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# Current Bibliographies in Medicine 96-7

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# Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors

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January 1991 through November 1996

424 Citations

Prepared byPeggie S. Tillman, Ph.D., M.L.S., National Library of MedicineWillo Pequegnat, Ph.D., National Institute of Mental Health

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESPublic Health ServiceNational Institutes of Health

National Library of MedicineReference Section8600 Rockville PikeBethesda, Maryland 20894

1996

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**National Library of Medicine Cataloging in Publication**

Tillman, Peggie S.Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors: January 1991 through November 1996 : 424 citations / prepared by Peggie S. Tillman, Willo Pequegnat. -- Bethesda, Md. (8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda 20894) : U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine, Reference Section ; Pittsburgh, PA : Sold by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., 1996.-- (Current bibliographies in medicine ; 96-7)

Prepared in support of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors, held in Bethesda, Md., February 11-13, 1997.

1. HIV Infections - prevention & control - bibliography 2. Preventive Health Services - bibliography 3. Sex Behavior - bibliography 4. Disease Transmission - bibliography I. Pequegnat, Willo. II. National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Reference Section III. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors (1997 : Bethesda, Md.) IV. Title VI. Series

02NLM: ZW 1 N272 no. 96-7
      - Series Note
      - Table of Contents for this bibliography
      - Introduction to this bibliography
      - Search Strategy
      - Sample Citations

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**Series Note**

Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) is a continuation in part of the National Library of Medicine's Literature Search Series, which ceased in 1987 with No. 87-15. In 1989 it also subsumed the Specialized Bibliography Series. Each bibliography in the new series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTARtm, POPLINEtm and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

Comments and suggestions on this series may be addressed to:

Karen Patrias, EditorCurrent Bibliographies in MedicineReference SectionNational Library of MedicineBethesda, MD 20894Phone: 301-496-6097Fax: 301-402-1384Internet: ref@nlm.nih.gov

Ordering Information:

*Current Bibliographies in Medicine* is sold by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. 371954, Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954. To order the entire CBM series for calendar year 1996 (approximately 10 bibliographies), send $47.00 ($58.75 foreign) to the Superintendent of Documents citing GPO List ID: CBM96. Orders for individual bibliographies in the series ($5.50, $6.88 foreign) should be sent to the Superintendent of Documents citing the title, CBM number, and the GPO List ID number.

Internet Access:

The *Current Bibliographies in Medicine* series is also available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

Use of funds for printing this periodical has been approved by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget through September 30, 1997.
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## Table of Contents

### Introduction

### Search Strategy

### Sample Citations

### Bibliography:

### Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

### Behavioral Epidemiology of Risk Behaviors for HIV/AIDS

### Behavioral Issues in Vertical Transmission of HIV/AIDS

### At Risk Populations for HIV/AIDS

### Modeling of HIV Infection

### Theories in AIDS Prevention Research

### Prevention Programs for HIV/AIDS

      - General
      - AIDS Prevention with Substance Abusers
      - School-based Prevention Programs
      - Needle Exchange and Bleach Programs
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**Introduction**

INTERVENTIONS TO PREVENT HIV RISK BEHAVIORS

Our nation is facing the most critical and devastating epidemic in recent history. In 1992 it is calculated that nearly two million years of potential human life were lost as a result of premature death from AIDS, which surpasses loss of life attributable to stroke, heart disease, and cancer. HIV infection and its clinical complications are placing a heavy strain on medical and social services in both the public and private sectors. One in 250 people in the United States is infected with HIV, and AIDS is the leading cause of death among men and women between the ages of 25 to 44. In the U.S. gay men, or men who have sex with men, still account for the largest number of cases, but the rate at which women are becoming infected is higher. The percentage of AIDS due to heterosexual contact increased by 21 percent from 1990 to 1991 and continues to escalate. HIV infection in nearly one third of seropositive people is related to injection drug use.

Beginning in 1983 the public health system has supported research to develop behavioral approaches to prevent the further spread of the virus through changes in high risk sexual behavior and injection drug use behavior. Significant progress has been made in understanding how to help individuals change their AIDS-related risk behaviors. Based on a variety of models of behavior change, including social learning theory and related health and substance abuse models, these behaviorally-based interventions begin with AIDS and substance education as necessary components, but also include skill acquisition, assertiveness training, and behavioral reinforcement components. In recent years research documents that aggressive implementation of HIV reduction efforts to promote safer sexual behavior and prevent substance abuse could avert tens of thousands of new HIV infections and potentially save millions of dollars in health care costs.

This bibliography was prepared in support of a National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on Interventions to Prevent HIV Risk Behaviors held in Bethesda, Maryland on February 11-13, 1997. Behavioral and social scientists, prevention researchers, statisticians, and methodologists as well as other health care professionals were brought together to review the data and evaluate the interventions to prevent the further spread of HIV/AIDS. The Consensus Development Conference was timely because behavioral interventions are currently (and for the foreseeable future) the only effective way of containing the further spread of HIV infection. It is critical to identify effective risk reduction behavior change interventions, understand their effectiveness in different settings with different populations, and ensure that the best tested interventions are being used in the public health system to help people make and sustain behavioral changes to reduce their risk for contracting HIV infection. Public health personnel need to be delivering the most effective behavior change interventions or they can become discouraged if clients continue to seroconvert and become ill despite their efforts.

Citations to journal articles, books and book chapters, conference proceedings, conference papers, and meeting abstracts are included in the bibliography. Although the items selected are primarily in English, all languages were searched. The citations presented have been divided into seven sections to permit researchers and service providers to access the relevant literature: (1) Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS; (2) Behavioral Epidemiology of Risk Behaviors for HIV/AIDS; (3) Behavioral Issues in Vertical Transmission of HIV/AIDS; (4) At Risk Populations for HIV/AIDS; (5) Modeling of HIV Infection; (6) Theories in AIDS Prevention Research; and (7) Prevention Programs for HIV/AIDS.
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**Search Strategy**

A variety of online databases are usually searched in preparing bibliographies in the CBM series. To assist you in updating or otherwise manipulating the material in this search, the strategy used for the NLM's AIDSLINE database is given below. Please note that the search strategies presented here differ from individual demand searches in that they are generally broadly formulated and irrelevant citations edited out prior to printing.

SS 1 = SUBS APPLY PCSS 1 = EXP HIV INFECTIONSSS 2 = SUBS CANCELSS 2 = 1 OR EXP PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICESSS 3 = EXP RISK OR EXP RISK-TAKING OR SOCIAL BEHAVIOR OR SOCIAL CONFORMITY ORBEHAVIOR OR SEX FACTORS OR SEX EDUCATION OR EXP SEX BEHAVIOR ORADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR OR LIFE STYLE OR GENDER IDENTITY OR EXP ATTITUDE TO HEALTHSS 4 = EXP COCAINE OR EXP SUBSTANCE ABUSE OR EXP SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE ORNEEDLE SHARING OR ALCOHOL DRINKINGSS 5 = EXP *DISEASE TRANSMISSION OR *SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASESSS 6 = EXP EDUCATION OR EXP COUNSELINGSS 7 = 3 OR 4SS 8 = 2 AND 5SS 9 = 2 AND 6SS 10 = 2 AND 7SS 11 = 8 OR 9 OR 10SS 12 = 11 AND 91 (YR)SS 13 = 11 AND 92 (YR)SS 14 = 11 AND 93 (YR)SS 15 = 11 AND 94 (YR)SS 16 = 11 AND 95 (YR)SS 17 = 11 AND 96 (YR)SS 18 = 12 OR 13 OR 14 OR 15 OR 16 OR 17

**GRATEFUL MED and INTERNET GRATEFUL MED**

To make online searching easier and more efficient, the Library offers GRATEFUL MED, microcomputer-based software that provides a user-friendly interface to most NLM databases. This software was specifically developed for health professionals and features multiple choice menus and "fill in the blank" screens for easy search preparation. GRATEFUL MED runs on an IBM PC (or IBM-compatible) with DOS 2.0 or Windows or on a Macintosh, and requires a Hayes (or Hayes-compatible) modem. It may be purchased from the National Technical Information Service in Springfield, Virginia, for $29.95 (plus $3.00 per order for shipping). For your convenience, an order blank has been enclosed at the back of this bibliography.

INTERNET GRATEFUL MED is available from the World Wide Web. The user with Internet access and an NLM user account need only point a compatible Web browser (Netscape Navigator is strongly recommended) to http://igm.nlm.nih.gov. No other software at the user end is required.
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**Sample Citations**

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for *Index Medicus* ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

**Journal Article:**

*Example:*Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychol Bull 1992 May;111(3):455-74.

*Order, with separating punctuation:*Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

**Monograph:**

*Example:*McCoy CB, Inciardi JA. Sex, drugs & the continuing spread of AIDS. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co.; 1995. 181 p.

*Order, with separating punctuation:*Authors/Editors. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. Total No. of Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:Patrias, Karen. *National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation*. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.
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## EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HIV/AIDS

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). HIV/AIDS surveillance report. Atlanta (GA): The Centers. Vol. 5, No. 1, 1993- . Continues: HIV/AIDS Surveillance.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). MMWR. CDC surveillance summaries. Atlanta (GA): The Centers. Vol. 32, No. 3SS, 1983 Aug - .

Cournos F, Horwath E, Guido JR, McKinnon K, Hopkins N. HIV-1 infection at two public psychiatric hospitals in New York City. AIDS Care 1994;6(4):443-52.

de Bruyn M. Women and AIDS in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 1992 Feb;34(3):249-62.

Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H, Friedman SR, Friedmann P, Goldberg D, Frischer M, Green S, Tunving K, Ljungberg B, Wodak A, et al. Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users. JAMA 1995 Oct 18;274(15):1226-31.

Des Jarlais DC, Paone D, Caloir S, Shi Q, Friedman SR, Parry J. HIV seroprevalence and seroincidence among IDUs using the New York City syringe exchange [abstract]. Natl Conf Hum Retroviruses Relat Infect 1995;2:165.

Detels R. Epidemiologic contributions to the HIV and AIDS literature. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1995;8(1):51-3.

Dolcini MM, Catania JA, Coates TJ, Stall R, Hudes ES, Gagnon JH, Pollack LM. Demographic characteristics of heterosexuals with multiple partners: the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Sep-Oct;25(5):208-14.

Dolcini MM, Coates TJ, Catania JA, Kegeles SM, Hauck WW. Multiple sexual partners and their psychosocial correlates: the population-based AIDS in multiethnic neighborhoods (AMEN) study. Health Psychol 1995 Jan;14(1):22-31.

Edlin BR, Irwin KL, Faruque S, McCoy CB, Word C, Serrano Y, Inciardi JA, Bowser BP, Schilling RF, Holmberg SD. Intersecting epidemics--crack cocaine use and HIV infection among inner-city young adults. Multicenter Crack Cocaine and HIV Infection Study Team. N Engl J Med 1994 Nov 24;331(21):1422-7. Comment in: N Engl J Med 1995 May 4;332(18):1233; discussion 1234-5.

Harding T. HIV infection in prisons. What about the WHO guidelines? [letter]. BMJ 1995 May 13;310(6989):1265. Comment on: BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975):278-83.

Hillman R, Scoular A, McMillan S. HIV infection in prisons. Genitourinary medicine services are important [letter]. BMJ 1995 May 13;310(6989):1264-5. Comment on: BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975):289-92; BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975):293-6.

Mann JM. Global AIDS: critical issues for prevention in the 1990s. Int J Health Serv 1991;21(3):553-9.

Mann JM, Tarantola D, Netter TW. AIDS in the world, 1992. Cambridge (MA): Harvard University Press; 1992. Chapter 5, HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases.

McCoy CB, Inciardi JA. Sex, drugs & the continuing spread of AIDS. Los Angeles: Roxbury Publishing Co.; 1995. 181 p.

McGuire H, Birthistle K, Carrington D, McManus T. HIV infection in prisons. Testing in prison is uncommon [letter]. BMJ 1995 May 13;310(6989):1265. Comment on: BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975):275-6.

Muller R, Stark K, Guogenmcos-Molzmann I. HIV infection in prisons. High risk behaviour is common in prisons in Berlin [letter]. BMJ 1995 May 13;310(6989):1264. Comments on: BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975:275-6; BMJ 1995 Feb 4;310(6975:289-92; BMJ 1995 Feb 4; 310(6975:293-6.

Quinn TC. The epidemiology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the 1990s. Emerg Med Clin North Am 1995;13(1):1-25.

Rosenberg PS, Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ. Declining age at HIV infection in the United States. N Engl J Med 1994 Mar 17;330(11):789-90.

Sacks M, Dermatis H, Looser-Ott S, Perry S. Seroprevalence of HIV and risk factors for AIDS in psychiatric inpatients. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992 Jul;43(7):736-7.

Shewan D, Reid M, MacPherson A, Davies JS. HIV infection in prisons. Most drug injectors stop injecting on entry to prison [letter]. BMJ 1995;310(6989):1264.

Weinstock HS, Sidhu J, Gwinn M, Karon J, Petersen LR. Trends in HIV seroprevalence among persons attending sexually transmitted disease clinics in the United States, 1988-1992. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995;9:514-22.

Winn S, Skelton R. HIV in the U.K.: problems of prevalence, sociological response and health education. Soc Sci Med 1992 Mar;34(6):697-707.
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## BEHAVIORAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF RISK BEHAVIORS FOR HIV/AIDS

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Billy JO, Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH. The sexual behavior of men in the United States. Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Mar-Apr;25(2):52-60.

Binson D, Dolcini MM, Pollack LM, Catania JA. Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. IV. Multiple sexual partners among young adults in high-risk cities. Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Nov-Dec;25(6):268-72.

Bochow M, Chiarotti F, Davies P, Dubois-Arber F, Dur W, Fouchard J, Gruet F, McManus T, Markert S, Sandfort T, et al. Sexual behaviour of gay and bisexual men in eight European countries. AIDS Care 1994;6(5):533-49.

Brookmeyer R, Gail MH. AIDS epidemiology: a quantitative approach. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994. Chapter 2, Risk factors for infection and the probability of HIV transmission. (Monographs in epidemiology and biostatistics).

Brown LK, DiClemente RJ, Beausoleil NI. Comparison of human immunodeficiency virus related knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors among sexually active and abstinent young adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1992 Mar;13(2):140-5.

Catania JA, Binson D, Dolcini MM, Stall R, Choi KH, Pollack LM, Hudes ES, Canchola J, Phillips K, Moskowitz JT, et al. Risk factors for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and prevention practices among US heterosexual adults: changes from 1990 to 1992 . Am J Public Health 1995 Nov;85(11):1492-9.

Catania JA, Coates TJ, Golden E, Dolcini MM, Peterson J, Kegeles S, Siegel D, Fullilove MT. Correlates of condom use among black, Hispanic, and white heterosexuals in San Francisco: the AMEN longitudinal survey. AIDS in Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods surve y. AIDS Educ Prev 1994 Feb;6(1):12-26.

Catania JA, Coates TJ, Stall R, Turner H, Peterson J, Hearst N, Dolcini MM, Hudes E, Gagnon J, Wiley J, et al. Prevalence of AIDS-related risk factors and condom use in the United States. Science 1992 Nov 13;258(5085):1101-6.

Colon HM, Rivera Robles R, Sahai H, Matos T. Changes in HIV risk behaviors among intravenous drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Br J Addict 1992 Apr;87(4):585-90.

Inciardi JA, Chitwood DD, McCoy CB. Special risks for the acquisition and transmission of HIV infection during sex in crack houses. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5(9):951-2.

Latkin CA, Mandell W. Depression as an antecedent of frequency of intravenous drug use in an urban, nontreatment sample. Int J Addict 1993 Dec;28(14):1601-12.

McCoy CB, Khoury E. Drug use and the risk of AIDS. Am Behav Sci 1990 Apr;33(4):419-31.

Munakata T, Tajima K. Japanese risk behaviors and their HIV/AIDS-preventive behaviors. AIDS Educ Prev 1996;8(2):115-33.

Myers T, Allman D, Jackson EA, Orr K. Variation in sexual orientations among men who have sex with men, and their current sexual practices. Can J Public Health 1995;86(6):384-8.

Needle R, Weatherby N, Chitwood D, Booth R, Watters J, Fisher DG, Brown B, Cesari H, Williams ML, Andersen M, et al. Reliability of self-reported HIV risk behaviors of drug users. Psychol Addict Behav 1995;9:242-50.

Ostrow DG, DiFranceisco WJ, Chmiel JS, Wagstaff DA, Wesch J. A case-control study of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion and risk-related behaviors in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort, 1984-1992. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142(8):875-83.

Paul JP, Stall RD, Crosby GM, Barrett DC, Midanik LT. Correlates of sexual risk-taking among gay male substance abusers. Addiction 1994 Aug;89(8):971-83.

Remien RH, Carballo-Dieguez A, Wagner G. Intimacy and sexual risk behaviour in serodiscordant male couples. AIDS Care 1995;7(4):429-38.

Roffman RA, Kalichman SC, Kelly JA, Winett RA, Solomon LJ, Sikkema KJ, Norman AD, Desiderato LL, Perry MJ, Lemke AL, Steiner S, Stevenson LY. HIV antibody testing of gay men in smaller US cities. AIDS Care 1995;7(4):405-13.

Rotheram-Borus MJ, Rosario M, Reid H, Koopman C. Predicting patterns of sexual acts among homosexual and bisexual youths. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152(4):588-95.

Sabogal F, Faigeles B, Catania JA. Data from the National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. II. Multiple sexual partners among Hispanics in high-risk cities. Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Nov-Dec;25(6):257-62.

Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, Kohn RP, Katz MH, Lemp GF, Bolan GA. Temporal trends in human immunodeficiency virus seroprevalence and sexual behavior at the San Francisco municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic, 1989-1992. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142(3):3 14-22.

Shillington AM, Cottler LB, Compton WM 3rd, Spitznagel EL. Is there a relationship between heavy drinking and HIV high risk sexual behaviors among general population subjects? Int J Addict 1995 Sep;30(11):1453-78.

Stall R, Catania J. AIDS risk behaviors among late middle-aged and elderly Americans. The National AIDS Behavioral Surveys. Arch Intern Med 1994 Jan 10;154(1):57-63.

Tanfer K, Grady WR, Klepinger DH, Billy JO. Condom use among U.S. men, 1991. Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Mar-Apr;25(2):61-6. Comment in: Fam Plann Perspect 1993 Jul-Aug;25(4):184-6.

Temple MT, Leigh BC, Schafer J. Unsafe sexual behavior and alcohol use at the event level: results of a national survey. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993 Apr;6(4):393-401.

Trocki KF, Leigh BC. Alcohol consumption and unsafe sex: a comparison of heterosexuals and homosexual men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991;4(10):981-6.

Turner CF, Danella RD, Rogers SM. Sexual behavior in the United States 1930-1990: trends and methodological problems. Sex Transm Dis 1995 May-Jun;22(3):173-90.

Walter HJ, Vaughan RD, Ragin DF, Cohall AT, Kasen S. Prevalence and correlates of AIDS-related behavioral intentions among urban minority high school students. AIDS Educ Prev 1994 Aug;6(4):339-50.

Walter HJ, Vaughan RD, Ragin DF, Cohall AT, Kasen S, Fullilove RE. Prevalence and correlates of AIDS-risk behaviors among urban minority high school students. Prev Med 1993 Nov;22(6):813-24.

Watkins KE, Metzger D, Woody G, McLellan AT. High-risk sexual behaviors of intravenous drug users in- and out-of-treatment: implications for the spread of HIV infection. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1992;18(4):389-98.

Wells EA, Calsyn DA, Saxon AJ, Greenberg DM. Using drugs to facilitate sexual behavior is associated with sexual variety among injection drug users. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993 Oct;181(10):626-31.

White D, Phillips K, Mulleady G, Cupitt C. Sexual issues and condom use among injecting drug users. AIDS Care 1993;5(4):427-37.

Wight D. Impediments to safer heterosexual sex: a review of research with young people. AIDS Care 1992;4(1):11-23.

Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ. Cultural, gender, and psychosocial influences on HIV-related behavior of African-American female adolescents: implications for the development of tailored prevention programs. Ethn Dis 1992 Fall;2(4):381-8.

Wodak A, Crofts N, Fisher R. HIV infection among injecting drug users in Asia: an evolving public health crisis. AIDS Care 1993;5(3):313-20.
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## BEHAVIORAL ISSUES IN VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV/AIDS

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Cartoux M, Rouamba O, Meda N, Dabis F, Durand G, Salamon R. [Attitudes to counseling related to HIV infection screening in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso]. Sante 1996 Jan-Feb;6(1):7-10. (Fre).

Heyward WL, Batter VL, Malulu M, Mbuyi N, Mbu L, St Louis ME, Kamenga M, Ryder RW. Impact of HIV counseling and testing among child-bearing women in Kinshasa, Zaire. AIDS 1993 Dec;7(12):1633-7.

Kennedy MG, Cotton DA, Calavotti C. What we learned from the perinatal HIV reduction and education activities (PHREDA) [abstract]. In: Programs and abstracts of the HIV infection in women conference: setting a new agenda. HIV Infection in Women Confe rence; 1995 Feb 22-24; Washington, DC. Richmond (VA): Philadelphia Sciences Group; 1995. p. P100.

King R, Estey J, Allen S, Kegeles S, Wolf W, Valentine C, Serufilira A. A family planning intervention to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in Rwanda. AIDS 1995 Jul;9 Suppl 1:S45-51.

Kuhn L, Stein ZA. Mother-to-infant HIV transmission: timing, risk factors and prevention. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 1995 Jan;9(1):1-29.

Lai KK. Attitudes toward childbearing and changes in sexual and contraceptive practices among HIV-infected women. Cleve Clin J Med 1994 Mar-Apr;61(2):132-6; quiz 161.

NICHD researches women's attitudes, behavior. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. AIDS Alert 1996 Mar;11(3):31.

Rogers MF, Mofenson LM, Moseley RR. Reducing the risk of perinatal HIV transmission through zidovudine therapy: treatment recommendations and implications. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1995 May-Aug;50(3-4):78-82, 93.

Rouse DJ, Owen J, Goldenberg RL, Vermund SH. Zidovudine for the prevention of vertical HIV transmission: a decision analytic approach. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Aug 1;9(4):401-7.

Roy B, Hench K, LaQuey G, Young M, Jeppson E, Nicks G, Burr C, Whiting R, Bowen S. Perinatal ZDV therapy: implications for care [abstract]. In: Programs and abstracts of the HIV infection in women conference: setting a new agenda. HIV Infection in Wo men Conference; 1995 Feb 22-24; Washington, DC. Richmond (VA): Philadelphia Sciences Group; 1995. p. S43.

Rudin C, Camli C, Schnuriger H, Biedermann K, Lauper U, Kind C. [HIV and pregnancy]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1995 Dec 2;125(48):2322-9. (Ger).

Santelli JS, Celentano DD, Rozsenich C, Crump AD, Davis MV, Polacsek M, Augustyn M, Rolf J, McAlister AL, Burwell L. Interim outcomes for a community-based program to prevent perinatal HIV transmission. AIDS Educ Prev 1995 Jun;7(3):210-20.

Strategies for prevention of perinatal transmission of HIV infection. Siena Consensus Workshop II. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Feb 1;8(2):161-75.

Walter EB, Elliott AJ, Regan AN, Drucker RP, Clements DA, Wilfert CM. Maternal acceptance of voluntary human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing during the newborn period with the Guthrie card. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995 May;14(5):376-81.

Wiznia AA, Crane M, Lambert G, Sansary J, Harris A, Solomon L. Zidovudine use to reduce perinatal HIV type 1 transmission in an urban medical center. JAMA 1996 May 15;275(19):1504-6. Comment in: JAMA 1996 May 15;275(19):1514-5.
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## AT RISK POPULATIONS FOR HIV/AIDS

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Alexander CS, Somerfield MR, Ensminger MF, Johnson KE, Kim YJ. Consistency of adolescents' self-report of sexual behavior in a longitudinal study. J Youth Adolesc 1993;22:455-71.

Carey MP, Weinhardt LS, Carey KB. Prevalence of infection with HIV among the seriously ill: review of research and implications for practice. Prof Psychol 1995;26(3):1-7.

Catania JA, Coates TJ, Kegels S, Fullilove MT, Peterson J, Marin B, Siegel D, Hulley S. Condom use in multi-ethnic neighborhoods of San Francisco: the population-based AMEN (AIDS in Multi-Ethnic Neighborhoods) Study. Am J Public Health 1992 Feb;82(2):2 84-7.

Chabon B, Futterman D. HIV infection in adolescents: prevention and treatment. Int Pediatr 1995;10(4):311-20.

Checkley GE, Thompson SC, Crofts N, Mijch AM, Judd FK. HIV in the mentally ill. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1996;30(2):184-94.

de Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):341-6. Comments in: N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):39 1-2; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1717-8; discussion 1718-9; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1718; discussion 1718-9.

Des Jarlais DC, Choopanya K, Vanichseni S, Plangsringarm K, Sonchai W, Carballo M, Friedmann P, Friedman SR. AIDS risk reduction and reduced HIV seroconversion among injection drug users in Bangkok. Am J Public Health 1994 Mar;84(3):452-5. Comment in: Am J Public Health 1994 Mar;84(3):350.

DiClemente RJ, Lodico M, Grinstead OA, Harper G, Rickman RL, Evans PE, Coates TJ. African-American adolescents residing in high-risk urban environments do use condoms: correlates and predictors of condom use among adolescents in public housing developm ents. Pediatrics 1996 Aug;98(2 Pt 1):269-78.

Downs SM, Klein JD. Clinical preventive services efficacy and adolescents' risky behaviors. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1995;14(4):374-9.

Faugier J, Cranfield S. Reaching male clients of female prostitutes: The challenge for HIV prevention. AIDS Care 1995;7 Suppl 1:S21-32.

Fisher DS, Ryan R, Esacove AW, Bishofsky S, Wallis JM, Roffman RA. The social marketing of project ARIES: Overcoming challenges in recruiting gay and bisexual males for HIV prevention counseling. J Homosex 1996;31(1-2):177-202.

Flaskerud JH, Nyamathi AM. Home medication injection among Latina women in Los Angeles: implications for health education and prevention. AIDS Care 1996 Feb;8(1):95-102.

Fox LJ, Bailey PE, Clarke-Martinez KL, Coello M, Ordonez FN, Barahona F. Condom use among high-risk women in Honduras: evaluation of an AIDS prevention program. AIDS Educ Prev 1993 Spring;5(1):1-10.

Gold R. Why we need to rethink AIDS education for gay men. AIDS Care 1995 Feb;7 Suppl 1:S11-9.

Goodman E, Chesney MA, Tipton AC. Relationship of optimism, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs to use of HIV antibody testing by at-risk female adolescents. Psychosom Med 1995;57(6):5411-6.

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Sikkema KJ, Heckman TG, Kelly JA, Anderson ES, Winett RA, Solomon LJ, Wagstaff DA, Roffman RA, Perry MJ, Cargill V, Crumble DA, Fuqua RW, Norman AD, Mercer MB. HIV risk behaviors among women living in low-income, inner-city housing developments. Am J P ublic Health 1996 Aug;86(8 Pt 1):1123-8.

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Simon PM, Morse EV, Balson PM, Osofsky HJ, Gaumer HR. Barriers to human immunodeficiency virus related risk reduction among male street prostitutes. Health Educ Q 1993 Summer;20(2):261-73.

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St Lawrence JS, Marx BP, Scott CP, Uwakwe CB, Roberts A, Brasfield TL. Cross-cultural comparison of US and Nigerian adolescents' HIV-related knowledge, attitudes, and risk behaviour: implications for risk reduction interventions. AIDS Care 1995;7(4):44 9-61.

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Stiffman AR, Dore P, Cunningham RM, Earls F. Person and environment in HIV risk behavior change between adolescence and young adulthood. Health Educ Q 1995 May;22(2):211-26.

Stiffman AR, Dore P, Earls F, Cunningham R. The influence of mental health problems on AIDS-related risk behaviors in young adults. J Nerv Ment Dis 1992 May;180(5):314-20.

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Sullivan TR. The challenge of HIV prevention among high-risk adolescents. Health Soc Work 1996 Feb;21(1):58-65.

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Tortu S, Beardsley M, Deren S, Davis WR. The risk of HIV infection in a national sample of women with injection drug-using partners. Am J Public Health 1994 Aug;84(8):1243-9.

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## MODELING OF HIV INFECTION

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Blower S, Medley G. Epidemiology, HIV and drugs: mathematical models and data. Br J Addict 1992 Mar;87(3):371-9.

Blower SM, McLean AR. Prophylactic vaccines, risk behavior change, and the probability of eradicating HIV in San Francisco. Science 1994 Sep 2;265(5177):1451-4. Comments in: Science 1995 Mar 3;267(5202):1250-1; discussion 1252-3; Science 1995 Mar 3;267 (5202):1251-2; discussion 1252-3.

Cohen DA, Dent C. The validity of self-reported condom use. Am J Public Health 1992;82(11):1563-5.

Doll LS, Harrison JS, Frey RL, McKirnan D, Bartholow BN, Douglas JM Jr, Joy D, Bolan Gail, Doetsch J. Failure to disclose HIV risk among gay and bisexual men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Am J Prev Med 1994 May-Jun;10(3):125-9.

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Holtgrave DR, Qualls NL. Threshold analysis and programs for prevention of HIV infection. Med Decis Making 1995 Oct-Dec;15(4):311-7.

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## THEORIES IN AIDS PREVENTION RESEARCH

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Jemmott LS, Jemmott JB 3rd. Applying the theory of reasoned action to AIDS risk behavior: condom use among black women. Nurs Res 1991 Jul-Aug;40(4):228-34.

Prochaska JO, DiClemente CC, Norcross JC. In search of how people change: applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol 1992;47:1102-14.

Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Harlow LL, Rossi JS, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: a review. Health Educ Q 1994 Winter;21(4):471-86.

Rosenstock IM, Strecher VJ, Becker MH. The health belief model and HIV risk behavior change. In: DiClemente RJ, Peterson JL, editors. Preventing AIDS: theories and methods of behavioral interventions. New York: Plenum Press; 1994. p. 5-24.
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## PREVENTION PROGRAMS FOR HIV/AIDS

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### General

Airhihenbuwa CO, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Lowe A. HIV/AIDS education and prevention among African-Americans: a focus on culture. AIDS Educ Prev 1992 Fall;4(3):267-76.

Allen S, Serufilira A, Bogaerts J, Van de Perre P, Nsengumuremyi F, Lindan C, Carael M, Wolf W, Coates T, Hulley S. Confidential HIV testing and condom promotion in Africa. Impact on HIV and gonorrhea rates. JAMA 1992 Dec 16;268(23):3338-43.

Allen S, Tice J, Van de Perre P, Serufilira A, Hudes E, Nsengumuremyi F, Bogaerts J, Lindan C, Hulley S. Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. BMJ 1992 Jun 20;304(6842):1605-9.

Asamoah-Adu A, Weir S, Pappoe M, Kanlisi N, Neequaye A, Lamptey P. Evaluation of a targeted AIDS prevention intervention to increase condom use among prostitutes in Ghana. AIDS 1994 Feb;8(2):239-46.

Ashworth CS, DuRant RH, Gaillard G, Rountree J. An experimental evaluation of an AIDS educational intervention for WIC mothers. AIDS Educ Prev 1994 Apr;6(2):154-62.

Balassone ML, Baker S, Gillmore MR, Morrison D, Dickstein D. Interventions to decrease the risk of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases among high-risk heterosexual adolescents. Child Youth Serv Rev 1993;15(6):475-88.

Basen-Engquist K. Evaluation of a theory-based HIV prevention intervention for college students. AIDS Educ Prev 1994 Oct;6(5):412-24.

Bhave G, Lindan CP, Hudes ES, Desai S, Wagle U, Tripathi SP, Mandel JS. Impact of an intervention on HIV, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom use among sex workers in Bombay, India. AIDS 1995 Jul;9 Suppl 1:S21-30.

Celentano DD, Bond KC, Chiang Mai C na, Vaddhanaphuti C, Eiumtrakul S, Nelson KE. Interventions among Thai conscripts may reduce HIV incidence [abstract]. Natl Conf Hum Retroviruses Relat Infect 1995;2:57.

Choi KH, Coates TJ. Prevention of HIV infection [editorial]. AIDS 1994 Oct;8(10):1371-89.

Cohen D, Dent C, MacKinnon D. Condom skills education and sexually transmitted disease reinfection. J Sex Res 1991;28(1):139-44.

Cohen DA, Dent C, MacKinnon D, Hahn G. Condoms for men, not women: results of brief promotion programs. Sex Transm Dis 1992;19:245-51.

Cohen DA, MacKinnon DP, Dent C, Mason HR, Sullivan E. Group counseling at STD clinics to promote use of condoms. Public Health Rep 1992 Nov-Dec;107(6):727-31.

Colon HM, Robles RR, Freeman D, Matos T. Effects of a HIV risk reduction education program among injection drug users in Puerto Rico. P R Health Sci J 1993 Apr;12(1):27-34.

Cotton D, Higgins D, Person B, Darrow W. CDC behavioral interventions. Am Psychol 1994 Dec;49(12):1090-2.

Coyle SL, Boruch RF, Turner CF, editors. Evaluating AIDS prevention programs. Washington: National Academy Press; 1991. Chapter 2, Measurement of outcomes.

Cranston K. HIV education for gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth: personal risk, personal power, and the community of conscience. J Homosex 1992;22(3-4):247-59.

de Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):341-6. Comments in: N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):391 -2; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1717-8; discussion 1718-9; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1718; discussion 1718-9.

Deren S, Stephens R, Davis WR, Feucht TE, Tortu S. The impact of providing incentives for attendance at AIDS prevention sessions. Public Health Rep 1994 Jul-Aug;109(4):548-54. Comment in: Public Health Rep 1995 Mar-Apr;110(2):178.

DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM. A randomized controlled trial of an HIV sexual risk-reduction intervention for young African-American women. JAMA 1995 Oct 25;274(16):1271-6.

Fisher JD, Fisher WA. Changing AIDS-risk behavior. Psychol Bull 1992 May;111(3):455-74.

Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Mwijarubi E, Klokke A, Senkoro K, Mayaud P, Changalucha J, Nicoll A, ka-Gina G, et al. Impact of improved treatment of sexually transmitted diseases on HIV infection in rural Tanzania: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1995 Aug 26;346(8974):530-6. Comment in: Lancet 1995 Aug 26;346(8974):518.

Grosskurth H, Mosha F, Todd J, Senkoro K, Newell J, Klokke A, Changalucha J, West B, Mayaud P, Gavyole A, et al. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 2. Baseline surve y results. AIDS 1995 Aug;9(8):927-34.

Hanenberg RS, Rojanapithayakorn W, Kunasol P, Sokal DC. Impact of Thailand's HIV-control programme as indicated by the decline of sexually transmitted diseases. Lancet 1994 Jul 23;344(8917):243-5.

Hayes R, Mosha F, Nicoll A, Grosskurth H, Newell J, Todd J, Killewo J, Rugemalila J, Mabey D. A community trial of the impact of improved sexually transmitted disease treatment on the HIV epidemic in rural Tanzania: 1. Design. AIDS 1995 Aug;9(8):919-26 .

Hayes RJ, Schulz KF, Plummer FA. The cofactor effect of genital ulcers on the per-exposure risk of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. J Trop Med Hyg 1995 Feb;98(1):1-8.

Higgins DL, Galavotti C, O'Reilly KR, Schnell DJ, Moore M, Rugg DL, Johnson R. Evidence for the effects of HIV antibody counseling and testing on risk behaviors. JAMA 1991 Nov 6;266(17):2419-29. Comment in: JAMA 1991 Nov 6;266(17):2430-1.

Hobfoll SE, Jackson AP, Lavin J, Britton PJ, Shepherd JB. Reducing inner-city women's AIDS risk activities: a study of single, pregnant women. Health Psychol 1994 Sep;13(5):397-403.

Holtgrave DR, Qualls NL, Curran JW, Valdiserri RO, Guinan ME, Parra WC. An overview of the effectiveness and efficiency of HIV prevention programs. Public Health Rep 1995 Mar-Apr;110(2):134-46.

Holtgrave DR, Qualls NL, Graham JD. Economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs. Annu Rev Public Health 1996;17:467-88.

Icard LD, Schilling RF, el-Bassel N, Young D. Preventing AIDS among black gay men and black gay and heterosexual male intravenous drug users. Soc Work 1992 Sep;37(5):440-5.

Ickovics JR, Morrill AC, Beren SE, Walsh U, Rodin J. Limited effects of HIV counseling and testing for women. A prospective study of behavioral and psychological consequences. JAMA 1994 Aug 10;272(6):443-8.

Jemmott JB 3rd, Jemmott LS, Fong GT. Reductions in HIV risk-associated sexual behaviors among black male adolescents: effects of an AIDS prevention intervention. Am J Public Health 1992 Mar;82(3):372-7. Published erratum appears in Am J Public Health 1 992 May;82(5):684.

Jemmott JB 3rd, Jemmott LS, Hacker CI. Predicting intentions to use condoms among African-American adolescents: the theory of planned behavior as a model of HIV risk-associated behavior. Ethn Dis 1992 Fall;2(4):371-80.

Jemmott JB 3rd, Jemmott LW, Spears H, Hewitt N, Cruz-Collins M. Self-efficacy, hedonistic expectancies, and condom-use intentions among inner-city black adolescent women: a social cognitive approach to AIDS risk behavior. J Adolesc Health 1992 Sep;13(6 ):512-9.

Jemmott LS. AIDS risk among black male adolescents: implications for nursing interventions. J Pediatr Health Care 1993 Jan-Feb;7(1):3-11.

Jemmott LS, Jemmott JB 3rd. Increasing condom-use intentions among sexually active black adolescent women. Nurs Res 1992 Sep-Oct;41(5):273-9. Published erratum appears in Nurs Res 1992 Nov-Dec;41(6):380.

Kalichman SC, Carey MP, Johnson BT. Prevention of sexually transmitted HIV infection: A meta-analytic review of the behavioral outcome literature. Ann Behav Med 1996;18(1):6-15.

Kalichman SC, Kelly JA, Hunter TL, Murphy DA, Tyler R. Culturally tailored HIV-AIDS risk-reduction messages targeted to African-American urban women: impact on risk sensitization and risk reduction. J Consult Clin Psychol 1993 Apr;61(2):291-5.

Kalichman SC, Sikkema KJ, Kelly JA, Bulto M. Use of a brief behavioral skills intervention to prevent HIV infection among chronic mentally ill adults. Psychiatr Serv 1995 Mar;46(3):275-80.

Kamenga M, Ryder RW, Jingu M, Mbuyi N, Mbu L, Behets F, Brown C, Heyward WL. Evidence of marked sexual behavior change associated with low HIV-1 seroconversion in 149 married couples with discordant HIV-1 serostatus: experience at an HIV counselling ce nter in Zaire. AIDS 1991 Jan;5(1):61-7.

Kauth MR, St Lawrence JS, Kelly JA. Reliability of retrospective assessments of sexual HIV risk behavior: a comparison of biweekly, three-month, and twelve-month self reports. AIDS Educ Prev 1991;3:207-14.

Kegeles SM, Hays RB, Coates TJ. The Mpowerment Project: a community-level HIV prevention intervention for young gay men. Am J Public Health 1996 Aug;86(8 Pt 1):1129-36. Comment in: Am J Public Health 1996 Aug;86(8 Pt 1):1075-6.

Kelly JA. Sexually transmitted disease prevention approaches that work. Interventions to reduce risk behavior among individuals, groups, and communities. Sex Transm Dis 1994 Mar-Apr;21(2 Suppl):S73-5.

Kelly JA, Kalichman SC. Increased attention to human sexuality can improve HIV-AIDS prevention efforts: Key research issues and directions. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63(6):907-18.

Kelly JA, Kalichman SC, Kauth MR, Kilgore HG, Hood HV, Campos PE, Rao SM, Brasfield TL, St. Lawrence JS. Situational factors associated with AIDS risk behavior lapses and coping strategies used by gay men who successfully avoid lapses. Am J Public Heal th 1991 Oct;81(10):1335-8.

Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Sikkema KJ, Kalichman SC. Psychological interventions to prevent HIV infection are urgently needed. New priorities for behavioral research in the second decade of AIDS. Am Psychol 1993 Oct;48(10):1023-34.

Kelly JA, Murphy DA, Washington CD, Wilson TS, Koob JJ, Davis DR, Ledezma G, Davantes B. The effects of HIV/AIDS intervention groups for high-risk women in urban clinics. Am J Public Health 1994 Dec;84(12):1918-22.

Kelly JA, Sikkema KJ, Winett RA, Solomon LJ, Roffman RA, Heckman TG, Stevenson LY, Perry MJ, Norman AD, Desiderato LJ. Factors predicting continued high-risk behavior among gay men in small cities: psychological, behavioral, and demographic characteris tics related to unsafe sex. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 Feb;63(1):101-7.

Kelly JA, St Lawrence JS, Betts R, Brasfield TL, Hood HV. A skills-training group intervention model to assist persons in reducing risk behaviors for HIV infection. AIDS Educ Prev 1990;2:4-35.

Kelly JA, St Lawrence JS, Brasfield TL. Predictors of vulnerability to AIDS risk behavior relapse. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991 Feb;59(1):163-6.

Kelly JA, St Lawrence JS, Diaz YE, Stevenson LY, Hauth AC, Brasfield TL, Kalichman SC, Smith JE, Andrew ME. HIV risk behavior reduction following intervention with key opinion leaders of population: an experimental analysis. Am J Public Health 1991 Feb ;81(2):168-71. Comment in: Am J Public Health 1994 Dec;84(12):2027-8.

Kelly JA, St Lawrence JS, Hood HV, Brasfield TL. Behavioral intervention to reduce AIDS risk activities. J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Feb;57(1):60-7.

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Peak A, Rana S, Maharjan SH, Jolley D, Crofts N. Declining risk for HIV among injecting drug users in Kathmandu, Nepal: the impact of a harm-reduction programme. AIDS 1995 Sep;9(9):1067-70.

Power R, Jones S, Kearns G, Ward J, Perera J. Drug user networks, coping strategies, and HIV prevention in the community. J Drug Issues 1995;25(3):565-81.

Prochaska JO, Redding CA, Harlow LL, Rossi JS, Velicer WF. The transtheoretical model of change and HIV prevention: a review. Health Educ Q 1994 Winter;21(4):471-86.

Rhodes F, Wolitski RJ, Thornton-Johnson S. An experiential program to reduce AIDS risk among female sex partners of injection-drug users. Health Soc Work 1992 Nov;17(4):261-72.

Ross MW, Stowe A, Wodak A, Gold J. Reliability of interview responses of injecting drug users. J Addict Dis 1995;14(2):1-12.

Rotheram-Borus MJ, Luna GC, Marotta T, Kelly H. Going nowhere fast: methamphetamine use and HIV infection. In: Battjes R, Sloboda Z, Grace WC, editors. The context of HIV risk among drug users and their sexual partners. Washington: National Institute o f Drug Abuse; 1994. p. 155-82. (National Institute of Drug Abuse monograph series; 143).

Samuels JF, Vlahov D, Anthony JC, Chaisson RE. Measurement of HIV risk behaviors among intravenous drug users. Br J Addict 1992 Mar;87(3):417-28.

Schilling RF, el-Bassel N, Schinke SP, Gordon K, Nichols S. Building skills of recovering women drug users to reduce heterosexual AIDS transmission. Public Health Rep 1991 May-Jun;106(3):297-304.

Serpelloni G, Carrieri MP, Rezza G, Morganti S, Gomma M, Binkin N. Methadone treatment as a determinant of HIV risk reduction among injecting drug users: a nested case-control study. AIDS Care 1994;6(2):215-20.

Siegel JE, Weinstein MC, Fineberg HV. Bleach programs for preventing AIDS among i.v. drug users: modeling the impact of HIV prevalence. Am J Public Health 1991 Oct;81(10):1273-9.

Simpson DD, Camacho LM, Vogtsberger KN, Williams ML, Stepphens RC, Jones A, Watson DD. Reducing AIDS risks through community outreach interventions for drug injectors. Psychol Addict Behav 1994 Jun;8(2):86-101.

Sorensen JL, London J, Heitzmann C, Gibson DR, Morales ES, Dumontet R, Acree M. Psychoeducational group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users. AIDS Educ Prev 1994 Apr;6(2):95-112.

Stephens RC, Simpson DD, Coyle SL, McCoy CB, National AIDS Research Consortium. Comparative effectiveness of NADR interventions. In: Brown BB, Beschner GM, editors. Handbook on risk of AIDS: injection drug users and sexual partners. Westport (CT): Gree nwood Press; 1993. p. 519-56.

Sufian M, Friedman SR, Curtis R, Neaigus A, Stepherson B. Organizing as a new approach to AIDS risk reduction for intravenous drug users. J Addict Dis 1991;10(4):89-98.

Susser E, Miller M, Valencia E, Colson P, Roche B, Conover S. Injection drug use and risk of HIV transmission among homeless men with mental illness. Am J Psychiatry 1996 Jun;153(6):794-8.

van Ameijden EJ, van den Hoek AJ, van Haastrecht HJ, Coutinho RA. Trends in sexual behaviour and the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV among drug-using prostitutes, Amsterdam 1986-1992. AIDS 1994 Feb;8(2):213-21.

Vanichseni S, Wongsuwan B, Choopanya K, Wongpanich K. A controlled trial of methadone maintenance in a population of intravenous drug users in Bangkok: implications for prevention of HIV. Int J Addict 1991 Dec;26(12):1313-20.

Vlahov D. HIV vaccines for injection drug users in the context of a comprehensive prevention agenda. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10 Suppl 2:S3-6.

Vlahov D, Anthony JC, Celentano D, Solomon L, Chowdhury N. Trends of HIV-1 risk reduction among initiates into intravenous drug use 1982-1987. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1991;17(1):39-48.

Ward J, Darke S, Hall W, Mattick R. Methadone maintenance and the human immunodeficiency virus: current issues in treatment and research. Br J Addict 1992 Mar;87(3):447-53.

Watkins KE, Metzger D, Woody G, McLellan AT. Determinants of condom use among intravenous drug users. AIDS 1993 May;7(5):719-23.

Watters JK. Historical perspective on the use of bleach in HIV/AIDS prevention. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994 Jul;7(7):743-6.

Watters JK, Estilo MJ, Clark GL, Lorvick J. Syringe and needle exchange as HIV/AIDS prevention for injection drug users. JAMA 1994 Jan 12;271(2):115-20. Comments in: JAMA 1994 Jan 12;271(2):151-2; JAMA 1994 Jun 15;271(23):1825; discussion 1826-7; JAMA 1994 Jun 15;271(23):1825-6; discussion 1826-7.

Watters JK, Jones TS, Shapshak P, McCoy CB, Flynn N, Gleghorn A, Vlahov D. Household bleach as disinfectant for use by injecting drug users [letter]. Lancet 1993 Sep 18;342(8873):742-3. Comment on: Lancet 1993 Jun 26;341(8861):1658.

Weatherby NL, Needle R, Cesari H, Booth RE. Validity of self-reported drug use among injection drug users and crack cocaine users recruited through street outreach. Eval Program Plann 1994 Oct-Dec;17(4):347-55.

Wells EA, Clark LL, Calsyn DA, Saxon AJ, Jackson TR, Wrede AF. Reporting of HIV risk behaviors by injection drug using heterosexual couples in methadone maintenance. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994 Aug;36(1):33-8.

West AP. Drug abuse treatment as a strategy to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection among intravenous drug users. How can we maximize prevention of infection? Arch Intern Med 1991 Aug;151(8):1493-6.

Wiebel WW, Jimenez A, Johnson W, Ouellet L, Jovanovic B, Lampinen T, Murray J, O'Brien MU. Risk behavior and HIV seroincidence among out-of-treatment injection drug users: a four-year prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996 J ul;12(3):282-9.

Wodak A, Des Jarlais DC. Strategies for the prevention of HIV infection among and from injecting drug users. Bull Narc 1993;45(1):47-60.

Yancovitz SR, Des Jarlais DC, Peyser NP, Drew E, Friedmann P, Trigg HL, Robinson JW. A randomized trial of an interim methadone maintenance clinic. Am J Public Health 1991 Sep;81(9):1185-91.

### School-Based Prevention Programs

Aplasca MR, Siegel D, Mandel JS, Santana-Arciaga RT, Paul J, Hudes ES, Monzon OT, Hearst N. Results of a model AIDS prevention program for high school students in the Philippines. AIDS 1995 Jul;9 Suppl 1: S7-13.

Caceres CF, Rosasco AM, Mandel JS, Hearst N. Evaluating a school-based intervention for STD/AIDS prevention in Peru. J Adolesc Health 1994 Nov;15(7):582-91.

DiClemente RJ. Preventing HIV/AIDS among adolescents. Schools as agents of behavior change [editorial]. JAMA 1993 Aug 11;270(6):760-2. Comment on: JAMA 1993 Aug 11;270(6):725-30.

Hustzi HC, Clopton JR, Mason PJ. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome educational program: effects on adolescents' knowledge and attitudes. Pediatrics 1989 Dec;84(6):986-94.

Kirby D. School-based programs to reduce sexual risk-taking behaviors. J Sch Health 1992 Sep;62(7):280-7.

Kirby D. Sex and HIV/AIDS education in schools [editorial]. BMJ 1995 Aug 12;311(7002):403. Comments in: BMJ 1995 Aug 12;311(7002):414-7; BMJ 1995 Aug 12;311(7002):417-20.

Kirby D, Barth RP, Leland N, Fetro JV. Reducing the risk: impact of a new curriculum on sexual risk-taking. Fam Plann Perspect 1991 Nov-Dec;23(6):253-63.

Kirby D, Short L, Collins J, Rugg D, Kolbe L, Howard M, Miller B, Sonenstein F, Zabin LS. School-based programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors: a review of effectiveness. Public Health Rep 1994 May-Jun;109(3):339-60.

Kirby D, Waszak C, Ziegler J. Six school-based clinics: their reproductive health services and impact on sexual behavior. Fam Plann Perspect 1991 Jan-Feb;23(1):6-16.

Langer LM, Zimmerman RS, Katz JA. Which is more important to high school students: preventing pregnancy or preventing AIDS? Fam Plann Perspect 1994 Jul-Aug;26(4):154-9. Comment in: Fam Plann Perspect 1995 Jul-Aug;27(4):176.

Levy SR, Weeks K, Handler A, Perhats C, Franck JA, Hedeker D, Zhu C, Flay BR. A longitudinal comparison of the AIDS-related attitudes and knowledge of parents and their children. Fam Plann Perspect 1995;27(1):4-10.

Molbert W, Boyer CB, Shafer MA. Implementing a school-based STD/HIV prevention intervention: collaboration between a university medical center and an urban school district. J Sch Health 1993 Aug;63(6):258-61.

Rasmussen KL, Knudsen HJ. [School children's knowledge of, need for and use of contraception before and after the AIDS campaigns. Knowledge and sources of information]. Ugeskr Laeger 1994 Mar 7;156(10):1442, 1445-7. (Dan).

Rasmussen KL, Knudsen HJ. [School children's knowledge of, need for and use of contraception before and after the AIDS campaigns. Sexual activity and contraception habits]. Ugeskr Laeger 1994 Mar 7;156(10):1447-8. (Dan).

Sogolow E, Collins J. Research on reducing HIV, STDs, and pregnancy among adolescents [abstract]. In: Programs and abstracts of the HIV infection in women conference: setting a new agenda. HIV Infection in Women Conference; 1995 Feb 22-24; Washington , DC. Richmond (VA): Philadelphia Sciences Group; 1995. p. P87.

Sunwood J, Brenman A, Escobedo J, Philpott T, Allman K, Mueller J, Jaeger J, Brown LK, Cole FS. School-based AIDS education for adolescents. J Adolesc Health 1995 Apr;16(4):309-15.

Walter HJ, Vaughan RD. AIDS risk reduction among a multiethnic sample of urban high school students. JAMA 1993 Aug 11;270(6):725-30. Comments in: JAMA 1993 Aug 11;270(6):760-2; JAMA 1994 Jan 19;271(3):195.

### Needle Exchange and Bleach Programs

Booth R, Wiebel WW. Effectiveness of reducing needle-related risks for HIV through indigenous outreach to injection drug users. Am J Addict 1992 Fall;1(4):277-87.

Caplehorn JR, Ross MW. Methadone maintenance and the likelihood of risky needle-sharing. Int J Addict 1995 May;30(6):685-98.

Compton WM, Cottler LB, Decker SH, Mager D, Stringfellow R. Legal needle buying in St. Louis. Am J Public Health 1992;82:595-6.

de Vincenzi I. A longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus transmission by heterosexual partners. European Study Group on Heterosexual Transmission of HIV. N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):341-6. Comments in: N Engl J Med 1994 Aug 11;331(6):391 -2; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1717-8; discussion 1718-9; N Engl J Med 1994 Dec 22;331(25):1718; discussion 1718-9.

Des Jarlais DC, Choopanya K, Vanichseni S, Plangsringarm K, Sonchai W, Carballo M, Friedmann P, Friedman SR. AIDS risk reduction and reduced HIV seroconversion among injection drug users in Bangkok. Am J Public Health 1994 Mar;84(3):452-5. Comment in: Am J Public Health 1994 Mar;84(3):350.

Gray J. Operating needle exchange programmes in the hills of Thailand. AIDS Care 1995;7(4):489-99.

Groseclose SL, Weinstein B, Jones TS, Valleroy LA, Fehrs LJ, Kassler WJ. Impact of increased legal access to needles and syringes on practices of injecting-drug users and police. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):82-9.

Latkin CA, Vlahov D, Anthony JC, Cohn S, Mandell W, Nelson KE. Needle-cleaning practices among intravenous drug users who share injection equipment in Baltimore, Maryland. Int J Addict 1992 Jun;27(6):717-25.

Normand J, Vlahov D, Moses LE, editors. Preventing HIV transmission: the role of sterile needles and bleach. Washington: National Academy Press; 1995. 334 p.

Paone D, Caloir S, Shi O, Des Jarlais D. Risk behaviors among IDUs engaging in commercial sex who attend syringe exchange in New York City [abstract]. In: Programs and abstracts of the HIV infection in women conference: setting a new agenda. HIV Infec tion in Women Conference; 1995 Feb 22-24; Washington, DC. Richmond (VA): Philadelphia Sciences Group; 1995. p. S22.

Paone D, Caloir S, Shi Q, Des Jarlais DC. Sex, drugs, and syringe exchange in New York City: women's experiences. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1995 May-Aug;50(3-4):109-14.

Paone D, Des Jarlais DC, Caloir S, Clark J, Jose B. Operational issues in syringe exchanges: the New York City tagging alternative study. J Community Health 1995 Apr;20(2):111-23.

Paone D, Des Jarlais DC, Gangloff R, Milliken J, Friedman SR. Syringe exchange: HIV prevention, key findings, and future directions. Int J Addict 1995;30(12):1647-83.

Rietmeijer CA, Kane MS, Simons PZ, Corby NH, Wolitski RJ, Higgins DL, Judson FN, Cohn DL. Increasing the use of bleach and condoms among injecting drug users in Denver: outcomes of a targeted, community-level HIV prevention program. AIDS 1996;10(3):291 -8.

Schwartz RH. Syringe and needle exchange programs: Part I. South Med J 1993 Mar;86(3):318-22.

Sibthorpe B, Lear B. Circumstances surrounding needle use transitions among injection drug users: implications for HIV intervention. Int J Addict 1994 Aug;29(10):1245-57.

Siegal HA, Falck RS, Carlson RG, Wang J. Reducing HIV needle risk behaviors among injection-drug users in the Midwest: an evaluation of the efficacy of standard and enhanced interventions. AIDS Educ Prev 1995 Aug;7(4):308-19.

University of California, Berkeley, School of Public Health; University of California, San Francisco, Institute for Health Policy Studies. The public health impact of needle exchange programs in the United States and abroad. [Berkeley]: The Regents of the University of California; 1993 Oct. 2 vols. Prepared for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: CDC National AIDS Clearinghouse, Rockville, MD.

Valleroy LA, Weinstein B, Jones TS, Groseclose SL, Rolfs RT, Kassler WJ. Impact of increased legal access to needles and syringes on community pharmacies' needle and syringe sales--Connecticut, 1992-1993. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):73-81. Comment in: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):71-2.

Vlahov D. Deregulation of the sale and possession of syringes for HIV prevention among injection drug users [editorial]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):71-2. Comments on: J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):73-81; J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):82-9; J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1995 Sep 1;10(1):104-5.

Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Solomon L, Nelson KE. Field effectiveness of needle disinfection among injecting drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994 Jul;7(7):760-6.

Vlahov D, Ryan C, Solomon L, Cohn S, Holt MR, Akhter MN. A pilot syringe exchange program in Washington, DC. Am J Public Health 1994 Feb;84(2):303-4.
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