^ecknical vtote 152

COORDINATED COLOR IDENTIFICATIONS

FOR INDUSTRY

KENNETH L. KELLY

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS
THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

Functions and Activities

The functions of the National Bureau of Standards are set forth in the Act of Congress, March 3, 1901, as amended by Congress in Public Law 619, 1950. These include the development and maintenance of the national standards of measurement and the provision of means and methods for making measurements consistent

with these standards; the determination of physical constants and properties of materials; the development of methods and instruments for testing materials,- devices, and structures; advisory services to government agencies on scientific and technical problems; invention and development of devices to serve special needs of the Government; and the development of standard practices, codes, and specifications. The work includes basic

and applied research, development, engineering, instrumentation, testing, evaluation, calibration services,

and various consultation and information services. Research projects are also performed for other government

agencies when the work relates to and supplements the basic program of the Bureau or when the Bureau's

unique competence is required. The scope of activities is suggested by the listing of divisions and sections on the inside of the back cover.

Publications

The results of the Bureau's research are published either in the Bureau's own series of publications or

in the journals of professional and scientific societies. The Bureau itself publishes three periodicals avail- able from the Government Printing Office: The Journal of Research, published in four separate sections,

presents complete scientific and technical papers; the Technical News Bulletin presents summary and pre- liminary reports on work in progress; and Basic Radio Propagation Predictions provides data for determining

the best frequencies to use for radio communications throughout the world. There are also five series of nonperiodical publications: Monographs, Applied Mathematics Series, Handbooks, Miscellaneous Publications,

and Technical Notes. A complete listing of the Bureau's publications can be found in National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, Publications of the National Bureau of Standards, 1901 to June 1947 ($1.25), and the Supplement to National Bureau of Standards Circular 460, July 1947 to June 1957 ($1.50), and Miscellaneous Publication 240,

July 1957 to June 1960 (Includes Titles of Papers Published in Outside Journals 1950 to 1959) ($2.25); avail- able from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C.
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

technical ^Ttete

152

NOVEMBER 1962

COORDINATED COLOR IDENTIFICATIONS

FOR INDUSTRY

Kenneth L Kelly

NBS Technical Notes are designed to supplement the Bureau's regular publications program. They provide a means for making available scientific data that are of transient or limited interest. Technical Notes may be

listed or referred to in the open literature.

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington 25, D.C. - Price 15 cents
Contents

1

.

Introduction 1

2. Discussion.. 2

3

.

Summary. 6

4. Bibliography 7

li
COORDINATED COLOR IDENTIFICATIONS FOR INDUSTRY

Kenneth L. Kelly

When a color is to be identified; the preciseness required

of the identification is the first consideration. Usually

this is determined by a trial-and-error method which can be

both costly and time-consuming. For some uses, a color name consisting of a hue name or a hue name and modifier is

sufficient while for others, a notation of the color in a color-order system will suffice. Where maximum precision

is required, the color should be measured instrumentally

and the results expressed numerically. This paper describes

the coordinated series of five levels of fineness of color

identification developed by ISCC Subcommittee for Problem 23,

the Expression of Historical Color Usage, and is based on

the ISCC-NBS method of designating colors. It lists the

methods for changing from one level to another and gives

examples of the use of each level.

1. Introduction

There has long been a need in industry and science for a coordinated series of different levels of fineness of color designation. Such

a series was developed by the Inter-Society Color Council Subcommittee

for Problem 23, the Expression of Historical Color.Usage, that is, color

trends. This series was mentioned in the report— of that Subcommittee

in connection with the necessary statistical analysis, and again in the

paper, Some Problems of Color Identification—' , given before the Fall

Conference of the Building Research Institute incidental to the description of other color-order systems. This paper will bring into sharper

focus the five levels of fineness of color designation inherent in this

series.

This series is based on the method of color designation developed

at the National Bureau of Standards with the cooperation of the InterSociety Color Council as an answer to the problem of describing the

colors of drugs and medicines, in the National Formulary— and in the , United States Pharmacopoeia— . In it the psychological color solid

2 was divided into 319 blocks, to each of which was assigned a simple

easily understood color name consisting of a hue name, such as red or

green, and one or more modifiers to produce designations such as light

yellowish brown or pale pink. Since each block is tridimensional, that

is, since the color range included in it varies in hue (red, yellow,

green), lightness (light, dark), and saturation (vivid, strong, weak),

it was necessary to tailor the size and shape of each color-name block

so that the color range included would represent the range of color

associated by the average person with that color designation. The

description of these 319 color-name blocks was included in the paper,

Method of Designating Color— , published in 1939.
In 1946, this ISCC-NBS (Inter-Society Color Council - National

Bureau of Standards) method was revised to take account of suggested

changes in the color-name boundaries especially with relation to the

textile industry. Some hue names were deleted and one added and the

number of color names was reduced to 267. The color-name charts defining the boundaries of these 267 color-name blocks are contained in

National Bureau of Standards Circular 553, the ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color Namesi2/. The instructions for

determining these color names were extended to apply not only to drugs

and medicines but rather to any powder, solid, liquid, or microscopic

structure without restriction. The modifier weak was replaced with

grayish due to the undesirable connotation of the former in such descriptions as a weak red brick.

2. Discussion

There are many applications in industry and science for which this

division of the color solid into 267 parts would be sufficient, but perhaps the most important application of the ISCC-NBS method of designating

colors is in serving as the basic structure by which the five levels of

fineness of color designation are coordinated. It goes further and con- tains the first three levels.

For instance, there are nineteen modifiers for the hue range green

not including those for yellowish green or bluish green. All of these

from greenish white to vivid green can be described as greens; that is,

these nineteen color names can be combined or "rolled up" into one hue

name. Likewise the ten color names describing yellowish greens can all

be described by the hue name yellowish green, and the nine color names describing bluish green colors can be described by the hue name bluish

green. Also since yellowish green and bluish green are variations of

green they can all be described by the generic hue name green. This then

is why the ISCC Subcommittee for Problem 23 called this coordinated

series of color-identification systems the color roll-up system, for all

the 38 color names describing various greens can first be rolled up into

yellowish green, green, or bluish green; and then these three, into the

generic hue name green.

The five levels of fineness of color identification each embrace

the whole psychological color solid and are related through the ISCC-NBS

method of designating colors. In the first level, the color solid is

divided into thirteen parts, ten described by a generic hue name, and

three neutrals, white, gray and black. These generic hue names are pink,

red, orange, brown, yellow, olive, green, blue, violet and purple. In

the second level, the color solid is divided into 29 parts, that is ten

of the original 13 parts are further divided and assigned intermediate

hue names. These intermediate hue names are yellowish pink, reddish

orange, reddish brown, orange yellow, yellowish brown, olive brown,

greenish yellow, yellow green, olive green, yellowish green, bluish green,

greenish blue, purplish blue, reddish purple, purplish red and purplish

pink. In the third level, each part of the color solid described by a generic or intermediate hue name is subdivided and to each such sub2
division is assigned that hue name and the appropriate modifier descriptive of its lightness and saturation as shown in the table of modifiers

in Circular 553 on page 3. These modifiers include vivid, brilliant;

strong; deep, very deep; very light, light, moderate, dark, very dark,

very pale, pale, grayish, dark grayish, and blackish. The part of the

color solid described by the color name gray, is subdivided into three

parts to each of which is assigned a modifier descriptive of its lightness, light, medium or dark. This is the ISCC-NBS method of designating

colors and 'consists of the 267 color-name blocks in Circular 553.

Level four of our coordinated .series is illustrated by the Munsell

Book of Color*' 9 ' 15 ' 18 ' 2

* 5 '' 3 /

. There are about 1000 color samples

in this book which have been prepared with great care to exemplify equally spaced scales of hue, lightness, and saturation, on which the boundaries of the ISCC-NBS color-name blocks are based. That is, the Munsell

color system is a true color-appearance system and as such lends itself

to interpolation and extrapolation among its color samples. So if the

desired color is not found among the 1000 samples, its designation may

be indicated by specifying its hue to the nearest half hue step out of

the 100 hue steps in the Munsell hue circuit, to the nearest one tenth

value step (lightness) of the ten value steps between white (Munsell

notation 10/) and black (Munsell notation 0/), and to the nearest third

chroma step (saturation). The chroma notation of the most saturated

color sample in the Munsell Book of Color is /16. Thus the effective

number of hues has been increased to 200 by interpolation alone from the

40 constant -hue charts of the Munsell Book of Color, a five-fold increase;

the number of values has been increased from 10 to 100, and the number

of chromas has been multiplied by 6. It may be said that by interpolation alone, the effective number of Munsell color samples has been

increased by a factor of approximately 5 x 10 x 6 = 300 (or to a total

of about 300,000 colors). Also since the boundaries of the ISCC-NBS

color-name blocks are specified in terms of the Munsell system, it is

easy to determine the ISCC-NBS color name equivalent to any Munsell

notation throughout the color solid.

In level five, the color is measured on a colorimeter or spectrophotometer and the results expressed numerical ly3» 13,32/ _ ^e greatest

accuracy required in the identification of a color can be realized in this

level. The numerical results obtained from a colorimeter or spectrophotometer are usually expressed in chromaticity coordinates (x,y or a,b)

and daylight reflectance (Y or R^) and are reliable to two decimal places

and sometimes to three. It is hoped that in the not too distant future,

through the development of new spectrophotometers coupled with highspeed electronic computers, values of chromaticity coordinates and daylight reflectances obtained spectrophotometrically can be given correct

to three decimal places and possibly to four.

Now let us consider an example whose color can be appropriately

described on each of the five levels of fineness of color identification.

It is possible that the manufacturer of snow-shovel handles who wanted

red, green or blue handles for his product to satisfy his customer's

desire for color variety, would be perfectly happy to have nearly any

3
red, green or blue and would not be too fussy about the tolerances within which the handles matched his selected colors. He would thus be

using level one. If, however, the green was found to be too yellowish or bluish, he could refine his tolerances by advancing to level two of our coordinated series by stating that he wanted a green handle and not a yellowish green or bluish green one. Suppose now as our manufacturer's

knowledge of color increases, and his customers become more sophisticated,

he may find through a color survey that he should have specified a vivid

red instead of the less expensive uncontrolled red which he had been

using. He may have found that vivid red has more eye appeal and further

that it contrasts better with snow and green grass. He has thus advanced

from level two to level three, that is, to the ISCC-NBS method of designating colors.

If, however, our industrialist's product is one which must "go

with" another colored item, he may well find that this division of the

whole color solid into 267 color-name blocks does not give him the color

selection which he requires. He must then advance to level four and

specify his color in terms of the Munsell color system or an equivalent

color-order system. Now let us progress to another industrialist, one who produces refrigerators. He may well sublet the contract for the

manufacture of the refrigerator bodies and doors to one manufacturer

and that of the plastic cooling-compartment doors to another. Here the

tolerances are much more stringent and even an interpolated Munsell no- tation may not suffice. He must then resort to a color measuring instrument, a colorimeter or a spectrophotometer. Both of these instruments

have advantages and disadvantages and the industrialist must know both or his inspection costs may become too high. Our industrialist has now advanced to level five of our coordinated series of color identification

systems.

From the descriptions of levels four and five, it can be seen that

there is a considerable variation of fineness of designation for a color

in each of these levels. In level four, for instance, the Munsell Book

of Color contains about 1000 color samples, but this figure can be multiplied by approximately 300 through the use of interpolation alone, while

other color-order systems which can also be used in this level contain

from 943 to 7056 color samples. In level five, the variation in fineness

of color designation is accomplished by increasing the number of decimal

places used in the numerical notation. Remember that the number of color

designations possible with two decimal places (for each of three coordinates) will be increased by a factor of 1000 with three decimal places

and by a factor of 1,000,000 with four decimal places. This flexibility

is most useful and fortunate in these levels since they will be used more

and more in industry and science in the specification of colors and color

differences.

..In 1943 there was published at the National Bureau of Standards a paper— including graphs illustrating the chromaticity coordinates and

tables listing the daylight reflectances of the 405 color samples in the

20-hue edition of the Munsell Book of Color. Also in 1943 the

2 Pptical

Society of America published the results of an extensive study— of the
Munsell system which attempted through graphs and tables to define an

ideal Munsell color system. To distinguish Munsell notations determined

through the comparison of a color with the color scales of the Munsell

Book of Color, called Munsell book notations, from notations in the ideal

Munsell color system, the latter are called Munsell renotations. From

either of these sets of graphs, it is possible to convert chromaticity

coordinates and daylight reflectances to Munsell book notations or renotations. The latter are usually used. Lately through elegant programs for highspeed computers— , it has been possible to determine in a matter of seconds the Munsell renotation of a color from its chromaticity

coordinates and daylight reflectance.

Now let us summarize the levels of fineness in reverse order. For

maximum accuracy, a color should be measured instrumentally and the re- sults expressed numerically or in terms of a Munsell renotation (level

five). If this accuracy is not required, a carefully interpolated

Munsell book notation may suffice (level four). If one wants a quick

understandable color designation such as that of a moist soil sample

before its color changes due to drying, a description in terms of the

ISCC-NBS color names can be recorded (level three). If one is interested in the color of a thin section of a sample under the microscope

where the thickness of the section is not easily controlled, the hue

name of the color in question is usually sufficient (level two). Level

one is useful when a quick approximate designation of a color is sufficient or when color changes or trends are being plotted and where more

than thirteen lines on a graph would be confusing.

It has long been the hope of the National Bureau of Standards and

the Inter-Society Color Council that someday color charts could be

added to the color-names dictionary with a characteristic color sample

illustrating each of the color-name blocks. These most characteristic

colors were considered to be those representing the centers of the

blocks and thus are called centroid colors. The ISCC-NBS centroid

colors were defined at the

fi National Bureau of Standards by specifications

determined mathematically— in terms of Munsell renotations, some of

the centroids being outside the color range of available pigments.

Through financial support from the Inter-Society Color Council the prototype centroid colors meeting the tolerances prescribed by this Bureau

were produced by Davidson and Hemmendinger of Easton, Pa., for 214 of

the 267 color-name blocks. Mass produced constant-hue name centroidcolor charts are in preparation and will be available through the

Standard Materials Program of the National Bureau of Standards,

Washington 25, D.C. at about $2.00 per complete set.

Through the publication of the Munsell notations of part or all of

the color samples of such well known and much„used /Color-order systems

as Maerz and Paul (first edition, 7056 colors

2 ), Ridgway (1115

colors

2 ), Plochere (1248 colors 9

l

ft/ ), and the Color Harmony

Manual (third edition, 943 colors—2 2— ), these color-order systems

can be used in place of the Munsell Book of Color in level four. Each

of these color-order systems has as many as, or more color samples than,

the Munsell Book of Color and these samples are arranged systematically
throughout the whole color solid. There are other collections of color

samples, smaller than the Munsell Book of Color, whose Munsell notations

have been published; these

g

include the ninth edition of the Standard

Color Card (216 colors

1— ), produced by the Textile Color Card Association of the United States (now the Color Association of the United

States), the Horticultural ColourgChart (800 colors-**^-), the 256 colors

shown in the Nickerson Color Fan— , the 88 colors used by the American

Association of Textile Chemists and Co louris ts-"- , Federal Specification

TT-C-595 (first edition, 187 colors- ).,the 17 colors for molded urea~

and 12 .colors for polystyrene plastics— , the.,rock colors (115 colors,

1951— ), and the 196 for soil colors (1954— ). These smaller collections besides their specific applications, can be used in level three of

our coordinated series of color identification systems. In addition to

the color samples in the Munsell Book of Color, those in the Color

Harmony Manual (third edition) and in the ninth edition of the Standard

Color Card have been measured spectrophotometrically and the corresponding chromaticity coordinates, daylight reflectances, and Munsell renotations have been published.

To assist in coordinating the color identifications derived from

these many collections of color samples, there are listed in the third

part of NBS Circular 553, the color names dictionary, all of the color names used in these color-order systems with their equivalent ISCC-NBS

color designations. In the second part of NBS Circular 553, all of

these color names are listed, each under its equivalent ISCC-NBS color

name. Opposite each of these color names in part two, is listed the

numerical or letter designation used in each collection to identify the

color sample.

3 . Summary

It was the stated purpose of this paper to describe the method,

developed by ISCC Subcommittee for Problem 23, of coordinating the five

levels of fineness of color designation. The application of this method

to the color problems of industry and science is increasing. The change

is slow but sure and the dye man in the shop is finding that the advertising man is beginning to understand what he, the dye man, is talking

about and vice versa. As the use of this method spreads, men from

different industries will find that they have finally a common language

for the designation of colors and color differences. One commercial

firm is applying this coordinated series to the study of color selection

and color trends involving all products that offer the intermediate

customer a choice of colors on the manufacturing level as well as the

ultimate consumer on the retail level. Through the use of this method

it is possible by statistical treatment to correlate marketing data on products whose colors are described in any one of the five levels of

fineness of color designation.
4. Bibliography

1 American Pharmaceutical Association, The National Formulary

(revised every five years).

2 American Society for Testing Materials, Committee D-l, Method of

specifying color by the Munsell system, ASTM Designation: D1535-58T,

issued 1958.

3 American Standards Association, Standard Methods of Measuring and

Specifying Color, Z58. 7. 1-1951, Z58. 7 .2-1951, and Z58. 7.3-1951,

issued 1951.

4 The British Colour Council in collaboration with the Royal Horticultural Society (London), Horticultural colour chart, 1938 and

1940. Copyright Robert F. Wilson. Also issued as the Wilson Colour

chart.

5 Colors for molded urea plastics, Commercial Standard CS147-47, U.S.

Department of Commerce, 12/15/47.

6 Colors for polystyrene plastics, Commercial Standard CS156-49, U.S.

Department of Commerce, 1/1/49.

7 Federal Specification TT-C-595, Colors; (for) Ready-Mixed Paints.

Procurable from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C., $4.50. Dated January 12, 1950

and issued in 1951.

8 Granville, W. C, Munsell renotations of Color Harmony Manual chips

(third edition) from spectrophotometric measurements. Unpublished.

Available from Container Corporation of America.

9 Granville, W.C., Nickerson, D., and Foss, C.E., Trichromatic specifications for intermediate and special colors of the Munsell system,

J. Opt. Soc. Am. 33, 376-385 (1943).

10 Hamly, D.H., The Ridgway color standards with a Munsell notation key,

J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39,, 592-599 (1949).

11 Inter-Society Color Council, Interim Report of the ISCC Subcommittee

on Problem 23, Expression of historical color usage, Nov. 20, 1960.

12 Jacobson, E., Color Harmony Manual , Container Corporation of

America, Chicago, Illinois, 1948, third edition.

13 Judd, D.B., Color in Business, Science and Industry, John Wiley &

Sons, Inc., New York, 1952.

14 Judd, D.B. and Kelly, K.L., Method of designating colors, J. Research

NBS 23. 355-385 (1939) RP1239.
15 Judd, D.B. and Wyszecki, Gunter, Extension of the Munsell renotation

system to very dark colors, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 46

,

281-284 (April

1956).

16 Kelly, K.L., Central notations for the revised ISCC-NBS color-name

blocks, J. Research NBS 61, 427-431 (Nov. 1958) RP2911.

17 Kelly^ K.L., Some problems of color identification, J. Am. Institute

of Architects 3_7_, 80-82 (Mar. 1962).

18 Kelly, K.L., Gibson, K.S., and Nickerson, D., Tristimulus specification of the Munsell Book of Color from spectrophotometric

measurements, J. Research NBS 31_, 55 (1943) RP1549; also J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 33, 355-376 (July 1943).

19 Kelly, K.L. and Judd, D.B., The ISCC-NBS method of designating

colors and a dictionary of color names, NBS Circular 553, Nov. 1,

1955.

20 Maerz, A. and Paul, M. Rea, A Dictionary of Color, First Edition,

McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1930.

21 Middleton, W.E. Knowles, The Plochere color system; A descriptive

analysis, Canadian J. Research, F.27, 1-21 (1949); N.R.C. No.

1856; also J. Opt. Soc. Am. 39,, 633A (1949).

22 Munsell Color Company, Munsell Book of Color, 1960 edition, Munsell

Color Company, Inc., 2441 North Calvert Street, Baltimore 18, Md.

23 Munsell Color Company, Munsell soil color charts, special form for use of Soil Scientists, Geologists, and Archaeologists, 1954.

Munsell Color Company, Baltimore 18, Md.

24 National Research Council, Rock-color chart, prepared by the RockColor Chart Committee (sponsored by 5 geological organizations),

Washington, D.C., 1951.

25 Newhall, S.M., Preliminary report of the OSA subcommittee on the

spacing of the Munsell colors, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 30, 617-645 (1940).

26 Newhall, S.M., Nickerson, D., and Judd, D.B., Final report of the

OSA subcommittee on the spacing of the Munsell Colors, J. Opt.

Soc. Am. 33, 385-418 (1943).

27 Nickerson, Dorothy, Horticultural Colour Chart names with Munsell

key, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 47, 619-621 (July 1957).

28 Nickerson, Dorothy, Interrelation of color specifications, Paper

Trade J. 125, 153 (1947).
29 Nickerson, Dorothy, Modern color science is the background for a new and useful color chart for horticulture, Proc. 11th Annual Am.

Horticultural Congress and Annual Meeting Am. Horticultural Council,

p. 3 - Jl, Oct. 1956.

30 Nickerson, Dorothy, and Newhall, S.M., A psychological color solid,

J. Opt. Soc. Am. 33, 419-422 (July 1943).

31 Nickerson, D., Tomaszewski, J. J., and Boyd, T.F., Colorimetric

specifications of Munsell repaints, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 43, 163-171

(1953).

32 Optical Society of America, Committee on Colorimetry, The Science of

Color, Thomas Y. Crowell Co., New York, 1953.

33 Plochere, G. and Plochere, G., Plochere Color System, A guide to

color and color harmony, Fox Printing Co., Los Angeles, California,

1948.

34 Reimann, G., Judd, D.B., and Keegan, H.J., Spectrophotometric and

colorimetric determination of the colors of the TCCA standard color

cards. J. Research NBS 36_, 209-247 (1946) RP1700; also J. Opt. Soc.

Am. 36, 128-159 (Mar. 1946).

35 Rheinboldt, W.C. and Menard, J. P., Mechanized conversion of colorimetric data to Munsell renotations, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 50 , 802-807

(Aug. 1960).

36 Ridgway, Robert, Color standards and color nomenclature, Washington,

D.C., 1912.

37 The Society of Dyers and Colourists, Colour Index, Bradford, Yorkshire, England, January 1924, Supplement January 1928.

38 Taylor, Helen D., Knoche, Lucille, and Granville, Walter C,

Descriptive Color Names Dictionary, Container Corporation of

America, Chicago, Illinois, 1950.

39 Textile Color Card Association of the United States, Inc., Standard

Color Card of America, 9th Edition, Color Association of the United

States, 200 Madison Avenue, New York 16, N.Y., 1941.

40 United States Pharmacopoeial Convention, The Pharmacopoeia of the

United States of America (revised every five years).

41 Webster's Third New International Dictionary, unabridged, G. and C.

Merriam Co., Springfield 2, Mass., 1961.

a U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1962 O - 666333

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Luther H. Hodges, Secretary

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

A. V. Astin, Director THE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

The scope of activities of the National Bureau of Standards at its major laboratories in Washington, D.C., and

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