United States General Accounting Office

GAO Report to Congressional Requesters

February 1996 DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL

SECURITY

Weaknesses in U.S.

Security Arrangements

With Foreign-Owned

Defense Contractors

GAO/NSIAD-96-64

GAO United States

General Accounting Office

Washington, D.C. 20548

National Security and

International Affairs Division

B-265628 

February 20, 1996

The Honorable Floyd Spence

Chairman

The Honorable Ronald V. Dellums

Ranking Minority Member

Committee on National Security

House of Representatives

This is an unclassified version of a classified report issued to you in 1995. This report discusses

security arrangements known as voting trusts, proxy agreements, and special security

agreements that are used to protect sensitive information when foreign-owned U.S. defense

contractors perform on classified Department of Defense contracts. Our review was in response

to a request from the former Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on

Oversight and Investigation, House Committee on Armed Services. In chapter 4 of this report,

we recommend improvements in trustee oversight of information security and additional

controls to prevent potential trustee conflicts of interest.

We are sending copies of this report to the Chairman and Ranking Minority Member, Senate

Committee on Armed Services, and the Secretary of Defense. Copies will also be made available

to others upon request.

Please call me at (202) 512-4587 if you or your staff have any questions concerning this report.

Other major contributors to this report are listed in appendix II.

David E. Cooper

Associate Director,

Defense Acquisition Issues
Executive Summary

Purpose Since the mid-1980s, development, production, and marketing of weapon

systems has been increasingly internationalized through

government-sponsored cooperative development programs and various

kinds of industrial linkages, including international subcontracting and

teaming arrangements, joint ventures, and cross-border mergers and

acquisitions. Foreign companies have acquired many U.S. defense

companies and have legitimate business interests in them. The U.S.

government allows such foreign investment as long as it is consistent with

U.S. national security interests. Some foreign-owned U.S. companies are

working on highly classified defense contracts, such as the B-2, the F-117,

the F-22, and military satellite programs.

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and intelligence agencies have

reported that foreign intelligence activities directed at U.S. critical

technologies pose a significant threat to national security. According to

these agencies, some close U.S. allies are actively trying to obtain U.S.

defense technologies through unauthorized means. To reduce the national

security risks of foreign control over companies working on sensitive

classified contracts, the Department of Defense (DOD) requires controls

known as voting trusts, proxy agreements, and special security

agreements (SSA).

Concerned that a major U.S. defense contractor could be acquired by

foreign interests, the former Chairman and Ranking Minority Member,

Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation, House Committee on

Armed Services (now the House Committee on National Security) asked

GAO to review voting trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs. GAO reviewed the

structure and implementation of the agreements intended to protect

classified information from unauthorized disclosure to foreign interests

and to reduce the risk that foreign control could adversely affect the

companies’ performance of classified contracts.

Background The government has drafted the National Industrial Security Program

Operating Manual (NISPOM) to replace the DOD Industrial Security Manual

and various agencies’ industrial security requirements. The section dealing

with foreign ownership, control, or influence contains many provisions on

voting trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs that are similar to provisions in

the DOD Industrial Security Regulation (ISR). The ISR will continue to apply

in its current form until it is amended to reflect the NISPOM.

Page 2 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

The ISR and NISPOM require a company to obtain a facility clearance before

it can work on a classified DOD contract. To obtain a clearance, a U.S.

defense contractor that is majority foreign-owned must first accept a

voting trust, proxy agreement, or SSA to insulate it from its foreign owners.

With one of these agreements in place, some foreign-owned U.S. defense

contractors have access to some of the most highly classified information,

such as Top Secret and Sensitive Compartmented Information.1

 The

Defense Investigative Service (DIS) administers DOD’s Industrial Security

Program and is required to conduct compliance reviews of defense

contractors operating under voting trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs.

The agreements call for (1) installing one or more foreign owner-selected,

DOD-approved, cleared U.S. citizens on the company’s board of directors

for management oversight and (2) limiting contact between the U.S.

company and representatives of its foreign owners. The trustees, proxy

holders, or SSA outside directors (collectively referred to as “trustees” in

this report) are to represent DOD’s interests by ensuring against

unauthorized access to classified information and company actions that

could adversely affect performance on classified contracts. Under the ISR

and the NISPOM, voting trusts and proxy agreements must provide the

trustees with complete freedom to act independently from the foreign

owners, and trustees are to exercise responsibility and management

prerogatives for the cleared U.S. companies. ISR and NISPOM requirements

for SSAs are less specific and allow a higher potential for foreign control.

Normally, SSA firms are not supposed to be cleared for Top Secret,

Sensitive Compartmented Information, Special Access Programs, and

certain other categories of classified information. The ISR and most

implementing agreements were not intended or designed to protect

unclassified export-controlled information.

Results in Brief The security arrangements GAO reviewed were not intended or designed to

deny foreign owners the opportunity to pursue legitimate business with

their U.S.-based companies working on classified contracts. Rather, they

were designed to insulate these companies from undue foreign control and

influence and to prevent foreign owners’ access to classified information

without a clearance and a need to know. Fifty-four companies operate

under voting trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs. GAO reviewed the controls

established in 13 of these companies and a company operating under a

unique security arrangement called a memorandum of agreement. The

1

Special Access Programs, Restricted Data, and Communications Security are also among the most

highly classified categories of information that foreign-owned U.S. defense firms have access to on

some DOD contracts.

Page 3 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

structure and implementation of the agreements at most of the 14

companies GAO reviewed permitted some risk of foreign control, influence,

and unauthorized access to classified data and technology. GAO did not

determine whether unauthorized access to classified data or technology

actually occurred. GAO observed the following:

• Thirty-six percent of SSA companies were granted exceptions to

restrictions on their access to the most highly classified information.

• Visitation agreements permitted numerous visits, many occurring under

contracts and export licenses for military and dual-use products, between

the foreign owners and the U.S. defense contractor.

• Most trustees performed little oversight and, at four companies, some

trustees appeared to have conflicts of interest.

Principal Findings

Through Exceptions, SSA

Firms Gain Access to

Otherwise Proscribed Data

The ISR and NISPOM allow each SSA to be tailored to the individual company,

but SSAs have some common elements that allow foreign owners to

exercise a high degree of control over the U.S. firms. For example, SSAs

allow the foreign owner to have a representative (an “inside director,”

often a foreign national) on the U.S. firm’s board of directors. Although

inside directors do not hold a majority of votes on the board, their views

about the company’s direction on certain defense contracts or product

lines reflect those of the owners. In addition, unlike voting trusts and

proxy agreements, most SSAs allow foreign owners to replace any member

of the board of directors of the U.S. company for any reason. Under new

boilerplate SSA language DOD provided to GAO, DIS will have to approve such

a removal.

Because SSAs allow greater potential for foreign control than the voting

trust and proxy agreement, SSA firms cannot work on Top Secret and other

highly classified contracts, except when DOD determines it to be in the

national interest. At the time of GAO’s review, at least 12 of the 33 SSA

companies were working under exceptions to this restriction on at least 

47 contracts that required access to Top Secret, Special Access, and other

highly classified information.

Page 4 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

A High Degree of Contact

Occurs Under Visitation

Agreements

To address the risk of foreign parent2 firms’ personnel gaining

unauthorized access to classified information, the ISR requires each voting

trust, proxy agreement, and SSA company to draw up a visitation

agreement. Under the ISR, the visitation agreement is to generally restrict

and limit visits between personnel of the U.S. defense contractor and its

foreign parent firm, except for trustee-approved visits relating to regular

day-to-day business operations pertaining to purely commercial products

or services. DOD-approved visitation agreements that permitted a high

number of visits pertaining to military and dual-use products and services.

Often these visits occurred under approved export licenses for specific

products and technologies. These licenses and a large number of contracts

between the U.S. defense contractors and their foreign owners allowed

considerable access to the U.S. facilities. In several cases, GAO observed

hundreds of visits and long-term visits with personnel at technical and

other levels of the companies.

A primary tool for trustees and DOD to monitor visitation by foreign

owners’ representatives is post-visit reporting. Post-visit reporting requires

the individuals contacted by the foreign representatives to report the

substance of the discussions that took place. With few exceptions, the

contact reports GAO examined identified only the individuals involved and

the title of the program they discussed, without providing any detailed

information on technical discussions that may have occurred.

In 1993, DOD eliminated separate visitation agreements and included

visitation controls in each voting trust, proxy agreement, and SSA. The new

NISPOM does not address visitation control agreements or procedures.

According to DOD, when the ISR is amended to reflect the NISPOM, it will

retain a requirement for visitation approval procedures.

Little Trustee Oversight;

Some Have Appearance of

Conflicts of Interest

The foreign owner selects and DOD approves cleared U.S. citizens to be

placed on the boards of directors of foreign-owned U.S. defense

contractors to guard against undue foreign influence over company

management and to ensure against unauthorized access to classified

information. At a few of the 14 companies GAO reviewed, the trustees were

more actively involved in company management and security oversight

than at the other companies. At some companies, the trustees maintained

their responsibility for approving all visits by representatives of the foreign

2

The business arrangements between U.S. firms and their foreign owners may take a variety of forms,

including a parent-subsidiary relationship. This report uses those terms in general way to indicate

affiliation rather than as a description of the exact legal relationship between specific U.S. and foreign

entities.

Page 5 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

owners, as required in the visitation agreements. The more active trustees

also interviewed a sample of technical staff who had been contacted by

the foreign owners to determine the parameters of their discussions,

questioned potentially adverse company business conditions caused by

exclusive arrangements with the foreign parent, and attended business

meetings at the company more often than quarterly. In most cases,

however, the trustees delegated nearly all aspects of visitation oversight to

the foreign-owned company’s facility security officers, who generally

lacked substantive knowledge of the company’s business affairs or

defense programs. Most trustees viewed their role as limited to ensuring

that the company had policies designed to protect classified information

and attending scheduled quarterly meetings at the company. These

trustees did not actively check on the implementation of the security

policies or remain engaged in company management issues. DOD security

officials suggested that some trustees needed to take a more active

oversight role.

GAO also found situations at four companies that had the appearance of

conflicts of interest among some DOD-approved trustees. For example, at

two companies under proxy agreements, DOD-approved trustees also held

positions as chief executive officers at the foreign-owned companies. As

proxy holders, these individuals were paid up to $50,000 annually to

protect DOD’s security interests, while as chief executive officers they were

paid over $100,000 for exercising their fiduciary duty and loyalty to the

foreign-owned firm. GAO observed other cases giving the appearance of

conflicts of interest (see ch. 4).

Recommendations GAO recognizes that some security vulnerabilities cannot be fully

eliminated, nor would the costs and benefits warrant trying. Still, GAO’s

findings indicate some improvements to information security could

reasonably be made at firms operating under voting trusts, proxy

agreements, and SSAs. In chapter 4, GAO makes a number of

recommendations to the Secretary of Defense that will improve trustee

oversight of information security and recommends additional controls

designed to prevent potential trustee conflicts of interest.

Agency Comments

and GAO’s Evaluation

In commenting on a draft of this report, DOD generally agreed with most of

the report, but disagreed on some matters. For example, DOD agreed that

visitation agreements give foreign owners a high degree of access to the

facilities and personnel of foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors, but

Page 6 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

stated that this access is consistent with applicable U.S. law and

regulation. GAO believes such frequent contact, often at the technical and

engineering levels, can increase the risk.

DOD indicated classified and export-controlled unclassified information is

sufficiently protected at firms operating under SSAs. However, GAO points

out that DOD established restrictions on SSA companies’ access to certain

levels of classified information since there is a higher degree of risk

assumed under SSAs. Despite the risk of the foreign owners’ control or

dominance of the U.S. defense contractors’ operations and management,

36 percent of SSA companies were granted exceptions to restrictions on

their access to the most highly classified information.

While acknowledging that some trustees need to be more actively

involved, DOD disagreed with GAO’s statement that trustees at most of the

companies reviewed did little to ensure that company management was

not unduly influenced by the foreign owners or that the security controls

were being properly implemented. As GAO noted, trustees at two firms

reviewed were actively involved in company management and security

oversight. However, GAO also reported that in the majority of the cases, the

trustees saw their role as limited to ensuring that the company had

policies to protect classified information, and their performance in this

role was limited to attendance of four meetings a year. Following a 1993

survey of foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors, the Defense Intelligence

Agency and DIS concluded that trustees that were the most successful in

fulfilling their responsibilities were those that established procedures that

allowed them to independently monitor and assess the implementation of

the security agreements. They also concluded that trustees who primarily

depended on management of the cleared facility to implement and monitor

the security controls were less successful.

DOD stated that it generally agreed with the thrust of the recommendations

in this report, but did not agree that the specific actions GAO recommended

were necessary, given DOD’s efforts to address the issues involved. DOD said

it had addressed these issues by educating, advising, and encouraging the

trustees to take corrective actions. However, DOD and GAO have both seen

instances in which this encouragement has been rejected. Because of the

risk to information with national security implications, GAO believes that

requiring, rather than encouraging, the trustees to improve security at the

cleared foreign-owned defense contractors would be more effective.

Therefore, GAO continues to believe its recommendations are valid and

Page 7 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Executive Summary

believes they should be implemented to reduce the security risks. (See

app. I.)

Page 8 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Page 9 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Contents

Executive Summary 2

Chapter 1 

Introduction

12

Government Required Security Controls 12

Agreements Are Negotiated and Vary 15

Agreements Were Not Designed to Protect Unclassified

Export-Controlled Technologies

15

Fifty-Four Firms Operate Under Voting Trusts, Proxy

Agreements, or SSAs

16

Objective, Scope, and Methodology 16

Chapter 2 

Espionage Threat and

Information at Risk

20

Information at Risk 20

U.S. Intelligence Agencies Identified Economic Espionage Efforts

of Certain Allies

22

Chapter 3 

Assessment of

Control Structures

27

Higher Degree of Risk With SSA Structure 27

Visitation Agreements Give Foreign Owners a High Degree of

Access

30

Conclusions 33

Chapter 4 

Assessment of

Control

Implementation

34

Little Involvement by Trustees in Security or Company

Management Oversight

34

Foreign Owners Acted in Capacities Beyond That of Beneficiary

in Proxy Firms

37

Some Foreign-Owned Firms Are Financially Dependent on

Foreign Owners

38

Some Trustees Have Appearance of Conflicts of Interest 38

DIS Inspections Did Not Focus on Foreign Ownership Issues 40

Recommendations 41

Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 43

Appendixes Appendix I: Comments From the Department of Defense 44

Appendix II: Major Contributors to This Report 72

Tables Table 1.1: Ownership and Agreement of Companies Reviewed by

GAO

17

Page 10 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Contents

Table 2.1: Levels of Classified Information 21

Abbreviations

CEO Chief Executive Officer

CIA Central Intelligence Agency

DIA Defense Intelligence Agency

DIS Defense Investigative Service

DOD Department of Defense

FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation

FOCI foreign ownership, control, or influence

FSO facility security officer

ISR Industrial Security Regulation

MOA memorandum of agreement

NISPOM National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual

SCA security control agreement

SSA special security agreement

Page 11 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

In the last decade, weapon systems have increasingly been developed,

produced, and marketed internationally through government-sponsored

cooperative development programs and a variety of industry linkages.

These linkages include international subcontracting, joint ventures,

teaming arrangements, and cross-border mergers and acquisitions. Also,

the Department of Defense (DOD) and other agencies have shared certain

highly classified information with allied governments. U.S. government

policy allows foreign investment as long as it is consistent with national

security interests. Foreign companies from many countries have acquired

numerous U.S. defense companies and have legitimate business interests

in them. Some of these foreign-owned companies are working on highly

classified defense contracts, such as the B-2, the F-117, the F-22, and

military satellite programs.

Recognizing that undue foreign control or influence over management or

operations of companies working on sensitive classified contracts could

compromise classified information or impede the performance of

classified contracts, DOD requires that foreign-owned U.S. firms operate

under control structures known as voting trusts, proxy agreements, and

special security agreements (SSA). Each of these agreements requires that

the foreign owners select and DOD approve cleared U.S. citizens1

 to be

placed on the board of directors of the foreign-owned company to

represent DOD’s interests by ensuring against (1) foreign access to

classified information without a clearance and a need to know and

(2) company actions that could adversely affect performance on classified

contracts.

Government Required

Security Controls

In February 1995, the government issued the National Industrial Security

Program Operating Manual (NISPOM) to replace the DOD Industrial Security

Manual and various agencies’ industrial security requirements. The

NISPOM’s section dealing with foreign ownership, control, or influence

(FOCI) contains many provisions on voting trusts, proxy agreements, and

SSAs similar to those in the DOD Industrial Security Regulation (ISR). The ISR

will continue to apply in its current form until it is amended to reflect the

NISPOM.

Both the ISR and NISPOM require a company to obtain a facility clearance

before it can work on a classified DOD contract and prescribe procedures

for defense contractors to protect classified information entrusted to

1

Voting trustees, proxy holders, and outside directors under SSAs are collectively referred to as

“trustees” in this report.

Page 12 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

them. DOD’s policy provides that a firm is ineligible for a facility clearance

if it is under FOCI. However, such a firm may be eligible for a facility

clearance if actions are taken to effectively negate or reduce associated

risks to an acceptable level. When the firm is majority foreign-owned, the

control structures used to negate or reduce such risks include voting

trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs.

The Defense Investigative Service (DIS) administers the DOD Industrial

Security Program and is required to conduct compliance reviews of

defense contractors operating under voting trusts, proxy agreements, and

SSAs. This oversight function requires a DIS security inspection of the

cleared facility every 6 months and an annual FOCI review meeting between

DIS and the trustees of the foreign-owned firm. These reviews are aimed at

ensuring compliance with special controls, practices, and procedures

established to insulate the facility from foreign interests.

Voting Trusts Under a voting trust agreement, the foreign owners transfer legal title to

the stock of the foreign-owned U.S. company to U.S. citizen trustees.

Under the ISR and NISPOM, voting trusts must provide trustees with

complete freedom to exercise all prerogatives of ownership and act

independently from the foreign owners. Under the ISR and NISPOM, five

actions may require prior approval by the foreign owner:

• the sale or disposal of the corporation’s assets or a substantial part

thereof;

• pledges, mortgages, or other encumbrances on the capital stock of the

cleared company;

• corporate mergers, consolidations, or reorganization;

• the dissolution of the corporation; or

• the filing of a bankruptcy petition.

Under the ISR, the trustees were to act independently without consultation

with, interference by, or influence from the foreign owners, but the NISPOM

allows for consultation between the trustees and foreign owners.

Proxy Agreement The proxy agreement is essentially the same as the voting trust, with the

exception of who holds title to the stock. Under the voting trust, the title

to the stock is transferred to the trustees. Under the proxy agreement, the

owners retain title to the stock, but the voting rights of the stock are

transferred to the DOD-approved proxy holders by a proxy agreement. The

Page 13 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

powers and responsibilities of the proxy holders are the same as those of

the trustees under a voting trust. From a security or control perspective,

we saw no difference between the voting trust and the proxy agreement.

DOD and company officials stated that from the companies’ perspective,

the difference between these two agreements is largely a tax issue.

Special Security

Agreement

The third type of control structure for majority foreign-owned firms is the

SSA. Unlike a voting trust or proxy agreement, the SSA allows

representatives of the foreign owner to be on the U.S. contractor’s board

of directors. This representative, known as an inside director, does not

need a DOD security clearance and can be a foreign national. In contrast,

outside directors are U.S. citizens and must be approved by and obtain

security clearances from DOD. Under DOD policy, outside directors are to

ensure that classified information is protected from unauthorized or

inadvertent access by the foreign owners and that the U.S. company’s

ability to perform on classified contracts is not adversely affected by

foreign influence over strategic decision-making.

Because SSAs allow the foreign owners a higher potential for control over

the U.S. defense contractor than proxies or voting trusts, firms operating

under SSAs are generally prohibited from accessing highly classified

information such as Top Secret and Sensitive Compartmented

Information. However, DOD can grant exceptions to this prohibition and

can award contracts at these highly classified levels if it determines it is in

the national interest.

Visitation Agreement The ISR required a visitation agreement for each voting trust, proxy

agreement, or SSA. This agreement was signed by

• the foreign owners,

• the foreign-owned U.S. firm,

• the trustees, and

• DOD.

The visitation agreement was to identify the representatives of the foreign

owners allowed to visit the cleared U.S. firm, the purposes for which they

were allowed to visit, the advance approval that was necessary, and the

identity of the approval authority. In 1993, DOD eliminated visitation

agreements as separate documents and incorporated visitation control

procedures as a section of each voting trust, proxy agreement, and SSA.

Page 14 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

Agreements Are

Negotiated and Vary

Voting trust agreements, proxy agreements, SSAs, and their attendant

visitation agreements are negotiated between the foreign-owned company

and DOD. Although DOD has boilerplate language that can be adopted,

according to a DOD official, many cases have unique circumstances that

call for flexible application of the ISR provisions. DOD’s flexible approach

leads to negotiations that can result in company-specific agreements

containing provisions that provide stronger or weaker controls. Generally,

the foreign owners negotiate to secure the least restrictive agreements

possible.

DOD has approved more lenient visitation agreements and procedures over

time. A DOD official explained that DOD’s flexible approach to FOCI

arrangements and the resulting negotiations have probably caused the

visitation controls to become relaxed. Each negotiated visitation

agreement that relaxed controls became the starting point for subsequent

negotiations on new agreements as the foreign-owned companies’ lawyers

would point to the last visitation agreement as precedent. We recognize

the need to tailor the agreements to specific company circumstances and

to permit international defense work, but the lack of a baseline set of

controls in the agreements made DIS inspections very difficult, according

to DIS inspectors.

Agreements Were Not

Designed to Protect

Unclassified

Export-Controlled

Technologies

Almost all the foreign-owned U.S. firms we reviewed possessed

unclassified information and technologies that are export-controlled by

the Departments of State and Commerce. DOD deemed some of these

technologies to be militarily critical, such as carbon/carbon material

manufacturing technology and flight control systems technology. Many

classified defense contracts involve classified applications of unclassified

export-controlled items and technologies. The ISR and most agreements

were not designed to protect unclassified export-controlled information.

As such, DIS does not review the protection of unclassified

export-controlled technology during its inspections of cleared contractors.

In fact, the U.S. government has no established means to monitor

compliance with and ensure enforcement of federal regulations regarding

the transfer of export-controlled technical information. In light of what is

known about the technology acquisition and diversion intentions of

certain allies (see ch. 2) and the high degree of contact with foreign

interests at foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors (see ch. 3),

enforcement of export control regulations is important. The new NISPOM

reflects this concern and requires trustees in future voting trusts, proxy

Page 15 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

agreements, and SSAs to take necessary steps to ensure the company

complies with U.S. export control laws.

Fifty-Four Firms

Operate Under Voting

Trusts, Proxy

Agreements, or SSAs

As of August 1994, 54 foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors were

operating under voting trusts, proxy agreements, or SSAs. Six of these

companies operate under voting trusts, 15 under proxy agreements, and 

33 under SSAs. These 54 firms held a total of 657 classified contracts,

valued at $5.4 billion. The largest firm operating under these agreements

(as measured by the value of the classified contracts it held) is a computer

services company that operates under a proxy agreement and held

classified contracts valued at $2.5 billion. The foreign owners of the 

54 firms are from Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany,

Israel, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United

Kingdom. Currently, three of the companies are wholly or partially owned

by foreign governments.

Objective, Scope, and

Methodology

Our review was conducted at the request of the former Chairman and

Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation,

House Committee on Armed Services (now the House Committee on

National Security). Our objective was to assess the structure of voting

trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs and their implementation in the

prevention of unauthorized disclosure of classified and export-controlled

information to foreign interests. We did not attempt to determine whether

unauthorized access to classified or export-controlled data/technology

actually occurred. Rather, we examined the controls established in the ISR,

the draft NISPOM, and the agreements’ structures and the way they were

implemented at each of 14 companies we selected to review.

We discussed security issues involving foreign-owned defense contractors

and information security with officials from the Office of the Deputy

Assistant Secretary of Defense (Counterintelligence, Security

Countermeasures and Spectrum Management); DIS; and information

security officials from the Air Force, the Army, and the Navy. We also

discussed the performance of Special Access and Sensitive

Compartmented contracts by foreign-owned companies with an official

from the office of the Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense

(Security Policy). To obtain information on the threat of foreign espionage

against U.S. defense industries, we interviewed officials and reviewed

documents from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense

Intelligence Agency (DIA), and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Page 16 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

In selecting the 14 companies for our judgmental sample, we included 

5 companies2

 that were wholly or partially owned by foreign governments.

We selected the nine additional foreign-owned firms on the basis of (1) the

sensitivity of the information they held, (2) agreement types, (3) country of

origin, and (4) geographic location. One company we reviewed operated

under a voting trust, five operated under proxy agreements, and six

operated under SSAs. In addition, one firm transitioned from an SSA to a

proxy agreement during our review, and we found that another firm

operated under a different control structure, a memorandum of agreement

(MOA). Table 1.1 shows the countries of ownership and agreement type of

the companies we reviewed.

Table 1.1: Ownership and Agreement

of Companies Reviewed by GAO Country of

foreign ownership Agreement type

United Kingdom SSA

United Kingdom SSA

Switzerland SSA to proxy

Sweden Proxy

France Proxy

United Kingdom Proxy

France Proxy

United Kingdom SSA

Netherlands Voting trust

United Kingdom SSA

France, Germany, and Italy MOA

France SSA

United Kingdom Proxy

United Kingdom SSA

This judgmental sample reflects the distribution of agreement type and

country of ownership of the 54 companies operating under voting trusts,

proxy agreements, and SSAs. However, due to the small size of our sample

and the nonrandom nature of its selection, the results of our review cannot

be projected to the universe of all companies operating under these

agreements.

We were initially told that an aerospace company operated under an SSA,

and selected the company for our sample based on foreign government

ownership of companies that are its partial owners. We subsequently

2

Two of these five companies no longer operate under SSAs. One of them was sold to American

interests, and the other no longer performs on classified contracts.

Page 17 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 1 

Introduction

learned that the company operated under a unique arrangement—an MOA .

Because of the foreign government ownership component and the

sensitivity of the information accessed by this aerospace company, we

retained the company in our sample. When we present statistics in our

report on the number of companies operating under voting trusts, proxy

agreements, and SSAs and the number of contracts they hold and the

contracts’ value, this company is not included in those numbers.3

However, we include the company in the discussions of control structures

and their implementation (see chs. 3 and 4). In those instances, we

specifically refer to the MOA.

We compared the agreements of the 14 companies to each other and to

boilerplate agreements provided by DIS. We also examined the agreements’

provisions to determine if they met the requirements of the ISR, the

regulation in force at the time. We examined the visitation approval

procedures and standard practice procedures manuals at the companies

we reviewed to determine how the companies controlled foreign visitors

and their access to the cleared facilities. We also interviewed company

management, security personnel, and the company trustees to determine

how they implemented the agreements. To assess implementation of the

agreements, we reviewed annual company implementation reports, board

of directors minutes, defense security committee minutes, visitation logs,

international telephone bills, and various internal company

correspondence and memorandums. To assess trustee involvement, we

interviewed trustees and reviewed visitation approvals, as well as trustee

meeting minutes, which showed the frequency of meetings, individuals’

attendance records, and topics of discussion. We also discussed each

company’s implementation of the agreements and its information security

programs with the cognizant DIS regional management and inspectors and

reviewed their inspection reports.

Access Limitation During our review, we had limited access to certain information.

Foreign-owned contractors were working on various contracts and

programs classified as Special Access Programs or Sensitive

Compartmented Information. We were told by an official from the Office

of the Assistant Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Security Policy) that

in some instances, it is not possible to acknowledge the existence of such

contracts to individuals who are not specifically cleared for the program.

3

At the time of our review, the aerospace company operating under an MOA held 10 classified

contracts valued at approximately $1.0 billion.

Page 18 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Introduction

As a result, we may not know of all foreign-owned firms involved in highly

classified work.

DOD provided written comments on a draft of this report. The complete

text of those comments and our response is presented in appendix I. We

performed our review from August 1992 through February 1995 in

accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards.

Page 19 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

Some close U.S. allies actively seek to obtain classified and technical

information from the United States through unauthorized means. Through

its National Security Threat List program, the FBI National Security

Division has determined that foreign intelligence activities directed at U.S.

critical technologies pose a significant threat to national security. As we

testified before the House Committee on the Judiciary in April 1992,

sophisticated methods are used in espionage against U.S. companies.1

Unfortunately, the companies targeted by foreign intelligence agencies

may not know—and may never know—that they have been targeted or

compromised.

The Joint Security Commission was formed in 1993 at the request of the

Secretary of Defense and the Director of Central Intelligence to develop

new approaches to security. The Commission examined (1) policies and

procedures regarding foreign ownership or control of industrial firms

performing classified contracts and (2) the national disclosure of classified

information to permit export and coproduction of classified weapon

systems. In its February 1994 report, the Commission wrote the following:

“The risk in each of these situations is that foreign entities will exploit the relationship in

ways that do not serve our overall national goals of preserving our technological

advantages and curtailing proliferation. These goals generally include keeping certain

nations from obtaining the technical capabilities to develop and produce advanced weapon

systems and from acquiring the ability to counter advanced US weapon systems. In cases

where U.S. national interests require the sharing of some of our capabilities with foreign

governments, security safeguards must ensure that foreign disclosures do not go beyond

their authorized scope. Safeguards must also be tailored to new proliferation threats and

applied effectively to the authorization of foreign investment in classified defense industry

and the granting of access by foreign representatives to our classified facilities and

information.”

Contractors owned by companies and governments of these same allied

countries are working on classified DOD contracts under the protection of

voting trusts, proxy agreements, and SSAs. These companies perform on

DOD contracts developing, producing, and maintaining very sensitive

military systems, and some of them have access to the most sensitive

categories of U.S. classified information.

Information at Risk Contracts requiring access to classified information at the levels shown in

table 2.1 have been awarded to foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors.

1

Economic Espionage: The Threat to U.S. Industry (GAO/T-OSI-92-6, Apr. 29, 1992).

Page 20 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

Table 2.1: Levels of Classified Information

Acronym Classification

C CONFIDENTIAL: Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause

damage to the national security.

S SECRET: Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause serious

damage to national security.

TS TOP SECRET: Information, the unauthorized disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause

exceptionally grave damage to the national security.

SAP SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAM: Program imposing “need-to-know” or access controls beyond those normally

provided for access to Confidential, Secret, or Top Secret information.

WNINTEL WARNING NOTICE - INTELLIGENCE SOURCES AND METHODS INVOLVED

SCI SENSITIVE COMPARTMENTED INFORMATION: Information bearing special controls indicating restricted

handling within present and future intelligence collection programs and their end products.

RD RESTRICTED DATA: Information concerning (1) design, manufacture, or utilization of atomic weapons; (2) the

production of special nuclear material; or (3) the use of special nuclear material in the production of energy.

FRD FORMERLY RESTRICTED DATA: Information removed from the Restricted Data category upon joint

determination by the Department of Energy and DOD. For purposes of foreign dissemination, however, such

information is treated in the same manner as Restricted Data.

CNWDI CRITICAL NUCLEAR WEAPON DESIGN INFORMATION: Top Secret Restricted Data or Secret Restricted Data

revealing the theory of operation or design of the components of a thermonuclear or implosion-type fission bomb,

warhead, demolition munition, or test device.

COMSEC COMMUNICATIONS SECURITY: Information concerning protective measures taken to deny unauthorized

persons information derived from telecommunications related to national security and to ensure the authenticity

of such communication.

NOFORN NOT RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN NATIONALS

The following are examples of some sensitive contract work being

performed by the 14 foreign-owned U.S. companies we reviewed:

• development of computer software for planning target selection and

aircraft routes in the event of a nuclear war (a Top Secret contract);

• maintenance of DOD’s Worldwide Military Command and Control System

((WWMCCS) - the contract was classified TS, SCI, and COMSEC because

of the information the computer-driven communications system contains);

• production of signal intelligence gathering radio receivers for the U.S.

Navy;

• production of command destruct receivers for military missiles and

National Aeronautics and Space Administration rockets (to destroy a

rocket that goes off course);

• production of carbon/carbon composite Trident D-5 missile heat shields;

and

• production of the flight controls for the B-2, the F-117, and the F-22.

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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

Some of the contracts these foreign-owned U.S. companies are working on

are Special Access Programs. Due to the special access requirements of

these contracts, the contractors could not tell us what type of work they

were doing, what military system the work was for, or even the identity of

the DOD customer.

Some of the contracts performed by companies we examined involve less

sensitive technologies. For example, one company we visited had

contracts requiring access to classified information because it cast valves

for naval nuclear propulsion systems, and it needed classified test

parameters for the valves. Another firm operating under an SSA is required

to have a Secret-level clearance because it installs alarm systems in

buildings that hold classified information.

In addition to classified information, most of the 14 foreign-owned

companies we reviewed possessed unclassified technical information and

hardware items that are export-controlled by the State or Commerce

Departments. DOD deemed many of these technologies to be militarily

critical.

U.S. Intelligence

Agencies Identified

Economic Espionage

Efforts of Certain

Allies

Reports and briefings provided during 1993 by U.S. intelligence agencies

showed a continuing economic espionage threat from certain U.S. allies.2

Eight of the 54 companies operating under voting trusts, proxy

agreements, and SSAs and working on classified contracts are owned by

interests from one of these countries. The following are intelligence

agency threat assessments and examples illustrating this espionage.

Country A According to a U.S. intelligence agency, the government of Country A

conducts the most aggressive espionage operation against the United

States of any U.S. ally. Classified military information and sensitive

military technologies are high-priority targets for the intelligence agencies

of this country. Country A seeks this information for three reasons: (1) to

help the technological development of its own defense industrial base,

(2) to sell or trade the information with other countries for economic

reasons, and (3) to sell or trade the information with other countries to

2

“Economic espionage” was defined in a 1994 U.S. government interagency report as

“government-sponsored or coordinated intelligence activity designed to unlawfully and covertly obtain

classified data and/or sensitive policy or proprietary information from a U.S. Government agency or

company, potentially having the effect of enhancing a foreign country’s economic competitiveness and

damaging U.S. economic security.”

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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

develop political alliances and alternative sources of arms. According to a

classified 1994 report produced by a U.S. government interagency working

group on U.S. critical technology companies,3

 Country A routinely resorts

to state-sponsored espionage using covert collection techniques to obtain

sensitive U.S. economic information and technology. Agents of Country A

collect a variety of classified and proprietary information through

observation, elicitation, and theft.

The following are intelligence agency examples of Country A information

collection efforts:

• An espionage operation run by the intelligence organization responsible

for collecting scientific and technologic information for Country A paid a

U.S. government employee to obtain U.S. classified military intelligence

documents.

• Several citizens of Country A were caught in the United States stealing

sensitive technology used in manufacturing artillery gun tubes.

• Agents of Country A allegedly stole design plans for a classified

reconnaissance system from a U.S. company and gave them to a defense

contractor from Country A.

• A company from Country A is suspectecd of surreptitiously monitoring a

DOD telecommunications system to obtain classified information for

Country A intelligence.

• Citizens of Country A were investigated for allegations of passing

advanced aerospace design technology to unauthorized scientists and

researchers.

• Country A is suspected of targeting U.S. avionics, missile telemetry and

testing data, and aircraft communication systems for intelligence

operations.

• It has been determined that Country A targeted specialized software that is

used to store data in friendly aircraft warning systems.

• Country A has targeted information on advanced materials and coatings

for collection. A Country A government agency allegedly obtained

information regarding a chemical finish used on missile reentry vehicles

from a U.S. person.

Country B According to intelligence agencies, in the 1960s, the government of

Country B began an aggressive and massive espionage effort against the

United States. The 1994 interagency report on U.S. critical technology

3

Report on U.S. Critical Technology Companies, Report to Congress on Foreign Acquisition of and

Espionage Activities Against U.S. Critical Technology Companies (1994).

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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

companies pointed out that recent international developments have

increased foreign intelligence collection efforts against U.S. economic

interests. The lessening of East-West tensions in the late 1980s and early

1990s enabled Country B intelligence services to allocate greater resources

to collect sensitive U.S. economic information and technology.

Methods used by Country B are updated versions of classic Cold War

recruitment and technical operations. The Country B government

organization that conducts these activities does not target U.S. national

defense information such as war plans, but rather seeks U.S. technology.

The motivation for these activities is the health of Country B’s defense

industrial base. Country B considers it vital to its national security to be

self-sufficient in manufacturing arms. Since domestic consumption will

not support its defense industries, Country B must export arms. Country B

seeks U.S. defense technologies to incorporate into domestically produced

systems. By stealing the technology from the United States, Country B can

have cutting-edge weapon systems without the cost of research and

development. The cutting-edge technologies not only provide superior

weapon systems for Country B’s own use, but also make these products

more marketable for exports. It is believed that Country B espionage

efforts against the U.S. defense industries will continue and may increase.

Country B needs the cutting-edge technologies to compete with U.S.

systems in the international arms market.

The following are intelligence agency examples of Country B information

collection efforts:

• In the late 1980s, Country B’s intelligence agency recruited agents at the

European offices of three U.S. computer and electronics firms. The agents

apparently were stealing unusually sensitive technical information for a

struggling Country B company. This Country B company also owns a U.S.

company operating under a proxy agreement and performing contracts for

DOD classified as TS, SAP, SCI, and COMSEC.

• Country B companies and government officials have been investigated for

suspected efforts to acquire advanced abrasive technology and

stealth-related coatings.

• Country B representatives have been investigated for targeting software

that performs high-speed, real-time computational analysis that can be

used in a missile attack system.

• Information was obtained that Country B targeted a number of U.S.

defense companies and their missile and satellite technologies for

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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

espionage efforts. Companies of Country B have made efforts, some

successful, to acquire targeted companies.

Country C The motivation for Country C industrial espionage against the United

States is much like that of Country B: Country C wants cutting-edge

technologies to incorporate into weapon systems it produces. The

technology would give Country C armed forces a quality weapon and

would increase the weapon’s export market potential. The Country C

government intelligence organization has assisted Country C industry in

obtaining defense technologies, but not as actively as Country B

intelligence has for its industry. One example of Country C government

assistance occurred in the late 1980s, when a Country C firm wanted to

enter Strategic Defense Initiative work. At that time, the Country C

intelligence organization assisted this firm in obtaining applicable

technology.

Country D The Country D government has no official foreign intelligence service.

Private Country D companies are the intelligence gatherers. They have

more of a presence throughout the world than the Country D government.

However, according to the 1994 interagency report, the Country D

government obtains much of the economic intelligence that Country D

private-sector firms operating abroad collect for their own purposes. This

occasionally includes classified foreign government documents and

corporate proprietary data. Country D employees have been quite

successful in developing and exploiting Americans who have access to

classified and proprietary information.

The following are examples of information collection efforts of Country D:

• Firms from Country D have been investigated for targeting advanced

propulsion technologies, from slush-hydrogen fuel to torpedo target

motors, and attempting to export these items through intermediaries and

specialty shipping companies in violation of export restrictions.

• Individuals from Country D have been investigated for allegedly passing

advanced aerospace design technology to unauthorized scientists and

researchers.

• Electronics firms from Country D directed information-gathering efforts at

competing U.S. firms in order to increase the market share of Country D in

the semiconductor field.

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Espionage Threat and Information at Risk

Country E Intelligence community officials stated that they did not have indications

that the intelligence service of Country E has targeted the United States or

its defense industry for espionage efforts. However, according to the 1994

interagency report, in 1991 the intelligence service of this country was

considering moving toward what it called “semi-overt” collection of

foreign economic intelligence. At that time, Country E’s intelligence

service reportedly planned to increase the number of its senior officers in

Washington to improve its semi-overt collection—probably referring to

more intense elicitation from government and business contacts.

The main counterintelligence concern cited by one intelligence agency

regarding Country E is not that its government may be targeting the United

States with espionage efforts, but that any technology that does find its

way into Country E will probably be diverted to countries to which the

United States would not sell its defense technologies. The defense industry

of this country is of particular concern in this regard.

It was reported that information diversions from Country E have serious

implications for U.S. national security. Large-scale losses of technology

were discovered in the early 1990s. Primary responsibility for industrial

security resides in a small staff of the government of Country E. It was

reported that this limited staff often loses when its regulatory concerns

clash with business interests. The intelligence agency concluded that the

additional time needed to eradicate the diversion systems will

consequently limit the degree of technological security available for

several years. The question suggested by this situation is, if technology

from a U.S. defense contractor owned by interests of Country E is

transferred to Country E, will this U.S. defense technology then be

diverted to countries to which the United States would not sell?

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Assessment of Control Structures

Foreign ownership or control of U.S. firms performing classified contracts

for DOD poses a special security risk. The risk includes unauthorized or

inadvertent disclosure of classified information available to the U.S. firm.

In addition, foreign owners could take action that would jeopardize the

performance of classified contracts. To minimize the risks, the ISR and

NISPOM require voting trusts and proxy agreements to insulate the foreign

owners from the cleared U.S. defense firm or SSAs to limit foreign owners’

participation in the management of the cleared U.S. firm. The ISR also

required visitation agreements to control visitation between foreign

owners and their cleared U.S. firms. The new industrial security program

manual does not address visitation control agreements or procedures. DOD

eliminated separate visitation agreements in favor of visitation procedures

in the security agreements themselves.

In May 1992, a former Secretary of Defense testified before the House

Committee on Armed Services that under proxy agreements and voting

trusts, the foreign owners of U.S. companies working on classified

contracts had “virtually no say except if somebody wants to sell the

company or in very major decisions.” He indicated that for the purposes of

the foreign parent company, proxy agreements and voting trusts are

essentially “blind trusts.” Further, he testified that a number of companies

were “functioning successfully” under SSAs.

Of the three types of arrangements used to negate or reduce risks in

majority foreign ownership cases, SSAs were the least restrictive.

Accordingly, SSA firms pose a somewhat higher risk associated with

classified work. The ISR and the NISPOM generally prohibit SSA firms from

being involved in Top Secret and other highly sensitive contracts, but

allow for exceptions if DOD determines they are in the national interest. SSA

firms we reviewed were working on 47 contracts classified as TS, SCI,

SAP, RD, and COMSEC. In addition, we observed that ISR-required

visitation agreements permitted significant contact between the U.S. firms

and the foreign owners.

Higher Degree of Risk

With SSA Structure

Unlike voting trusts and proxy agreements, which insulate foreign owners

from the management of the cleared firm, SSAs allow foreign owners to

appoint a representative to serve on the board of directors. Called an

“inside director,” this individual represents the foreign owners and is often

a foreign national. The inside director is to be counterbalanced by

DOD-approved directors, called the “outside directors.” The principal

function of the outside directors is to protect U.S. security interests.

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Assessment of Control Structures

Inside directors cannot hold a majority of the votes on the board, but

because of their connection to the foreign owners, their views about the

company’s direction on certain defense contracts or product lines reflect

those of the owners. Depending on the composition of the board, the

inside director and the company officers on the board could possibly

combine to out vote the outside directors. In addition, unlike voting trusts

and proxy agreements, the SSAs we examined allow the foreign owner to

replace “any member of the [SSA company] Board of Directors for any

reason.” DOD recently provided us with new boilerplate SSA language that

will require DIS to approve the removal of a director.

Foreign owners of SSA firms can also exercise significant influence over

the U.S. companies they own in other ways. For example, at two SSA firms

we examined, the foreign owners used export licenses to obtain

unclassified technology from the U.S. subsidiary that was vital to the U.S.

companies’ competitive positions. Officers of the U.S. companies stated

that they did not want to share these technologies, but the foreign owners

required them to do so. Subsequently, one of these U.S. companies faced

its own technology in a competition with its foreign owner for a U.S. Army

contract.

SSA Firms Working on

Contracts Requiring

Access to Top Secret,

Special Access, and Other

Sensitive Information

Because of the additional risk previously mentioned, companies operating

under SSAs are normally ineligible for contracts allowing access to TS,

SAP, SCI, RD, and COMSEC information. However, during our review, 

12 of the 33 SSA companies were working on at least 47 contracts requiring

access to this highly classified information.

Before June 1991, DOD reviewed an SSA firm to determine whether it would

be in the national interest to allow the firm to compete for contracts

classified TS, SCI, SAP, RD, or COMSEC. New guidance was issued in

June 1991 requiring the responsible military service to make a national

interest determination each time a highly classified contract was awarded

to an SSA firm. We found only one contract-specific national interest

determination had been written since the June 1991 guidance. According

to DOD officials, the other 46 highly classified contracts performed by SSA

companies predated June 1991 or were follow-on contracts to contracts

awarded before June 1991. Since information on some contracts awarded

to SSA companies is under special access restrictions, DOD officials may be

authorized to conceal the contracts from people not specifically cleared

for access to the program. We, therefore, could not determine with

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Assessment of Control Structures

confidence if the requirement for contract-specific national interest

determinations was carried out.

One Company Operates

Under an Alternative

Agreement

One company performs on contracts classified as TS, SCI, SAP, RD, and

COMSEC under an alternative arrangement called an MOA. The MOA (a

unique agreement) was created in 1991 because the company has

classified DOD contracts and, although foreign interests do not hold a

majority of the stock, they own 49 percent of the company and have

special rights to veto certain actions of the majority owners.

Normally, under the ISR, minority foreign investment in a cleared U.S.

defense contractor required only a resolution of the board of directors

stating that the foreign interests will not require, nor be given, access to

classified information. DOD did not consider the board resolution

appropriate for this case, partially because of the board membership of the

foreign owners and their veto rights over certain basic corporate

decisions. The company board of directors consists of six representatives

appointed by the U.S. owners and one representative for each of the four

foreign minority interests. Any single foreign director can block any of 16

specified actions of the board of directors. These actions include the

adoption of a company strategic plan or annual budget as well as the

development of a new product that varies from the lines of business set

forth in the strategic plan. In addition, any two foreign directors can block

an additional 11 specified actions. These veto rights could give the foreign

interests significantly more control and influence over the U.S. defense

contractor in certain instances than would be permitted in an SSA. In 1991,

DIS objected to an agreement less stringent than an SSA because of the veto

rights of the foreign directors and, unlike an SSA, an MOA does not require

any DOD-approved outside members on the board of directors. However,

the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Policy determined that

the company would not be under foreign domination and that the MOA was

a sufficient control.

DOD reexamined the MOA during a subsequent (1992) foreign investment in

the company and made some modifications. Although the MOA does not

provide for outside members on the board, it does require DOD-approved

outside members on a Defense Security Committee to oversee the

protection of classified and export-controlled information. The first

version of the MOA did not give the outside security committee members

the right to attend any board of directors meetings. Under the revised

(1992) version of the MOA, the outside security committee members still do

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Assessment of Control Structures

not have general rights to attend board meetings; however, their

attendance at board meetings is required if the foreign interests are to

exercise their veto rights. Also, the first version of the MOA did not require

any prior security committee approval for representatives of the foreign

interests to visit the cleared U.S. defense contractor. The newer version

requires prior approval when the visits concern performance on a

classified contract.1

Visitation Agreements

Give Foreign Owners

a High Degree of

Access

Unlike the new NISPOM, the ISR required the foreign owners of a cleared

U.S. defense contractor to be segregated from all aspects of the U.S.

company’s defense work. The ISR provided the following:

“In every case where a voting trust agreement, proxy agreement, or special security

agreement is employed to eliminate risks associated with foreign ownership, a visitation

agreement shall be executed . . .”

Further:

“The visitation agreement shall provide that, as a general rule, visits between the foreign

stockholder and the cleared U.S. firm are not authorized; however, as an exception to the

general rule, the trustees, may approve such visits in connection with regular day-to-day

business operations pertaining strictly to purely commercial products or services and not

involving classified contracts.”

The visitation agreements are to guard against foreign owners or their

representatives obtaining access to classified information without a

clearance and a need to know.

At all 14 companies we reviewed, visitation agreements permitted the

foreign owners and their representatives to visit regarding military and

dual-use products and services. The visitation agreements permitted visits

to the U.S. company (1) in association with classified contracts if the

foreign interests had the appropriate security clearance and (2) under

State or Commerce Department export licenses.

The large number of business transactions between the U.S. defense

contractors and their foreign owners granted representatives of the

foreign owners frequent entry to the cleared U.S. facilities. Eight of the 

1

The 1995 NISPOM now requires a Security Control Agreement (SCA) in cases where minority foreign

owners are represented on the board of directors. The SCA is more stringent in some respects than the

MOA, and is essentially an SSA for cases of minority foreign investment. For example, the SCA

requires that outside directors be placed on the company’s board of directors.

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14 firms we reviewed had contractual arrangements with their foreign

owners that led to a high (often daily) degree of contact. In one case, the

U.S. company sold and serviced equipment produced by the foreign firm,

so the two firms had almost continual contact at the technician level to

obtain repair parts and technical assistance. During a 3-month period in

1993, this company approved 167 extended visit authorizations.

At one SSA firm we reviewed, 236 visits occurred between the U.S. firm and

representatives of the foreign owners over a 1-year period, averaging

about 7 days per visit. At a proxy company, there were 322 approved

requests for contact with representatives of the owners during a 1-year

period; 94 of the requests were blanket requests for multiple contacts over

the subsequent 3-month period. Not all foreign-owned defense contractors

had this degree of contact with representatives of their foreign owners.

One SSA firm had only 44 visits with representatives of its foreign owners

during a 1-year period.

Some visitation agreements permitted long-term visits to the cleared U.S.

companies by employees of the foreign owners. Five companies we

reviewed had employees of the foreign owners working at the cleared U.S.

facilities. In a number of these cases, they were technical and managerial

staff working on military and dual-use systems and products under

approved export licenses. One company covered by a proxy agreement

had a foreign national technical manager from the foreign parent firm

review the space and military technologies of the U.S. defense contractor

to determine if there were opportunities for technical cooperation with the

foreign parent firm. At another firm we reviewed, representatives of the

foreign partners are permanently on site. At yet another company, a

foreign national employee of the foreign parent company worked on a

computer system for the B-2 bomber and had access to export-controlled

information without the U.S. company obtaining the required export

license.

Lack of Post-Visit

Reporting Requirements

Post-visit contact reports are the primary means for DIS and the trustees to

monitor the substance of contacts between the foreign-owned U.S.

contractor and representatives of its foreign owners. Such records should

be used to determine if the contact with representatives of the foreign

owners was appropriate and in accordance with the ISR and the visitation

agreement. Some visitation agreements do not require employees of the

U.S. firm to document and report the substance of the discussions with

employees of the foreign parent firm. At three of the firms we reviewed,

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the only record of contact between employees of the U.S. company and

the foreign owners were copies of forms approving the visit. However, at

other foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors, post-visit contact reports

were available for DIS to review when it inspected the firms and when DIS

held its annual agreement compliance review with the foreign-owned

companies.

Telephonic Contacts Not

Controlled

The ISR, the NISPOM, and most of the visitation agreements we reviewed do

not require telephonic contacts between the U.S. defense contractor and

representatives of its foreign owners to be controlled and documented.

One of the firms covered by a proxy agreement documented 1,912

telephonic contacts between the U.S. company and representatives of its

foreign owners for a 1-year period. After examining telephone bills at

other companies, we found 1 SSA company had over 550 telephone calls to

the country of the foreign owners in 1 month. Company officials said these

calls were primarily to representatives of the foreign owners. In contrast,

our review of telephone bills at another SSA company showed only 47

telephone calls to the country of the foreign owners during 1 month in

1993.

If an individual intends to breach security, it would be easier to transfer

classified or export-controlled information by telephone, facsimile, or

computer modem than it would be in person. Documenting telephone

contacts would not prevent such illegal activity, but might make it easier

to detect. During our review, DIS also recognized this and asked companies

to establish a procedure for documenting telephonic contacts with

representatives of their foreign owners.

National Industrial

Security Manual Has No

Requirement for Visitation

Agreements

We were initially told the NISPOM section dealing with foreign ownership,

control, and influence would replace the FOCI section of the ISR. The new

manual does not address visitation control agreements or procedures to

restrict visitation between the cleared U.S. defense contractor and

representatives of its foreign owners. Instead, it appears to allow unlimited

visitation. However, in its comments on our report, DOD stated that the ISR

will be retained and revised to reflect the NISPOM. DOD also said that the

revised ISR will require visitation approval procedures, but instead of

separate visitation agreements, these procedures will be incorporated into

each voting trust, proxy agreement, and SSA.

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Conclusions Under the ISR and the new NISPOM, majority foreign-owned facilities cleared

to perform classified contracts must enter into agreements with DOD to

negate, or at least reduce to an acceptable level, the security risks

associated with foreign ownership, control, and influence. Voting trusts

and proxy agreements are designed to insulate cleared U.S. defense firms

from their foreign owners. SSAs limit the foreign owners’ participation in

company management. None of these security arrangements is intended to

deny U.S. defense contractors the opportunity to do business with their

foreign owners. However, the frequent contact engendered by legitimate

unclassified business transactions can heighten the risk of unauthorized

access to classified information. Also, existing visitation agreements and

procedures permit a high degree of contact. Often this contact is at the

technical and engineer level where U.S. classified information could most

easily be compromised. The draft NISPOM does not address visitation

controls, but DOD has stated that a visitation approval procedures section

will be included in the revised ISR.

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Assessment of Control Implementation

At a few of the 14 companies we reviewed, DOD-approved trustees were

actively involved in company management and security oversight. At most

of the companies, however, the trustees did little to protect classified or

export-controlled information from access by foreign owner

representatives. At proxy agreement companies, we observed cases where

foreign owners were exercising more control than the ISR allowed and

foreign-owned U.S. defense firms whose independence was degraded

because of their financial reliance on the foreign owners. We also

observed that some DOD-approved trustees appeared to have conflicts of

interest. Finally, DIS did not tailor its inspections of these foreign-owned

facilities to specifically address FOCI issues or the implementation of the

control agreements, but has recently promulgated new inspection

guidelines to address these issues.

Little Involvement by

Trustees in Security or

Company

Management

Oversight

Some DOD-approved trustees were more actively involved in management

and security oversight than others. For example, at some companies, the

trustees retained, and did not delegate, their responsibility for approving

all visits by representatives of the foreign owners as required in the

visitation agreements. The more active trustees also reviewed post-visit

contact reports and interviewed a sample of technical staff who met with

the foreign owners’ representatives to ascertain the substance of their

discussions, questioned potentially adverse business conditions caused by

arrangements with the foreign parent, and attended business meetings at

the company more often than quarterly.

At most of the companies we reviewed, however, the trustees (or proxy

holders or outside directors) did little to ensure that company

management was not unduly influenced by the foreign owners or that the

control structures in the security agreements were being properly

implemented. Instead, they viewed their role as limited to ensuring that

policies exist within the company to protect classified information. At six

of the firms we reviewed, monitoring the security implementation and the

business operations of the company by the trustees ranged from limited to

almost nonexistent. In only two of the firms did the trustees appear to be

actively involved in company management and security oversight.

The need for trustee oversight of the business management of

foreign-owned companies was highlighted at one SSA firm we examined. At

this company, the foreign owners exercised their SSA powers to replace

two successive director/presidents of the U.S. company. The first claimed

he was terminated because he attempted to enforce the SSA. The second

Page 34 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

president contested his dismissal because the outside directors were not

given prior notice of the owners’ intent to replace him. The owners stated

that in both cases, poor business performance was the cause for

termination and, in these cases, the outside directors agreed. Nevertheless,

outside directors need to remain actively involved in monitoring the

companies’ business management to ensure that foreign owners exercise

these powers only for legitimate business reasons and not for reasons that

could jeopardize classified information and contracts.

Implementation and monitoring of the information security program was

usually left to the facility security officer (FSO), an employee of the

foreign-owned U.S. company. At the companies we reviewed, a variety of

personnel served as FSO, including a general counsel, secretaries, and

professional security officers. In any case, the FSO often performed the

administrative functions of security and lacked the knowledge to

determine the proper parameters for the substance of classified

discussions, given a cleared foreign representative’s need to know. This

limitation and the FSO’s potential vulnerability as an employee of the

foreign-owned company pose a risk without active trustee involvement.

Another potential problem associated with trustees relinquishing

implementation and monitoring responsibilities to the FSO was illustrated

at an SSA firm we reviewed. At the SSA firm, the FSO wanted to establish a

new security procedure, but was overruled by the president of the

foreign-owned U.S. defense company. In this instance, the FSO had enough

confidence in the outside directors to go to them and complain. The

outside directors agreed with the need for the new control and required its

implementation. In this case, the outside directors led the officials of the

foreign-owned firm to believe that the new security measure was an

outside director initiative. If the circumstances and individuals had been

different, the FSO might have lacked the confidence to seek the assistance

of the outside directors.

At the foreign-owned companies we reviewed, trustees were paid between

$1,500 and $75,000 a year. In return for this compensation, the usual

trustee involvement was attendance at four meetings annually. Typically,

one of the trustees is designated to approve requests for visits with

representatives of the foreign owners. This additional duty involves

occasionally receiving, reviewing, and transmitting approval requests by

facsimile machine.

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Assessment of Control Implementation

The ISR requires that a trustee approve visitation requests. However, in

most of the firms we reviewed, trustees only directly approved visits

between senior management of the U.S. firm and the foreign parent firm.

The FSO approved visits below this senior management level, including

visits with the technical and engineering staff; the trustees only reviewed

documentation of these visits during their quarterly trustee meetings, if at

all. In addition, when required, most post-visit contact reports lacked the

detail needed for the trustees or DIS to determine what was discussed

between the foreign-owned company and the owners’ representatives.

Trustee inattention to contact at the technical level is of particular

concern, since that is where most of the U.S. defense contractor’s

technology is located, not in the board room where senior management

officials are found.

Trustees rarely visited or toured the foreign-owned company’s facility to

observe the accessibility of classified or export-controlled information,

except during prearranged tours at the time of their quarterly meetings.

The trustees also rarely interviewed managerial and technical staff to

verify the level and nature of their contact with employees of the foreign

parent firm. Government officials suggested that trustees at two

companies involve themselves in a higher degree of monitoring. Some

flatly refused and stated that they have held important positions in

government and industry and feel that it is not their role to personally

provide such detailed oversight.

The ISR requires that proxy holders and trustees of voting trusts “shall

assume full responsibility for the voting stock and for exercising all

management prerogatives relating thereto” and that the foreign

stockholders shall “continue solely in the status of beneficiaries.”

However, as an example of minimal proxy involvement, at one proxy

company the three proxy holders only met twice a year. Only one of the

three proxy holders was on the company’s board of directors, and the

board had not met in person for 4 years. All board action was by

telephone, and the board’s role was limited to electing company officers.

The proxy holders’ were minimally involved in selecting and approving

these company officials. The parent firm selected the current chief

executive officer (CEO) of the company and the proxy holders affirmed this

selection after questioning the parent firm about the individual’s

background. The FSO was required to approve all visits to this firm by

employees of the foreign parent rather than the proxy holders as required

by the ISR.

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Assessment of Control Implementation

At the company we reviewed operating under an MOA, the Defense Security

Committee consists of four company officials and the three outside

members. These outside members visited the company only for the

quarterly committee meetings. The president of the company, who is also

the security committee chairman, set the meeting agenda and conducted

the meetings. Further, his presentations to the outside members usually

focused on current and future business activities rather than security

matters. Any plant tours the outside members received were prearranged

and concurrent with the quarterly meetings. There were no off-cycle visits

to the company to inspect or monitor security operations.

Foreign Owners Acted

in Capacities Beyond

That of Beneficiary in

Proxy Firms

To eliminate the risks associated with foreign control and influence over

foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors, the ISR requires that voting trust

and proxy agreements “unequivocally shall provide for the exercise of all

prerogatives of ownership by the trustees with complete freedom to act

independently without consultation with, interference by, or influence

from foreign stockholders.”

Further,

“the trustees shall assume full responsibility for the voting stock and for exercising all

management prerogatives relating thereto in such a way as to ensure that the foreign

stockholders, except for the approvals just enumerated, [sale, merger, dissolution of the

company; encumbrance of stock; filing for bankruptcy] shall be insulated from the cleared

facility and continue solely in the status of beneficiaries.”

However, at one of the proxy firms we reviewed, the foreign owners acted

in more than the status of beneficiaries. The proxy firm’s strategic plan

and annual budget were regularly presented to the foreign owners for

review. At least once the foreign parent firm rejected a strategic plan and

indicated that it would continue to object until the plan specified

increased collaboration between the proxy firm and the foreign parent

firm. At another time, the foreign owners had employees of this U.S. firm

represent them in an attempt to acquire another U.S. aerospace firm more

than 10 times the size of the proxy firm. Although decisions on mergers are

within the rights of the foreign owners, during this acquisition effort,

officers and employees of the U.S. defense contractor were operating at

the direction of the foreign owners. In this case, because the parent firm

directed staff of the proxy firm, it clearly acted as more than a beneficiary,

the role to which foreign owners are limited under the ISR.

Page 37 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

Another proxy firm has a distribution agreement with its foreign owners

that restricts the proxy firm to marketing electronic equipment and

services to the U.S. government. In addition, the agreement will only allow

the proxy firm to service hardware that is used on classified systems.

Although this distribution agreement was approved by DIS at the time of

the foreign acquisition, it controls the strategic direction of the proxy firm.

The proxy firm reported to DIS that it is important for the survival of the

U.S. company to be able to pursue business opportunities that are

currently denied by the distribution agreement.

Some Foreign-Owned

Firms Are Financially

Dependent on Foreign

Owners

The ISR states that a company operating under a proxy agreement “shall be

organized, structured, and financed so as to be capable of operating as a

viable business entity independent from the foreign stockholders.” During

our review, we saw examples of firms that depended on their foreign

owners for financial support or had business arrangements with the

foreign owners that degraded the independence of the proxy firm.

The president of one company operating under a proxy agreement told us

that his company was basically bankrupt. His company is financed by

banks owned by the government where the parent company is

incorporated. The company’s foreign parent firm guarantees the loans, and

two of the government banks are on the parent firm’s board of directors.

The foreign owners paid several million dollars to the U.S. company to

relocate one of its divisions. According to officials of the U.S. company,

they could not otherwise have afforded such a move, nor could they have

obtained bank loans on their own.

Another proxy firm had loans from the foreign owners that grew to exceed

the value of the proxy firm. One proxy holder said the company would

probably have gone out of business without the loans. Even with the loans,

the company’s financial position was precarious. It was financially weak,

could not obtain independent financing, and was considerably burdened

by making interest payments on its debt to the foreign owners. During our

review, a DIS official acknowledged that DIS should have addressed the risk

imposed by this indebtedness.

Some Trustees Have

Appearance of

Conflicts of Interest

Under the ISR provisions, voting trustees and proxy holders “shall be

completely disinterested individuals with no prior involvement with either

the facility or the corporate body in which it is located, or the foreign

interest.” At one of the companies we reviewed, a proxy holder was

Page 38 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

previously involved as a director of a joint venture with the foreign

owners. These foreign owners later nominated this individual to be their

proxy holder. He withheld the information about his prior involvement

from DIS at the time he became a proxy holder. After DIS became aware of

this relationship, it concluded that this individual was ineligible to be a

proxy holder and should not continue in that role. Thereafter, the

Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications,

and Intelligence wrote to the company about irregularities in proxy

agreement implementation, such as allowing the foreign owners

prerogatives that were not allowed under the proxy agreement. However,

he did not address the appearance of a conflict of interest, and the

individual has remained as a proxy holder.

This same proxy holder is also now the part-time CEO of the foreign-owned

U.S. defense firm and received an annual compensation of approximately

$272,000 (as compared to the $50,000 proxy holder stipend) for an average

of 8 days’ work per month in his dual role of CEO and proxy holder. This

appears to be a second conflict of interest: as CEO his fiduciary duty and

loyalty to the foreign-owned company takes primacy; as proxy holder, his

primary responsibility is to protect DOD’s information security interests.

In addition, at this company, the conflict between the proxy holders’

responsibility to DOD and their perceived fiduciary responsibility was

illustrated during a DIS investigation into possible violations of the proxy

agreement. Citing their fiduciary responsibility, the proxy holders refused

to allow DIS investigators to interview employees without company

supervision. The Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control,

Communications, and Intelligence found this action to be contrary to the

firm’s contractual obligations under its security agreement with DOD.

The company just discussed is not the only one where a proxy holder also

holds the title of CEO. At another firm, the proxy holder’s salary as CEO is

approximately $113,000 (as compared to the $22,000 proxy holder

stipend). Again, there appears to be a conflict of interest because of the

CEO’s fiduciary duty and loyalty to the foreign-owned company, and his

responsibility to protect DOD’s information security interests.

At another proxy firm, the lead proxy holder owns a consulting firm that

has a contract with the foreign-owned U.S. company. In this case, there

appears to be a conflict of interest because as proxy holder, his primary

responsibility is to protect the information security interests of DOD, but as

Page 39 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Chapter 4 

Assessment of Control Implementation

a consultant to the foreign-owned firm, it is in his interest to please the

foreign-owned company.

At another firm, the agreement requires that the outside members of the

security committee be independent of the foreign investors and their

shareholders. The French government owns 12-1/4 percent of this U.S.

company. Even though the outside members of the security committee are

to protect classified and export-controlled information from this foreign

government, one outside member created the appearance of a conflict of

interest by representing a French government-owned firm before DOD in its

efforts to buy another cleared U.S. defense contractor. This outside

member also created the appearance of a conflict of interest when his

consulting firm became the Washington representative for a French

government-owned firm in its export control matters with the State

Department.

Finally, the ISR does not expressly require that outside directors serving

under an SSA comply with the independence standards applicable to voting

trustees and proxy holders. The reason for this omission is not clear.

However, all of the SSAs we reviewed stated that individuals appointed as

outside directors can have “no prior employment or contractual

relationship” with the foreign owners. Since the outside directors perform

the same function as voting trustees and proxy holders in ensuring the

protection of classified information and the continued ability of the

cleared U.S. company to perform on classified contracts, it seems

reasonable that they should also be disinterested parties when named to

the board and should remain free of other involvement with the foreign

owners during their period of service.

DIS Inspections Did

Not Focus on Foreign

Ownership Issues

DIS inspectors told us that their inspections of foreign-owned U.S. defense

contractors vary little from the type of facility security inspections they do

at U.S.-owned facilities. Their inspections concentrated on such items as

classified document storage, amount and usage of classified information,

and the number of cleared personnel and their continuing need for

clearances.

During the time of our review, DIS developed new guidelines for

inspections of foreign-owned firms by its industrial security staff to

specifically address foreign ownership issues. They call for the inspectors

to examine issues such as changes to the insulating agreement, business

relationships between the U.S. company and its foreign owners, foreign

Page 40 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

owner involvement in the U.S. company’s strategic direction, the number

and nature of contacts with representatives of the foreign owners, and the

number of foreign staff working at the facility. These guidelines were

promulgated in September 1994.

DIS is beginning to implement the new inspection guidelines. According to

DIS officials at the regional and field office levels, before they use the new

guidelines, they must educate the inspection staff on foreign ownership

issues as well as how the issues should be addressed during their

inspections. They also said that implementing these new inspection

procedures would probably double the length of an inspection at the

foreign-owned facilities.

Currently, DIS must inspect each cleared facility twice a year, but it is

having difficulty maintaining this inspection schedule. Industrial security

inspectors are responsible for around 70 cleared facilities, and inspections

at some larger facilities take a number of days. Doubling the inspection

time at the foreign-owned facilities under the new guidelines might require

some realignment of DIS resources. According to DOD officials, DIS

inspections will occur no more often than annually under the NISPOM.

Recommendations We recommend that the Secretary of Defense develop and implement a

plan to improve trustee oversight and involvement in the foreign-owned

companies and to ensure the independence of foreign-owned U.S. defense

contractors and their trustees from improper influence from the foreign

owners. As part of this effort, the Secretary should make the following

changes in the implementation of the existing security arrangements and

under the National Industrial Security Program.

1. Visitation request approvals: The trustees should strictly adhere to the

ISR visitation agreement provision that requires them to approve requests

for visits between the U.S. defense contractor and representatives of its

foreign owners. This duty should not be delegated to officers or employees

of the foreign-owned firm.

2. Trustee monitoring: The trustees should be required to ensure that

personnel of the foreign-owned firm document and report the substance of

the discussions they hold with personnel of the foreign parent firm. The

trustees should review these reports and ensure that the information

provided is sufficient to determine what information passed between the

parties during the contact. The trustees should also select at least a sample

Page 41 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

of contacts and interview the participants of the foreign-owned firm to

ensure that the post-contact reports accurately reflect what transpired.

3. Trustee inspections: To more directly involve trustees in information

security monitoring, the trustees should annually supervise an information

security inspection of each of the cleared facilities. The results of these

inspections should be included in the annual report to DIS.

4. FSO supervision: To insulate the FSO from influence by the foreign-owned

firm and its foreign owners, the trustees should be empowered and

required to review and approve or disapprove the selection of the FSO and

all decisions regarding the FSO’s pay and continued employment. The

trustees should also supervise the FSO to ensure an acceptable level of job

performance, since trustees are charged with monitoring information

security at the U.S. defense contractor.

5. Financial independence: To monitor the financial independence of the

foreign-owned firm, the annual report to DIS should include a statement on

any financial support, loans, loan guarantees, or debt relief from or

through the foreign owners or the government of the foreign owners that

have occurred during the year.

6. Trustee independence: To help avoid conflicts of interest for the

trustees, require them to certify at the time of their selection, and then

annually, that they have no prior or current involvement with the

foreign-owned firm or its foreign owners other than their trustee position.

This certification should include a statement that they are not holding and

will not hold positions within the foreign-owned company other than their

trustee position. It should be expressly stated that these independence

standards apply equally to voting trustees, proxy holders, and outside

directors of firms under SSAs.

7. Trustee duties: The selected trustees should be required to sign

agreements acknowledging their responsibilities and the specific duties

they are required to carry out those responsibilities, including those in

numbers 1 through 4. The agreement should provide that DOD can require

the resignation of any trustee if DOD determines that the trustee failed to

perform any of these duties. This agreement should ensure that the

trustees and the government clearly understand what is expected of the

trustees to perform their security roles.

Page 42 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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Assessment of Control Implementation

Agency Comments

and Our Evaluation

DOD stated that it generally agreed with the thrust of our recommendations

in this report, but did not agree that the specific actions we recommended

were necessary, given DOD efforts to address the issues involved. DOD said

it had addressed these issues through education, advice, and

encouragement of trustees to take the desired corrective actions. We and

DOD have both seen instances in which this encouragement has been

rejected. Because of the risk to information with national security

implications, we believe that requiring, rather than encouraging, the

trustees to improve security oversight would be more effective. Therefore,

we continue to believe our recommendations are valid and believe they

should be implemented to reduce the security risks.

DOD’s comments and our evaluation are presented in their entirety in

appendix I.

Page 43 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Note: GAO comments

supplementing those in the

report text appear at the

end of this appendix.

See p. 7.

See pp. 12 and 32.

Page 44 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

See pp. 40-41.

See p. 6.

See p. 7.

Page 45 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Page 46 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 2-3 and

12-14.

See comment 1.

Now on pp. 4 and 15.

Page 47 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

See comment 2.

Now on pp. 15-16.

See comment 3.

Page 48 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on p. 16.

Page 49 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 20-22.

Page 50 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Page 51 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Page 52 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 4 and 27-30.

See comment 4 and p. 28.

See p. 30.

Page 53 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 5 and 30-32.

Page 54 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 5 and 32.

See p. 32.

Page 55 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Page 56 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 5-6 and

34-37.

See p. 7.

Page 57 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 37-38.

Page 58 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

See comment 5.

See comment 6.

Now on p. 38.

Page 59 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Page 60 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 6 and 38-40.

Page 61 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on pp. 40-41.

See pp. 40-41.

Now on p. 41.

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Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on p. 41.

Page 63 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

See comment 7.

Now on pp. 41-42.

Now on p. 42.

See comment 8.

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Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on p. 42.

See comment 9.

Now on p. 42.

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Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on p. 42.

See comment 10.

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Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

Now on p. 42.

See comment 11.

See comment 12.

See comment 11.

Page 67 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

The following are GAO’s comments on the Department of Defense’s (DOD)

letter dated April 14, 1995.

GAO Comments 1. We have revised the draft report to reflect DOD’s comments on the

National Industrial Security Program Operating Manual (NISPOM), the

Industrial Security Regulation (ISR), and visitation agreements.

2. Lawyers negotiating a new agreement may have significant experience

with foreign-owned firms operating under these agreements. Five of the 14

firms we reviewed used the same lawyer. Further, visitation agreements

signed before 1993 demonstrate a trend toward loosening controls. For

example, an older visitation agreement associated with a proxy agreement

stated:

“As a general rule, visits between the Foreign Interest and the cleared Corporation are not

authorized; however, the Proxy Holders may approve visits in connection with regular

day-to-day business operations pertaining strictly to purely commercial products or

services and not involving classified contracts or executive direction or managerial

matters.”

In contrast, the comparable provision in a newer visitation agreement

associated with a proxy agreement was less limiting:

“As a general rule, visits between representatives of the Corporation and those of any

Foreign Interest, are not authorized unless approved in advance by the designated Proxy

Holder.”

According to DOD’s comments, baseline visitation controls were developed

in 1993. At that time, visitation agreements ceased to exist as separate

documents. The visitation controls are now a section of the voting trust,

proxy agreement, and special security agreement (SSA). The terms of each

agreement type continue to be negotiable.

3. The acquisition of a U.S. defense contractor by a foreign interest can

present a higher degree of risk to export-controlled information than other

international involvement. In international cooperative programs and joint

ventures, the U.S. firm maintains an arms-length relationship with the

foreign interests. That is not the case with foreign ownership, when the

foreign owner has control or influence over the U.S. firm and access to the

U.S. contractor’s facilities. The risk of control and influence inherent in

foreign ownership is justification for DOD’s special foreign ownership,

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Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

control, or influence (FOCI) controls. However, the controls used to protect

unclassified export-controlled information are limited. Although some of

the newer SSAs we reviewed required the protection of export-controlled

information, most of the agreements did not. Further, as we reported and

DOD acknowledges, the Defense Investigative Service (DIS) does not review

the protection of unclassified export-controlled information. In fact, there

is no established means for the U.S. government to monitor compliance

and ensure enforcement of federal regulations regarding the transfer of

export-controlled technical information.

4. None of the six SSAs we reviewed required DIS to approve the

replacement of directors. However, the requirement is included in

boilerplate SSA language that DOD told us it plans to use in the future.

5. The terms of the distribution agreement were not revised. After

negotiating with the proxy holders, the foreign owners agreed to a more

liberal, “case-by-case” application of the distribution agreement.

6. DIS oversight did not bring these two cases to light. In both instances, DIS

was notified about these situations some time after they occurred. In the

first case, DIS was given an anonymous allegation and then pursued it

vigorously. In the second case, the proxy holders brought the complaint to

DIS, and DIS monitored the proxy holder negotiations with the foreign

owner.

7. Trustee approval of visitation requests need not be onerous. This duty is

typically carried out by a designated company trustee and involves the

occasional receipt, review, and transmittal of approval requests by

facsimile machine. Further, at the companies we reviewed, the trustees’

time was not consumed ensuring the economic health of the company.

The usual trustee involvement was their attendance at four meetings a

year. In making this recommendation, we do not intend to discourage

distinguished individuals from accepting appointments as trustees, but

rather believe that it would be in the best interest of DOD to encourage

individuals who are interested in being proactive trustees to accept these

positions.

8. Our recommendation is not that the trustees supervise “each inspection

effort” at the company, but that they supervise an inspection of each of the

company’s facilities annually. We believe it is a minimal requirement for

the trustees to visit each of the company’s facilities once a year to

personally assess security.

Page 69 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

9. The cited March 1995 “policy change” is a positive step, but this new

approach is not documented in any DOD regulation, directive, or policy

memorandum. Its only documentation is in the DOD-approved

implementing procedures for one recently signed SSA. Further, our

recommendation calls for trustee approval of all decisions regarding the

facility security officer’s (FSO) pay and continued employment and for

trustee supervision of the FSO. Although voting trustees and proxy holders

may be currently empowered to review and approve or disapprove the

FSO’s selection, they are not required to do so and could delegate this

responsibility.

10. Any involvement the trustees have with the foreign owners after their

initial certification may not be reported to DOD unless the trustee in

question heeds the advice of DIS to report such activities. We believe an

annual certification, which should not be onerous, will prevent inadvertent

disclosure omissions.

11. The “Acknowledgement of Obligations” portion of the FOCI agreements

is too broad and general to clearly identify the trustees’ responsibilities in

carrying out their security role. Trustees’ certification of

acknowledgement of the broad and general obligations cited in the FOCI

agreement will do little to ensure that trustees will play an active role in

security oversight. Further, although DIS educational efforts may

encourage some trustees to pay greater attention to the security aspects of

their role, we feel that the agreement we are recommending will provide

baseline performance criteria for all trustees.

12. Following their 1993 survey of foreign-owned U.S. defense contractors,

the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and DIS reported the following:

“Most agreements are silent on the authority of the DOD to terminate the arrangement or to

dismiss a Proxy Holder, Trustee or outside director. While DIS is normally a party to Special

Security Agreements, it is not a party to proxy or trust agreements and therefore lacks

standing to intercede when appropriate.”

While DIS is a party to SSAs, if faced with outside directors who are not

performing their security duties, the only means for DIS to force corrective

action would be to terminate the agreement, thereby causing the company

to lose its clearance, and halting all the company’s work on classified

contracts. Our recommendation is a more moderate way of removing a

nonperforming trustee than revoking a company’s clearance and

terminating its classified contracts. We modified our recommendation in

Page 70 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix I 

Comments From the Department of Defense

recognition of DOD’s comment that the shareholder must remove a trustee

director.

Page 71 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
Appendix II 

Major Contributors to This Report

James F. Wiggins

Davi M. D’Agostino

Peter J. Berry

John W. Yaglenski

Norbert Trapp

Arthur Cobb

Odilon Cuero

Allen Westheimer

Eric L. Hallberg

Deena M. El-Attar

Cornelius P. Williams

Robert R. Tomcho

(463831)(705103) Page 72 GAO/NSIAD-96-64 Defense Industrial Security
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