|    | **OSHA 3114****Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response**Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response
U.S. Department of LaborOccupational Safety and Health Administration
OSHA 31141997 (Revised)This informational booklet isintended to provide a generic, non-exhaustive overview of a particularstandards-related topic. This publication does not itself alter or determinecompliance responsibilities, which areset forth in OSHA standards themselves and the ***Occupational Safetyand Health Act.** Moreover, becauseinterpretations and enforcement policymay change over time, for additionalguidance on OSHA compliancerequirements, the reader shouldconsult current administrative interpretations and decisions by theOccupational Safety and Health ReviewCommission, and the courts.
Material contained in this publicationis in the public domain and may bereproduced, fully or partially, withoutpermission of the Federal Government.Source credit is requested but notrequired.
This information will be madeavailable to sensory impairedindividuals upon request.
Voice phone: (202) 219-8615;Telecommunications Device for theDeaf (TDD) message referral phone:1-800-326-2577.
Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency ResponseU.S. Department of LaborAlexis M. Herman, Secretary
Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationGregory R. Watchman, Acting Assistant Secretary
OSHA 31141997 (Revised)**Contents
**Introduction
**Scope andApplication
**Provisionof the Standard**Safety and Health ProgramWorkplanSite Evaluation and ControlSite-Specific Safety and Health PlanInformation and Training ProgramPersonal Protective Equipment ProgramMonitoringMedical SurveillanceDecontamination ProceduresEmergency Response
**Other Provisions**Engineering Controls and Work PracticesHandling and Labeling Drums and ContainersSanitation of Temporary Workplaces
**Recordkeeping**
**Hazard CommunicationStandard (HCS)
**Summary
**Other Sourcesof OSHA AssistanceSafety and Health Program Management GuidelinesState ProgramsConsultation ServicesVoluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)Training and EducationElectronic InfomationEmergencies
**OSHA Related Publications
**States with ApprovedPlans
**OSHA Consultation ProjectDirectory
**OSHA Area Offices
**OSHA Regional Offices**Introduction
The dumping of hazardous waste poses a significant threat tothe environment. The Environmental Protection Agency's(EPA) 1995 data show that EPA managed about 277 millionmetric tons of hazardous waste at licensed ***Resource Conservation and Recovery Act**(RCRA) sites.(1) Hazardous waste is a serious safety and healthproblem that continues to endanger humanand animal life and environmental quality. Hazardouswaste -- discarded chemicals that are toxic, flammable orcorrosive -- can cause fires, explosions, and pollution of air,water, and land. Unless hazardous waste is properly treated,stored, or disposed of, it will continue to do great harm to allliving things that come into contact with it now or in the future.
Because of the seriousness of the safety and health hazardsrelated to hazardous waste operations, the Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA) issued its ***Hazardous WasteOperations and Emergency Response Standard, Title 29 Codeof Federal Regulations** (CFR) Part 1910.120 (***See FederalRegister** 54 (42): 9294-9336, March 6, 1989) to protect workersin this environment and to help them handle hazardouswastes safely and effectively.
State, county, and municipal employees such as police,ambulance workers, and firefighters with local fire departmentswill be covered by the regulations issued by the 25 statesoperating their own OSHA-approved safety and health programs(see listing at the end of this booklet). EPA regulationswill cover these employees in states without state plans. Theseregulations will be based on OSHA's standard.
This booklet discusses OSHA's requirements for hazardouswaste operations and emergency response at uncontrolledhazardous waste sites and treatment, storage, and disposal(TSD) facilities and summarizes the steps an employer musttake to protect the health and safety of workers in theseenvironments.**Scope and Application
The standard covers workers in cleanup operations at uncontrolledhazardous waste sites and at EPA-licensed waste TSDfacilities; as well as workers responding to emergencies involvinghazardous materials (e.g., spills).**Provision of the Standard
**Safety and Health Program
An effective and comprehensive safety and health programis essential in reducing work-related injuries and illnesses andin maintaining a safe and healthful work environment. Thestandard, therefore, requires each employer to develop andimplement a written safety and health program that identifies,evaluates, and controls safety and health hazards and providesemergency response procedures for each hazardous waste siteor treatment, storage, and disposal facility. This written programmust include specific and detailed information on thefollowing topics:
- An organizational workplan,  Site evaluation and control,
A site-specific program,
Information and training program,
Personal protective equipment program,
Monitoring,
Medical surveillance program,
Decontamination procedures, and
Emergency response program.
The written safety and health program must be periodicallyupdated and made available to all affected employees, contractors,and subcontractors. The employer also must informcontractors and subcontractors, or their representatives, of anyidentifiable safety and health hazards or potential fire or explosionhazards before they enter the work site.
Each of the components of the safety and health program isdiscussed in the following paragraphs.
**Workplan
Planning is the key element in a hazardous waste controlprogram. Proper planning will greatly reduce worker hazardsat waste sites. A workplan should support the overall objectivesof the control program and provide procedures for implementationand should incorporate the employer's standardoperating procedures for safety and health. Establishing achain of command will specify employer and employee responsibilitiesin carrying out the safety and health program. Forexample, the plan should include the following:
- Supervisor and employee responsibilities and means ofcommunication,  Name of person who supervises all of the hazardous wasteoperations, and
The site supervisor with responsibility for and authority todevelop and implement the site safety and health programand to verify compliance.
In addition to this organizational structure, the plan shoulddefine the tasks and objectives of site operation as well as thelogistics and resources required to fulfill these tasks. Forexample, the following topics should be addressed:
- The anticipated clean-up and/or operating procedures;  A definition of work tasks and objectives and methods ofaccomplishment;
The established personnel requirements for implementingthe plan; and
Procedures for implementing training, informationalprograms, and medical surveillance requirements.
Necessary coordination between the general program and site-specificactivities also should be included in the actual operations workplan.
**Site Evaluation and Control
Site evaluation, both initial and periodic, is crucial to thesafety and health of workers. Site evaluation provides employerswith the information needed to identify site hazards sothey can select appropriate protection methods for employees.
It is extremely important, and a requirement of the standard,that a trained person conduct a preliminary evaluation of anuncontrolled hazardous waste site before entering the site.The evaluation must include all suspected conditions that areimmediately dangerous to life or health or that may causeserious harm to employees (e.g., confined space entry, potentiallyexplosive or flammable situations, visible vapor clouds,etc.). As available, the evaluation must include the locationand size of the site, site topography, site accessibility by airand roads, pathways for hazardous substances to disperse, adescription of worker duties, and the time needed to perform agiven task, as well as the present status and capabilities of theemergency response teams.
Periodic reevaluations should also be conducted fortreatment, storage, and disposal facilities, as conditions oroperations change.
Controlling the activities of workers and the movement ofequipment is an important aspect of the overall safety andhealth program. Effective control of the site will minimizepotential contamination of workers, protect the public fromhazards, and prevent vandalism. The following information isuseful in implementing the site control program: a site map,site work zones, site communication, safe work practices, andthe name, location and phone number of the nearest medicalassistance.
The use of a "buddy system" also is required as a protectivemeasure to assist in the rescue of an employee who becomesunconscious, trapped, or seriously disabled on site. In thebuddy system, two employees must keep an eye on each otherand only one should be in a specific dangerous area at onetime, so that if one gets in trouble, the second can call for help.
**Site-Specific Safety and Health Plan
A site-specific safety and health plan is a complementaryprogram element that aids in eliminating or effectively controllinganticipated safety and health hazards. The site-specificplan must include all of the basic requirements of the overallsafety and health program, but with attention to those characteristicsunique to the particular site. For example, the site-specificplan may outline procedures for confined space entry,air and personal monitoring and environmental sampling, and aspill containment program to address the particular hazardspresent at the site.
The site safety and health plan must identify the hazards ofeach phase of the specific site operation and must be kept at thework site. Pre-entry briefings must be conducted prior to siteentry and at other times as necessary to ensure that employeesare aware of the site safety and health plan and its implementation.The employer also must ensure that periodic safety andhealth inspections are made of the site and that all knowndeficiencies are corrected prior to work at the site.
**Information and Training Program
As part of the safety and health program, employers arerequired to develop and implement a program to inform workers(including contractors and subcontractors) performinghazardous waste operations of the level and degree of exposurethey are likely to encounter.
Employers also are required to develop and implementprocedures for introducing effective new technologies thatprovide improved worker protection in hazardous wasteoperations. Examples include foams, absorbents, adsorbents,and neutralizers.
Training makes workers aware of the potential hazards theymay encounter and provides the necessary knowledge andskills to perform their work with minimal risk to their safetyand health. The employer must develop a training program forall employees exposed to safety and health hazards duringhazardous waste operations. Both supervisors and workersmust be trained to recognize hazards and to prevent them; toselect, care for and use respirators properly as well as othertypes of personal protective equipment; to understand engineeringcontrols and their use; to use proper decontaminationprocedures; to understand the emergency response plan, medicalsurveillance requirements, confined space entry procedures,spill containment program, and any appropriate work practices.Workers also must know the names of personnel and theiralternates responsible for site safety and health. The amount ofinstruction differs with the nature of the work operations, asindicated in Tables 1 and 2.
Employees at all sites must not perform any hazardous wasteoperations unless they have been trained to the level requiredby their job function and responsibility and have been certifiedby their instructor as having completed the necessary training.All emergency responders must receive refresher training,suffcient to maintain or demonstrate competency, annually.Employee training requirements are further defined by thenature of the work (e.g., temporary emergency response personnel,firefighters, safety officers, HAZMAT personnel, andincident commanders). These requirements may includerecognizing and knowing the hazardous materials and theirrisks, knowing how to select and use appropriate personalprotective equipment, and knowing the appropriate control,containment, or confinement procedures and how to implement them.The specific training and competency requirements foreach personnel category are explained fully in the final rule(***FR54 42:9294, March 6, 1989**). For a brief summary oftraining requirements, see Tables 1 and 2.
Employees who receive the training specified (see Table 1)must receive a written certificate upon successful completionof that training. That training need not be repeated if theemployee goes to work at a new site; however, the employeemust receive whatever additional training is needed to worksafely at the new site. Employees who worked at hazardouswaste sites before 1987 and received equivalent training neednot repeat the initial training specified in Table 1, if the employercan demonstrate that in writing and certify that theemployee has received such training.
**Personal Protective Equipment Program
The standard further requires the employer to develop awritten personal protective equipment program for all employeesinvolved in hazardous waste operations. As mentionedearlier, this program also is part of the site-specific safety andhealth program. The personal protective equipment programmust include an explanation of equipment selection and use,maintenance and storage, decontamination and disposal,training and proper fit, donning and doffing procedures, inspection,in-use monitoring, program evaluation, and equipment limitations.
The employer also must provide and require the use ofpersonal protective equipment where engineering controlmethods are infeasible to reduce worker exposures at or belowthe permissible exposure limit. Personal protective equipmentmust be selected that is appropriate to the requirements andlimitations of the site, the task-specific conditions and duration,and the hazards and potential hazards identified at the site. Asnecessary, the employer must furnish the employee with positive-pressureself-contained breathing apparatus or positive-pressureair-line respirators equipped with an escape air supply,and with totally encapsulating chemical protective suits.
**Monitoring
Airborne contaminants can present a significant threat toemployee safety and health, thus making air monitoring animportant component of an effective safety and health program.The employer must conduct monitoring before site entry atuncontrolled hazardous waste sites to identify conditionsimmediately dangerous to life and health, such as oxygen-deficientatmospheres and areas where toxic substance exposures areabove permissible limits. Accurate information on theidentification and quantification of airborne contaminants isuseful for the following:
- Selecting personal protective equipment,  Delineating areas where protection and controls are needed,
Assessing the potential health effects of exposure, and
Determining the need for specific medical monitoring.
After a hazardous waste cleanup operation begins, theemployer must periodically monitor those employees who arelikely to have higher exposures to determine if they have beenexposed to hazardous substances in excess of permissibleexposure limits. The employer also must monitor for anypotential condition that is immediately dangerous to life andhealth or for higher exposures that may occur as a result of newwork operations.
**Medical Surveillance
A medical surveillance program will help to assess and monitorthe health and fitness of employees working with hazardous substances.The employer must establish a medical surveillance program for the following:
- All employees exposed or potentially exposed to hazardoussubstances or health hazards above permissible exposure limits for morethan 30 days per year;  Workers exposed above the published exposure levels (if there is nopermissible exposure limit for these substances) for 30 days or more a year;
Workers who wear approved respirators for 30 or more days per year on site;
Workers who are exposed to unexpected or emergency releases of hazardouswastes above exposure limits (without wearing appropriate protectiveequipment) or who show signs, symptoms, or illness that may have resultedfrom exposure to hazardous substances; and
Members of hazardous materials (HAZMAT) teams.
All examinations must be performed under the supervision of a licensed physician,without cost to the employee, without loss of pay and at a reasonabletime and place. Examinations must include a medical and work historywith special emphasis on symptoms related to the handling of hazardoussubstances and health hazards and to fitness for duty including the abilityto wear any required personal protective equipment under conditions thatmay be expected at the work site.  These examinations must be given as follows:
- Prior to job assignment and annually thereafter (or every 2 yearsif a physician determines that is sufficient),  At the termination of employment,(2)
Before reassignment to an area where medical examinations are not required,(2)
If the examining physician believes that a periodic followup is medicallynecessary, and
As soon as possible for employees injured or becoming ill from exposure tohazardous substances during an emergency, or who develop signs or symptoms ofoverexposure from hazardous substances.
The employer must give the examining physician a copy of the standard and itsappendices, a description of the employee's duties relating to his or herexposure, the exposure level or anticipated exposure level, a descriptionof any personal protective and respiratory equipment used or to be used, andany information from previous medical examinations.  The employer mustobtain a written opinion from the physician that contains the results of themedical examination and any detected medical conditions that would placethe employee at an increased risk from exposure, any recommended limitationson the employee or upon the use of personal protective equipment, and astatement that the employee has been informed by the physician of the medicalexamination.  The physician is not to reveal, in the written opiniongiven to the employer, specific findings or diagnoses unrelated toemployment.
**Decontamination Procedures
Decontamination procedures are a component of the site-specificsafety and health plan and, consequently, must bedeveloped, communicated to employees, and implementedbefore workers enter a hazardous waste site. As necessary, thesite safety and health officer must require and monitor decontaminationof the employee or decontamination and disposal ofthe employee's clothing and equipment, as well as the solventsused for decontamination, before the employee leaves the workarea. If an employee's non-impermeable clothing becomesgrossly contaminated with hazardous substances, the employeemust immediately remove that clothing and take a shower.Impermeable protective clothing must be decontaminatedbefore being removed by the employee.
Protective clothing and equipment must be decontaminated,cleaned, laundered, maintained, or replaced to retain effectiveness.The employer must inform any person who launders orcleans such clothing or equipment of the potentially harmfuleffects of exposure to hazardous substances.
Employees who are required to shower must be providedshowers and change rooms that meet the requirements of29 CFR 1910.141, ***Subpart J -- General Environmental Controls.**In addition, unauthorized employees must not removetheir protective clothing or equipment from change roomsunless authorized to do so.
**Emergency Response
Proper emergency planning and response are importantelements of the safety and health program that help minimizeemployee exposure and injury. The standard requires that theemployer develop and implement a written emergency responseplan to handle possible emergencies before performinghazardous waste operations. The plan must include, at uncontrolledhazardous waste sites and at treatment, storage, anddisposal facilities, the following elements:(3)
- Personnel roles, lines of authority, and communicationprocedures,  Pre-emergency planning,
Emergency recognition and prevention,
Emergency medical and first-aid treatment,
Methods or procedures for alerting onsiteemployees,
Safe distances and places of refuge,
Site security and control,
Decontamination procedures,
Critique of response and followup,
Personal protective and emergency equipment, and
Evacuation routes and procedures.
In addition to the above requirements, the plan must includesite topography, layout, and prevailing weather conditions; andprocedures for reporting incidents to local, state, and federalgovernment agencies.
The procedures must be compatible with and integrated intothe disaster, fire and/or emergency response plans of the site'snearest local, state, and federal agencies. Emergency responseorganizations may use the local or state emergency responseplans, or both, as part of their emergency response plan toavoid duplication of federal regulations.
The plan requirements also must be rehearsed regularly,reviewed periodically, and amended, as necessary, to keep themcurrent with new or changing site conditions or information. Adistinguishable and distinct alarm system must be in operationto notify employees of emergencies. The emergency plan alsomust be made available for inspection and copying by employees,their representatives, OSHA personnel, and other governmentalagencies with relevant responsibilities.
When deemed necessary, employees must wear positive-pressureself-contained breathing apparatus and approved self-containedcompressed-air breathing apparatus with approvedcylinders. In addition, back-up and first-aid support personnelmust be available for assistance or rescue.**Other Provisions
As already indicated, as part of an effective safety and healthprogram, the employer must institute control methods andwork practices that are appropriate to the specific characteristicsof the site. Such controls are essential to successful workerprotection. Some control methods are described in the followingparagraphs.
**Engineering Controls and Work Practices
To the extent feasible, the employer must institute engineeringcontrols and work practices to help reduce and maintainemployee exposure at or below permissible exposure limits.To the extent not feasible, engineering and work practicecontrols may be supplemented with personal protective equipment.Examples of suitable and feasible engineering controlsinclude the use or pressurized cabs or control booths on equipment,and/or remotely operated materials handling equipment.Examples of safe work practices include removing all non-essentialemployees from potential exposure while openingdrums, wetting down dusty operations, and placing employeesupwind of potential hazards.
**Handling and Labeling Drums and Containers
Prior to handling a drum or container, the employer mustassure that drums or containers meet the required OSHA, EPA(40 ***CFR** Parts 264-265 and 300), and Department of Transportation(DOT) regulations (49 ***CFR** Parts 171-178), and areproperly inspected and labeled. Damaged drums or containersmust be emptied of their contents, using a device classified forthe material being transferred, and must be properly discarded.In areas where spills, leaks or ruptures occur, the employermust furnish employees with salvage drums or containers, asuitable quantity of absorbent material, and approved fire-extinguishingequipment in the event of small fires. Theemployer also must inform employees of the appropriatehazard warnings of labeled drums, the removal of soil orcoverings, and the dangers of handling unlabeled drums orcontainers without prior identification of their contents. To theextent feasible, the moving of drums or containers must be keptto a minimum, and a program must be implemented to containand isolate hazardous substances being transferred into drumsor containers. In addition, an approved EPA ground-penetratingdevice must be used to determine the location and depth of anyimproperly discarded drums or containers.
The employer also must ensure that safe work practices areinstituted before opening a drum or container. For example,air-line respirators and approved electrical equipment must beprotected from possible contamination, and all equipment mustbe kept behind any existing explosion barrier.(4)
Only tools or equipment that prevent ignition shall be used.All employees not performing the operation shall be located ata safe distance and behind a suitable barrier to protect themfrom accidental explosions. In addition, standing on or workingfrom drums or containers is prohibited. Special care alsomust be given when an employee handles containers of shock-sensitivewaste, explosive materials, or laboratory waste packs.Where an emergency exists, the employer must ensure thefollowing:
- Evacuate non-essential employees from the transfer area;  Protect equipment operators from exploding containers byusing a barrier, and
Make available a continuous means of communication(e.g., suitable radios or telephones), and a distinguishableand distinct alarm system to signal the beginningand end of activities where explosive wastes are handled.
If drums or containers bulge or swell or show crystallinematerial on the outside, they must not be moved onto or fromthe site unless appropriate containment procedures have beenimplemented. In addition, lab packs must be opened onlywhen necessary and only by a qualified person. Prior to shipmentto a licensed disposal facility, all drums or containersmust be properly labeled and packaged for shipment. Stagingareas also must be kept to a minimum and provided withadequate access and egress routes.
**Sanitation of Temporary Workplaces
Each temporary worksite must have a supply of potablewater that is stored in tightly closed and clearly labelled containersand equipped with a tap. Disposable cups and a receptaclefor cup disposal also must be provided. The employeralso must clearly mark all water outlets that are unsafe fordrinking, washing, or cooking. Temporary worksites must beequipped with toilet facilities. If there are no sanitary sewersclose to or on the hazardous waste site, the employer mustprovide the following toilet facilities unless prohibited by localcodes:
- Privies,  Chemical toilets,
Recirculating toilets, or
Combustion toilets.
Heated, well-ventilated, and well-lighted sleeping quarters mustbe provided for workers who guard the worksite. In addition,washing facilities for all workers must be near the worksite, withincontrolled work zones,(5) and so equipped to enable employees toremove hazardous substances. The employer also must ensurethat food service facilities are licensed.**Recordkeeping
In 1988, OSHA revised the standard requiring employers toprovide employees with information to assist in the managementof their own safety and health. The standard, ***Access toEmployee Exposure and Medical Records** (29 CFR 1910.20),permits direct access to these records by employees exposed tohazardous materials, or by their designated representatives, andby OSHA. The rule applies to, but does not require, medicaland exposure records maintained by the employer.
The employer must keep exposure records for 30 years andmedical records for at least the duration of employment plus 30years. Records of employees who have worked for less than 1year need not be retained after employment, but the employermust provide these records to the employee upon terminationof employment. First-aid records of one-time treatment neednot be retained for any specified period.
The employer must inform each employee of the existence,location, and availability of these records. Whenever anemployer plans to stop doing business and there is no successoremployer to receive and maintain these records, the employermust notify employees of their right to access to records atleast 3 months before the employer ceases to do business. Atthe same time, employers also must notify the NationalInstitute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Under the hazardous waste standard, at a minimum, medicalrecords must include the following information:
- Employee's name and social security number  Physicians' written opinions,
Employee's medical complaints related to exposure tohazardous substances, and
Information provided to the treating physician.
Hazard Communication Standard (HCS)
Title III of the ***Superfund Amendments and ReauthorizationAct of 1986** (SARA) requires employers covered by the ***HazardCommunication Standard** (29 ***CFR** 1910. 1200) to maintainMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) and submit such informationto State emergency response commissions, local emergencyplanning committees, and the local fire department.Under this requirement, employers covered by HCS mustprovide chemical hazard information to both employees andsurrounding communities. Consequently, in the case of anemergency response situation to hazardous substances at a site,the local fire department may already be aware of the chemicalspresent at the site since data may have been providedthrough MSDSs.
**Summary
Hazardous wastes, when not handled properly, can pose asignificant safety and health risk. OSHA recognizes the needto improve the quality of the hazardous waste work environmentand has, therefore, issued this standard. This standardprovides employers and employees with the information andtraining necessary to improve workplace safety and health,thereby greatly reducing the number of injuries and illnessesresulting from exposure to hazardous waste.**Other Sources of OSHA Assistance
**Safety and Health Program Management Guidelines
Effective management of worker safety and health protectionis a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-relatedinjuries and illnesses and their related costs. To assistemployers and employees in developing effective safety andhealth programs, OSHA published recommended ***Safety andHealth Program Management Guidelines** (***Federal Register** 54(18): 3908-3916, January 26, 1989). These voluntary guidelinesapply to all places of employment covered by OSHA.
The guidelines identify four general elements that are criticalto the development of a successful safety and health managementprogram:
- management commitment and employee involvement,  worksite analysis,
hazard prevention and control, and
safety and health training.
The guidelines recommend specific actions under each ofthese general elements to achieve an effective safety and healthprogram. A single free copy of the guidelines can be obtainedfrom the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Publications,P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, by sending aself-addressed mail label with your request. See also OSHA'sWeb site (http://www.osha.gov/) for these and other agencyitems.
**State Programs
The ***Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970** encouragesstates to develop and operate their own job safety and healthplans. States with plans approved under section 18(b) of theOSH Act must adopt standards and enforce requirements thatare at least as effective as federal requirements. There arecurrently 25 state plan states: 23 of these states administer planscovering both private and public (state and local government)employees; the other 2 states, Connecticut and New York,cover public employees only. Plan states must adopt standardscomparable to federal requirements within 6 months of a federalstandard's promulgation. Until such time as a state standard ispromulgated, federal OSHA provides interim enforcementassistance, as appropriate, in these states. A listing of approvedstate plans appears at the end of this publication.
**Consultation Services
Consultation assistance is available on request to employerswho want help in establishing and maintaining a safe andhealthful workplace. Largely funded by OSHA, the service isprovided at no cost to the employer. Primarily developed forsmaller employers with more hazardous operations, the consultationservice is delivered by state government agencies oruniversities employing professional safety consultants andhealth consultants. Comprehensive assistance includes anappraisal of all mechanical physical work practices, and environmentalhazards of the workplace and all aspects of theemployer's present job safety and health program.
The program is separate from OSHA's inspection efforts.No penalties are proposed or citations issued for any safety orhealth problems identified by the consultant. The service isconfidential.
For more information concerning consultation assistance, seethe list of consultation projects at the end of this publication.
**Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs)
Voluntary Protection Programs (VPPs) and onsite consultationservices, when coupled with an effective enforcementprogram, expand worker protection to help meet the goals of theOSH Act. The three VPPs -- Star, Merit, and Demonstration --are designed to recognize outstanding achievement by companiesthat have successfully incorporated comprehensive safetyand health programs into their total management system. Theymotivate others to achieve excellent safety and health results inthe same outstanding way as they establish a cooperativerelationship among employers, employees, and OSHA.
For additional information on VPPs and how to apply,contact the OSHA area or regional offices listed at the end ofthis publication, or visit OSHA's Web site at http://www.osha.gov/
**Training and Education
OSHA's area offices offer a variety of informational services,such as publications, audiovisual aids, technical advice,and speakers for special engagements. OSHA's TrainingInstitute in Des Plaines, IL, provides basic and advancedcourses in safety and health for federal and state complianceofficers, state consultants, federal agency personnel, andprivate sector employers, employees, and their representatives.
OSHA also provides funds to nonprofit organizations,through grants, to conduct workplace training and education insubjects where OSHA believes there is a lack of workplacetraining. Grants are awarded annually and grant recipients areexpected to contribute 20 percent of the total grant cost.
For more information on grants, training and education,contact the OSHA Training Institute, Office of Training andEducation, 1555 Times Drive, Des Plaines, IL 60018,(847) 297-4810; (847) 297-4874 fax.
For further information on any OSHA program, contact yournearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of thispublication.
**Electronic Information
**Internet** -- OSHA standards, interpretations, directives, andadditional information are now on the World Wide Web athttp://www.osha.gov/
**CD-ROM** -- A wide variety of OSHA materials includingstandards, interpretations, directives, and more can be purchasedon the OSHA CD-ROM from the Government Printing Office.**Emergencies
For life-threatening situations, call (800) 321-OSHA. Complaintswill go immediately to the nearest OSHA area or stateoffice for help.
For further information on any OSHA program, contact yournearest OSHA area or regional office listed at the end of thispublication.**OSHA Related Publications
Single, free copies of the following publications can beobtained from the U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA Publications,P.O. Box 37535, Washington, DC 20013-7535, (202)219-4667, (202) 219-9266 (fax), or from the nearest OSHAreigonal or area office listed at the end of this publication.Send a self-addressed mailing label with your request.
-    **Access to Medical and Exposure Records -** OSHA 3110
**All About OSHA -** OSHA 2056
**Chemical Hazard Communication -** OSHA 3084
**Consultation Services for the Employer -** OSHA 3047
**How to Prepare for Workplace Emergencies -** OSHA 3088
**Materials Handling and Storage -** OSHA 2236
**Personal Protective Equipment -** OSHA 3151
**Respiratory Protection -** OSHA 3079
The kit and the guidelines are available from the Superintendentof Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office,Washington, DC 20402, (202) 512-1800. The kit order no. is029-016-00147-6; cost $18.00 (foreign - $22.50).The guidelines order no. is 029-016-00163-8; cost $1.50.
***Hazard Communication -- A Compliance Kit -** OSHA 3104(A reference guide to step-by-step requirements forcompliance with the OSHA standard.)
***Hazard Communication Guidelines for Compliance -** OSHA 3111
***Emergency Response Guidebook** - U.S. Department ofTransportation, Publication No. DOT-P- 5800-4, 1987. (Availablefrom J.J. Keller Customer Service Center, 1-800-327-6868. Price $7.45).
***Occupational Safety and Health Guidance Manualfor Hazardous Waste Site Activities** - NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA.National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,Publication No. DHHS (NIOSH) No. 85-115, 1985. (Availablefrom the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C., 20402, (202) 512-1820,GPO Order No. 017-033-00419-6, $11.00).**States with Approved Plans
**CommissionerAlaska Department of Labor1111 West 8th Street Room 306Juneau, AK 99801(907) 465-2700
**DirectorIndustrial Commission of Arizona800 W. WashingtonPhoenix, AZ 85007(602) 542-5795
**DirectorCalifornia Department of Industrial Relations45 Fremont StreetSan Francisco, CA 94105(415) 972-8835
**CommissionerConnecticut Department of Labor200 Folly Brook BoulevardWethersfield, CT 06109(860) 566-5123
**DirectorHawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations830 Punchbowl StreetHonolulu, HI 96813(808) 586-8844
**CommissionerIndiana Department of LaborState Office Building402 West Washington Street Room W195Indianapolis, IN 46204(317) 232-2378
**CommissionerIowa Division of Labor Services1000 E. Grand AvenueDes Moines, IA 50319(515) 281-3447
**SecretaryKentucky Labor Cabinet1047 U.S. Highway, 127 South Suite 2Frankfort, KY 40601(502) 564-3070
**CommissionerMaryland Division of Labor and IndustryDepartment of Labor Licensing and Regulation1100 N. Eutaw Street, Room 613Baltimore, MD 21202-2206(410) 767-2999
**DirectorMichigan Department of Consumer and Industry Services4th Floor, Law BuildingP.O. Box 30004Lansing, MI 48909(517) 373-7230
**CommissionerMinnesota Department of Labor and Industry443 Lafayette RoadSt. Paul, MN 55155(612) 296-2342
**DirectorNevada Division of Industrial Relations400 West King StreetCarson City, NV 89710(702) 687-3032
**SecretaryNew Mexico Environment Department1190 St. Francis DriveP.O. Box 26110Santa Fe, NM 87502(505) 827-2850
**CommissionerNew York Department of LaborW. Averell Harriman State Office Building -12 Room 500Albany, NY 12240(518) 457-2741
**CommissionerNorth Carolina Department of Labor319 Chapanoke RoadRaleigh, NC 27603(919) 662-4585
**AdministratorDepartment of Consumer and Business ServicesOccupational Safety and Health Division (OR-OSHA)350 Winter Street, N.E. Room 430Salem, OR 97310(503) 378-3272
**SecretaryPuerto Rico Department of Labor and Human ResourcesPrudencio Rivera Martinez Building505 Munoz Rivera AvenueHato Rey, PR 00918(809) 754-2119
**CommissionerSouth Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation110 Centerview DriveP.O. Box 11329Columbia, SC 29211-1329(803) 734-9594
**ComissionerTennessee Department of LaborAttention: Robert Taylor710 James Robertson ParkwayNashville, TN 37243-0659(615) 741-2582
**ComissionerIndustrial Commission of Utah160 East 300 South, 3rd FloorP.O. Box 146600Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6600(801) 530-6898
**CommissionerVermont Department of Labor and IndustryNational Life Building - Drawer 20120 State StreetMontpelier, VT 05620(802) 828-2288
**CommissionerVirgin Islands Department of Labor2131 Hospital Street Box 890ChristianstedSt. Croix, VI 00820-4666(809) 773-1994
**CommissionerVirginia Department of Labor and IndustryPowers-Taylor Building13 South 13th StreetRichmond, VA 23219(804) 786-2377
**DirectorWashington Department of Labor and IndustriesGeneral Administration BuildingP.O. Box 44001Olympia, WA 98504-4001(360) 902-4200
**AdministratorWorkers' Safety and Compensation Division (WSC)Wyoming Department of EmploymentHerschler Building 2nd Floor East122 West 25th StreetCheyenne, WY 82002(307) 777-7786**OSHA Consultation Project Directory
**State**Telephone            Alabama(205) 348-7136     Alaska(907) 269-4957     Arizona(602) 542-5795     Arkansas(501) 682-4532     California(415) 972-8515     Colorado(970) 491-6151     Connecticut(860) 566-4550     Delaware(302) 761-8219     District of Columbia(202) 576-6339     Florida(904) 488-3044     Georgia(404) 894-2646     Guam(671) 475-0136     Hawaii(808) 568-9100     Idaho(208) 385-3283     Illinois(312) 814-2337     Indiana(317) 232-2688     Iowa(515) 965-7162     Kansas(913) 296-7476     Kentucky(502) 564-6895     Louisiana(504) 342-9601     Maine(207) 624-6460     Maryland(410) 880-4970     Massachusetts(617) 727-3982     Michigan(517) 332-1817***(H)**    (517) 322-1809***(S)**Minnesota(612) 297-2393     Mississippi(601) 987-3981     Missouri(573) 751-3403     Montana(406) 444-6418     Nebraska(402) 471-4717     Nevada(702) 486-5016     New Hampshire(603) 271-2024     New Jersey(609) 292-2424     New Mexico(505) 827-4230     New York(518) 457-2481     North Carolina(919) 662-4644     North Dakota(701) 328-5188     Ohio(614) 644-2246     Oklahoma(405) 528-1500     Oregon(503) 378-3272     Pennsylvania(412) 357-2561     Puerto Rico(787) 754-2188     Rhode Island(401) 277-2438     South Carolina(803) 734-9614     South Dakota(605) 688-4101     Tennessee(615) 741-7036     Texas(512) 440-3809     Utah(801) 530-7606     Vermont(802) 828-2765     Virginia(804) 786-6359     Virgin Islands(809) 772-1315     Washington(360) 902-5638     West Virginia(304) 558-7890     Wisconsin(608) 266-8579***(H)**   (414) 521-5063***(S)**Wyoming(307) 777-3546     
***(H) - Health(S) - Safety****OSHA Area Offices
**Area**Telephone            Albany, NY(518) 464-4338     Albuquerque, NM(505) 248-5302     Allentown, PA(610) 776-0592     Anchorage, AK(907) 271-5152     Appleton, WI(414) 734-4521     Austin, TX(512) 916-5783     Avenel, NJ(908) 750-3270     Baltimore, MD(410) 962-2840     Bangor, ME(207) 941-8177     Baton Rouge, LA(504) 389-0474     Bayside, NY(718) 279-9060     Bellevue, WA(206) 553-7520     Billings, MT(406) 247-7494     Birmingham, AL(205) 731-1534     Bismarck, ND(701) 250-4521     Boise, ID(208) 334-1867     Bowmansville, NY(716) 684-3891     Braintree, MA(617) 565-6924     Bridgeport, CT(203) 579-5581     Calumet City, IL(708) 891-3800     Carson City, NV(702) 885-6963     Charleston, WV(304) 347-5937     Cincinnati, OH(513) 841-4132     Cleveland, OH(216) 522-3818     Columbia, SC(803) 765-5904     Columbus, OH(614) 469-5582     Concord, NH(603) 225-1629     Corpus Christi, TX(512) 888-3420     Dallas, TX(214) 320-2400     Denver, CO(303) 844-5285     Des Plaines, IL(847) 803-4800     Des Moines, IA(515) 284-4794     Englewood, CO(303) 843-4500     Erie, PA(814) 833-5758     Fort Lauderdale, FL(305) 424-0242     Fort Worth, TX(817) 428-2470     Frankfort, KY(502) 227-7024     Harrisburg, PA(717) 782-3902     Hartford, CT(860) 240-3152     Hasbrouck Heights, NJ(201) 288-1700     Guaynabo, PA(787) 277-1560     Honolulu, HI(808) 541-2685     Houston, TX(281) 286-0583     Houston, TX(281) 591-2438     Indianapolis, IN(317) 226-7290     Jackson, MS(601) 965-4606     Jacksonville, FL(904) 232-2895     Kansas City, MO(816) 483-9531     Lansing, MI(517) 377-1892     Little Rock, AR(501) 324-6291     Lubbock, TX(806) 472-7681     Madison, WI(608) 264-5388     Marlton, NJ(609) 757-5181     Methuen, MA(617) 565-8110     Milwaukee, WI(414) 297-3315     Minneapolis, MN(612) 664-4560     Mobile, AL(334) 441-6131     Nashville, TN(615) 781-5423     New York, NY(212) 466-2482     Norfolk, VA(804) 441-3820     North Aurora, IL(630) 896-8700     Oklahoma City, OK(405) 231-5351     Omaha, NE(402) 221-3182     Parsippany, NJ(201) 263-1003     Peoria, IL(309) 671-7033     Philadelphia, PA(215) 597-4955     Phoenix, AZ(602) 640-2007     Pittsburgh, PA(412) 644-2903     Portland, OR(503) 326-2251     Providence, RI(401) 528-4669     Raleigh, NC(919) 856-4770     Salt Lake City, UT(801) 524-5080     Sacramento, CA(916) 566-7470     San Diego, CA(619) 557-2909     Savannah, GA(912) 652-4393     Smyrna, GA(404) 984-8700     Springfield, MA(413) 785-0123     St. Louis, MO(314) 425-4249     Syracuse, NY(315) 451-0808     Tampa, FL(813) 626-1177     Tarrytown, NY(914) 524-7510     Toledo, OH(419) 259-7542     Tucker, GA(770) 493-6644     Westbury, NY(516) 334-3344     Wichita, KS(316) 269-6644     Wilkes-Barre, PA(717) 826-6538     Wilmington, DE(302) 573-6115     **OSHA Regional Offices
**Region I(CT,* MA, ME, NH, RI, VT*)**JFK Federal Building Room E-340Boston, MA 02203Telephone: (617) 565-9860
**Region II(NJ, NY,* PR,* VI*)**201 Varick Street Room 670New York, NY 10014Telephone: (212) 337-2378
**Region III(DC, DE, MD,* PA, VA,* WV)**Gateway Building, Suite 21003535 Market StreetPhiladelphia, PA 19104Telephone: (215) 596-1201
**Region IV(AL, FL, GA, KY,* MS, NC,SC,* TN*)**Atlanta Federal Center61 Forsyth Street, S. W., Room 6T50Atlanta, GA 30303Telephone: (404) 562-2300
**Region V(IL, IN,* MI,* MN,* OH, WI)**230 South Dearborn Street Room 3244Chicago, IL 60604Telephone: (312) 353-2220
**Region VI(AR, LA, NM,* OK, TX)**525 Griffin Street Room 602Dallas, TX 75202Telephone: (214) 767-4731
**Region VII(IA,* KS, MO, NE)**City Center Square1100 Main Street, Suite 800Kansas City, MO 64105Telephone: (816) 426-5861
**Region VIII(CO, MT, ND, SD, UT,* WY*)**1999 Broadway, Suite 1690Denver, CO 80202-5716Telephone: (303) 844-1600
**Region IX(American Samoa, AZ,* CA,*Guam, HI,* NV,* Trust Territoriesof the Pacific)**71 Stevenson Street Room 420San Francisco, CA 94105Telephone: (415) 975-4310
**Region X(AK,* ID, OR,* WA*)**1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715Seattle, WA 98101-3212Telephone: (206) 553-5930

**Footnote(1)** U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Solid Waste and EmergencyResponse, ***The Hazardous Waste System** (Washington, DC, 1995), p. ES-2. (Back to Text)

**Footnote(2)** If the employee has not had an examination within the last 6 months. (Back to Text)

**Footnote(3)** Emergency response to the release of hazardous substances beyond cleanup andTSD sites must also have plans that include these elements and other specificrequirements as indicated in 1910.120 (q). (Back to Text)

**Footnote(4)** A physical barricade, natural or man-made, that has been designed and constructedof sufficient thickness and density to withstand or deflect the impact loadsof an adjacent explosion. (Back to Text)

**Footnote(5)** A designated work area within the worksite. (Back to Text)

**Footnote(*)** These states and territories operate their own OSHA-approved job safety andhealth programs (Connecticut and New York plans cover public employees only).States with approved programs must have a standard that is identical to, or at least aseffective as, the federal standard. (Back to Text)**| USDOL | CONTACT INFORMATION | DISCLAIMER |**      ************************************************************************************************************************************************************************* |
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