydrolysis (None) (Not applicable) Yes A hydrolysis study is required to evaluate whether bridging of other fate data for bromoxynil heptanoate to bromoxynil octanoate is a justifiable strategy.

835.2240 Aqueous photolysis (None) (Not applicable) Possibly, pending

results of bridging analysis See footnote 1

835.2410 Soil photolysis (None) (Not applicable) Possibly, pending

results of bridging analysis Additional data will not change the

outcome of the risk assessment.

### 26 OCSPP
Guideline Data Requirement Submitted

Studies (MRID) Study
Classifications Are

additional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

835.4100 Aerobic soil

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) Yes An aerobic soil metabolism study is required to evaluate whether bridging of other fate data for bromoxynil heptanoate to bromoxynil octanoate is a justifiable strategy. The soil used

must match a soil used for a bromoxynil octanoate aerobic soil metabolism study.

835.4200 Anaerobic soil

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) No Additional data will not change the

outcome of the risk assessment.

835.4300 Aerobic aquatic

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) Possibly, pending

results of bridging analysis See footnote 1

835.4400 Anaerobic aquatic

metabolism (None) (Not applicable) Possibly, pending

results of bridging analysis See footnote 1

835.1230

835.1240 Adsorption/ desorption and leaching (None) (Not applicable) Possibly, pending

results of bridging analysis See footnote 1

835.1410 Volatility

– laboratory (None) (Not applicable) No

--

835.6100 Terrestrial field dissipation (None) (Not applicable) No

--

Analytical method

in soil (None) (Not applicable)

835.6200 Aquatic field dissipation (None) (Not applicable) Yes A chemistry method and successful independent validation are needed to support aquatic toxicity studies. Analytical method

in water (None) (Not applicable)

850.1730 Fish

bioconcentration (None) (Not applicable) No

--

1 If bridging is determined to be an acceptable strategy based on hydrolysis and aerobic soil metabolism study results, the bromoxynil octanoate half lives for aqueous photolysis, aerobic aquatic metabolism, and anaerobic aquatic metabolism as well as the br omoxynil Koc values will be used for aquatic modeling of bromoxynil heptanoate. If bridging is not determined to be an acceptable strategy, studies using bromoxynil heptanoate will be

needed.

### 27 7.2. Ecological Effects

The Agency needs additional data to assess acute and chronic ha zard of bromoxynil to non

- target species. In the previous RED assessment, toxicity data for bromoxynil octanoate w ere used to

estimate risk (with the exception of vascular aquatic plants, which were assessed using bromoxynil heptanoate data)

. In most cases, bromoxynil octanoate was more toxic to test species than bromoxynil heptanoate.

Terrestrial Toxicity Data Gaps

Since bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are moderately acutely toxic to other bird species

and small passerines may be even more susceptible due to their higher metabolic rates , an acute toxicity study on bromoxynil octanoate using a passerine species would reduce this uncertainty.

Avian reproduction studies with bromoxynil would reduce uncertaint y in the avian risk assessment because bromoxynil is expected to be the more stable form of the chemical

. Data on bromoxynil octanoate suggest that risk exceeds concern levels, and there are no data comparing the toxicity of the two available. If these s tudies are not submitted, the available endpoints from the studies using bromoxynil octanoate will be used for risk assessment.

Aquatic Toxicity Data Gaps

Because (1) available aquatic stud ies demonstrate acute toxicity endpoints of > 1 ppm for bromoxynil ( Appendix B. Ecological Effects Data ) (2) chronic aquatic EECs are 3 orders of magnitude lower than these toxicity values, and (3) ACRs are not expect ed to be ≥1,000

, chronic fish and invertebrate studies using bromoxynil are not needed to conduct the risk assessment.

The guideline requirements for aquatic plant te sting for bromoxynil octanoate are only partially

fulfilled. Data to fulfill the guideline requirement for Lemna gibba ( an aquatic macrophyte) have

not been submitted

. However, because bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate break down into the more soluble bromoxynil in aquatic environments, a full suite of aquatic p lant testing with bromoxynil should be submitted.

Table 14 identifies studies by MRID that offer data for each guideline requirement, as well as study classifications and whether or not further data are needed in order to support risk

assessment.

Ta ble 14

. Submitted Ecological Toxicity Data for Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Esters

OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study

Classification Are

a dditional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

850.2100 Avian Acute Oral MRID 00 248229 Acceptable Yes A n acute oral toxicity study using bromoxynil octanoate with a passerine species is needed (see explanation above )

### 28 OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study

Classification Are

a dditional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

850.2200 Avian Subacute Dietary MRID 00 248229

MRID 00 248229 Acceptable Acceptable No

--

850.2300 Avian Reproduction MRID 42004101

MRID 42004102 Acceptable Acceptable Yes Avian reproduction studies with bromoxynil should be submitted. If these studies are not submitted, the

available endpoints for bromoxynil

octanoate will be used for risk

assessment

. 870.3100 Mammal Acute MRID 00 124112 Acceptable No

--

870.3800 Mammal Reproduction MRID 41149301 Acceptable No

--

850.3020 Honey Bee Acute

Contact MRID 00018842 Acceptable No

--

850.1075 Freshwater Fish

Acute MRID 43059601

MRID 00 264229 Acceptable Acceptable No

--

850.1400 Freshwater Fish

Chronic MRID 41928301 Acceptable No Data are only available for bromoxynil octanoate, which is not expected to be long

- lived in the environment. However, bromoxynil chronic toxicity is not expected at levels close to

EECs.

850.1010 Freshwater

Invertebrate

Acute MRID 00 247924 Acceptable No

--

850.1300 Freshwater

Invertebrate

Chronic MRID 41928302 Acceptable No Data are only available for bromoxynil octanoate, which is not expected to be long

- lived in the environment. However, bromoxynil chronic toxicity is not expected at levels close to

EECs.

850.1025 Estuarine /Marine

Fish Acute MRID 42250601 Acceptable No

--

850.1400 Estuarine /Marine

Fish Chronic No data No B romoxynil chronic toxicity is not expected at levels close to EECs.

850.1035 Estuarine /Marine

Invertebrate

Acute MRID 43487601 Acceptable No

--

850.1350 Estuarine /Marine

Invertebrate

Chronic No data No B romoxynil chronic toxicity is not expected at levels close to EECs.

850.4100

850.4150 Terrestrial plants MRID43633701

MRID 43059603 Acceptable Acceptable No

--

### 29 OCSPP

Guideline Data Requirement Submitted Studies (MRID) Study

Classification Are

a dditional

data needed

to conduct
risk

assessment? Justification and Assumptions EPA

will Make in Absence of Data

850.4400

850.5400 Aquatic plants MRID 43059604

MRID 43059605

MRID 41606001

MRID 41606004

MRID 41606002

MRID 41606005 Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Acceptable Supplemental Yes Bromoxynil is expected to form rapidly in water from the esters. Therefore, a full suite of aquatic plant studies using bromoxynil should be

submitted

.

### 30 8. R EFERENCES

USEPA. 2012. BEAD Chemical Profile for Registration Review: Bromoxynil and Its Esters (035301,035302, 035303, 128920). United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Biological and Economic Analysis Division. Dated 10/3/2012.

USEPA. 2010 a

. Drinking water assessment for ground and aerial application of bromoxynil on grass grown for seed and ground application of sorghum. DP Barcode 374620 . United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and

Effects Division. Dated 12/16/2010.

USEPA. 2010b. Ecological Risk Assessment for Aquatic Organisms and Aquatic Plants from the Proposed Registration of Bromoxynil for G round and A erial A pplication of B romoxynil on

G rass G rown for S eed and G round A pplication of S orghum. DP Barcode 374613

. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate

and Effects Division. Dated 10/13/2010.

USEPA. 2007

. ECOTOXicology Database. Office of Research and Development National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory’s (NHEERL’s) Mid

- Continent Ecology Div ision (MED). Available at : http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/

.

USEPA. 2004a. Bromoxynil: Analysis of Risks to Endangered and Threatened Salmon and Steelhead. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs,

Environmental Fate and Effects Division. Dated 11/26/2004. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/endanger/litstatus/effects/#bromoxynil

.

USEPA. 2004 b . Overview of the Ecological Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs, United States Environm ental Protection Agency (USEPA). Washington, DC : Government Printing Office. Available at : http://www.epa.gov/espp/consultation/ecorisk

overview.pdf

.

USEPA. 1998. Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED): Bromoxynil. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances,

O ffice of Pesticide Programs, Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Washington, DC

. EPA738

- R

- 98

- 013, December, 1998.

USEPA. 1997. Revised tier 2 EEC’s for bromoxynil octanoate as bromoxynil. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesti cide Programs, Environmental Fate and

Effects Division , Washington, DC . Dated 8/11/1997.

USEPA. 1992. Pesticides in Ground Water Database

- A Compilation of Monitoring Studies:

1971

- 1991, EPA 734

- 12

- 92

- 001, September, 1992.

### 31 Appendix A

. Submitted Enviro nmental Fate & Ecological Effects Studies

Environmental Fate Studies

MRID Citation

00110421 Collins, R.; Crouch, R.; Hart, M. (1965) Bromoxynil Octanoate, M & B 10731: Soil Persistence Studies: Report No. C.237. (Un

- published study received Aug 17, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker, Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc Chemical Co., Monmouth Junction, NJ;

CDL:248115

- B)

00110429 Williams, C.; Savage, E. (1982) Bromoxynil: Sorption Study with Four Soils. (Unpublished study received Aug 17, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker, Ltd., Eng., submitted by

Rhone

- Poulenc Chemical Co., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:248115

- J)

00112871 Rowlinson, J. (1968) The Kinetics and Mechanism of the Hydrolysis of Some Esters of Ioxynil and Bromoxynil: Re port Ref. PRG 143. (Unpublished study received Aug 26, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:248234

- A)

00114338 Parkins, M.; Heintzelman, R. (1981) A Comparison of the Adsorption Coefficient of Bromoxynil Octanoate and Bromoxynil Butyrate: File No. 30647. (Unpublished study received Sep 10, 1982

under 264

- 204; submitted by Union carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248308

- C)

00114342 Smith, A. (1971) Degradation of bromoxynil in Regina heavy Clay. Weed Res. 11:276

- 282. (Also In unpublished submission received Sep 10, 1982 under 264

- 204; submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL: 248308

- H)

00116557 Parkins, M.; Heintzelman, R. (1982) The Adsorption Coefficient of Bromoxynil Octanoate on Sandy Loam Soil: File No. 29831. (Un

- published study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Re search Triangle Park, NC;

CDL:248228

- B)

00117992 Merricks, D.; Cunningham, W. (1982) Hydrolysis of 14C

- Bromoxynil Octanoate: Borriston Project No. 2203. Final rept. (Unpublished study received Nov 10, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by Borriston Laboratories , Inc., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ;

CDL:248794

- A)

00130424 Huhtanen, K.; Storm, J.; Hientzelman, R. (1983) Hydrolysis of Bromoxynil Octanoate and Butyrate in Aqueous Buffered Solutions: Project No. 854R10. (Unpublished study r eceived Jul 1,

1983 un

- der 264

- 339; submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:251058

- A)

00137773 Williams, C.; Savage, E.; Godward, P.; et al. (1984) Bromoxynil: Metabolism in Soil under

Anaerobic Conditi ons: Report Ref. AG.TECH.494. (Unpublished study received Mar 28, 1984

under 264

- 204; prepared by May & Baker Ltd., Eng., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:252788

- A)

00139587 Savage, E.; Kanji, F.; Hobbs, D. (1983) Bromoxynil: Rate of De

- gradation in Four Soils under Aerobic Conditions (10 ?degrees| C): Ag.Tech. 308. (Unpublished study received Nov 17, 1983

under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker, Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc.,

Monmou th Junction, NJ; CDL:252167

- A)

00139588 Savage, E.; Smith, B. (1983) Bromoxynil: Rate of Degradation in Four Soils under Aerobic Conditions (Ambient Temperature): Ag.Tech. 307. (Unpublished study received Nov 17, 1983

under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Bake r, Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:252168

- A)

00139589 Williams, C.; Godward, P.; Thurbon, J.; et al. (1983) Bromoxynil: Metabolism in Sandy

- loam and Loam Soils under Aerobic Conditions: AG.Tech. 332. (Unpublished s tudy received Nov 17, 1983

under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker, Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:252169

- A)

00139590 Williams, C.; Godward, P.; Savage, E. (1983) Bromoxynil: Leaching Study with Four Soils:

AG.Tech . 334. (Unpublished study received Nov 17, 1983 under 359

- 564; prepared by May & Baker, Ltd., Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:252170

- A)

### 32 00142958 Williams, C. (1984) Bromoxynil: Metabolism in Sandy

- loam and Loam Soils und er Aerobic Conditions: Report Ref. AG.TECH.421 Unpublished study prepared by May & Baker Ltd. 221 p.

00145571 Huhtanen, K. (1985) Brominal: Photolytic Degradation of Bromoxynil Octanoate in Buffered Aqueous Solution: Project No. 854R10. Unpublished study prepared by Union Carbide Agricultural Pro

- ducts Company, Inc. 20 p.

00147767 Merricks, D. (1982) Hydrolysis of [Carbon 14]

- Bromoxynil Octanoate: Project No. 2203. Unpublished study prepared by Borriston Lab

- oratories, Inc. 25 p.

00150216 Piznik, M.; Wargo, J. (1985) Determination of the Octanal

- water Partition Coefficient of Bromoxynil Octanoate: ASD No. 85

- 124. Unpublished study prepared by Rhone

- Poulenc Inc. 17

p 40131001 Guardigli, A. (1985) The Photolysis of [Carbon 14] Bromoxynil on a Sandy Loam Soil Surface Exposed to Simulated Sunlight: Lab Project ID: 85/145. Unpublished study prepared by Rhone

Poulenc Inc. 64 p.

41240103 Hoffman, M. (1988) Water Solubility Determination of Bromoxynil Octanoic Acid Ester: Project

ID HLA 6001

- 190. Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. 22 p.

41240104 Hoffman, M. (1988) Vapor Pressure Determination of Bromoxynil Octanoic Acid Ester: Project

ID HLA 6001

- 189. Unpublished study prepared by Hazleton Laboratories America, Inc. 22 p.

41324 901 Buddle, G.; Mills, E.; Patel, P. et al. (1989) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

-- Product Chemistry: Lab Project Number: D/AG/1290. Unpublished study prepared by Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Co. 128 p.

41411001 Gemma, A. (1990) Metabolism of Bromoxynil Octanoate in Soil under Anaerobic Aquatic Conditions: Lab Project No. 791 R10: File No. 40718. Unpublished study prepared by Rhone

Poulenc, Inc. in cooperation with Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Co. 62 p.

41653701 Norris, F. (1989) A Small Scale Field Soil Dissipation Study with Bromox ynil (Buctril Herbicide): Lab Project Number: EC/P

- 89

- 0011 RPT R072

- 023,027; R150

- 028,029; R150

- 30,031. Unpublished study prepared by McKenzie Labs, Inc. in cooperation with A & L Eastern Ag Labs,

Inc. and Rhone

- Poulenc Ag, NC. 105 p.

41892901 Das, Y. (19 90) Hydrolysis of ?Phenyl(U)

- Carbon 14| Bromoxynil Octanoate in Aqueous Solutions Buffered at PH 5, 7, and 9: Lab Project Number: 90040: EC

- 90

- 107. Unpublished study prepared by Innovative Scientific Services, Inc. 100 p.

41892902 Jackson, R.; Hall, B.; C ameron, B. (1991) Carbon 14

-- Bromoxynil Octanoate: Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism: Lab Project Number: 142241: 7601. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 132 p.

41897701 Cameron, B.; Hall, B.; Mackie, J. (1990) Carbon 14

- Bromoxynil Octanoate: Metabolism in Soil Under Aerobic Conditions: Lab Project Number: 7450. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International. 98 p.

41920401 Das, Y. (1991) Photodegradation of ?Phenyl(U)

- Carbon 14| Bromoxynil Octanoate in Aqueous

Solut ion Buffered at pH 5 under Artificial Sunlight: Lab Project Number: ISSI 91010: EC

- 91

- 145. Unpublished study prepared by Innovative Scientific Services, Inc. 11 p.

41920402 Das, Y. (1991) Photodegradation of ?Phenyl(U)

- ?Carbon

- 14|| Bromoxynil Octanoate on Soil under Artificial Sunlight: Lab Project Number: ISSI 91011: EC

- 91

- 147. Unpublished study prepared by Innovative Scientific Services, Inc. 133 p.

42066401 South, P.; Schweitzer, M. (1991) Dis sociation Constants of Bromoxy nil in Water: Lab Project Number: SC910121. Unpublished study prepared by Battelle. 32 p.

42087401 Schweitzer, M.; South, P. (1991) Determination of the Solubility of Bromoxynil: Final Report: Lab Project Number: SC910123. Unpublished study prepared by Battelle. 36 p.

42130101 Sc hweitzer, M. (1991) Vapor Pressure of Bromoxynil: Final Report: Lab Project Number: SC910122. Unpublished study prepared by Battelle. 37 p.

42234301 Yenne, S. (1992) Photodegradation of Bromoxynil Octanoate in Aqueous Solution Buffered at pH

5 Under Artif icial Sunlight: Addendum to: Lab Project Number: SPY

- 92

- 34. Unpublished study prepared by Innovative Scientific Services, Inc. 23 p.

42234302 Yenne, S. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate Metabolism in Soil Under Aerobic Conditions: Addendum to: Lab Project Numbe r: SPY

- 92

- 35. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International (Scotland). 6 p.

42234303 Yenne, S. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism: Addendum to: Lab Project Number: SPY

- 92

- 36. Unpublished study prepared by Inveresk Research International

### 33 (Scotland). 4 p.

42271101 Grau, J.; Fitzmaurice, M. (1992) Ring

- carbon 14Bromoxynil Octanoate: Leaching Study with Four Soils: Lab Project No. P91/046. Unpublished study prepared by Rhone

- Poulenc Ag. Ltd. 62

p. 42277301a Yenne, S. ; Macy, L.; Andrawes, N.; et al. (1992) Uptake, Depuration and Bioconcentration of ?carbon 14|

- Bromoxynil Octanoate by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Lab Project

Number: EC91

- 144. Unpublished study prepared by ABC Labs., Inc. and Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Co. 624 p.

42277301b Yenne, S.; Macy, L.; Andrawes, N.; et al. (1992) Uptake, Depuration and Bioconcentration of ?carbon 14|

- Bromoxynil Octanoate by Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): Lab Project

Number: EC91

- 144. Unpublished study prepared by ABC La bs., Inc. and Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Co. 624 p.

42333601 Buddle, G.; Patel, P. (1991) 3,5

- Dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile, Bromoxynil Phenol Technical: Density, pH, Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient and Storage Stability ?Product Chemistry Data|. Unpublished st udy prepared by Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Co. 42 p.

42364901 Gorman, M. (1990) Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism of ?carbon 14|

- Bromoxynil Octanoate in Flooded Sandy Loam Soil:ABC Revised Final Report: Lab Project Number: 38288. Unpublished study prepared by Analytical B io

- Chemistry Labs., Inc. 55 p.

43071001 Norris, F. (1993) Storage Stability of Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Octanoate in Frozen Soil: Addendum to MRID 41653701: Lab Project Number: EC

- 92

- 205: 41383. Unpublished study prepared by McKenzie Laboratories, Inc. 118 p.

43775001 Cooper, J.; Jones, M.; Lowden, P. et al. (1995) Herbicides: Bromoxynil Octanoate: Aged Leaching in Four Soils and a Sediment: Addendum to MRID 42271101: Lab Project Number: P 95/089: DOCMAP 200996: ONG 688. Unpublished study prepared by Rh one

- Poulenc Ag. Co. 303 p.

44906003 Willis, C. (1999) Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bromoxynil Octanoate Technical: Color, Physical State, Odor, Stability, pH, Melting Point, Bulk Density and Dissociation Constant: Lab Project Number: 810

- 61. U npublished study prepared by Case Consulting Laboratories, Inc. 11 p.

### 34 Ecological Effects Studies



## 035301 Bromoxynil Eco Effects Bibliography

71

- 1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

31491 MCPA/Bromoxynil
mixture Fink, R.; Beavers, J.B.; Joiner, G.; et al. (1979) Final Report: Acute
Oral LD50

-- Mallard Duck: Project No. 142

- 125. (Unpublished study received Apr 15, 1980 under 264

- 339; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in cooperation with Washington College, su bmitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Ambler, Pa.; CDL:099391

- I)

78249 Bromoxynil/Diuron
mixture Gabriel, K.L. (1970) Acute Oral Toxicity

-- Bob White Quail. (Unpub lished study received Aug 14, 1970 under 264

- 261; prepared by Biosearch, Inc. , submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Ambler, Pa.; CDL:100280

- H)

109414 General summary May & Baker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under

359

- 564; submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ;
CDL:247924

- B)

111898 Bromoxynil/Diuron
mixture Gabriel, K. (1970) Acute Oral Toxicity

-- Bob White Quail: Amchem 69

- 386|. (Unpublished study received Aug 14, 1970 under 264

- 261; prepared by Biosearch, Inc., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:002230

- E)

14709 5 2059081 Fletcher, D. (1985) Acute Oral Tox icity Study with Bromoxymil Phe nol in Bobwhite Quail: BLAL No. 85 QD 51. Unpublished study prepared by
Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd. 21 p.



## 71

- 2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

22701 Dicamba/Bromoxy
nil/Dieldrin mixture Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S., Jr. (1973) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary
LDI50

-- Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 686

- 133. (Unpublished study received Nov 14, 1973 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. , submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.;
CDL:129206

- B)

23072 Dicamba/Bromoxy
nil/Dieldrin mixture Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S. (1973) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary LCI50^

-

- Mallard Ducks: Project No. 686

- 134. (Unpublished study received Nov

14 , 1973 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Hazelton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL:129206

- C)

25385 Dicamba DMA salt/Bromoxynil/ Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S., Jr. (1973) Eight

- Day Dietary LCI50

-- Mallard Ducks: Banvel 4S + Bromoxynil

- MCPA: Final Report: Proj

- ect No. 686

-

### 35 Dieldrin mixture 136. (Unpublished study received Feb 18, 1976 under 876

- 25; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc., submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL:225101

- C)

28293 D icamba/MCPA/ Bromoxynil/
Dieldrin mixture Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S., Jr. (1973) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary
LC50I

-- Mallard Ducks: Project No. 686

- 136. (Unpublished study received Feb 18, 1976 under 876

- 25; prepared by Hazleton Laboratories, Inc.,
submi tted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chi

- cago, Ill.; CDL:225100

- K)

31492 MCPA/Bromoxynil/ Bromoxynil butyrate/Dieldrin
mixture Fink, R.; Beavers, J.B.; Grimes, J.; et al. (1979) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary LC50

-- Mallard Duck: Project No. 142

- 124. (Unpubl ished study received Apr 15, 1980 under 264

- 339; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in cooperation with Washington College, submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Ambler, Pa.; CDL:099391

- J)

52153 2059017
In 035302 Fink, R.; Beavers, J.B.; Grimes, J.; et al. (1979) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary LC50

-- Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 142

- 123. (Unpublished study received Apr 15, 1980 under 264

- 339; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in cooperation with Washington College, submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Ambler, Pa.; CDL:099391

- K)

72795 Dicamba/MCPA/ Bromoxynil/
Dieldrin mixture Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S., Jr. (1973) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary
LCI50^

-- Bobwhite Quail: Project No. 686

- 135. (Unpublished study received Aug 11, 1976 under 876

- 25; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp. in cooperation with Truslow Farms, submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL: 226653

- E)

72796 Dicamba/MCPA/ Bromoxynil/
Dieldrin mixture Fink, R.; Broughton, W.S., Jr. (1973) Final Report: Eight

- Day Dietary
LCI50^

-- Mallard Ducks: Project No. 686

- 136. (Unpub

- lished study received Aug 11, 1976 under 876

- 25; prepared by Environmental Sciences Corp. in cooperation with Truslow Farms, submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL:226653

- F)

147094 2059080 Fletcher, D. (1985) 8

- Day Dietary LC50 Study with Bro moxymil Phenol in Bobwhite Quail: BLAL No. 85 QC 50. Unpublished study pre

- pared by
Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd. 17 p.

147096 2059082 Fletcher, D. (1985) 8

- Day Dietary LC50 Study with Bromoxymil Phenol in Mallard Ducklings: BLAL No. 85 DC 51. Unpublished study pre

- pared by
Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd. 16 p.



## 71

- 3 Wild mammal toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

45204903 Open lit Freemark , K.; Boutin, C. (1994) Impacts of Agricultural Herbicide Use on Terrestrial Wildlife: a Review with Special Reference to Canada. Canadian Wildlife Service Technical Report Series 196:1

- 52.

### 36 

## 71

- 4 Avian Reproductive Effects

48033005 Open lit Albers, P.; Hoffman, D. (1984) Evaluation of Potential Embryotoxicity and Teratogenicity of 42 Herbicides , Insecticides, and Petroleum Contaminants to Mallard Eggs. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13: 15

- 27.



## 72

- 1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID Citation Reference

111177 or 17722 or
111900 Bromoxynil/
Diuron
mixture Hutchinson, C. (1970) Acute Toxicity of Amchem 69

- 386 to Bluegill and Rainbow Trout. (Unpublished study received Aug 14, 1970 under 264

- 261; prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:002230

- I)

138086 2059078 Surprenant, D .; Sousa, J. (1983) Acute Toxicity of AXF

- 1240 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Bionomics Study #070

- 1183

- H87

- 103; Bionomics Report #BW

- 83

- 11

- 1497. (Unpublished study received Jan 10, 1984 under

264

- 408; prepared by EG&G Bionomics, submitted by Union C arbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:072254

- A)

155071 2059084 Surprenant, D. (1985) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Phenol to Bluegill (Leopomis macrochirus): Study #565.0285.6110.100: Report #BW

- 85

- 10

- 1854. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 15 p.

155072 2059085 Surprenant, D. (1985) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Phenol to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Study #565.0285.61 10.103: Report #BW

- 85

- 10

- 1855. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 15 p.

159171 2059086 Surprenant, D. (1983) Acute Toxicity of AXF

- 1240 to Bluegill (Lepo

- mis macrochirus): Bionomic Report #BW

- 83

- 12

- 1507. Unpublished study prepared by EG&G Bionomics. 11 p.

40111005 DER not
located Bowman, J.; Swigert, J.; Landholt, K.; et al. (1986) Acute Toxicity of ME

- 4 Brominal to Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus): Static Acute Toxicity Report No. 34494. Unpublished study prepared by Analyti cal Bio

- Chemistry Laboratories, Inc. 17 p.

22700 Dicamba/ Bromoxynil
mixture Sleight, B.H., III (1973) Acute Toxicity of Banvel 4S (1 part) + Bromoxynil (12 parts) to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Report No. 040200. (Unpub

- lished study received Nov 14, 1973 under unknown admin. no., prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL:129206

- A)

34699 Dicamba Sleight, B.H., III (1973) Acute Toxicity of Banvel 4S (1 Part) + Bromoxynil

-

### 37 DEA/MCPA/ Bromoxynil
mixture MCPA (8 Parts) to Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri). (Unpublished study re

- ceived Feb 18, 1976 under 876

- 25; prepared by Bionomics, Inc., submitted by Velsicol Chemical Corp., Chicago, Ill.; CDL: 225101

- D)



## 72

- 2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

138087 2059079 Surprenant , D.; Hoberg, J. (1983) Acute Toxicity of AXF

- 1240 to Daphnia magna: Bionomics Study #070

- 1183

- H87

- 110; Bionomics Report #BW

83

- 11

- 1498. (Unpublished study received Jan 10, 1984 under 264

- 408; prepared by EG&G Bionomics, submitted by Union Carbide Agricult ural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:072254

- B)

155070 2059083 Surprenant, D. (1985) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Phenol to Daphnids (Daphnia magna): Study #565

- 0285

- 6110

- 110: Report #BW

- 85

- 9

- 1840. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 15 p.



## 72

- 4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID Citation Reference



## 72

- 6 Simulated or Actual Aquatic Field Testing

MRID Citation Reference

44529001 Registrant modeling Ritter, A.; Williams, W. (1998) Probabilistic Modeling of Bromoxynil Octanoate Exposure to Aquatic Nontarget Organisms Associated with Use on Cotton and Corn: Lab Project Number: WEI 746.06. Unpublished study prepared by Waterborne Environmental, Inc. 35 p

.



## 122

- 1 Seed Germination/Seedline Emergence and Vegetable Vigor

MRID Citation Reference

41606006 2059041 in

035302 Horbeg, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Lab Project Number: 90

- 7

- 3379: 10566

- 1089

- 6144

- 610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 134 p.

### 38 

## 122

- 2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID Citation Reference

45088212 Open lit Fairchild, J.; Ruessler, D.; Haverland , P. et al. (1996) Comparative Sensitivity of Selenastrum capricornutum and Lemna minor to Sixteen Herbicides. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

32:353

- 357.

47954504 Open lit Ma, J.; Xu , L.; Wang, S.; et al. (2001) Toxicity of 40 Herbicides to the Green Alga Chlorella vulgaris. Exotoxicology and Environmental Safety

51:128

- 132.



## 123

- 2 Aquatic plant growth (these studies are with the octanoate 035302)

MRID Citation Reference

41606001 2059036 in
035302 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Freshwa

- ter Diatom Navicula pelliculosa: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3431: 566.1089.6142.440. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 50 p.

41606002 2059037 in

035302 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3440: 10566

- 1089

- 6142

- 450. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 38 p.

41606003 PC Code

035302 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Duckweed Lemna gibba G3: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3430: 10566.1089.6144.

- 410. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 44 p.

41606004 2059039 in

035302 Giddings, J. (1990) Brom oxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Freshwater Green Alga Selenastrum capricornutum: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3436:
10566

- 1089

- 6142

- 430. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 48 p.

41606005 2059040 in

035302 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromo xynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Freshwater Bluegreen Alga Anabaena flos

- aquae: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3434; 10566.1089.6142.420. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 47 p.



## 141

- 1 Acute Toxicity to the Honeybee

9151 2059077 Atkins, E.L., Jr., L.D. Anderson and E.A. Greywood (1969) Effect of
Pesticides on Agriculture: Project No. 1499, Research Report CF

- 7501. (Unpublished Study Received May 8, 1971 under 1F1174, Prepared by Univ. of
California

- Riverside, Dept. of Entomology, Submitted by Ciba Agrochemical Co., Summit, NJ. CDL:090973

- B)

### 39 

## 142

- 3 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID Citation Reference

109414 DER not
located May & Baker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- B)



# Non Guideline

48033013 Open lit EDSP Roncaglioni, A.; Piclin, N.; Pintore, M.; et al. (2008) Binary Classification Models for Endocrine Disrupter Effects Mediated Through the Estrogen Receptor. SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 19(7

- 8): 679

- 733.

48176001 Open lit EDSP Bauer, E.; Bitsch, N.; Brunn, H.; et al. (2002) Development of an Immuno

Immobilized Androgen Receptor Assay (IRA) and its Application for the Characterization of the Receptor Binding Affinity of Different Pesticides. Chemosphere 46: 1107

- 1115.

17713 Efficacy McKinley, J.; McLane, S.R. (1970) Summary: Bromoxynil/Diuron Weed Control in Wheat. (Unpublished study received Aug 14, 1970 un

- der 264

- 261; submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Ambler, Pa.;
CDL:100280

- A)

109414 General

summary May & Ba ker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- B)

111172 2059085 Union Carbide Agricultural Produc ts Co., Inc. (1970) Toxicity Summary for (69

- 386) Bromoxynil/Diuron. Summary of studies 002230

- D through

002230

- I. (Unpublished study received Aug 14, 1970 under 264

- 261;
CDL:002230

- C)

17717 General

summary Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company (19 ??) Toxicity Summary for (69

- 386): Bromoxynil/Diuron. Summary of studies 100280

- G through

100280

- L. (Unpublished study received Aug 14, 1970 under 264

- 261;
CDL:100280

- F)

### 40 

## 035302 Bromoxynil Octanoate Eco Effects Bibliography

71

- 1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

31487 2059015 Fink, R.; Beavers, J.B.; Brown, R. (1979) Final Report: Acute Oral
LD50

-- Mallard Duck: Project No. 142

- 122. (Unpublished study received Apr 17, 1980 under 264

- 339; prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd. in cooperation with Washington College, submitted b y Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Ambler, Pa.; CDL: 099393

- I)

109414 Summary of
studies May & Baker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; submitted by R hone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ;
CDL:247924

- B)

114101 2059025 Fletcher, D. (1981) Report to Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company: Acute Oral Toxicity Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate, Technical, in Bobwhite Quail: BLAL No. 81 QD 6. (Unpublished study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by Bio

- Life Ass oc., Ltd., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- B)

114102 2059026 Fletcher, D. (1981) Report to Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company: Acute Oral Toxicity Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate

, Technical, in Mallard Ducks: BLAL No. 81 DD 4. (Unpublished study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- C)

92013002 Reg istrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114101. Acute Oral Toxicity with Bromoxynil Octanoate, Technical, in Bobwhite Quail: Project 81 QD 6. Prepared by Bio

- Life Associates, Ltd. 23 p.

92013003 Registrant

summ ary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114102. Acute Oral Toxicity Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate, Technical, in Mallard Ducks: Project 81 DD 4. Prepared by Bio

- Life Associates, Ltd. 22 p.

109415 2059021 Harper, K.H. and H.B. Ginn (1965) The Acute Toxicity to Pheasant
Chicks of Technical Grade M&B 10731 and NPH 1320 Formulation of M&R 10731, Huntingdon Research Centre 1339/65/257 (9/19/65). Submitted on 9/7/66. PP# 0F0994 Part C Tab IV. (Acc 247924)



## 71

- 2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

61189 DER not Harper, K.H.; Ginn, H.B. (1965) Toxicity of Technical Grade M & B

### 41 located 10731 and NPH 1320 Formulation of M & B 10731 to (a) the Japa

- nese Quail (Coturnix japonica) and (b) the Mallard (Anas platyrhyncha): 1250/65/167. (Unpublished study received Jun 24, 1965 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Huntingdon Re

- search Centre, England, submitted by CDL:107617

- L)

109416 2059022 Harper, K.; G inn, H. (1965) Toxicity of Technical Grade M & B 10731 and NPH 1320 formulation of M & B 10731 to (a) the Japanese Quail (Coturnix japonica) (b) the Mallard (Anas platyrhyncha): 1250/65/167. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- D)

114105 2059027 Fletcher, D. (1981) Report to Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company: 8

- day Dietary LC50 Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate in Bobwhite Quail: BLAL No. 81 QC 9. (Unpublished study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd., su bmitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Re

- search Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- F)

114106 2059028 Fletcher, D. (1981) Report to Union Carbide Agricultural Products Company: 8

- day Dietary LC50 Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate in
Mallard Ducklings: BLAL No. 81 DC 9. (Unpublished study re

- ceived Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by Bio

- Life Assoc., Ltd., submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- G)

92013004 Registrant

summary Gr egg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114105. Eight

- day Dietary LC50 Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate in Bobwhite Quail: Project 81 QC 9. Prepared by Bio

- Life Associates, Ltd. 21 p.

92013005 Registrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114106. Eight

- day LC50 Study with Bromoxynil Octanoate in Mallard Ducklings: Project 81 DC 9. Prepared by Bio

- Life Associates, Ltd. 22 p.

031472 2059014 Beavers, J. (1979) Eight

- Day Dietary LC50 Mallard Duck AFX

- 1050. Final Report Received 4/17/80 under 264

- GGO. Unpublished Report Prepared by Wildlife Corporation, South Charleston, W.VA. (In Acc #099393).

52153 2059017 Beavers, J. (1979) Eight

- Day Dietary LC50 Bobwhite Quail

– AFX

- 1050, Final Report Received 4/17/80 under 264

- GGO. Unpublished Report Prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd., for Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, W.Va. (Acc. #099393).

61198 2059020 Heywood, B.J. (1964) (Merge) Wildlife Studies with Bromoxynil and its
Esters , May and Baker Ltd. CRC/BJH/2415 (10/64). Submitted on 3/15/64. PP# 7F0536 Part I Tab V. Acc 247924).

### 42 

## 71

- 4 Avian Reproduction

MRID Citation Reference

42004101 2059044 Beavers, J.; Sipler, O.; Smith, G.; et al (1991) Bromoxynil Octano

- ate: One

Generation Reproduction Study with the Bobwhite (Colin

- us virginianus): Lab Project Number: 171

- 123. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 244 p.

42004102 2059045 Beavers, J.; Sipler , O.; Smith, G.; et al (1991) Bromoxynil Octano

- ate: One

Generation Reproduction Study with the Mallard (Anas platyhynchos): Lab Project Number: 171

- 124. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife Int. Ltd. 241 p.

42475801 Addendum to

42004101 Beavers, J. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate: A One

- Generation Reproduction Study with the Bobwhite (Colinus viriginianus) An Addendum : Lab Project Number: JBB/ch/CHW5/MIHAICH. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 8 p.



## 72

- 1 Acute To xicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID Citation Reference

109414 Mixture tests with MCPA, Dinoseb,
and pentachlorophenol, May & Baker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ;
CDL:247924

- B)

109418 or 111189 2059024 Harper, K.; Ball, I. (1965) The Acute Toxicity of Herbicide M & B 10731 to (c) the Goldfish (Carassius auratus): 1125/65/42. (Un

- published study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- G)

114107 2059029 LeBlanc, G.; Sousa, J. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Octano

- ate to Bluegill ...: Report #BW

- 81

- 12

- 1063. (Unpublished study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by EG & G, Bio

- nom ics, submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- H)

114108 2059030 LeBlanc, G.; Sousa, J. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Octano

- ate to Rainbow Trout ...: Report #BW

- 81

- 12

- 1064. (Unpublished stu dy received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC; CDL:248229

- I)

159178 2059032 Seminara, J. (1979) The Acute Toxicity of AXF 1053 to the Bluegill Sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque: UCES Project No. 11504

- 26

- 03. Unpublished study prepared by Union Carbide Corporation Environmental Services. 8 p.

159179 2059033 Seminara, J. (1979) The Acute Toxicity of AXF 1053 to the Rainbow

### 43 Trout Salmo gai rdneri Richardson: UCES Project No. 11504

- 26

- 04. Unpublished study prepared by Union Carbide Corporation Environ

mental Services. 8 p.

40074009 Mixture test Drottar , K. (1986) Acute Toxicity of HOE 023408 5H EC32 A101 to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus): ESE No. 86

- 350

- 0300

- 2130. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc. 42 p. MCPA/Bromoxynil octo/bromoxynil butyrate/diclofop

- meth yl

40074010 Mixture test Ward, G. (1986) Acute Toxicity of HOE 203408 5H EC32 A101 to Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): ESE No. 86

- 350

- 0200

- 2130. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Science & Engineering, Inc. 41 p. MCPA/Bromoxynil octo/bromoxynil butyrate/diclofop

- methyl

92013006 Registrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114107. Bromoxynil Octanoate

- Acute Toxicity Test

- Bluegill: Project BW

- 81

- 12

- 1063. Prepared by EG & G Bionomics. 17 p.

92013007 Re gistrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114108. Bromoxynil Octanoate

- Acute Toxicity Test

- Rainbow Trout: Project BW

- 81

- 12

- 1064. Prepared by EG & G Bionomics. 17 p.



## 72

- 2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

109417 2059023 Harper, K.; Ball, I. (1964) The Acute Toxicity of NPH 1320 Formula

- tion of M
& B 10731 to (a) Daphnia (Crustacea cladocera): 1093/ 65/9. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, Eng., submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- E)

114109 2059031 LeBlanc , G.; Surprenant, D. (1981) Acute Toxicity of Bromoxynil Octanoate to the Water Flea ...: Report #BW

- 81

- 12

- 1071. (Unpub

- lished study received Aug 31, 1982 under 264

- 204; prepared by EG & G, Bionomics, submitted by Union Carbide Agricultural Products Co., Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC;
CDL:248229

- J)

40074011 Mixture test Ward, G. (1986) Acute Toxicity of HOE 023408 5H EC32 A101 to Water

fleas (Daphnia magna): ESE No. 86

- 350

- 0100

- 2130. Unpublished study prepared by Environmental Sciences & Engineering Inc. 36 p. MCPA/Bromoxynil octo/bromoxynil butyrate/diclofop

- methyl mixture

92013008 Registrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 00114109. Bromoxynil Octanoate

- Acute Toxicity Test

- Daphnia magna: Proj ect BW

- 81

- 12

- 1071. Prepared by EG & G Bionomics. 17 p.

61185 DDT / Bromoxynil

octanoate Harper, K.H.; Ball, I.R. (1964) The Acute Toxicity of NPH 1320 Formulation of M & B 10731 to (a) Daphnia (Crustacea clado cera ): 1093/65/9. (Unpublished study received Jun 24, 1965 under unknown admin. no.;

prep ared by Huntingdon Research Cen tre, England, submitted by
CDL:107617

- H)

### 44 

## 72

- 3 Acute Toxicity to Estuarine/Marine Organisms

MRID Citation Reference

42244501 2059046
2059627 Dionne, E. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate: Acute Toxicity to Eastern Oyster
under Flow

- Thru Conditions: Lab Project Number: 92

- 2

- 4106: 10566.0191.6179.504. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 55 p.

42250601 2059047
2059627
2059628 Machado, M. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) under Flow

- through Conditions: Lab Project Number: 91

- 7

- 3853. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 56 p.

42250602 205904 8
2059629 Machado, M. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Mysid Shrimp (Mysidopsis bahia) under Flow

- through Conditions: Lab Project
Number: 91

- 7

- 3861. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 54 p.

43487601 205963 1 Machado, M. (1994) Bromoxynil Octanoate Technical

-- Acute Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) Under Flow

- through Conditions: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 94

- 10

- 5502: 10566.0894.6344.515. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 70 p.

4 3842301 Response to
Review of

MRID
43487601 Suprenant, D. (1995) DER Response to Review of MRID 43487601: Bromoxynil Octaoate (sic)

-- Acute Toxicity to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) Under Flow Through Conditions. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, I nc. 6 p.



## 72

- 4 Fish Early Life Stage/Aquatic Invertebrate Life Cycle Study

MRID Citation Reference

61186 2059018 Harper, K.H.; Ball, I.R. (1965) The Acute Toxicity of NPH 1320 Formulation of M & B 10731 to (b) the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdnerii Richardson): 1234/65/151. (Unpublished study re

- ceived Jun 24, 1965 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Hunt

- ingdon Research Centre, England, submitted by CDL:107617

- I)

61187 DDT/Bromox ynil Harper, K.H.; Ball, I.R. (1965) The Acute Toxicit y of Herbicide M & B 10731 to (c) the Goldfish (Carassius auratus): 1125/ 65/42. (Unpublished study received Jun 24, 1965 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Huntingdon Research Centre, England, submitted by CDL:107617

- J)

61188 2059019 Harper, K.H.; Ball, I.R. (1965) The Acute Toxicity of Herbicide M & B 10731 to (d) the Catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus): 1237/ 65/154. (Unpublished study received Jun 24, 1965 under unknown admin. no.; prepared by Huntingdon Rsearch Centre, England, submitted by CDL:107617

- K)

40111001 2059034 Surprenant, D.; Bentley, R.; Hoberg, J. et al. (1986) The Chronic Toxicity of Bromoxynil Octanoate to Daphnia magna under Flow

- through Conditions: Report No. BW 86

- 9

- 2159: Study No. 565

- 1084

- 6106

- 130. Unpublished
stud y prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 38 p.

### 45 40111003 2059035 Surprenant, D. (1987) The Toxicity of Bromoxynil Octanoate to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Embryos and Larvae: Report #BW

- 87

- 2

- 2016: Study #565

- 1084

- 6106

- 120. Unpublished study prepa red by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 40 p.

41928301 2059042
2059625 Sousa, J. (1991) Bromoxynil Octanoate: Toxicity to Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Embryos and Larvae: Final Report: Lab Pro

- ject
Number: 10566. 0990. 6167. 120: 91

- 4

- 3719. Unpublish ed study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 68 p.

41928302 2059043
2059626 Putt, A. (1991) Bromoxynil Octanoate: Chronic Toxicity to Daphnids (Daphnia magna) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Lab Project Numb

- er : 10566.
0990. 6166. 130: 91

- 4

- 3718. Unpublished study prep

- ared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 73 p.

42265801 Response to
EPA
Comments Suprenant, D. (1992) Response to EPA Comments Regarding the Early Life Stage Exposure (Fathead Minnow)

-- MRID 419283 01 and Life Cycle Exposure (Daphnids)

-- MRID 41928302 to Bromoxynil Octanoate. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 51 p.

92013009 Registrant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40111003. Bromoxynil Octanoate

- Toxicity to Embryos and Larvae

- Fathead: Minnow (Pimephales promelas): Project BW

- 87

- 2

- 2016. Prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 19 p.

92013010 Registr ant

summary Gregg, B. (1990) Rhone

- Poulenc Ag Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID 40111001. Bromoxynil Octanoate

- Chronic Toxicity under Flow

- through
Conditions

- Daphnia magna: Project BW

- 86

- 9

- 2159. Prepared by Springborn Bionomics, Inc. 18 p.



## 122

- 1 Seed Germination/Seedline Emergence and Vegetable Vigor

MRID Citation Reference

41606006 2059041 Horbeg , J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Lab Project Number: 90

- 7

- 3379: 10566

- 1089

- 6144

- 610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 1 34 p.

43273801 2059049 Hoberg, J. (1994) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination of Ten Plant Species: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 94

- 4

- 5225: 10566.0394.6339.610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Lab., Inc. 72 p.



## 123

- 1 Seed germination/seedling emergence and vegitative vigor

MRID Citation Reference

43170901 Supplemental
data Hoberg, J. (1994) Supplement to (Bromoxynil Octanoate)

-- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Lab Project Number: 90

- 7

- 3379: 10566

- 1089

- 6144

- 610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 23 p.

### 46 43273801 2059049 Hoberg, J. (1994) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination of Ten Plant Species: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 94

- 4

- 5225: 10566.0394.6339.610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn
Lab. , Inc. 72 p.

43633701 2059050
2079285 Hoberg, J. (1995) Buctril

-- Determination of Effects on Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Final Report: Lab Project
Number: 95

- 4

- 5778: 10566.0395.6354.610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs, Inc. 271 p.

46801936 Pyrasulfotole
mixture test

contract draft
available Pallett, K.; Gosch, H. (2006) Non

- Target Terrestrial Plants: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test (Tier 2): AE 0317309 + Mefenpyr di

ethyl + Bromoxynil. Pr oject Number: SE/05/001, EBAIX028. Unpublished study prepared by Bayer Cropscience Gmbh. 86 p. SEE PC Code 000692

46801937 Pyrasulfotole
mixture test

Contract draft
available Pallett, K.; Gosch, H. (2006) Non

- Target Terrestrial Plants: Vegetative Vigour Test (Tier 2): AE 0317309 + Mefenpyr di

- ethyl + Bromoxynil. Project Number: VV/05/002, EBAIX029. Unpublished study prepared by Bayer Cropscience Gmbh. 78 p. SEE PC Code 000692



## 123

- 2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID Citation Reference

41606001 2059036 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Freshwa

- ter Diatom Navicula pelliculosa: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3431: 566.1089.6142.440. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 50 p.

41606002 2059037 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Marine Diatom Skeletonema costatum: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3440: 10566

- 1089

- 6142

- 450. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 38 p.

41606003 2059038 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromo xynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Duckweed Lemna gibba G3: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3430: 10566.1089.6144.

- 410. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 44 p.

41606004 2059039 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the F reshwater Green Alga Selenastrum capricornutum: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3436: 10566

- 1089

- 6142

- 430. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 48 p.

41606005 2059040 Giddings, J. (1990) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Freshwater
B luegreen Alga Anabaena flos

- aquae: Lab Project Number: 90

- 8

- 3434; 10566.1089.6142.420. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Laboratories, Inc. 47 p.

42574601 2059630 Hoberg, J. (1992) Bromoxynil Octanoate

-- Toxicity to the Duckweed Lemna gibba: Final Report: Lab Project Number: 91

- 10

- 3968: 10566.0891.6142.410. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 56 p.

42925101 Addendum to
MRID No.
42574601 Surprenant, D. (1993) Bromoxynil Oxtanoate

-- Toxicity to the Duckweed Lemna gibba. Addendum to MRID No. 42574601: Lab Project Number: 91

- 10

- 3968. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc. 6 p.

### 47 

## 142

- 3 Simulated or Actual Field Testing

MRID Citation Reference

109414 Summary of
studies May & Baker Ltd. (1964) Wild Life Studies with Bromoxynil and Its Ester: CRC/BJH/2415. (Unpublished study received Jul 28, 1982 under 359

- 564; submitted by Rhone

- Poulenc, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ; CDL:247924

- B)



## NON Guideline

46367 2059016 Biggs, R., S. Heath, K. Rivett, J. Johnston and N. Woolf (1964?) (Merge) Bromoxynil and Bromoxynil Octanoate, Toxicological Studies. May and Baker Ltd., AD/54/Biochem/301 (10/64), Submitted on 3/15/64. PP#7F0536 Part I Tab IV. (247924).

61198 2059020 Heyw ood, B.J. (1964) (Merge) Wildlife Studies with Bromoxynil and its Esters, May and Baker Ltd. CRC/BJH/2415 (10/64). Submitted on 3/15/64. PP# 7F0536 Part I Tab V. Acc 247924).

### 48 

## 128920 Bromoxynil Heptanoate Eco Effects Bibliography

71

- 1 Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

43030001 2071557 Campbell, S.; Beavers, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate: An Acute Oral Toxicity Study with the Northern Bobwhite: Lab Project Number: 171

- 134. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 21 p.



## 71

- 2 Avian Dietary Toxicity

MRID Citation Reference

43030002 2071558 Campbell, S.; Beavers, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate: A Dietary LC50 Study with the Northern Bobwhite: Lab Project Number: 171

- 133. Unpublished study prepared by Wildlife International Ltd. 43 p.



## 72

- 1 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

MRID Citation Reference

43059601 2071559 Bettencourt, M. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Acute Toxicity to Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Lab Project Number: 93

- 10

- 5006: 10566.0693. 6303.105. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental S ciences Div. 72 p.



## 72

- 2 Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

MRID Citation Reference

43059602 2071560 Putt, A. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Acute Toxicity to Daphnids (Daphnia magna) Under Flow

- Through Conditions: Lab Project Number:

93

- 11

- 5050: 10566.0693.6304.115. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental Sciences Div. 74 p.



## 1 22

- 1 Seed Germination/Seedline Emergence and Vegetable Vigor

MRID Citation Reference

### 49 43059603 2071561 SE 2071562 VVg Hoberg, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Lab Project Number: 93

- 10

- 5003: 10566.0493.6287.610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., E nvironmental Sciences Div. 217 p.



## 122

- 2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID Citation Reference

43059604 2071563 Hoberg, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Toxicity to Duckweed, Lemna gibba: Lab Project Number: 93

- 11

- 5040: 10566.0693.6301. 410. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental Sciences Div. 68 p.

43059605 2071564 Hoberg, J. (1993) Br omoxynil Heptanoate

- Toxicity to the Freshwater Alga, Selenastrum capricornutum: Lab Project Number: 93

- 11

- 5035: 10566.0693.6302.430. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental Sciences Div. 66 p.



## 123

- 1 Seed germination/seed ling emergence and vegitative vigor

MRID Citation Reference

43059603 2071561 SE 2071562 VVg Hoberg, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Determination of Effects on Seed Germination, Seedling Emergence and Vegetative Vigor of Ten Plant Species: Lab Project Number: 93

- 10

- 5003: 10566.0493.6287.610. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., E nvironmental Sciences Div. 217 p.

46801936 Mixture

– 2065162 in
PC Code

000692 Pallett, K.; Gosch, H. (2006) Non

- Target Terrestrial Plants: Seedling Emergence and Seedling Growth Test (Tier 2): AE 0317309 + Mefenpyr
di

- ethyl + Bromoxynil. Project Number: SE/05/001, EBAIX028. Unpublished study prepared by Bayer Cropscience Gmbh. 86 p.

46801937 mixture Pallett, K.; Gosch, H. (2006) Non

- Target Terrestrial Plants: Vegetative Vigour Test (Tier 2): AE 0317309 + Mefenpyr di

- e thyl + Bromoxynil. Project Number: VV/05/002, EBAIX029. Unpublished study prepared by Bayer Cropscience Gmbh. 78 p.



## 123

- 2 Aquatic plant growth

MRID Citation Reference

43059604 2071563 Hoberg, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Toxicity to Duckweed, Lemna gibba: Lab Project Number: 93

- 11

- 5040: 10566.0693.6301. 410. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental Sciences Div. 68 p.

### 50 43059605 2071564 Hoberg, J. (1993) Bromoxynil Heptanoate

- Toxicity to the Freshwater Alga, Selenastrum capricornutum: Lab Project Number: 93

- 11

- 5035: 10566.0693.6302.430. Unpublished study prepared by Springborn Labs., Inc., Environmental Sciences Div. 66 p.

### 51 Appendix B

. Ecol o gical Effects Data

Toxicity testing reported in this section does not represent all species of birds, mammals, or aquatic organisms. Only a few surrogate species for both freshwater fish and birds are used to represent all freshwater fish (2000+) and bird (680+) species in the United States. Mammalian acute studies are usually limited to Norway or New Zealand rat or the house mouse. Estuarine/marine testing is usually limited to a crustacean, a mollusk, and a fish. Also, neither

rep tiles nor amphibians are tested. The risk assessment assumes that avian and reptilian toxicities are similar. The same assumption is used for fish and amphibians in the aquatic

environment

. The following information was taken from previous assessments a nd updated if

recent studies were submitted.

Toxicity to Terrestrial Organisms

Avian

Avian Acute Oral Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I.

derivative LD 50 (mg ai/kg) MRID or Acc. No. Author, Yr Toxicity Category Fulfills Guideline Requirement

Bobwhite Quail 87.3

octanoate 148 Acc. # 248229 Fletcher, 1981 moderately toxic Yes

Bobwhite Quail 89.3 phenol 193 Acc. # 258887 Fletcher, 1985 moderately toxic Yes

Bobwhite Quail 94.8 heptanoate 359 43030001 Campbell, 1993 moderately toxic Yes

Bobwhite Quail 93.0 b utyrate 420 Acc. # 248229 Fletcher, 1991 m oderately toxic Yes

Mallard Duck 93.0 b utyrate 1230 Acc. # 114104 Fletcher, 1982 slightly toxic Yes

Mallard Duck 87.3

octanoate 2050 Acc.# 248229 Fletcher, 1981 practically non

toxic Yes

Avian Subacute Dietary Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I.
derivative LC 50 (ppm ai) MRID or Acc. No. Author, Year Toxicity Category Fulfills Guideline Requirement

Bobwhite Quail 94.8 heptanoate 4530 43030002 Campbell, 1993 slightly toxic Yes

Bobwhite Quail 87.3

octanoate 1150 Acc.# 248229 Fletcher, 1982 slightly toxic Yes

Bobwhite Quail 89.3 phenol 1790 Acc. # 258886 Fletcher, 1985 slightly toxic Yes

### 52 Bobwhite Quail 9 3 butyrate 3159 Acc. # 107853 Beavers, 1977 slightly toxic Yes

Mallard Duck 87.3

octanoate 1880 Acc.# 248229 Fletcher, 1981 slightly toxic Yes

Mallard Duck 89.3 phenol 1230 Acc. # 258888 Fletcher, 1985 slightly toxic Yes

Mallard Duck 93 butyrate 2736 Acc. # 104737 Beavers, 1977 slightly toxic Yes

Ring

- necked Pheasant technical

octanoate 4400 Acc.# 247924 Harper, 1965 slightly toxic Yes

Ring

- necked Pheasant 36.6

octanoate 1830 Acc.# 247924 Harper, 1965 slightly toxic Yes

Avian Reproduction Findings

Species % A.I. NO A EL

ppm LO A EL

ppm Endpoints affected MRID No. Author, Year Fulfills
Guideline Requirement

Northern

Bobwhite 97.2

octanoate 371 NA N one 42004101,42475801 Beavers, 1991 Yes 1

Mallard

Duck 97.2

octanoate 102 340 number of eggs laid and set, number of viable embryos,

number of live 3

- week embryos, and lesions of old yolk peritonitis or regressing ovary 42004102 Beavers, 1991 Yes

1 This study fulfills the guideline requirement even though it is classified as supplemental.



### These results indicate that bromoxynil (phenol), heptanoate, octanoate and butyrate are moderately toxic to practically non

- toxic to avian species on an acute ora l basis and slightly toxic to avian species on a subacute dietary basis. The results of the reproduction studies indicate that bromoxynil octanoate can impair the reproduction of birds at dietary concentrations greater than 102 ppm.

Mammalian

Data from available mammalian studies which are used for human health risk assessment will be used to estimate toxicity to wild mammalian species. A rat acute oral LD 50 

### study with bromoxynil (81

- 1, MRID# 124758) resulted in an LD 50 

### of 81 mg/kg for female rats and 93 mg/kg for male rats while a study with bromoxynil octanoate (81

- 1, MRID# 124112) resulted in

an LD 50 

### of 238 mg/kg for female rats and 400 mg/kg for male rats. These results indicate that bromoxynil and octanoate is moderately toxic to small mammals on an acute oral basis.

A two

- generation rat reproduction study with the technical grade of bromoxynil octanoate (97.8

- 98.1% a.i.) (83

- 4, MRID 41149301) reported a reproductive NO A EL of 250 ppm and a systemic

LO A EL greater than 250 ppm based on reduc ed body weight gain in females.

### 53 Beneficial Insects

A honey bee acute contact LD 50 

### study was submitted for bromoxynil octanoate due to its extensive use on cotton and other agricultural sites. A honeybee acute contact study using several pesticides wa s submitted. This study revealed that bromoxynil octanoate (formulation not identified) is practically nontoxic to honeybees with an LD 50 

### of 14.5 μg ai/bee (00018842). There is sufficient information to characterize bromoxynil octanoate as practically no n

- toxic to
bees.

Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants

Terrestrial plant testing (seedling emergence and vegetative vigor) is required for all herbicides. For the seedling emergence and vegetative vigor testing, the following plant species and groups should be tested: (1) six species of at least four dicotyledonous families, one species of which is soybean ( Glycine max ), and the second of which is a root crop, and (2) four species of at least two monocotyledonous families, one of which is corn ( Zea mays ).

Tier II toxicity data on the TEP material for the most sensitive species is listed below:

Study Type % AI Species EC 25 (lb ai/A) Most Sensitive

Endpoint MRID #

Author, Year Fulfills Guideline

Requirements

Germination 97.6

octanoate dicot

-- tomato >0.45 germination, radicle

length 43273801

Hoberg, 1994 Yes

all monocots tested >0.45 germination, radicle

length

Seedling

Emergence 94.8

heptanoate dicot

-- lettuce 0.014 shoot length 43059603

Hoberg, 1993 Yes

all monocots tested >0.45 shoot length

Vegetative

Vigor 94.8

heptanoate cabbage 0.011 shoot weight 43059603

Hoberg, 1993 Yes

ryegrass 0.19 root weight

Seedling

Emergence 33.58

octanoate
(Buctril) dicot

-- tomato 0.12 shoot length 43633701

Hoberg, 1995 Yes

all monocots tested > 0.60 emergence, shoot length

Vegetative

Vigor 33.58

octanoate
(Buctril) dicot

-- tomato, cabbage 0.017 plant dry weight 43633701

Hoberg, 1995 Yes

monocot

-- onion 0.37 plant dry weight



### The results indicate that non

- target terrestrial plants may be affected from runoff if the soil residues exceed an equivalent of 0.12 lb ai/A and from drift

, if the drift residues exceed 0.017 lb ai/A. (MRID 43633701)

Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms

Freshwater Fish Acute Two freshwater fish toxicity studies using the technical grade of the active ingredient are

### 54 required to establish the toxicity of a pesticide to freshwater fish. One study should use a

c oldwater species (preferably the rainbow trout), and the other should use a warmwater species (preferably the bluegill sunfish). Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Freshwater Fish Acute Toxicity Findings for Bromoxynil Octanoate

Species % A.I.

derivatives LC 50 (ppb a.i. ) MRID No.

Author,Year Toxicity

Category Fulfills Guideline

Requirement

Rainbow Trout 36.6

octanoate 50 Acc. # 247924

Harper, 1965 very highly toxic Yes

Rainbow Trout 93

butyrat e 29 Acc. # 104736

Kuc, 1977 very highly toxic Yes

Rainbow Trout 87.3

octanoate 100 Acc. # 264229

Sousa, 1981 highly toxic Yes

Rainbow Trout 21.5

phenol 3870 Acc. # 072254

Hoberg, 1983 moderately toxic Yes

Rainbow Trout 95

phenol 2100 Acc. # 260441

Nicholson, 1985 moderately toxic Yes

Bluegill Sunfish 94.8

heptanoate 29 43059601

Bettencourt, 1993 very highly toxic Yes

Bluegill Sunfish 87.3

octanoate 53 Acc. # 248229

Sousa, 1981 very highly toxic Yes

Bluegill Sunfish 93

butyrate 45 Acc. # 104736

Kuc, 1977 very highly toxic Yes

Bluegill Sunfish 95

phenol 4000 Acc. # 260441

Nicholson, 1985 moderately toxic Yes

Bluegill Sunfish 21.5

phenol 4945 Acc. # 072336

Sousa, 1983 moderately toxic Yes

Catfish

( Ictalurus nebulosus ) 36.6

octanoate 23 Acc. # 247924

Harper and Ball, 1965 very highly toxic No, supplemental

Goldfish 36.6

octanoate 170 Acc. # 247924

Harper and Ball, 1965 highly toxic No, supplemental



### The results of the 96

- hour acute toxicity studies indicate that bromoxynil octanoate, bromoxynil heptanoate and bromoxynil butyrate are very highly toxic, and bromoxynil phenol is moderately toxic to freshwater fish. (Accession # 247924, 072336, 260441, 248229, 072254, 264229, 247924)

Freshwater Fish C hronic Data from fish early life

- stage tests are required because bromoxynil octanoate is very highly toxic to freshwater fish on an acute basis (acute LC 50 

### s range 23

- 100 ppb). Results of this test

are tabulated below.

### 55 Fish Early Life

- Stage Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I. NO A EL

(ppb) LO A EL

(ppb ) MATC

(ppb) MRID No.

Author/Year Endpoint Affected Fulfills

Guideline

Requirement

Fathead

minnow 97.2

octanoate 18 39 26 41928301

Sousa, 1991 decreased larval growth,

survival and embryo

hatching success Yes,
supplemental

Fathead

minnow 63

octanoate 9 18 12 40111003

Suprenant, 1987 decreased larval survival No

Fathead

minnow 74.27

butyr ate 2.5 4.4 >2.5<4.4 4011100 4

Suprenant, 198 6 d ecrease in larval total

length Yes



### This chronic fish study is supplemental, but taken in conjunction with the previous early life

stage fish study conducted in 1987 (MRID 4111003) they satisfy the guideline requirement (72

- 4(a)). The results indicate that reproductive effects of bromoxynil octanoate to freshwater fish may occur at levels greater than 9 ppb. (MRID 41928301 and 40111003)

. Bromoxynil butyrate deceased larval growth through reduction in total length. (MRID 40111004).

Freshwater Invertebrates A cute A freshwater aquatic invertebrate toxicity test using the technical grade of the active ingredient is required to assess the toxicity of a pesticide to freshwater invertebrates. The preferred test organism is Daphnia magna , but early instar amphipods, sto neflies, mayflies, or midges may

also be used. Results of this test are tabulated below.

Freshwater Invertebrate Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I. EC 50 (ppb ai) MRID NO.

Author,Year Toxicity Category Fulfills Guideline

Requirement

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 87.3

octanoate 96 Acc. # 248229

Suprenant, 1981 very highly toxic Yes

Daphnia pulex

(daphnid) 36.6

octanoate 11 Acc. # 247924

Harper, 1964 very highly toxic Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 94.8

heptanoate 31 43059602

Putt, 1993 very highly toxic Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 9 3

butyr ate 200 Acc. # 114110

Suprenant, 1981 highly toxic Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 95

phenol 19,220 Acc. # 260441

Nicholson, 1985 slightly toxic Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 21.5

phenol 15,910 00138087

Hoberg, 1983 slightly toxic Yes

### 56 The results indicate that bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate are very highly toxic and bromoxynil phenol is slightly toxic to aquatic invertebrates. (A CC #’s 247924, 260441, 248229

& MRID 00138087)

. Bromoxynil butyrate is highly toxic to daphnid (ACC # 114110).

Freshwater Invertebrates C hronic Data from an aquatic invertebrate life

- cycle test using Daphnia magna are required because bromoxynil octanoate is very highly toxic to Daphnia magna (EC 50 

### of 11

- 96 ppb), is registered for uses that involve multiple applications, and has a half

- life of greater than 4 days. Results of

this test are tabulated below.

Aquatic Invertebrate Life

- Cycle Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I. NO A EL ppb

ai LO A EL

ppb ai MATC ppb

ai MRID No.

Author/Year Endpoint

Affected Fulfills

Guideline

Requirement

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 97.2

octanoate 2.5 5.9 3.8 41928302

Putt, 1991 reproduction

and growth Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 60

octanoate 2.6 5.3 3.7 40111001

Suprenant, 1986 survival Yes

Daphnia magna

(daphnid) 74.27

butyrate >26<60

Geometric

mean = 29 40111002

Suprenant, 1986 No



### Both aquatic invertebrate studies are supplemental individually, but taken together they satisfy the guideline requirement for a life

- cycle aquatic invertebrate study. The results indicate that aquatic invertebrate reproductive impairment may occur at bromoxynil octanoate levels greater than 2.5 ppb. (MRID 41928302 and 40111001)

Estuarine and Marine Organism s Acute toxicity test ing with estuarine and marine organisms (fish, shrimp and oyster embryo

larvae or shell deposition) using the technical grade of the active ingredient is required for bromoxynil octanoate because of aerial application and because it has use patterns associ ated

with estuarine and marine environments. Results of these tests are tabulated below.

Estuarine/Marine Acute Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I. LC 50 or EC 50 (ppb ai) MRID No.

Author/Year Toxicity Category Fulfills Guideline

Requirement

Eastern oyster

(shell deposition) 92.4

octanoate 155 42244501

Dionne, 1992 highly toxic Yes

Mysid 94.9

octanoate 65 43487601

Machado, 1994 very highly toxic Yes

Sheepshead minnow 97.2

octanoate 170 42250601

Machado, 1992 highly toxic Yes

### 57 The results indicate that bromoxynil octanoate is highly toxic to estuarine/marine fish and very highly toxic to estuarine/marine shrimp on an acute basis. (MRID 42244501, 42250601 & 43487601).

Chronic testing with bromoxynil octanoate or phenol for es tuarine/marine organisms (72

- 4) has not been submitted and is requested.

Aquatic plants Currently, aquatic plant testing is required for all herbicides. The following species should be

tested: Selenastrum capricornutum

, Lemna gibba

, Skeletonema costatum

, Anabaena flos

- aquae , and a freshwater diatom.

Tier II toxicity data on the technical material is listed below:

Nontarget Aquatic Plant Toxicity Findings

Species % A.I. EC 50 (ppb ai) MRID NO.

Author/year Fulfills

Guideline

Requirement

Lemna gibba 94.8

heptanoate 219 43059604

Hoberg, 1993 Yes

Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) 94.8

heptanoate 80 43059605

Hoberg, 1993 Yes

Navicula pelliculosa (Freshwater diatom) 97.2

octanoate 51 41606001

Giddings, 1990 Yes

Selenastrum capricornutum (green algae) 97.2

octanoate 210 41606004

Giddings, 1990 Yes

Skeletonema costatum (marine diatom) 97.2

octanoate 140 41606002

Giddings, 1990 Yes

Anabaena flos

- aquae (blue

- green algae) 97.2

octanoate > 63 41606005

Giddings, 1990 No, Supplemental



### The results indicate that algae and diatoms are sensitive to bromoxynil octanoate and heptanoate. The guideline requirements for Tier 2 aquatic plant testing for bromoxynil octanoate (GLN 123

- 2) are only partially fulfilled. Acceptable data have not been submitted for Anabaena flos

- aquae and Lemna gibba . Data must be submitted to fulfill the guideline requirement for Anabaena flos

aquae (blue

- green algae) and Lemna gibba an aquatic macrophyte. (M RID 4160601, 41606002,

41606004 & 41606005).

### 58 Appendix C

. ECOSAR Toxicity Estimates

Chemical Taxa Measured Tox Value (ppm) ECOSAR estimate (ppm) ECOSAR class

Bromoxynil phenol FW fish acute 2.1 258* Phenols

FW fish chronic

-- 22.6

FW invert acute 15.9 50.7

FW invert chronic

-- 9.7

SW fish acute

-- 139 Green algae acute

-- 256* Green algae chronic

-- 122

Lemna

-- 234* Bromoxynil octanoate FW fish acute 0.023 0.880 Esters

FW fish chronic 0.009 0.035

FW invert acute 0.011 1.32

FW invert chronic 0.0025 0.374

SW fish acute 0.170 1.11

SW fish chronic

-- 0.276 Mysid acute 0.065 0.242 Mysid chronic

-- 0.035 Green algae acute 0.210 0.346 Green algae chronic

-- 0.239 Bromoxynil heptanoate FW fish acute 0.029 0.558 Esters

FW fish chronic

-- 0.021

FW invert acute 0.031 0.809

FW invert chronic

-- 0.210

SW fish acute

-- 0.691

SW fish chronic

-- 0.182 Mysid acute

-- 0.129 Mysid chronic

-- 0.010 Green algae acute 0.080 0.202 Green algae chronic

-- 0.155

Lemna 0.219

-- Bromoxynil butyrate FW fish acute 0.029 3.61* Esters

FW fish chronic 0.0025 0.182

FW invert acute 0.200 6.12*

FW invert chronic 0.026 2.43*

SW fish acute

-- 4.89*

SW fish chronic

-- 0.986 Mysid acute

-- 1.89* Mysid chronic

-- 2.89* Green algae acute

-- 1.93* Green algae chronic

-- 0.916
3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzamide FW fish acute

-- 47.9 Phenols

FW fish chronic

-- 4.87

FW invert acute

-- 14.7

FW invert chronic

-- 2.79

SW fish acute

-- 21.4 Green algae acute

-- 67.3 Green algae chronic

-- 31.6

Lemna

-- 34.0

FW fish acute

-- 82.8 Amides

FW fish chronic

-- 0.145

### 59 FW invert acute

-- 89.6

FW invert chronic

-- 5.15

SW fish acute

-- 73.1 Mysid acute

-- 4.68 Green algae acute

-- 2.63 Green algae chronic

-- 2.51

FW fish acute

-- 10.7 Phenol Amines

FW fish chronic

-- 0.511

FW invert acute

-- 1.43

FW invert chronic

-- 0.338 Green algae acute

-- 3.91 Green algae chronic

-- 0.837
3,5

- dibromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzoic acid FW fish acute

-- 65.8 Phenols

- acid

FW fish chronic

-- 7.89

FW invert acute

-- 33.4

FW invert chronic

-- 6.35

SW fish acute

-- 23.9 Green algae acute

-- 137* Green algae chronic

-- 63.5

Lemna

-- 35.2
3,5

- dibromo

- dihydroxy

- cyclohexadienylnitrile FW fish acute

-- 3.16 Poly phenols

FW fish chronic

-- 1.46

FW invert acute

-- 15.5

FW invert chronic

-- 5.41 Green algae acute

-- 2.48 Green algae chronic

-- 0.394

3

- bromo

- 4

- hydroxybenzonitrile FW fish acute

-- 14.3 Phenols

FW fish chronic

-- 1.56

FW invert acute

-- 5.39

FW invert chronic

-- 1.03

SW fish acute

-- 5.89 Green algae acute

-- 23.6 Green algae chronic

-- 11.0

Lemna

-- 9.05

4

- cyano

- 2

- bromophenyl

octanoate FW fish acute

-- 0.268* Esters

FW fish chronic

-- 0.009

FW invert acute

-- 0.371*

FW invert chronic

-- 0.085

SW fish acute

-- 0.323*

SW fish chronic

-- 0.092 Mysid acute

-- 0.049 Mysid chronic

-- 0.0016 Green algae acute

-- 0.087 Green algae chronic

-- 0.076

4

- hydroxybenzonitrile FW fish acute

-- 40.9 Phenols

FW fish chronic

-- 3.90

FW invert acute

-- 10.4

FW invert chronic

-- 1.97

SW fish acute

-- 19.8 Green algae acute

-- 49.5 Green algae chronic

-- 23.4

Lemna

-- 32.2 *Above solubility limit

### 60 Appendix D

. SIP and STIR Results

SIP

The Scre ening Imbibition Program (SIP version 1.0 ; 6/ 15 / 2010) was used to calculate an upper bound estimate of exposure via drinking water using the solubility of both bromoxynil octanoate ( 3 ppm) and bromoxynil (211 ppm). T he most sensitive acute and chronic avia n toxicity endpoints (bobwhite q uail

, LD 50 

### = 148 mg/kg

- bw and NOAEC = 102 ppm, respectively) and the most sensitive acute and chronic mammalian toxicity endpoints (rat, LD 50 

### = 81 mg/kg

- bw and NOAEL = 1.5 mg/kg/day, respectively) for b romoxynil or bromoxynil octanoate were used

. Modeling potential exposure to bromoxynil and estimating the resulting risk using bromoxynil octanoate toxicity data and vice versa is a valid approach because terrestrial toxicity is similar for bromoxynil and its esters. Drinking water exposure to bromoxynil octanoate was not determined to be a pathway of concern for avian or mammalian species (no LOC exceedances are expected). However, this pathway is a potential concern for exposure to the more soluble bro moxynil for both avian and mammalian species

. Results are presented i n the tables below

.

SIP A vian R esults for Bromoxynil Octanoate

Parameter Acute Chronic Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 2.43 2.43
Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 106.6 5.06

Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 0.0228 0.480

Conclusion* Drinking water exposure alone is NOT a potential

concern for birds Drinking water exposure alone is NOT a potential

concern for birds



### SIP M ammalian R esults for Bromoxynil Octanoate

Parameter Acute Chronic Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 0.516 0.516
Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 62.3 1.15
Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.0083 0.447

Conclusion* Drinking water exposure alone is NOT a potential

concern for mammals Drinking water exposure alone is NOT a potential

concern for mammals



### SIP A vian R esults for Bromoxynil

Parameter Acute Chronic
Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 171 171 Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 107 5.06
Ratio of exposure to acute toxicity 1.60 33.8

Conclusion* Drinking water exposure

alone IS a potential concern

for birds Drinking water exposure

alone IS a potential concern

for birds



### SIP M ammalian R esults for Bromoxynil

Parameter Acute Chronic
Upper bound exposure (mg/kg

- bw) 36.3 36.3 Adjusted toxicity value (mg/kg

- bw) 62.3 1.15
Ratio of exposure to toxicity 0.58 3 31. 5

### 61 Conclusion* Drinking water exposure

alone IS a potential concern

for mammals Drinking water exposure

alone IS a potential concern

for mammals

*Conclusion s are for drinking water exposure alone. This does not combine all routes of exposure. Therefore, when aggregated with other routes ( i.e. , diet, inhalation, dermal), pesticide exposure through drinking water may contribute to a total exposure that has potenti al for effects to non

- target animals.



### STIR The Screening Tool for Inhalation Risk (STIR version 1.0; 11/23/2010) was used to calculate upper bound estimates of bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil exposures via inhalation. The exposure pathways assessed include both droplet inhalation and vapor phase inhalation. Model inputs for bromoxynil octanoate and bromoxynil included molecular weight (403.11 and 276.91 g/mole, respectively), vapor pressure (1.39x10 - 6 

### and 2.5 x10 - 6 

### torr, respectively), highest appli cation rate (1.8 lb a.i./A and 1.2 lb a.i./A, respectively, converted to lb of bromoxynil on a molecular weight basis), most sensitive acute avia n toxicity endpoint (bobwhite q uail

, LD 50 

### = 148 mg/kg

- bw ), and most sensitive acute oral and inhalation mammali an toxicity endpoints (rat,

LD 50 

### = 81 mg/kg

- bw and 4 hr inhalation LC 50 

### = 0.72 and 0.15 mg/L, respectively). Neither droplet nor vapor inhalation were determined to be potential pathways of concern for avian or mammalian species.

STIR Avian (0.020 kg) Re sults for Bromoxynil Octanoate

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 3.02E

- 02

Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 3.79E

- 03

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 7.34 E+00

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 5.17 E

- 0 4 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1

. 90 E

- 0 1

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 2.59 E

- 02 Exposure not Likely Significant



### STIR M ammalian (0.15 kg) Results for Bromoxynil Octanoate

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 3.02E

- 02

Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 4.76E

- 03

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 4.29E+01

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 1.11E

- 04 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 2

. 39 E

- 0 1

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 5 .5 8 E

- 03 Exposure not Likely Significant



### STIR Avian (0.020 kg) Results for Bromoxynil

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 3.73E

- 02

Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 4.68E

- 03

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 1

. 53 E + 0 0

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 3.06 E

- 03 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1

. 27 E

- 0 1

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 8

. 30 E

- 0 2 Exposure not Likely Significant



### STIR Mammalian (0.15 kg) Results for Bromoxynil

Maximum Vapor Concentration in Air at Saturation (mg/m 3 ) 3.73E

- 02

### 62 Maximum 1

- hour Vapor Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 5.89E

- 03

Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 8.93E+00

Ratio of Vapor Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 6.59E

- 04 Exposure not Likely Significant

Maximum Post

- treatment Spray Inhalation Dose (mg/kg) 1 .5 9 E

- 0 1

Ratio of Droplet Inhalation Dose to Adjusted Inhalation LD 50 1

. 78 E

- 0 2 Exposure not Likely Significant